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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_(TV_network)
Arena (TV channel)
["1 History","2 Slogans","3 Programming","3.1 Current original programming","3.2 Current syndicated programming","3.3 Former original programming","3.4 Former syndicated programming","4 References","5 External links"]
Television channel ArenaCountryAustraliaProgrammingLanguage(s)EnglishPicture format576i (SDTV 16:9) 1080i (HDTV 16:9)Timeshift serviceArena +2OwnershipOwnerFoxtel NetworksSister channelsFoxtel Networks channelsHistoryLaunched22 April 1995Former namesArena (1995-2020) FOX Arena (2020-2023)LinksWebsitewww.arenatv.com.auAvailabilityStreaming mediaFoxtel GoChannel 111Bingebinge.com.au Arena (formerly Fox Arena) is an Australian general entertainment cable and satellite channel available on Foxtel, Austar, and Optus Television's subscription platforms. History This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2010) In the late 1990s, Arena had the slogan "The Art of Television". It ran a mix of programs, including UK serial Coronation Street, and cult horror and science fictions films presented by Tabitha Clutterbuck. This included programs from E! prior to the launch of E! in Australia. On 1 March 2001 it relaunched, with an added focus on talk shows and celebrity. 2005 LogoOn 31 July 2005, its look was again updated, with a new logo and the new slogan, "Great TV Any time". It was owned and operated by XYZnetworks until 1 October 2007 when management and programming were taken over by Foxtel, with XYZ Networks still retaining ownership. 2008-2020 LogoIn April 2008, Foxtel announced a partnership with Universal Networks International, where Arena would be re-branded as an Australian version of the American channel Bravo—featuring original series from the network, and adopting a variation of Bravo's branding and slogan, whilst retaining the previous Arena name. On 1 June 2010, Arena TV switched from standard 4:3 to 16:9 widescreen programming. Many of Arena's programmes like Gilmore Girls, Two and a Half Men, How I Met Your Mother and One Tree Hill amongst other shows are originally presented in widescreen. Arena TV's switch to widescreen is part of Foxtel's plan to have every channel in widescreen by the end of 2010. 2020-2023 logo On 3 November 2014, Arena launched a HD feed. In addition, Arena + 2 moved from channel 154 to channel 151. On 1 July 2020, the channel rebranded as FOX Arena with a new logo and tagline ‘Live Out Loud.’ The channel now operates as part of Foxtel's LifeStyle suite of television networks. On 28 September 2023, the channel rebranded to its former name Arena with a new logo. Slogans Slogan Year(s) The Art of Television 1995–2001 Get Into It 2001–2005 Great TV Any Time 2005–2008 Watch What Happens 2008–2020 Live Out Loud 2020–present Programming Current original programming The Real Housewives of Melbourne (2014–present) The Real Housewives of Sydney (2017) Current syndicated programming The Bachelor Bridezillas Divorce Court The Drew Barrymore Show Entertainment Tonight Friends Hot Bench Marriage Boot Camp Million Dollar Listing Los Angeles The People's Court Project Runway The Real Housewives of Atlanta The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills The Real Housewives of Cheshire The Real Housewives of Miami The Real Housewives of Melbourne The Real Housewives of New Jersey The Real Housewives of New York City The Real Housewives of Orange County The Real Housewives of Potomac Shortland Street Sex and the City TMZ on TV Top Chef Wheel of Fortune Vanderpump Rules Former original programming Confidential (2007 on FOX8, 2008 on Arena) Park Street (Australian TV series) (2011) Project Runway Australia (2008–2012) WAG Nation (2012) Untitled top secret project (cancelled) Former syndicated programming 2 Broke Girls 24 Hour Catwalk All Saints Alias America's Next Top Model The Amazing Race Below Deck Bethenny Bethenny Getting Married Bridezillas Burn Notice Celebrity Apprentice Celebrity Name Game Chef Academy Coronation Street Days of Our Lives (2014–2020, Now on 10 and 10Play) Defying Gravity Desperate Housewives Don't Trust the B---- in Apartment 23 Double Exposure Drop Dead Diva The Drew Carey Show The Dr. Oz Show Dukes of Melrose ER The Ellen DeGeneres Show Everwood Entourage Flipping Out Ghost Whisperer Gilmore Girls Go Girls Grey's Anatomy The Guardian Hey Paula Hitched Hope & Faith How I Met Your Mother I Dream of NeNe: The Wedding It's a Brad, Brad World The Insider Jerry Springer Jeopardy! (moved back to Fox Classics) Joan of Arcadia Judge Judy Kathy Griffin: My Life on the D-List Katie The Late Show with David Letterman Las Vegas The L Word Lie to Me Louie Spence's Showbusiness Louis Theroux's Weird Weekends Malcolm in the Middle Make Me A Supermodel The Maury Povich Show Melrose Place Mike & Molly Million Dollar Listing New York Millionaire Matchmaker Mob Wives Mob Wives Chicago The Nate Berkus Show The New Adventures of Old Christine The New Atlanta The New Normal Nip/Tuck NYC Prep The O.C. One Tree Hill Outrageous Fortune The Price Is Right (US Version) Property Envy Queer Eye For The Straight Guy The Rachel Zoe Project The Real Housewives of Australia The Real Housewives of D.C. The Real Housewives of Dallas The Real Housewives of Sydney The Real Housewives of Vancouver Reba Rita Rocks Saving Hope Shear Genius The Simple Life: Interns Six Feet Under Saturday Night Live Secret Diary of a Call Girl Shahs of Sunset Styled by June Suburgatory Tabatha's Salon Takeover Tamra's OC Wedding The Sopranos Thintervention with Jackie Warner Tim Gunn's Guide To Style Top Design Top Chef: Just Desserts Top Chef Masters Tori & Dean: Home Sweet Hollywood True Tori Two and a Half Men Tru Calling The Tyra Banks Show The Unit Ugly Betty The View Wahlburgers Wheel of Fortune Weeds The West Wing Without a Trace Will and Grace The Wire (Moved from Fox8/Fox Arena) Winners and Losers Work Out The Young and the Restless (2014–2020, Now on Foxtel One) References ^ Browne, Rachel (22 April 1995). "Galaxy takes knife to fees". The Sun-Herald. Sydney, Australia: Fairfax Media. p. 23. Retrieved 21 December 2009. XYZ Entertainment is launching the other four Galaxy channels today. They are a documentary channel Quest, children's and cult TV channel Max, general entertainment channel Arena and music channel Red. ^ "CPEU:Australis Background". Archived from the original on 24 December 2004. Retrieved 5 September 2009. ^ Danielsen, Shane (8 March 2001). "New Arena for female viewers". The Australian. Sydney, Australia: News Limited. ^ Brown, Pam (27 February 2001). "Arena's Soft Landing". The West Australian. Perth, Australia: West Australian Newspapers Limited. ^ Lee Lewes, Jacqeuline (20 July 2005). "A driving force". The Daily Telegraph (Sydney). Sydney, Australia: News Limited. ^ Foxtel takes Arena ^ A New Arena Archived 25 June 2008 at the Wayback Machine ^ Knox, David (3 November 2014). "BoxSets, Discovery Kids launch on Foxtel". TV Tonight. Retrieved 5 November 2014. ^ "Smooth joins axed music channels, Arena to be renamed. | TV Tonight". ^ "Arena rebrands to FOX Arena | TV Tonight". ^ "Foxtel Magazine (October 2023) - Your monthly guide to a world of entertainment". Foxtel Magazine. p. 32. Retrieved 28 September 2023. ^ Knox, David (24 February 2014). "Foxtel to fast-track Days of Our Lives". TV Tonight. Retrieved 24 February 2014. External links Official site vteFoxtelChannels Foxtel One Arena Lifestyle Fox8 Comedy Crime Classics Docos Showcase Sleuth BoxSets A&E Lifestyle Food Lifestyle Home Foxtel Movies Foxtel Box Office History Crime + Investigation Real Life Fox Sports Fox Cricket Fox Footy Fox League Fox Netball Fox Sports News Joint ventures NickMusic (35%) Main Event (66.6%) Defunct channels Bio. Channel Fox Footy Channel Fox Funny Fox Hits Fox Kids Foxtel 3D Fuel TV Lifestyle You SoHo Speed Binge TV Hits 111 Foxtel Arts Foxtel Smooth Max Country Music Channel The Comedy Channel Nickelodeon (35%) Nick Jr. (35%) Sci-Fi Streaming Hubbl Binge Flash Kayo Sports WatchAFL WatchNRL Foxtel Now vteSubscription television channels in Australia Fetch TV Foxtel Kayo Sports Optus Television TransACT Entertainmentand drama A&E BBC First BBC UKTV Boxsets Comedy Central Arena Foxtel One Crime Fox8 Docos Classics Comedy Showcase SciFi Sleuth Real Life Universal TV Lifestyle FashionTV Food Network HGTV Lifestyle Lifestyle Food Lifestyle Home TLC Travel Channel Religious Australian Christian Channel Daystar Hillsong Channel SonLife Home Shopping Expo Channel TVSN Movies Foxtel Movies Sport BeIN Sports ESPN ESPN2 Fox Cricket Fox Footy Fox League Fox Sports Fox Sports News Main Event NBL TV Optus Sport Sky Racing News Al Jazeera English BBC World News Bloomberg Television CGTN CNA CNBC Australia CNN International Euronews France 24 Fox News Channel HLN MSNBC NDTV 24x7 NHK World RT Sky News Sky News Extra Sky News UK Sky News Weather Channel TRT World Documentary Animal Planet BBC Earth Crime + Investigation Discovery Discovery Science Discovery Turbo History Investigation Discovery Kids and family BabyTV BBC Kids Boomerang Cartoon Network CBeebies Nick Jr. Nickelodeon ZooMoo Music Club MTV Europe CMT MTV 80s MTV Hits Europe NickMusic Stingray CMusic Specialty Al Jazeera ANT1 Pacific ART Aurora Community Channel The Filipino Channel LDC Rai Italia Defunct Asia Business News BBC HD BBC Knowledge Binge Bio C7 Sport Channel Club MTV Club Superstation CNNfn The Comedy Channel CMC Discovery HD World Discovery Home & Health Discovery Kids Disney Channel Disney Junior Disney XD E! eGG Network Eurosport 1 Eurosport News Fox Footy Channel Fox Funny Fox Kids Fuel TV FX Horizon Learning Channel HOW TO Channel KidsCo Lifestyle You LocalVision MAD World Max Movie Network Channels MTV MTV Classic MTV Hits MTV Live HD MTV Music National Geographic National Geographic Channel HD Nat Geo Wild Nat Geo People Neighbourhood Cable Odyssey Channel Oh! SF Channel Showtime Movie Channels Sky News Business Channel Sky News Election Channel Foxtel Arts Smooth SoHo Speed Spike Sportsplay Studio Style Network Syfy The Soundtrack Channel 13th Street TechTV TV1 TVH!TS TVN Turner Classic Movies UBI World TV Weatherzone Wine TV World Movies Yesshop Your Money
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Emerson_Brown
Joseph E. Brown
["1 Early life and education","2 Governor of Georgia","2.1 First term","2.2 Second term","2.3 Third term","3 Capture of Milledgeville - the state capital","4 Post-war imprisonment to Republican judgeship","4.1 Rejoining the Democratic Party","5 Later political service and business career","6 Death and legacy","7 In fiction","8 See also","9 References","10 Works cited","11 Bibliography","12 External links"]
American politician (1821–1894) This article is about the Georgia governor. For the actor and comedian, see Joe E. Brown. Joseph Emerson BrownUnited States Senatorfrom GeorgiaIn officeMay 26, 1880 – March 3, 1891Preceded byJohn B. GordonSucceeded byJohn B. GordonChief Justice of the Georgia Supreme CourtIn office1868–1870Preceded byHiram B. WarnerSucceeded byOsborne Augustus Lochrane42nd Governor of GeorgiaIn officeNovember 6, 1857 – June 17, 1865Preceded byHerschel JohnsonSucceeded byJames Johnson Personal detailsBorn(1821-04-15)April 15, 1821Pickens, South Carolina, U.S.DiedNovember 30, 1894(1894-11-30) (aged 73)Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.Political partyWhig, Democratic, RepublicanSpouseElizabeth GrishamChildrenJoseph Mackey BrownEducationYale UniversityProfessionLawyer, politicianSignature Joseph Emerson Brown (April 15, 1821 – November 30, 1894), often referred to as Joe Brown, was an American attorney and politician, serving as the 42nd Governor of Georgia from 1857 to 1865, the only governor to serve four terms. He also served as a United States Senator from that state from 1880 to 1891. A former Whig, and a firm believer in slavery and Southern states' rights, Brown was a leading secessionist in 1861, and led his state into the Confederacy. Yet he also defied the Confederate government's wartime policies: he resisted the military draft, believing that local troops should be used only for the defense of Georgia; and denounced Confederate President Jefferson Davis as an incipient tyrant, challenging Confederate impressment of animals and goods to supply the troops, and slaves to work in military encampments and on the lines. Several other governors followed his lead. After the American Civil War, Brown joined the Republican Party for a time, and was appointed as chief justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia from 1865 to 1870. Later he rejoined the Democrats, became president of the Western and Atlantic Railroad and began to amass great wealth; he was estimated to be a millionaire by 1880. He benefited from using convicts leased from state, county and local governments in his coal mining operations in Dade County. His Dade Coal Company bought other coal and iron companies, and by 1889 was known as the Georgia Mining, Manufacturing and Investment Company. Finally, he was twice elected by the state legislature as a U.S. Senator, serving from 1880 to 1891. During this time he was part of the Bourbon Triumvirate, alongside fellow prominent Georgia politicians John Brown Gordon and Alfred H. Colquitt. Brown saved the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary financially in the 1870s. An endowed chair in his honor, the Joseph Emerson Brown Chair of Christian Theology, was established at the institution. In 2020, the endowed chair was vacated because of Brown's position on slavery and use of the convict leasing system. Early life and education Joseph Emerson Brown was born on April 15, 1821, in Pickens County, South Carolina, to Mackey Brown and Sally (Rice) Brown. At a young age he moved with his family to Union County, Georgia. In 1840, he decided to leave the farm and seek an education. With the help of his younger brother James and their father's plow horse, Brown drove a yoke of oxen on a 125-mile trek to an academy near Anderson, South Carolina. There Brown traded the oxen for eight months' board and lodging. In 1844, Brown moved to Canton, Georgia, where he served as headmaster of the town's academy. During this time, Brown boarded in the home of local businessman and Baptist minister John W. Lewis. Brown paid for his room and board by tutoring the Lewis children. A friendship developed between the men, and Lewis loaned Brown money to continue his legal education. Brown went to Yale University to study law, then returned to Canton to practice. In 1847 he opened a law office in the county seat, and began to make the connections on which he built his fortune. He married Elizabeth Grisham, daughter of a major land developer. They had several children together. Brown joined the Democratic Party and was soon elected to the Georgia state senate in 1849 from the developing Etowah River valley. He rapidly rose as a leader in the party. He was elected as state circuit court judge in 1855. He was a presidential elector in 1856. Governor of Georgia First term In 1857, at the young age of 36, Brown was elected governor of the state. He supported free public education for poor white children, believing that it was key to development of the state. He asked the state legislature to divert a portion of profits from the state-owned railroad, the Western & Atlantic, to help fund the schools. Most planters did not support public education and paid for private tutors and academies for their children. The Western and Atlantic Railroad was mismanaged, and unable to produce the income Brown required to fund his public education proposal. In 1858, Governor Brown appointed John W. Lewis, his landlord and benefactor from Brown's early days in Canton, to the position of Superintendent of the state-owned railroad. Lewis was a successful businessman, and immediately undertook reforms to turn around the failing enterprise. The railroad, said to be in "dire financial straits", required the same strict economic controls Lewis had practiced in his private businesses. In the three years that Lewis ran the railroad, he was able to turn the business into a money-making enterprise, paying $400,000 per year into the state treasury. Second term Brown easily won re-election in 1859 when he defeated a young Warren Akin Sr. (who was just beginning his political career) by a margin of 60%-40%. Brown was a slave owner; in 1850, he owned five slaves. By 1860 when he was governor, he owned a total of 19 slaves and several farms in Cherokee County, Georgia. Brown became a strong supporter of secession from the United States after Abraham Lincoln's election and South Carolina's secession in 1860. He feared that Lincoln would abolish slavery. Considering it the basis of the South's lucrative plantation economy, he called upon Georgians to oppose the efforts to end slavery: What will be the result to the institution of slavery, which will follow submission to the inauguration and administration of Mr. Lincoln as the President ... it will be the total abolition of slavery ... I do not doubt, therefore, that submission to the administration of Mr. Lincoln will result in the final abolition of slavery. If we fail to resist now, we will never again have the strength to resist.— Joseph E. Brown, December 7, 1860, emphasis added. Once the Confederacy was established, Brown, a states' rights advocate, spoke out against expansion of the Confederate central government's powers. He denounced President Jefferson Davis in particular. Brown tried to stop Colonel Francis Bartow from taking Georgia troops "out of the state" to the First Battle of Bull Run. He objected most strenuously to military conscription by the Confederate government in Richmond, protested the army's impressment of goods and slave labor, and was critical of Confederate tax and blockade-running policies. In time, other Confederate governors followed Brown's example, undermining the war effort and sapping the Confederacy of vital resources. Third term In 1861, Brown was up for re-election to a third term. It was at this time, during the re-election campaign, that Western & Atlantic Railroad Superintendent John Wood Lewis, an old friend of the governor, decided to resign from the railroad. The timing could not have been worse. Fearing that Lewis' resignation would be interpreted negatively, the governor requested that Lewis keep the resignation a secret; but the resignation letter was leaked to the press, causing a rift between the two old friends. Brown wrote to Lewis, saying: "I did not deserve this at your hands, and I confess I felt it keenly...I do not attribute improper motives, but only say the coincidence was an unfortunate one for me". The two friends eventually smoothed over the incident, and Governor Brown was subsequently re-elected. On April 7, 1862, months after Lewis left the railroad, Governor Brown appointed Lewis to a vacant seat in the Confederate Senate in the 1st Confederate States Congress, 1862–1863. Robert Toombs, former Confederate States Secretary of State, had created the vacancy when he declined his election at the Congress's opening session on February 18. Capture of Milledgeville - the state capital In 1864, after the fall of Atlanta, Union General William Tecumseh Sherman began his March to the Sea. On the route from Atlanta to Savannah the left wing of Sherman's army entered the city of Milledgeville, then Georgia's state capital. As U.S. troops closed in on the city, and with the fall of the capital imminent, Governor Brown ordered Quartermaster General Ira Roe Foster to remove the state records. The task proved to be difficult, as it was undertaken in the midst of chaos. WAR BETWEEN THE STATES - 1864 Gov. Brown, thinking first of the valuable and perishable State property, ordered Gen. Ira Foster, Georgia's quartermaster general (who was always prompt and efficient), to secure its removal. Some of the books and other similar property were stored in the Lunatic Asylum, three miles out of town. A train of cars was held at the depot to carry off other State property, and Gen. Foster made herculean efforts to carry out the Governor's orders, but, such was the general terror and the rush to leave town, it was next to impossible to procure labor. When the Governor saw the condition of affairs, he went to the penitentiary, had the convicts drawn up in a line, and made them a short speech; he appealed to their patriotic pride and offered pardon to each one who would help remove the State property and then enlist for the defense of Georgia. They responded promptly, were put under the command of Gen. Foster, and did valuable service in loading the train. When that was done each one was given a suit of gray, and a gun, and they were formed into a military company of which one of their number was captain. They were ordered to report for duty to Gen. Wayne, who was commanding a small battalion of militia at Milledgeville and also the Georgia cadets from the Military Institute at Marietta. —FRANCES LETCHER MITCHELL. After the loss of Atlanta, Brown withdrew the state's militia from the Confederate forces to harvest crops for the state and the army. When Union troops under Sherman overran much of Georgia in 1864, Brown called for an end to the war. Burning of the penitentiary at Milledgeville, GA by the Union Army (November 23, 1864) Post-war imprisonment to Republican judgeship After the war, Brown was briefly held as a prisoner in Washington, D.C. He supported President Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction policies, joining the Republican Party for a time. Brown was a delegate to the 1868 Republican National Convention. As a Republican, Brown was appointed as chief justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia, serving from 1868 to 1870. Rejoining the Democratic Party Brown resigned as judge when offered the presidency of the Western and Atlantic Railroad. In this role, Brown opposed efforts by a committee to revise the state constitution to establish uniform rates for freight over the multiple railroad lines in the state. After Reconstruction ended, Brown rejoined the Democratic Party. He was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1880 by the state legislature, as was custom by the US constitution and state laws of the time. Soon after his election to the Senate, Brown became the first Democratic Party official in Georgia to support public education for all white children. The Republican Reconstruction-era legislature was the first to establish public education in the state but the succeeding post-Reconstruction, white-dominated legislature abandoned it. Brown recommended that railroad fees be used to support it financially. Prior to this, only the elite who could afford tutors or private academies had their children formally educated. Later political service and business career Brown was first elected to the United States Senate by the state legislature in 1880, taking office on May 26, 1880. He was re-elected in 1885, and retired in 1891 due to poor health. While Brown's political supporters claimed that he "came to Atlanta on foot with less than a dollar in his pocket after the war and ... made himself all that he is by honest and laborious methods", most of his enterprises stemmed from his political connections. He amassed a fortune, in part through the use of convicts leased from state, county and local government in his coal mining operations in Dade County. His use of leased convict labor began in 1874 and continued until his death in 1894, a period that coincided with "the high tide of the convict lease system in Georgia". The convict lease system was first authorized during the period of Reconstruction, under military governor and Union general Thomas H. Ruger, who issued the first convict lease in April 1868. It was expanded during the post-Reconstruction era, when the Democratic-dominated state legislature passed new laws criminalizing a range of behavior. State prisoners who were unable to pay fines, levied as part of their conviction, faced the possibility of being leased out by the state, as convict labor. In 1880 Brown, whose fortune was estimated conservatively at one million dollars, netted $98,000 (~$2.66 million in 2023) from the Dade Coal Company. By 1886, Dade Coal was a parent company, owning Walker Iron and Coal, Rising Fawn Iron, Chattanooga Iron, and Rogers Railroad and Ore Banks, and leasing Castle Rock Coal Company. An 1889 reorganization resulted in the formation of the Georgia Mining, Manufacturing and Investment Company. This rested largely on a foundation of convict labor. The system has been likened by journalist Douglas A. Blackmon to "slavery by another name," in his book by that title. A legislative committee visited Brown's mines during the same year that Brown sold them. They reported that the convict laborers were "in the very worst condition ... actually being starved and have not sufficient clothing ... treated with great cruelty." Of particular note to the visiting officials was that the mine claimed to have replaced whipping with the water cure torture—in which water was poured into the nostrils and lungs of the prisoners—because it allowed miners to "go to work right away" after punishment. However, it was not established if these practices were in place at the time that Brown sold the mine, or were instituted by the mine's new owner Joel Hurt. Death and legacy Statue of Georgia Civil War Governor Joseph E. Brown and his wife Joseph E. Brown died on November 30, 1894, in Atlanta, Georgia. He was honored by lying in state in the state capitol. His tombstone is in Oakland Cemetery. In 1928, a memorial statue of Brown and his wife was installed on the grounds of the State Capitol. His son, Joseph Mackey Brown, would also become governor of Georgia (twice). Joseph E. Brown Hall on the campus of the University of Georgia in Athens is named in his honor. The building was completed in 1932. Joseph Emerson Brown Park in Marietta, Georgia is named for him. Emerson, Georgia, referencing the governor's middle name, is named in his honor. In fiction In her novel Gone with the Wind, Margaret Mitchell made reference to Governor Brown, and the reception that "Joe Brown's Pets" received during General Sherman's march through Georgia in 1864. Brown had tried to keep Georgia troops in the state for local defense. Mitchell wrote: Yes, Governor Brown's darlings are likely to smell powder at last, and I imagine most of them will be much surprised. Certainly they never expected to see action. The Governor as good as promised them they wouldn't. Well, that's a good joke on them. They thought they had bomb proofs because the Governor stood up to even Jeff Davis and refused to send them to Virginia. Said they were needed for the defense of their state. Who'd have ever thought the war would come to their own back yard and they'd really have to defend their state? See also American Civil War portalGeorgia (U.S. state) portal American Civil War Ira Roe Foster- Confederate Quartermaster General of Georgia References ^ Southern Seminary (September 14, 2018). "Albert Mohler - Ask Anything Live (Episode 8)" – via YouTube. ^ "Southern Seminary retains names, vacates chair, establishes endowment". ^ a b c Chapter XIX: "Governor Brown of Georgia", in: Smith, Elsie Haws. (1954). More About those Rices. Edmund Rice (1638), Association & Meador Publishers, Boston. ^ a b Wright, G. Richard (Winter 2009). "New Men in the Old South: Joseph E. Brown and his Associates in Georgia's Etowah Valley". Georgia Historical Quarterly. 93 (4). Retrieved June 20, 2016. ^ a b Ezra J. Warner Jr. (September 1, 1975). Biographical Register of the Confederate Congress. LSU Press. pp. 152–153. ISBN 978-0-8071-4942-3. ^ "Cabinet Card of Brown Family members, Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia, ca. 1895". Vanishing Georgia. Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved June 20, 2016. ^ Wright, G. Richard; Wheeler, Kenneth H. (2009). "New Men in the Old South: Joseph E. Brown and his Associates in Georgia's Etowah Valley". Georgia Historical Quarterly. 93 (4): 363–387. Retrieved February 19, 2018. ^ The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography. Vol. I. New York, N.Y.: James T. White & Company. 1898. p. 227 – via Google Books. ^ Carole E. Scott, "Joseph E. Brown" Archived January 24, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, About North Georgia website, 2016; accessed December 16, 2016 ^ Lucian Lamar Knight (1917). The period of expansion or Georgia in the process of growth, 1802-1857 (continued); The period of division or Georgia in the assertion of state rights, 1857-1872; The period of rehabilitation or Georgia's rise from the ashes of war, 1872-1916; Georgia miscellanies. Lewis Publishing Company. p. 717. ^ "Akin, Warren". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved November 24, 2018. ^ "1850 United States Census, Slave Schedules", United States census, 1850;. ^ "1860 United States Census, Slave Schedules", United States census, 1860; page 4, 8,. ^ Secession Debated. pp. 145–159. Retrieved September 8, 2015. ^ Georgia in the American Civil War ^ James M. McPherson (December 11, 2003). The Illustrated Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford University Press. p. 433. ISBN 978-0-19-974390-2. ^ Carlson, David (2014). "Remember thy Pledge!: Religious and Reformist Influences on Joseph E. Brown's Opposition to Confederate Conscription". Georgia Historical Quarterly. 98 (1/2). Retrieved June 14, 2016. ^ "Correspondence between Governor Brown and President Davis, on the Constitutionality of the Conscription Act". Documenting the American South (Project). Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved June 14, 2016. ^ Boney, F.N. (2002). "Joseph E. Brown (1821-1894)". New Georgia Encyclopedia. ^ Joseph Howard Parks (March 1, 1999). Joseph E. Brown of Georgia. LSU Press. pp. 164–165. ISBN 978-0-8071-2465-9. ^ "John W. Lewis, Senate in Georgia". Fayetteville Weekly Observer Fayetteville, N.C. March 24, 1862. Retrieved January 19, 2020. ^ Georgia Land and People.(1919) p.158 at archive.org ^ "Reconstruction". www.aboutnorthgeorgia.com. ^ Abbott 1986, p. 173. ^ Brown, Joseph E. "Argument of ex-Governor Joseph E. Brown, President of the Western and Atlantic Railroad Company, before the Revision Committee of the Constitutional Convention, on the question of the railroad interests of Georgia, and more especially on the injuries that would result to the railroads and the people from the policy of establishing uniform rates on all freights over our railroad lines". Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved June 14, 2016. ^ "Western & Atlantic Railroad's Engine No. 1, "Gov. Jos. E. Brown," built in Atlanta, Georgia. Photograph inscribed and dated by the photographer, J.C. Stokely, October 12, 1888". AJCP551-19b, Atlanta Journal Constitution Photographic Archives. Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University Library. Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved June 14, 2016. ^ Franklin M. Garrett, Atlanta and Environs, I:952 ^ a b Kenneth M. Stampp, The Era of Reconstruction, 1865-1877, 1965, p. 161 ^ a b Matthew J. Mancini, "Race, Economics, and the Abandonment of the Convict Lease System," The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 63, No. 4 , p. 342 ^ Douglas A. Blackmon, Slavery By Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II (2008) ^ a b Blackmon, Slavery By Another Name, (2008), p. 347 ^ "Joseph E. Brown, Lying In State". Atlanta History Photograph Collection, Atlanta History Center. Digital Library of Georgia. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved June 14, 2016. ^ "Joseph E. Brown Grave Marker". Atlanta History Photograph Collection, Atlanta History Center. Digital Library of Georgia. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved June 14, 2016. ^ "". Vanishing Georgia. Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved June 14, 2016. ^ "Joe Brown Hall (University of Georgia)". Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved June 14, 2016. ^ Seibert, David. "Joseph Emerson Brown Park". GeorgiaInfo: an Online Georgia Almanac. Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved November 9, 2016. ^ "Emerson historical marker". Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved June 14, 2016. ^ Margaret Mitchell (April 13, 2014). Gone with the Wind. Hayrapetyan Brothers. p. 191. GGKEY:SA26KUXWEFG. Works cited Abbott, Richard (1986). The Republican Party and the South, 1855-1877: The First Southern Strategy. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0807816809. Bibliography Blackmon, Douglas A. Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II. New York : Doubleday, 2008. ISBN 978-0385506250 Fielder, Herbert. A sketch of the life and times and speeches of Joseph E. Brown. Springfield, Mass.: Springfield Printing Company, 1883. Hill, Louise Biles. Joseph E. Brown and the Confederacy. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press 1972. ISBN 978-0-8371-5722-1 Lichtenstein, Alex. Twice the Work of Free Labor: The Political Economy of Convict Labor in the New South. New York: Verso, 1996. ISBN 978-1859840863 Mancini, Matthew J. One Dies, Get Another: Convict Leasing in the American South, 1866-1928. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996. ISBN 978-1570030833 Parks, Joseph Howard. Joseph E. Brown of Georgia. Southern biography series. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 1977. ISBN 978-0-8071-0189-6 Roberts, Derrell C. Joseph E. Brown and the politics of Reconstruction. Southern historical publications, no. 16. University: University of Alabama Press 1973. ISBN 978-0-8173-5222-6 Scaife, William R., and William Harris Bragg. Joe Brown's pets: the Georgia Militia, 1861-1865. Macon, Ga: Mercer University Press 2004. ISBN 978-0-86554-883-1 Wright, G. Richard and Kenneth H. Wheeler, "New Men in the Old South: Joseph E. Brown and his Associates in Georgia's Etowah Valley," Georgia Historical Quarterly 93:4 (Winter, 2009) External links  This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Joseph E. Brown (1821–1894), New Georgia Encyclopedia Joseph E. Brown Papers at Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, & Rare Book Library, Emory University United States Congress. "Joseph E. Brown (id: B000936)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Joseph Emerson Brown letters, W.S. Hoole Special Collections Library, The University of Alabama. Joseph Emerson Brown historical marker Party political offices Preceded byHerschel Vespasian Johnson Democratic nominee for Governor of Georgia 1857, 1859 VacantTitle next held byJohn Brown Gordon Political offices Preceded byHerschel Vespasian Johnson Governor of Georgia 1857–1865 Succeeded byJames Johnson Legal offices Preceded byHiram B. Warner Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia 1868–1870 Succeeded byOsborne Augustus Lochrane U.S. Senate Preceded byJohn B. Gordon U.S. senator (Class 3) from Georgia 1880–1891 Served alongside: Benjamin H. Hill, Middleton P. Barrow, Alfred H. Colquitt Succeeded byJohn B. Gordon vteGovernors of Georgia1777–present Bulloch Gwinnett Treutlen Houstoun Glascock Cuthbert Wereat Walton Howly George Wells Humphrey Wells Heard Davies Brownson Martin Hall Houstoun Elbert Telfair Mathews Handley Walton Telfair Mathews Irwin Jackson Emanuel Tattnall Milledge Irwin Mitchell Early Mitchell Rabun Talbot Clark Troup Forsyth Gilmer Lumpkin Schley Gilmer McDonald Crawford Towns Cobb H. Johnson J. E. Brown J. Johnson Jenkins Ruger Bullock Conley J. Smith Colquitt Stephens Boynton McDaniel Gordon Northen Atkinson Candler Terrell H. Smith J. M. Brown H. Smith Slaton J. M. Brown Slaton N. Harris Dorsey Hardwick Walker Hardman Russell E. Talmadge Rivers E. Talmadge Arnall H. Talmadge Thompson H. Talmadge Griffin Vandiver Sanders Maddox Carter Busbee J. Harris Miller Barnes Perdue Deal Kemp Category vteUnited States senators from GeorgiaClass 2 Few Jackson Walton Tattnall Baldwin Jones Crawford Bulloch Bibb Troup Forsyth Walker Ware Cobb Prince Troup King Lumpkin Berrien Charlton Toombs H. Miller Norwood B. Hill Barrow A. Colquitt Walsh Bacon West Hardwick Harris Cohen Russell Gambrell Nunn Cleland Chambliss Perdue Ossoff Class 3 Gunn Jackson Milledge Tait Elliott Berrien Forsyth Cuthbert W. Colquitt Johnson Dawson Iverson J. Hill Gordon Brown Gordon Clay Terrell Smith Watson Felton George Talmadge Mattingly Fowler Coverdell Z. Miller Isakson Loeffler Warnock Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Netherlands People US Congress Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe E. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_E._Brown"},{"link_name":"42nd Governor of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Whig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Whig_Party"},{"link_name":"Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Western and Atlantic Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_and_Atlantic_Railroad"},{"link_name":"convicts leased","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convict_leasing"},{"link_name":"coal mining operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Dade County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dade_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Bourbon Triumvirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourbon_Triumvirate"},{"link_name":"John Brown Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Alfred H. Colquitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_H._Colquitt"},{"link_name":"Southern Baptist Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Baptist_Theological_Seminary"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This article is about the Georgia governor. For the actor and comedian, see Joe E. Brown.Joseph Emerson Brown (April 15, 1821 – November 30, 1894), often referred to as Joe Brown, was an American attorney and politician, serving as the 42nd Governor of Georgia from 1857 to 1865, the only governor to serve four terms. He also served as a United States Senator from that state from 1880 to 1891.A former Whig, and a firm believer in slavery and Southern states' rights, Brown was a leading secessionist in 1861, and led his state into the Confederacy. Yet he also defied the Confederate government's wartime policies: he resisted the military draft, believing that local troops should be used only for the defense of Georgia; and denounced Confederate President Jefferson Davis as an incipient tyrant, challenging Confederate impressment of animals and goods to supply the troops, and slaves to work in military encampments and on the lines. Several other governors followed his lead.After the American Civil War, Brown joined the Republican Party for a time, and was appointed as chief justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia from 1865 to 1870. Later he rejoined the Democrats, became president of the Western and Atlantic Railroad and began to amass great wealth; he was estimated to be a millionaire by 1880. He benefited from using convicts leased from state, county and local governments in his coal mining operations in Dade County. His Dade Coal Company bought other coal and iron companies, and by 1889 was known as the Georgia Mining, Manufacturing and Investment Company. Finally, he was twice elected by the state legislature as a U.S. Senator, serving from 1880 to 1891. During this time he was part of the Bourbon Triumvirate, alongside fellow prominent Georgia politicians John Brown Gordon and Alfred H. Colquitt.Brown saved the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary financially in the 1870s.[1] An endowed chair in his honor, the Joseph Emerson Brown Chair of Christian Theology, was established at the institution. In 2020, the endowed chair was vacated because of Brown's position on slavery and use of the convict leasing system.[2]","title":"Joseph E. Brown"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pickens County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickens_County,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Union County, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-3"},{"link_name":"Anderson, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wright-4"},{"link_name":"Canton, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wright-4"},{"link_name":"John W. Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wood_Lewis_Sr."},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jr.1975-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jr.1975-5"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Etowah River valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etowah_River"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"presidential elector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College"},{"link_name":"1856","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Joseph Emerson Brown was born on April 15, 1821, in Pickens County, South Carolina, to Mackey Brown and Sally (Rice) Brown. At a young age he moved with his family to Union County, Georgia.[3] In 1840, he decided to leave the farm and seek an education. With the help of his younger brother James and their father's plow horse, Brown drove a yoke of oxen on a 125-mile trek to an academy near Anderson, South Carolina. There Brown traded the oxen for eight months' board and lodging.[4]In 1844, Brown moved to Canton, Georgia, where he served as headmaster of the town's academy.[4] During this time, Brown boarded in the home of local businessman and Baptist minister John W. Lewis.[5] Brown paid for his room and board by tutoring the Lewis children. A friendship developed between the men, and Lewis loaned Brown money to continue his legal education.[5]Brown went to Yale University to study law, then returned to Canton to practice. In 1847 he opened a law office in the county seat, and began to make the connections on which he built his fortune. He married Elizabeth Grisham, daughter of a major land developer. They had several children together.[6]Brown joined the Democratic Party and was soon elected to the Georgia state senate in 1849 from the developing Etowah River valley.[7] He rapidly rose as a leader in the party. He was elected as state circuit court judge in 1855. He was a presidential elector in 1856.[8]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Governor of Georgia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western & Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_%26_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scott-9"},{"link_name":"John W. Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wood_Lewis_Sr."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Knight1917-10"}],"sub_title":"First term","text":"In 1857, at the young age of 36, Brown was elected governor of the state. He supported free public education for poor white children, believing that it was key to development of the state. He asked the state legislature to divert a portion of profits from the state-owned railroad, the Western & Atlantic, to help fund the schools.[9] Most planters did not support public education and paid for private tutors and academies for their children. The Western and Atlantic Railroad was mismanaged, and unable to produce the income Brown required to fund his public education proposal. In 1858, Governor Brown appointed John W. Lewis, his landlord and benefactor from Brown's early days in Canton, to the position of Superintendent of the state-owned railroad. Lewis was a successful businessman, and immediately undertook reforms to turn around the failing enterprise. The railroad, said to be in \"dire financial straits\", required the same strict economic controls Lewis had practiced in his private businesses. In the three years that Lewis ran the railroad, he was able to turn the business into a money-making enterprise, paying $400,000 per year into the state treasury.[10]","title":"Governor of Georgia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warren Akin Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Akin_Sr."},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Cherokee County, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherokee_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"secession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secession"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"states' rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States%27_rights"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_Davis"},{"link_name":"Francis Bartow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Bartow"},{"link_name":"First Battle of Bull Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run"},{"link_name":"conscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McPherson2003-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Second term","text":"Brown easily won re-election in 1859 when he defeated a young Warren Akin Sr. (who was just beginning his political career) by a margin of 60%-40%.[11]Brown was a slave owner; in 1850, he owned five slaves.[12] By 1860 when he was governor, he owned a total of 19 slaves and several farms in Cherokee County, Georgia.[13]Brown became a strong supporter of secession from the United States after Abraham Lincoln's election and South Carolina's secession in 1860. He feared that Lincoln would abolish slavery. Considering it the basis of the South's lucrative plantation economy, he called upon Georgians to oppose the efforts to end slavery:What will be the result to the institution of slavery, which will follow submission to the inauguration and administration of Mr. Lincoln as the President ... it will be the total abolition of slavery ... I do not doubt, therefore, that submission to the administration of Mr. Lincoln will result in the final abolition of slavery. If we fail to resist now, we will never again have the strength to resist.— Joseph E. Brown, December 7, 1860, emphasis added.[14]Once the Confederacy was established,[15] Brown, a states' rights advocate, spoke out against expansion of the Confederate central government's powers. He denounced President Jefferson Davis in particular. Brown tried to stop Colonel Francis Bartow from taking Georgia troops \"out of the state\" to the First Battle of Bull Run. He objected most strenuously to military conscription by the Confederate government in Richmond,[16] protested the army's impressment of goods and slave labor, and was critical of Confederate tax and blockade-running policies. In time, other Confederate governors followed Brown's example, undermining the war effort and sapping the Confederacy of vital resources.[17][18][19]","title":"Governor of Georgia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western & Atlantic Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_%26_Atlantic_Railroad"},{"link_name":"John Wood Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wood_Lewis"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Parks1999-20"},{"link_name":"Confederate Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Senate"},{"link_name":"1st Confederate States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Confederate_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Robert Toombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Toombs"},{"link_name":"Confederate States Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Third term","text":"In 1861, Brown was up for re-election to a third term. It was at this time, during the re-election campaign, that Western & Atlantic Railroad Superintendent John Wood Lewis, an old friend of the governor, decided to resign from the railroad. The timing could not have been worse. Fearing that Lewis' resignation would be interpreted negatively, the governor requested that Lewis keep the resignation a secret; but the resignation letter was leaked to the press, causing a rift between the two old friends. Brown wrote to Lewis, saying: \"I did not deserve this at your hands, and I confess I felt it keenly...I do not attribute improper motives, but only say the coincidence was an unfortunate one for me\".[20] The two friends eventually smoothed over the incident, and Governor Brown was subsequently re-elected. On April 7, 1862, months after Lewis left the railroad, Governor Brown appointed Lewis to a vacant seat in the Confederate Senate in the 1st Confederate States Congress, 1862–1863. Robert Toombs, former Confederate States Secretary of State, had created the vacancy when he declined his election at the Congress's opening session on February 18.[21]","title":"Governor of Georgia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fall of Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_of_Atlanta"},{"link_name":"Union General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_army"},{"link_name":"William Tecumseh Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman"},{"link_name":"March to the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"Savannah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Milledgeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milledgeville,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Quartermaster General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quartermaster_General"},{"link_name":"Ira Roe Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Roe_Foster"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"state's militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_militia"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._Sherman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burning_of_the_penitentiary_at_Milledgeville,_GA_-_November_23_1864.jpg"}],"text":"In 1864, after the fall of Atlanta, Union General William Tecumseh Sherman began his March to the Sea. On the route from Atlanta to Savannah the left wing of Sherman's army entered the city of Milledgeville, then Georgia's state capital. As U.S. troops closed in on the city, and with the fall of the capital imminent, Governor Brown ordered Quartermaster General Ira Roe Foster to remove the state records. The task proved to be difficult, as it was undertaken in the midst of chaos.WAR BETWEEN THE STATES - 1864\n\nGov. Brown, thinking first of the valuable and perishable State property, ordered Gen. Ira Foster, Georgia's quartermaster general (who was always prompt and efficient), to secure its removal. Some of the books and other similar property were stored in the Lunatic Asylum, three miles out of town. A train of cars was held at the depot to carry off other State property, and Gen. Foster made herculean efforts to carry out the Governor's orders, but, such was the general terror and the rush to leave town, it was next to impossible to procure labor.\nWhen the Governor saw the condition of affairs, he went to the penitentiary, had the convicts drawn up in a line, and made them a short speech; he appealed to their patriotic pride and offered pardon to each one who would help remove the State property and then enlist for the defense of Georgia. They responded promptly, were put under the command of Gen. Foster, and did valuable service in loading the train. When that was done each one was given a suit of gray, and a gun, and they were formed into a military company of which one of their number was captain. They were ordered to report for duty to Gen. Wayne, who was commanding a small battalion of militia at Milledgeville and also the Georgia cadets from the Military Institute at Marietta.\n\n\n—FRANCES LETCHER MITCHELL.[22]After the loss of Atlanta, Brown withdrew the state's militia from the Confederate forces to harvest crops for the state and the army.[23] When Union troops under Sherman overran much of Georgia in 1864, Brown called for an end to the war.Burning of the penitentiary at Milledgeville, GA by the Union Army (November 23, 1864)","title":"Capture of Milledgeville - the state capital"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Andrew Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"1868 Republican National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbott1986173-24"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)"}],"text":"After the war, Brown was briefly held as a prisoner in Washington, D.C. He supported President Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction policies, joining the Republican Party for a time.Brown was a delegate to the 1868 Republican National Convention.[24] As a Republican, Brown was appointed as chief justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia, serving from 1868 to 1870.","title":"Post-war imprisonment to Republican judgeship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western and Atlantic Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_and_Atlantic_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Senate"},{"link_name":"public education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_education"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-3"}],"sub_title":"Rejoining the Democratic Party","text":"Brown resigned as judge when offered the presidency of the Western and Atlantic Railroad. In this role, Brown opposed efforts by a committee to revise the state constitution to establish uniform rates for freight over the multiple railroad lines in the state.[25][26]After Reconstruction ended, Brown rejoined the Democratic Party. He was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1880 by the state legislature, as was custom by the US constitution and state laws of the time. Soon after his election to the Senate, Brown became the first Democratic Party official in Georgia to support public education for all white children. The Republican Reconstruction-era legislature was the first to establish public education in the state but the succeeding post-Reconstruction, white-dominated legislature abandoned it. Brown recommended that railroad fees be used to support it financially. Prior to this, only the elite who could afford tutors or private academies had their children formally educated.[3]","title":"Post-war imprisonment to Republican judgeship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"state legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-3"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"convicts leased from state, county and local government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convict_leasing"},{"link_name":"coal mining operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mine"},{"link_name":"Dade County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dade_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stampp-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stampp-28"},{"link_name":"period of Reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_era"},{"link_name":"military governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law"},{"link_name":"Thomas H. Ruger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H._Ruger"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mancini-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mancini-29"},{"link_name":"Douglas A. Blackmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A._Blackmon"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blackmon374-31"},{"link_name":"water cure torture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterboarding#Historical_uses"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blackmon374-31"},{"link_name":"Joel Hurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Hurt"}],"text":"Brown was first elected to the United States Senate by the state legislature in 1880, taking office on May 26, 1880. He was re-elected in 1885, and retired in 1891 due to poor health.[3]While Brown's political supporters claimed that he \"came to Atlanta on foot with less than a dollar in his pocket after the war and ... made himself all that he is by honest and laborious methods\",[27] most of his enterprises stemmed from his political connections. He amassed a fortune, in part through the use of convicts leased from state, county and local government in his coal mining operations in Dade County.[28] His use of leased convict labor began in 1874 and continued until his death in 1894, a period that coincided with \"the high tide of the convict lease system in Georgia\".[28]The convict lease system was first authorized during the period of Reconstruction, under military governor and Union general Thomas H. Ruger, who issued the first convict lease in April 1868.[29] It was expanded during the post-Reconstruction era, when the Democratic-dominated state legislature passed new laws criminalizing a range of behavior. State prisoners who were unable to pay fines, levied as part of their conviction, faced the possibility of being leased out by the state, as convict labor.In 1880 Brown, whose fortune was estimated conservatively at one million dollars, netted $98,000 (~$2.66 million in 2023) from the Dade Coal Company. By 1886, Dade Coal was a parent company, owning Walker Iron and Coal, Rising Fawn Iron, Chattanooga Iron, and Rogers Railroad and Ore Banks, and leasing Castle Rock Coal Company. An 1889 reorganization resulted in the formation of the Georgia Mining, Manufacturing and Investment Company. This rested largely on a foundation of convict labor.[29] The system has been likened by journalist Douglas A. Blackmon to \"slavery by another name,\" in his book by that title.[30]A legislative committee visited Brown's mines during the same year that Brown sold them. They reported that the convict laborers were \"in the very worst condition ... actually being starved and have not sufficient clothing ... treated with great cruelty.\"[31] Of particular note to the visiting officials was that the mine claimed to have replaced whipping with the water cure torture—in which water was poured into the nostrils and lungs of the prisoners—because it allowed miners to \"go to work right away\" after punishment.[31] However, it was not established if these practices were in place at the time that Brown sold the mine, or were instituted by the mine's new owner Joel Hurt.","title":"Later political service and business career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statute_of_Georgia_Civil_War_Governor_Joseph_E._Brown_and_Wife,_Georgia_State_Capitol,_Atlanta,_Georgia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Atlanta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Oakland Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Cemetery_(Atlanta,_Georgia)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"State Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_State_Capitol"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Joseph Mackey Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mackey_Brown"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Marietta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marietta,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Emerson, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Statue of Georgia Civil War Governor Joseph E. Brown and his wifeJoseph E. Brown died on November 30, 1894, in Atlanta, Georgia. He was honored by lying in state in the state capitol.[32]His tombstone is in Oakland Cemetery.[33] In 1928, a memorial statue of Brown and his wife was installed on the grounds of the State Capitol.[34]His son, Joseph Mackey Brown, would also become governor of Georgia (twice).Joseph E. Brown Hall on the campus of the University of Georgia in Athens is named in his honor.[35] The building was completed in 1932.Joseph Emerson Brown Park in Marietta, Georgia is named for him.[36]Emerson, Georgia, referencing the governor's middle name, is named in his honor.[37]","title":"Death and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gone with the Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Margaret Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"General Sherman's march through Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mitchell2014-38"}],"text":"In her novel Gone with the Wind, Margaret Mitchell made reference to Governor Brown, and the reception that \"Joe Brown's Pets\" received during General Sherman's march through Georgia in 1864. Brown had tried to keep Georgia troops in the state for local defense. Mitchell wrote:Yes, Governor Brown's darlings are likely to smell powder at last, and I imagine most of them will be much surprised. Certainly they never expected to see action. The Governor as good as promised them they wouldn't. Well, that's a good joke on them. They thought they had bomb proofs because the Governor stood up to even Jeff Davis and refused to send them to Virginia. Said they were needed for the defense of their state. Who'd have ever thought the war would come to their own back yard and they'd really have to defend their state?[38]","title":"In fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Republican Party and the South, 1855-1877: The First Southern Strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/republicanparty00abbo"},{"link_name":"University of North Carolina Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0807816809","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0807816809"}],"text":"Abbott, Richard (1986). The Republican Party and the South, 1855-1877: The First Southern Strategy. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0807816809.","title":"Works cited"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0385506250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385506250"},{"link_name":"A sketch of the life and times and speeches of Joseph E. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dlg.galileo.usg.edu/georgiabooks/do-pdf:gb0331"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8371-5722-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-5722-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1859840863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1859840863"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1570030833","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1570030833"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8071-0189-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-0189-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8173-5222-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5222-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-86554-883-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-883-1"},{"link_name":"\"New Men in the Old South: Joseph E. Brown and his Associates in Georgia's Etowah Valley,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=48366043&site=eds-live&scope=site"}],"text":"Blackmon, Douglas A. Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II. New York : Doubleday, 2008. ISBN 978-0385506250\nFielder, Herbert. A sketch of the life and times and speeches of Joseph E. Brown. Springfield, Mass.: Springfield Printing Company, 1883.\nHill, Louise Biles. Joseph E. Brown and the Confederacy. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press 1972. ISBN 978-0-8371-5722-1\nLichtenstein, Alex. Twice the Work of Free Labor: The Political Economy of Convict Labor in the New South. New York: Verso, 1996. ISBN 978-1859840863\nMancini, Matthew J. One Dies, Get Another: Convict Leasing in the American South, 1866-1928. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996. ISBN 978-1570030833\nParks, Joseph Howard. Joseph E. Brown of Georgia. Southern biography series. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 1977. ISBN 978-0-8071-0189-6\nRoberts, Derrell C. Joseph E. Brown and the politics of Reconstruction. Southern historical publications, no. 16. University: University of Alabama Press 1973. ISBN 978-0-8173-5222-6\nScaife, William R., and William Harris Bragg. Joe Brown's pets: the Georgia Militia, 1861-1865. Macon, Ga: Mercer University Press 2004. ISBN 978-0-86554-883-1\nWright, G. Richard and Kenneth H. Wheeler, \"New Men in the Old South: Joseph E. Brown and his Associates in Georgia's Etowah Valley,\" Georgia Historical Quarterly 93:4 (Winter, 2009)","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"Burning of the penitentiary at Milledgeville, GA by the Union Army (November 23, 1864)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Burning_of_the_penitentiary_at_Milledgeville%2C_GA_-_November_23_1864.jpg/300px-Burning_of_the_penitentiary_at_Milledgeville%2C_GA_-_November_23_1864.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of Georgia Civil War Governor Joseph E. Brown and his wife","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Statute_of_Georgia_Civil_War_Governor_Joseph_E._Brown_and_Wife%2C_Georgia_State_Capitol%2C_Atlanta%2C_Georgia.jpg/300px-Statute_of_Georgia_Civil_War_Governor_Joseph_E._Brown_and_Wife%2C_Georgia_State_Capitol%2C_Atlanta%2C_Georgia.jpg"}]
[{"title":"American Civil War portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War"},{"title":"Georgia (U.S. state) portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"title":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"title":"Ira Roe Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Roe_Foster"}]
[{"reference":"Southern Seminary (September 14, 2018). \"Albert Mohler - Ask Anything Live (Episode 8)\" – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WPVv-GxjmZE&t=3101","url_text":"\"Albert Mohler - Ask Anything Live (Episode 8)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southern Seminary retains names, vacates chair, establishes endowment\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brnow.org/news/southern-seminary-retains-names-vacates-chair-establishes-endowment/","url_text":"\"Southern Seminary retains names, vacates chair, establishes endowment\""}]},{"reference":"Wright, G. Richard (Winter 2009). \"New Men in the Old South: Joseph E. Brown and his Associates in Georgia's Etowah Valley\". Georgia Historical Quarterly. 93 (4). Retrieved June 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=48366043&site=eds-live&scope=site","url_text":"\"New Men in the Old South: Joseph E. Brown and his Associates in Georgia's Etowah Valley\""}]},{"reference":"Ezra J. Warner Jr. (September 1, 1975). Biographical Register of the Confederate Congress. LSU Press. pp. 152–153. ISBN 978-0-8071-4942-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=k6VyjF_ZTukC&pg=PA152","url_text":"Biographical Register of the Confederate Congress"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSU_Press","url_text":"LSU Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-4942-3","url_text":"978-0-8071-4942-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Cabinet Card of Brown Family members, Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia, ca. 1895\". Vanishing Georgia. Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved June 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/vang/id:ful0657","url_text":"\"Cabinet Card of Brown Family members, Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia, ca. 1895\""}]},{"reference":"Wright, G. Richard; Wheeler, Kenneth H. (2009). \"New Men in the Old South: Joseph E. Brown and his Associates in Georgia's Etowah Valley\". Georgia Historical Quarterly. 93 (4): 363–387. Retrieved February 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aqh&AN=48366043&site=eds-live&scope=site","url_text":"\"New Men in the Old South: Joseph E. Brown and his Associates in Georgia's Etowah Valley\""}]},{"reference":"The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography. Vol. I. New York, N.Y.: James T. White & Company. 1898. p. 227 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=13JMAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Lucian Lamar Knight (1917). The period of expansion or Georgia in the process of growth, 1802-1857 (continued); The period of division or Georgia in the assertion of state rights, 1857-1872; The period of rehabilitation or Georgia's rise from the ashes of war, 1872-1916; Georgia miscellanies. Lewis Publishing Company. p. 717.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gVlKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA717","url_text":"The period of expansion or Georgia in the process of growth, 1802-1857 (continued); The period of division or Georgia in the assertion of state rights, 1857-1872; The period of rehabilitation or Georgia's rise from the ashes of war, 1872-1916; Georgia miscellanies"}]},{"reference":"\"Akin, Warren\". OurCampaigns.com. Retrieved November 24, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/CandidateDetail.html?CandidateID=74253","url_text":"\"Akin, Warren\""}]},{"reference":"Secession Debated. pp. 145–159. Retrieved September 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.civilwarcauses.org/jbrown.htm","url_text":"Secession Debated"}]},{"reference":"James M. McPherson (December 11, 2003). The Illustrated Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford University Press. p. 433. ISBN 978-0-19-974390-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GXfGuNAvm7AC&pg=PA433","url_text":"The Illustrated Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974390-2","url_text":"978-0-19-974390-2"}]},{"reference":"Carlson, David (2014). \"Remember thy Pledge!: Religious and Reformist Influences on Joseph E. Brown's Opposition to Confederate Conscription\". Georgia Historical Quarterly. 98 (1/2). Retrieved June 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=101380917&site=eds-live&scope=site","url_text":"\"Remember thy Pledge!: Religious and Reformist Influences on Joseph E. Brown's Opposition to Confederate Conscription\""}]},{"reference":"\"Correspondence between Governor Brown and President Davis, on the Constitutionality of the Conscription Act\". Documenting the American South (Project). Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved June 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://docsouth.unc.edu/imls/govbrown/brown.html","url_text":"\"Correspondence between Governor Brown and President Davis, on the Constitutionality of the Conscription Act\""}]},{"reference":"Boney, F.N. (2002). \"Joseph E. Brown (1821-1894)\". New Georgia Encyclopedia.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/government-politics/joseph-e-brown-1821-1894","url_text":"\"Joseph E. Brown (1821-1894)\""}]},{"reference":"Joseph Howard Parks (March 1, 1999). Joseph E. Brown of Georgia. LSU Press. pp. 164–165. ISBN 978-0-8071-2465-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NhSyPM9smq8C&pg=PA164","url_text":"Joseph E. Brown of Georgia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2465-9","url_text":"978-0-8071-2465-9"}]},{"reference":"\"John W. Lewis, Senate in Georgia\". Fayetteville Weekly Observer Fayetteville, N.C. March 24, 1862. Retrieved January 19, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2181399/fayetteville_weekly/","url_text":"\"John W. Lewis, Senate in Georgia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reconstruction\". www.aboutnorthgeorgia.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aboutnorthgeorgia.com/ang/Reconstruction","url_text":"\"Reconstruction\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Joseph E. \"Argument of ex-Governor Joseph E. Brown, President of the Western and Atlantic Railroad Company, before the Revision Committee of the Constitutional Convention, on the question of the railroad interests of Georgia, and more especially on the injuries that would result to the railroads and the people from the policy of establishing uniform rates on all freights over our railroad lines\". Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved June 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/ggp/id:s-ga-bc610-pr4-bm1-b1877-bb7","url_text":"\"Argument of ex-Governor Joseph E. Brown, President of the Western and Atlantic Railroad Company, before the Revision Committee of the Constitutional Convention, on the question of the railroad interests of Georgia, and more especially on the injuries that would result to the railroads and the people from the policy of establishing uniform rates on all freights over our railroad lines\""}]},{"reference":"\"Western & Atlantic Railroad's Engine No. 1, \"Gov. Jos. E. Brown,\" built in Atlanta, Georgia. Photograph inscribed and dated by the photographer, J.C. Stokely, October 12, 1888\". AJCP551-19b, Atlanta Journal Constitution Photographic Archives. Special Collections and Archives, Georgia State University Library. Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved June 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://digitalcollections.library.gsu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ajc/id/128","url_text":"\"Western & Atlantic Railroad's Engine No. 1, \"Gov. Jos. E. Brown,\" built in Atlanta, Georgia. Photograph inscribed and dated by the photographer, J.C. Stokely, October 12, 1888\""}]},{"reference":"\"Joseph E. Brown, Lying In State\". Atlanta History Photograph Collection, Atlanta History Center. Digital Library of Georgia. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved June 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160624110055/http://collectionsdev.atlantahistorycenter.com:2011/cdm/ref/collection/athpc/id/694","url_text":"\"Joseph E. Brown, Lying In State\""},{"url":"http://collectionsdev.atlantahistorycenter.com:2011/cdm/ref/collection/athpc/id/694","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Joseph E. Brown Grave Marker\". Atlanta History Photograph Collection, Atlanta History Center. Digital Library of Georgia. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved June 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160624103905/http://collectionsdev.atlantahistorycenter.com:2011/cdm/ref/collection/athpc/id/1176","url_text":"\"Joseph E. Brown Grave Marker\""},{"url":"http://collectionsdev.atlantahistorycenter.com:2011/cdm/ref/collection/athpc/id/1176","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"[Photograph of unveiling of statue of Governor Joseph E. Brown, Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia, 1928]\". Vanishing Georgia. Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved June 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/vang/id:ful0176","url_text":"\"[Photograph of unveiling of statue of Governor Joseph E. Brown, Atlanta, Fulton County, Georgia, 1928]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Joe Brown Hall (University of Georgia)\". Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved June 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/larc/id:hbo0135","url_text":"\"Joe Brown Hall (University of Georgia)\""}]},{"reference":"Seibert, David. \"Joseph Emerson Brown Park\". GeorgiaInfo: an Online Georgia Almanac. Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved November 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/historical_markers/county/cobb/joseph-emerson-brown-park","url_text":"\"Joseph Emerson Brown Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"Emerson historical marker\". Digital Library of Georgia. Retrieved June 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://georgiainfo.galileo.usg.edu/topics/historical_markers/county/bartow/emerson","url_text":"\"Emerson historical marker\""}]},{"reference":"Margaret Mitchell (April 13, 2014). Gone with the Wind. Hayrapetyan Brothers. p. 191. GGKEY:SA26KUXWEFG.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uAVZAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT191","url_text":"Gone with the Wind"}]},{"reference":"Abbott, Richard (1986). The Republican Party and the South, 1855-1877: The First Southern Strategy. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0807816809.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/republicanparty00abbo","url_text":"The Republican Party and the South, 1855-1877: The First Southern Strategy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press","url_text":"University of North Carolina Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0807816809","url_text":"0807816809"}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Joseph E. Brown (id: B000936)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B000936","url_text":"\"Joseph E. Brown (id: B000936)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_North
Anime North
["1 Programming","2 History","2.1 Attendance cap","2.2 Event history","3 Mascot","4 References","5 External links"]
Anime fan convention This article is about the Canadian anime convention with the initials "AN". For the American "AN", see AnimeNEXT. For other major anime conventions, see List of anime conventions. This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Anime NorthAnime North's logoStatusActiveVenueToronto Congress Centre Delta Hotels by Marriot Toronto Airport and Conference CentreLocation(s)Toronto, OntarioCountryCanadaInauguratedAugust 9, 1997; 26 years ago (1997-08-09)Most recentMay 26, 2023; 12 months ago (2023-05-26)Next eventMay 24, 2024; 22 days ago (2024-05-24)Attendance34,590 in 2018Filing statusNot-for-profitWebsitehttp://www.animenorth.com Anime North (AN) is a not-for-profit, fan-run anime convention, held every year in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Its major attractions, activities and events include industry guests, fan-run panel presentations, workshops, video presentations, gaming tournaments, musical performances, dances and cosplay. The show has two shopping areas, an "Artists Alley" for artworks and crafts and a general "Vendors Hall". The second-largest anime convention in Canada by attendance numbers (after Montréal’s Otakuthon) and located near Toronto Pearson International Airport, AN is held at the Toronto Congress Centre, the Delta Airport Hotel and Conference Centre and the Sheraton Toronto Airport Hotel, all of which are within walking distance of one another on Dixon Road. Convention-run shuttle buses are available during daytime and the evening to connect the venues. Programming Anime North in 2006 featured Kotoko, a J-pop singer, who performed songs from her newest album. Also in 2006, a ballroom dance, the "Moonlight Masquerade Ball", was newly scheduled. The most popular events at AN include the Masquerade and the J-Idol competition. Other events include the AMV contest, guest autograph sessions, the All-Star Charity Auction, the Momiji Award (with brunch), Anime Improv, "Super Hardcore Anime Wrestling" (a co-production with Great Canadian Wrestling), Beyblade North (a Beyblade tournament sanctioned by the World Beyblade Organization), and Yaoi North. Common staples at Anime North include guest speeches, gaming tournaments, dances, art-related workshops, discussion panels, martial arts displays, model contests, Go tournaments, and similar events. History Cosplayer outside of the Toronto Congress Centre, 2018. Anime North was founded by Toronto anime fan Donald Simmons in 1997 as a one-day mini-convention with approximately 700 attendees. The original venue was the Michener Institute in downtown Toronto. In 1998 the convention expanded to two days of programming, and 1999 saw the addition of a third day of programming as well as a move to the Ramada Airport East Hotel, with attendance reaching 1,000. In 2001 AN was moved to the airport strip near Pearson Airport and was held at the Toronto Airport Marriott (attendance 2,000) and in 2002 moved to the much larger Regal Constellation Hotel (attendance 2,800). Shortly after the 2003 convention at the Regal (attendance 5,000), the Regal closed and the convention had to find yet another new location. For 2004 the best combination of function and hotel space available was the combination of the Toronto Congress Centre (TCC) and the nearby Renaissance Hotel for additional programming. These two venues were unfortunately a 10-15 minute walk apart, although a free shuttle bus was provided to help alleviate this problem. Despite this difficulty, attendance reached a record 8,200 that year. In 2005, Anime North added a Thursday evening badge pickup for pre-registered attendees, and changed hotels from the Renaissance to the Doubletree International Plaza Hotel, across Dixon Rd. from the TCC (attendance 9,500). In 2006 actual programming was added for Thursday evenings; approximately 12,500 people attended that year, the first time that attendance has broken 10,000 people. AN 2008 was the 12th year of the convention with 13,300 attendees, and continues to grow every year; in 2010, the convention expanded to the Marriott Toronto Airport to host the Friday Moonlight Ball. The front section of the TCC was finally opened to Anime North attendees in 2011 (it was always closed in past years), with rooms made available for Guest of Honor panels, AMV screenings, workshops and toy and model displays. In 2012, the convention expanded to 2 more hotels, the Crowne Plaza Hotel where Go and board gaming were held, and the Radisson Suites Hotel where Café Nocturne and Café Aurora Zero were located, which made in all 5 hotels in the area where Anime North operated, in addition to the Toronto Congress Centre. That year, attendance exceeded for the first time the 20,000 mark, with 22,385 paid attendees. In 2015, the North Building of the Toronto Congress Centre was opened for Anime North to hold its Main Events room for concerts, the Masquerade and other very large shows. In 2016, the Moonlight Ball moves to a new venue, the Airport Holiday Inn Hotel. In 2017, the North Building hosted the Conservative Party leadership election at the same time as Anime North. In 2019, Kaeru Idols were the first idol group to host a live debut and performance at the Anime North Headquarters in Skyline A at the Delta Hotel. Anime North was cancelled twice due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 with virtual events held. The following event took place on July 15–17, 2022, having been pushed back from its usual May scheduling due to Omicron variant. Attendance cap A view of some booths at the event. Anime North has considered implementing an attendance cap to address overcrowding issues. Such a cap was enacted in 2012; a decision made in fall 2011 confirmed it. Citing long lineups and overwork of staff and volunteers as the main reasons for capping attendance in 2012, they countered (compensated) this announcement by proclaiming pre-registration for the con to be opened on January 2, 2012, giving a large amount of time for fans who want to attend AN 2012 to plan ahead their convention trip. As of early May 2012, weekend passes have sold out and none were available for purchase at the door. The convention had capped the sales of passes to the following figures: Full weekend: 15,000 Friday-only: 5,000 Saturday-only: 5,000 Sunday-only: 5,000 Anime North 2012 had a daily cap of 20,000 attendees. For 2013, the same attendance cap was maintained and pre-registration opened on January 2, 2013. Event history Dates Location Attendance Guests August 9, 1997 The Michener InstituteToronto, Ontario700Christina Carr, Martin Hunger, David L. Pulver. August 22–23, 1998 The Michener InstituteToronto, Ontario747Christina Carr, John DeMita, Martin Hunger, Mark C. MacKinnon, Matt K. Miller, Fred Perry, David L. Pulver, Fred Schodt, Barb Schofield. June 18–20, 1999 Ramada Airport East HotelToronto, Ontario850Christina Carr, Robert DeJesus, Hitoshi Doi, Martin Hunger, Hyi-san, Locke, Mark C. MacKinnon, Pandora Diane MacMillan, Matt K. Miller, David L. Pulver, Barb Schofield, Kenji Shimizu. June 16–18, 2000 Ramada Airport East HotelToronto, Ontario1,001Steve Bennett, C.B. Cebulski, Colleen Doran, Ben Dunn, Tsukasa Kotobuki, Mark C. MacKinnon, Derwin Mak, Takeshi Miyazawa, David L. Pulver, J. Torres May 25–27, 2001 Toronto Airport MarriottRexdale, Toronto, Ontario1,841Steve Bennett, Stephanie Brown, Keith Burgess, Julie Davis, Ben Dunn, Charlene Ingram, Shimpei Itoh, Fred Ladd, John Martin, Aubry Mintz, Billie Mintz, Mio Odagi, Van Partible, John Pham, Peter Rebelo, Sailor JAMboree, Mark Simmons, Doug Smith. May 24–26, 2002 Regal Constellation HotelToronto, Ontario3,000Anshin School of Karate, Steve Bennett, Keith Burgess, Julie Davis, Ben Dunn, The Jem Project, David Kaye, Diana Kou, Fred Ladd, Jason Lee, John Martin, Scott McNeil, Sailor JAM-Boree, Mark Simmons, Doug Smith, and Amanda Winn Lee. May 16–18, 2003 Regal Constellation HotelToronto, Ontario4,875Anshin School of Karate, Steve Bennett, Brian Drummond, Ben Dunn, Saffron Henderson, Mark Hildreth, The Jem Project, David Kaye, John Martin, Miyako Matsuda, Scott McNeil, Hikaru Midorikawa, Frank Miller, Kirby Morrow, Claude J. Pelletier, Stan Sakai, Doug Smith, Brad Swaile, and Kathryn Williams. May 21–23, 2004 Toronto Congress Centre Renaissance Toronto Airport HotelToronto, Ontario8,500Steve Bennett, Richard Ian Cox, Michael Dobson, Brian Drummond, Ben Dunn, Atsuko Enomoto, David Kaye, Les Major, Nobuyuki Ohnishi, Moneca Stori, and Studio Udon. May 27–29, 2005 Toronto Congress Centre Doubletree International HotelToronto, Ontario9,500Susan Aceron, Rob Bakewell, Trevor Devall, Brian Dobson, Michael Dobson, Paul Dobson, Brian Drummond, Ben Dunn, Hilary Haag, Matt Hill, Lamia, Carl Macek, Les Major, Scott McNeil, Vic Mignogna, Kevin Mowrer, Stan Sakai, Asami Sanada, Rob Travalino, Sam Vincent, and Cathy Weseluck. May 26–28, 2006 Toronto Congress Centre Doubletree International HotelToronto, Ontario12,500Steve Bennett, Keith Burgess, Colleen Clinkenbeard, Mark Dillon, Brian Dobson, Michael Dobson, Ben Dunn, Quinton Flynn, Donald Kinney, Sen'no Knife, Kotoko, Lamia, Les Major, Cynthia Martinez, Jeff Nimoy, Tim Park, Scott Ramsoomair, Nekoi Ruto, Sonny Strait, Kathryn Williams, and Tommy Yune. May 25–27, 2007 Toronto Congress Centre Doubletree International Plaza Hotel Renaissance Toronto Airport HotelToronto, Ontario13,500Steve Bennett, Johnny Yong Bosch, Keith Burgess, Svetlana Chmakova, Ben Dunn, Peter Fernandez, Tiffany Grant, Matt Greenfield, Donald Kinney, Wendee Lee, Les Major, Sara E. Mayhew, Alex Milne, Nan Yan, Ryan North, Corinne Orr, Derek Stephen Prince, Scott Ramsoomair, Michelle Ruff, Patrick Seitz, Stephanie Sheh, Spider's Kiss, Sonny Strait, Wire, and ZZ. May 23–25, 2008 Toronto Congress Centre Doubletree International Plaza Hotel Renaissance Toronto Airport HotelToronto, Ontario13,300Yamila Abraham, Steve Bennett, Benoît Cécyre, Camilla d'Errico, Trevor Devall, Mark Dillon, Trevor Devall, Brian Dobson, Ben Dunn, Quinton Flynn, Liana Kerzner, Donald Kinney, Les Major, Nina Matsumoto, Sara E. Mayhew, Alex Milne, Halko Momoi, Jeff Nimoy, Noizytoys, Claude J. Pelletier, Ed the Sock, Spike Spencer, Sonny Strait, Studio Udon, Brad Swaile, and Tara Tallen. May 22–24, 2009 Toronto Congress Centre Doubletree International Plaza Hotel Renaissance Toronto Airport HotelToronto, Ontario14,800Benoît Cécyre, Bukkyo-kai Dance Group, Svetlana Chmakova, Heather Dale, Camilla d'Errico, Karen Dick(cancelled), Ricky Dick, Mark Dillon, Ben Dunn, Jessie Flower, Jess Hartley, Heroes of the World, Mark Hildreth, Nobuyuki Hiyama, Steve Horton, Yuri Lowenthal, Les Major, Vic Mignogna, Nagata Shachu, Tara Platt, Carrie Savage, Malcolm Sheppard, Tara Tallan, and Douglas Tong. May 28–30, 2010 Toronto Congress Centre Doubletree International Plaza Hotel Sheraton Toronto Airport Marriott Toronto AirportToronto, Ontario16,800Christopher Ayres, Greg Ayres, Ricky Dick, Yaya Han, Brittney Karbowski, Jushin Thunder Liger (cancelled), Derwin Mak, Vic Mignogna, Akira "Kiyoshi" Raijin, Micah Solusod, Manabu Soya, John Swasey, David Vincent and Shawn Spears. May 27–29, 2011 Toronto Congress Centre Doubletree International Plaza Hotel Sheraton Toronto Airport Marriott Toronto AirportToronto, Ontario19,951The 404s, Robert Axelrod, Christopher Ayres, Greg Ayres, Brian Dobson, Michael Dobson, Ben Dunn, The Fool, Barbara Goodson, HITT, The iammatthewian Project, Kyle Jones, Helen McCarthy, Miki Narahashi, John Swasey, Kumiko Watanabe and Shawn Spears. May 25–27, 2012 Toronto Congress Centre Doubletree International Plaza Hotel Sheraton Toronto Airport Marriott Toronto Airport Crowne Plaza Hotel Radisson Suites HotelToronto, Ontario22,385The 404's, Adapter, Yuu Asakawa, Christopher Ayres, Steve Bennett, Benoît Cécyre, Julie E. Czerneda, Karen Dales, Ben Dunn, Jim Felker, J.M. Frey, Mac Christian Heywood, Hoshi*Furu, The iammatthewian Project, Benjamin Israel, Adrienne Kress, lix, Les Major, Marlee, Helen McCarthy, The Moonroses, Carli Mosier, Brina Palencia, Pinku! Project, Shelly Tsivia Rabinovitch, Scott Ramsoomair, Rem, Monica Rial, Akira Sasanuma, Elizabeth Schram, Lianne Sentar, DJ Shimamura, J. Michael Tatum, Miranda Tempest, Lee Tockar, Mike Toole, Mayrhosby Yeoshen. May 24–26, 2013 Toronto Congress Centre Doubletree International Plaza Hotel Sheraton Toronto Airport Marriott Toronto Airport Crowne Plaza Hotel Radisson Suites HotelToronto, Ontario23,700AWOI, Linda Ballantyne, Steve Bennett, Chris Cason, Kate Daley, Ben Dunn, Katie Griffin, Ryo Horikawa, Hoshi*Furu, Kevin Lillard, Bruce Mai, Nora Mai, Sarah McNeal, Eriko Nakamura, Trina Nishimura, Tyson Rinehart, Susan Roman, Chii Sakurabi, John Stocker, John Swasey, J. Michael Tatum, Umbrella. May 23–25, 2014 Toronto Congress Centre Doubletree International Plaza Hotel Sheraton Toronto Airport Marriott Toronto Airport Crowne Plaza Hotel Radisson Suites HotelToronto, Ontario28,509Daizystripper, Rose Noire, Linda Ballantyne, Michael Benyaer, Brian Dobson, Michael Dobson, Ben Dunn, Brian Froud, Mai Goto, Katie Griffin, Yumi Hara, Benjamin Israel, Deven Christian Mac, Scott McNeil, Toby Proctor, Susan Roman, Hidekatsu Shibata, John Stocker May 22–24, 2015 Toronto Congress Centre International Plaza Hotel Sheraton Toronto Airport Marriott Toronto Airport Crowne Plaza Hotel Radisson Suites HotelToronto, Ontario30,156Chris Cason, Philip Chandler, Cynthia Cranz, Ben Dunn, Pete Ellison, FancyWyldDead, Midori Fukusawa, Andrew Jackson, Helen McCarthy, Hitomi Nabatame, Neil Nadelman, Chie Nakamura (Saturday&Sunday only), Ray Olubowale, Wendy Powell, RED HANDED DENIAL, Asami Shimoda, J. Michael Tatum, Mike Toole, UCHUSENTAI:NOIZ, Umbrella, Misa on Wheels May 27–29, 2016 Toronto Congress Centre International Plaza Hotel Sheraton Toronto Airport Crowne Plaza Hotel Radisson Suites Hotel Airport Holiday Inn HotelToronto, Ontario29,973The 404s, Akira, Linda Ballantyne, BEARicade, Steve Bennett, Michael Dobson, Brian Drummond, Kevin Duhaney, Charles Dunbar, Ben Dunn, Jill Frappier, Katie Griffin, Yaya Han, Samantha Inoue-Harte, Daniel Kanemitsu, Kurt Lehner, Shaindle Minuk, Miss Messy Mia, Tracey Moore, Neil Nadelman, Jeff Parazzo, Toby Proctor, Barbara Radecki, Reika, Susan Roman, David Ross, Ron Rubin, Asami Shimoda, Akiko Hasegawa, Chika Anzai, John Stocker, Luna Tsukigami, Takeshi Nogami, Niq van der Aa, David Wyldstar, Matenrou Opera May 26–28, 2017 Toronto Congress Centre International Plaza Hotel Sheraton Toronto Airport Crowne Plaza Hotel Radisson Suites Hotel Airport Holiday Inn HotelToronto, Ontario32,167 Wikinews has related news: For fans, by fans: Toronto anime event 2017 among continent's largest May 25–27, 2018 Toronto Congress Centre Delta Hotels by Marriott Toronto Airport Sheraton Toronto Airport Crowne Plaza Hotel Radisson Suites Hotel Airport Holiday Inn HotelToronto, Ontario34,590Josh Grelle, Jerry Jewell, Micah Solusod, J. Michael Tatum, Kiyono Yasuno, Eric Vale, Dan Salvato, Yoshihide Hirayama, Sayumi Hirata May 24–26, 2019 Toronto Congress Centre Delta Hotels by Marriott Toronto AirportToronto, OntarioMegumi Toda, Yuriko Yamaguchi, The World Standard, Aaron Roberts, Alexis Tipton, Brittney Karbowski, Jamie Marchi, Josh Grelle, Lauren Landa, Mel Colley-Deverel,Paige Gardner, Yuki Kurihara, Mamechiyo, Mieko Ueda July 15–17, 2022 Toronto Congress Centre Sheraton Toronto AirportToronto, OntarioThe 404s, Aaron Dismuke, ACME, Jason Anarchy, Benoit Cecyre, Cherry Condos, Christina Carr, Creep-P, D20 Live, D41N, Datarider, DicequeenDi, Disko Warp, DJ Dynamic, Kara Eberle, DJ Davide Ferrara, DJ Flyboy, Hilton George, Caitlin Glass, Pan!c Pop, MC Gobstoppa, Paul Hillier, Fumiko Hoshi, Martin Hunger,Ayane Hylo, Illuminair Entertainment, Ironmouse, Nemurenai Kai, Morgan Lauré, Marvin Mariano, MaxieDaMan, Projekt Melody, Dave Merrill, Moosuki, Neil Nadelman, Nagata Shachu, Niq van der Aa, Haru Nishimura, Nyatasha Nyanners, Hazumi 'Aileen' Okazaki, Oni Giri, Dr. Shelley TSevia Rabinovich, Sakuramai, Samurai Dan & Jillian, Sixtroke, Sophie-chan, Dr. David Stephenson, Katsura Sunshine, Tempest, Virus, Shane Whalley, Maple Winters, Arryn Zech, Zentreya, Xiran Jay Zhao Note: attendance listed is based on number of paid attendees until Anime North 2016, and on warm bodies as of Anime North 2017. Attendees play tabletop and card games, in a devoted hall. Mascot Hoppouno Momiji, a fictional redhead with a taste for both anime and anything Canadian serves as Anime North's dominant mascot. Momiji's many manifestations are used on all AN clothing, badges, and other wearables. She was originally created for the convention by the Japanese artist Hyi-San. References ^ a b "Anime North 2018 Information". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved January 31, 2018. ^ "ANIME NORTH JAPANESE ANIMATION CONVENTION (1320488) ". Ontario Business Registry. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Government of Ontario. December 9, 1998. Retrieved April 17, 2024. Type Not-for-Profit Corporation ^ "Par un total de 170 personnes...Otakuthon est maintenant la plus grosse convention d'anime au Canada, devant Anime North!". Official Otakuthon Group. Retrieved August 14, 2023. ^ "Anime North 2006". Archived from the original on February 25, 2013. ^ a b c "Anime North 1997 Information". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved October 16, 2018. ^ a b c "Anime North 1998 Information". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved March 24, 2011. ^ "We asked eight cosplayers for their thoughts on the Conservative leadership race". National Post. May 28, 2017. Retrieved June 3, 2018. ^ "Anime North - ANIME NORTH 2022 TO TAKE PLACE JULY 15-17". www.animenorth.com. Retrieved May 3, 2022. ^ a b c Notice to Attendees: Attendance Cap to be Enacted in 2012, Anime North website. ^ "Anime North 1999 Information". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved June 29, 2011. ^ "Anime North 2000 Information". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved October 16, 2018. ^ "Anime North 2001 Information". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved June 29, 2011. ^ "Anime North 2002 Information". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved May 9, 2008. ^ "Anime North 2003 Information". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved May 9, 2008. ^ "Linus Lam Network News at Anime North 2004". usagichan.com. Retrieved May 28, 2008. ^ "Anime North 2004 Information". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved May 9, 2008. ^ "Anime North 2005 Information". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved May 9, 2008. ^ "Anime North 2006 Information". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved May 9, 2008. ^ "Anime North 2007 Information". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved May 9, 2008. ^ "Anime North 2008 Information". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved August 22, 2008. ^ "Anime North 2009 Information". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved May 19, 2009. ^ "Anime North 2010 Information". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved May 20, 2010. ^ "Anime North 2011 Information". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved May 26, 2011. ^ "Anime North 2012 Information". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved May 9, 2012. ^ "Anime North 2013 Information". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved December 18, 2012. ^ "Anime North 2014 Information". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved October 18, 2018. ^ "Anime North 2015 Information". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved October 18, 2018. ^ "Anime North 2016 Information". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved November 11, 2017. ^ "Anime North 2017 Information". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved October 16, 2018. ^ "Anime North 2019 Information". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved October 16, 2018. ^ "Anime North - Guests". Anime North. Retrieved May 17, 2022. ^ "Anime North 2022 Information". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved May 17, 2022. ^ "Anime North 2006". Archived from the original on June 15, 2006. Retrieved February 23, 2006. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anime North. Official Anime North website vteParades and festivals in TorontoParades Caribana Labour Day Parade Santa Claus Parade Pride Parade St. Patrick's Day Parade Festivals Ashkenaz Festival Beaches International Jazz Festival BuskerFest Canadian National Exhibition Corso Italia Toronto Fiesta Doors Open Toronto Edgefest Fringe Festival Hot Docs Honda Indy ImagineNative Inside Out Luminato Nuit Blanche North by Northeast Pride Toronto Royal Agricultural Winter Fair Summerlicious and Winterlicious Taste of the Danforth Toronto Black Film Festival Toronto Comic Arts Festival Toronto International Film Festival Toronto Jazz Festival Toronto Jewish Film Festival Toronto Queer Film Festival Toronto Sketch Comedy Festival Conventions Anime North Canadian International AutoShow Fan Expo Toronto Comicon vteList of anime conventions in North AmericaCanada Ai-Kon Animaritime Anime Evolution Anime North Anime Revolution Animethon G-Anime Nadeshicon Otafest Otakuthon United StatesNortheast Anime Boston Anime NYC Anime USA AnimeNEXT Castle Point Anime Convention Katsucon Otakon PortConMaine Setsucon Tekko Tora-Con Midwest Anime Central Anime Detour Anime Festival Wichita AnimeIowa Anime Midwest Anime Milwaukee Anime NebrasKon ColossalCon EvilleCon JAFAX Kitsune Kon Matsuricon Naka-Kon No Brand Con Ohayocon QC Anime-zing! Youmacon Southern A-Kon Animazement AnimeFest Anime Festival Orlando Anime Frontier Anime Matsuri Anime Weekend Atlanta Arkansas Anime Festival Ikkicon Kami-Con Metrocon Middle Tennessee Anime Convention Nekocon OMGcon Oni-Con San Japan Tokyo, OK Tsubasacon Ushicon Yama-Con Western Anime Banzai Anime Expo Anime Los Angeles Anime Pasadena Bak-Anime Con-Nichiwa FanimeCon Kawaii Kon Kumoricon Nan Desu Kan Saboten Con SacAnime Sakura-Con Senshi-Con SNAFU Con Category WikiProject Authority control databases MusicBrainz series
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anime convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_convention"},{"link_name":"AnimeNEXT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AnimeNEXT"},{"link_name":"List of anime conventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_anime_conventions"},{"link_name":"not-for-profit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not-for-profit"},{"link_name":"anime convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_convention"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Otakuthon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otakuthon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Toronto Pearson International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Pearson_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Toronto Congress Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Congress_Centre"}],"text":"This article is about the Canadian anime convention with the initials \"AN\". For the American \"AN\", see AnimeNEXT. For other major anime conventions, see List of anime conventions.Anime North (AN) is a not-for-profit, fan-run anime convention, held every year in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Its major attractions, activities and events include industry guests, fan-run panel presentations, workshops, video presentations, gaming tournaments, musical performances, dances and cosplay. The show has two shopping areas, an \"Artists Alley\" for artworks and crafts and a general \"Vendors Hall\".The second-largest anime convention in Canada by attendance numbers (after Montréal’s Otakuthon[3]) and located near Toronto Pearson International Airport, AN is held at the Toronto Congress Centre, the Delta Airport Hotel and Conference Centre and the Sheraton Toronto Airport Hotel, all of which are within walking distance of one another on Dixon Road. Convention-run shuttle buses are available during daytime and the evening to connect the venues.","title":"Anime North"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kotoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotoko_(singer)"},{"link_name":"J-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-pop"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Masquerade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masquerade_ball"},{"link_name":"AMV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime_music_video"},{"link_name":"autograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autograph"},{"link_name":"brunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunch"},{"link_name":"Great Canadian Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Canadian_Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Beyblade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyblade"},{"link_name":"Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_(board_game)"}],"text":"Anime North in 2006 featured Kotoko, a J-pop singer, who performed songs from her newest album. Also in 2006, a ballroom dance, the \"Moonlight Masquerade Ball\", was newly scheduled.[4] The most popular events at AN include the Masquerade and the J-Idol competition. Other events include the AMV contest, guest autograph sessions, the All-Star Charity Auction, the Momiji Award (with brunch), Anime Improv, \"Super Hardcore Anime Wrestling\" (a co-production with Great Canadian Wrestling), Beyblade North (a Beyblade tournament sanctioned by the World Beyblade Organization), and Yaoi North. Common staples at Anime North include guest speeches, gaming tournaments, dances, art-related workshops, discussion panels, martial arts displays, model contests, Go tournaments, and similar events.","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anime_North_2018_binrand_IMG_7212.jpg"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AC-1997-5"},{"link_name":"Michener Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michener_Institute"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AC-1997-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AC-1998-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AC-1998-6"},{"link_name":"Pearson Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Pearson_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Toronto Congress Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Congress_Centre"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party leadership election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Conservative_Party_of_Canada_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Omicron variant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omicron_variant"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Cosplayer outside of the Toronto Congress Centre, 2018.Anime North was founded by Toronto anime fan Donald Simmons in 1997 as a one-day mini-convention with approximately 700 attendees.[5] The original venue was the Michener Institute in downtown Toronto.[5] In 1998 the convention expanded to two days of programming,[6] and 1999 saw the addition of a third day of programming as well as a move to the Ramada Airport East Hotel, with attendance reaching 1,000.[6] In 2001 AN was moved to the airport strip near Pearson Airport and was held at the Toronto Airport Marriott (attendance 2,000) and in 2002 moved to the much larger Regal Constellation Hotel (attendance 2,800).Shortly after the 2003 convention at the Regal (attendance 5,000), the Regal closed and the convention had to find yet another new location. For 2004 the best combination of function and hotel space available was the combination of the Toronto Congress Centre (TCC) and the nearby Renaissance Hotel for additional programming. These two venues were unfortunately a 10-15 minute walk apart, although a free shuttle bus was provided to help alleviate this problem. Despite this difficulty, attendance reached a record 8,200 that year.In 2005, Anime North added a Thursday evening badge pickup for pre-registered attendees, and changed hotels from the Renaissance to the Doubletree International Plaza Hotel, across Dixon Rd. from the TCC (attendance 9,500). In 2006 actual programming was added for Thursday evenings; approximately 12,500 people attended that year, the first time that attendance has broken 10,000 people. AN 2008 was the 12th year of the convention with 13,300 attendees, and continues to grow every year; in 2010, the convention expanded to the Marriott Toronto Airport to host the Friday Moonlight Ball. The front section of the TCC was finally opened to Anime North attendees in 2011 (it was always closed in past years), with rooms made available for Guest of Honor panels, AMV screenings, workshops and toy and model displays. In 2012, the convention expanded to 2 more hotels, the Crowne Plaza Hotel where Go and board gaming were held, and the Radisson Suites Hotel where Café Nocturne and Café Aurora Zero were located, which made in all 5 hotels in the area where Anime North operated, in addition to the Toronto Congress Centre. That year, attendance exceeded for the first time the 20,000 mark, with 22,385 paid attendees.In 2015, the North Building of the Toronto Congress Centre was opened for Anime North to hold its Main Events room for concerts, the Masquerade and other very large shows. In 2016, the Moonlight Ball moves to a new venue, the Airport Holiday Inn Hotel.In 2017, the North Building hosted the Conservative Party leadership election at the same time as Anime North.[7]In 2019, Kaeru Idols were the first idol group to host a live debut and performance at the Anime North Headquarters in Skyline A at the Delta Hotel.Anime North was cancelled twice due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 with virtual events held. The following event took place on July 15–17, 2022, having been pushed back from its usual May scheduling due to Omicron variant.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anime_North_2017_booths_IMG_5005.jpg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Attendance_cap-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Attendance_cap-9"}],"sub_title":"Attendance cap","text":"A view of some booths at the event.Anime North has considered implementing an attendance cap to address overcrowding issues. Such a cap was enacted in 2012; a decision made in fall 2011 confirmed it.[9] Citing long lineups and overwork of staff and volunteers as the main reasons for capping attendance in 2012, they countered (compensated) this announcement by proclaiming pre-registration for the con to be opened on January 2, 2012, giving a large amount of time for fans who want to attend AN 2012 to plan ahead their convention trip.As of early May 2012, weekend passes have sold out and none were available for purchase at the door. The convention had capped the sales of passes to the following figures:Full weekend: 15,000\nFriday-only: 5,000\nSaturday-only: 5,000\nSunday-only: 5,000Anime North 2012 had a daily cap of 20,000 attendees.[9]For 2013, the same attendance cap was maintained and pre-registration opened on January 2, 2013.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anime_North_2019_E_IMG_0344.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Event history","text":"Note: attendance listed is based on number of paid attendees until Anime North 2016, and on warm bodies as of Anime North 2017.Attendees play tabletop and card games, in a devoted hall.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Hoppouno Momiji, a fictional redhead with a taste for both anime and anything Canadian serves as Anime North's dominant mascot.[33] Momiji's many manifestations are used on all AN clothing, badges, and other wearables. She was originally created for the convention by the Japanese artist Hyi-San.","title":"Mascot"}]
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null
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Retrieved August 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=10161125482724391&set=gm.3561016190823657&idorvanity=1471854939739803","url_text":"\"Par un total de 170 personnes...Otakuthon est maintenant la plus grosse convention d'anime au Canada, devant Anime North!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anime North 2006\". Archived from the original on February 25, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130225095116/http://www.animenorth.org/an06/moonlight_m.php","url_text":"\"Anime North 2006\""},{"url":"http://www.animenorth.org/an06/moonlight_m.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Anime North 1997 Information\". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved October 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://animecons.ca/events/info/413/anime-north-1997","url_text":"\"Anime North 1997 Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anime North 1998 Information\". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved March 24, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://animecons.ca/events/info/412/anime-north-1998","url_text":"\"Anime North 1998 Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"We asked eight cosplayers for their thoughts on the Conservative leadership race\". National Post. May 28, 2017. Retrieved June 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/canadian-politics/we-asked-eight-cosplayers-for-their-thoughts-on-the-conservative-leadership-race","url_text":"\"We asked eight cosplayers for their thoughts on the Conservative leadership race\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anime North - ANIME NORTH 2022 TO TAKE PLACE JULY 15-17\". www.animenorth.com. Retrieved May 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenorth.com/event/index.php/news/159-anime-north-2022-to-take-place-july-15-17","url_text":"\"Anime North - ANIME NORTH 2022 TO TAKE PLACE JULY 15-17\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anime North 1999 Information\". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved June 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://animecons.ca/events/info/411/anime-north-1999","url_text":"\"Anime North 1999 Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anime North 2000 Information\". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved October 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://animecons.ca/events/info/410/anime-north-2000","url_text":"\"Anime North 2000 Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anime North 2001 Information\". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved June 29, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://animecons.ca/events/info/409/anime-north-2001","url_text":"\"Anime North 2001 Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anime North 2002 Information\". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved May 9, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://animecons.ca/events/info/266/anime-north-2002","url_text":"\"Anime North 2002 Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anime North 2003 Information\". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved May 9, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://animecons.ca/events/info/10/anime-north-2003","url_text":"\"Anime North 2003 Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Linus Lam Network News at Anime North 2004\". usagichan.com. Retrieved May 28, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.usagichan2.com/ANorth2004","url_text":"\"Linus Lam Network News at Anime North 2004\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anime North 2004 Information\". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved May 9, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://animecons.ca/events/info/54/anime-north-2004","url_text":"\"Anime North 2004 Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anime North 2005 Information\". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved May 9, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://animecons.ca/events/info/240/anime-north-2005","url_text":"\"Anime North 2005 Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anime North 2006 Information\". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved May 9, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://animecons.ca/events/info/889/anime-north-2006","url_text":"\"Anime North 2006 Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anime North 2007 Information\". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved May 9, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://animecons.ca/events/info/1128/anime-north-2007","url_text":"\"Anime North 2007 Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anime North 2008 Information\". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved August 22, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://animecons.ca/events/info/1383/anime-north-2008","url_text":"\"Anime North 2008 Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anime North 2009 Information\". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved May 19, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://animecons.ca/events/info/1676/anime-north-2009","url_text":"\"Anime North 2009 Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anime North 2010 Information\". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved May 20, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://animecons.ca/events/info/1937/anime-north-2010","url_text":"\"Anime North 2010 Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anime North 2011 Information\". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved May 26, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://animecons.ca/events/info/2287/anime-north-2011","url_text":"\"Anime North 2011 Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anime North 2012 Information\". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved May 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://animecons.ca/events/info/2765/anime-north-2012","url_text":"\"Anime North 2012 Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anime North 2013 Information\". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved December 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://animecons.ca/events/info/3407/anime-north-2013","url_text":"\"Anime North 2013 Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anime North 2014 Information\". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved October 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://animecons.ca/events/info/4221/anime-north-2014","url_text":"\"Anime North 2014 Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anime North 2015 Information\". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved October 18, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://animecons.ca/events/info/5019/anime-north-2015","url_text":"\"Anime North 2015 Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anime North 2016 Information\". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved November 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://animecons.ca/events/info/6168/anime-north-2016","url_text":"\"Anime North 2016 Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anime North 2017 Information\". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved October 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://animecons.ca/events/info/7612/anime-north-2017","url_text":"\"Anime North 2017 Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anime North 2019 Information\". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved October 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://animecons.ca/events/info/11735/anime-north-2019","url_text":"\"Anime North 2019 Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anime North - Guests\". Anime North. Retrieved May 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.animenorth.com/event/index.php/guests","url_text":"\"Anime North - Guests\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anime North 2022 Information\". AnimeCons.ca. Retrieved May 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://animecons.ca/events/info/18535/anime-north-2022","url_text":"\"Anime North 2022 Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anime North 2006\". Archived from the original on June 15, 2006. Retrieved February 23, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060615042415/http://www.animenorth.com/design_winners.php","url_text":"\"Anime North 2006\""},{"url":"http://www.animenorth.com/design_winners.php","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_(cyclist)
András Mészáros (cyclist)
["1 References","2 External links"]
Hungarian cyclist András MészárosPersonal informationBorn (1941-04-12) 12 April 1941 (age 83)Szentes, Hungary András Mészáros (born 12 April 1941) is a Hungarian former cyclist. He competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics and the 1968 Summer Olympics. He won the 1963 edition of the Tour de Hongrie. References ^ "András Mészáros Olympic Results". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 20 August 2014. ^ "19. Tour de Hongrie: Jönnek az NDK-sok! (1963)". tdh.hu. Retrieved 16 July 2019. ^ "1963 Tour de Hongrie". First Cycling. Retrieved 15 July 2019. External links András Mészáros at Cycling Archives András Mészáros at ProCyclingStats András Mészáros at CycleBase András Mészáros at Olympedia This biographical article relating to Hungarian cycling is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ca%C5%88a
Čaňa
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Ethnicity","4 Government","5 Economy and facilities","6 Culture","7 Sport","8 Transport","9 Genealogical resources","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]
Coordinates: 48°36′25″N 21°19′30″E / 48.60694°N 21.32500°E / 48.60694; 21.32500"CaNa" redirects here. For other uses, see Cana (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Čaňa" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Village in SlovakiaČaňaVillageRoman Catholic Church in Čaňa Coat of armsČaňaLocation of Čaňa in SlovakiaCoordinates: 48°36′25″N 21°19′30″E / 48.60694°N 21.32500°E / 48.60694; 21.32500CountrySlovakiaRegionKošiceDistrictKošice-okolieFirst mentioned1164Government • MayorMichal RečkaArea • Total11.555 km2 (4.461 sq mi)Elevation177 m (581 ft)Population (2018-12-31) • Total5,957 • Density520/km2 (1,300/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code044 14Area code+421-55Car plateKSWebsitewww.obeccana.eu Čaňa (Hungarian: Hernádcsány) is a village and municipality in Košice-okolie District in the Košice Region of eastern Slovakia. History In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1164. Geography The village lies at an altitude of 177 metres and covers an area of 11.555 km². It has a population of about 6,000 people. Ethnicity The population is almost entirely Slovak in ethnicity. Government The village has its own police force and fire brigade but the district and tax offices are located in Košice. Economy and facilities The village has also developed medical facilities including a Pharmacy and outpatient facilities for children and adolescents and a gynaecologist. The village also has a Slovakian bank and insurance branch, and a post office. Culture The village has a public library and a DVD rental store, and a number of food stores. Čaňa has its own cinema and the village is connected to satellite television. Sport The village has a football pitch, four tennis courts, hockey stadium, a swimming pool and a gymnasium. The most popular sport is football and local team FK Čaňa. Transport The village has a railway station, however, it is not currently served by any passenger services. Čaňa also has a garage and a facility for car parts. Genealogical resources The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive "Statny Archiv in Kosice, Slovakia" Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1787-1896 (parish B) Greek Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 17911896 (parish B) Reformated church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1800-1895 (parish A) See also List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia References ^ "Population and migration". Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic. Retrieved 2019-04-16. ^ "Čaňa". Zelpage. Retrieved 14 November 2017. External links http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html Surnames of living people in Cana vteMunicipalities of Košice–okolie District Medzev Moldava nad Bodvou Bačkovík Baška Belža Beniakovce Bidovce Blažice Bočiar Bohdanovce Boliarov Budimír Bukovec Bunetice Buzica Cestice Čakanovce Čaňa Čečejovce Čižatice Debraď Drienovec Družstevná pri Hornáde Dvorníky-Včeláre Ďurďošík Ďurkov Geča Gyňov Hačava Háj Haniska Herľany Hodkovce Hosťovce Hrašovík Hýľov Chorváty Chrastné Janík Jasov Kalša Kecerovce Kecerovský Lipovec Kechnec Kokšov-Bakša Komárovce Kostoľany nad Hornádom Košická Belá Košická Polianka Košické Oľšany Košický Klečenov Kráľovce Kysak Malá Ida Malá Lodina Milhosť Mokrance Mudrovce Nižná Hutka Nižná Kamenica Nižná Myšľa Nižný Čaj Nižný Klátov Nižný Lánec Nová Polhora Nováčany Nový Salaš Obišovce Olšovany Opátka Opiná Paňovce Peder Perín-Chym Ploské Poproč Rákoš Rankovce Rešica Rozhanovce Rudník Ruskov Sady nad Torysou Seňa Skároš Slančík Slanec Slanská Huta Slanské Nové Mesto Sokoľ Sokoľany Svinica Šemša Štós Trebejov Trstené pri Hornáde Trsťany Turnianska Nová Ves Turňa nad Bodvou Vajkovce Valaliky Veľká Ida Veľká Lodina Vtáčkovce Vyšná Hutka Vyšná Kamenica Vyšná Myšľa Vyšný Čaj Vyšný Klátov Vyšný Medzev Zádiel Zlatá Idka Žarnov Ždaňa Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Israel Czech Republic This Košice-okolie District geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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For other uses, see Cana (disambiguation).Village in SlovakiaČaňa (Hungarian: Hernádcsány) is a village and municipality in Košice-okolie District in the Košice Region of eastern Slovakia.","title":"Čaňa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historical records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History"}],"text":"In historical records the village was first mentioned in 1164.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"altitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude"},{"link_name":"area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area"},{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"}],"text":"The village lies at an altitude of 177 metres and covers an area of 11.555 km².\nIt has a population of about 6,000 people.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovaks"},{"link_name":"ethnicity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnicity"}],"text":"The population is almost entirely Slovak in ethnicity.","title":"Ethnicity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"police force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_force"},{"link_name":"fire brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_brigade"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District"},{"link_name":"tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax"},{"link_name":"offices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offices"},{"link_name":"Košice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice"}],"text":"The village has its own police force and fire brigade but the district and tax offices are located in Košice.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"medical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical"},{"link_name":"Pharmacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacy"},{"link_name":"children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children"},{"link_name":"adolescents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescents"},{"link_name":"gynaecologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynaecologist"},{"link_name":"Slovakian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank"},{"link_name":"insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurance"},{"link_name":"post office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_office"}],"text":"The village has also developed medical facilities including a Pharmacy and outpatient facilities for children and adolescents and a gynaecologist.\nThe village also has a Slovakian bank and insurance branch, and a post office.","title":"Economy and facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_theater"},{"link_name":"satellite television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_television"}],"text":"The village has a public library and a DVD rental store, and a number of food stores. Čaňa has its own cinema and the village is connected to satellite television.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"swimming pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_pool"},{"link_name":"gymnasium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gym"},{"link_name":"FK Čaňa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_%C4%8Ca%C5%88a"}],"text":"The village has a football pitch, four tennis courts, hockey stadium, a swimming pool and a gymnasium.The most popular sport is football and local team FK Čaňa.","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile_repair_shop"}],"text":"The village has a railway station, however, it is not currently served by any passenger services.[2] Čaňa also has a garage and a facility for car parts.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The records for genealogical research are available at the state archive \"Statny Archiv in Kosice, Slovakia\"Roman Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1787-1896 (parish B)\nGreek Catholic church records (births/marriages/deaths): 17911896 (parish B)\nReformated church records (births/marriages/deaths): 1800-1895 (parish A)","title":"Genealogical resources"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAUHMA
Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association
["1 History","2 Diving medical registry","3 References"]
Special interest group of the Council of the South African Medical Association Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical AssociationAbbreviationSAUHMAFormation1992; 32 years ago (1992)PurposePromoting practice and research in underwater and hyperbaric medicineHeadquartersDAN-SA Building, Rosen Office Park, cnr Invicta & Third Roads,LocationHalfway Gardens, Midrand, Gauteng, South AfricaRegion Southern AfricaWebsitesauhma.co.za The Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association (SAUHMA) is an organisation of voluntary members with a special interest in the subject of underwater and/or hyperbaric medicine, recognised by the Council of the South African Medical Association as a special interest group. The Association promotes the practice and facilitates the study of underwater and hyperbaric medicine. Membership includes members and associate members, and may include medical practitioners; registered nurses; registered paramedics; qualified hyperbaric chamber operators; diving instructors; dive operators, and any other person with a special interest underwater or hyperbaric medicine. History SAUHMA was formed in 1992, and affiliated to the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS) in 1994. It follows the UHMS safety and medical recommendations and supports the UHMS HBO Committee's list of indications. Diving medical registry SAUHMA is the accreditation agency for facilities for hyperbaric medicine in South Africa, and for the personnel operating such facilities. It is also the designated agency to provide the national on-line database of all registered designated medical practitioners licensed to perform medical examinations of fitness to dive for commercial divers in South Africa, and of the results of all medical examinations for fitness to dive for commercial divers in terms of Regulations 19 and 20 of the Diving Regulations 2009 to the South African Occupational Health and Safety Act No. 85 of 1993. References ^ Staff. "What Is SAUHMA?". www.sauhma.org. Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association. Retrieved 12 November 2017. ^ Cronje, Frans J. "The development of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in south africa". www.hbo.co.za. Pretoria, South Africa: Vascular & Hyperbaric Unit, Life Eugene Marais Hospital. Retrieved 12 November 2017. ^ Staff. "Policy on Accreditation". www.sauhma.org. Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association. Retrieved 12 November 2017. ^ a b "Diving Regulations 2009". Occupational Health and Safety Act 85 of 1993 – Regulations and Notices – Government Notice R41. Pretoria: Government Printer. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2016 – via Southern African Legal Information Institute. ^ Staff. "Dive Medical Examiner Listing". www.sauhma.org. Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association. Retrieved 12 November 2017. vteUnderwater diving Diving activities Diving modes Atmospheric pressure diving Freediving Saturation diving Scuba diving Snorkeling Surface oriented diving Surface-supplied diving Unmanned diving Diving equipment Cleaning and disinfection of personal diving equipment Human factors in diving equipment design Basic equipment Diving mask Snorkel Swimfin Breathing gas Bailout gas Bottom gas Breathing air Decompression gas Emergency gas supply Heliox Hydreliox Hydrox Nitrox Oxygen Travel gas Trimix Buoyancy andtrim equipment Buoyancy compensator Power inflator Dump valve Variable buoyancy pressure vessel Diving weighting system Ankle weights Integrated weights Trim weights Weight belt Decompressionequipment Decompression buoy Decompression chamber Decompression cylinder Decompression trapeze Dive computer Diving bell Diving shot Diving stage Jersey upline Jonline Diving suit Atmospheric diving suit JIM suit Newtsuit Dry suit Sladen suit Standard diving suit Rash vest Wetsuit Dive skins Hot-water suit Helmetsand masks Anti-fog Diving helmet Free-flow helmet Lightweight demand helmet Orinasal mask Reclaim helmet Shallow water helmet Standard diving helmet Diving mask Band mask Full-face mask Half mask Instrumentation Bottom timer Depth gauge Dive computer Dive timer Diving watch Helium release valve Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor Pneumofathometer Submersible pressure gauge Mobilityequipment Diver propulsion vehicle Diving bell Closed bell Wet bell Diving stage Swimfin Monofin PowerSwim Towboard Wet sub Safetyequipment Alternative air source Octopus regulator Pony bottle Bolt snap Buddy line Dive light Diver's cutting tool Diver's knife Diver's telephone Through-water communications Underwater acoustic communication Diving bell Diving safety harness Emergency gas supply Bailout block Bailout bottle Lifeline Screw gate carabiner Emergency locator beacon Rescue tether Safety helmet Shark-proof cage Snoopy loop Navigation equipment Distance line Diving compass Dive reel Line marker Surface marker buoy Silt screw Underwaterbreathingapparatus Atmospheric diving suit Diving cylinder Burst disc Scuba cylinder valve Diving helmet Reclaim helmet Diving regulator Mechanism of diving regulators Regulator malfunction Regulator freeze Single-hose regulator Twin-hose regulator Full-face diving mask Open-circuitscuba Scuba set Bailout bottle Decompression cylinder Independent doubles Manifolded twin set Scuba manifold Pony bottle Scuba configuration Sidemount Sling cylinder Diving rebreathers Carbon dioxide scrubber Carleton CDBA Clearance Divers Life Support Equipment Cryogenic rebreather CUMA DSEA Dolphin Halcyon PVR-BASC Halcyon RB80 IDA71 Interspiro DCSC LAR-5 LAR-6 LAR-V LARU Mark IV Amphibian Porpoise Ray Siebe Gorman CDBA Salvus Siva Surface-supplieddiving equipment Air line Diver's umbilical Diving air compressor Gas panel Hookah Scuba replacement Snuba Standard diving dress Divingequipmentmanufacturers AP Diving Apeks Aqua Lung America Aqua Lung/La Spirotechnique Beuchat René Cavalero Cis-Lunar Cressi-Sub Dacor DESCO Dive Xtras Divex Diving Unlimited International Drägerwerk Fenzy Maurice Fernez Technisub Oscar Gugen Heinke HeinrichsWeikamp Johnson Outdoors Mares Morse Diving Nemrod Oceanic Worldwide Porpoise Shearwater Research Siebe Gorman Submarine Products Suunto Diving support equipmentAccess equipment Boarding stirrup Diver lift Diving bell Diving ladder Diving platform (scuba) Diving stage Downline Jackstay Launch and recovery system Messenger line Moon pool Breathing gashandling Air filtration Activated carbon Hopcalite Molecular sieve Silica gel Booster pump Carbon dioxide scrubber Cascade filling system Diver's pump Diving air compressor Diving air filter Water separator High pressure breathing air compressor Low pressure breathing air compressor Gas blending Gas blending for scuba diving Gas panel Gas reclaim system Gas storage bank Gas storage quad Gas storage tube Helium analyzer Nitrox production Membrane gas separation Pressure swing adsorption Oxygen analyser Electro-galvanic oxygen sensor Oxygen compatibility Decompressionequipment Air-lock Built-in breathing system Decompression tables Diving bell Bell cursor Closed bell Clump weight Launch and recovery system Wet bell Diving chamber Diving stage Recreational Dive Planner Saturation system Platforms Dive boat Canoe and kayak diving Combat Rubber Raiding Craft Liveaboard Subskimmer Diving support vessel HMS Challenger (K07) Underwaterhabitat Aquarius Reef Base Continental Shelf Station Two Helgoland Habitat Scott Carpenter Space Analog Station SEALAB Tektite habitat Remotely operatedunderwater vehicles 8A4-class ROUV ABISMO Atlantis ROV Team CURV Deep Drone Épaulard Global Explorer ROV Goldfish-class ROUV Kaikō ROV Kaşif ROUV Long-Term Mine Reconnaissance System Mini Rover ROV OpenROV ROV KIEL 6000 ROV PHOCA Scorpio ROV Sea Dragon-class ROV Seabed tractor Seafox drone SeaPerch SJT-class ROUV T1200 Trenching Unit VideoRay UROVs Safety equipment Diver down flag Diving shot ENOS Rescue-System Hyperbaric lifeboat Hyperbaric stretcher Jackstay Jonline Reserve gas supply General Diving spread Air spread Saturation spread Hot water system Sonar Underwater acoustic positioning system Underwater acoustic communication FreedivingActivities Aquathlon Apnoea finswimming Freediving Haenyeo Pearl hunting Ama Snorkeling Spearfishing Underwater football Underwater hockey Underwater rugby Underwater target shooting Competitions Nordic Deep Vertical Blue Disciplines Constant weight (CWT) Constant weight bi-fins (CWTB) Constant weight without fins (CNF) Dynamic apnea (DYN) Dynamic apnea without fins (DNF) Free immersion (FIM) No-limits apnea (NLT) Static apnea (STA) Skandalopetra diving Variable weight apnea (VWT) Variable weight apnea without fins Equipment Diving mask Diving suit Hawaiian sling Polespear Snorkel (swimming) Speargun Swimfins Monofin Water polo cap Freedivers Deborah Andollo Simone Arrigoni Peppo Biscarini Michael Board Sara Campbell Derya Can Göçen Goran Čolak Carlos Coste Robert Croft Mandy-Rae Cruickshank Yasemin Dalkılıç Leonardo D'Imporzano Flavia Eberhard Şahika Ercümen Emma Farrell Francisco Ferreras Pierre Frolla Flavia Eberhard Mehgan Heaney-Grier Elisabeth Kristoffersen Andriy Yevhenovych Khvetkevych Loïc Leferme Enzo Maiorca Jacques Mayol Audrey Mestre Karol Meyer Kate Middleton Stéphane Mifsud Alexey Molchanov Natalia Molchanova Dave Mullins Patrick Musimu Guillaume Néry Herbert Nitsch Umberto Pelizzari Liv Philip Annelie Pompe Stig Severinsen Tom Sietas Aharon Solomons Martin Štěpánek Walter Steyn Tanya Streeter William Trubridge Devrim Cenk Ulusoy Fatma Uruk Danai Varveri Alessia Zecchini Nataliia Zharkova Hazards Barotrauma Drowning Freediving blackout Deep-water blackout Shallow-water blackout Hypercapnia Hypothermia Historical Ama Octopus wrestling Swimming at the 1900 Summer Olympics – Men's underwater swimming Organisations AIDA International Scuba Schools International Australian Underwater Federation British Freediving Association Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins Performance Freediving International Professional divingOccupations Ama Commercial diver Commercial offshore diver Hazmat diver Divemaster Diving instructor Diving safety officer Diving superintendent Diving supervisor Haenyeo Media diver Police diver Public safety diver Scientific diver Underwater archaeologist Militarydiving Army engineer diver Canadian Armed Forces Divers Clearance diver Frogman Minentaucher Royal Navy ships diver United States military divers U.S. Navy diver U.S.Navy master diver Militarydivingunits Clearance Diving Branch (RAN) Commando Hubert Combat Divers Service (Lithuania) Comando Raggruppamento Subacquei e Incursori Teseo Tesei Decima Flottiglia MAS Frogman Corps (Denmark) Fuerzas Especiales Fukuryu GRUMEC Grup Gerak Khas Jagdkommando JW Formoza JW GROM JW Komandosów Kommando Spezialkräfte Marine KOPASKA MARCOS Marine Commandos Marinejegerkommandoen Marine Raider Regiment Minedykkerkommandoen Namibian Marine Corps Operational Diving Unit Naval Diving Unit (Singapore) Naval Service Diving Section Naval Special Operations Command Operational Diving Division (SA Navy) Royal Engineers Russian commando frogmen Sappers Divers Group Shayetet 13 Special Air Service Special Air Service Regiment Special Actions Detachment Special Boat Service Special Boat Squadron (Sri Lanka) Special Forces Command (Turkey) Special Forces Group (Belgium) Special Operations Battalion (Croatia) Special Service Group (Navy) Special Warfare Diving and Salvage Tactical Divers Group US Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance US Marine Corps Reconnaissance Battalions US Navy SEALs Underwater Construction Teams Underwater Demolition Command Underwater Demolition Team Underwater Offence (Turkish Armed Forces) UNGERIN Underwaterwork Commercial offshore diving Dive leader Diver training Recreational diver training Hazmat diving Hyperbaric welding Marine construction Offshore construction Underwater construction Media diving Nondestructive testing Pearl hunting Police diving Potable water diving Public safety diving Scientific diving Ships husbandry Sponge diving Submarine pipeline Underwater archaeology Archaeology of shipwrecks Underwater cutting and welding Underwater demolition Underwater inspection Underwater logging Underwater photography Underwater search and recovery Underwater searches Underwater videography Underwater survey Salvage diving SS Egypt Kronan La Belle SS Laurentic RMS Lusitania Mars Mary Rose USS Monitor HMS Royal George Vasa Divingcontractors COMEX Helix Energy Solutions Group International Marine Contractors Association Tools andequipment Abrasive waterjet Airlift Baited remote underwater video In-water surface cleaning Brush cart Cavitation cleaning Pressure washing Pigging Lifting bag Remotely operated underwater vehicle Thermal lance Tremie Water jetting Underwaterweapons Limpet mine Speargun Hawaiian sling Polespear Underwaterfirearm Gyrojet Mk 1 Underwater Defense Gun Powerhead Underwater pistols Heckler & Koch P11 SPP-1 underwater pistol Underwater revolvers AAI underwater revolver Underwater rifles ADS amphibious rifle APS underwater rifle ASM-DT amphibious rifle QBS-06 Recreational diving Recreational dive sites Index of recreational dive sites List of wreck diving sites Outline of recreational dive sites Specialties Altitude diving Cave diving Deep diving Ice diving Muck diving Open-water diving Rebreather diving Sidemount diving Solo diving Technical diving Underwater photography Wreck diving Diverorganisations British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) Cave Diving Group (CDG) Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS) Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM) International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD) Quintana Roo Speleological Survey (QRSS) Woodville Karst Plain Project (WKPP) Diving tourismindustry Dive center Diving in East Timor Diving in the Maldives Environmental impact of recreational diving Scuba diving tourism Scuba diving in the Cayman Islands Shark tourism Sinking ships for wreck diving sites Underwater diving on Guam Diving eventsand festivals Diversnight Underwater Bike Race Diving safety Human factors in diving equipment design Human factors in diving safety Life-support system Safety-critical system Scuba diving fatalities Underwater diving emergency Water safety Water surface searches Divinghazards List of diving hazards and precautions Environmental Current Delta-P Entanglement hazard Overhead Silt out Wave action Equipment Freeflow Use of breathing equipment in an underwater environment Failure of diving equipment other than breathing apparatus Single point of failure Physiological Cold shock response Decompression Nitrogen narcosis Oxygen toxicity Seasickness Uncontrolled decompression Diver behaviour and competence Lack of competence Overconfidence effect Panic Task loading Trait anxiety Willful violation Consequences Barotrauma Decompression sickness Drowning Hypothermia Hypoxia Hypercapnia Hyperthermia Non-freezing cold injury Divingprocedures Ascending and descending Emergency ascent Boat diving Canoe and kayak diving Buddy diving buddy check Decompression Decompression practice Pyle stop Ratio decompression Dive briefing Dive log Dive planning Rule of thirds Scuba gas planning Diver communications Diver rescue Diver training Doing It Right Drift diving Gas blending for scuba diving Night diving Rebreather diving Scuba gas management Solo diving Riskmanagement Checklist Hazard identification and risk assessment Hazard analysis Job safety analysis Risk assessment Hyperbaric evacuation and rescue Risk control Hierarchy of hazard controls Incident pit Lockout–tagout Permit To Work Redundancy Safety data sheet Situation awareness Diving team Bellman Chamber operator Diver medical technician Diver's attendant Diving supervisor Diving systems technician Gas man Life support technician Stand-by diver Equipmentsafety Breathing gas quality Testing and inspection of diving cylinders Hydrostatic test Sustained load cracking Diving regulator Breathing performance of regulators Occupationalsafety andhealth Association of Diving Contractors International International Marine Contractors Association Code of practice Contingency plan Diving regulations Emergency response plan Diving safety officer Diving superintendent Diving supervisor Operations manual Standard operating procedure Diving medicineDivingdisorders List of signs and symptoms of diving disorders Cramp Motion sickness Surfer's ear Pressurerelated Alternobaric vertigo Barostriction Barotrauma Air embolism Aerosinusitis Barodontalgia Dental barotrauma Middle ear barotrauma Pulmonary barotrauma Compression arthralgia Decompression illness Dysbarism Oxygen Freediving blackout Hyperoxia Hypoxia Oxygen toxicity Inert gases Avascular necrosis Decompression sickness Dysbaric osteonecrosis Inner ear decompression sickness Isobaric counterdiffusion Taravana High-pressure nervous syndrome Hydrogen narcosis Nitrogen narcosis Carbon dioxide Hypercapnia Hypocapnia Breathing gascontaminants Carbon monoxide poisoning Immersionrelated Asphyxia Drowning Hypothermia Immersion diuresis Instinctive drowning response Laryngospasm Salt water aspiration syndrome Swimming-induced pulmonary edema Treatment Demand valve oxygen therapy First aid Hyperbaric medicine Hyperbaric treatment schedules In-water recompression Oxygen therapy Therapeutic recompression Personnel Diving Medical Examiner Diving Medical Practitioner Diving Medical Technician Hyperbaric nursing Screening Atrial septal defect Effects of drugs on fitness to dive Fitness to dive Psychological fitness to dive ResearchResearchers indiving physiologyand medicine Arthur J. Bachrach Albert R. Behnke Peter B. Bennett Paul Bert George F. Bond Robert Boyle Alf O. Brubakk Albert A. Bühlmann John R. Clarke Guybon Chesney Castell Damant Kenneth William Donald William Paul Fife John Scott Haldane Robert William Hamilton Jr. Henry Valence Hempleman Leonard Erskine Hill Brian Andrew Hills Felix Hoppe-Seyler Christian J. Lambertsen Simon Mitchell Charles Momsen Neal W. Pollock John Rawlins Charles Wesley Shilling Edward D. Thalmann Jacques Triger Diving medicalresearchorganisations Aerospace Medical Association Divers Alert Network (DAN) Diving Diseases Research Centre (DDRC) Diving Medical Advisory Council (DMAC) European Diving Technology Committee (EDTC) European Underwater and Baromedical Society (EUBS) National Board of Diving and Hyperbaric Medical Technology Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory Royal Australian Navy School of Underwater Medicine Rubicon Foundation South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society (SPUMS) Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association (SAUHMA) Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS) United States Navy Experimental Diving Unit (NEDU) Law Civil liability in recreational diving Diving regulations Duty of care List of legislation regulating underwater diving Investigation of diving accidents Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage History of underwater diving History of decompression research and development History of Diving Museum History of scuba diving List of researchers in underwater diving Lyons Maritime Museum Man in the Sea Museum Timeline of diving technology Pearling in Western Australia US Navy decompression models and tables Archeologicalsites SS Commodore USS Monitor Queen Anne's Revenge Whydah Gally Underwater artand artists The Diver Jason deCaires Taylor Engineersand inventors Jerónimo de Ayanz y Beaumont William Beebe Georges Beuchat Giovanni Alfonso Borelli Joseph-Martin Cabirol John R. Clarke Jacques Cousteau Charles Anthony Deane John Deane Louis de Corlieu Auguste Denayrouze Ted Eldred Henry Fleuss Émile Gagnan Karl Heinrich Klingert Peter Kreeft Christian J. Lambertsen Yves Le Prieur John Lethbridge Ernest William Moir Joseph Salim Peress Auguste Piccard Joe Savoie Willard Franklyn Searle Gordon Smith Augustus Siebe Pierre-Marie Touboulic Jacques Triger Historicalequipment Aqua-Lung RV Calypso SP-350 Denise Magnesium torch Nikonos Porpoise regulator Standard diving dress Sub Marine Explorer Vintage scuba Diverpropulsionvehicles Advanced SEAL Delivery System Cosmos CE2F series Dry Combat Submersible Human torpedo Motorised Submersible Canoe Necker Nymph R-2 Mala-class swimmer delivery vehicle SEAL Delivery Vehicle Shallow Water Combat Submersible Siluro San Bartolomeo Welfreighter Wet Nellie Military andcovert operations Raid on Alexandria (1941) Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior Scientific projects 1992 cageless shark-diving expedition Mission 31 Awards and events Hans Hass Award International Scuba Diving Hall of Fame London Diving Chamber Dive Lectures NOGI Awards Women Divers Hall of Fame IncidentsDive boat incidents Sinking of MV Conception Diver rescues Alpazat cave rescue Tham Luang cave rescue Early diving John Day (carpenter) Charles Spalding Ebenezer Watson Freediving fatalities Loïc Leferme Audrey Mestre Nicholas Mevoli Natalia Molchanova Offshorediving incidents Byford Dolphin diving bell accident Drill Master diving accident Star Canopus diving accident Stena Seaspread diving accident Venture One diving accident Waage Drill II diving accident Wildrake diving accident Professionaldiving fatalities Roger Baldwin John Bennett Victor F. Guiel Jr. Francis P. Hammerberg Craig M. Hoffman Peter Henry Michael Holmes Johnson Sea Link accident Edwin Clayton Link Gerard Anthony Prangley Per Skipnes Robert John Smyth Albert D. Stover Richard A. Walker Lothar Michael Ward Joachim Wendler Bradley Westell Arne Zetterström Scuba divingfatalities 1973 Mount Gambier cave diving accident Ricardo Armbruster Allan Bridge David Bright Berry L. Cannon Cotton Coulson Cláudio Coutinho E. Yale Dawson Deon Dreyer Milan Dufek Sheck Exley Maurice Fargues Fernando Garfella Palmer Guy Garman Steve Irwin death Jim Jones Henry Way Kendall Artur Kozłowski Yuri Lipski Kirsty MacColl Agnes Milowka François de Roubaix Chris and Chrissy Rouse Dave Shaw Wesley C. Skiles Dewey Smith Rob Stewart Esbjörn Svensson Josef Velek PublicationsManuals NOAA Diving Manual U.S. Navy Diving Manual Basic Cave Diving: A Blueprint for Survival Underwater Handbook Bennett and Elliott's physiology and medicine of diving Encyclopedia of Recreational Diving The new science of skin and scuba diving Professional Diver's Handbook Basic Scuba Standards andCodes of Practice Code of Practice for Scientific Diving (UNESCO) DIN 7876 IMCA Code of Practice for Offshore Diving ISO 24801 Recreational diving services — Requirements for the training of recreational scuba divers General non-fiction The Darkness Beckons Goldfinder The Last Dive Shadow Divers The Silent World: A Story of Undersea Discovery and Adventure Research List of Divers Alert Network publications Dive guides Training and registrationDivertraining Competence and assessment Competency-based learning Refresher training Skill assessment Diver training standard Diving instructor Diving school Occupational diver training Commercial diver training Military diver training Public safety diver training Scientific diver training Recreational diver training Introductory diving Teaching method Muscle memory Overlearning Stress exposure training Skills Combat sidestroke Diver navigation Diver trim Ear clearing Frenzel maneuver Valsalva maneuver Finning techniques Scuba skills Buddy breathing Low impact diving Diamond Reef System Surface-supplied diving skills Underwater searches RecreationalscubacertificationlevelsCore diving skills Advanced Open Water Diver Autonomous diver CMAS* scuba diver CMAS** scuba diver Introductory diving Low Impact Diver Master Scuba Diver Open Water Diver Supervised diver Leadership skills Dive leader Divemaster Diving instructor Master Instructor Specialist skills Rescue Diver Solo diver Diver trainingcertificationand registrationorganisations European Underwater Federation (EUF) International Diving Regulators and Certifiers Forum (IDRCF) International Diving Schools Association (IDSA) International Marine Contractors Association (IMCA) List of diver certification organizations National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Nautical Archaeology Society Universal Referral Program World Recreational Scuba Training Council (WRSTC) Commercial divercertificationauthorities Australian Diver Accreditation Scheme (ADAS) Commercial diver registration in South Africa Divers Institute of Technology Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Department of Employment and Labour Commercial divingschools Divers Academy International Norwegian diver school Free-divingcertificationagencies AIDA International (AIDA) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Performance Freediving International (PI) Scuba Schools International (SSI) Recreationalscubacertificationagencies American Canadian Underwater Certifications (ACUC) American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI) Association nationale des moniteurs de plongée (ANMP) British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Comhairle Fo-Thuinn (CFT) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas (FEDAS) Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins (FFESSM) Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS) Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) International Association for Handicapped Divers (IAHD) International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD) International Life Saving Federation (ILS) Israeli Diving Federation (TIDF) National Academy of Scuba Educators (NASE) National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) Nederlandse Onderwatersport Bond (NOB) Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC) Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec) Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID) Sub-Aqua Association (SAA) Scuba Diving International (SDI) Scuba Educators International (SEI) Scottish Sub Aqua Club (ScotSAC) Scuba Schools International (SSI) Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu (TSSF) United Diving Instructors (UDI) YMCA SCUBA Program Scientific divercertificationauthorities American Academy of Underwater Sciences (AAUS) CMAS Scientific Committee Technical divercertificationagencies American Nitrox Divers International (ANDI) British Sub-Aqua Club (BSAC) Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) Diving Science and Technology (DSAT) Federazione Italiana Attività Subacquee (FIAS) International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers (IANTD) Professional Association of Diving Instructors (PADI) Professional Diving Instructors Corporation (PDIC) Professional Technical and Recreational Diving (ProTec) Rebreather Association of International Divers (RAID) Trimix Scuba Association (TSA) Technical Extended Range (TXR) Cavediving Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA) Cave Diving Group (CDG) Global Underwater Explorers (GUE) National Speleological Society#Cave Diving Group (CDG) National Association of Underwater Instructors (NAUI) Technical Diving International (TDI) Military divertraining centres Defence Diving School Navy Diving Salvage and Training Center Underwater Escape Training Unit Military divertraining courses United States Marine Corps Combatant Diver Course Underwater sportsSurface snorkeling Finswimming Snorkeling/breath-hold Spearfishing Underwater football Underwater hockey Australia Turkey Underwater rugby Colombia United States Underwater target shooting Breath-hold Aquathlon Apnoea finswimming Freediving Open Circuit Scuba Immersion finswimming Sport diving Underwater cycling Underwater orienteering Underwater photography Rebreather Underwater photography Sports governingorganisations and federations International AIDA International Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques) National AIDA Hellas Australian Underwater Federation British Freediving Association British Octopush Association British Underwater Sports Association Comhairle Fo-Thuinn Federación Española de Actividades Subacuáticas Fédération Française d'Études et de Sports Sous-Marins South African Underwater Sports Federation Türkiye Sualtı Sporları Federasyonu Underwater Society of America) Competitions 14th CMAS Underwater Photography World Championship Underwater Hockey World Championships Underwater Orienteering World Championships Underwater Rugby World Championships Underwater diversPioneersof diving Eduard Admetlla i Lázaro Aquanaut Mary Bonnin Amelia Behrens-Furniss James F. Cahill Jacques Cousteau Billy Deans Dottie Frazier Trevor Hampton Hans Hass Dick Rutkowski Teseo Tesei Arne Zetterström Underwaterscientistsarchaeologists andenvironmentalists Michael Arbuthnot Robert Ballard George Bass Mensun Bound Louis Boutan Hugh Bradner Cathy Church Eugenie Clark James P. Delgado Sylvia Earle John Christopher Fine George R. Fischer Anders Franzén Honor Frost Fernando Garfella Palmer David Gibbins Graham Jessop Swietenia Puspa Lestari Pilar Luna Robert F. Marx Anna Marguerite McCann Innes McCartney Charles T. Meide Mark M. Newell Lyuba Ognenova-Marinova John Peter Oleson Mendel L. Peterson Richard Pyle Andreas Rechnitzer William R. Royal Margaret Rule Gunter Schöbel Stephanie Schwabe Myriam Seco E. Lee Spence Robert Sténuit Peter Throckmorton Cristina Zenato Scuba recordholders Pascal Bernabé Jim Bowden Mark Ellyatt Sheck Exley Nuno Gomes Claudia Serpieri Krzysztof Starnawski Underwaterfilmmakersand presenters Samir Alhafith David Attenborough Ramón Bravo Jean-Michel Cousteau Richie Kohler Paul Rose Andy Torbet Ivan Tors Andrew Wight Underwaterphotographers Doug Allan Tamara Benitez Georges Beuchat Adrian Biddle Jonathan Bird Eric Cheng Neville Coleman Jacques Cousteau John D. Craig Ben Cropp Bernard Delemotte David Doubilet Candice Farmer John Christopher Fine Rodney Fox Ric Frazier Stephen Frink Peter Gimbel Monty Halls Hans Hass Henry Way Kendall Rudie Kuiter Joseph B. MacInnis Luis Marden Agnes Milowka Noel Monkman Pete Oxford Steve Parish Zale Parry Pierre Petit Leni Riefenstahl Peter Scoones Brian Skerry Wesley C. Skiles E. Lee Spence Philippe Tailliez Ron Taylor Valerie Taylor Albert Tillman John Veltri Stan Waterman Michele Westmorland John Ernest Williamson J. Lamar Worzel Underwaterexplorers Caves Graham Balcombe Sheck Exley Martyn Farr Jochen Hasenmayer Jill Heinerth Jarrod Jablonski William Hogarth Main Tom Mount Jack Sheppard Bill Stone Reefs Arthur C. Clarke Wrecks Leigh Bishop John Chatterton Clive Cussler Bill Nagle Valerie van Heest Aristotelis Zervoudis Aquanauts Andrew Abercromby Joseph M. Acaba Clayton Anderson Richard R. Arnold Serena Auñón-Chancellor Michael Barratt (astronaut) Robert A. Barth Robert L. Behnken Randolph Bresnik Timothy J. Broderick Justin Brown Berry L. Cannon Scott Carpenter Gregory Chamitoff Steve Chappell Catherine Coleman Robin Cook Craig B. Cooper Fabien Cousteau Philippe Cousteau Timothy Creamer Jonathan Dory Pedro Duque Sylvia Earle Jeanette Epps Sheck Exley Albert Falco Andrew J. Feustel Michael Fincke Satoshi Furukawa Ronald J. Garan Jr. Michael L. Gernhardt Christopher E. Gerty David Gruber Chris Hadfield Jeremy Hansen José M. Hernández John Herrington Paul Hill Akihiko Hoshide Mark Hulsbeck Emma Hwang Norishige Kanai Les Kaufman Scott Kelly Karen Kohanowich Timothy Kopra Dominic Landucci Jon Lindbergh Kjell N. Lindgren Michael López-Alegría Joseph B. MacInnis Sandra Magnus Thomas Marshburn Matthias Maurer K. Megan McArthur Craig McKinley Jessica Meir Simone Melchior Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger Andreas Mogensen Karen Nyberg John D. Olivas Takuya Onishi Luca Parmitano Nicholas Patrick Tim Peake Thomas Pesquet Marc Reagan Garrett Reisman Kathleen Rubins Dick Rutkowski Tara Ruttley David Saint-Jacques Josef Schmid Robert Sheats Dewey Smith Steve Squyres Heidemarie Stefanyshyn-Piper Robert Sténuit Hervé Stevenin Nicole Stott James Talacek Daniel M. Tani Robert Thirsk Bill Todd Mark T. Vande Hei Koichi Wakata Rex J. Walheim Shannon Walker John Morgan Wells Joachim Wendler Douglas H. Wheelock Peggy Whitson Dafydd Williams Jeffrey Williams Sunita Williams Reid Wiseman Kimiya Yui Writers and journalists Michael C. Barnette Victor Berge Philippe Diolé Gary Gentile Bret Gilliam Bob Halstead Hillary Hauser Trevor Jackson Steve Lewis John Mattera Rescuers Craig Challen Richard Harris Rick Stanton John Volanthen Frogmen Lionel Crabb Ian Edward Fraser Sydney Knowles James Joseph Magennis Commercial salvors Keith Jessop Science of underwater diving List of researchers in underwater diving Divingphysics Metre sea water Neutral buoyancy Underwater acoustics Modulated ultrasound Underwater vision Underwater computer vision Divingphysiology Blood shift Cold shock response Diving reflex Equivalent narcotic depth Maximum operating depth Physiological response to water immersion Thermal balance of the underwater diver Underwater vision Work of breathing Decompressiontheory Decompression models: Bühlmann decompression algorithm Haldane's decompression model Reduced gradient bubble model Thalmann algorithm Thermodynamic model of decompression Varying Permeability Model Equivalent air depth Oxygen window Physiology of decompression Divingenvironment Underwater exploration Deep-sea exploration Classification List of diving environments by type Altitude diving Benign water diving Confined water diving Deep diving Inland diving Inshore diving Muck diving Night diving Open-water diving Black-water diving Blue-water diving Penetration diving Cave diving Torricellian chamber Ice diving Wreck diving Recreational dive sites Underwater environment Underwater diving environment Impact Environmental impact of recreational diving Low impact diving Other Bathysphere Defense against swimmer incursions Diver detection sonar Offshore survey Rugged compact camera Underwater domain awareness Underwater vehicle Deep-submergencevehicle Aluminaut DSV Alvin American submarine NR-1 Bathyscaphe Archimède FNRS-2 FNRS-3 Harmony class bathyscaphe Sea Pole-class bathyscaphe Trieste II Deepsea Challenger Ictineu 3 JAGO Jiaolong Konsul-class submersible Limiting Factor Russian submarine Losharik Mir Nautile Pisces-class deep submergence vehicle DSV Sea Cliff DSV Shinkai DSV Shinkai 2000 DSV Shinkai 6500 DSV Turtle DSV-5 Nemo Submarine rescue International Submarine Escape and Rescue Liaison Office Submarine Escape and Rescue system (Royal Swedish Navy) McCann Rescue Chamber Submarine rescue ship Deep-submergencerescue vehicle LR5 LR7 MSM-1 Mystic-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle DSRV-1 Mystic DSRV-2 Avalon NATO Submarine Rescue System Priz-class deep-submergence rescue vehicle Russian deep submergence rescue vehicle AS-28 Russian submarine AS-34 ASRV Remora SRV-300 Submarine Rescue Diving Recompression System Type 7103 DSRV URF (Swedish Navy) Submarine escape Escape trunk Submarine escape training facility Submarine Escape Training Facility (Australia) Escape set Davis Submerged Escape Apparatus Momsen lung Steinke hood Submarine Escape Immersion Equipment Specialinterestgroups Artificial Reef Society of British Columbia CMAS Europe Coral Reef Alliance Divers Alert Network Green Fins Finger Lakes Underwater Preserve Association Karst Underwater Research Nautical Archaeology Program Nautical Archaeology Society Naval Air Command Sub Aqua Club Project AWARE Reef Check Reef Life Survey Rubicon Foundation Save Ontario Shipwrecks SeaKeys Sea Research Society Society for Underwater Historical Research Society for Underwater Technology Underwater Archaeology Branch, Naval History & Heritage Command Neutral buoyancyfacilities forAstronaut training Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory Neutral buoyancy pool Neutral buoyancy simulation as a training aid Neutral Buoyancy Simulator Space Systems Laboratory Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center Other Nautilus Productions Helicopter Aircrew Breathing Device Scuba diving therapy Seabed mining Category Commons Glossary Indexes: Dive sites Divers Diving Outline Portal This article about a medical organization or association is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"underwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_medicine"},{"link_name":"hyperbaric medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbaric_medicine"},{"link_name":"South African Medical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Medical_Association"},{"link_name":"medical practitioners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_practitioners"},{"link_name":"nurses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurses"},{"link_name":"paramedics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramedics"},{"link_name":"hyperbaric chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbaric_chamber"},{"link_name":"diving instructors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_instructor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAUHMA-1"}],"text":"The Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association (SAUHMA) is an organisation of voluntary members with a special interest in the subject of underwater and/or hyperbaric medicine, recognised by the Council of the South African Medical Association as a special interest group. The Association promotes the practice and facilitates the study of underwater and hyperbaric medicine. Membership includes members and associate members, and may include medical practitioners; registered nurses; registered paramedics; qualified hyperbaric chamber operators; diving instructors; dive operators, and any other person with a special interest underwater or hyperbaric medicine.[1]","title":"Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undersea_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Society"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cronje-2"}],"text":"SAUHMA was formed in 1992, and affiliated to the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS) in 1994. It follows the UHMS safety and medical recommendations and supports the UHMS HBO Committee's list of indications.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAUHMA_accreditation-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SA_Diving_Regulations_2009-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SAUHMA_database-5"}],"text":"SAUHMA is the accreditation agency for facilities for hyperbaric medicine in South Africa, and for the personnel operating such facilities.[3][4]It is also the designated agency to provide the national on-line database of all registered designated medical practitioners licensed to perform medical examinations of fitness to dive for commercial divers in South Africa, and of the results of all medical examinations for fitness to dive for commercial divers in terms of Regulations 19 and 20 of the Diving Regulations 2009 to the South African Occupational Health and Safety Act No. 85 of 1993.[4][5]","title":"Diving medical registry"}]
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null
[{"reference":"Staff. \"What Is SAUHMA?\". www.sauhma.org. Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association. Retrieved 12 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sauhma.org/","url_text":"\"What Is SAUHMA?\""}]},{"reference":"Cronje, Frans J. \"The development of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in south africa\". www.hbo.co.za. Pretoria, South Africa: Vascular & Hyperbaric Unit, Life Eugene Marais Hospital. Retrieved 12 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hbo.co.za/History/index.html","url_text":"\"The development of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in south africa\""}]},{"reference":"Staff. \"Policy on Accreditation\". www.sauhma.org. Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association. Retrieved 12 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sauhma.org/facility-accreditation.htm","url_text":"\"Policy on Accreditation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diving Regulations 2009\". Occupational Health and Safety Act 85 of 1993 – Regulations and Notices – Government Notice R41. Pretoria: Government Printer. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 3 November 2016 – via Southern African Legal Information Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161104080007/http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/consol_reg/ohasa85o1993rangnr41716/","url_text":"\"Diving Regulations 2009\""},{"url":"http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/consol_reg/ohasa85o1993rangnr41716/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Staff. \"Dive Medical Examiner Listing\". www.sauhma.org. Southern African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association. Retrieved 12 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sauhma.org/dme-lisiting.htm","url_text":"\"Dive Medical Examiner Listing\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://sauhma.co.za/","external_links_name":"sauhma.co.za"},{"Link":"http://www.sauhma.org/","external_links_name":"\"What Is SAUHMA?\""},{"Link":"http://www.hbo.co.za/History/index.html","external_links_name":"\"The development of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in south africa\""},{"Link":"http://www.sauhma.org/facility-accreditation.htm","external_links_name":"\"Policy on Accreditation\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161104080007/http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/consol_reg/ohasa85o1993rangnr41716/","external_links_name":"\"Diving Regulations 2009\""},{"Link":"http://www.saflii.org/za/legis/consol_reg/ohasa85o1993rangnr41716/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.sauhma.org/dme-lisiting.htm","external_links_name":"\"Dive Medical Examiner Listing\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_African_Underwater_and_Hyperbaric_Medical_Association&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Guard_Medal_of_Merit
Home Guard Medal of Merit
["1 History","2 Appearance","2.1 Gold medal","2.2 Silver medal","2.3 Ribbon","3 Criteria","3.1 Gold medal","3.2 Silver medal","4 Presenting","5 Wearing","6 Footnotes","7 References","7.1 Notes","7.2 Print"]
Swedish medal AwardHome Guard Medal of MeritThe medal in gold.TypeSemi-official medalAwarded forParticularly significant serviceCountrySwedenPresented byHome GuardEligibilitySwedish and foreign personnelStatusCurrently awardedEstablished1947Ribbon bar Home Guard Medal of Merit (Swedish: Hemvärnets förtjänstmedalj, HVGM & HVSM) is a Swedish reward medal established in 1947 by the National Home Guard Council. It is awarded to those who, through significant service, have contributed to developing the Home Guard in addition to what the service requires. History The Home Guard Medal of Merit in gold was instituted in 1947 by the National Home Guard Council (Rikshemvärnsrådet) with His Majesty the King's approval. The Home Guard Medal of Merit in silver was instituted according to His Majesty the King's authorization by the National Home Guard Council. Appearance The Home Guard Medal of Merit is issued in two designs, gold and silver. It has an oval shape and is of the 8th size. The ribbon is of blue moiré pattern with five evenly divided yellow stripes. Gold medal The gold medal has an oval (elliptical) shape and is crowned with a royal crown and on the obverse provided with His Majesty the King's image and on the reverse with the Home Guard emblem. The medal is minted in gold in a size corresponding to the 8th size. Silver medal The silver medal has an oval (elliptical) shape and is crowned with a royal crown and on the obverse provided with His Majesty the King's image and on the reverse with the Home Guard emblem. The medal is minted in a size corresponding to the 8th size. Ribbon The ribbon is of blue moiré pattern with five evenly divided two mm wide yellow stripes. Criteria Gold medal Awarded to those who, through particularly significant service has contributed to developing the Home Guard in addition to what the service requires. Silver medal Awarded to those who, through very significant service, have contributed to developing the Home Guard in addition to what the service requires. Presenting The Home Guard Council (Hemvärnsråd) applies to the National Home Guard Council (Rikshemvärnsrådet) for the awarding of medals of merit. The application must be received by the National Home Guard Council annually no later than 1 July for a dividend next year, medals of merit in gold are awarded in connection with the National Home Guard Council every odd year. The National Home Guard Council decides individually in each individual proposal on the award of a medal of merit. The medal is presented during a ceremony together with a diploma. The National Home Guard Council is responsible for the costs. The merit medal can also be awarded to a foreign citizen for special reasons. Wearing The medal is a so-called semi-official medal of category K. A semi-official medal includes, with His Majesty the King's permission instituted and with his approval, medals (badges) awarded by various organizations. The medals has often the king's image on the obverse (in this case His Majesty the King Gustaf VI Adolf). These types of medals are worn after category J (semi-official orders of chivalry). Footnotes ^ Semi-official medals include, with His Majesty the King's permission established and with his approval, medals (badges) awarded by various organizations. The medals has often the king's image on the obverse. References Notes ^ a b c Uniformsbestämmelser 2015, pp. 606, 608 ^ a b c Braunstein 2007, p. 67 ^ a b c d e f Handbok Hemvärn 2018, p. 200 ^ a b c d Handbok Hemvärn 2018, p. 201 Print Braunstein, Christian (2007). Utmärkelsetecken på militära uniformer (PDF). Skrift / Statens försvarshistoriska museer, 1101-7023 ; 12 (in Swedish). Stockholm: Statens försvarshistoriska museer. ISBN 978-91-976220-2-8. SELIBR 10423295. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2021. Handbok Hemvärn: HvH 2018 (PDF) (in Swedish). Stockholm: Försvarsmakten. 2018. SELIBR hrsvd5sxfvb09x79. Reglemente: uniformsbestämmelser 2015 : Unibest FM 2015 (PDF) (in Swedish). Stockholm: Försvarsmakten. 2015. SELIBR 19513428. vte Orders, decorations, and medals of SwedenOrdersOrders of His Majesty the KingSee also: Royal family order#Sweden Royal Order of the Seraphim (Seraphim Medal) Royal Order of the Sword (Medal of the Sword) Royal Order of the Polar Star (Medal of the Polar Star) Royal Order of Vasa (Vasa Medal)Official royal order of chivalry Royal Order of Charles XIII (only for members of the Swedish Order of Freemasons)Semi-official order of chivalry with royal patronage Order of Saint John in Sweden (de facto only for male members of the House of Nobility)Defunct Order of the Saviour Order of Agnus Dei Order of Jehova Ordre de l'Harmonie Order of Amarante Order of the Name of Jesus MedalsRoyal Seraphim Medal H. M. The King's Medal Litteris et Artibus Royal Jubilee Commemorative Medals Prince Eugen Medal Prince Carl Medal SwedishArmed Forces Medal of Merit Gold Silver Medal for Wounded in Battle Gold Silver Reserve Officer Medal Gold Silver International Service Medal Service Medal for National Defence Gold Silver Bronze Basic Training Medal Home Guard Medal of Merit Gold Silver Home Guard Silver Medal Home Guard Bronze Medal Home Guard Service Medal Governmental Illis quorum Sui memores alios fecere merendo Medal for Noble Deeds Medal for Civic Virtue Medal for Diligent Reindeer Husbandry For Zealous and Devoted Service of the Realm Defunct For Valour in the Field For Valour at Sea For Courage and Fierceness at Sea during Perilous Time Medal of Merit International Service Medal of Reward Fraternal orderswith royal patronage Swedish Order of Freemasons Order of Coldin Par Bricole Order of Svea Geatish Society Order of Neptune Order of Amarante Order of Innocence Sweden portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unibest_FM_2015_(2015),_pp._606,_608-1"},{"link_name":"Home Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Guard_(Sweden)"}],"text":"AwardHome Guard Medal of Merit (Swedish: Hemvärnets förtjänstmedalj, HVGM & HVSM[1]) is a Swedish reward medal established in 1947 by the National Home Guard Council. It is awarded to those who, through significant service, have contributed to developing the Home Guard in addition to what the service requires.","title":"Home Guard Medal of Merit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Braunstein_(2007),_p._67-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbok_Hemv%C3%A4rn_(2018),_p._200-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbok_Hemv%C3%A4rn_(2018),_p._201-5"}],"text":"The Home Guard Medal of Merit in gold was instituted in 1947[2] by the National Home Guard Council (Rikshemvärnsrådet) with His Majesty the King's approval.[3] The Home Guard Medal of Merit in silver was instituted according to His Majesty the King's authorization by the National Home Guard Council.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"moiré pattern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moir%C3%A9_pattern"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Braunstein_(2007),_p._67-3"}],"text":"The Home Guard Medal of Merit is issued in two designs, gold and silver. It has an oval shape and is of the 8th size. The ribbon is of blue moiré pattern with five evenly divided yellow stripes.[2]","title":"Appearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"obverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbok_Hemv%C3%A4rn_(2018),_p._200-4"}],"sub_title":"Gold medal","text":"The gold medal has an oval (elliptical) shape and is crowned with a royal crown and on the obverse provided with His Majesty the King's image and on the reverse with the Home Guard emblem. The medal is minted in gold in a size corresponding to the 8th size.[3]","title":"Appearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"obverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbok_Hemv%C3%A4rn_(2018),_p._201-5"}],"sub_title":"Silver medal","text":"The silver medal has an oval (elliptical) shape and is crowned with a royal crown and on the obverse provided with His Majesty the King's image and on the reverse with the Home Guard emblem. The medal is minted in a size corresponding to the 8th size.[4]","title":"Appearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"moiré pattern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moir%C3%A9_pattern"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Braunstein_(2007),_p._67-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbok_Hemv%C3%A4rn_(2018),_p._200-4"}],"sub_title":"Ribbon","text":"The ribbon is of blue moiré pattern with five evenly divided two mm wide yellow stripes.[2][3]","title":"Appearance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Criteria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbok_Hemv%C3%A4rn_(2018),_p._200-4"}],"sub_title":"Gold medal","text":"Awarded to those who, through particularly significant service has contributed to developing the Home Guard in addition to what the service requires.[3]","title":"Criteria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbok_Hemv%C3%A4rn_(2018),_p._201-5"}],"sub_title":"Silver medal","text":"Awarded to those who, through very significant service, have contributed to developing the Home Guard in addition to what the service requires.[4]","title":"Criteria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbok_Hemv%C3%A4rn_(2018),_p._200-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbok_Hemv%C3%A4rn_(2018),_p._201-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbok_Hemv%C3%A4rn_(2018),_p._200-4"}],"text":"The Home Guard Council (Hemvärnsråd) applies to the National Home Guard Council (Rikshemvärnsrådet) for the awarding of medals of merit. The application must be received by the National Home Guard Council annually no later than 1 July for a dividend next year, medals of merit in gold are awarded in connection with the National Home Guard Council every odd year. The National Home Guard Council decides individually in each individual proposal on the award of a medal of merit.[3] The medal is presented during a ceremony together with a diploma. The National Home Guard Council is responsible for the costs.[4]The merit medal can also be awarded to a foreign citizen for special reasons.[3]","title":"Presenting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"obverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse"},{"link_name":"Gustaf VI Adolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaf_VI_Adolf"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unibest_FM_2015_(2015),_pp._606,_608-1"}],"text":"The medal is a so-called semi-official medal of category K. A semi-official medal includes, with His Majesty the King's permission instituted and with his approval, medals (badges) awarded by various organizations. The medals has often the king's image on the obverse (in this case His Majesty the King Gustaf VI Adolf). These types of medals are worn after category J (semi-official orders of chivalry).[1]","title":"Wearing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"obverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Unibest_FM_2015_(2015),_pp._606,_608-1"}],"text":"^ Semi-official medals include, with His Majesty the King's permission established and with his approval, medals (badges) awarded by various organizations. The medals has often the king's image on the obverse.[1]","title":"Footnotes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Braunstein, Christian (2007). Utmärkelsetecken på militära uniformer [Decorations on Swedish military uniforms] (PDF). Skrift / Statens försvarshistoriska museer, 1101-7023 ; 12 (in Swedish). Stockholm: Statens försvarshistoriska museer. ISBN 978-91-976220-2-8. SELIBR 10423295. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210819002109/https://sfhm.se/contentassets/84a6e4f1b2ce4e2b96c4ba578a41c503/sfhm-skriftserie-utmarkelsetecken-pa-militara-uniformer-christian-braunstein-2007.pdf","url_text":"Utmärkelsetecken på militära uniformer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-976220-2-8","url_text":"978-91-976220-2-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SELIBR_(identifier)","url_text":"SELIBR"},{"url":"https://libris.kb.se/bib/10423295","url_text":"10423295"},{"url":"https://www.sfhm.se/contentassets/84a6e4f1b2ce4e2b96c4ba578a41c503/sfhm-skriftserie-utmarkelsetecken-pa-militara-uniformer-christian-braunstein-2007.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Handbok Hemvärn: HvH 2018 (PDF) (in Swedish). Stockholm: Försvarsmakten. 2018. SELIBR hrsvd5sxfvb09x79.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forsvarsmakten.se/siteassets/4-om-myndigheten/dokumentfiler/handbocker/hvh-2018.pdf","url_text":"Handbok Hemvärn: HvH 2018"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SELIBR_(identifier)","url_text":"SELIBR"},{"url":"https://libris.kb.se/bib/hrsvd5sxfvb09x79","url_text":"hrsvd5sxfvb09x79"}]},{"reference":"Reglemente: uniformsbestämmelser 2015 : Unibest FM 2015 (PDF) (in Swedish). Stockholm: Försvarsmakten. 2015. SELIBR 19513428.","urls":[{"url":"http://chefen.be/onewebmedia/dokument/unibest2015.pdf","url_text":"Reglemente: uniformsbestämmelser 2015 : Unibest FM 2015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SELIBR_(identifier)","url_text":"SELIBR"},{"url":"https://libris.kb.se/bib/19513428","url_text":"19513428"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1836)
Treaty of Washington (1836)
["1 External links"]
1836 treaty between the United States, the Ottawa, and the Chippewa The 1836 treaty ceded the yellow (Royce No. 205) area covering eastern Upper Peninsula and the northwestern Lower Peninsula of Michigan. The Treaty of Washington is a treaty between the United States and representatives of the Ottawa and Chippewa nations of Native Americans. With this treaty, the tribes ceded an area of approximately 13,837,207 acres (55,997 km²) in the northwest portion of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and the eastern portion of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. This area represents approximately 37% of the current land area of the state of Michigan. The treaty was concluded and signed on March 28, 1836 in Washington D.C. by Henry Schoolcraft, Indian Commissioner for the United States and several representatives of the Native American nations, including Odawa leader and interpreter Augustin Hamlin Jr. The treaty was proclaimed on May 27, 1836. The boundaries of the treaty begin at the mouth of the Grand River on the north side and follow the river east until it intersected boundaries described in previous treaties (the 1821 Treaty of Chicago and the 1819 Treaty of Saginaw). This point is in present-day Boston Township, Ionia County between Saranac and Lowell. From this point the boundary ran in a direct line to the headwaters of the Thunder Bay River in Albert Township in the southern portion of Montmorency County between Lewiston and Atlanta. The boundary followed the river to its mouth on Lake Huron and then northeast to the international boundary between the United States and Canada. It followed the international boundary through the St. Mary's River to a point in Lake Superior north of Gitchy Seebing, or the Chocolay River (named as the "Chocolate river" in the treaty) in the northeast corner of Chocolay Township in Marquette County, just southeast of Marquette, Michigan. The boundary followed the river to its headwaters in the northeast corner of Forsyth Township a few miles northeast of Gwinn. The boundary continued in a direct line to the headwaters of the Escanaba River (named as the "Skonawba river of Green bay" in the treaty) and then along the south bank of the river to its mouth north of Escanaba on the Little Bay de Noc. The boundary ran through the shipping channel into Green Bay and then through Lake Michigan to a point west of the mouth of the Grand River and then due east to the starting point. External links Text of the treaty PDF illustrating the area of land ceded in treaty 2000 Consent agreement regarding Great Lakes fishing rights resolving disagreements arising out of implementation of the 1836 treaty The Chippewa Ottawa Resource Authority who manages exercising of rights protected in the 1836 Treaty of Washington.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royce-areas-michigan.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_(people)"},{"link_name":"Chippewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwe"},{"link_name":"Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Lower Peninsula of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Peninsula_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Upper Peninsula of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Peninsula_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Washington D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_D.C."},{"link_name":"Henry Schoolcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Schoolcraft"},{"link_name":"Augustin Hamlin Jr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Augustin_Hamlin_Jr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grand River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_River_(Michigan)"},{"link_name":"1821 Treaty of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1821_Treaty_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Saginaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Saginaw"},{"link_name":"Boston Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Ionia County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionia_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Saranac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saranac,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Lowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Thunder Bay River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunder_Bay_River"},{"link_name":"Albert Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Montmorency County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montmorency_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Lewiston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewiston,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Atlanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Lake Huron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Huron"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Marys_River_(Michigan-Ontario)"},{"link_name":"Lake Superior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Superior"},{"link_name":"Chocolay River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolay_River"},{"link_name":"Chocolay Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chocolay_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Marquette County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquette_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Marquette, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquette,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Forsyth Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forsyth_Township,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Gwinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwinn,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Escanaba River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escanaba_River"},{"link_name":"Escanaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escanaba,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Little Bay de Noc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Bay_de_Noc"},{"link_name":"Green Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bay_(Lake_Michigan)"}],"text":"The 1836 treaty ceded the yellow (Royce No. 205) area covering eastern Upper Peninsula and the northwestern Lower Peninsula of Michigan.The Treaty of Washington is a treaty between the United States and representatives of the Ottawa and Chippewa nations of Native Americans. With this treaty, the tribes ceded an area of approximately 13,837,207 acres (55,997 km²) in the northwest portion of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan and the eastern portion of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. This area represents approximately 37% of the current land area of the state of Michigan.The treaty was concluded and signed on March 28, 1836 in Washington D.C. by Henry Schoolcraft, Indian Commissioner for the United States and several representatives of the Native American nations, including Odawa leader and interpreter Augustin Hamlin Jr. The treaty was proclaimed on May 27, 1836.The boundaries of the treaty begin at the mouth of the Grand River on the north side and follow the river east until it intersected boundaries described in previous treaties (the 1821 Treaty of Chicago and the 1819 Treaty of Saginaw). This point is in present-day Boston Township, Ionia County between Saranac and Lowell. From this point the boundary ran in a direct line to the headwaters of the Thunder Bay River in Albert Township in the southern portion of Montmorency County between Lewiston and Atlanta. The boundary followed the river to its mouth on Lake Huron and then northeast to the international boundary between the United States and Canada. It followed the international boundary through the St. Mary's River to a point in Lake Superior north of Gitchy Seebing, or the Chocolay River (named as the \"Chocolate river\" in the treaty) in the northeast corner of Chocolay Township in Marquette County, just southeast of Marquette, Michigan. The boundary followed the river to its headwaters in the northeast corner of Forsyth Township a few miles northeast of Gwinn. The boundary continued in a direct line to the headwaters of the Escanaba River (named as the \"Skonawba river of Green bay\" in the treaty) and then along the south bank of the river to its mouth north of Escanaba on the Little Bay de Noc. The boundary ran through the shipping channel into Green Bay and then through Lake Michigan to a point west of the mouth of the Grand River and then due east to the starting point.","title":"Treaty of Washington (1836)"}]
[{"image_text":"The 1836 treaty ceded the yellow (Royce No. 205) area covering eastern Upper Peninsula and the northwestern Lower Peninsula of Michigan.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Royce-areas-michigan.jpg/300px-Royce-areas-michigan.jpg"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://dc.library.okstate.edu/digital/collection/kapplers/id/29549/rec/1","external_links_name":"Text of the treaty"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040721143528/http://www.mucc.org/documents/treaty_of_washington_1836.pdf","external_links_name":"PDF illustrating the area of land ceded in treaty"},{"Link":"http://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,1607,7-153-10364-35091--,00.html","external_links_name":"2000 Consent agreement regarding Great Lakes fishing rights resolving disagreements arising out of implementation of the 1836 treaty"},{"Link":"http://www.1836cora.org/","external_links_name":"The Chippewa Ottawa Resource Authority"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Klinger
Tony Klinger
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Publications","4 Media","5 References","6 External links"]
British film producer and director This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information. Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance. (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article may be written from a fan's point of view, rather than a neutral point of view. Please clean it up to conform to a higher standard of quality, and to make it neutral in tone. (December 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Tony Klinger" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tony KlingerBorn (1950-01-29) 29 January 1950 (age 74)Hackney, LondonOccupationWriter, film-maker, international executive, academicWebsitewww.tonydklinger.com Tony Klinger (born 29 January 1950) is a British film-maker, author and media executive. He began his career as Assistant Director on The Avengers in the 1960s, directed several rockumentaries, and headed media companies both in the UK and the USA. Klinger is the son of film producer Michael Klinger, with whom he worked on the film Get Carter (1971), starring Michael Caine. Early life and education Born in Hackney Salvation Army Hospital, Klinger decided at the age of nine that he wanted to be a filmmaker. While in school, Klinger won prizes from sponsored writing competitions and, along with his friends, ran an underground school magazine called Fanfare at his secondary school, Harrow High. At the age of 18, Klinger began developing scripts as well as producing small films. Career 2021 Klinger is presenting, co-producing and co-directing "Dirty, Sexy and Totally Iconic" celebrating the 50th anniversary of his father's film, "Get Carter.". He is working with Rob Fairhurst, Wayne Roberts and the team at AR Media in Northampton. He is also a founding partner in the new vintage radio station, "Classic Drama Radio" www.classicdramaradio.co.uk - Klinger, with colleagues Sen Monro and Paul Greenwood, recently formed Gripping Yarns Films Ltd. to produce films "Sweet Dreams", "Deepak Calhoun" and "Crooners". 2022 will see his new novel, "Alsatia- The Search for Treasure" and his reference book, "How to Get Your Movie Made by Someone Who Knows" will be published. In 2020 www.gonzopublishers.com published the second editions of "The Butterfly Boy" and "The Who and I", which was formerly entitled "Twilight of the Gods" while also being the home for his other novel, "Under God's Table". For further information about Tony's work both present and future his agent is Evelynne Ralph-Larner M: +44(0)7752 608691 e-mail [email protected] www.esrlag.com During 2019 Tony produced and directed the documentary film, "Solo2Darwin" with Paul Martin and also served as Executive Producer on another feature-length documentary "Sisters". and he launched Tony Klinger Coaching. www.tonyklingercoaching.com Tony Klinger was awarded The Lifetime Achievement Award at the Romford Film Festival on 28 May 2018. His film about his late father, "The Man Who Got Carter" is to premiere on 3 November. 2018. Tony Klinger is now also a public speaker giving talks, speeches or lectures on a variety of themes. Klinger launched his new company "GGG" a film making fun opportunity for all sections of society who want a quick film making opportunity and "Give-Get-Go" a Community Outreach Project to facilitate training, education and fun for all sections of society who want to have film making experiences of every type. Klinger's novel, "Under God's Table" was published in May 2017. His play, "A Tired Heart & The Big C" premiered in 2015 He has worked in a variety of media roles, including diverse positions in television as an Assistant Director, and then editor, straight through to increasingly senior production roles on action-adventure films such as Gold (1974) and Shout at the Devil (1976). Klinger also made rock films, documenting Deep Purple "Deep Purple Riser Over Japan" and "The Butterfly Ball" and The Who, including The Kids Are Alright (1979). Klinger's book, Twilight of the Gods, recalling the making of the film The Kids Are Alright, was published in 2009–10. Klinger was appointed Chief Judge for the H.E. Bates Short Story Competition for 2017–2018. In 2010, Klinger launched bCreative, a social networking website for those who wish to work in the creative arts. 2008 saw Klinger premiere his film Full Circle. Until the end of 2006, Klinger was Chief Executive of production-company, agency, and content creators, TLMH. Klinger has also served as a lecturer for their undergraduate programmes and Course Director for the Kickstart course which he had created and was Course Leader for the MA Film Production and BA Foundation Degree courses at the Northern Film Schools, and was The Director of the Media Production Centre at the University of East London. In 2012 Klinger directed music videos for Honest John Plain featuring The Pretenders, Hanoi Rocks and Mott the Hoople amongst others. He also shot all the material for the upcoming psychic stars, Hide & Peel who are soon to hit the circuit in both the United States and UK. Completing his novels Noah's Table and The Butterfly Boy. His documentary film, Mister Producer about his late father, Michael Klinger was screened in 2011. Klinger has served on international boards, such as his tenure as National Secretary of The Association of Media Practice Educators (AMPE) and The Audition for Hollywood Company. He has also run Film Production courses at the UK's renowned Bournemouth Film School and Northern Film Schools and was Director of the Media Production Centre at the University of East London. He co-founded the Screen Commission Northants and served as Patron of The UK Film School Charity and the NEL Creative and Cultural Strategy Board for where he represented the Digital and Creative Sectors. Klinger founded www.give-get-go.com in 2016. Klinger went on to serve as company President or Chief Executive for several media production, sales and distribution companies both in the UK and USA, including Avton Communications & Entertainment Inc., Small Giant Media Ltd. and Production TLMH Ltd. Publications 2020 The Butterfly Boy (second edition including new material) 2018 "The Who and I" - The second edition with updates of "Twilight of the Gods" 2017 "Under God's Table" – Writer – May 2017 2011 "The Butterfly Boy" – A novel published early 2013 2013 2009 "Twilight of the Gods" A book about making the film "The Kids are Alright" with The Who rock group. first published in hardback in 2009 Media In progress "Solo2Darwin" "Sisters" In post The Man Who Got Carter: a feature documentary (director, writer) about the life and work of British Film producer, Michael Klinger, who made films such as Get Carter. 2017 Never Listen To Rumours; three music videos & a documentary featuring John Plain for Cubit Records, London. Hide & Peel; showreel. 2011 The Man Who Got Carter: a documentary about the life and work of the British Film producer, Michael Klinger, who made films such as Get Carter. 2009 Twilight of the Gods a book written by Klinger about his making the Who movie, The Kids are Alright. Full Circle; feature-length documentary (co-producer and director) by Tony Klinger and Arnon Manor. 2008 Full Circle: feature-length documentary (co-producer and director) by Tony Klinger and Arnon Manor – released. Screenplays: Closed Circuit, and 4Kicks in production 2012–13. Death and Taxes. 1999 Short films: Wolf in an Arran Sweater; Toy; Justified Technophone; Fish Supper; Dunroamin (executive producer). 1998 Oceans documentary for Canadian TV (directed London section). Make Your Mark (series of 3), TV (executive producer). 1997 Bournemouth Town Centre, documentary (executive producer). 1994–95 President of Production at 'start-ups' of TECC and GPTV: responsible for formatting all production plans. Media consultant for various overseas financial institutions. 1993 Screenplays: Silent Footsteps, and Masterpiece developed for international film and television. 1990 TV feature documentary Angels on Horseback for Sky TV (executive producer). 1999 Make the Grade (series of 6), with Longman Books for Entertainment UK (executive producer). 1998 Make Your Mark (series of 4) for video sell through (executive producer). 1987 You Can (series of 9), TV ( executive producer). 1986 Starsigns (series of 12), TV (director/producer). 1986–1996 Formed AVTON, an American PLC, which made a wide range of film, television and video production. 1985 Electric Sound Sandwich, music video, (producer/director/writer). Promo Man, music video (director/writer). 1984 Rock of Ages, music video (director/writer). 1983 Galway Plays Mancini, TV/music video (director/writer). 1981 Riding High, feature film, (producer). The Kids Are Alright, music video/documentary with The Who (producer/co-writer). Electric Sky, music video (director). 1978 Nobody's Business, music video (director). 1977 One of the Boys, music video (producer/director). 1976 Shout at the Devil, feature film with Roger Moore and Lee Marvin (line producer) The Making of a Giant, documentary (producer/director). Butterfly Ball, feature film with Deep Purple, Twiggy and Vincent Price (producer/director/writer). 1975 Deep Purple Rises Over Japan, music video, TV (director/producer). 1974 Gold, feature film with Roger Moore (assistant producer). Rachel's Man dir. Moshe Mizrahi (line producer) 1973 Barcelona Kill UK, feature film (associate producer). 1970–72 Extremes, co-producer, director, writer: a feature-length documentary about youth drug addiction. Won Outstanding Picture of the Year Award from the London Film Festival. 1971 The Last Crop, documentary (London Director). 1968 Co-produced, directed and wrote Mr J, a documentary. 1969 Co-produced, directed and wrote The Festival Game, documentary on the Cannes Film Festival which remains one of the most widely released documentary films in the history of British Cinema. 1966–67 Assistant Director on The Avengers television series. Unit Manager making specialised films for the British Ministry of Defence. Production Assistant for Sportsweek segments (ATV). Freelance work as assistant editor BBC. References ^ Rowland, Paul. "The man who got Carter". presently in production. ^ a b c d Round, Simon. "Interview: Tony Klinger", Jewish Chronicle, 14 July 2011. ^ a b Interview with Tony Klinger "The Concierge Questionnaire", 1 March 2012. ^ "Home". gonzopublishers.com. ^ amandajharrison.com ^ 4barCollective ^ Romford Film Foundation, Romford Film Festival ^ Premier Cinemas, Romford ^ ChampionsUK ^ "Home". give-get-go.com. ^ Gonzo Media ^ The Castle Theatre, Wellingborough ^ bCreative launches "the bCreative directory September Launch". 3 September 2010. ^ PRNewswire "Twilight of the Gods: My Adventures With The Who". 1 August 2009. ^ Klinger Being Creative "Qualifications". 21 October 2008 ^ IMDB Resume "Resume of Tony Klinger" ^ published by Gonzo Media, June 2018 ^ published by Gonzo Media ^ published by AUK Ltd. ^ John Blake Publishing Ltd. External links Tony Klinger at IMDb Official website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany United States
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He began his career as Assistant Director on The Avengers in the 1960s,[1] directed several rockumentaries, and headed media companies both in the UK and the USA.Klinger is the son of film producer Michael Klinger, with whom he worked on the film Get Carter (1971), starring Michael Caine.[2]","title":"Tony Klinger"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jc-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcq-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcq-3"}],"text":"Born in Hackney Salvation Army Hospital, Klinger decided at the age of nine that he wanted to be a filmmaker.[2] While in school, Klinger won prizes from sponsored writing competitions and, along with his friends, ran an underground school magazine called Fanfare at his secondary school, Harrow High.[3] At the age of 18, Klinger began developing scripts as well as producing small films.[3]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_(1974_film)"},{"link_name":"Shout at the Devil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shout_at_the_Devil_(film)"},{"link_name":"Deep Purple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_Purple"},{"link_name":"The Who","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Who"},{"link_name":"The Kids Are Alright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kids_Are_Alright_(1979_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jc-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Full Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Circle_(2008_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jc-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The Pretenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pretenders"},{"link_name":"Hanoi Rocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi_Rocks"},{"link_name":"Mott the Hoople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mott_the_Hoople"},{"link_name":"Michael Klinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Klinger_(producer)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Bournemouth Film School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_University_Bournemouth"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"2021 Klinger is presenting, co-producing and co-directing \"Dirty, Sexy and Totally Iconic\" celebrating the 50th anniversary of his father's film, \"Get Carter.\". He is working with Rob Fairhurst, Wayne Roberts and the team at AR Media in Northampton. He is also a founding partner in the new vintage radio station, \"Classic Drama Radio\" www.classicdramaradio.co.uk - Klinger, with colleagues Sen Monro and Paul Greenwood, recently formed Gripping Yarns Films Ltd. to produce films \"Sweet Dreams\", \"Deepak Calhoun\" and \"Crooners\".2022 will see his new novel, \"Alsatia- The Search for Treasure\" and his reference book, \"How to Get Your Movie Made by Someone Who Knows\" will be published. \nIn 2020 www.gonzopublishers.com [4] published the second editions of \"The Butterfly Boy\" and \"The Who and I\", which was formerly entitled \"Twilight of the Gods\" while also being the home for his other novel, \"Under God's Table\". For further information about Tony's work both present and future his agent is Evelynne Ralph-Larner M: +44(0)7752 608691 e-mail [email protected] www.esrlag.comDuring 2019 Tony produced and directed the documentary film, \"Solo2Darwin\" [5] with Paul Martin and also served as Executive Producer on another feature-length documentary \"Sisters\".[6] and he launched Tony Klinger Coaching. www.tonyklingercoaching.comTony Klinger was awarded The Lifetime Achievement Award at the Romford Film Festival on 28 May 2018.[7] His film about his late father, \"The Man Who Got Carter\" is to premiere on 3 November. 2018.[8]Tony Klinger is now also a public speaker giving talks, speeches or lectures on a variety of themes.[9]Klinger launched his new company \"GGG\" a film making fun opportunity for all sections of society who want a quick film making opportunity and \"Give-Get-Go\" a Community Outreach Project [10] to facilitate training, education and fun for all sections of society who want to have film making experiences of every type.Klinger's novel, \"Under God's Table\" was published in May 2017.[11] His play, \"A Tired Heart & The Big C\" premiered in 2015 [12]He has worked in a variety of media roles, including diverse positions in television as an Assistant Director, and then editor, straight through to increasingly senior production roles on action-adventure films such as Gold (1974) and Shout at the Devil (1976). Klinger also made rock films, documenting Deep Purple \"Deep Purple Riser Over Japan\" and \"The Butterfly Ball\" and The Who, including The Kids Are Alright (1979). Klinger's book, Twilight of the Gods, recalling the making of the film The Kids Are Alright, was published in 2009–10.[2] Klinger was appointed Chief Judge for the H.E. Bates Short Story Competition for 2017–2018.In 2010, Klinger launched bCreative,[13] a social networking website for those who wish to work in the creative arts.2008 saw Klinger premiere his film Full Circle.[2]Until the end of 2006, Klinger was Chief Executive of production-company, agency, and content creators, TLMH.Klinger has also served as a lecturer for their undergraduate programmes and Course Director for the Kickstart course which he had created and was Course Leader for the MA Film Production and BA Foundation Degree courses at the Northern Film Schools, and was The Director of the Media Production Centre[14] at the University of East London.In 2012 Klinger directed music videos for Honest John Plain featuring The Pretenders, Hanoi Rocks and Mott the Hoople amongst others. He also shot all the material for the upcoming psychic stars, Hide & Peel who are soon to hit the circuit in both the United States and UK. Completing his novels Noah's Table and The Butterfly Boy. His documentary film, Mister Producer about his late father, Michael Klinger was screened in 2011.Klinger has served on international boards, such as his tenure as National Secretary of The Association of Media Practice Educators[15] (AMPE) and The Audition for Hollywood Company. He has also run Film Production courses at the UK's renowned Bournemouth Film School and Northern Film Schools and was Director of the Media Production Centre at the University of East London. He co-founded the Screen Commission Northants and served as Patron of The UK Film School Charity and the NEL Creative and Cultural Strategy Board for where he represented the Digital and Creative Sectors.Klinger founded www.give-get-go.com in 2016.Klinger went on to serve as company President or Chief Executive for several media production, sales and distribution companies both in the UK and USA, including Avton Communications & Entertainment Inc.,[16] Small Giant Media Ltd. and Production TLMH Ltd.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"2020 \nThe Butterfly Boy (second edition including new material)","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Media"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Vartanov
Mikhail Vartanov
["1 Early career","2 Friendship with Sergei Parajanov and the blacklist","3 Cinematographer","4 Essayist","5 Later career and death","6 Legacy","7 Quotes","8 Quotes about Vartanov","9 Awards and honors","10 Filmography","11 References","12 Selected bibliography","12.1 English language sources","12.2 Foreign language sources","13 External links"]
Mikhail VartanovМихаил ВартановՄիքայել ՎարդանովBorn(1937-02-21)February 21, 1937Russian SFSR, Soviet UnionDiedDecember 29, 2009(2009-12-29) (aged 72)Los Angeles, California, U.SOccupation(s)Director, cinematographer, screenwriter, art criticNotable workParajanov: The Last SpringWebsitehttps://www.parajanov.com Mikhail Vartanov (Armenian: Միքայել Վարդանով, February 21, 1937 – December 29, 2009) was an Armenian filmmaker and cinematographer who made significant contribution to world cinema with the documentary films Parajanov: The Last Spring and Seasons. He is considered an important cinematographer and documentarian of his generation, noted for artistic collaborations with Sergei Parajanov and such influential documentary films as Parajanov: The Last Spring, The Seasons (directed by Artavazd Peleshyan), The Color of Armenian Land, and a series of essays including The Unmailed Letters. Early career Vartanov's debut film, The Color of Armenian Land, marked the beginning of his trademark style, afterwards dubbed as the "direction of undirected action." This documentary, featuring a stylized silent commentary by painter Martiros Saryan, also featured Vartanov's friends, the dissident artists Minas Avetisyan and Sergei Parajanov. The film was censored in the Soviet Union; leading up to Avetisyan's assassination and Parajanov's imprisonment shortly after. Friendship with Sergei Parajanov and the blacklist Mikhail Vartanov had a close relationship with imprisoned director Sergei Parajanov. He was first acquainted with Parajanov's work in 1964, having watched the latter's film Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors and the test footage of the unfinished Kiev Frescoes as a student at Moscow’s Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography. Their lifelong friendship began after they met for the first time in 1967, in Armenia, and discussed the screenplay of The Color of Pomegranates (also known as Sayat Nova). Vartanov's next film Autumn Pastoral—written by Artavazd Peleshyan and scored by composer Tigran Mansurian—was shelved. After Sergei Parajanov was arrested in Kiev in 1973, Vartanov immediately protested to the Prosecutor General of Ukraine. The recently declassified document proved that it was that letter in support of Parajanov that prompted the intensified harassment that Vartanov endured, and his subsequent firing from the Armenfilm Studios 4 months after Paradjanov's imprisonment. In a letter from prison, Parajanov wrote to Vartanov: "You and your purity are colliding with circumstances and predators… That's life." Cinematographer Peleshyan and Gennadi Melkonian petitioned the Soviet Russian and Armenian authorities to work with Vartanov, who was by this time blacklisted and unemployed, and he was eventually allowed to participate as a cinematographer in two essay films: The Seasons (also translated as The Seasons of the Year, 1975) and The Mulberry Tree (1979). Essayist After a 9-year absence from directing, Vartanov was asked to save a troubled project, The Roots (1983) which he later wrote was "the best film made in Armenia that year." During this period he also worked as a university professor of cinema and photography, while publishing his writings. They appeared in several languages, including French, in Cahiers du cinéma. Later career and death For over 20 years, Vartanov's films had been largely suppressed, unmentioned by press, or blocked from submission to foreign film festivals. In a letter to the imprisoned Parajanov, Vartanov wrote, quoting his favorite poet Boris Pasternak: "the time will come and the power of meanness and malice would be overcome by the spirit of kindness." Parajanov responded to Vartanov: "Dear Misha, I received your amazing letter... Never have you been more accurate in evaluating the world and expressing yourself...". Mikhail Vartanov's last documentary trilogy consisted of Erased Faces (1987), Minas: A Requiem (1989), and the influential film Parajanov: The Last Spring (1992) made in a war-torn, blockaded Armenia during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. Vartanov died in Hollywood on December 29, 2009. Legacy Parajanov-Vartanov Institute was established in Hollywood in 2010 to study, preserve and promote the artistic legacies of Sergei Parajanov and Mikhail Vartanov. Quotes "In our land, the government manufactures the biography of the Artist. It honors and awards one, for nothing, and it dishonors and imprisons the other -- a wise government -- it desires to turn both into obedient slaves." "Probably, besides the film language suggested by Griffith and Eisenstein, the world cinema has not discovered anything revolutionarily new until the 'Color of Pomegranates,' not counting the generally unaccepted language of the 'Andalusian Dog' by Bunuel." Quotes about Vartanov Vartanov's film Parajanov: The Last Spring exemplifies the power of art over any limitations." (Francis Ford Coppola) "Vartanov Brother and friend in arts and in soil... Dear, beloved, rare and wonderful. Perhaps, you're the only friend, who compels me to live... You possess everything an artist needs -- mind, kindness, principles, freedom. Create... That's your mission." (Sergei Parajanov, 1974) "Vartanov - the Eyemoman " (William Saroyan, 1978) "My dear friend If you like the screenplay (Desert), together we could make a masterpiece " (Artavazd Peleshyan, 1980s) "On January 9, came Vartanov Parajanov's most devoted man an amazing man gave an amazing speech " (Gayane Khachatryan, 1990) "Vartanov's film Excited and filled me with strength " (Tonino Guerra, 1993) "Vartanov was an amazing intellectual, perhaps one of the last " (Yuri Mechitov, 2010) "Misha Vartanov One of the most principled and righteous men I have ever met " (Roman Balayan, 2010) "We have to ensure that the work of seminal artists like Mikhail Vartanov is preserved, promoted and accessible to the widest possible audience. His films, made against all odds and under the harshest conditions, are crucial to the important heritage of world cinema." (Agnieszka Holland) "Vartanov made a wonderful film Parajanov: The Last Spring " (Martin Scorsese) Awards and honors Golden Antelope Award (for diploma film, The Monologue of the Mask) Dakar, 1965. Cinematographer of the Year (for The Song of Eternity), USSR Film Festival, 1973 Russian Academy of Cinema Arts Award (for Parajanov: The Last Spring), Moscow, 1993 Golden Gate Award (for Parajanov: The Last Spring), San Francisco International Film Festival, 1995 Golden Palm Award (for Parajanov: The Last Spring), Beverly Hills Film Festival, 2003 A film retrospective and an art exhibition, Busan International Film Festival, Korea, 2012 A film retrospective at the Copenhagen Cinematheque, Denmark, 2020 Filmography Year English title Original title Romanization Notes 1969 The Color of Armenian Land (in Russian) Цвет Армянской Земли Tsvet armyanskoy zemli Banned debut film. Behind the scenes of Sergei Paradjanov's Color of Pomegrantes. Documentary trilogy, part I. 1971 Autumn Pastoral (in Russian) Осенчяя пастораль Osenn'yaya pastoral' Written by Artavazd Peleshian. Shelved. 1972 And So Every Day (in Russian) И так каждый день I tak kazhdiy dyen' Scored by Tigran Mansurian. Vartanov narrates for the first time. Black & white. Shelved. 1974 Kadjaran (in Russian) Каджаран Kajaran' Unfinished. Vartanov fired. 1975 (cinematographer) Seasons of the Year (in Russian) Bремена Года Vremena Goda' Directed by Artavazd Peleshian, lensed by Vartanov. 1979 (cinematographer) The Mulberry Tree (in Russian) Шелковица Shelkovitsa' Directed by Gennadi Melkonian, lensed by Vartanov. 1984 Roots (in Russian) Корни Korni' First directing work in 10 years. A project deemed unfilmable by all filmmakers at Armenfilm (Armenia) 1987 Erased Faces (in Armenian) Ջնջվաց դեմքեր Jenjevatz demker' 1989 Minas: A Requiem (in Armenian) Մինաս. ռեկվիէմ Minas. rekviem' Documentary trilogy, part II 1992 Paradjanov: The Last Spring (in English) Parajanov: The Confession Documentary trilogy, part III References ^ Francis Ford Coppola on Mikhail Vartanov ^ International Documentary Festival Amsterdam Top 10 ^ British Film Institute Greatest Documentaries ^ Martin Scorsese on Vartanov ^ Letters of Sergei Parajanov to Mikhail Vartanov ^ Letters of Mikhail Vartanov to Sergei Parajanov ^ Letters ^ Parajanov-Vartanov Institute ^ Mikhail Vartanov quotes on Parajanov.com ^ Mikhail Vartanov on Sergei Parajanov ^ Francis Ford Coppola on Mikhail Vartanov Archived 2015-04-24 at the Wayback Machine ^ Hollywood Reporter Mikhail Vartanov ^ Saroyan nicknamed Vartanov the Eyemoman after the early 20th century movie camera Eyemo ^ Agnieszka Holland on Mikhail Vartanov Archived 2015-04-24 at the Wayback Machine ^ Danish Film Institute ^ Parajanov-Vartanov Institute Selected bibliography English language sources Dixon, Wheeler & Foster, Gwendolyn. "A Short History of Film." New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2008. ISBN 9780813542690 Rollberg, Peter. "Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema." Scarecrow Press, 2008. ISBN 9780810860728 Schneider, Steven Jay. "501 Movie Directors." London: Hachette/Cassell, 2007. ISBN 9781844035731 "Francis Ford Coppola Recognizes…" Hollywood Reporter (20 October 2015) Thomas, Kevin. "Intoxicating spirit." "Los Angeles Times" (1 January 2004) Kaplan, Ilyse. "Beverly Hills Film Festival." Variety, (7 April 2011) Foreign language sources Abramov, G. "Ancient art, alive forever" Pravda newspaper, Moscow, 20 April 1966 "Il Cinema Delle Repubbliche Transcaucasiche Sovietiche." Venice, Italy: Marsilio Editori, 1986. (Italian language) ISBN 8831748947 "Les Cimes du Monde." Cahiers du Cinéma" no. 381 (1986), 42-47 (French language) ISSN 0757-8075 Krukova, A. "Russian Oscars were awarded in Moscow" Independent Newspaper, Moscow, 21 December 1992 Badasian, V. " "Approaching spirituality" Republic of Armenia newspaper, 25 June 1993 Perreault, Luc. "Paradjanov - The Last Spring" La Presse, a12, 14 Juin 1994 (French language) Tremblay, Odile. "L'empire du pape du pop" Le Devoir, b8, 14 Juin 1994 (French language) Stolina, G. "Larger than legends" Panorama newspaper, Hollywood, 14 January 2004 Egiazarian, R. "Mishel Vartanov from former USSR" Novoye Vremya newspaper, Yerevan, 4 June 2005 "Director Martin Scorsese accepts 2014 Parajanov-Vartanov Institute Award" California Courier, Los Angeles, p1, 13 October 2014 Schneider, Steven Jay. "501 Directores de Cine." Barcelona, Spain: Grijalbo, 2008. (Spanish language) ISBN 9788425342646 External links Mikhail Vartanov Parajanov.com Hollywood Reporter Francis Ford Coppola on Vartanov Deadline Mikhail Vartanov at IMDb Condestable Palace exhibition, Spain Variety IDFA International Documentary Festival Amsterdam Busan International Film Festival Memories of an actress Memories of Marco Mueller Actress Topchyan on Parajanov and Vartanov LA Weekly 2011 LA Weekly 2019 Hollywood Reporter Screen International FIPRESCI Channel 1 Moscow - This is Cinema TV Show on Sergei Parajanov and Mikhail Vartanov Facebook Twitter Instagram Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Parajanov: The Last Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parajanov:_The_Last_Spring"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sergei Parajanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Parajanov"},{"link_name":"Parajanov: The Last Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parajanov:_The_Last_Spring"},{"link_name":"Artavazd Peleshyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artavazd_Peleshyan"}],"text":"Mikhail Vartanov (Armenian: Միքայել Վարդանով, February 21, 1937 – December 29, 2009) was an Armenian filmmaker and cinematographer who made significant contribution to world cinema with the documentary films Parajanov: The Last Spring and Seasons.[1][2][3][4]He is considered an important cinematographer and documentarian of his generation, noted for artistic collaborations with Sergei Parajanov and such influential documentary films as Parajanov: The Last Spring, The Seasons (directed by Artavazd Peleshyan), The Color of Armenian Land, and a series of essays including The Unmailed Letters.","title":"Mikhail Vartanov"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martiros Saryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martiros_Saryan"},{"link_name":"Minas Avetisyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minas_Avetisyan"},{"link_name":"Sergei Parajanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Parajanov"}],"text":"Vartanov's debut film, The Color of Armenian Land, marked the beginning of his trademark style, afterwards dubbed as the \"direction of undirected action.\" This documentary, featuring a stylized silent commentary by painter Martiros Saryan, also featured Vartanov's friends, the dissident artists Minas Avetisyan and Sergei Parajanov. The film was censored in the Soviet Union; leading up to Avetisyan's assassination and Parajanov's imprisonment shortly after.","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sergei Parajanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Parajanov"},{"link_name":"Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadows_of_Forgotten_Ancestors"},{"link_name":"Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerasimov_Institute_of_Cinematography"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"The Color of Pomegranates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Color_of_Pomegranates"},{"link_name":"Artavazd Peleshyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artavazd_Peleshyan"},{"link_name":"Tigran Mansurian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigran_Mansurian"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Armenfilm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenfilm"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Mikhail Vartanov had a close relationship with imprisoned director Sergei Parajanov. He was first acquainted with Parajanov's work in 1964, having watched the latter's film Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors and the test footage of the unfinished Kiev Frescoes as a student at Moscow’s Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography. Their lifelong friendship began after they met for the first time in 1967, in Armenia, and discussed the screenplay of The Color of Pomegranates (also known as Sayat Nova).Vartanov's next film Autumn Pastoral—written by Artavazd Peleshyan and scored by composer Tigran Mansurian—was shelved. After Sergei Parajanov was arrested in Kiev in 1973, Vartanov immediately protested to the Prosecutor General of Ukraine. The recently declassified document proved that it was that letter in support of Parajanov that prompted the intensified harassment that Vartanov endured, and his subsequent firing from the Armenfilm Studios 4 months after Paradjanov's imprisonment. In a letter from prison, Parajanov wrote to Vartanov: \"You and your purity are colliding with circumstances and predators… That's life.\"[5]","title":"Friendship with Sergei Parajanov and the blacklist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cinematographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinematographer"},{"link_name":"essay films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essay#Film"},{"link_name":"The Seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasons_of_the_Year"}],"text":"Peleshyan and Gennadi Melkonian petitioned the Soviet Russian and Armenian authorities to work with Vartanov, who was by this time blacklisted and unemployed, and he was eventually allowed to participate as a cinematographer in two essay films: The Seasons (also translated as The Seasons of the Year, 1975) and The Mulberry Tree (1979).","title":"Cinematographer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cahiers du cinéma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahiers_du_cin%C3%A9ma"}],"text":"After a 9-year absence from directing, Vartanov was asked to save a troubled project, The Roots (1983) which he later wrote was \"the best film made in Armenia that year.\" During this period he also worked as a university professor of cinema and photography, while publishing his writings. They appeared in several languages, including French, in Cahiers du cinéma.","title":"Essayist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boris Pasternak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Pasternak"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Parajanov: The Last Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parajanov:_The_Last_Spring"},{"link_name":"First Nagorno-Karabakh War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles"}],"text":"For over 20 years, Vartanov's films had been largely suppressed, unmentioned by press, or blocked from submission to foreign film festivals. In a letter to the imprisoned Parajanov, Vartanov wrote, quoting his favorite poet Boris Pasternak: \"the time will come and the power of meanness and malice would be overcome by the spirit of kindness.\"[6] Parajanov responded to Vartanov: \"Dear Misha, I received your amazing letter... Never have you been more accurate in evaluating the world and expressing yourself...\".[7]Mikhail Vartanov's last documentary trilogy consisted of Erased Faces (1987), Minas: A Requiem (1989), and the influential film Parajanov: The Last Spring (1992) made in a war-torn, blockaded Armenia during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.Vartanov died in Hollywood on December 29, 2009.","title":"Later career and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parajanov-Vartanov Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parajanov-Vartanov_Institute"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Parajanov-Vartanov Institute was established in Hollywood in 2010 to study, preserve and promote the artistic legacies of Sergei Parajanov and Mikhail Vartanov.[8]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"\"In our land, the government manufactures the biography of the Artist. It honors and awards one, for nothing, and it dishonors and imprisons the other -- a wise government -- it desires to turn both into obedient slaves.\"[9]\"Probably, besides the film language suggested by Griffith and Eisenstein, the world cinema has not discovered anything revolutionarily new until the 'Color of Pomegranates,' not counting the generally unaccepted language of the 'Andalusian Dog' by Bunuel.\"[10]","title":"Quotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis Ford Coppola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Sergei Parajanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Parajanov"},{"link_name":"William Saroyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Saroyan"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Tonino Guerra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonino_Guerra"},{"link_name":"Agnieszka Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnieszka_Holland"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Martin Scorsese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Scorsese"}],"text":"Vartanov's film Parajanov: The Last Spring [...] exemplifies the power of art over any limitations.\" (Francis Ford Coppola)[11][12] \n\"Vartanov [...] Brother and friend in arts and in soil... Dear, beloved, rare and wonderful. Perhaps, you're the only friend, who compels me to live... You possess everything an artist needs -- mind, kindness, principles, freedom. Create... That's your mission.\" (Sergei Parajanov, 1974)\n\"Vartanov - the Eyemoman [...]\" (William Saroyan, 1978)[13]\n\"My dear friend [...] If you like the screenplay (Desert), together we could make a masterpiece [...]\" (Artavazd Peleshyan, 1980s)\n\"On January 9, came Vartanov [...] Parajanov's most devoted man [...] an amazing man [...] gave an amazing speech [...]\" (Gayane Khachatryan, 1990)\n\"Vartanov's film [...] Excited and filled me with strength [...]\" (Tonino Guerra, 1993)\n\"Vartanov was an amazing intellectual, perhaps one of the last [...]\" (Yuri Mechitov, 2010)\n\"Misha Vartanov [...] One of the most principled and righteous men I have ever met [...]\" (Roman Balayan, 2010)\n\"We have to ensure that the work of seminal artists like Mikhail Vartanov is preserved, promoted and accessible to the widest possible audience. His films, made against all odds and under the harshest conditions, are crucial to the important heritage of world cinema.\" (Agnieszka Holland)[14]\n\"Vartanov made a wonderful film Parajanov: The Last Spring [...]\" (Martin Scorsese)","title":"Quotes about Vartanov"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Golden Antelope Award (for diploma film, The Monologue of the Mask) Dakar, 1965.\nCinematographer of the Year (for The Song of Eternity), USSR Film Festival, 1973\nRussian Academy of Cinema Arts Award (for Parajanov: The Last Spring), Moscow, 1993\nGolden Gate Award (for Parajanov: The Last Spring), San Francisco International Film Festival, 1995\nGolden Palm Award (for Parajanov: The Last Spring), Beverly Hills Film Festival, 2003\nA film retrospective and an art exhibition, Busan International Film Festival, Korea, 2012\nA film retrospective at the Copenhagen Cinematheque, Denmark, 2020 [15][16]","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780813542690","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813542690"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780810860728","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810860728"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781844035731","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844035731"}],"sub_title":"English language sources","text":"Dixon, Wheeler & Foster, Gwendolyn. \"A Short History of Film.\" New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2008. ISBN 9780813542690\nRollberg, Peter. \"Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema.\" Scarecrow Press, 2008. ISBN 9780810860728\nSchneider, Steven Jay. \"501 Movie Directors.\" London: Hachette/Cassell, 2007. ISBN 9781844035731\n\"Francis Ford Coppola Recognizes…\" Hollywood Reporter (20 October 2015)\nThomas, Kevin. \"Intoxicating spirit.\" \"Los Angeles Times\" (1 January 2004)\nKaplan, Ilyse. \"Beverly Hills Film Festival.\" Variety, (7 April 2011)","title":"Selected bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8831748947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8831748947"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0757-8075","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0757-8075"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788425342646","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788425342646"}],"sub_title":"Foreign language sources","text":"Abramov, G. \"Ancient art, alive forever\" Pravda newspaper, Moscow, 20 April 1966\n\"Il Cinema Delle Repubbliche Transcaucasiche Sovietiche.\" Venice, Italy: Marsilio Editori, 1986. (Italian language) ISBN 8831748947\n\"Les Cimes du Monde.\" Cahiers du Cinéma\" no. 381 (1986), 42-47 (French language) ISSN 0757-8075\nKrukova, A. \"Russian Oscars were awarded in Moscow\" Independent Newspaper, Moscow, 21 December 1992\nBadasian, V. \" \"Approaching spirituality\" Republic of Armenia newspaper, 25 June 1993\nPerreault, Luc. \"Paradjanov - The Last Spring\" La Presse, a12, 14 Juin 1994 (French language)\nTremblay, Odile. \"L'empire du pape du pop\" Le Devoir, b8, 14 Juin 1994 (French language)\nStolina, G. \"Larger than legends\" Panorama newspaper, Hollywood, 14 January 2004\nEgiazarian, R. \"Mishel Vartanov from former USSR\" Novoye Vremya newspaper, Yerevan, 4 June 2005\n\"Director Martin Scorsese accepts 2014 Parajanov-Vartanov Institute Award\" California Courier, Los Angeles, p1, 13 October 2014\nSchneider, Steven Jay. \"501 Directores de Cine.\" Barcelona, Spain: Grijalbo, 2008. (Spanish language) ISBN 9788425342646","title":"Selected bibliography"}]
[]
null
[]
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This is Cinema TV Show on Sergei Parajanov and Mikhail Vartanov"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/parajanov","external_links_name":"Facebook"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/parajanov","external_links_name":"Twitter"},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/parajanov","external_links_name":"Instagram"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000356990392","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/192949170","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/123987555","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entente_Melun-Fontainebleau_77
Entente Melun-Fontainebleau 77
["1 Notable players","2 References"]
Football club in Melun and Fontainebleau, France Football clubMelun-FontainebleauFull nameEntente Melun-Fontainebleau 77Short nameEntente MF77Founded1987Dissolved1988 Entente Melun-Fontainebleau 77 was a football club located in the towns of Melun and Fontainebleau, France. It was founded in 1987 as a result of a merger between CS Fontainebleau and US Melun, but the club split in 1988. CS Fontainebleau returned to their former name, while US Melun merged with Dammarie-lès-Lys to create Sporting Melun-Dammarie 77. The club played only one season, during which it competed in the Division 2. The team finished in the relegation zone. In the Coupe de France, they were eliminated in the round of 64, having lost 2–1 to Division 3 club Évreux. Notable players Győző Burcsa Lilian Thuram References ^ "Présentation du club" . RCP Fontainebleau (in French). Retrieved 9 May 2021. ^ "RCP Fontainebleau". Stat Football Club France (in French). Retrieved 7 May 2021. ^ "FC Melun". Stat Football Club France (in French). Retrieved 7 May 2021. ^ "Le top 10 des équipes qui ont marqué l'histoire" . Le Parisien (in French). 4 March 2010. Retrieved 7 May 2021. ^ "Football - Melun-Fontainebleau". LesSports.info (in French). Retrieved 8 May 2021. vteLigue 2 clubs2024–25 clubs Ajaccio Amiens Annecy Bastia Bordeaux Caen Clermont Dunkerque Grenoble Guingamp Laval Lorient Martigues Metz Paris FC Pau Red Star Rodez Former clubs Abbeville Aix-en-Provence Alès Ancenis Angers Angoulême Antibes Arles-Avignon Auxerre Avignon CA Bastia Beauvais Besançon Béziers Blénod Blois Brest Boulogne Bourg-en-Bresse Bourges Calais Cambrai Cannes Cercle Dijon Chambly Charleville Châteauroux Châtellerault Chaumont Cherbourg Cholet Club Français Colmar Concarneau Corbeil-Essonnes Creil Créteil Dijon Douai Épinal Entente BFN Évian Évreux Excelsior Fives Fontainebleau Forbach GSC Marseille Gazélec Ajaccio Gueugnon Haguenau Hazebrouck Hyères Istres La Ciotat La Roche-sur-Yon La Rochelle Le Havre Le Mans Lens Le Puy Foot Le Touquet Libourne-Saint-Seurin Lille Olympique Lillois Limoges Foot Longwy Louhans-Cuiseaux Lucé Lyon Lyon OU Malakoff Mantes Marignane Marseille Melun Melun-Fontainebleau Merlebach Monaco Montceau-les-Mines Montélimar Montluçon Montmorillon Montpellier Mouzon Mulhouse FC Nancy Nantes Nevers Nice Nîmes Niort Nœux-les-Mines Orléans Paris-Charenton Paris-Joinville Paris-Neuilly Paris Saint-Germain Quevilly-Rouen Racing Paris Perpignan Poissy Poitiers Quimper Reims Rennes Racing Roubaix Roubaix-Tourcoing Rouen Saint-Brieuc Saint-Dié Saint-Dizier Saint-Étienne Saint-Quentin Saint-Seurin Sedan Sète Sochaux Stade Français Strasbourg Tavaux Thionville Thonon Toulon Toulouse Toulouse (1937) Tours Troyes Troyes AF Troyes ASTS Valence Valenciennes Vannes Vauban Strasbourg Villefranche Viry-Châtillon Vittel Wasquehal This article about a French association football club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritsuko_Matsuda
Ritsuko Matsuda
["1 See also","2 References"]
Ritsuko Matsuda in 2016 Ritsuko Matsuda (Matsuda Ritsuko, 松田律子) is the birth name of LINA, a J-pop singer from Okinawa, Japan, and a member of the group Super Monkey's from 1995. After the group disbanded, she formed the group MAX with other Super Monkey's vocalists. See also Super Monkey's MAX References ^ "MAXの4人が引退安室にエール 大きな決断は「奈美恵らしい」". Oricon News (in Japanese). September 21, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2018. Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz This article about a Japanese singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash_Akol_(film)
Dash Akol
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 References","4 External links"]
1971 Iranian film This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Dash Akol" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Dash AkolDirected byMasoud KimiaiWritten bySadegh HedayatScreenplay byMasoud KimiaiStory byDash AkolProduced byHoushang KavehStarring Behrouz Vossoughi Mary Apick Bahman Mofid Jahangir Forouhar Zhaleh Olov CinematographyNemat HaghighiEdited by Amir Hussein Hami Masoud Kimiai Music byEsfandiar MonfaredzadehRunning time95 minCountryIranLanguagePersian Dash Akol (Persian: داش آکُل, romanized: Dāsh Ākol) is a 1971 Iranian drama film directed by Masoud Kimiai. It was adopted from a short story of the same name written by Sadegh Hedayat in his short story collection Three Drops of Blood. Plot This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (September 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Cast Behrouz Vossoughi as Dash Akol Mary Apick as Marjan Bahman Mofid as Kaka Rostam Jahangir Forouhar as Dash Akol's friend Manuchehr Ahmadi as Chelingar Mansoor Matin as Haj Samad Ebrahim Naderi as Kaka Rostam's friend Jalal Pishvaian as Kaka Rostam's friend Shahrzad Zhaleh Olov Kan'an Kiani References External links Dash Akol at IMDb This article related to an Iranian film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This 1970s drama film–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbridge_Hospital
Institute of Mental Health (Singapore)
["1 History","2 Community-Based Services","3 Research","4 Education","5 List of chief executive officers","6 Recognition & Awards","7 Bibliography","8 References","9 External links"]
Coordinates: 1°22′54″N 103°52′57″E / 1.3818°N 103.8825°E / 1.3818; 103.8825Hospital in Singapore This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Institute of Mental Health" Singapore – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Hospital in Singapore , SingaporeInstitute of Mental HealthNational Healthcare GroupInstitute of Mental Health at Buangkok, Hougang, Singapore.GeographyLocation10 Buangkok View, Buangkok Green Medical Park, Singapore 539747, SingaporeCoordinates1°22′54″N 103°52′57″E / 1.3818°N 103.8825°E / 1.3818; 103.8825OrganisationFundingPublic hospitalTypeSpecialistServicesBeds2010SpecialityPsychiatric hospitalHistoryOpened 1841; 183 years ago (1841) (as The Insane Hospital) 1887; 137 years ago (1887) (as The New Lunatic Asylum) 1928; 96 years ago (1928) (as The Mental Hospital) 1951; 73 years ago (1951) (as Woodbridge) 1993; 31 years ago (1993) (as Institute of Mental Health) LinksWebsitewww.imh.com.sgListsHospitals in Singapore The Institute of Mental Health (IMH), formerly known as Woodbridge Hospital, is a psychiatric hospital in Hougang, Singapore. IMH is the only tertiary hospital in Singapore that specialises in psychiatry. It has over 50 wards and 2010 beds for inpatients and seven specialist clinics for outpatients. Apart from its hospital-based services, IMH runs satellite clinics at different locations in Singapore and executes community mental healthcare programmes. Daniel Fung is the current CEO of IMH. History The earliest psychiatric facility in Singapore was a 30-bed building at the corner of Bras Basah Road and Bencoolen Street in 1841. It was then known as the Insane Hospital. It was renamed the Lunatic Asylum in 1861 and moved to a site near the old Kandang Kerbau Maternity Hospital. In 1887, the hospital relocated to the New Lunatic Asylum, with a capacity for 300 patients, built at College Road. In 1928, a 24-ward Mental Hospital was built along Yio Chu Kang Road. The New Lunatic Asylum and another psychiatric ward at Pasir Panjang were closed down and 1,030 patients were transferred to the Mental Hospital. Spread out over 80 hectares of land, the Mental Hospital was then the largest medical facility in Singapore providing custodial care for the mentally ill, with a capacity for 1,400 patients. In the 1920s, caring for the mentally ill was mainly custodial in nature. Patients were segregated from the community and were cared for by a handful of expatriate nurses with the help of health attendants who were not trained in nursing. After Singapore surrendered to the Japanese in 1942, about 700–800 seriously wounded civilian casualties were transferred from the General Hospital to the Mental Hospital, which was transformed into the Japanese Civilian and Military Hospital. The Japanese transferred about 500 'quieter' mental patients to St John's Island, where many starved to death. The remaining 1,000 were locked up and neglected, of which about 600 were transferred in 1944 to the Central Mental Hospital, Tanjung Rambutan, in Perak, Malaysia. Of these 600, after the war, only 329 returned. British and Japanese patients, accompanied by nurses, take exercise in the grounds of 81 Mobile Field Hospital.For a brief period from 1945 to 1947, the British Royal Air Force from the nearby Seletar Airfield requisitioned the hospital for use to treat the sick and wounded of Allied servicemen and Japanese POWs after the end of World War II. The female section was converted into the RAF Hospital while the male section became the Japanese Prisoners of War Hospital. The hospital was known as the 81 Mobile Field Hospital until its return to civilian usage in 1947. The hospital was the first Royal Air Force hospital established after the Japanese surrender. In 1946, the Mental Hospital was returned to its original function, housing some 440 mental patients. In 1951, to reduce some of the stigma associated with mental illness, the hospital was renamed Woodbridge Hospital. This name was derived from the local Chinese name for the hospital area—'Pang Kio' ('Wooden Bridge') — as there was a wooden bridge in the hospital vicinity in Yio Chu Kang. By 1958, Woodbridge Hospital had accommodation for 2,000 patients. The Psychiatric School of Nursing was set up in 1954. In 1955, a social work department was formed as well as an improved occupational therapy service. Psychological services were started in 1956 and V.W. Wilson, the first clinically trained psychologist in Singapore, was contracted from the United Kingdom by the Colonial Medical Service to incorporate a psychological service within the mental health programme. A Child Guidance Clinic was opened in 1970. This grew to become the Child Psychiatric Clinic, which also provided family therapy. A Community Psychiatric Nursing programme was set up in 1988 and psychiatric nurses conducted home visits to provide care, support and follow-up for patients within the community. Up to 1981, psychiatry trainees were sent to the UK to train for the MRCPsych qualification. After 1983, Woodbridge, began to train its own psychiatrists in collaboration with the NUS medical school. The first locally trained Master of Medicine trainee in Psychiatry graduated in 1985. In 1984, the Ministry of Health mooted the idea of a new psychiatric hospital to evolve from a largely custodial care model to one of community care for the benefit of the people. The prevention, early treatment and rehabilitation of clients with mental conditions would actively operate within the community as opposed to late treatment within an institution that isolates them from everyday life, making reintegration into the community difficult. Plans were put in place for a very different hospital that would change mental healthcare in Singapore with further emphasis on training and new initiatives in mental health promotion and clinical research. Woodbridge moved to its present 25-hectare premises in Hougang in 1993. With the move, it was reorganised and renamed the Institute of Mental Health Hospital to reflect its added commitment to research and training. IMH became the first mental health institution in Asia to receive Joint Commission International Accreditation in 2005, an international accreditation of healthcare organisations. Besides providing clinical services, IMH coordinates and oversees education of clinicians, nurses and allied health professionals in psychiatry and conducts research related to mental health. In 2006, the Institute of Mental Health compound was marked as Singapore's 83rd historic site by the National Heritage Board due to its history as Singapore's first mental institution. It also plays a key role in developing capability in community agencies, such as family service centres, to enable staff to support persons with mental health problems in the community. Community-Based Services In 2007, the National Mental Health Blueprint was established by the Ministry of Health (MOH). With a reinvestment fund of $88 million over 5 years, its objective was to develop national capability in mental health services. IMH initiated a number of community-based programmes as part of the Blueprint, targeted at the three main population segments—children, adults and the elderly. Response, Early intervention and Assessment in Community mental Health (REACH). REACH is a community-based mental health service which works with schools, community agencies and family doctors to help students with mental disorders. Community Health Assessment Team (CHAT). CHAT is a national youth mental health programme that enables youths to seek help for emotional and mental health issues. Its aims are to raise awareness of youth mental health and provide a free, confidential assessment service. CHAT also conducts school programmes. Community Mental Health Team (CMHT). The CMHT comprises doctors, community psychiatric nurses, and allied health specialists and provides community-based treatment and psycho-social rehabilitation of our patients, integrating them into the community whilst in recovery. Aged Psychiatry Community Assessment Treatment Service (APCATS). APCATS is a community-based psychogeriatric clinical service which provides assessment and treatment for homebound or frail elderly patients with mental disorders. APCATS comprises geriatric psychiatrists, medical officers, psychologists, geriatric psychiatric nurses, occupational therapists, physiotherapists, and medical social workers. The team also makes home visits to patients. Research The key focus areas of research at IMH are mental health policy research and translational clinical research. Key research spearheaded by IMH include: Psychiatric Epidemiology: Singapore Mental Health Study, Well-being of the Singapore Elderly Study Singapore Translational Clinical Research in Psychosis : Identification of Biomarkers of Schizophrenia and related psychoses Neurocognition in Serious Mental Illness Neuroimaging Clinical Trials in Schizophrenia, Autism, ADHD, Addiction Health Service Research in Mental Health It has embarked on a S$4.4-million three-year nationwide epidemiological study – Well-being of the Singapore Elderly (WiSE) – that aims to establish high-quality data of the burden of dementia and depression among the elderly in Singapore and to bridge the knowledge gap on the associated risk factors, healthcare use and economic impact. This study is a collaboration with international and local research investigators from various Singapore hospitals as well as from King's College London. Education IMH plays a leading role in developing the current and next generation of mental healthcare professionals. It provides pre-professional education for medical undergraduates and post-graduate education for those pursuing a specialisation in psychiatry. The hospital also trains nurses through its continuing nursing education programmes and offers internship and clinical attachment opportunities for students preparing to be allied health professionals. List of chief executive officers Luisa Lee: 1993–1999 Kua Ee Heok: 1999–2002 Leong Yew Meng: 2002–2011 Chua Hong Choon: 2011–2021 Daniel Fung: 2021–Present Recognition & Awards In 2006, IMH's Early Psychosis Intervention Programme won the World Health Organization State of Kuwait Prize for Research in Health Promotion. In 2011, IMH clinched the inaugural Grand Award for the Hospital of the Year, at the Asian Hospital Management Awards organised by Hospital Management Asia. The award recognises and honours hospitals in Asia that carry out best practices. In 2012, the Institute of Mental Health earned the Accreditation with Distinction from the American Nurse Credentialing Center (ANCC), for its nursing education, becoming the only institution outside the US to receive this recognition. Bibliography IMH Link (Periodical published by The institute) Loving Hearts, Beautiful Minds: 75th Anniversary. Institute of Mental Health, Woodbridge Hospital. Armour Pub. 2003. ISBN 978-981-4138-07-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) Ng, Beng Yeong (2001). Till the break of day: a history of mental health services in Singapore, 1841 - 1993. Singapore: Singapore University Press, National University of Singapore. ISBN 978-9971-69-245-2. References ^ Zaccheus, Melody (28 March 2016). "SGH to 'preserve heritage features as far as possible'". Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016. ^ a b Institute of Mental Health (2003). Loving Hearts, Beautiful Minds: Woodbridge Hospital Celebrating 75 Years. Singapore: ARMOUR Publishing Pte Ltd. p. 83. ^ Institute of Mental Health (2008). "heartening minds" IMH 80th Anniversary booklet. Singapore: IMH. p. 90. ^ "Woodbridge is made historic site No. 83". The Straits Times. 11 April 2006. ^ "MOST ARE OLD AND BED-RIDDEN". The Straits Times. 30 August 1994. p. 21. ^ "Prof Kua Ee Heok". medicine.nus.edu.sg. Retrieved 15 July 2023. ^ "ASIAMEDIC LIMITED : 15-Jul-2020" (PDF). links.sgx.com. Retrieved 15 July 2023. ^ "IMH chief executive on tearing down walls and dispelling misconceptions". AsiaOne. Retrieved 15 July 2023. ^ "Previous winners of the His Highness Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah Prize for Research in Health Care for the Elderly and in Health Promotion" (PDF). World Health Organization. Retrieved 5 March 2024. ^ "Early Psychosis Intervention Programme". Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved 5 March 2024. ^ "IMH awarded ANCC accreditation". Channel News Asia. 31 July 2012. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Institute of Mental Health. Institute of Mental Health "Woodbridge Hospital". Singapore Infopedia. Archived from the original on 14 September 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2012. vteHospitals in SingaporePublicNational HealthcareGroupAcute Khoo Teck Puat Hospital Tan Tock Seng Hospital Psychiatric Institute of Mental Health Community Yishun Community Hospital National UniversityHealth SystemAcute Alexandra Hospital National University Hospital Ng Teng Fong General Hospital Community Jurong Community Hospital SingHealthAcute Changi General Hospital KK Women's and Children's Hospital Singapore General Hospital Sengkang General Hospital Community Bright Vision Community Hospital Outram Community Hospital Sengkang Community Hospital PrivateParkway Pantai Gleneagles Hospital Mount Elizabeth Hospital Mount Elizabeth Novena Hospital Parkway East Hospital Raffles Medical Group Raffles Hospital Others Crawfurd Hospital Farrer Park Hospital Thomson Medical Centre Not-for-profitAcute Mount Alvernia Hospital Community Ang Mo Kio - Thye Hua Kwan Hospital Ren Ci Community Hospital St. Andrew's Community Hospital St Luke's Hospital Ancillary National Centre for Infectious Diseases Singapore Cord Blood Bank Singapore Gamma Knife Centre Singapore National Eye Centre Defunct British Military Hospital Changi Hospital Toa Payoh Hospital View Road Hospital Authority control databases ISNI
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"psychiatric hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital"},{"link_name":"Hougang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hougang"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"tertiary hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_referral_hospital"},{"link_name":"Daniel Fung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Fung"}],"text":"Hospital in SingaporeHospital in Singapore , SingaporeThe Institute of Mental Health (IMH), formerly known as Woodbridge Hospital, is a psychiatric hospital in Hougang, Singapore.IMH is the only tertiary hospital in Singapore that specialises in psychiatry. It has over 50 wards and 2010 beds for inpatients and seven specialist clinics for outpatients. Apart from its hospital-based services, IMH runs satellite clinics at different locations in Singapore and executes community mental healthcare programmes. Daniel Fung is the current CEO of IMH.","title":"Institute of Mental Health (Singapore)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kandang Kerbau Maternity Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KK_Women%27s_and_Children%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Institute_of_Mental_Health_2003_83-2"},{"link_name":"surrendered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Central Mental Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hospital_Bahagia_Ulu_Kinta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tanjung Rambutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanjung_Rambutan"},{"link_name":"Perak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CF_001015.jpg"},{"link_name":"Japanese POWs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Institute_of_Mental_Health_2003_83-2"},{"link_name":"MRCPsych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Royal_College_of_Psychiatrists"},{"link_name":"NUS medical school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yong_Loo_Lin_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news-4"}],"text":"The earliest psychiatric facility in Singapore was a 30-bed building at the corner of Bras Basah Road and Bencoolen Street in 1841. It was then known as the Insane Hospital. It was renamed the Lunatic Asylum in 1861 and moved to a site near the old Kandang Kerbau Maternity Hospital. In 1887, the hospital relocated to the New Lunatic Asylum, with a capacity for 300 patients, built at College Road. In 1928, a 24-ward Mental Hospital was built along Yio Chu Kang Road. The New Lunatic Asylum and another psychiatric ward at Pasir Panjang were closed down and 1,030 patients were transferred to the Mental Hospital.[1]Spread out over 80 hectares of land, the Mental Hospital was then the largest medical facility in Singapore providing custodial care for the mentally ill, with a capacity for 1,400 patients. In the 1920s, caring for the mentally ill was mainly custodial in nature. Patients were segregated from the community and were cared for by a handful of expatriate nurses with the help of health attendants who were not trained in nursing.[2]After Singapore surrendered to the Japanese in 1942, about 700–800 seriously wounded civilian casualties were transferred from the General Hospital to the Mental Hospital, which was transformed into the Japanese Civilian and Military Hospital. The Japanese transferred about 500 'quieter' mental patients to St John's Island, where many starved to death. The remaining 1,000 were locked up and neglected, of which about 600 were transferred in 1944 to the Central Mental Hospital, Tanjung Rambutan, in Perak, Malaysia. Of these 600, after the war, only 329 returned.British and Japanese patients, accompanied by nurses, take exercise in the grounds of 81 Mobile Field Hospital.For a brief period from 1945 to 1947, the British Royal Air Force from the nearby Seletar Airfield requisitioned the hospital for use to treat the sick and wounded of Allied servicemen and Japanese POWs after the end of World War II. The female section was converted into the RAF Hospital while the male section became the Japanese Prisoners of War Hospital. The hospital was known as the 81 Mobile Field Hospital until its return to civilian usage in 1947. The hospital was the first Royal Air Force hospital established after the Japanese surrender.In 1946, the Mental Hospital was returned to its original function, housing some 440 mental patients. In 1951, to reduce some of the stigma associated with mental illness, the hospital was renamed Woodbridge Hospital. This name was derived from the local Chinese name for the hospital area—'Pang Kio' ('Wooden Bridge') — as there was a wooden bridge in the hospital vicinity in Yio Chu Kang.By 1958, Woodbridge Hospital had accommodation for 2,000 patients. The Psychiatric School of Nursing was set up in 1954. In 1955, a social work department was formed as well as an improved occupational therapy service. Psychological services were started in 1956 and V.W. Wilson, the first clinically trained psychologist in Singapore, was contracted from the United Kingdom by the Colonial Medical Service to incorporate a psychological service within the mental health programme.A Child Guidance Clinic was opened in 1970. This grew to become the Child Psychiatric Clinic, which also provided family therapy.[2] A Community Psychiatric Nursing programme was set up in 1988 and psychiatric nurses conducted home visits to provide care, support and follow-up for patients within the community.Up to 1981, psychiatry trainees were sent to the UK to train for the MRCPsych qualification. After 1983, Woodbridge, began to train its own psychiatrists in collaboration with the NUS medical school. The first locally trained Master of Medicine trainee in Psychiatry graduated in 1985.In 1984, the Ministry of Health mooted the idea of a new psychiatric hospital to evolve from a largely custodial care model to one of community care for the benefit of the people. The prevention, early treatment and rehabilitation of clients with mental conditions would actively operate within the community as opposed to late treatment within an institution that isolates them from everyday life, making reintegration into the community difficult.Plans were put in place for a very different hospital that would change mental healthcare in Singapore with further emphasis on training and new initiatives in mental health promotion and clinical research.[3]Woodbridge moved to its present 25-hectare premises in Hougang in 1993. With the move, it was reorganised and renamed the Institute of Mental Health Hospital to reflect its added commitment to research and training.IMH became the first mental health institution in Asia to receive Joint Commission International Accreditation in 2005, an international accreditation of healthcare organisations. Besides providing clinical services, IMH coordinates and oversees education of clinicians, nurses and allied health professionals in psychiatry and conducts research related to mental health.In 2006, the Institute of Mental Health compound was marked as Singapore's 83rd historic site by the National Heritage Board due to its history as Singapore's first mental institution.[4]It also plays a key role in developing capability in community agencies, such as family service centres, to enable staff to support persons with mental health problems in the community.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In 2007, the National Mental Health Blueprint was established by the Ministry of Health (MOH). With a reinvestment fund of $88 million over 5 years, its objective was to develop national capability in mental health services. IMH initiated a number of community-based programmes as part of the Blueprint, targeted at the three main population segments—children, adults and the elderly.Response, Early intervention and Assessment in Community mental Health (REACH). REACH is a community-based mental health service which works with schools, community agencies and family doctors to help students with mental disorders.\nCommunity Health Assessment Team (CHAT). CHAT is a national youth mental health programme that enables youths to seek help for emotional and mental health issues. Its aims are to raise awareness of youth mental health and provide a free, confidential assessment service. CHAT also conducts school programmes.\nCommunity Mental Health Team (CMHT). The CMHT comprises doctors, community psychiatric nurses, and allied health specialists and provides community-based treatment and psycho-social rehabilitation of our patients, integrating them into the community whilst in recovery.\nAged Psychiatry Community Assessment Treatment Service (APCATS). APCATS is a community-based psychogeriatric clinical service which provides assessment and treatment for homebound or frail elderly patients with mental disorders. APCATS comprises geriatric psychiatrists, medical officers, psychologists, geriatric psychiatric nurses, occupational therapists, physiotherapists, and medical social workers. The team also makes home visits to patients.","title":"Community-Based Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Psychiatric Epidemiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_Epidemiology"},{"link_name":"Neuroimaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroimaging"},{"link_name":"Schizophrenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"King's College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London"}],"text":"The key focus areas of research at IMH are mental health policy research and translational clinical research.Key research spearheaded by IMH include:Psychiatric Epidemiology: Singapore Mental Health Study, Well-being of the Singapore Elderly Study\nSingapore Translational Clinical Research in Psychosis : Identification of Biomarkers of Schizophrenia and related psychoses\nNeurocognition in Serious Mental Illness\nNeuroimaging\nClinical Trials in Schizophrenia, Autism, ADHD, Addiction\nHealth Service Research in Mental HealthIt has embarked on a S$4.4-million three-year nationwide epidemiological study – Well-being of the Singapore Elderly (WiSE) – that aims to establish high-quality data of the burden of dementia and depression among the elderly in Singapore and to bridge the knowledge gap on the associated risk factors, healthcare use and economic impact. This study is a collaboration with international and local research investigators from various Singapore hospitals as well as from King's College London.","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"IMH plays a leading role in developing the current and next generation of mental healthcare professionals. It provides pre-professional education for medical undergraduates and post-graduate education for those pursuing a specialisation in psychiatry. The hospital also trains nurses through its continuing nursing education programmes and offers internship and clinical attachment opportunities for students preparing to be allied health professionals.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Luisa Lee: 1993–1999[5]\nKua Ee Heok: 1999–2002[6]\nLeong Yew Meng: 2002–2011[7]\nChua Hong Choon: 2011–2021[8]\nDaniel Fung: 2021–Present","title":"List of chief executive officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In 2006, IMH's Early Psychosis Intervention Programme won the World Health Organization State of Kuwait Prize for Research in Health Promotion.[9][10]In 2011, IMH clinched the inaugural Grand Award for the Hospital of the Year, at the Asian Hospital Management Awards organised by Hospital Management Asia. The award recognises and honours hospitals in Asia that carry out best practices.In 2012, the Institute of Mental Health earned the Accreditation with Distinction from the American Nurse Credentialing Center (ANCC), for its nursing education, becoming the only institution outside the US to receive this recognition.[11]","title":"Recognition & Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-981-4138-07-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4138-07-9"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9971-69-245-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-245-2"}],"text":"IMH Link (Periodical published by The institute)\nLoving Hearts, Beautiful Minds: 75th Anniversary. Institute of Mental Health, Woodbridge Hospital. Armour Pub. 2003. ISBN 978-981-4138-07-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)\nNg, Beng Yeong (2001). Till the break of day: a history of mental health services in Singapore, 1841 - 1993. Singapore: Singapore University Press, National University of Singapore. ISBN 978-9971-69-245-2.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[{"image_text":"British and Japanese patients, accompanied by nurses, take exercise in the grounds of 81 Mobile Field Hospital.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/CF_001015.jpg/220px-CF_001015.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Loving Hearts, Beautiful Minds: 75th Anniversary. Institute of Mental Health, Woodbridge Hospital. Armour Pub. 2003. ISBN 978-981-4138-07-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4138-07-9","url_text":"978-981-4138-07-9"}]},{"reference":"Ng, Beng Yeong (2001). Till the break of day: a history of mental health services in Singapore, 1841 - 1993. Singapore: Singapore University Press, National University of Singapore. ISBN 978-9971-69-245-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9971-69-245-2","url_text":"978-9971-69-245-2"}]},{"reference":"Zaccheus, Melody (28 March 2016). \"SGH to 'preserve heritage features as far as possible'\". Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160331091539/http://news.asiaone.com/news/singapore/sgh-preserve-heritage-features-far-possible","url_text":"\"SGH to 'preserve heritage features as far as possible'\""},{"url":"http://news.asiaone.com/news/singapore/sgh-preserve-heritage-features-far-possible","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Institute of Mental Health (2003). Loving Hearts, Beautiful Minds: Woodbridge Hospital Celebrating 75 Years. Singapore: ARMOUR Publishing Pte Ltd. p. 83.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Institute of Mental Health (2008). \"heartening minds\" IMH 80th Anniversary booklet. Singapore: IMH. p. 90.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Woodbridge is made historic site No. 83\". The Straits Times. 11 April 2006.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"MOST ARE OLD AND BED-RIDDEN\". The Straits Times. 30 August 1994. p. 21.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19940830-1.2.32.6","url_text":"\"MOST ARE OLD AND BED-RIDDEN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Straits_Times","url_text":"The Straits Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Prof Kua Ee Heok\". medicine.nus.edu.sg. Retrieved 15 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://medicine.nus.edu.sg/pcm/faculty-staff/expert-team-physicianspsychologist/physicians/prof-kua-ee-heok/","url_text":"\"Prof Kua Ee Heok\""}]},{"reference":"\"ASIAMEDIC LIMITED : 15-Jul-2020\" (PDF). links.sgx.com. Retrieved 15 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://links.sgx.com/1.0.0/corporate-announcements/SRVZKBZ2OOS0O1D7/Past_Directorships.pdf","url_text":"\"ASIAMEDIC LIMITED : 15-Jul-2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"IMH chief executive on tearing down walls and dispelling misconceptions\". AsiaOne. Retrieved 15 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asiaone.com/health/imh-chief-executive-tearing-down-walls-and-dispelling-misconceptions","url_text":"\"IMH chief executive on tearing down walls and dispelling misconceptions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Previous winners of the His Highness Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah Prize for Research in Health Care for the Elderly and in Health Promotion\" (PDF). World Health Organization. Retrieved 5 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.who.int/gb/awards/pdf_files/Kuwait/Winners_achievements_en.pdf","url_text":"\"Previous winners of the His Highness Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah Prize for Research in Health Care for the Elderly and in Health Promotion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization","url_text":"World Health Organization"}]},{"reference":"\"Early Psychosis Intervention Programme\". Institute of Mental Health. Retrieved 5 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imh.com.sg/Clinical-Services/Specialised-Services/Pages/Early-Psychosis-Intervention-Programme.aspx","url_text":"\"Early Psychosis Intervention Programme\""}]},{"reference":"\"IMH awarded ANCC accreditation\". Channel News Asia. 31 July 2012.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Woodbridge Hospital\". Singapore Infopedia. Archived from the original on 14 September 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110914180735/http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1094_2010-05-27.html","url_text":"\"Woodbridge Hospital\""},{"url":"http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_1094_2010-05-27.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Nurses_Organisation
Irish Nurses and Midwives Organisation
["1 Establishment of the INMO","2 INMO Midwives","3 INMO Nurses","4 1925","5 1940–1949","6 1950–1959","7 1960–1969","8 1970–1979","9 1980–1989","10 1990–1999","11 INMO in the 21st century","12 Campaigns","13 See also","14 References","15 External links"]
Irish Nurses and Midwives OrganisationNicknameINMOPredecessorIrish Nurse UnionMerged into1985SuccessorIrish Nurses and Midwife OrganisationFounded atIrelandTypeMedical OrganisationLegal statusActiveHeadquartersDublin, IrelandMembership 43,000Official language English The Irish Nurses and Midwives Organisation is the largest Irish professional union for nurses and midwives with 40,000 members. It was founded in 1919 after World War I, when a group of Irish nurses and midwives had a meeting in Dublin to discuss the issues in promoting an improvement in wages and advocating for a standard to be set for the conduction of their duties in the medical profession. This new organisation focused on increasing awareness towards tackling problems of pay and pension. They encouraged participation in recognising these changes by recruiting new members and establishing a standard for nursing and midwifery practice through educational initiatives. They were originally known as the ‘Irish Nurses Union’. In the 1930s, they began to promote their campaigns internationally by becoming affiliated with the International Council of Nurses. To this day they are still active and are based at the Whitworth Building in North Brunswick, Dublin. Establishment of the INMO The "Irish Nurses and Midwife Organisation" was established in 1919 when a group of twenty nurses and midwives had a meeting in the Dublin Espresso Club to discuss the conditions in the nursing workplace. The decision came from this meeting to establish a trade union in order to improve workplace conditions for employees. This union advanced to become the first trade union for hospital nurses in the world. The union developed in the interest to improve the policies and conditions of work for nurses and midwives, as well as an improvement in pay. Throughout the early years the INMO successfully grew a following and new members joined their programs created to increase numbers. “A provisional committee was established at the INU's first meeting in February 1919. Louie Bennett was nominated president and Marie Mortished was nominated secretary” INMO Midwives The INU developed a scheme where they implemented a minimum wage of 25 shillings per case for midwives and encouraged midwives to not accept any lower than this. Another step taken to improve workplace standards included publishing the names of the local INU members in the press in an attempt to encourage trade unionist to select from these midwives when their wives required one. The Irish Nurses Union had a base which provided a postal address for the public to contact the midwives easier. The union further sought for an increase in midwives’ salaries to seventy five pounds per year and a months’ paid leave. INMO Nurses “The INU aimed to represent private practice nurses as well as nurses working in poor law hospitals, voluntary working, sanatoria and the jubilee district nursing service” The INU's aim was to provide fairer working conditions for nurses, including increased salaries and decreased weekly working hours. 1925 The Irish Nurse Union transformed from a trade union to a professional association in 1925. Changes within the structure of the INU began as membership numbers began to fall. Marie Mortished resigned as secretary of the INU in 1921, and Louis Bennet resigned as president in 1925. In an attempt to increase member numbers, the INU started to run courses such as ‘Housewivery and storekeeping’. “Education courses were partly responsible for increasing the organisations membership” with sixty percent of the new midwives who joined the INO in October 1936 were sourced at a refresher course at Dublin's Coombe Hospital. With new programs resulting in an increase of members, the Irish Nurse Union evolved into the Irish Nurse Organisation. The programs worked, with there being 220 nurses and 324 midwives in 1930 - an increase from the 437 members in 1929. By 1936 there were 937 members. The Irish Nurses Organisation began working on an international level in 1931 and became affiliated with the International Council of Nurses (ICN), an affiliation that continues today. 1940–1949 With the beginning of World War II in 1939, the Irish Nurses and Midwife Organisation faced many challenges. Ireland remained neutral throughout World War II, but experienced shortages in commodities such as tea, flour and fuel. Shortages and tighter restrictions made it hard for nurses to travel to and from work and increased the price of living by 70 percent between 1942 and 1946. St. John's Ambulance nurses (6400072529) The demand for nurses increased in countries participating in the war such as England and Western Europe. “Twenty four nurses were employed by the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration and a team of nurses joined the Irish Red Cross Hospital in St Lo in Normandy”. Ireland, as a result of increased need for nurses internationally, experienced a shortage of nurses due to this emigration. The INO registered as a legal company under the Trade Union Act in 1941. After this registration the INO became more persistent in their call for the regulation of salaries. The company introduced university level postgraduate courses which increased the INO's popularity among the Irish Catholic community. Tuberculosis became an imminent problem throughout the 1940s which resulted in a nation-wide campaign for the eradication of tuberculosis. With this campaign came improvements in hospital hygiene conditions. Irish Hospitals Sweepstake - group of nurses 1946 Miss Margret Reidy was appointed nurse supervisor in the department of health in 1948. This was the first appointment of a nurse supervisor in the department of health for the INO. 1950–1959 Throughout the 1950s the INO split into different sections. They were formed to group nurses and midwives into categories more specific to their disciplines to allow meetings which were of common importance. The Public Health Nurses section formed in 1951. Mrs P McConville was appointed president. Through the remainder of the decade, the ‘Hospital Nurses’ section and the ‘Jubilee Nurses' and Midwives' section were formed. They were designed to allow staff to “address professional development issues and provide social personal support”. 1960–1969 Free trade agreements and foreign investment in Ireland in the 1950s increased the annual growth rates between 1959 and 1973, and as a result began a decade of prosperity for the INO. The union saw an increase in nurse and midwife wages by 4 percent per year. Unemployment rates fell and the trade unions rose. The organisation began to develop a staff committee in hospitals to solve internal problems throughout this period. 1970–1979 Membership of the Irish Nurses Organisation at the beginning of 1970 was 5918. A new 40 hour week was in operation as a requirement for nurses and midwives. This applied to Local Authority and voluntary hospitals from 1 April 1971. Kyran Lunch was appointed as a full-time Industrial Relations officer in July 1977 to strengthen negotiation activities for the union. 1980–1989 The number of members of the Irish Nurses Organisation rose steadily through the years. In 1968 membership was 4499. By 1977, membership had risen to 8055. Throughout the 1980s, government cuts to the health budget affected nurses and midwives work significantly. “some nurses feared their institutions were so short staffed that a patient might die yet remain undiscovered for a number of hours”. The frustration of nurses could be seen in 1989 when 98 percent of nurses voted in favour of a strike. The headquarters were moved to 11 Fitzwilliam Place during this period. “The Nurses Union of Ireland, the union wholly owned by the Irish Nurses Organisation, was granted full negotiating licence by the High Court” The Irish Nurses Organisation joined the Nurses Union of Ireland in an effort to obtain full negotiating licence which was helt by the Nurses Union of Ireland. This was a long-term goal of the INO to affiliate with the ICTU which was a success. The nurses act was published in 1985. 1990–1999 Pay increase at the beginning of the 1990s increased from 2 percent in the 1980s to almost 40 percent in the mid-1990s. The membership of the INO increased from 9000 in the mid-1980s to 23000 in the late 1990s. With the new implementation of new benefits for members including a salary protection scheme, car insurance, a salary protection scheme and indemnity insurance as well as discounted health insurance rates and discounted rail rickets, the membership of the INO began to rise to 23,000 in the late 1990s. PJ Madden became the new general secretary in 1998 and Ita O’Dwyer, Kay Craughwell and Anne Cody shared the position as presidents of the INO. In 1999, the INO merged with the Nurses Union of Ireland, which became a Trade Union on 1 November 1990. Throughout the 1990s, nurses were required to work 39 hours in the week. INMO in the 21st century The current membership of the Irish Nurses Organisation is 43,000. The Irish Nurses Organisation established an overseas nurses section as a response to growing concerns surrounding the integration and support of international nurses. In 2006, the Irish Nurses Organisation won the Metro Eireann Media and Multicultural Award as a recognition of the INO's success in integrating overseas nurses and midwives into the Irish healthcare setting. In March 2007, the Irish Nurses Organisation published a book of essays entitled ‘Forming EU healthcare Policy: A showcase of Irish involvement' to celebrate the INO's achievements of having four representatives holding positions as presidents of European nursing organisations. In 2009, the Irish Nurses Organisation began sponsoring the education of women nurses in Ethiopia. The following year in 2010, the INO members raised money for the victims of earthquake in Haiti – 500 of which had been nursing students. Campaigns The Irish Nurses and Midwives Organisation has been active in campaigns since its establishment. Its campaigns have surrounded issues from safeguarding working rights of migrants and efforts in eradicating racism. In 2005, the INMO staged a campaign of ‘Enough is Enough’ to highlight the lack of accident and emergency departments in hospitals. This campaign encouraged the public to post postcards to the Irish Minister of Health to take action. This campaign was a success as in June 2006 ‘Toward 2016’ was established as a national partnership deal which promised a 10-year framework to plan social and infrastructure developments. The INMO became the first organisation to support the ‘turn off the red light’ campaign in 2011. This campaign was ultimately successful, with the purchase of sex becoming outlawed in Ireland under the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act of 2017. The INMO attempted to mobilise public opinion behind its patient advocacy drive, and in conjunction with the Irish Patients Association Cystic fibrosis Ireland and the Irish Medical Organisation, launched a campaign known as the ‘Patients First’ campaign in 2014. The Irish Nurses and Midwife Organisation campaigned its support of same-sex marriage in Ireland in 2015 which also became a success. In 2016, the INMO campaigned for a human rights approach to the health care system funded by general taxation, which was established by the state in 2016 with the launch of the all- party Slaintecare Report in 2017. On 30 January 2019, the Irish Nurses and Midwife Organisation called a strike as a dispute over pay conditions. The members of the organisation withdrew all non essential services for twenty four hours. The aim of this strike was to ask for a twelve percent increase to pay across the board. This strike was received by the public with general support in their attempt to achieve higher pay and to ensure a safer and more efficient health service. See also List of nursing organizations References ^ "Irish Woman Workers' Union". Irish Citizen: 12. February 1920. ^ Blackburn, R.M (1967). Union Character and Social Class: A Study of White Collar Unionism. London: Batsford. pp. 18–19. ^ "INMO website". Retrieved 19 April 2020. ^ Loughrey, Mark (2019). A Century of Service: A History of the Irish Nurses and Midwives Organisation 1919-2019 (1st ed.). Ireland: Irish Academic Press. ^ O'Morain, Padriag (7 October 2004). The Irish Association of Directors of Nursing and Midwifery 1904 - 2004: A History. Ireland: The Irish Association of Directors of Nursing and Midwifery. p. 33. ISBN 0954862600. ^ "Irish Nurses' Union Meeting of the Waterdord Branch". Munster Express. 28 April 1923. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Laughrey, Mark (2019). A Century of Service: A History of the Irish Nurses and Midwives Organisation (1st ed.). Ireland: Irish Academic Press. ^ "Report on District Midwives' claim". INMU Members Circular: 3. December 1920. ^ Minutes of meeting of INO Executive. Dublin: INMO Archives. 1 October 1936. ^ "The Annual Report, 1929/1930". INU Gazette. 31: 2. June 1930. ^ "Annual Report". INU Gazette. 27: 7. July 1929. ^ "Secretary's Report, 1935/36". INJ. 1: 3. May 1936. ^ Ferriter, Diarmaid (2010). The Transformation of Ireland (reprint ed.). Profile Books. p. 383. ISBN 978-1847650818. ^ a b c d e f "Irish Nurses and Midwives Organisation Website". Irish Nurses and Midwives Organisation. Retrieved 19 April 2020. ^ Moore, H (September 1942). The Nursing Profession and Its Needs. pp. 273–95. ^ lee, Joseph J (26 January 1990). Ireland, 1912-1985. Cambridge University Press. p. 354. ISBN 0521377412. ^ a b O'Connor, Emmet (15 November 2011). A Labour History of Ireland: 1824-2000 (2nd Revised ed.). Dublin: University College Dublin Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-1906359560. ^ Irish Nurses Organisation (1969). INO Annual Report and Accounts, 1968/69. Dublin: INO Annual Reports and Accounts. pp. 2–5. ^ "View of the Minister for Health on the Improvement of Conditions for Student Nurses'". Irish Nurses: 431–432. June 1966. ^ Prendergast, Helen (2012). Jubilee Nurse: Voluntary District Nursing in Ireland 1890-1974 (1st ed.). Dublin: Wolfhound Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0863279805. ^ Scanlan, Pauline (December 1992). The Irish Nurse. Ireland: Drumlin Publications. p. 155. ISBN 1873437056. ^ INM (March 1961). "Executive Council Meets, Cork: Ward Sisters Posts". INM. 28: 11. ^ "Ethiopia Update". WIN. 17: 23. October 2009. ^ WIN (September 2010). "6000 Euro Donation to ICN Relief Fund for Haiti". No. 18. ^ WIN (June 2011). "Turning off the Red Light". No. 19. WIN. ^ "Depth of Crisis Spelled Out Repeatedly". WIN: 8. October 2014. ^ "Vote Yes for Equality". WIN (23): 42–43. April 2015. ^ "The Pathway to an Equitable, Fair and Quality Assured Health Service". WIN (24): 7. September 2016. ^ "Depth of Crisis Spelled Out Repeatedly". WIN (22): 8. October 2014. ^ O'Neill, Katie (9 January 2019). "Irish Nurses and Midwives Organisation calls strike at end of month over conditions". The Times UK. ^ Connolly, Marie-Louise (12 November 2019). "Irish nurses' strike leader supports NI nurses' action". BBC News. Retrieved 20 April 2020. External links Official website vteIrish Congress of Trade UnionsGeneral Secretaries 1959: James Larkin Jnr 1960: Leo Crawford and Ruaidhri Roberts 1967: Ruaidhri Roberts 1982: Donal Nevin 1989: Peter Cassells 2001: David Begg 2015: Patricia King 2022: Owen Reidy Affiliates AHCPS AITM ASTI BFAWU BATU CSP CWU (Ireland) CWU (UK) Connect ESU Equity FDA FSU FBU Fórsa GMB GSU IFUT IMO INTO INMO Mandate MLSA NUJ NASUWT NIPSA RMT OPATSI POA Prospect PCS SIPTU TUI TSSA UTU USDAW UNISON Unite UCU VI VOA Predecessors Congress of Irish Unions Irish Trades Union Congress Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States Czech Republic 2
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"nurses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurse"},{"link_name":"midwives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwives"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation"},{"link_name":"International Council of Nurses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_of_Nurses"}],"text":"The Irish Nurses and Midwives Organisation is the largest Irish professional union for nurses and midwives with 40,000 members. It was founded in 1919 after World War I, when a group of Irish nurses and midwives had a meeting in Dublin to discuss the issues in promoting an improvement in wages and advocating for a standard to be set for the conduction of their duties in the medical profession. This new organisation focused on increasing awareness towards tackling problems of pay and pension. They encouraged participation in recognising these changes by recruiting new members and establishing a standard for nursing and midwifery practice through educational initiatives. They were originally known as the ‘Irish Nurses Union’. In the 1930s, they began to promote their campaigns internationally by becoming affiliated with the International Council of Nurses. To this day they are still active and are based at the Whitworth Building in North Brunswick, Dublin.","title":"Irish Nurses and Midwives Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trade union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"trade union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"INMO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//inmo.ie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Louie Bennett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louie_Bennett"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The \"Irish Nurses and Midwife Organisation\" was established in 1919 when a group of twenty nurses and midwives had a meeting in the Dublin Espresso Club to discuss the conditions in the nursing workplace. The decision came from this meeting to establish a trade union in order to improve workplace conditions for employees.This union advanced to become the first trade union for hospital nurses in the world.[1] The union developed in the interest to improve the policies and conditions of work for nurses and midwives, as well as an improvement in pay.[2] Throughout the early years the INMO successfully grew a following and new members joined their programs created to increase numbers.[3]“A provisional committee was established at the INU's first meeting in February 1919. Louie Bennett was nominated president and Marie Mortished was nominated secretary”[4]","title":"Establishment of the INMO"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shillings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shillings"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-7"},{"link_name":"pounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The INU developed a scheme where they implemented a minimum wage of 25 shillings per case for midwives and encouraged midwives to not accept any lower than this.[5] Another step taken to improve workplace standards included publishing the names of the local INU members in the press in an attempt to encourage trade unionist to select from these midwives when their wives required one.[6]The Irish Nurses Union had a base which provided a postal address for the public to contact the midwives easier.[7] The union further sought for an increase in midwives’ salaries to seventy five pounds per year and a months’ paid leave.[8]","title":"INMO Midwives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sanatoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanatoria"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-7"}],"text":"“The INU aimed to represent private practice nurses as well as nurses working in poor law hospitals, voluntary working, sanatoria and the jubilee district nursing service”[7] The INU's aim was to provide fairer working conditions for nurses, including increased salaries and decreased weekly working hours.","title":"INMO Nurses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_association"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"International Council of Nurses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_of_Nurses"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-7"}],"text":"The Irish Nurse Union transformed from a trade union to a professional association in 1925. Changes within the structure of the INU began as membership numbers began to fall. Marie Mortished resigned as secretary of the INU in 1921, and Louis Bennet resigned as president in 1925.[7] In an attempt to increase member numbers, the INU started to run courses such as ‘Housewivery and storekeeping’.[7] “Education courses were partly responsible for increasing the organisations membership”[7] with sixty percent of the new midwives who joined the INO in October 1936 were sourced at a refresher course at Dublin's Coombe Hospital.[9]With new programs resulting in an increase of members, the Irish Nurse Union evolved into the Irish Nurse Organisation. The programs worked, with there being 220 nurses and 324 midwives in 1930[10] - an increase from the 437 members in 1929.[11] By 1936 there were 937 members.[12]The Irish Nurses Organisation began working on an international level in 1931 and became affiliated with the International Council of Nurses (ICN), an affiliation that continues today.[7]","title":"1925"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-7"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St._John%27s_Ambulance_nurses_(6400072529).jpg"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Western Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Relief_and_Rehabilitation_Administration"},{"link_name":"Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-14"},{"link_name":"emigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigration"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-14"},{"link_name":"Trade Union Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_Union_Act"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-14"},{"link_name":"postgraduate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgraduate"},{"link_name":"Irish Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Irish_Hospitals_Sweepstake_-_group_of_nurses_1946.jpg"},{"link_name":"department of health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-7"}],"text":"With the beginning of World War II in 1939, the Irish Nurses and Midwife Organisation faced many challenges. Ireland remained neutral throughout World War II, but experienced shortages in commodities such as tea, flour and fuel.[7] Shortages and tighter restrictions made it hard for nurses to travel to and from work and increased the price of living by 70 percent between 1942 and 1946.[13]St. John's Ambulance nurses (6400072529)The demand for nurses increased in countries participating in the war such as England and Western Europe. “Twenty four nurses were employed by the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration and a team of nurses joined the Irish Red Cross Hospital in St Lo in Normandy”.[14]Ireland, as a result of increased need for nurses internationally, experienced a shortage of nurses due to this emigration.[14] The INO registered as a legal company under the Trade Union Act in 1941.[14] After this registration the INO became more persistent in their call for the regulation of salaries. The company introduced university level postgraduate courses which increased the INO's popularity among the Irish Catholic community.Tuberculosis became an imminent problem throughout the 1940s which resulted in a nation-wide campaign for the eradication of tuberculosis. With this campaign came improvements in hospital hygiene conditions.[15]Irish Hospitals Sweepstake - group of nurses 1946Miss Margret Reidy was appointed nurse supervisor in the department of health in 1948. This was the first appointment of a nurse supervisor in the department of health for the INO.[7]","title":"1940–1949"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"decade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decade"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-14"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-7"}],"text":"Throughout the 1950s the INO split into different sections. They were formed to group nurses and midwives into categories more specific to their disciplines to allow meetings which were of common importance. The Public Health Nurses section formed in 1951. Mrs P McConville was appointed president. Through the remainder of the decade, the ‘Hospital Nurses’ section and the ‘Jubilee Nurses' and Midwives' section were formed.[14] They were designed to allow staff to “address professional development issues and provide social personal support”.[7]","title":"1950–1959"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Free trade agreements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade_agreements"},{"link_name":"annual growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_growth"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-17"}],"text":"Free trade agreements and foreign investment in Ireland in the 1950s increased the annual growth rates between 1959 and 1973,[16] and as a result began a decade of prosperity for the INO. The union saw an increase in nurse and midwife wages by 4 percent per year.[17] Unemployment rates fell and the trade unions rose.[17]The organisation began to develop a staff committee in hospitals to solve internal problems throughout this period.","title":"1960–1969"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"voluntary hospitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntary_hospital"},{"link_name":"Industrial Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Relations"}],"text":"Membership of the Irish Nurses Organisation at the beginning of 1970 was 5918. A new 40 hour week was in operation as a requirement for nurses and midwives. This applied to Local Authority and voluntary hospitals from 1 April 1971.Kyran Lunch was appointed as a full-time Industrial Relations officer in July 1977 to strengthen negotiation activities for the union.","title":"1970–1979"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_the_Irish_Free_State"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-7"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_the_Irish_Free_State"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-14"}],"text":"The number of members of the Irish Nurses Organisation rose steadily through the years. In 1968 membership was 4499. By 1977, membership had risen to 8055.[18] Throughout the 1980s, government cuts to the health budget affected nurses and midwives work significantly.[7] “some nurses feared their institutions were so short staffed that a patient might die yet remain undiscovered for a number of hours”.[19] The frustration of nurses could be seen in 1989 when 98 percent of nurses voted in favour of a strike.[20]The headquarters were moved to 11 Fitzwilliam Place during this period. “The Nurses Union of Ireland, the union wholly owned by the Irish Nurses Organisation, was granted full negotiating licence by the High Court”[14] The Irish Nurses Organisation joined the Nurses Union of Ireland in an effort to obtain full negotiating licence which was helt by the Nurses Union of Ireland. This was a long-term goal of the INO to affiliate with the ICTU which was a success.[14] The nurses act was published in 1985.","title":"1980–1989"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-7"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"indemnity insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indemnity_insurance"},{"link_name":"health insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance"},{"link_name":"general secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_secretary"}],"text":"Pay increase at the beginning of the 1990s increased from 2 percent in the 1980s to almost 40 percent in the mid-1990s.[21] The membership of the INO increased from 9000 in the mid-1980s to 23000 in the late 1990s.[7]With the new implementation of new benefits for members including a salary protection scheme, car insurance,[22] a salary protection scheme and indemnity insurance as well as discounted health insurance rates and discounted rail rickets, the membership of the INO began to rise to 23,000 in the late 1990s.PJ Madden became the new general secretary in 1998 and Ita O’Dwyer, Kay Craughwell and Anne Cody shared the position as presidents of the INO.\nIn 1999, the INO merged with the Nurses Union of Ireland, which became a Trade Union on 1 November 1990.Throughout the 1990s, nurses were required to work 39 hours in the week.","title":"1990–1999"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_in_Haiti"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"The current membership of the Irish Nurses Organisation is 43,000. The Irish Nurses Organisation established an overseas nurses section as a response to growing concerns surrounding the integration and support of international nurses. In 2006, the Irish Nurses Organisation won the Metro Eireann Media and Multicultural Award as a recognition of the INO's success in integrating overseas nurses and midwives into the Irish healthcare setting.In March 2007, the Irish Nurses Organisation published a book of essays entitled ‘Forming EU healthcare Policy: A showcase of Irish involvement' to celebrate the INO's achievements of having four representatives holding positions as presidents of European nursing organisations.In 2009, the Irish Nurses Organisation began sponsoring the education of women nurses in Ethiopia.[23] The following year in 2010, the INO members raised money for the victims of earthquake in Haiti – 500 of which had been nursing students.[24]","title":"INMO in the 21st century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"migrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_migration"},{"link_name":"racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"emergency departments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_departments"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Irish Medical Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Medical_Organisation"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"general taxation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_taxation"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"The Irish Nurses and Midwives Organisation has been active in campaigns since its establishment. Its campaigns have surrounded issues from safeguarding working rights of migrants and efforts in eradicating racism. In 2005, the INMO staged a campaign of ‘Enough is Enough’ to highlight the lack of accident and emergency departments in hospitals. This campaign encouraged the public to post postcards to the Irish Minister of Health to take action. This campaign was a success as in June 2006 ‘Toward 2016’ was established as a national partnership deal which promised a 10-year framework to plan social and infrastructure developments.The INMO became the first organisation to support the ‘turn off the red light’ campaign in 2011.[25] This campaign was ultimately successful, with the purchase of sex becoming outlawed in Ireland under the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act of 2017.The INMO attempted to mobilise public opinion behind its patient advocacy drive, and in conjunction with the Irish Patients Association Cystic fibrosis Ireland and the Irish Medical Organisation, launched a campaign known as the ‘Patients First’ campaign in 2014.[26]The Irish Nurses and Midwife Organisation campaigned its support of same-sex marriage in Ireland in 2015 which also became a success.[27] In 2016, the INMO campaigned for a human rights approach to the health care system funded by general taxation, which was established by the state in 2016[28] with the launch of the all- party Slaintecare Report in 2017.[29]On 30 January 2019, the Irish Nurses and Midwife Organisation called a strike as a dispute over pay conditions. The members of the organisation withdrew all non essential services for twenty four hours. The aim of this strike was to ask for a twelve percent increase to pay across the board.[30] This strike was received by the public with general support in their attempt to achieve higher pay and to ensure a safer and more efficient health service.[31]","title":"Campaigns"}]
[{"image_text":"St. John's Ambulance nurses (6400072529)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/St._John%27s_Ambulance_nurses_%286400072529%29.jpg/220px-St._John%27s_Ambulance_nurses_%286400072529%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Irish Hospitals Sweepstake - group of nurses 1946","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Irish_Hospitals_Sweepstake_-_group_of_nurses_1946.jpg/220px-Irish_Hospitals_Sweepstake_-_group_of_nurses_1946.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of nursing organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nursing_organizations"}]
[{"reference":"\"Irish Woman Workers' Union\". Irish Citizen: 12. February 1920.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Blackburn, R.M (1967). Union Character and Social Class: A Study of White Collar Unionism. London: Batsford. pp. 18–19.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"INMO website\". Retrieved 19 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://inmo.ie/","url_text":"\"INMO website\""}]},{"reference":"Loughrey, Mark (2019). A Century of Service: A History of the Irish Nurses and Midwives Organisation 1919-2019 (1st ed.). Ireland: Irish Academic Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"O'Morain, Padriag (7 October 2004). The Irish Association of Directors of Nursing and Midwifery 1904 - 2004: A History. Ireland: The Irish Association of Directors of Nursing and Midwifery. p. 33. ISBN 0954862600.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0954862600","url_text":"0954862600"}]},{"reference":"\"Irish Nurses' Union Meeting of the Waterdord Branch\". Munster Express. 28 April 1923.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Laughrey, Mark (2019). A Century of Service: A History of the Irish Nurses and Midwives Organisation (1st ed.). Ireland: Irish Academic Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Report on District Midwives' claim\". INMU Members Circular: 3. December 1920.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Minutes of meeting of INO Executive. Dublin: INMO Archives. 1 October 1936.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Annual Report, 1929/1930\". INU Gazette. 31: 2. June 1930.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Annual Report\". INU Gazette. 27: 7. July 1929.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Secretary's Report, 1935/36\". INJ. 1: 3. May 1936.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ferriter, Diarmaid (2010). The Transformation of Ireland (reprint ed.). Profile Books. p. 383. ISBN 978-1847650818.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847650818","url_text":"978-1847650818"}]},{"reference":"\"Irish Nurses and Midwives Organisation Website\". Irish Nurses and Midwives Organisation. Retrieved 19 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inmo.ie/0","url_text":"\"Irish Nurses and Midwives Organisation Website\""}]},{"reference":"Moore, H (September 1942). The Nursing Profession and Its Needs. pp. 273–95.","urls":[]},{"reference":"lee, Joseph J (26 January 1990). Ireland, 1912-1985. Cambridge University Press. p. 354. ISBN 0521377412.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521377412","url_text":"0521377412"}]},{"reference":"O'Connor, Emmet (15 November 2011). A Labour History of Ireland: 1824-2000 (2nd Revised ed.). Dublin: University College Dublin Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-1906359560.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1906359560","url_text":"978-1906359560"}]},{"reference":"Irish Nurses Organisation (1969). INO Annual Report and Accounts, 1968/69. Dublin: INO Annual Reports and Accounts. pp. 2–5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"View of the Minister for Health on the Improvement of Conditions for Student Nurses'\". Irish Nurses: 431–432. June 1966.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Prendergast, Helen (2012). Jubilee Nurse: Voluntary District Nursing in Ireland 1890-1974 (1st ed.). Dublin: Wolfhound Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0863279805.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0863279805","url_text":"978-0863279805"}]},{"reference":"Scanlan, Pauline (December 1992). The Irish Nurse. Ireland: Drumlin Publications. p. 155. ISBN 1873437056.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1873437056","url_text":"1873437056"}]},{"reference":"INM (March 1961). \"Executive Council Meets, Cork: Ward Sisters Posts\". INM. 28: 11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ethiopia Update\". WIN. 17: 23. October 2009.","urls":[]},{"reference":"WIN (September 2010). \"6000 Euro Donation to ICN Relief Fund for Haiti\". No. 18.","urls":[]},{"reference":"WIN (June 2011). \"Turning off the Red Light\". No. 19. WIN.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Depth of Crisis Spelled Out Repeatedly\". WIN: 8. October 2014.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Vote Yes for Equality\". WIN (23): 42–43. April 2015.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Pathway to an Equitable, Fair and Quality Assured Health Service\". WIN (24): 7. September 2016.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Depth of Crisis Spelled Out Repeatedly\". WIN (22): 8. October 2014.","urls":[]},{"reference":"O'Neill, Katie (9 January 2019). \"Irish Nurses and Midwives Organisation calls strike at end of month over conditions\". The Times UK.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Connolly, Marie-Louise (12 November 2019). \"Irish nurses' strike leader supports NI nurses' action\". BBC News. Retrieved 20 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-50390838","url_text":"\"Irish nurses' strike leader supports NI nurses' action\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Pakistani_referendum
2002 Pakistani referendum
["1 Background","2 Conduct","3 Results","4 References"]
2002 Pakistani referendum 2002 Pakistani referendum 30 April 2002 (2002-04-30) For the survival of the local government system, establishment of democracy, continuity of reforms, end to sectarianism and extremism, and to fulfill the vision of Quaid-i-Azam, would you like to elect President General Pervez Musharraf as President of Pakistan for five years?Results Choice Votes % Yes 42,741,345 97.97% No 883,676 2.03% Valid votes 43,625,021 99.36% Invalid or blank votes 282,935 0.64% Total votes 43,907,956 100.00% A referendum on allowing Pervez Musharraf to continue as President for five years was held in Pakistan on 30 April 2002. The proposal was approved by 97.97% of voters. However, the referendum was boycotted by the opposition on the basis that it was unconstitutional. Although turnout was reported to be 56.1%, the opposition claimed it was between 5% and 7%. The poll was criticised for being "marred by gross irregularities" by the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan. Background Musharraf came to power in a military coup on 12 October 1999. He initially referred to himself as "Chief Executive", before later removing President Rafiq Tarar from office and assuming the post himself. Musharraf claimed that holding a referendum was abiding by democratic laws, despite the constitution of Pakistan not containing a reference to electing Presidents by referendums. Conduct The referendum was seen by many as a sham or fixed. Opposition parties including the Pakistan Peoples Party and the Pakistan Muslim League referred to the decision of Musharraf to hold a referendum as inappropriate and urged citizens to boycott the vote. In response, the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 and the number of polling stations significantly increased, whilst ID cards were not required for people to cast a vote. Results ChoiceVotes%For42,741,34597.97Against883,6762.03Total43,625,021100.00Valid votes43,625,02199.36Invalid/blank votes282,9350.64Total votes43,907,956100.00Source: BBC References ^ a b c Pakistan, 30. April 2002 : General Musharraf als Präsident für 5 Jahre Direct Democracy ^ Opposition boycotts Pakistan referendum BBC News, 7 April 2002 ^ Pakistan referendum: The way to decide the country's future? BBC News, 7 May 2002 ^ Musharraf wins huge backing BBC News, 1 May 2002 ^ Referendum 2002 Story of Pakistan ^ a b Pakistan’s sham referendum endorses Musharraf as president World Socialist Website vte Elections and referendums in PakistanGeneral elections 1920¹ 1923¹ 1926¹ 1930¹ 1934¹ 1945¹ 1962 1965 1970 1977 1985 1988 1990 1993 1997 2002 2008 2013 2018 2024 Next Provincial elections 1937¹ 1946¹ 1951 1953 1954 1962 1965 1970 1975 1977 1985 1988 1990 1991 1993 1996 1997 2001 2002 2006 2008 2009 2011 2013 2015 2016 2018 2019 2020 2024 Referendums 1960 1984 2002 By-elections 2013 2018 2022 2024 ¹ As part of British India See also: Elections in Azad Kashmir Balochistan Gilgit-Baltistan Punjab Sindh
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pervez Musharraf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DD-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DD-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DD-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Human Rights Commission of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Rights_Commission_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"2002 Pakistani referendumA referendum on allowing Pervez Musharraf to continue as President for five years was held in Pakistan on 30 April 2002.[1] The proposal was approved by 97.97% of voters.[1] However, the referendum was boycotted by the opposition on the basis that it was unconstitutional.[2] Although turnout was reported to be 56.1%,[1] the opposition claimed it was between 5% and 7%.[3] The poll was criticised for being \"marred by gross irregularities\" by the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan.[4]","title":"2002 Pakistani referendum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"military coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Rafiq Tarar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafiq_Tarar"},{"link_name":"constitution of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Musharraf came to power in a military coup on 12 October 1999. He initially referred to himself as \"Chief Executive\", before later removing President Rafiq Tarar from office and assuming the post himself. Musharraf claimed that holding a referendum was abiding by democratic laws, despite the constitution of Pakistan not containing a reference to electing Presidents by referendums.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pakistan Peoples Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Muslim League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSW-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WSW-6"}],"text":"The referendum was seen by many as a sham or fixed. Opposition parties including the Pakistan Peoples Party and the Pakistan Muslim League referred to the decision of Musharraf to hold a referendum as inappropriate and urged citizens to boycott the vote.[6] In response, the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 and the number of polling stations significantly increased, whilst ID cards were not required for people to cast a vote.[6]","title":"Conduct"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuno_Fernandes_Torneol
Nuno Fernandes Torneol
["1 Sources","2 Further reading"]
Wikisource has original text related to this article: Nuno Fernandes Torneol Nuno Fernandes Torneol was a Galician-Portuguese trovador. He probably worked in the middle of the thirteenth century at the courts of Ferdinand III and Alfonso X of Castile. In "De longas vias, mui longas mentiras", the only cantiga de escárnio that he wrote, he mentions many Castilian place names. He is the also the author of the only known alborada (dawn song) in the Galician-Portuguese tradition: "Levad', amigo, que dormides as manhanas frías". Nuno's name has been the subject of much speculation. In 1994 António Resende de Oliveira suggested that "Torneol" might not be a part of his name, but a note added by the 16th-century editor of the Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional, Angelo Colocci, indicating the refrain (tornel) to be used in the following songs. In 1997, however, Vicenç Beltran discovered a reference in a document of 1244 to one João Fernandes Torniol who owned a vineyard in Córdoba. This may have been the trovador's brother. In a document of 1262 José António Souto Cable found a Fernandus Petri, dictus “Turniol” de Villari, who confirmed a sale to Archbishop Juan Arias (1238–66). This same Fernandus is mentioned as the second of three nephews in the 1269 will of Abril Fernandes. If these references are to Nuno's family, he was from Galicia, probably near Santiago. Sources Nuno Fernandes Torneol at Cantigas Medievais Galego-Portuguesas Further reading Beltran, Vicenç. 1997 "A alba de Nuno Fernandez Torneol". Revista galega de ensino 17. Oliveira, António Resende de. 1994. Depois do espectáculo trovadoresco: A estrutura dos cancioneiros peninsulares e as recolhas dos séculos XIII e XIV. Lisbon: Edições Colibri. Souto Cabo, José António. 2012. "En Santiago, seend’ albergado en mia pousada. Nótulas trovadorescas compostelanas". Verba 39. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Other IdRef
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Clay
Alan Clay
["1 Biography","2 Writing career","3 Performing career","4 Playspace Studio","5 Teaching Clowning","6 Notes","7 External links"]
Australian film director Alan Clay (born 1954, Whanganui, New Zealand) is a film director, writer and clown teacher. In his early career he performed and taught extensively as a clown. He wrote three novels and a clown textbook. He went on to write and direct a short film and two feature films, which are adapted from his novels. Biography Clay is the son of literacy scientist, Marie Clay. In 2007 he produced, wrote and directed the short film Moontan, a story about two street clowns swept up in the occupation of New Zealand's last Victorian theatre, the Royal Wanganui Opera House. The script was an adaptation of his first novel, published in 1995. Moontan screened at the Fringe Film Festival in Wellington, New Zealand in July 2007, and in the Market at the Clermont-Ferrand Short Film Festival 2008 and the Short Film Corner at the Cannes Film Festival in France. A DVD was released in 2009, which includes a 20-minute 'making of' documentary. Clay produced, wrote and directed his first feature film Butterfly Crush in 2009, which he adapted from his novel Dance Sisters. The film was released in New Zealand in 2010 and will be distributed in North America by Vanguard Cinema. Butterfly Crush won an "Accolade Award of Excellence" for Best Supporting Actor for Amelia Shankley's portrayal of the Dreamguides leader, Star. The film won the "Best International Narrative Feature" award at the Anthem Film Festival in Las Vegas, which presents "the year's best films about personal and civil liberty". It has also won the "Best Feature Drama" at the Indie Gathering Film Festival in Ohio and the "Best Feature Film" award at the Reel Independent Film Extravaganza in Washington D.C. Courting Chaos is a 2014 award winning romantic comedy, which Clay wrote and directed. The film is adapted from his book Angels Can Fly, a Modern Clown User Guide and the story is about a Beverly Hills girl who falls for a Venice Beach street clown called Chaos. She must overcome her inhibitions and become a clown herself for the relationship to survive. Courting Chaos won the Best Comedy Film award at its premiere at the Hollywood Reel Independent Film Festival in February 2014 and went on to win the Special Jury Award for Romantic Comedy from WorldFest-Houston International Film Festival, one of the top awards from the oldest independent film festival in the world, where lead actor, Rachelle DiMaria, was also nominated for Best Actor. The film also received Awards of Merit for Best Director and Best Feature Film from the Accolade Competition. Writing career His first novel, Moontan, a Clown's Story, was well received at its launch at the Wellington Fringe Festival in New Zealand, and in Australia at the Warana Festival in Brisbane in 1994. Clay's second novel Dance Sisters was launched at the Melbourne Writers Festival in 1997. In the novel a female song and dance trio threatens to self-destruct on the brink of fame, when its leader becomes involved with a manipulative cult, touting astrology and virtual dreaming. In Clay's third novel, Believers in Love, a father and daughter team of sand-sculptors embark on an adventure which takes them from Sydney's Bondi Beach to a magic mountain in New Zealand, in which they explore the transient nature of art and life, and discover that dreams are real. American reviews of Believers in Love were positive and as a result Clay toured literary festivals in the United States and Canada in 2003. In 2005 he published Angels Can Fly, a Modern Clown User Guide, which includes 50 clown exercises developed over 30 years of teaching and to which clowns from around the world have submitted anecdotes from their experience. Angels Can Fly was launched at the Brisbane Festival. Performing career Imperial Trunk Fools on the road, New Zealand 1978 Father and son clown duo, Alan and Michael as Snap and Crackle Clay studied clowning in Stockholm, Sweden in 1977, and then formed the Imperial Trunk Fools Theatre Company (pictured right), which toured New Zealand in 1978 performing at Community Arts Festivals. Over the next two years Clay performed with his partner, Kerstin Gronlund, as the duo "High Waves", touring the Pacific Islands and Scandinavia. He started teaching clowning in Oslo, Norway, in 1981 and 1982, and subsequently taught workshops at festivals and arts centres in Germany and Denmark while performing his solo show extensively on the streets throughout Europe. He formed "Playspace Theatre" in 1984, who toured festivals in New Zealand with "Weird People Playing Normal Games", a theatre performance which had elements of mime, movement and clowning. In the mid-1990s he toured European and Australian festivals with his teenage son, Michael, as the duo Snap and Crackle (pictured right) including performances at the Pflasterspektakel in Linz, Austria and the Vlissingen International Festival in the Netherlands and the Stockholm Water Festival in Sweden. During 1997 and 1998 Alan performed together with Amanda Burgess in the duo The Untouchables, touring New Zealand, Australia, the Netherlands, Germany and Austria. Playspace Studio Playspace Studio was New Zealand's first clown school, which Alan established in Auckland in 1983 and 1984. From 1998 to 2006 he re-established Playspace Studio in Newtown Sydney, where he taught year-long clowning courses. Teaching Clowning In 1985 Clay was invited to teach residencies at The Drill Hall arts centre in London, and the Aarhus Theatre Akademi, in Denmark, performing at the Copenhagen International Film Festival and at the Festival of Fools in Amsterdam. He settled in Adelaide in 1989, where he taught youth theatre and TAFE classes over three years and served on the board of the Adelaide Fringe Festival. From 1992 to 1999 he taught comedy and acting at the Actors Centre Australia and from 2003 to 2006 he taught Clown Masterclasses in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States including teaching and performing at the Tulip Festival in Ottawa, Canada, and Motionfest in Baltimore, USA. From 2007 until 2010 he taught Clown Retreats in Wanganui, New Zealand and this programme has now been expanded to include a 3-week Summer School. Notes ^ "Moontan, a Digital Short Feature Film". Artmedia.net.nz. 15 December 2010. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012. ^ "2011 ANTHEM AWARDS". anthemfilmfestival. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2012. ^ "16th Indie Gathering International Film Festival & more! – 2011 Winners". Theindiegathering.com. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012. ^ "Reel Independent Film Extravaganza – Home". Reelindependentfilm.com. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012. ^ "Alan Clay (1994) Moontan, a Clown Story, Artmedia ISBN 978-0-9871357-3-5". Artmedia.com.au. 1 January 2007. Retrieved 31 March 2012. ^ "US Reviews". Artmedia.com.au. 20 June 2004. Retrieved 31 March 2012. ^ "Playspace Clown Training". Artmedia.com.au. 17 February 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012. ^ "Clown Training". Artmedia.com.au. 17 February 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012. External links Alan Clay Alan Clay at IMDb Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Whanganui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whanganui"}],"text":"Alan Clay (born 1954, Whanganui, New Zealand) is a film director, writer and clown teacher. In his early career he performed and taught extensively as a clown. He wrote three novels and a clown textbook. He went on to write and direct a short film and two feature films, which are adapted from his novels.","title":"Alan Clay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marie Clay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Clay"},{"link_name":"Royal Wanganui Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Wanganui_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Fringe Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couch_Soup"},{"link_name":"Wellington, New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Clermont-Ferrand Short Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clermont-Ferrand#Culture"},{"link_name":"Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Butterfly Crush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butterfly_Crush"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Courting Chaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courting_Chaos"}],"text":"Clay is the son of literacy scientist, Marie Clay.In 2007 he produced, wrote and directed the short film Moontan, a story about two street clowns swept up in the occupation of New Zealand's last Victorian theatre, the Royal Wanganui Opera House.[1] The script was an adaptation of his first novel, published in 1995.Moontan screened at the Fringe Film Festival in Wellington, New Zealand in July 2007, and in the Market at the Clermont-Ferrand Short Film Festival 2008 and the Short Film Corner at the Cannes Film Festival in France. A DVD was released in 2009, which includes a 20-minute 'making of' documentary.Clay produced, wrote and directed his first feature film Butterfly Crush in 2009, which he adapted from his novel Dance Sisters. The film was released in New Zealand in 2010 and will be distributed in North America by Vanguard Cinema.Butterfly Crush won an \"Accolade Award of Excellence\" for Best Supporting Actor for Amelia Shankley's portrayal of the Dreamguides leader, Star. The film won the \"Best International Narrative Feature\" award at the Anthem Film Festival in Las Vegas, which presents \"the year's best films about personal and civil liberty\".[2] It has also won the \"Best Feature Drama\" at the Indie Gathering Film Festival in Ohio and the \"Best Feature Film\" award at the Reel Independent Film Extravaganza in Washington D.C.[3][4]Courting Chaos is a 2014 award winning romantic comedy, which Clay wrote and directed. The film is adapted from his book Angels Can Fly, a Modern Clown User Guide and the story is about a Beverly Hills girl who falls for a Venice Beach street clown called Chaos. She must overcome her inhibitions and become a clown herself for the relationship to survive.Courting Chaos won the Best Comedy Film award at its premiere at the Hollywood Reel Independent Film Festival in February 2014 and went on to win the Special Jury Award for Romantic Comedy from WorldFest-Houston International Film Festival, one of the top awards from the oldest independent film festival in the world, where lead actor, Rachelle DiMaria, was also nominated for Best Actor. The film also received Awards of Merit for Best Director and Best Feature Film from the Accolade Competition.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warana Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Festival"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Writers Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Writers_Festival"},{"link_name":"Bondi Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondi_Beach"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"His first novel, Moontan, a Clown's Story, was well received at its launch at the Wellington Fringe Festival in New Zealand, and in Australia at the Warana Festival in Brisbane in 1994.[5]Clay's second novel Dance Sisters was launched at the Melbourne Writers Festival in 1997. In the novel a female song and dance trio threatens to self-destruct on the brink of fame, when its leader becomes involved with a manipulative cult, touting astrology and virtual dreaming.In Clay's third novel, Believers in Love, a father and daughter team of sand-sculptors embark on an adventure which takes them from Sydney's Bondi Beach to a magic mountain in New Zealand, in which they explore the transient nature of art and life, and discover that dreams are real.[6] American reviews of Believers in Love were positive and as a result Clay toured literary festivals in the United States and Canada in 2003.In 2005 he published Angels Can Fly, a Modern Clown User Guide, which includes 50 clown exercises developed over 30 years of teaching and to which clowns from around the world have submitted anecdotes from their experience. Angels Can Fly was launched at the Brisbane Festival.","title":"Writing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trunk_fools.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snap_and_crackle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islands"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pflasterspektakel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pflasterspektakel"},{"link_name":"Linz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linz"},{"link_name":"Stockholm Water Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_Water_Festival"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Imperial Trunk Fools on the road, New Zealand 1978Father and son clown duo, Alan and Michael as Snap and CrackleClay studied clowning in Stockholm, Sweden in 1977, and then formed the Imperial Trunk Fools Theatre Company (pictured right), which toured New Zealand in 1978 performing at Community Arts Festivals.Over the next two years Clay performed with his partner, Kerstin Gronlund, as the duo \"High Waves\", touring the Pacific Islands and Scandinavia. He started teaching clowning in Oslo, Norway, in 1981 and 1982, and subsequently taught workshops at festivals and arts centres in Germany and Denmark while performing his solo show extensively on the streets throughout Europe.[citation needed]He formed \"Playspace Theatre\" in 1984, who toured festivals in New Zealand with \"Weird People Playing Normal Games\", a theatre performance which had elements of mime, movement and clowning.In the mid-1990s he toured European and Australian festivals with his teenage son, Michael, as the duo Snap and Crackle (pictured right) including performances at the Pflasterspektakel in Linz, Austria and the Vlissingen International Festival in the Netherlands and the Stockholm Water Festival in Sweden.[citation needed]During 1997 and 1998 Alan performed together with Amanda Burgess in the duo The Untouchables, touring New Zealand, Australia, the Netherlands, Germany and Austria.","title":"Performing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Playspace Studio was New Zealand's first clown school,[citation needed] which Alan established in Auckland in 1983 and 1984.From 1998 to 2006 he re-established Playspace Studio in Newtown Sydney, where he taught year-long clowning courses.[7]","title":"Playspace Studio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Drill Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Drill_Hall"},{"link_name":"Aarhus Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarhus_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Festival of Fools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_of_Fools"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Fringe Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Fringe_Festival"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tulip Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Tulip_Festival"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In 1985 Clay was invited to teach residencies at The Drill Hall arts centre in London, and the Aarhus Theatre Akademi, in Denmark, performing at the Copenhagen International Film Festival and at the Festival of Fools in Amsterdam.[citation needed]He settled in Adelaide in 1989, where he taught youth theatre and TAFE classes over three years and served on the board of the Adelaide Fringe Festival.[citation needed]From 1992 to 1999 he taught comedy and acting at the Actors Centre Australia and from 2003 to 2006 he taught Clown Masterclasses in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States including teaching and performing at the Tulip Festival in Ottawa, Canada, and Motionfest in Baltimore, USA.[citation needed]From 2007 until 2010 he taught Clown Retreats in Wanganui, New Zealand and this programme has now been expanded to include a 3-week Summer School.[8]","title":"Teaching Clowning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Moontan, a Digital Short Feature Film\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120222102416/http://www.artmedia.net.nz/moontan.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.artmedia.net.nz/moontan.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"2011 ANTHEM AWARDS\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20120707030320/http://anthemfilmfestival.com/Awards.aspx/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//anthemfilmfestival.com/Awards.aspx/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"16th Indie Gathering International Film Festival & more! – 2011 Winners\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120415025957/http://theindiegathering.com/page23.php/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//theindiegathering.com/page23.php/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Reel Independent Film Extravaganza – Home\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120426010152/http://www.reelindependentfilm.com/home.cfm/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.reelindependentfilm.com/home.cfm/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Alan Clay (1994) Moontan, a Clown Story, Artmedia ISBN 978-0-9871357-3-5\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.artmedia.com.au/reviews1.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"US Reviews\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.artmedia.com.au/americanreviews.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Playspace Clown Training\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.artmedia.com.au/playspac.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Clown Training\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.artmedia.com.au/Clown.htm"}],"text":"^ \"Moontan, a Digital Short Feature Film\". Artmedia.net.nz. 15 December 2010. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012.\n\n^ \"2011 ANTHEM AWARDS\". anthemfilmfestival. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2012.\n\n^ \"16th Indie Gathering International Film Festival & more! – 2011 Winners\". Theindiegathering.com. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012.\n\n^ \"Reel Independent Film Extravaganza – Home\". Reelindependentfilm.com. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012.\n\n^ \"Alan Clay (1994) Moontan, a Clown Story, Artmedia ISBN 978-0-9871357-3-5\". Artmedia.com.au. 1 January 2007. Retrieved 31 March 2012.\n\n^ \"US Reviews\". Artmedia.com.au. 20 June 2004. Retrieved 31 March 2012.\n\n^ \"Playspace Clown Training\". Artmedia.com.au. 17 February 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012.\n\n^ \"Clown Training\". Artmedia.com.au. 17 February 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Imperial Trunk Fools on the road, New Zealand 1978","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Trunk_fools.jpg/220px-Trunk_fools.jpg"},{"image_text":"Father and son clown duo, Alan and Michael as Snap and Crackle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Snap_and_crackle.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Moontan, a Digital Short Feature Film\". Artmedia.net.nz. 15 December 2010. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120222102416/http://www.artmedia.net.nz/moontan.htm","url_text":"\"Moontan, a Digital Short Feature Film\""},{"url":"http://www.artmedia.net.nz/moontan.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2011 ANTHEM AWARDS\". anthemfilmfestival. Archived from the original on 7 July 2012. Retrieved 4 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120707030320/http://anthemfilmfestival.com/Awards.aspx/","url_text":"\"2011 ANTHEM AWARDS\""},{"url":"http://anthemfilmfestival.com/Awards.aspx/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"16th Indie Gathering International Film Festival & more! – 2011 Winners\". Theindiegathering.com. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120415025957/http://theindiegathering.com/page23.php/","url_text":"\"16th Indie Gathering International Film Festival & more! – 2011 Winners\""},{"url":"http://theindiegathering.com/page23.php/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Reel Independent Film Extravaganza – Home\". Reelindependentfilm.com. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120426010152/http://www.reelindependentfilm.com/home.cfm/","url_text":"\"Reel Independent Film Extravaganza – Home\""},{"url":"http://www.reelindependentfilm.com/home.cfm/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Alan Clay (1994) Moontan, a Clown Story, Artmedia ISBN 978-0-9871357-3-5\". Artmedia.com.au. 1 January 2007. Retrieved 31 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.artmedia.com.au/reviews1.htm","url_text":"\"Alan Clay (1994) Moontan, a Clown Story, Artmedia ISBN 978-0-9871357-3-5\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Reviews\". Artmedia.com.au. 20 June 2004. Retrieved 31 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.artmedia.com.au/americanreviews.htm","url_text":"\"US Reviews\""}]},{"reference":"\"Playspace Clown Training\". Artmedia.com.au. 17 February 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.artmedia.com.au/playspac.htm","url_text":"\"Playspace Clown Training\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clown Training\". Artmedia.com.au. 17 February 2012. Retrieved 31 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.artmedia.com.au/Clown.htm","url_text":"\"Clown Training\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120222102416/http://www.artmedia.net.nz/moontan.htm","external_links_name":"\"Moontan, a Digital Short Feature Film\""},{"Link":"http://www.artmedia.net.nz/moontan.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120707030320/http://anthemfilmfestival.com/Awards.aspx/","external_links_name":"\"2011 ANTHEM AWARDS\""},{"Link":"http://anthemfilmfestival.com/Awards.aspx/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120415025957/http://theindiegathering.com/page23.php/","external_links_name":"\"16th Indie Gathering International Film Festival & more! – 2011 Winners\""},{"Link":"http://theindiegathering.com/page23.php/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120426010152/http://www.reelindependentfilm.com/home.cfm/","external_links_name":"\"Reel Independent Film Extravaganza – Home\""},{"Link":"http://www.reelindependentfilm.com/home.cfm/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.artmedia.com.au/reviews1.htm","external_links_name":"\"Alan Clay (1994) Moontan, a Clown Story, Artmedia ISBN 978-0-9871357-3-5\""},{"Link":"http://www.artmedia.com.au/americanreviews.htm","external_links_name":"\"US Reviews\""},{"Link":"http://www.artmedia.com.au/playspac.htm","external_links_name":"\"Playspace Clown Training\""},{"Link":"http://www.artmedia.com.au/Clown.htm","external_links_name":"\"Clown Training\""},{"Link":"http://www.alanclay.com/","external_links_name":"Alan Clay"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3365495/","external_links_name":"Alan Clay"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000064068910","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/88498165","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyrT6Fdkgcr6YY4Fpj6Kd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2009072932","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_C._Hammond_Middle_School
Francis C. Hammond Middle School
["1 History","2 Demographics","3 Notable alumni","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 38°49′34″N 77°06′40″W / 38.826°N 77.111°W / 38.826; -77.111 School in the United StatesFrancis C. Hammond Middle SchoolLocation4646 Seminary Road, Alexandria, VirginiaUnited StatesInformationFormer nameFrancis C. Hammond High SchoolEstablished1956 Francis C. Hammond Middle School in 2017 Francis C. Hammond Middle School in Alexandria, Virginia, is located at 4646 Seminary Road in the west end of the city. Opened as a four-year high school in 1956, it was named after Alexandria native Francis Hammond (1931–1953), a U.S. Navy hospital corpsman who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Korean War. Francis C. Hammond Middle School applied to be part of the International Baccalaureate program in 2010. It has since ended its involvement. History In 1971, Alexandria City Public Schools (ACPS) changed to a 6-2-2-2 system, and reassigned its three high schools from four-year to two-year campuses. The newest and most geographically central, T.C. Williams, took all of the city's juniors and seniors, while Hammond and George Washington split the freshmen and sophomores. Prior to the consolidation, the city was approximately one-fifth black, but Hammond High School's student body in the spring of 1971 was nearly all white. Both Hammond and George Washington became junior high schools in 1979, with grades 7-9, and middle schools in 1993, with grades 6-8. In 2009, Morton Sherman, superintendent for ACPS, introduced a new plan for the school system's two middle schools, to have numerous schools inside one building. This was designed to allow students to have a more personalized education in smaller schools. Hammond had 3 schools (e.g., FCH 1, FCH2, FCH3), while George Washington Middle School had two schools (e.g. GW1, GW2). Starting in the 2014–15 school year the schools were unified again, with students either attending Francis C. Hammond or George Washington. Demographics As of September 2014, the 1436 students at Francis C. Hammond are 35% African American, 40% Hispanic, 14% White, 8% Asian, 1.2% Multi-racial, 1% Native American, and 0.4% Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander. Notable alumni Jack Fisk, production designer and director, Class of 1964 Angus King, Senator from Maine, Class of 1962 David Lynch, filmmaker, Class of 1964 References ^ Cressey, Pamela (May 1997). "Alexandrians remember Hammond". City of Alexandria. Historic Alexandria. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2014. ^ "Hero's son gets his medal". Spartanburg (SC) Herald-Journal. AP photo. January 1, 1954. p. 9. ^ a b "Alexandria school plan to be offered". Free-Lance Star. Fredericksburg, VA. Associated Press. May 1, 1971. p. 10. ^ a b "Francis C. Hammond High School, Alexandria, VA - Class of '64". Archived from the original on February 15, 2006. Retrieved November 4, 2022. ^ L’Hommedieu, Andrea (November 3, 2009). "Interview with Angus King by Andrea L'Hommedieu". George J. Mitchell Oral History Project. Bowdoin College. Retrieved November 1, 2018. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help) External links Official website "Alexandria City School Board Votes on New Future for Middle Schools Francis C. Hammond High School Alumni Association vteAlexandria, VirginiaAreas Neighborhoods Old Town Potomac Yard Landmarks Alexandria City Hall John Carlyle House Christ Church Fort Ward Gadsby's Tavern Jones Point Jones Point Light Lee–Fendall House Little Theatre of Alexandria Torpedo Factory Art Center George Washington Masonic National Memorial Government Alexandria Fire Department Alexandria Police Department Alexandria City Jail Education Alexandria City Public Schools Francis C. Hammond MS George Washington MS Alexandria City HS Episcopal HS St. Stephen's & St. Agnes School Virginia Theological Seminary Alexandria Library This list is incomplete.See also: Template:South Alexandria (for areas of Fairfax County south of the Alexandria city limits with Alexandria postal addresses) 38°49′34″N 77°06′40″W / 38.826°N 77.111°W / 38.826; -77.111
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francis_Hammond_Middle_School.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alexandria, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school"},{"link_name":"Francis Hammond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_C._Hammond"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"hospital corpsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Hospital_Corpsman"},{"link_name":"posthumously","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumous_recognition"},{"link_name":"Medal of Honor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Honor"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alxremham-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hsghm-2"},{"link_name":"International Baccalaureate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Baccalaureate"}],"text":"School in the United StatesFrancis C. Hammond Middle School in 2017Francis C. Hammond Middle School in Alexandria, Virginia, is located at 4646 Seminary Road in the west end of the city. Opened as a four-year high school in 1956, it was named after Alexandria native Francis Hammond (1931–1953), a U.S. Navy hospital corpsman who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions in the Korean War.[1][2]Francis C. Hammond Middle School applied to be part of the International Baccalaureate program in 2010. It has since ended its involvement.","title":"Francis C. Hammond Middle School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexandria City Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_City_Public_Schools"},{"link_name":"T.C. Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._C._Williams_High_School"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Middle_School_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asptbo-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-asptbo-3"},{"link_name":"middle schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_school#United_States"},{"link_name":"George Washington Middle School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Middle_School_(Virginia)"}],"text":"In 1971, Alexandria City Public Schools (ACPS) changed to a 6-2-2-2 system, and reassigned its three high schools from four-year to two-year campuses. The newest and most geographically central, T.C. Williams, took all of the city's juniors and seniors, while Hammond and George Washington split the freshmen and sophomores.[3] Prior to the consolidation, the city was approximately one-fifth black, but Hammond High School's student body in the spring of 1971 was nearly all white.[3] Both Hammond and George Washington became junior high schools in 1979, with grades 7-9, and middle schools in 1993, with grades 6-8.In 2009, Morton Sherman, superintendent for ACPS, introduced a new plan for the school system's two middle schools, to have numerous schools inside one building. This was designed to allow students to have a more personalized education in smaller schools. Hammond had 3 schools (e.g., FCH 1, FCH2, FCH3), while George Washington Middle School had two schools (e.g. GW1, GW2). Starting in the 2014–15 school year the schools were unified again, with students either attending Francis C. Hammond or George Washington.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As of September 2014, the 1436 students at Francis C. Hammond are 35% African American, 40% Hispanic, 14% White, 8% Asian, 1.2% Multi-racial, 1% Native American, and 0.4% Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack Fisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Fisk"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n64-4"},{"link_name":"Angus King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_King"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-king-5"},{"link_name":"David Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lynch"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-n64-4"}],"text":"Jack Fisk, production designer and director, Class of 1964[4]\nAngus King, Senator from Maine, Class of 1962[5]\nDavid Lynch, filmmaker, Class of 1964[4]","title":"Notable alumni"}]
[{"image_text":"Francis C. Hammond Middle School in 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Francis_Hammond_Middle_School.jpg/220px-Francis_Hammond_Middle_School.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Cressey, Pamela (May 1997). \"Alexandrians remember Hammond\". City of Alexandria. Historic Alexandria. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161220094936/https://www.alexandriava.gov/historic/info/default.aspx?id=41456","url_text":"\"Alexandrians remember Hammond\""},{"url":"https://www.alexandriava.gov/historic/info/default.aspx?id=41456","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hero's son gets his medal\". Spartanburg (SC) Herald-Journal. AP photo. January 1, 1954. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6zAsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=S8sEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6054%2C51365","url_text":"\"Hero's son gets his medal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alexandria school plan to be offered\". Free-Lance Star. Fredericksburg, VA. Associated Press. May 1, 1971. p. 10.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HN9LAAAAIBAJ&sjid=q4oDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6821%2C51129","url_text":"\"Alexandria school plan to be offered\""}]},{"reference":"\"Francis C. Hammond High School, Alexandria, VA - Class of '64\". Archived from the original on February 15, 2006. Retrieved November 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060215172521/http://fchhsaa.com/n64.html","url_text":"\"Francis C. Hammond High School, Alexandria, VA - Class of '64\""},{"url":"http://fchhsaa.com/n64.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"L’Hommedieu, Andrea (November 3, 2009). \"Interview with Angus King by Andrea L'Hommedieu\". George J. Mitchell Oral History Project. Bowdoin College. Retrieved November 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalcommons.bowdoin.edu/mitchelloralhistory/105/","url_text":"\"Interview with Angus King by Andrea L'Hommedieu\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Aldous_Dixon
Henry Aldous Dixon
["1 Biography","1.1 Academic career","1.2 Congress","1.3 Later activities","1.4 Death and burial","2 Election history","3 References","4 Sources","5 External links"]
American politician For other people named Henry Dixon, see Henry Dixon (disambiguation). Henry Aldous DixonMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Utah's 1st districtIn officeJanuary 3, 1955 – January 3, 1961Preceded byDouglas R. StringfellowSucceeded byM. Blaine Peterson Personal detailsBornHenry Aldous Dixon(1890-06-29)June 29, 1890Provo, Utah TerritoryDiedJanuary 22, 1967(1967-01-22) (aged 76)Ogden, UtahResting placeWashington Heights Memorial ParkPolitical partyRepublicanAlma materBrigham Young UniversityUniversity of ChicagoUniversity of Southern CaliforniaOccupationCollege President Henry Aldous Dixon (June 29, 1890 – January 22, 1967) was an American businessman and academic administrator who served three terms as a U.S. Representative from Utah from 1955 to 1961. He was also the president of first Weber College and later Utah State Agricultural College. Biography Born in Provo in the Utah Territory, Dixon attended the public schools until high school, when he attended private Brigham Young High School, from which he graduated in 1909. He graduated from Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, in 1914, from the University of Chicago in 1917, and from the University of Southern California in 1937. Academic career Dixon was an instructor at Weber College, which later became Weber State University, from 1914 to 1918, and served as the college's president twice, in 1919–1920 and 1937–1953. Between these presidential terms, he served as superintendent of Provo city schools from 1920–1924 and again in 1932-1937. Between these two terms as superintendent, from 1924 to 1932, Dixon was managing vice president of Farmers and Merchants Bank. During his second term as president of Weber College, he was a member of the President's Commission on Higher Education (1946–1948), a member of the board of directors of Salt Lake Branch of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (1945–1951), and director of the Association of Junior Colleges (1950–1954). After heading Weber College, he became president of Utah State Agricultural College (which later became Utah State University) at Logan, Utah from August 1953 to December 1954. Congress In 1954, Republican 1st District Congressman Douglas Stringfellow was forced to retire from Congress after only one term after it emerged he had lied about both his service record in World War II and his educational history. Dixon was asked to replace Stringfellow on the ballot only 16 days before the election and won. He served in the Eighty-fourth, Eighty-fifth, and Eighty-sixth Congresses (January 3, 1955 – January 3, 1961). He did not seek renomination in 1960. Dixon voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960. Later activities Dixon taught at Brigham Young University, his alma mater, until 1965. Death and burial He died in Ogden, Utah, January 22, 1967 and was interred in Washington Heights Memorial Park. Election history 1954 United States House of Representatives elections Party Candidate Votes % Republican Henry Aldous Dixon 55,542 53.37 Democratic Walter K. Granger 48,535 46.63 Total votes 104,077 100.0 Republican hold 1956 United States House of Representatives elections Party Candidate Votes % Republican Henry Aldous Dixon (Incumbent) 74,107 60.92 Democratic Carlyle F. Gronning 47,533 39.08 Total votes 121,640 100.0 Republican hold 1958 United States House of Representatives elections Party Candidate Votes % Republican Henry Aldous Dixon (Incumbent) 58,141 53.90 Democratic M. Blaine Peterson 49,735 46.10 Total votes 107,876 100.0 Republican hold References ^ a b "Dixon, Henry Aldous, (1890 - 1967)". Biographical Dictionary of the U.S. Congress. ^ Could this be the Farmers and Merchants Bank (Nampa, Idaho)? ^ "HR 6127. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957". GovTrack.us. ^ "HR 8601. PASSAGE". ^ "1954 Election Results" (PDF). ^ "1956 Election Results" (PDF). ^ "1958 Election Results" (PDF). Sources United States Congress. "Henry Aldous Dixon (id: D000368)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. External links Works by or about Henry Aldous Dixon at Internet Archive Academic offices Preceded byOwen F. Beal President of Weber Normal College 1919–1920 Succeeded byJoel E. Ricks Preceded byLeland W. Creer President of Weber College 1937–1953 Succeeded byWilliam P. Miller Preceded byLouis Linden Madsen President of Utah State Agricultural College 1953–1954 Succeeded byDaryl Chase U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byDouglas R. Stringfellow Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Utah's 1st congressional district 1955–1961 Succeeded byM. Blaine Peterson vteUtah State University presidents Sanborn Paul Tanner Kerr Widtsoe Peterson Harris Madsen Dixon Chase Taggart Cazier Emert Hall Albrecht Cockett Cantwell vteMembers of the United States House of Representatives from UtahTerritorial (1851–1895)Seat Bernhisel Hooper Bernhisel Kinney Hooper G. Cannon Caine Rawlins F. Cannon One at-large seat (1895–1913)Seat Allen W. King Sutherland Howell Two at-large seats (1913–1915)Seat Howell Seat Johnson Districts (1915–present)(3rd district established in 1983) (4th district established in 2013)1st district Howell Welling Colton Murdock Granger Stringfellow Dixon Peterson Burton McKay Hansen Bishop Moore 2nd district Mays Leatherwood Loofbourow Robinson Dawson Bosone Dawson D. King Lloyd D. King Lloyd W. Owens Howe Marriott Monson W. Owens Shepherd Greene Waldholtz Cook Matheson Stewart Maloy 3rd district Nielson Orton C. Cannon Chaffetz Curtis 4th district Matheson Love McAdams B. Owens  This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States People US Congress
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Dixon (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Dixon_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"Weber College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weber_College"},{"link_name":"Utah State Agricultural College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_Agricultural_College"}],"text":"For other people named Henry Dixon, see Henry Dixon (disambiguation).Henry Aldous Dixon (June 29, 1890 – January 22, 1967) was an American businessman and academic administrator who served three terms as a U.S. Representative from Utah from 1955 to 1961.He was also the president of first Weber College and later Utah State Agricultural College.","title":"Henry Aldous Dixon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Provo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provo,_Utah"},{"link_name":"Utah Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Territory"},{"link_name":"Brigham Young High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_High_School"},{"link_name":"Brigham Young University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University"},{"link_name":"Provo, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provo,_Utah"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"}],"text":"Born in Provo in the Utah Territory, Dixon attended the public schools until high school, when he attended private Brigham Young High School, from which he graduated in 1909. He graduated from Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, in 1914, from the University of Chicago in 1917, and from the University of Southern California in 1937.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Weber State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weber_State_University"},{"link_name":"superintendent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintendent_(education)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"President's Commission on Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President%27s_Commission_on_Higher_Education&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"Association of Junior Colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Association_of_Junior_Colleges&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Utah State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_University"},{"link_name":"Logan, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan,_Utah"}],"sub_title":"Academic career","text":"Dixon was an instructor at Weber College, which later became Weber State University, from 1914 to 1918, and served as the college's president twice, in 1919–1920 and 1937–1953. Between these presidential terms, he served as superintendent of Provo city schools from 1920–1924 and again in 1932-1937. Between these two terms as superintendent, from 1924 to 1932, Dixon was managing vice president of Farmers and Merchants Bank.[1][2] During his second term as president of Weber College, he was a member of the President's Commission on Higher Education (1946–1948), a member of the board of directors of Salt Lake Branch of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (1945–1951), and director of the Association of Junior Colleges (1950–1954).After heading Weber College, he became president of Utah State Agricultural College (which later became Utah State University) at Logan, Utah from August 1953 to December 1954.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Douglas Stringfellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Stringfellow"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Eighty-fourth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/84th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Eighty-fifth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/85th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Eighty-sixth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/86th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Acts of 1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Congress","text":"In 1954, Republican 1st District Congressman Douglas Stringfellow was forced to retire from Congress after only one term after it emerged he had lied about both his service record in World War II and his educational history. Dixon was asked to replace Stringfellow on the ballot only 16 days before the election and won. He served in the Eighty-fourth, Eighty-fifth, and Eighty-sixth Congresses (January 3, 1955 – January 3, 1961). He did not seek renomination in 1960.Dixon voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957 and 1960.[3][4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brigham Young University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University"}],"sub_title":"Later activities","text":"Dixon taught at Brigham Young University, his alma mater, until 1965.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ogden, Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogden,_Utah"}],"sub_title":"Death and burial","text":"He died in Ogden, Utah, January 22, 1967 and was interred in Washington Heights Memorial Park.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Henry Aldous Dixon (id: D000368)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=D000368"},{"link_name":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress"}],"text":"United States Congress. \"Henry Aldous Dixon (id: D000368)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Halton
Matthew Halton
["1 Biography","2 Archives","3 References","4 External links"]
Canadian journalist This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Matthew Henry HaltonHalton preparing to broadcast in Sicily, Italy, August 20, 1943.Born(1904-09-07)September 7, 1904Pincher Creek, Alberta, CanadaDiedDecember 3, 1956(1956-12-03) (aged 52)ChildrenDavid HaltonKathleen Tynan Matthew Henry Halton (September 7, 1904 – December 3, 1956) was a Canadian television journalist, most famous as a foreign correspondent for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation during World War II. Biography Born in Pincher Creek, Alberta, Halton attended teachers college in Calgary and taught school for several years before attending the University of Alberta, where he gained experience reporting and editing for The Gateway. He subsequently went to London, England to study at King's College London and at the London School of Economics, writing extensively on European affairs for Canadian newspapers. He briefly returned to Canada in 1931, but then returned to Europe as a correspondent for the Toronto Star. He covered such issues as the rise of Nazism in Germany, the Spanish Civil War and the Winter War; with the Munich Crisis of 1938, he began filing reports for CBC Radio as well. Halton was briefly reassigned to the Star's Washington, DC bureau in 1940, but was soon sent back to cover the North African campaign. He reported extensively for the CBC over the next two years, and then briefly returned to Canada to write and publish the memoir Ten Years to Alamein. In 1943, he was named the CBC's senior war correspondent, returning to London and covering all aspects of the final two years of the war. After the end of World War II, he remained in Europe as the network's senior foreign correspondent, covering the Nuremberg Trials, the funeral of King George VI, the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II and the 1954 Geneva Conference, among other stories. He also filed frequent reports for the BBC as well. In 1956, Halton received an honorary doctorate from the University of Alberta. He died several months later, following stomach surgery. Halton's son David later became CBC Television's chief political correspondent. His daughter Kathleen married influential British theatre critic Kenneth Tynan, and later established her own career as a writer. Matthew Halton High School in Halton's home town of Pincher Creek, Alberta is named after him. Archives The Matthew Halton fonds is held by Library and Archives Canada, under archival reference number R10120. The fonds consists of 2.25 metres of textual records, 174 photographs, 15 audio cassettes, and 2 maps. The description includes a finding aid. References ^ "Matthew Halton fonds description at Library and Archives Canada". 25 November 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2022. ^ "Matthew Halton finding aid at Library and Archives Canada" (PDF). External links Matthew Halton biography at the Canadian Communications Foundation Matthew Halton profile at CBC archives Matthew Halton fonds (R10120) at Library and Archives Canada Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"Matthew Henry Halton (September 7, 1904 – December 3, 1956) was a Canadian television journalist, most famous as a foreign correspondent for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation during World War II.","title":"Matthew Halton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pincher Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pincher_Creek"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary"},{"link_name":"University of Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alberta"},{"link_name":"The Gateway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gateway_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"King's College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London"},{"link_name":"London School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"Toronto Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star"},{"link_name":"Nazism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Winter War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War"},{"link_name":"Munich Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Crisis"},{"link_name":"CBC Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Radio"},{"link_name":"Washington, DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_DC"},{"link_name":"North African campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_African_campaign"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg Trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials"},{"link_name":"King George VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_VI_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"1954 Geneva Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva_Conference_(1954)"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"University of Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alberta"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Halton"},{"link_name":"Kathleen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Tynan"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Tynan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Tynan"},{"link_name":"Pincher Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pincher_Creek"}],"text":"Born in Pincher Creek, Alberta, Halton attended teachers college in Calgary and taught school for several years before attending the University of Alberta, where he gained experience reporting and editing for The Gateway. He subsequently went to London, England to study at King's College London and at the London School of Economics, writing extensively on European affairs for Canadian newspapers. He briefly returned to Canada in 1931, but then returned to Europe as a correspondent for the Toronto Star. He covered such issues as the rise of Nazism in Germany, the Spanish Civil War and the Winter War; with the Munich Crisis of 1938, he began filing reports for CBC Radio as well.Halton was briefly reassigned to the Star's Washington, DC bureau in 1940, but was soon sent back to cover the North African campaign. He reported extensively for the CBC over the next two years, and then briefly returned to Canada to write and publish the memoir Ten Years to Alamein. In 1943, he was named the CBC's senior war correspondent, returning to London and covering all aspects of the final two years of the war. After the end of World War II, he remained in Europe as the network's senior foreign correspondent, covering the Nuremberg Trials, the funeral of King George VI, the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II and the 1954 Geneva Conference, among other stories. He also filed frequent reports for the BBC as well.In 1956, Halton received an honorary doctorate from the University of Alberta. He died several months later, following stomach surgery.Halton's son David later became CBC Television's chief political correspondent. His daughter Kathleen married influential British theatre critic Kenneth Tynan, and later established her own career as a writer.Matthew Halton High School in Halton's home town of Pincher Creek, Alberta is named after him.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Matthew Halton fonds is held by Library and Archives Canada, under archival reference number R10120. The fonds consists of 2.25 metres of textual records, 174 photographs, 15 audio cassettes, and 2 maps.[1] The description includes a finding aid. [2]","title":"Archives"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Matthew Halton fonds description at Library and Archives Canada\". 25 November 2016. Retrieved March 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=199719&lang=eng","url_text":"\"Matthew Halton fonds description at Library and Archives Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matthew Halton finding aid at Library and Archives Canada\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://data2.archives.ca/pdf/pdf001/p000000844.pdf","url_text":"\"Matthew Halton finding aid at Library and Archives Canada\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=199719&lang=eng","external_links_name":"\"Matthew Halton fonds description at Library and Archives Canada\""},{"Link":"http://data2.archives.ca/pdf/pdf001/p000000844.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Matthew Halton finding aid at Library and Archives Canada\""},{"Link":"http://www.broadcasting-history.ca/personalities/personalities.php?id=397","external_links_name":"Matthew Halton biography at the Canadian Communications Foundation"},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/war-conflict/second-world-war/reports-from-abroad-matthew-halton/topic---reports-from-abroad-matthew-halton.html","external_links_name":"Matthew Halton profile at CBC archives"},{"Link":"https://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=199719&lang=eng","external_links_name":"Matthew Halton fonds (R10120)"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/254961/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000032671862","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/15803944","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdMhRgkgpKpc6mWdMcXVC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/12781227X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007280234605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n89643875","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w60d89hf","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caves_of_Hotton
Caves of Hotton
["1 Gallery","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 50°15′33″N 5°27′21″E / 50.2592°N 5.4559°E / 50.2592; 5.4559Speleothem caves near Hotton in Belgium The Caves of Hotton are speleothem caves located in Wallonia near Hotton in Belgium, which were discovered in 1958 and are around 5 or 6 km long and 70 metres deep. A stream called Syphon runs at the bottom of the caves. Gallery References ^ J.F. Cadorin,D. Jongmans,A. Plumier,T. Camelbeeck, S. Delaby, Y. Quinif. Modelling of speleothems failure in the Hotton cave (Belgium). Is the failure earthquake induced? Archived 2012-03-05 at the Wayback Machine Netherlands Journal of Geosciences / Geologie en Mijnbouw 80 (3-4): 315-321 (2001). ^ Ardennes-etape.com: The Caves of Hotton External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hotton Caves. Hotton's Caves (incl. cave map and images) 50°15′33″N 5°27′21″E / 50.2592°N 5.4559°E / 50.2592; 5.4559
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"speleothem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speleothem"},{"link_name":"caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caves"},{"link_name":"Wallonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallonia"},{"link_name":"Hotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotton"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Speleothem caves near Hotton in BelgiumThe Caves of Hotton are speleothem caves located in Wallonia near Hotton in Belgium, which were discovered in 1958 and are around 5 or 6 km long and 70 metres deep.[1][2] A stream called Syphon runs at the bottom of the caves.","title":"Caves of Hotton"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hotton-Caves-10.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hotton-Caves-15.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hotton-Caves-8.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hotton-Caves-9.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hotton-Caves-14.JPG"}],"title":"Gallery"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Caves_of_Hotton&params=50.2592_N_5.4559_E_type:landmark_region:BE","external_links_name":"50°15′33″N 5°27′21″E / 50.2592°N 5.4559°E / 50.2592; 5.4559"},{"Link":"http://www.njgonline.nl/publish/articles/000048/article.pdf","external_links_name":"Modelling of speleothems failure in the Hotton cave (Belgium). Is the failure earthquake induced?"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120305124547/http://www.njgonline.nl/publish/articles/000048/article.pdf#","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ardennes-etape.com/en/ficheactivite.php?ID=41&chk=20668d48f964c0e32ff2ffb0c71b16432d7e7cd0","external_links_name":"Ardennes-etape.com: The Caves of Hotton"},{"Link":"http://www.grottesdehotton.be/eng/home.html","external_links_name":"Hotton's Caves"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Caves_of_Hotton&params=50.2592_N_5.4559_E_type:landmark_region:BE","external_links_name":"50°15′33″N 5°27′21″E / 50.2592°N 5.4559°E / 50.2592; 5.4559"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susie_Darlin%27
Susie Darlin'
["1 Background","2 Release","3 Other versions","4 Chart performance","5 Charts","5.1 Robin Luke version","5.2 Tommy Roe version","6 References"]
1958 single by Robin Luke"Susie Darlin'"Single by Robin LukeB-side"Living’s Loving You"ReleasedJuly 28, 1958 (1958-07-28)StudioBertram International Studio, Honolulu, HawaiiLength2:30LabelDotSongwriter(s)Robin Luke "Susie Darlin'" is a 1958 single by Robin Luke. Luke's rendition peaked at #5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and went to #1 on the CHUM Chart in 1958. A cover version by Tommy Roe had "Susie Darlin'" re-enter the Billboard Hot 100 in 1962 and peaked at #35. "Susie Darlin'" sold a million copies in the United States. Background "Susie Darlin'" was originally titled "All Night Long" but was later re-titled and named after Luke's sister. Robin Luke started singing professionally in 1957, co-starring on a Honolulu TV show with Kimo McVay, while still attending Punahou High School. He was brought to the attention of Bobby Bertram, owner of the Lariat and Bertram International labels. Luke recorded two self-composed songs (“Susie Darlin’” and “Living’s Loving You”) in Bertram’s bedroom in Honolulu, with the nearby bathroom functioning as an echo chamber. Percussion was created by Bertram by pounding two sticks at a ballpoint pen in his pocket. Release "Susie Darlin’”. c/w “Living’s Loving You” were released in May 1958 on Bertram International. Immediately there was massive Hawaiian airplay and ten days later “Susie Darlin’” (inspired by Robin’s five-year old sister Susie) was the best selling record in Honolulu. Luckily for Luke, Art and Dorothy Freeman, Cleveland distributors for the Dot label, were honeymooning in Waikiki when they happened to hear Robin’s record on the radio. Bertram leased the record to Dot Records for the US mainland market. Reissued on Dot, the single entered the Billboard charts in August 1958, eventually peaked at number five. Luke did a quick tour of the United States and appeared on American Bandstand. As the single climbed the charts, he was brought back for more shows and performed on more national television shows, including the Perry Como Show. In the UK “Susie Darlin'" was released on the London American label (HLD 8676) and reached number 23, in spite of competition from a British cover by Barry Barnett. Other versions In 1962, Tommy Roe covered "Susie Darlin'". A few years later, Mike Curb created his own version, titled "Suzie Darling", with some lyrical adjustments in 1965. A German version was covered by Tommy Kent in 1958 and peaked on the German charts at #4. In 1973, Australian Barry Crocker released an updated version of Susie Darlin', which peaked at #7 on the Australian charts and charted at #57 for the year overall. Chart performance In the United States, Robin Luke's original version of "Susie Darlin'" peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 26 on the Hot R&B Sides chart in 1958. Outside of the United States, Luke's version of "Susie Darlin'" peaked at No. 1 on the CHUM Chart and No. 23 in the UK that same year. Another charting version of "Susie Darlin'" was Tommy Roe's version, which peaked on the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 35 in 1962. Charts Robin Luke version Chart (1958) Peakposition Canada (CHUM) 1 UK Singles (OCC) 23 US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) 26 Tommy Roe version Chart (1962) Peakposition US Billboard Hot 100 35 References ^ Ohira, Rod (13 October 1997). "Return of a teen idol". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 19 February 2018. ^ Murrells, Joseph (1978). The Book of Golden Discs (2, illustrated ed.). Barrie and Jenkins. p. 104. ISBN 0214204804. Retrieved 19 February 2018. ^ Leszczak, Bob (2014). Who Did It First?: Great Pop Cover Songs and Their Original Artists. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 189. ISBN 9781442230675. Retrieved 8 February 2018. ^ "Tommy Kent / Horst Wende Tanzsolisten - Susie Darlin' - hitparade.ch". Hitparade.ch. Retrieved 27 April 2021. ^ "Every AMR Top 100 Single in 1973". ^ a b "Robin Luke Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. ^ a b "Robin Luke Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. ^ "Hot R&B Sides for the week ending October 26, 1958". The Billboard. Vol. 70, no. 42. October 20, 1958. p. 27. Retrieved February 19, 2018. ^ a b "CHART NUMBER 71 Monday, September 22, 1958". Archived from the original on 15 July 2006. Retrieved 18 February 2018. ^ a b "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. ^ a b "Tommy Roe Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. vteTommy RoeSingles "Sheila" "Susie Darlin'" "Everybody" "The Folk Singer" "Carol" "Sweet Pea" "Hooray for Hazel" "Dizzy" "Jam Up and Jelly Tight" "Stagger Lee" Authority control databases MusicBrainz work
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robin Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Luke"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"CHUM Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHUM_Chart"},{"link_name":"Tommy Roe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Roe"}],"text":"\"Susie Darlin'\" is a 1958 single by Robin Luke. Luke's rendition peaked at #5 on the Billboard Hot 100 and went to #1 on the CHUM Chart in 1958. A cover version by Tommy Roe had \"Susie Darlin'\" re-enter the Billboard Hot 100 in 1962 and peaked at #35. \"Susie Darlin'\" sold a million copies in the United States.","title":"Susie Darlin'"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ohira-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"\"Susie Darlin'\" was originally titled \"All Night Long\" but was later re-titled and named after Luke's sister.[1]Robin Luke started singing professionally in 1957, co-starring on a Honolulu TV show with Kimo McVay, while still attending Punahou High School. He was brought to the attention of Bobby Bertram, owner of the Lariat and Bertram International labels. Luke recorded two self-composed songs (“Susie Darlin’” and “Living’s Loving You”) in Bertram’s bedroom in Honolulu, with the nearby bathroom functioning as an echo chamber. Percussion was created by Bertram by pounding two sticks at a ballpoint pen in his pocket.[citation needed]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"\"Susie Darlin’”. c/w “Living’s Loving You” were released in May 1958 on Bertram International. Immediately there was massive Hawaiian airplay and ten days later “Susie Darlin’” (inspired by Robin’s five-year old sister Susie) was the best selling record in Honolulu. Luckily for Luke, Art and Dorothy Freeman, Cleveland distributors for the Dot label, were honeymooning in Waikiki when they happened to hear Robin’s record on the radio.[citation needed]Bertram leased the record to Dot Records for the US mainland market. Reissued on Dot, the single entered the Billboard charts in August 1958, eventually peaked at number five. Luke did a quick tour of the United States and appeared on American Bandstand. As the single climbed the charts, he was brought back for more shows and performed on more national television shows, including the Perry Como Show. In the UK “Susie Darlin'\" was released on the London American label (HLD 8676) and reached number 23, in spite of competition from a British cover by Barry Barnett.[2]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tommy Roe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Roe"},{"link_name":"Mike Curb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Curb"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Barry Crocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Crocker"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 1962, Tommy Roe covered \"Susie Darlin'\". A few years later, Mike Curb created his own version, titled \"Suzie Darling\", with some lyrical adjustments in 1965.[3]\nA German version was covered by Tommy Kent in 1958 and peaked on the German charts at #4.[4]\nIn 1973, Australian Barry Crocker released an updated version of Susie Darlin', which peaked at #7 on the Australian charts and charted at #57 for the year overall.[5]","title":"Other versions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hot100luke-6"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B Sides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-randbluke-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"CHUM Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHUM_Chart"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chum-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uk-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hot100roe-11"}],"text":"In the United States, Robin Luke's original version of \"Susie Darlin'\" peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100[6] and No. 26 on the Hot R&B Sides chart in 1958.[7][8] Outside of the United States, Luke's version of \"Susie Darlin'\" peaked at No. 1 on the CHUM Chart[9] and No. 23 in the UK that same year.[10] Another charting version of \"Susie Darlin'\" was Tommy Roe's version, which peaked on the Billboard Hot 100 at No. 35 in 1962.[11]","title":"Chart performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Robin Luke version","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tommy Roe version","title":"Charts"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Ohira, Rod (13 October 1997). \"Return of a teen idol\". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved 19 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://archives.starbulletin.com/97/10/13/features/story1.html","url_text":"\"Return of a teen idol\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu_Star-Bulletin","url_text":"Honolulu Star-Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"Murrells, Joseph (1978). The Book of Golden Discs (2, illustrated ed.). Barrie and Jenkins. p. 104. ISBN 0214204804. Retrieved 19 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr","url_text":"The Book of Golden Discs"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bookofgoldendisc00murr/page/104","url_text":"104"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0214204804","url_text":"0214204804"}]},{"reference":"Leszczak, Bob (2014). Who Did It First?: Great Pop Cover Songs and Their Original Artists. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 189. ISBN 9781442230675. Retrieved 8 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hj0fAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA189","url_text":"Who Did It First?: Great Pop Cover Songs and Their Original Artists"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442230675","url_text":"9781442230675"}]},{"reference":"\"Tommy Kent / Horst Wende Tanzsolisten - Susie Darlin' - hitparade.ch\". Hitparade.ch. Retrieved 27 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://hitparade.ch/song/Tommy-Kent-_-Horst-Wende-Tanzsolisten/Susie-Darlin%27-29501","url_text":"\"Tommy Kent / Horst Wende Tanzsolisten - Susie Darlin' - hitparade.ch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Every AMR Top 100 Single in 1973\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.top100singles.net/2011/11/every-amr-top-100-single-in-1973.html#show","url_text":"\"Every AMR Top 100 Single in 1973\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hot R&B Sides for the week ending October 26, 1958\". The Billboard. Vol. 70, no. 42. October 20, 1958. p. 27. Retrieved February 19, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4AoEAAAAMBAJ&q=billboard%20oct%2020%201958&pg=PA27","url_text":"\"Hot R&B Sides for the week ending October 26, 1958\""}]},{"reference":"\"CHART NUMBER 71 Monday, September 22, 1958\". Archived from the original on 15 July 2006. Retrieved 18 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060715233241/http://www.1050chum.com/index_chumcharts.aspx?chart=71","url_text":"\"CHART NUMBER 71 Monday, September 22, 1958\""},{"url":"http://www.1050chum.com/index_chumcharts.aspx?chart=71","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_West_(federal_electoral_district)
St. John's West (federal electoral district)
["1 Members of Parliament","2 Election results","3 See also","4 External links"]
For the provincial electoral district, see St. John's West (provincial electoral district). Federal electoral district in Newfoundland and Labrador, CanadaSt. John's West Newfoundland and Labrador electoral districtDefunct federal electoral districtLegislatureHouse of CommonsDistrict created1949District abolished2003First contested1949Last contested2000 St. John's West was a federal electoral district in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1949 to 2004. This riding was created in 1949 when Newfoundland joined the Canadian Confederation. It was abolished in 2003 when it was redistributed into Avalon and St. John's South—Mount Pearl ridings. It initially consisted of the Districts of Placentia-St. Mary's and Ferryland and a part of St. John's. In 1952, it was redefined to include also the Iona Islands in the District of Placentia West. In 1966, it was redefined to consist of the provincial districts of St. John's South, Ferryland, St. Mary's and Placentia East, and those parts of the provincial districts of St. John's West, St. John's North and St. John's Centre not included in the electoral district of St. John's East. Members of Parliament This riding elected the following members of Parliament: Parliament Years Member Party St. John's West 21st  1949–1953     William Joseph Browne Progressive Conservative 22nd  1953–1957     James Augustine Power Liberal 23rd  1957–1958     William Joseph Browne Progressive Conservative 24th  1958–1962 25th  1962–1963     Richard Cashin Liberal 26th  1963–1965 27th  1965–1968 28th  1968–1972     Walter C. Carter Progressive Conservative 29th  1972–1974 30th  1974–1975  1976–1979 John Crosbie 31st  1979–1980 32nd  1980–1984 33rd  1984–1988 34th  1988–1993 35th  1993–1997     Jean Payne Liberal 36th  1997–2000     Charlie Power Progressive Conservative  2000–2000 Loyola Hearn 37th  2000–2003  2003–2004     Conservative Riding dissolved into Avalon and St. John's South Election results 1949 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes Progressive Conservative William Joseph Browne 10,344 Liberal Greg Power 9,828 1953 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes Liberal James Augustine Power 9,965 Progressive Conservative William Joseph Browne 9,025 1957 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes Progressive Conservative William Joseph Browne 10,539 Liberal James Augustine Power 8,449 Co-operative Commonwealth E.E. Thoms 321 1958 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes Progressive Conservative William Joseph Browne 15,953 Liberal Leonard Miller 10,338 Co-operative Commonwealth E.E. Thoms 240 1962 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes Liberal Richard Cashin 12,650 Progressive Conservative William J. Browne 12,626 New Democratic Stanley H. Ross 281 1963 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes Liberal Richard Cashin 14,724 Progressive Conservative Art Harnett 10,997 New Democratic James J. Walsh 466 1965 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes Liberal Richard Cashin 14,481 Progressive Conservative Gerald Ryan Ottenheimer 10,054 New Democratic Esau E. Thoms 580 Social Credit S. Carey Skinner 115 1968 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes Progressive Conservative Walter Carter 15,379 Liberal Richard Cashin 11,150 New Democratic John Lorne Connors 597 1972 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes Progressive Conservative Walter Carter 16,818 Liberal David Bruce Porter 7,230 New Democratic Moses L. Ingram 1,668 Independent Hugh J. Shea 1,637 1974 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes Progressive Conservative Walter Carter 14,550 Liberal Lilian Bouzane 8,864 New Democratic Walter Noel 3,415 Social Credit S. Carey Skinner 143 By-election on 18 October 1976 On Mr. Carter's resignation, 3 September 1975 Party Candidate Votes Progressive Conservative John Crosbie 11,719 New Democratic Tom Mayo 8,597 Liberal Robert Innes 3,971 1979 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes Progressive Conservative John Crosbie 17,236 Liberal Patrick O'Flaherty 10,024 New Democratic Tom Mayo 9,033 1980 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes Progressive Conservative John Crosbie 19,067 Liberal Aidan Hennebury 11,423 New Democratic J. Michael Maher 3,967 Marxist–Leninist Tony Seed 86 1984 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes Progressive Conservative John Crosbie 33,696 Liberal Walter Carter 8,699 New Democratic Nina P. Patey 1,926 1988 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes Progressive Conservative John Crosbie 24,194 Liberal Genevieve M. Payne 12,787 New Democratic Alfred J. Sullivan 2,333 1993 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes Liberal Jean Payne 24,021 Progressive Conservative Loyola Hearn 16,380 New Democratic Sharon Walsh 1,740 Reform Dana Tucker 1,041 Natural Law Guy Harvey 459 1997 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes Progressive Conservative Charlie Power 19,393 Liberal Rex Gibbons 16,317 New Democratic Lee Ingram 6,866 Reform Harold Silas Ruby 1,113 Natural Law Michael Rendell 319 By-election on 15 May 2000 Resignation of Charles J. Power, 31 January 2000 Party Candidate Votes Progressive Conservative Loyola Hearn 11,392 New Democratic Greg Malone 11,036 Liberal Anthony G. Sparrow 8,032 Alliance Frank Hall 1,315 Independent (Extreme Wrestling) Ed Sailor White 332 2000 Canadian federal election Party Candidate Votes Progressive Conservative Loyola Hearn 22,959 Liberal Chuck Furey 14,137 New Democratic Dave Curtis 4,744 Alliance Eldon Drost 840 Natural Law Michael Rendell 141 See also List of Canadian federal electoral districts Historical federal electoral districts of Canada External links Riding history for St. John's West (1949–1952) from the Library of Parliament Riding history for St. John's West (1952–1987) from the Library of Parliament Riding history for St. John's West (1987–2003) from the Library of Parliament vteFederal ridings in Newfoundland and LabradorLiberal Avalon Bonavista—Burin—Trinity Labrador Long Range Mountains St. John's East St. John's South—Mount Pearl Conservative Coast of Bays—Central—Notre Dame vteHistorical federal ridings in Newfoundland and Labrador Bonavista—Exploits Bonavista—Gander—Grand Falls—Windsor Bonavista—Trinity—Conception Bonavista—Twillingate Burin—Burgeo Burin—St. George's Gander—Grand Falls Gander—Twillingate Grand Falls—White Bay Grand Falls—White Bay—Labrador Humber—Port au Port—St. Barbe Humber—St. Barbe—Baie Verte Humber—St. George's Humber—St. George's—St. Barbe Random—Burin—St. George's St. John's East|St. John's North St. John's South St. John's West Trinity—Conception
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. John's West (provincial electoral district)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_West_(provincial_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"electoral district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland and Labrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador"},{"link_name":"House of Commons of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Canadian Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Confederation"},{"link_name":"Avalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalon_(electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"St. John's South—Mount Pearl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_South%E2%80%94Mount_Pearl"}],"text":"For the provincial electoral district, see St. John's West (provincial electoral district).Federal electoral district in Newfoundland and Labrador, CanadaSt. John's West was a federal electoral district in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, that was represented in the House of Commons of Canada from 1949 to 2004.This riding was created in 1949 when Newfoundland joined the Canadian Confederation.It was abolished in 2003 when it was redistributed into Avalon and St. John's South—Mount Pearl ridings.It initially consisted of the Districts of Placentia-St. Mary's and Ferryland and a part of St. John's. In 1952, it was redefined to include also the Iona Islands in the District of Placentia West. In 1966, it was redefined to consist of the provincial districts of St. John's South, Ferryland, St. Mary's and Placentia East, and those parts of the provincial districts of St. John's West, St. John's North and St. John's Centre not included in the electoral district of St. John's East.","title":"St. John's West (federal electoral district)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"members of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"}],"text":"This riding elected the following members of Parliament:","title":"Members of Parliament"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election results"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_Turner_Jr.
Cal Turner Jr.
["1 Early life","2 Business career","3 Philanthropy","4 Personal life","5 Works","6 References","7 External links"]
American businessman and philanthropist Cal Turner Jr.Born (1940-01-25) January 25, 1940 (age 84)Scottsville, KentuckyAlma materVanderbilt UniversityOccupationBusinessmanSpouseMargaret TurnerChildrenCal Turner IIIParent(s)Cal TurnerLaura Katherine Goad Hurley Calister "Cal" Turner Jr. (born January 25, 1940) is an American billionaire businessman and philanthropist. He served as the chairman and chief executive officer of Dollar General, a chain of low-cost variety stores founded by his father, Cal Turner Sr. Early life Cal Turner Jr. was born on January 25, 1940, to Laura and Cal Turner. He is the son of Cal Turner, the founder of Dollar General. He has three siblings, including a sister, Laura Dugas. He is the oldest son. He grew up in Scottsville, Kentucky. Turner graduated from Vanderbilt University, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1962. He served in the United States Navy from 1962 to 1965. Business career Turner started his career at the family firm, Dollar General, in December 1965. He worked his way up and began by "sweeping the warehouse in the company." He became president in 1977 and chairman in 1988. He served as its chairman and chief executive officer until 2003. During his tenure, he forced both his father and his brother out of the business. Turner served on the board of directors of First American Corporation and the First American National Bank. He serves on the CEO Council of Council Capital. Turner is a billionaire. Philanthropy Turner serves on the board of trust of his alma mater, Vanderbilt University. He endowed the Cal Turner Program For Moral Leadership in the Professions at the Owen Graduate School of Management at Vanderbilt University in 1994. With his sister Laura Dugas, Turner donated a pipe organ to the Blair School of Music at Vanderbilt University. Additionally, Turner serves on the board of trustees of Lindsey Wilson College, a private college in Columbia, Kentucky. In March 2015, he donated US$1.2 million through the Cal Turner Family Foundation to endow the Turner Family Center for Social Ventures at Vanderbilt's Owen School of Management. Turner served on the board of trustees of Fisk University, a historically black university in Nashville; the PENCIL Foundation, a non-profit organization whose aim is to improve public education in Nashville, and the YMCA of Middle Tennessee. He also served on the board of trustees of the Easter Seals Tennessee, a non-profit organization for children with disabilities and special needs. Additionally, he serves on the Leadership Council of the Andrews Institute, a research center at the College of Leadership and Public Service of Lipscomb University. Through the Cal Turner Family Foundation, he donated US$3 million to build the Cal Turner Family Center, a conference center at Meharry Medical College, a United Methodist medical school in Nashville. Additionally, he established the Cal Turner Jr. Center for Church Leadership at Martin Methodist College, a United Methodist college in Pulaski, Tennessee. Turner was the recipient of the Presidential Award for Private Sector Initiatives from President Ronald Reagan in 1988. Additionally, he was awarded the Stanley S. Kresge Award from the United Methodist Higher Education Foundation. Personal life Turner had a wife, Margaret (who died in 2019), and has a son, Cal Turner, III. They resided in a home in Fieldstone Farms, a neighborhood of Franklin, Tennessee, near Nashville. Turner is a member of the United Methodist Church. He plays the piano and pipe organ. Works Turner, Cal Jr.; Simbeck, Rob (2018). My Father's Business: The Small-Town Values That Built Dollar General Into a Billion-Dollar Company. New York City: Center Street. ISBN 9781478992981. OCLC 1003316282. References ^ "All In The Family". Retrieved 15 December 2017. ^ a b "Executive Profile* Cal Turner Jr". Bloomberg Business. Retrieved November 9, 2015. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Cal Turner Program For Moral Leadership in the Professions: Cal Turner Jr.: Chairman, Cal Turner Family Foundation". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved November 9, 2015. ^ a b c Schmitt, Brad (January 27, 2015). "Philanthropist Cal Turner Jr. plays a mean pipe organ". The Tennessean. Nashville, Tennessee. Retrieved November 9, 2015. ^ a b c Stevens, Turner. "Cal Turner". Lipscomb University. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2015. ^ a b c d "Cal Turner Jr". Council Capital. Archived from the original on 2015-03-02. Retrieved November 9, 2015. ^ Travis, Vicky (January 30, 2014). "Retired Dollar General CEO Cal Turner Jr. shares lessons with mayors". The Tennessean. Nashville, Tennessee. Retrieved November 10, 2015. ^ Becker, Lori (December 6, 2013). "Retail giant Cal Turner Jr. led with love, truth, mission". Nashville Business Journal. Nashville, Tennessee. Retrieved November 9, 2015. ^ "CEO's Douglas County mansion available for $18.37M". Denver Business Journal. Denver, Colorado. July 3, 2014. Retrieved November 9, 2015. ^ "Cal Turner Program For Moral Leadership in the Professions: About Us". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved November 9, 2015. ^ "Board of Trustees". Lindsey Wilson College. Archived from the original on 2010-12-20. Retrieved November 9, 2015. ^ Patterson, Jim (March 25, 2015). "Cal Turner Family Foundation gift establishes center for social ventures at Vanderbilt". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved November 10, 2015. ^ "Leadership". Easter Seals Tennessee. Retrieved November 9, 2015. ^ "Drawing from experience". Lipscomb University. Archived from the original on 2015-12-12. Retrieved November 10, 2015. ^ "Cal Turner Family Center planned at Meharry". Meharry Medical College. Retrieved November 10, 2015. ^ "Cal Turner Jr. Center for Church Leadership". Martin Methodist College. Retrieved November 10, 2015. ^ "Philanthropist Margaret Turner dies at 74". 29 October 2019. ^ Lind, J.R. (June 15, 2011). "Home builder sues Cal Turner for $5M: Developer Seeks Payment on Palatial Home". The Nashville Post. Nashville, Tennessee. Retrieved November 9, 2015. External links Cal Turner Jr. on C-SPAN
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dollar General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_General"},{"link_name":"variety stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_store"}],"text":"Hurley Calister \"Cal\" Turner Jr. (born January 25, 1940) is an American billionaire businessman and philanthropist. He served as the chairman and chief executive officer of Dollar General, a chain of low-cost variety stores founded by his father, Cal Turner Sr.","title":"Cal Turner Jr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloomberg-2"},{"link_name":"Cal Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_Turner"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calturnerprogram-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tennesseanschmitt-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lipscombtalk-5"},{"link_name":"Scottsville, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lipscombtalk-5"},{"link_name":"Vanderbilt University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-councilcapitalbio-6"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-councilcapitalbio-6"}],"text":"Cal Turner Jr. was born on January 25, 1940, to Laura and Cal Turner.[1][2] He is the son of Cal Turner, the founder of Dollar General.[3] He has three siblings, including a sister, Laura Dugas.[4] He is the oldest son.[5] He grew up in Scottsville, Kentucky.[5]Turner graduated from Vanderbilt University, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1962.[6] He served in the United States Navy from 1962 to 1965.[6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calturnerprogram-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tnretireddollar-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calturnerprogram-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calturnerprogram-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-councilcapitalbio-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nashvillebusiness-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lipscombtalk-5"},{"link_name":"First American Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_American_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bloomberg-2"},{"link_name":"Council Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_Capital"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-councilcapitalbio-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-denverbusiness-9"}],"text":"Turner started his career at the family firm, Dollar General, in December 1965.[3] He worked his way up and began by \"sweeping the warehouse in the company.\"[7] He became president in 1977 and chairman in 1988.[3] He served as its chairman and chief executive officer until 2003.[3][6][8] During his tenure, he forced both his father and his brother out of the business.[5]Turner served on the board of directors of First American Corporation and the First American National Bank.[2] He serves on the CEO Council of Council Capital.[6]Turner is a billionaire.[9]","title":"Business career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calturnerprogram-3"},{"link_name":"Owen Graduate School of Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Graduate_School_of_Management"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calturnerprogramaboutus-10"},{"link_name":"pipe organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_organ"},{"link_name":"Blair School of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blair_School_of_Music"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tennesseanschmitt-4"},{"link_name":"Lindsey Wilson College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsey_Wilson_College"},{"link_name":"Columbia, Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lindsey-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-owendonation2015-12"},{"link_name":"Fisk University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisk_University"},{"link_name":"YMCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YMCA"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calturnerprogram-3"},{"link_name":"Easter Seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Seals_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eastersealstn-13"},{"link_name":"Lipscomb University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipscomb_University"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lipscombandrews-14"},{"link_name":"Meharry Medical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meharry_Medical_College"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meharrymedical-15"},{"link_name":"Martin Methodist College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Methodist_College"},{"link_name":"Pulaski, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulaski,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-martinmethodist-16"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calturnerprogram-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calturnerprogram-3"}],"text":"Turner serves on the board of trust of his alma mater, Vanderbilt University.[3] He endowed the Cal Turner Program For Moral Leadership in the Professions at the Owen Graduate School of Management at Vanderbilt University in 1994.[10] With his sister Laura Dugas, Turner donated a pipe organ to the Blair School of Music at Vanderbilt University.[4] Additionally, Turner serves on the board of trustees of Lindsey Wilson College, a private college in Columbia, Kentucky.[11] In March 2015, he donated US$1.2 million through the Cal Turner Family Foundation to endow the Turner Family Center for Social Ventures at Vanderbilt's Owen School of Management.[12]Turner served on the board of trustees of Fisk University, a historically black university in Nashville; the PENCIL Foundation, a non-profit organization whose aim is to improve public education in Nashville, and the YMCA of Middle Tennessee.[3] He also served on the board of trustees of the Easter Seals Tennessee, a non-profit organization for children with disabilities and special needs.[13] Additionally, he serves on the Leadership Council of the Andrews Institute, a research center at the College of Leadership and Public Service of Lipscomb University.[14] Through the Cal Turner Family Foundation, he donated US$3 million to build the Cal Turner Family Center, a conference center at Meharry Medical College, a United Methodist medical school in Nashville.[15] Additionally, he established the Cal Turner Jr. Center for Church Leadership at Martin Methodist College, a United Methodist college in Pulaski, Tennessee.[16]Turner was the recipient of the Presidential Award for Private Sector Initiatives from President Ronald Reagan in 1988.[3] Additionally, he was awarded the Stanley S. Kresge Award from the United Methodist Higher Education Foundation.[3]","title":"Philanthropy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Franklin, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nashvillepostsued-18"},{"link_name":"United Methodist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Methodist_Church"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-calturnerprogram-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tennesseanschmitt-4"}],"text":"Turner had a wife, Margaret (who died in 2019),[17] and has a son, Cal Turner, III. They resided in a home in Fieldstone Farms, a neighborhood of Franklin, Tennessee, near Nashville.[18]Turner is a member of the United Methodist Church.[3] He plays the piano and pipe organ.[4]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781478992981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781478992981"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1003316282","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1003316282"}],"text":"Turner, Cal Jr.; Simbeck, Rob (2018). My Father's Business: The Small-Town Values That Built Dollar General Into a Billion-Dollar Company. New York City: Center Street. ISBN 9781478992981. OCLC 1003316282.","title":"Works"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Turner, Cal Jr.; Simbeck, Rob (2018). My Father's Business: The Small-Town Values That Built Dollar General Into a Billion-Dollar Company. New York City: Center Street. ISBN 9781478992981. OCLC 1003316282.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781478992981","url_text":"9781478992981"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1003316282","url_text":"1003316282"}]},{"reference":"\"All In The Family\". Retrieved 15 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://positivempact.com/articles/oneman_archive.php?article=10","url_text":"\"All In The Family\""}]},{"reference":"\"Executive Profile* Cal Turner Jr\". Bloomberg Business. Retrieved November 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=266976&privcapId=266974","url_text":"\"Executive Profile* Cal Turner Jr\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cal Turner Program For Moral Leadership in the Professions: Cal Turner Jr.: Chairman, Cal Turner Family Foundation\". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved November 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vanderbilt.edu/ctp/about/calturner.php","url_text":"\"Cal Turner Program For Moral Leadership in the Professions: Cal Turner Jr.: Chairman, Cal Turner Family Foundation\""}]},{"reference":"Schmitt, Brad (January 27, 2015). \"Philanthropist Cal Turner Jr. plays a mean pipe organ\". The Tennessean. Nashville, Tennessee. Retrieved November 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tennessean.com/story/life/2015/01/25/cal-turner-organ-nashville-blair-school-music-vanderbilt/22323895/","url_text":"\"Philanthropist Cal Turner Jr. plays a mean pipe organ\""}]},{"reference":"Stevens, Turner. \"Cal Turner\". Lipscomb University. Archived from the original on May 13, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160513175653/http://www.lipscomb.edu/business/archive/detail/74/23926","url_text":"\"Cal Turner\""},{"url":"http://www.lipscomb.edu/business/archive/detail/74/23926","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cal Turner Jr\". Council Capital. Archived from the original on 2015-03-02. Retrieved November 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150302084827/http://www.councilcapital.com/people/cal_turner","url_text":"\"Cal Turner Jr\""},{"url":"http://www.councilcapital.com/people/cal_turner","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Travis, Vicky (January 30, 2014). \"Retired Dollar General CEO Cal Turner Jr. shares lessons with mayors\". The Tennessean. Nashville, Tennessee. Retrieved November 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tennessean.com/story/news/local/williamson/2014/01/28/retired-dollar-general-ceo-cal-turner-jr-shares-lessons-with-mayors/4981847/","url_text":"\"Retired Dollar General CEO Cal Turner Jr. shares lessons with mayors\""}]},{"reference":"Becker, Lori (December 6, 2013). \"Retail giant Cal Turner Jr. led with love, truth, mission\". Nashville Business Journal. Nashville, Tennessee. Retrieved November 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizjournals.com/nashville/print-edition/2013/12/06/retail-giant-cal-turner-jr-led-with.html","url_text":"\"Retail giant Cal Turner Jr. led with love, truth, mission\""}]},{"reference":"\"CEO's Douglas County mansion available for $18.37M\". Denver Business Journal. Denver, Colorado. July 3, 2014. Retrieved November 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizjournals.com/denver/morning_call/2014/07/ceos-douglas-county-mansion-available-for-18-37m.html","url_text":"\"CEO's Douglas County mansion available for $18.37M\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cal Turner Program For Moral Leadership in the Professions: About Us\". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved November 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vanderbilt.edu/ctp/about/","url_text":"\"Cal Turner Program For Moral Leadership in the Professions: About Us\""}]},{"reference":"\"Board of Trustees\". Lindsey Wilson College. Archived from the original on 2010-12-20. Retrieved November 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101220153901/http://lindsey.edu/about-lwc/board-of-trustees.aspx","url_text":"\"Board of Trustees\""},{"url":"http://www.lindsey.edu/about-lwc/board-of-trustees.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Patterson, Jim (March 25, 2015). \"Cal Turner Family Foundation gift establishes center for social ventures at Vanderbilt\". Vanderbilt University. Retrieved November 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.vanderbilt.edu/2015/03/cal-turner-family-foundation-gift-establishes-center-for-social-ventures-at-vanderbilt/","url_text":"\"Cal Turner Family Foundation gift establishes center for social ventures at Vanderbilt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leadership\". Easter Seals Tennessee. Retrieved November 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.easterseals.com/tennessee/who-we-are/leadership/","url_text":"\"Leadership\""}]},{"reference":"\"Drawing from experience\". Lipscomb University. Archived from the original on 2015-12-12. Retrieved November 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151212091021/http://www.lipscomb.edu/civicleadership/leadership-council","url_text":"\"Drawing from experience\""},{"url":"http://www.lipscomb.edu/civicleadership/leadership-council","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cal Turner Family Center planned at Meharry\". Meharry Medical College. Retrieved November 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.umc.org/news-and-media/cal-turner-family-center-planned-at-meharry","url_text":"\"Cal Turner Family Center planned at Meharry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cal Turner Jr. Center for Church Leadership\". Martin Methodist College. Retrieved November 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.martinmethodist.edu/about/contact/campus-map/2012/06/05/cal-turner-jr-center-for-church-leadership.15035","url_text":"\"Cal Turner Jr. Center for Church Leadership\""}]},{"reference":"\"Philanthropist Margaret Turner dies at 74\". 29 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nashvillepost.com/business/people/philanthropist-margaret-turner-dies-at-74/article_32dc1838-666b-5779-8bbc-b1cfa1541a67.html","url_text":"\"Philanthropist Margaret Turner dies at 74\""}]},{"reference":"Lind, J.R. (June 15, 2011). \"Home builder sues Cal Turner for $5M: Developer Seeks Payment on Palatial Home\". The Nashville Post. Nashville, Tennessee. Retrieved November 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nashvillepost.com/news/2011/6/15/home_builder_sues_cal_turner_for_5m","url_text":"\"Home builder sues Cal Turner for $5M: Developer Seeks Payment on Palatial Home\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_Com_Blues
Dot Com Blues
["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"]
2001 studio album by Jimmy SmithDot Com BluesStudio album by Jimmy SmithReleasedJanuary 9, 2001RecordedFebruary 1–2, March 25, April 24–25, and June 5, 2000StudioCello Recording, Los AngelesGenreJazzLength60:28LabelVerve/Blue ThumbProducerJohn PorterRon GoldsteinJimmy Smith chronology Angel Eyes: Ballads & Slow Jams(1996) Dot Com Blues(2001) Dot Com Blues is a 2001 album by the American jazz organist Jimmy Smith. The album was Smith's first recording for five years, and features guest appearances by B.B. King and Etta James. On the Billboard Top Jazz Album charts Dot Com Blues peaked at number 8. Reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusicThe Penguin Guide to Jazz The Allmusic review by Roy Wynn awarded the album three stars and said that the album was "...something of a blues sampler with Smith playing a prominent role rather than a Jimmy Smith album. Jazz fans will be happy to know that, after more than 40 years of recording, Smith retains his ability to play, but Dot Com Blues is anything but a showcase for the man whose name is on the cover." Track listing "Only in It for the Money" (Dr. John, Mac Rebennack) - 4:35 "8 Counts for Rita" (Jimmy Smith) - 3:39 "Strut" (Taj Mahal) - 5:03 "C.C. Rider" (Ma Rainey, Traditional) - 7:09 "I Just Wanna Make Love to You" (Willie Dixon) - 3:55 "Mood Indigo" (Barney Bigard, Duke Ellington, Irving Mills) - 8:49 "Over and Over" (Keb' Mo') - 5:53 "Three O'Clock Blues" (Jules Bihari, B.B. King) - 4:33 "Dot Com Blues" (Smith) - 5:22 "Mr. Johnson" (John, Rebennack, Smith) - 5:47 "Tuition Blues" (Smith) - 5:51 "Since I Met You Baby" (Ivory Joe Hunter) - 6:35 (Japanese Bonus Track) Personnel Musicians Jimmy Smith - organ, arranger Dr. John - piano, Wurlitzer electric piano, vocals, (tracks: 1) Jon Cleary - Wurlitzer electric piano (tracks: 7) Chris Stainton - piano (tracks: 8) Etta James - vocals (tracks: 5) Sir Harry Bowens - vocals (tracks: 5, 7) Sweet Pea Atkinson - vocals (tracks: 5, 7) B.B. King - guitar, vocals (tracks: 8) Taj Mahal - guitar, vocals (tracks: 3) Keb' Mo' - guitar, vocals (tracks: 7) Russell Malone - guitar (tracks: 2 to 4, 6, 9, 11) John Porter - guitar (tracks: 1, 5, 8, 10) Phil Upchurch - guitar (tracks: 5, 7, 10) Neil Hubbard - guitar (tracks: 8) Reggie McBride - bass guitar (tracks: 1 to 5, 7, 9 to 11) John Porter - bass guitar (tracks: 5) Pino Palladino - bass guitar (tracks: 8) John Clayton - double bass (tracks: 6) Harvey Mason - drums (tracks: 1 to 7, 9 to 11) Andy Newmark - drums (tracks: 8) Lenny Castro - percussion (tracks: 1 to 3, 5, 7, 10) Darrell Leonard - horn arrangements, trumpet (tracks: 1, 5, 7) Oscar Brashear - flugelhorn, trumpet (tracks: 1, 5, 7) Leslie Drayton - flugelhorn, trumpet (tracks: 1, 5, 7) George Bohannon - trombone, bass trombone (tracks: 1, 5, 7) Maurice Spears - trombone, bass trombone (tracks: 1, 5, 7) Joe Sublett - tenor saxophone (tracks: 1, 5, 7, 10) Herman Riley - tenor saxophone (tracks: 1, 5, 10) Production Hollis King - art direction Billy Kinsley - assistant engineer Mike Scotella Katy Teasdale David Riegel - design Rik Pekkonen - engineer Ron Goldstein - executive producer Barbara Farman - hair stylist, make-up Bernie Grundman - mastering James Minchin - photography John Newcott - release coordinator References ^ a b c "Dot Com Blues". Allmusic. Retrieved March 23, 2015. ^ Discogs accessed March 20, 2015 ^ Dot Com Blues - Awards at AllMusic ^ Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2008). The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings (9th ed.). Penguin. p. 1314. ISBN 978-0-141-03401-0. ^ "Jimmy Smith – Dot Com Blues (2000, CD)". Discogs. vteJimmy SmithYears indicated are for the recording(s), not first release.Blue Notealbums A New Sound... A New Star... Volume 1 (1956) A New Sound A New Star: Jimmy Smith at the Organ Volume 2 (1956) The Incredible Jimmy Smith at the Organ (1956) At Club Baby Grand (1956) A Date with Jimmy Smith Volume One (1957) A Date with Jimmy Smith Volume Two (1957) The Sounds of Jimmy Smith (1957) Plays Pretty Just for You (1957) Jimmy Smith Trio + LD (1957) Groovin' at Smalls' Paradise (1957) House Party (1958) The Sermon (1958) Softly as a Summer Breeze (1958) Cool Blues (1958) Six Views of the Blues (1958) Home Cookin' (1958–59) Crazy! Baby (1960) Open House (1960) Plain Talk (1960) Midnight Special (1960) Back at the Chicken Shack (1960) Straight Life (1961) Plays Fats Waller (1962) I'm Movin' On (1963) Bucket! (1963) Rockin' the Boat (1963) Prayer Meetin' (with Stanley Turrentine, 1963) One Night with Blue Note (1985) Vervealbums Bashin': The Unpredictable Jimmy Smith (1962) Hobo Flats (1963) Any Number Can Win (1963) Blue Bash! (with Kenny Burrell, 1963) The Cat (1964) Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1964) Christmas '64 (1964) Monster (1965) Organ Grinder Swing (1965) Got My Mojo Workin' (1966) Hoochie Coochie Man (1966) Peter & the Wolf (1966) Jimmy & Wes: The Dynamic Duo (with Wes Montgomery, 1966) Further Adventures of Jimmy and Wes (1966) Respect (1967) The Boss (1968) Groove Drops (1970) The Other Side of Jimmy Smith (1970) Root Down (1972) Bluesmith (1972) Damn! (1995) Angel Eyes: Ballads & Slow Jams (1995) Dot Com Blues (2000) Albums forother labels Black Smith (1974) With others The Original Jam Sessions 1969 (Quincy Jones & Bill Cosby, 1969) Smackwater Jack (Quincy Jones, 1971) Ellington Is Forever (Kenny Burrell, 1975) Ellington Is Forever Volume Two (Kenny Burrell, 1975) Straight Ahead (Stanley Turrentine, 1984) L.A. Is My Lady (Frank Sinatra, 1984) Bad (Michael Jackson, 1987) Love and Peace: A Tribute to Horace Silver (Dee Dee Bridgewater, 1994) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jimmy Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Smith_(musician)"},{"link_name":"B.B. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.B._King"},{"link_name":"Etta James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etta_James"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Discogs-2"},{"link_name":"Billboard Top Jazz Album charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_charts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllmusicAward-3"}],"text":"Dot Com Blues is a 2001 album by the American jazz organist Jimmy Smith. The album was Smith's first recording for five years, and features guest appearances by B.B. King and Etta James.[1][2]On the Billboard Top Jazz Album charts Dot Com Blues peaked at number 8.[3]","title":"Dot Com Blues"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allmusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-1"}],"text":"The Allmusic review by Roy Wynn awarded the album three stars and said that the album was \n\"...something of a blues sampler with Smith playing a prominent role rather than a Jimmy Smith album. Jazz fans will be happy to know that, after more than 40 years of recording, Smith retains his ability to play, but Dot Com Blues is anything but a showcase for the man whose name is on the cover.\"[1]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dr. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._John"},{"link_name":"Mac Rebennack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Rebennack"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Smith_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Taj Mahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_Mahal_(musician)"},{"link_name":"C.C. Rider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/See_See_Rider"},{"link_name":"Ma Rainey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Rainey"},{"link_name":"Traditional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_music"},{"link_name":"I Just Wanna Make Love to You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Just_Wanna_Make_Love_to_You"},{"link_name":"Willie Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Dixon"},{"link_name":"Mood Indigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_Indigo"},{"link_name":"Barney Bigard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney_Bigard"},{"link_name":"Duke Ellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Ellington"},{"link_name":"Irving Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Mills"},{"link_name":"Keb' Mo'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keb%27_Mo%27"},{"link_name":"Jules Bihari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Bihari"},{"link_name":"B.B. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.B._King"},{"link_name":"Since I Met You Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Since_I_Met_You_Baby_(song)"},{"link_name":"Ivory Joe Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Joe_Hunter"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"\"Only in It for the Money\" (Dr. John, Mac Rebennack) - 4:35\n\"8 Counts for Rita\" (Jimmy Smith) - 3:39\n\"Strut\" (Taj Mahal) - 5:03\n\"C.C. Rider\" (Ma Rainey, Traditional) - 7:09\n\"I Just Wanna Make Love to You\" (Willie Dixon) - 3:55\n\"Mood Indigo\" (Barney Bigard, Duke Ellington, Irving Mills) - 8:49\n\"Over and Over\" (Keb' Mo') - 5:53\n\"Three O'Clock Blues\" (Jules Bihari, B.B. King) - 4:33\n\"Dot Com Blues\" (Smith) - 5:22\n\"Mr. Johnson\" (John, Rebennack, Smith) - 5:47\n\"Tuition Blues\" (Smith) - 5:51\n\"Since I Met You Baby\" (Ivory Joe Hunter) - 6:35 (Japanese Bonus Track)[5]","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jimmy Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Smith_(musician)"},{"link_name":"organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_organ"},{"link_name":"arranger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrangement"},{"link_name":"Dr. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._John"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"Wurlitzer electric piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurlitzer_electric_piano"},{"link_name":"Jon Cleary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Cleary"},{"link_name":"Wurlitzer electric piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurlitzer_electric_piano"},{"link_name":"Chris Stainton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Stainton"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"Etta James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etta_James"},{"link_name":"B.B. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.B._King"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"Taj Mahal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_Mahal_(musician)"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"Keb' Mo'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keb%27_Mo%27"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"Russell Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Malone"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"John Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Porter_(musician,_born_1947)"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"Phil Upchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Upchurch"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"Neil Hubbard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Hubbard"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"Reggie McBride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggie_McBride"},{"link_name":"bass guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"John Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Porter_(musician,_born_1947)"},{"link_name":"bass guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"Pino Palladino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pino_Palladino"},{"link_name":"bass guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"John Clayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Clayton_(bassist)"},{"link_name":"double bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bass"},{"link_name":"Harvey Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Mason"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"Andy Newmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Newmark"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"Lenny Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenny_Castro"},{"link_name":"percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion"},{"link_name":"Darrell Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell_Leonard"},{"link_name":"trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"Oscar Brashear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Brashear"},{"link_name":"flugelhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugelhorn"},{"link_name":"trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"flugelhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugelhorn"},{"link_name":"trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"trombone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone"},{"link_name":"bass trombone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_trombone"},{"link_name":"trombone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone"},{"link_name":"bass trombone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_trombone"},{"link_name":"tenor saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_saxophone"},{"link_name":"Herman Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Riley"},{"link_name":"tenor saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenor_saxophone"}],"text":"MusiciansJimmy Smith - organ, arranger\nDr. John - piano, Wurlitzer electric piano, vocals, (tracks: 1)\nJon Cleary - Wurlitzer electric piano (tracks: 7)\nChris Stainton - piano (tracks: 8)\nEtta James - vocals (tracks: 5)\nSir Harry Bowens - vocals (tracks: 5, 7)\nSweet Pea Atkinson - vocals (tracks: 5, 7)\nB.B. King - guitar, vocals (tracks: 8)\nTaj Mahal - guitar, vocals (tracks: 3)\nKeb' Mo' - guitar, vocals (tracks: 7)\nRussell Malone - guitar (tracks: 2 to 4, 6, 9, 11)\nJohn Porter - guitar (tracks: 1, 5, 8, 10)\nPhil Upchurch - guitar (tracks: 5, 7, 10)\nNeil Hubbard - guitar (tracks: 8)\nReggie McBride - bass guitar (tracks: 1 to 5, 7, 9 to 11)\nJohn Porter - bass guitar (tracks: 5)\nPino Palladino - bass guitar (tracks: 8)\nJohn Clayton - double bass (tracks: 6)\nHarvey Mason - drums (tracks: 1 to 7, 9 to 11)\nAndy Newmark - drums (tracks: 8)\nLenny Castro - percussion (tracks: 1 to 3, 5, 7, 10)\nDarrell Leonard - horn arrangements, trumpet (tracks: 1, 5, 7)\nOscar Brashear - flugelhorn, trumpet (tracks: 1, 5, 7)\nLeslie Drayton - flugelhorn, trumpet (tracks: 1, 5, 7)\nGeorge Bohannon - trombone, bass trombone (tracks: 1, 5, 7)\nMaurice Spears - trombone, bass trombone (tracks: 1, 5, 7)\nJoe Sublett - tenor saxophone (tracks: 1, 5, 7, 10)\nHerman Riley - tenor saxophone (tracks: 1, 5, 10)ProductionHollis King - art direction\nBilly Kinsley - assistant engineer\nMike Scotella\nKaty Teasdale\nDavid Riegel - design\nRik Pekkonen - engineer\nRon Goldstein - executive producer\nBarbara Farman - hair stylist, make-up\nBernie Grundman - mastering\nJames Minchin - photography\nJohn Newcott - release coordinator","title":"Personnel"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9bastien_Roch_(novel)
Sébastien Roch (novel)
["1 Plot summary","2 Commentary","3 External links"]
1890 novel by Octave Mirbeau Sébastien Roch AuthorOctave MirbeauOriginal title' Sébastien Roch'LanguageFrenchSubjectchild sexual abuse by priestsGenreNovelPublisherCharpentierPublication dateApril 1890Publication placeFranceOCLC23394078 Sébastien Roch is a novel written by the French journalist, novelist and playwright Octave Mirbeau, and published by Charpentier in 1890. Last French edition : L'Age d'Homme, 2011. English translation : Sébastien Roch, Dedalus, « Empire of the senses », 2000, 266 pages (ISBN 1873982437). Illustration by Henri-Gabriel Ibels, 1906 Plot summary That is the emotional story of "the murder of a child’s soul" by a Jesuit priest, a teacher at the private school for boys of Saint-François-Xavier in Vannes, Brittany, where Mirbeau spent four painful years as a pupil, before being expelled, at the age of fifteen, in suspicious circumstances. At age eleven, Sébastien is sent to boarding school by his father, an ironmonger and terrible snob. The boy does not fit into the school and its aristocratic and wealthy students. He is ignored by nearly everyone until an abusive priest starts to befriend him. The innocent 13-year-old boy is seduced, then sexually abused, by Father de Kern. Sébastien is expelled along with his only friend Bolorec, the boys having been accused of indulging in inappropriate sexual acts. The charges have been trumped up by Father de Kern. Sébastien's life is ruined and he is unable to hold down a job or make friends. He cannot even build a relationship with Marguerite, his childhood sweetheart. Aged twenty one, Sébastien is absurdly killed during the 1870 Franco-Prussian War, his body being carried from the battlefield by Bolorec. Commentary De Kern, seen by Henri-Gabriel Ibels, 1906 Octave Mirbeau denounces the child sexual abuses and the impunity of the rapists, especially when they are priests: for the first time, he breaks a lasting taboo. But, for him, what is called education, within the context of family, school and church, is also a dangerous violation of the child's mind. Rather than a Bildungsroman, a novel of self-cultivation, Sébastien Roch is a novel of self-destruction. External links (in French) Octave Mirbeau, Sébastien Roch. (in French) Pierre Michel, Foreword. (in French) Laurent Ferron, « Le Viol de Sébastien Roch : l’Église devant les violences sexuelles ». Robert Ziegler, « Toward Death and Perfection in Octave Mirbeau’s Sébastien Roch ». vteOctave MirbeauNovels Le Calvaire (1886) Abbé Jules (1888) Sébastien Roch (1890) Dans le ciel (1893) Les Mémoires de mon ami (1899) The Torture Garden (1899) The Diary of a Chambermaid (1900) Les Vingt et un Jours d'un neurasthénique (1900) Dingo (1913) Un gentilhomme (1920) Drama Les Mauvais Bergers (1897) Business is business (1903) Farces et moralités (1904) Home (1908) Other works Lettres de l'Inde (1885) La 628-E8 (1907) La Mort de Balzac (1918) L'Amour de la femme vénale (1922) Contes cruels (1990) Combats littéraires (2006) Characters Célestine Clara Isidore Lechat Lucien Père Pamphile Jean Roule Miscellaneous Cahiers Octave Mirbeau Octave Mirbeau (sculpture)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cullin-La-Ringo_massacre
Cullin-la-ringo massacre
["1 Massacre","2 Response","3 Legacy","4 In literature","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Citations","6.2 Sources","7 Further reading"]
Coordinates: 24°0′S 148°05′E / 24.000°S 148.083°E / -24.000; 148.0831861 massacre of white settlers by Aboriginal men in Queensland Cullin-la-ringo massacreCullin-la-ringo massacre (Australia) T. G. Moyle, The Wills Tragedy, 1861, held at the State Library of Queensland. The caption reads: "The arrival of the neighbouring squatters and Mon collecting and burying the dead, after the attack by the blacks on H.R. Wills ESQ. Stationed Leichhardt district, Queensland." Tom Wills, cricketer and founder of Australian rules football, one of six settlers who survived the massacre Horatio Wills' gravestone, ca. 1950 The Cullin-la-ringo massacre, also known as the Wills tragedy, was a massacre of white colonists by Indigenous Australians that occurred on 17 October 1861, north of modern-day Springsure in Central Queensland, Australia. Nineteen men, women and children were killed in the attack, including Horatio Wills, the owner of Cullin-la-ringo station. It is the single largest massacre of colonists by Aboriginal people in Australian history. In the weeks afterwards, police, native police and civilian posses carried out "one of the most lethal punitive expeditions in frontier history", hunting down and killing up to 370 members of the Gayiri Aboriginal tribe implicated in the massacre. Massacre In mid-October 1861, a party of squatters from the colony of Victoria, under Horatio Wills, set up a temporary tent camp to start the process of establishing a cattle station at Cullin-la-ringo, a property formed by amalgamating four blocks of land with a total area of 260 square kilometres (100 sq mi). Wills's party, an enormous settlement train, including bullock wagons and more than 10,000 sheep, had set out from Brisbane eight months earlier. The size of the group had attracted much attention from other settlers, as well as the Indigenous people. It was later reported that the attack on the party was as revenge for the murder of Gayiri men by Wills' neighbour, Jesse Gregson, a squatter from the nearby Rainworth Station, who had erroneously accused the Gayiri of stealing cattle. According to the account of one of the survivors, John Moore, Aboriginal people had been passing through the camp all day on 17 October 1861, building up numbers until there were at least 50. Then, without warning, they attacked the men, women, and children with nulla nullas. The settlers defended themselves with pistols and tent poles, but nineteen of the twenty-five defenders were killed. Those killed were Horatio Wills, David Baker, the overseer, his wife, Catherine Baker, their son, David Baker Jr., the overseer's daughter, Elizabeth Baker (aged 19), Iden Baker (a young boy), an infant Baker (8 months old), George Elliott, Patrick Mannion and his wife, their three children, Mary Ann Mannion (8 years old), Maggie Mannion (4 years old), baby Mannion (an infant), Edward McCormac, Charles Weeden, James Scott, Henry Pickering, George Ling, and a bullock driver known as Tom O'Brien, who had been engaged at Rockhampton. A total of 19 people were killed. The dead were buried at the site of the massacre. Some of the graves have headstones. The six surviving members were Tom Wills, Horatio's son and an outstanding cricketer and co-founder of Australian rules football, James Baker (David Baker's son), John Moore, William Albrey, Edward Kenny, and Patrick Mahony. Those men either were either absent from the camp or, in Moore's case, managed to avoid being seen. It was Edward Kenny who subsequently rode away to report the massacre, arriving at Rainworth Station the following day. Moore was the only white eyewitness to the event. Response "It is not easy that a place so gifted by nature should be the scene of such a cruel massacre". — P. F. MacDonald, squatter who sold Cullin-la-Ringo to Horatio Wills The first to go out in pursuit were a vigilante party of eleven heavily armed white settlers assisted by two trackers. Judging by the more than fifty camp fires, they pursued what was estimated to be "probably not under 300, and of these 100 may be assumed as the number of fighting men". The Aboriginal people continually used ground that prevented the whites from using their horses to full advantage: "they chose stony and difficult ground wherever they had it in their power". Yet the whites eventually managed to catch up with them on 27 November 1861 and at "half-past two a.m. on Wednesday morning their camp was stormed on foot with success". From this account, the number of Aboriginal casualties was very high, although there was no further detail. Another contemporary account said the police "overtook a tribe of natives, shot down sixty or seventy, and ceased firing when their ammunition was expended". They left the remainder to the native police to take on the next run. Historians later estimated the number of dead as around 370 people, and an anonymous article in the Chicago Tribune was discovered in 2021 stating that Tom Wills had bragged about his participation in reprisal killings. The article was published in 1895, fifteen years after Wills' death. In 1862, the Old Rainworth Stone Store was built at Rainworth Station (also in the Springsure area). It was built from stone in order to reduce threats of fire and to act as a safe haven during any Aboriginal raid as a response to the Cullin-la-ringo massacre. Legacy The Cullin-la-ringo massacre was the largest massacre of white settlers by Aboriginal people in Australian history, and a pivotal moment in the frontier wars in Queensland. In literature In Archibald Meston's 1893 short story, "The Cave Diary", the narrator relates the story of a fictional Queensland adventurer, Oscar Marrion, based on the contents of a diary found in a cave. After his love interest is murdered in the Cullin-la-ringo massacre, Marrion considers getting revenge on her killers, but abandons the idea after talking to an Aboriginal friend named Talboora. The first scholarly assessment of the massacre, "From Hornet Bank to Cullin-la-Ringo", by Gordon Reid, was published by the Royal Historical Society of Queensland in 1981. The massacre is central to Alex Miller's 2007 historical novel Landscape of Farewell. The massacre is also explored in fictional accounts of Tom Wills, including Martin Flanagan's 1996 novel The Call, as well as its 2004 stage adaptation. See also Australian frontier wars List of massacres in Australia References Citations ^ Jackson, Russell (18 September 2021). "Research discovery suggests AFL pioneer Tom Wills participated in massacres of Indigenous people". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021. ^ a b c Jackson, Russell (17 September 2021). "Research discovery suggests AFL pioneer Tom Wills participated in massacres of Indigenous people". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021. ^ "A Notable Pioneer". The Argus (Melbourne). No. 23, 278. Victoria, Australia. 12 March 1921. p. 4. Retrieved 17 February 2023 – via Trove. ^ "Wills Massacre". Monument Australia. Retrieved 17 February 2023. ^ Huf, Elizabeth (30 September 2010). "Thomas Wentworth Wills and Cullin-la-ringo Station" Archived 2012-07-18 at the Wayback Machine, Queensland Historical Atlas. Retrieved 2 May 2013. ^ a b "The Wills' tragedy". The Sydney Morning Herald. National Library of Australia. 16 November 1861. p. 7. Retrieved 25 August 2014. ^ "{Untitled]". The Sydney Morning Herald. National Library of Australia. 11 December 1861. p. 5. Retrieved 25 August 2014. ^ "Old Rainworth Stone Store (entry 600026)". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 1 August 2014. ^ Huf, Elizabeth (30 September 2010). "Thomas Wentworth Wills and Cullin-la-ringo Station". Queensland Historical Atlas. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2017. ^ The Australian Encyclopaedia. Vol. 1. Michigan State University Press. 1958. p. 101. ^ Meston, Archibald (20 December 1893). "The Cave Diary". The North Queensland Register. p. 27. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2017 – via Trove. ^ Reid, Gordon (1981). "From Hornet Bank to Cullin-la-Ringo" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland. 11 (2). Retrieved 18 September 2021. ^ "Alex Miller: Why I wrote Landscape of Farewell". Allen & Unwin. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2015. ^ Kavanagh, Lawrie (6 December 2009). "Truth about Cullin-la-ringo". Kavanagh's Queensland. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2015. ^ De Moore, Gregory. "Review of M. Flanagan's The Call", Sporting Traditions, vol. 16. Sources Cooke, T.S.W. (1997). The Currency Lad (PDF). Digbys.com. ISBN 978-0-9803893-9-5., a biography of Horatio Wills containing his prolific correspondence Dillon, Paul (2020). Inside The Killing Fields Hornet Bank, Cullin-la-Ringo & The Maria Wreck ISBN 9781925826777, Connor Court Publishing, Brisbane. "Historical Society: Cullin-La-Ringo Massacre recalled". Morning Bulletin. No. 29, 625. Queensland, Australia. 4 September 1954. p. 6 – via National Library of Australia. Sayers, C. E. (1 January 1967). "Horatio Spencer Howe Wills". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Further reading Huf, Elizabeth (30 September 2010). "Thomas Wentworth Wills and Cullin-la-ringo Station". Queensland Historical Atlas. "New Acquisition - Artwork depicting the "Cullin-la-ringo Massacre"". State Library Of Queensland. 24 February 2009. "The Wills Tragedy". Hawke's Bay Herald. Vol. 5, no. 238. From an Extraordinary to the Queensland Guardian, November 12. 18 December 1861. p. 2.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link) "The Wills Tragedy". The Age. 28 November 1861. 24°0′S 148°05′E / 24.000°S 148.083°E / -24.000; 148.083 vteAustralian frontier wars Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars (1795–1816) Battle of Richmond Hill Battle of Parramatta Risdon Cove massacre (1804) Tedbury's War (1804–05) Bathurst War (1824) Black War (Tasmania) (1828–32) Cape Grim massacre (1828) Port Phillip District Wars (1830–50) Yagan Resistance (1831–33) Convincing Ground massacre (1833/34) Pinjarra massacre (1834) Broken River (1836) Waterloo Creek massacre (1838) Myall Creek massacre (1838) Campaspe Plains massacre (1839) Blood Hole massacre (1839) Maria massacre (1840) Gippsland massacres (1840s) Eumerella Wars (1840s–1860s) Rufus River massacre (1841) Pelican Creek tragedy (1842) Evans Head massacre (1842) War of Southern Queensland (1843–55) Battle of One Tree Hill Darkey Flat Massacre (circa 1845) Avenue Range Station massacre (1848) Waterloo Bay massacre (1849) East Ballina massacre (1853) Hornet Bank massacre (1857) Cullin-La-Ringo massacre (1861) Flying Foam Massacre (1868) Kalkadoon Wars (1870–90) Jandamarra Guerilla War (1894–97) Mowla Bluff massacre (1916) Forrest River massacre (1926) Coniston massacre (1928) Caledon Bay crisis (1932–34)
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G. Moyle, The Wills Tragedy, 1861, held at the State Library of Queensland. The caption reads: \"The arrival of the neighbouring squatters and Mon collecting and burying the dead, after the attack by the blacks on H.R. Wills ESQ. Stationed Leichhardt district, Queensland.\"Tom Wills, cricketer and founder of Australian rules football, one of six settlers who survived the massacreHoratio Wills' gravestone, ca. 1950The Cullin-la-ringo massacre, also known as the Wills tragedy, was a massacre of white colonists by Indigenous Australians that occurred on 17 October 1861, north of modern-day Springsure in Central Queensland, Australia. Nineteen men, women and children were killed in the attack, including Horatio Wills, the owner of Cullin-la-ringo station. It is the single largest massacre of colonists by Aboriginal people in Australian history. In the weeks afterwards, police, native police and civilian posses carried out \"one of the most lethal punitive expeditions in frontier history\", hunting down and killing up to 370 members of the Gayiri Aboriginal tribe implicated in the massacre.[1]","title":"Cullin-la-ringo massacre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"squatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting_(Australian_history)"},{"link_name":"colony of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Horatio Wills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Wills"},{"link_name":"cattle station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_(Australian_agriculture)"},{"link_name":"bullock wagons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullock_wagon"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Gayiri men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayiri"},{"link_name":"Rainworth Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainworth_Head_Station_Store"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc2021-2"},{"link_name":"nulla nullas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nulla_nulla"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc2021-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tom Wills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Wills"},{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"Australian rules football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In mid-October 1861, a party of squatters from the colony of Victoria, under Horatio Wills, set up a temporary tent camp to start the process of establishing a cattle station at Cullin-la-ringo, a property formed by amalgamating four blocks of land with a total area of 260 square kilometres (100 sq mi). Wills's party, an enormous settlement train, including bullock wagons and more than 10,000 sheep, had set out from Brisbane eight months earlier. The size of the group had attracted much attention from other settlers, as well as the Indigenous people.It was later reported that the attack on the party was as revenge for the murder of Gayiri men by Wills' neighbour, Jesse Gregson, a squatter from the nearby Rainworth Station, who had erroneously accused the Gayiri of stealing cattle.[2]According to the account of one of the survivors, John Moore, Aboriginal people had been passing through the camp all day on 17 October 1861, building up numbers until there were at least 50. Then, without warning, they attacked the men, women, and children with nulla nullas. The settlers defended themselves with pistols and tent poles, but nineteen of the twenty-five defenders were killed.[citation needed]Those killed were Horatio Wills, David Baker, the overseer, his wife, Catherine Baker, their son, David Baker Jr., the overseer's daughter, Elizabeth Baker (aged 19), Iden Baker (a young boy), an infant Baker (8 months old), George Elliott, Patrick Mannion and his wife, their three children, Mary Ann Mannion (8 years old), Maggie Mannion (4 years old), baby Mannion (an infant), Edward McCormac, Charles Weeden, James Scott, Henry Pickering, George Ling, and a bullock driver known as Tom O'Brien, who had been engaged at Rockhampton.[citation needed] A total of 19 people were killed.[2]The dead were buried at the site of the massacre.[3] Some of the graves have headstones.[4]The six surviving members were Tom Wills, Horatio's son and an outstanding cricketer and co-founder of Australian rules football, James Baker (David Baker's son), John Moore, William Albrey, Edward Kenny, and Patrick Mahony. Those men either were either absent from the camp or, in Moore's case, managed to avoid being seen. It was Edward Kenny who subsequently rode away to report the massacre, arriving at Rainworth Station the following day. Moore was the only white eyewitness to the event.[citation needed]","title":"Massacre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"squatter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting_(pastoral)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"vigilante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigilante"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smh1-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smh1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"native police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_native_police"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc2021-2"},{"link_name":"Old Rainworth Stone Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Rainworth_Stone_Store"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-qhr-8"}],"text":"\"It is not easy that a place so gifted by nature should be the scene of such a cruel massacre\".\n\n\n— P. F. MacDonald, squatter who sold Cullin-la-Ringo to Horatio Wills[5]The first to go out in pursuit were a vigilante party of eleven heavily armed white settlers assisted by two trackers. Judging by the more than fifty camp fires, they pursued what was estimated to be \"probably not under 300, and of these 100 may be assumed as the number of fighting men\".[6]The Aboriginal people continually used ground that prevented the whites from using their horses to full advantage: \"they chose stony and difficult ground wherever they had it in their power\". Yet the whites eventually managed to catch up with them on 27 November 1861 and at \"half-past two a.m. on Wednesday morning their camp was stormed on foot with success\".[6] From this account, the number of Aboriginal casualties was very high, although there was no further detail. Another contemporary account said the police \"overtook a tribe of natives, shot down sixty or seventy, and ceased firing when their ammunition was expended\".[7] They left the remainder to the native police to take on the next run.[citation needed] Historians later estimated the number of dead as around 370 people, and an anonymous article in the Chicago Tribune was discovered in 2021 stating that Tom Wills had bragged about his participation in reprisal killings. The article was published in 1895, fifteen years after Wills' death.[2]In 1862, the Old Rainworth Stone Store was built at Rainworth Station (also in the Springsure area). It was built from stone in order to reduce threats of fire and to act as a safe haven during any Aboriginal raid as a response to the Cullin-la-ringo massacre.[8]","title":"Response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"frontier wars in Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars#Queensland"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Cullin-la-ringo massacre was the largest massacre of white settlers by Aboriginal people in Australian history,[9] and a pivotal moment in the frontier wars in Queensland.[10]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archibald Meston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Meston"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reid_1981-12"},{"link_name":"Alex Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Miller_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Landscape of Farewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_of_Farewell"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Martin Flanagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Flanagan_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"The Call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Call_(Martin_Flanagan_novel)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In Archibald Meston's 1893 short story, \"The Cave Diary\", the narrator relates the story of a fictional Queensland adventurer, Oscar Marrion, based on the contents of a diary found in a cave. After his love interest is murdered in the Cullin-la-ringo massacre, Marrion considers getting revenge on her killers, but abandons the idea after talking to an Aboriginal friend named Talboora.[11]The first scholarly assessment of the massacre, \"From Hornet Bank to Cullin-la-Ringo\", by Gordon Reid, was published by the Royal Historical Society of Queensland in 1981.[12]The massacre is central to Alex Miller's 2007 historical novel Landscape of Farewell.[13][14] The massacre is also explored in fictional accounts of Tom Wills, including Martin Flanagan's 1996 novel The Call, as well as its 2004 stage adaptation.[15]","title":"In literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Thomas Wentworth Wills and Cullin-la-ringo Station\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.qhatlas.com.au/content/thomas-wentworth-wills-and-cullin-la-ringo-station"},{"link_name":"\"New Acquisition - Artwork depicting the \"Cullin-la-ringo Massacre\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/new-acquisition-artwork-depicting-cullin-la-ringo-massacre"},{"link_name":"State Library Of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Library_Of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"\"The Wills Tragedy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/HBH18611217.2.9"},{"link_name":"Hawke's Bay Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawke%27s_Bay_Herald"},{"link_name":"cite news","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_news"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others"},{"link_name":"\"The Wills Tragedy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1300&dat=18611128&id=ju0PAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-5ADAAAAIBAJ&pg=7300,152406"},{"link_name":"The Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age"},{"link_name":"24°0′S 148°05′E / 24.000°S 148.083°E / -24.000; 148.083","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Cullin-la-ringo_massacre&params=24_0_S_148_05_E_scale:50000_region:AU_type:event"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Australian_frontier_wars"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Australian_frontier_wars"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Australian_frontier_wars"},{"link_name":"Australian frontier wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars"},{"link_name":"Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkesbury_and_Nepean_Wars"},{"link_name":"Battle of Richmond Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Richmond_Hill"},{"link_name":"Battle of Parramatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Parramatta"},{"link_name":"Risdon Cove massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1804_Risdon_Cove_massacre"},{"link_name":"Tedbury's War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tedbury%27s_War"},{"link_name":"Bathurst War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathurst_War"},{"link_name":"Black War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_War"},{"link_name":"Cape Grim massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Grim_massacre"},{"link_name":"Port Phillip District Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Phillip_District_Wars"},{"link_name":"Yagan Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yagan"},{"link_name":"Convincing Ground massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convincing_Ground_massacre"},{"link_name":"Pinjarra massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinjarra_massacre"},{"link_name":"Broken River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Broken_River"},{"link_name":"Waterloo Creek massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo_Creek_massacre"},{"link_name":"Myall Creek massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myall_Creek_massacre"},{"link_name":"Campaspe Plains massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaspe_Plains_massacre"},{"link_name":"Blood Hole massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Hole_massacre"},{"link_name":"Maria massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_massacre"},{"link_name":"Gippsland massacres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gippsland_massacres"},{"link_name":"Eumerella Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eumerella_Wars"},{"link_name":"Rufus River massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_River_massacre"},{"link_name":"Pelican Creek tragedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_River_massacres"},{"link_name":"Evans Head massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_River_massacres"},{"link_name":"War of Southern Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_Southern_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Battle of One Tree Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_One_Tree_Hill"},{"link_name":"Darkey Flat Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkey_Flat_Massacre"},{"link_name":"Avenue Range Station massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avenue_Range_Station_massacre"},{"link_name":"Waterloo Bay massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterloo_Bay_massacre"},{"link_name":"East Ballina massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_River_massacres"},{"link_name":"Hornet Bank massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornet_Bank_massacre"},{"link_name":"Cullin-La-Ringo massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cullin-La-Ringo_massacre"},{"link_name":"Flying Foam Massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Foam_Massacre"},{"link_name":"Kalkadoon Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalkadoon_Wars"},{"link_name":"Jandamarra Guerilla War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jandamarra#Guerilla_war"},{"link_name":"Mowla Bluff massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mowla_Bluff_massacre"},{"link_name":"Forrest River massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest_River_massacre"},{"link_name":"Coniston massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coniston_massacre"},{"link_name":"Caledon Bay crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caledon_Bay_crisis"}],"text":"Huf, Elizabeth (30 September 2010). \"Thomas Wentworth Wills and Cullin-la-ringo Station\". Queensland Historical Atlas.\n\"New Acquisition - Artwork depicting the \"Cullin-la-ringo Massacre\"\". State Library Of Queensland. 24 February 2009.\n\"The Wills Tragedy\". Hawke's Bay Herald. Vol. 5, no. 238. From an Extraordinary to the Queensland Guardian, November 12. 18 December 1861. p. 2.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)\n\"The Wills Tragedy\". The Age. 28 November 1861.24°0′S 148°05′E / 24.000°S 148.083°E / -24.000; 148.083vteAustralian frontier wars\nHawkesbury and Nepean Wars (1795–1816)\nBattle of Richmond Hill\nBattle of Parramatta\nRisdon Cove massacre (1804)\nTedbury's War (1804–05)\nBathurst War (1824)\nBlack War (Tasmania) (1828–32)\nCape Grim massacre (1828)\nPort Phillip District Wars (1830–50)\nYagan Resistance (1831–33)\nConvincing Ground massacre (1833/34)\nPinjarra massacre (1834)\nBroken River (1836)\nWaterloo Creek massacre (1838)\nMyall Creek massacre (1838)\nCampaspe Plains massacre (1839)\nBlood Hole massacre (1839)\nMaria massacre (1840)\nGippsland massacres (1840s)\nEumerella Wars (1840s–1860s)\nRufus River massacre (1841)\nPelican Creek tragedy (1842)\nEvans Head massacre (1842)\nWar of Southern Queensland (1843–55)\nBattle of One Tree Hill\nDarkey Flat Massacre (circa 1845)\nAvenue Range Station massacre (1848)\nWaterloo Bay massacre (1849)\nEast Ballina massacre (1853)\nHornet Bank massacre (1857)\nCullin-La-Ringo massacre (1861)\nFlying Foam Massacre (1868)\nKalkadoon Wars (1870–90)\nJandamarra Guerilla War (1894–97)\nMowla Bluff massacre (1916)\nForrest River massacre (1926)\nConiston massacre (1928)\nCaledon Bay crisis (1932–34)","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"T. G. Moyle, The Wills Tragedy, 1861, held at the State Library of Queensland. The caption reads: \"The arrival of the neighbouring squatters and Mon collecting and burying the dead, after the attack by the blacks on H.R. Wills ESQ. Stationed Leichhardt district, Queensland.\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Cullin-La-Ringo_massacre.jpg/220px-Cullin-La-Ringo_massacre.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tom Wills, cricketer and founder of Australian rules football, one of six settlers who survived the massacre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Tom_Wills_carte_de_visite.jpg/220px-Tom_Wills_carte_de_visite.jpg"},{"image_text":"Horatio Wills' gravestone, ca. 1950","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Horatio_Wills_gravesite.jpg/220px-Horatio_Wills_gravesite.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Australian frontier wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars"},{"title":"List of massacres in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Australia"}]
[{"reference":"Jackson, Russell (18 September 2021). \"Research discovery suggests AFL pioneer Tom Wills participated in massacres of Indigenous people\". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 17 September 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-09-18/suggests-afl-pioneer-tom-wills-participated-indigenous-massacres/100463708","url_text":"\"Research discovery suggests AFL pioneer Tom Wills participated in massacres of Indigenous people\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210917193518/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-09-18/suggests-afl-pioneer-tom-wills-participated-indigenous-massacres/100463708","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Russell (17 September 2021). \"Research discovery suggests AFL pioneer Tom Wills participated in massacres of Indigenous people\". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 3 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-09-18/suggests-afl-pioneer-tom-wills-participated-indigenous-massacres/100463708","url_text":"\"Research discovery suggests AFL pioneer Tom Wills participated in massacres of Indigenous people\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation","url_text":"Australian Broadcasting Corporation"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211005135712/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-09-18/suggests-afl-pioneer-tom-wills-participated-indigenous-massacres/100463708","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"A Notable Pioneer\". The Argus (Melbourne). No. 23, 278. Victoria, Australia. 12 March 1921. p. 4. Retrieved 17 February 2023 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article1739870","url_text":"\"A Notable Pioneer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)","url_text":"The Argus (Melbourne)"}]},{"reference":"\"Wills Massacre\". Monument Australia. Retrieved 17 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://monumentaustralia.org.au/themes/conflict/frontier/display/92552-wills-massacre-","url_text":"\"Wills Massacre\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Wills' tragedy\". The Sydney Morning Herald. National Library of Australia. 16 November 1861. p. 7. Retrieved 25 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13062373","url_text":"\"The Wills' tragedy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"{Untitled]\". The Sydney Morning Herald. National Library of Australia. 11 December 1861. p. 5. Retrieved 25 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article13055146","url_text":"\"{Untitled]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Old Rainworth Stone Store (entry 600026)\". Queensland Heritage Register. Queensland Heritage Council. Retrieved 1 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://environment.ehp.qld.gov.au/heritage-register/detail/?id=600026","url_text":"\"Old Rainworth Stone Store (entry 600026)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Heritage_Register","url_text":"Queensland Heritage Register"}]},{"reference":"Huf, Elizabeth (30 September 2010). \"Thomas Wentworth Wills and Cullin-la-ringo Station\". Queensland Historical Atlas. University of Queensland. Archived from the original on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 12 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.qhatlas.com.au/content/thomas-wentworth-wills-and-cullin-la-ringo-station","url_text":"\"Thomas Wentworth Wills and Cullin-la-ringo Station\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Queensland","url_text":"University of Queensland"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171112090549/http://www.qhatlas.com.au/content/thomas-wentworth-wills-and-cullin-la-ringo-station","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"The Australian Encyclopaedia. Vol. 1. Michigan State University Press. 1958. p. 101.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=j1AhAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Australian Encyclopaedia"}]},{"reference":"Meston, Archibald (20 December 1893). \"The Cave Diary\". The North Queensland Register. p. 27. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2017 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"https://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79278379","url_text":"\"The Cave Diary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_North_Queensland_Register","url_text":"The North Queensland Register"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220714070226/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/79278379","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Reid, Gordon (1981). \"From Hornet Bank to Cullin-la-Ringo\" (PDF). Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland. 11 (2). Retrieved 18 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/data/UQ_205360/s00855804_1980_81_11_2_62.pdf","url_text":"\"From Hornet Bank to Cullin-la-Ringo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alex Miller: Why I wrote Landscape of Farewell\". Allen & Unwin. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allenandunwin.com/writers-on-writing/alex-miller-why-i-wrote-landscape-of-farewell","url_text":"\"Alex Miller: Why I wrote Landscape of Farewell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_%26_Unwin","url_text":"Allen & Unwin"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160313122718/https://www.allenandunwin.com/writers-on-writing/alex-miller-why-i-wrote-landscape-of-farewell","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kavanagh, Lawrie (6 December 2009). \"Truth about Cullin-la-ringo\". Kavanagh's Queensland. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://kavanaghsqueensland.blogspot.co.nz/2009/12/truth-about-cullin-la-ringo.html","url_text":"\"Truth about Cullin-la-ringo\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150722043103/http://kavanaghsqueensland.blogspot.co.nz/2009/12/truth-about-cullin-la-ringo.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cooke, T.S.W. (1997). The Currency Lad (PDF). Digbys.com. ISBN 978-0-9803893-9-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gyra.com.au/pdf/currency_lad.pdf","url_text":"The Currency Lad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9803893-9-5","url_text":"978-0-9803893-9-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Historical Society: Cullin-La-Ringo Massacre recalled\". Morning Bulletin. No. 29, 625. Queensland, Australia. 4 September 1954. p. 6 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article57324601","url_text":"\"Historical Society: Cullin-La-Ringo Massacre recalled\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_Bulletin","url_text":"Morning Bulletin"}]},{"reference":"Sayers, C. E. (1 January 1967). \"Horatio Spencer Howe Wills\". Australian Dictionary of Biography.","urls":[{"url":"https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/wills-horatio-spencer-howe-2799","url_text":"\"Horatio Spencer Howe Wills\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography","url_text":"Australian Dictionary of Biography"}]},{"reference":"Huf, Elizabeth (30 September 2010). \"Thomas Wentworth Wills and Cullin-la-ringo Station\". Queensland Historical Atlas.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.qhatlas.com.au/content/thomas-wentworth-wills-and-cullin-la-ringo-station","url_text":"\"Thomas Wentworth Wills and Cullin-la-ringo Station\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Acquisition - Artwork depicting the \"Cullin-la-ringo Massacre\"\". State Library Of Queensland. 24 February 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/new-acquisition-artwork-depicting-cullin-la-ringo-massacre","url_text":"\"New Acquisition - Artwork depicting the \"Cullin-la-ringo Massacre\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Library_Of_Queensland","url_text":"State Library Of Queensland"}]},{"reference":"\"The Wills Tragedy\". Hawke's Bay Herald. Vol. 5, no. 238. From an Extraordinary to the Queensland Guardian, November 12. 18 December 1861. p. 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/HBH18611217.2.9","url_text":"\"The Wills Tragedy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawke%27s_Bay_Herald","url_text":"Hawke's Bay Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"The Wills Tragedy\". The Age. 28 November 1861.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1300&dat=18611128&id=ju0PAAAAIBAJ&sjid=-5ADAAAAIBAJ&pg=7300,152406","url_text":"\"The Wills Tragedy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age","url_text":"The Age"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishgum-Addu
Ishgum-Addu
["1 References"]
Military governor of Mari Ishgum-Addu𒅖𒆲𒀭𒁕𒃶Military governor of MariKingReignc.2135-2127 BCEPredecessorIshtup-IlumSuccessorApil-kinDynastyShakkanakku dynasty Mariclass=notpageimage| Location of Mari, where Ili-Ishar ruled. Ishgum-Addu or Ishgum-Addad (𒅖𒄣𒀭𒅎 iš-gum DIŠKUR), or more probably Ishkun-Dagan (𒅖𒆲𒀭𒁕𒃶 iš-kun Dda-gan), was a ruler of the city of Mari, northern Mesopotamia, for eight years c. 2135-2127 BCE, after the fall of the Akkadian Empire . He had a son named Apil-kin, according to the Shakkanakku Dynasty List, who ruled after him. Ishgum-Addu appears in the Shakkanakku Dynasty Lists after Ishtup-Ilum. Besides his mention on the Shakkanakku List, no inscriptions are known of him. Ishgum-Addu of Mari Regnal titles Preceded byIshtup-Ilum Shakkanakku of Mari c.2100 BCE Succeeded byApil-kin References ^ a b Frayne, Douglas (1993). Sargonic and Gutian Periods. University of Toronto Press. p. 237. ^ Leick, Gwendolyn (2002). Who's Who in the Ancient Near East. Routledge. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-134-78795-1. ^ a b Leick, Gwendolyn (2002). Who's Who in the Ancient Near East. Routledge. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-134-78795-1. ^ Leick, Gwendolyn (2002). Who's Who in the Ancient Near East. Routledge. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-134-78795-1. ^ Oliva, Juan (2008). Textos para un historia política de Siria-Palestina I (in Spanish). Ediciones AKAL. p. 86. ISBN 978-84-460-1949-7. vteRulers of the Ancient Near East Territories/dates Egypt Canaan Ebla Mari Kish/Assur Akshak/Akkad Uruk Adab Umma Lagash Ur Elam 4000–3200 BCE Naqada INaqada II Egypt-Mesopotamia relations Pre-Dynastic period (4000–2900 BCE) Susa I Uruk period(4000–3100 BCE)(Anu Ziggurat, 4000 BCE)(Anonymous "King-priests") Susa II(Uruk influence or control) 3200–3100 BCE Proto-Dynastic period(Naqada III)Early or legendary kings: Upper EgyptFinger Snail Fish Pen-Abu Animal Stork Canide Bull Scorpion I Shendjw Iry-Hor Ka Scorpion II Narmer / Menes Lower EgyptHedju Hor Ny-Hor Hsekiu Khayu Tiu Thesh Neheb Wazner Nat-Hor Mekh Double Falcon Wash 3100–2900 BCE Early Dynastic PeriodFirst Dynasty of EgyptNarmer PaletteNarmer Menes Neithhotep♀ (regent) Hor-Aha Djer Djet Merneith♀ (regent) Den Anedjib Semerkhet Qa'a Sneferka Horus Bird Canaanites Jemdet Nasr period(3100–2900 BCE) Proto-Elamiteperiod(Susa III)(3100–2700 BCE) 2900 BCE Second Dynasty of EgyptHotepsekhemwy Nebra/Raneb Nynetjer Ba Nubnefer Horus Sa Weneg-Nebty Wadjenes Senedj Seth-Peribsen Sekhemib-Perenmaat Neferkara I Neferkasokar Hudjefa I Khasekhemwy Early Dynastic Period I (2900–2700 BCE) First EblaiteKingdom First kingdom of Mari Kish I dynastyJushur, Kullassina-belNangishlishma,En-tarah-anaBabum, Puannum, Kalibum 2800 BCE Kalumum Zuqaqip AtabMashda Arwium EtanaBalih En-me-nunaMelem-Kish Barsal-nuna Uruk I dynastyMesh-ki-ang-gasher Enmerkar ("conqueror of Aratta") 2700 BCE Early Dynastic Period II (2700–2600 BCE) Zamug, Tizqar, IlkuIltasadum LugalbandaDumuzid, the Fisherman Enmebaragesi ("made the land of Elam submit") Aga of Kish Gilgamesh Old Elamite period(2700–1500 BCE)Indus-Mesopotamia relations 2600 BCE Third Dynasty of EgyptDjoser(First Egyptian pyramids)Sekhemkhet Sanakht Nebka Khaba Qahedjet Huni Early Dynastic Period III (2600–2340 BCE) SagisuAbur-limAgur-limIbbi-DamuBaba-Damu Kish II dynasty(5 kings)UhubMesilim Ur-NungalUdulkalamaLabashum LagashEn-hegalLugal-shaengur UrA-ImdugudUr-PabilsagMeskalamdug(Queen Puabi)Akalamdug Enun-dara-annaMes-heMelamannaLugal-kitun AdabNin-kisalsiMe-durbaLugal-dalu 2575 BCE Old Kingdom of EgyptFourth Dynasty of EgyptSnefru KhufuDjedefre Khafre Bikheris Menkaure Shepseskaf Thamphthis Ur I dynastyMesannepada"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk 2500 BCE Phoenicia (2500-539 BCE) Second kingdom of MariIkun-ShamashIku-ShamaganAnsudSa'umuIshtup-IsharIkun-MariIblul-IlNizi Kish III dynastyKu-Baba♀ Akshak dynastyUnziUndalulu Uruk II dynastyEnsha-kushanna Mug-si Umma I dynastyPabilgagaltuku Lagash I dynastyUr-NansheAkurgal A'annepadaMeskiagnunEluluBalulu Awan dynastyPeliTataUkkutaheshHishur 2450 BCE Fifth Dynasty of EgyptUserkaf Sahure Neferirkare Kakai Neferefre Shepseskare Nyuserre Ini Menkauhor Kaiu Djedkare Isesi Unas Enar-DamuIshar-Malik UshEnakalle Elamite invasions(3 kings) Shushun-taranaNapilhush 2425 BCE Kun-Damu Eannatum(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) 2400 BCE Adub-DamuIgrish-HalamIrkab-Damu Kish IV dynastyPuzur-SuenUr-Zababa Urur Lugal-kinishe-duduLugal-kisalsi E-iginimpa'eMeskigal Ur-LummaIlGishakidu(Queen Bara-irnun) EnannatumEntemenaEnannatum IIEnentarzi Ur II dynastyNanniMesh-ki-ang-Nanna II Kiku-siwe-tempti 2380 BCE Sixth Dynasty of EgyptTeti Userkare Pepi I Merenre Nemtyemsaf I Pepi II Merenre Nemtyemsaf II Netjerkare Siptah Adab dynastyLugalannemundu"King of the four quarters of the world" 2370 BCE Isar-Damu Enna-DaganIkun-IsharIshqi-Mari Invasion by MariAnbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter Ukush LugalandaUrukagina Luh-ishan 2350 BCE Puzur-NirahIshu-IlShu-Sin Uruk III dynastyLugalzagesi(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) 2340 BCE Akkadian Period (2340–2150 BCE) Akkadian EmpireSargon of Akkad Rimush Manishtushu Akkadian Governors:EshpumIlshu-rabiEpirmupiIli-ishmani 2250 BCE Naram-Sin Lugal-ushumgal(vassal of the Akkadians) 2200 BCE First Intermediate PeriodSeventh Dynasty of EgyptEighth Dynasty of EgyptMenkare Neferkare II Neferkare Neby Djedkare Shemai Neferkare Khendu Merenhor Neferkamin Nikare Neferkare Tereru Neferkahor Neferkare Pepiseneb Neferkamin Anu Qakare Ibi Neferkaure Neferkauhor Neferirkare Second EblaiteKingdom Third kingdom of Mari(Shakkanakkudynasty)IdidishShu-DaganIshma-Dagan(Vassals of the Akkadians) Shar-Kali-Sharri Igigi, Imi, Nanum, Ilulu (3 years)DuduShu-turul Uruk IV dynastyUr-niginUr-gigir Lagash II dynastyPuzer-MamaUr-Ningirsu IPirig-meLu-BabaLu-gulaKa-ku Hishep-RatepHeluKhitaPuzur-Inshushinak 2150 BCE Ninth Dynasty of EgyptMeryibre Khety Neferkare VII Nebkaure Khety Setut Ur III period (2150–2000 BCE) Nûr-MêrIshtup-IlumIshgum-AdduApil-kin Gutian dynasty(21 kings)La-erabumSi'um Kuda (Uruk)Puzur-iliUr-Utu Umma II dynastyLugalannatum(vassal of the Gutians) Ur-BabaGudeaUr-NingirsuUr-garNam-mahani Tirigan 2125 BCE Tenth Dynasty of EgyptMeryhathor Neferkare VIII Wahkare Khety Merykare Uruk V dynastyUtu-hengal 2100 BCE (Vassals of UR III) Iddi-ilumIli-IsharTura-DaganPuzur-Ishtar(Vassals of Ur III) Ur III dynasty"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"Ur-Nammu Shulgi Amar-Sin Shu-Sin 2025-1763 BCE Amorite invasions Ibbi-Sin Elamite invasionsKindattu (Shimashki Dynasty) Middle Kingdom of EgyptEleventh Dynasty of EgyptMentuhotep I Intef I Intef II Intef III Mentuhotep II Mentuhotep III Mentuhotep IV Third EblaiteKingdom (Amorites)Ibbit-LimImmeya Indilimma (Amorite Shakkanakkus)Hitial-ErraHanun-Dagan(...)Lim Dynastyof Mari(Amorites)Yaggid-Lim Yahdun-Lim Yasmah-Adad Zimri-Lim (Queen Shibtu) Old AssyriaPuzur-Ashur IShalim-ahumIlu-shumaErishum IIkunumSargon IPuzur-Ashur IINaram-SinErishum II Isin-Larsa period(Amorites)Dynasty of Isin: Ishbi-Erra Shu-Ilishu Iddin-Dagan Ishme-Dagan Lipit-Eshtar Ur-Ninurta Bur-Suen Lipit-Enlil Erra-imitti Enlil-bani Zambiya Iter-pisha Ur-du-kuga Suen-magir Damiq-ilishuDynasty of Larsa: Naplanum Emisum Samium Zabaia Gungunum Abisare Sumuel Nur-Adad Sin-Iddinam Sin-Eribam Sin-Iqisham Silli-Adad Warad-Sin Rim-Sin I (...) Rim-Sin IIUruk VI dynasty: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk Sîn-kāšid Sîn-iribam Sîn-gāmil Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu Sukkalmah dynastySiwe-Palar-Khuppak Twelfth Dynasty of EgyptAmenemhat I Senusret I Amenemhat II Senusret II Senusret III Amenemhat III Amenemhat IV Sobekneferu♀ 1800–1595 BCE Thirteenth Dynasty of EgyptFourteenth Dynasty of Egypt Abraham(Biblical)Kings of ByblosKings of TyreKings of Sidon Yamhad(Yamhad dynasty)(Amorites) Old Assyria (Shamshi-Adad dynasty1808–1736 BCE)(Amorites)Shamshi-Adad I Ishme-Dagan I Mut-Ashkur Rimush Asinum Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi (Non-dynastic usurpers1735–1701 BCE) Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi (Adaside dynasty1700–722 BCE)Bel-bani Libaya Sharma-Adad I Iptar-Sin Bazaya Lullaya Shu-Ninua Sharma-Adad II Erishum III Shamshi-Adad II Ishme-Dagan II Shamshi-Adad III Ashur-nirari I Puzur-Ashur III Enlil-nasir I Nur-ili Ashur-shaduni Ashur-rabi I Ashur-nadin-ahhe I Enlil-Nasir II Ashur-nirari II Ashur-bel-nisheshu Ashur-rim-nisheshu Ashur-nadin-ahhe II First Babylonian dynasty("Old Babylonian Period")(Amorites)Sumu-abum Sumu-la-El Sin-muballitSabium Apil-Sin Sin-muballit Hammurabi Samsu-iluna Abi-eshuh Ammi-ditana Ammi-saduqa Samsu-DitanaEarly Kassite rulers Second Babylonian dynasty("Sealand Dynasty")Ilum-ma-ili Itti-ili-nibi Damqi-ilishuIshkibal Shushushi GulkisharmDIŠ+U-EN Peshgaldaramesh AyadaragalamaAkurduana Melamkurkurra Ea-gamil Second Intermediate PeriodSixteenthDynasty AbydosDynasty SeventeenthDynasty Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt("Hyksos")Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a HyksosSemqen 'Aper-'Anati Sakir-Har Khyan Apepi Khamudi Mitanni(1600–1260 BCE)Kirta Shuttarna I Parshatatar 1531–1155 BCE TutankhamunNew Kingdom of EgyptEighteenth Dynasty of EgyptAhmose I Amenhotep I Third Babylonian dynasty (Kassites)Agum-Kakrime Burnaburiash I Kashtiliash III Ulamburiash Agum III Karaindash Kadashman-harbe I Kurigalzu I Kadashman-Enlil I Burnaburiash II Kara-hardash Nazi-Bugash Kurigalzu II Nazi-Maruttash Kadashman-Turgu Kadashman-Enlil II Kudur-Enlil Shagarakti-Shuriash Kashtiliashu IV Enlil-nadin-shumi Kadashman-Harbe II Adad-shuma-iddina Adad-shuma-usur Meli-Shipak II Marduk-apla-iddina I Zababa-shuma-iddin Enlil-nadin-ahi Middle Elamite period (1500–1100 BCE)Kidinuid dynastyIgehalkid dynastyUntash-Napirisha Thutmose I Thutmose II Hatshepsut♀ Thutmose III Amenhotep II Thutmose IV Amenhotep III Akhenaten Smenkhkare Neferneferuaten♀ Tutankhamun Ay Horemheb Hittite EmpireUgarit Nineteenth Dynasty of EgyptRamesses I Seti I Ramesses II Merneptah Amenmesses Seti II Siptah Twosret♀ Elamite EmpireShutrukid dynastyShutruk-Nakhunte 1155–1025 BCE Twentieth Dynasty of EgyptSetnakhte Ramesses III Ramesses IV Ramesses V Ramesses VI Ramesses VII Ramesses VIII Ramesses IX Ramesses X Ramesses XIThird Intermediate Period Twenty-first Dynasty of EgyptSmendes Amenemnisu Psusennes I Amenemope Osorkon the Elder Siamun Psusennes II PhoeniciaKings of ByblosKings of TyreKings of SidonKingdom of IsraelSaulIsh-boshethDavidSolomon Syro-Hittite states Middle AssyriaEriba-Adad I Ashur-uballit I Enlil-nirari Arik-den-ili Adad-nirari I Shalmaneser I Tukulti-Ninurta I Ashur-nadin-apli Ashur-nirari III Enlil-kudurri-usur Ninurta-apal-Ekur Ashur-dan I Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur Mutakkil-Nusku Ashur-resh-ishi I Tiglath-Pileser I Asharid-apal-Ekur Ashur-bel-kala Eriba-Adad II Shamshi-Adad IV Ashurnasirpal I Shalmaneser II Ashur-nirari IV Ashur-rabi II Ashur-resh-ishi II Tiglath-Pileser II Ashur-dan II Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("Second Dynasty of Isin")Marduk-kabit-ahheshu Itti-Marduk-balatu Ninurta-nadin-shumi Nebuchadnezzar I Enlil-nadin-apli Marduk-nadin-ahhe Marduk-shapik-zeri Adad-apla-iddina Marduk-ahhe-eriba Marduk-zer-X Nabu-shum-libur Neo-Elamite period (1100–540 BCE) 1025–934 BCE Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")Simbar-shipak Ea-mukin-zeri Kashshu-nadin-ahi Eulmash-shakin-shumi Ninurta-kudurri-usur I Shirikti-shuqamuna Mar-biti-apla-usur Nabû-mukin-apli 911–745 BCE Twenty-second Dynasty of EgyptShoshenq I Osorkon I Shoshenq II Takelot I Osorkon II Shoshenq III Shoshenq IV Pami Shoshenq V Pedubast II Osorkon IV Twenty-third Dynasty of EgyptHarsiese A Takelot II Pedubast I Shoshenq VI Osorkon III Takelot III Rudamun Menkheperre Ini Twenty-fourth Dynasty of EgyptTefnakht Bakenranef Kingdom of SamariaKingdom of Judah Neo-Assyrian EmpireAdad-nirari II Tukulti-Ninurta II Ashurnasirpal II Shalmaneser III Shamshi-Adad V Shammuramat♀ (regent) Adad-nirari III Shalmaneser IV Ashur-Dan III Ashur-nirari V Ninth Babylonian DynastyNinurta-kudurri-usur II Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina Shamash-mudammiq Nabu-shuma-ukin I Nabu-apla-iddina Marduk-zakir-shumi I Marduk-balassu-iqbi Baba-aha-iddina (five kings) Ninurta-apla-X Marduk-bel-zeri Marduk-apla-usur Eriba-Marduk Nabu-shuma-ishkun Nabonassar Nabu-nadin-zeri Nabu-shuma-ukin II Nabu-mukin-zeri Humban-Tahrid dynastyUrtakTeummanUmmanigashTammaritu IIndabibiHumban-haltash III 745–609 BCE Twenty-fifth Dynasty of EgyptTaharqa("Black Pharaohs")Piye Shebitku Shabaka Taharqa Tanutamun Neo-Assyrian Empire (Sargonid dynasty)Tiglath-Pileser† Shalmaneser† Marduk-apla-iddina II Sargon† Sennacherib† Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-apla-iddina II Bel-ibni Ashur-nadin-shumi† Nergal-ushezib Mushezib-Marduk Esarhaddon† Ashurbanipal Ashur-etil-ilani Sinsharishkun Sin-shumu-lishir Ashur-uballit II Assyrian conquest of Egypt Assyrian conquest of Elam 626–539 BCE Late PeriodTwenty-sixth Dynasty of EgyptNecho I Psamtik I Necho II Psamtik II Wahibre Ahmose II Psamtik III Neo-Babylonian EmpireNabopolassar Nebuchadnezzar II Amel-Marduk Neriglissar Labashi-Marduk Nabonidus Median EmpireDeioces Phraortes Madyes Cyaxares Astyages 539–331 BCE Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt(First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt) Kings of ByblosKings of TyreKings of Sidon Achaemenid EmpireCyrus Cambyses Darius I Xerxes Artaxerxes I Darius II Artaxerxes II Artaxerxes III Artaxerxes IV Darius III Twenty-eighth Dynasty of EgyptTwenty-ninth Dynasty of EgyptThirtieth Dynasty of Egypt Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt 331–141 BCE Argead dynasty and Ptolemaic EgyptPtolemy I Soter Ptolemy Keraunos Ptolemy II Philadelphus Arsinoe II♀ Ptolemy III Euergetes Berenice II Euergetis♀ Ptolemy IV Philopator Arsinoe III Philopator♀ Ptolemy V Epiphanes Cleopatra I Syra♀ Ptolemy VI Philometor Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator Cleopatra II Philometor Soter♀ Ptolemy VIII Physcon Cleopatra III♀ Ptolemy IX Lathyros Cleopatra IV♀ Ptolemy X Alexander Berenice III♀ Ptolemy XI Alexander Ptolemy XII Auletes Cleopatra V♀ Cleopatra VI Tryphaena♀ Berenice IV Epiphanea♀ Ptolemy XIII Ptolemy XIV Cleopatra VII Philopator♀ Ptolemy XV Caesarion Arsinoe IV♀ Hellenistic PeriodSeleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from BabylonArgead dynasty: Alexander III Philip III Alexander IV Antigonid dynasty: Antigonus ISeleucid Empire: Seleucus I Antiochus I Antiochus II Seleucus II Seleucus III Antiochus III Seleucus IV Antiochus IV Antiochus V Demetrius I Alexander III Demetrius II Antiochus VI Dionysus Diodotus Tryphon Antiochus VII Sidetes 141–30 BCE Kingdom of JudeaSimon Thassi John Hyrcanus Aristobulus I Alexander Jannaeus Salome Alexandra♀ Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II Antigonus II Mattathias Alexander II Zabinas Seleucus V Philometor Antiochus VIII Grypus Antiochus IX Cyzicenus Seleucus VI Epiphanes Antiochus X Eusebes Antiochus XI Epiphanes Demetrius III Eucaerus Philip I Philadelphus Antiochus XII Dionysus Antiochus XIII Asiaticus Philip II Philoromaeus Parthian EmpireMithridates I Phraates Hyspaosines Artabanus Mithridates II Gotarzes Mithridates III Orodes I Sinatruces Phraates III Mithridates IV Orodes II Phraates IV Tiridates II Musa Phraates V Orodes III Vonones I Artabanus II Tiridates III Artabanus II Vardanes I Gotarzes II Meherdates Vonones II Vologases I Vardanes II Pacorus II Vologases II Artabanus III Osroes I 30 BCE–116 CE Roman Empire (Roman conquest of Egypt)Province of Egypt Judea Syria 116–117 CE Province of Mesopotamia under Trajan Parthamaspates of Parthia 117–224 CE Syria Palaestina Province of Mesopotamia Sinatruces II Mithridates V Vologases IV Osroes II Vologases V Vologases VI Artabanus IV 224–270 CE Sasanian EmpireProvince of AsoristanCoin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.Ardashir I Shapur I Hormizd I Bahram I Bahram II Bahram III Narseh Hormizd II Adur Narseh Shapur II Ardashir II Shapur III Bahram IV Yazdegerd I Shapur IV Khosrow Bahram V Yazdegerd II Hormizd III Peroz I Balash Kavad I Jamasp Kavad I Khosrow I Hormizd IV Khosrow II Bahram VI Chobin Vistahm 270–273 CE Palmyrene EmpireVaballathus Zenobia♀ Antiochus 273–395 CE Roman Empire Province of Egypt Syria Palaestina Syria Province of Mesopotamia 395–618 CE Byzantine Empire Byzantine Egypt Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda Byzantine Syria Byzantine Mesopotamia 618–628 CE (Sasanian conquest of Egypt)Province of EgyptShahrbaraz Sahralanyozan Shahrbaraz Sasanian EmpireProvince of AsoristanKhosrow II Kavad II 628–641 CE Byzantine Empire Ardashir III Shahrbaraz Khosrow III Boran♀ Shapur-i Shahrvaraz Azarmidokht♀ Farrukh Hormizd Hormizd VI Khosrow IV Boran Yazdegerd III Peroz III Narsieh Byzantine Egypt Palaestina Prima, Palaestina Secunda Byzantine Syria Byzantine Mesopotamia 639–651 CE Muslim conquest of Egypt Muslim conquest of the Levant Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia Chronology of the Neolithic period Rulers of Ancient Central Asia ^ Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional. ^ Hallo, W.; Simpson, W. (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49. ^ "Rulers of Mesopotamia". cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS. ^ Thomas, Ariane; Potts, Timothy (2020). Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins. Getty Publications. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-60606-649-2. ^ Roux, Georges (1992). Ancient Iraq. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). ISBN 978-0-14-193825-7. ^ a b c Per Sumerian King List ^ Unger, Merrill F. (2014). Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-62564-606-4.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Near_East_non_political.png"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Near_East_non_political.png"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingir"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingir"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frayne-1"},{"link_name":"Mari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari,_Syria"},{"link_name":"Mesopotamia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia"},{"link_name":"Akkadian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Apil-kin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apil-kin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GL36-3"},{"link_name":"Ishtup-Ilum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtup-Ilum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GL36-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Frayne-1"}],"text":"Mariclass=notpageimage| Location of Mari, where Ili-Ishar ruled.Ishgum-Addu or Ishgum-Addad (𒅖𒄣𒀭𒅎 iš-gum DIŠKUR), or more probably Ishkun-Dagan (𒅖𒆲𒀭𒁕𒃶 iš-kun Dda-gan),[1] was a ruler of the city of Mari, northern Mesopotamia, for eight years c. 2135-2127 BCE, after the fall of the Akkadian Empire .[2] He had a son named Apil-kin, according to the Shakkanakku Dynasty List, who ruled after him.[3]Ishgum-Addu appears in the Shakkanakku Dynasty Lists after Ishtup-Ilum.[3][4][5] Besides his mention on the Shakkanakku List, no inscriptions are known of him.[1]","title":"Ishgum-Addu"}]
[{"image_text":"Narmer Palette","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg/40px-Narmer_Palette_verso.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg/30px-Gudea_of_Lagash_Girsu.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg/30px-Image_from_page_25_of_%22Ancient_seals_of_the_Near_East%22_%281940%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg/40px-F0182_Louvre_Code_Hammourabi_Bas-relief_Sb8_rwk.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg/35px-Pharaoh_Ahmose_I_slaying_a_Hyksos_%28axe_of_Ahmose_I%2C_from_the_Treasure_of_Queen_Aahhotep_II%29_Colorized_per_source.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tutankhamun","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg/30px-CairoEgMuseumTaaMaskMostlyPhotographed.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg/30px-Kudurru_Louvre_Sb31.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg/45px-Tablet_of_Shamash_relief.jpg"},{"image_text":"Taharqa","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg/30px-Taharqa_reconstructed_2.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Darius_In_Parse.JPG/30px-Darius_In_Parse.JPG"},{"image_text":"Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg/60px-Seleukos_I_Nikator_Tetradrachm_from_Babylon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg/40px-Coin_of_Ardashir_I_%28phase_3%29%2C_Hamadan_mint.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsy_Bitsy
Itsy Bitsy
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Release","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]
2019 film by Micah Gallo This article is missing information about the film's production. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (September 2019) Itsy BitsyTheatrical release posterDirected byMicah GalloWritten byJason AlvinoBryan DickMicah GalloStory byMicah GalloStarringBruce DavisonElizabeth RobertsDenise CrosbyArman DarboChloe PerrinCinematographyMarcos DurianJames ZsigmondEdited byMatt LathamMusic byGarry SchymanFrederik WiedmannProductioncompaniesHacienda Film Co.Paradox Film GroupStrange VisionDistributed byShout! StudiosRelease dates August 10, 2019 (2019-08-10) (Popcorn Frights Film Festival) August 30, 2019 (2019-08-30) (United States) Running time94 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Itsy Bitsy is a 2019 American horror film directed by Micah Gallo, starring Bruce Davison, Elizabeth Roberts, Arman Darbo, and Chloe Perrin, and featuring Denise Crosby, Eileen Dietz, and Matty Cardarople. It centers on a family, who moves into an old, secluded mansion where they are stalked by an ancient entity that takes the form of a giant spider. The film itself was inspired by the poem The Itsy Bitsy Spider, and was released in the United States on August 30, 2019, by Shout! Studios, and it has received mixed reviews from critics. Plot Live-in nurse Kara and her two children Jesse and Cambria have moved into the home of artifact collector and widower Walter Clark, who has recently purchased a fabled artifact, the ‘Black Egg of Maa-Kalaratri'. During the purchase Clark angered the treasure hunter, who returns to the home and smashes the relic. This releases a large prehistoric spider, which bites the treasure hunter, who manages to make it off the property before dying. The move has been difficult for Kara, as she blames herself for the death of her son Stevie from a car accident where she was the driver. She is also hiding a secret drug addiction. To calm herself and deal with visions of her son Stevie, Kara steals Walter's OxyContin but still experiences a nervous breakdown in a diner. She is reassured by and bonds with Sheriff Jane Dunne, who notices Kara's addiction. Jesse begins to bond with Walter and the two piece together the relic. Walter also entertains the boy by telling him the legend of Maa-Kalaratri, an ancient spider goddess who became vengeful when people stopped worshipping her. As he is having fun, Jesse neglects to watch Cambria, who is nearly attacked by the spider. This is discovered by Kara, causing a fight between her and Jesse, during which he reveals that Kara had been fired for stealing medication from her last job. Kara's theft is eventually discovered and she is fired by Walter. She leaves, at which point the spider attacks and kills Walter. Jane responds to reports of his death after Jesse discovers the body. She questions Kara, who believes that it may have something to do with the treasure hunter while Jesse believes that it was Maa-Kalaratri. Kara later scolds Jesse for scaring Cambria and slaps him, an act she quickly regrets. Later that night Kara investigates the attic, discovering Jesse freeing Cambria from thick spider webs. They discover an empty exoskeleton shed by the spider and flee the attic, at which point the spider attacks and bites Kara, who passes out from the venom. Jesse manages to call Jane for help but is unable to prevent the spider from biting Cambria's hand before seemingly knocking it unconscious. Kara awakens and finds that the spider bit clean through the child's hand and was unable to inject any venom. She manages to administer an epinephrine shot on herself to counteract the spider venom before passing out once more. Jesse is attacked, and narrowly avoids being bitten before Kara reawakens in time to kill the spider. The trio escape and as Jane arrives with an ambulance, Kara collapses and sees a vision of Stevie. She then finally forgives herself for his death by saving Jesse and Cambria, taking away her need to use drugs. After recovering, Kara and the children move out and swear to stay together no matter what. Unbeknownst to them, however, the spider laid two egg sacs in Walter's house, one in a dollhouse and one in a chest, both of which begin to hatch. Cast Bruce Davison as Walter Denise Crosby as Sheriff Jane Elizabeth Roberts as Kara Arman Darbo as Jesse Chloe Perrin as Cambria Treva Etienne as Ahkeeba Eileen Dietz as Sally Matty Cardarople as Donny Grace Shen as Storyteller Priestess Release On April 8, 2019, it was announced that Shout! Studios acquired the North American distribution rights to the film. The film was released in select theatres, digital and on VOD on August 30, 2019. Reception Itsy Bitsy received mixed reviews from critics upon its release, with many praising the special effects, cinematography, and atmosphere while criticizing the film's uninteresting characters, and story. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 60% based on reviews from 10 critics, with an average rating of 5.5/10. Matthew Roe of Film Threat gave the film a negative review, writing "Itsy Bitsy has some fantastic human moments inside its bland monster facade and is the only real reason I can recommend the film – however, for some it won’t be enough to redeem the played-out and wonky elements." Culture Crypt rated the film a score of 55 out of 100, criticizing its underwritten characters, script, and finale. The reviewer concluded, "Itsy Bitsy isn’t going to win any awards or become anyone’s favorite film. It’s too grim to grab the gusto it needs to stand out without edging into over-the-top outrageousness. But it is professionally produced, features a few intriguing pops, and makes for a decent diversion during a weekend’s entertainment." Veronique Englebert from The Review Geek scored the film a mixed 5.5 out of 10, writing, "Itsy Bitsy is not a bad spider movie but it’s not a particularly great one either. It fails to reach the same creepiness found in movies like Arachnophobia and takes a while to get into the swing of things. However, the welcome practical effects and empathetic characters help but can’t quite save the day for this average creature feature." Meagan Navarro from Bloody Disgusting commended the film's special effects and camerawork; but criticized the sparse appearance of its antagonist, unresolved ending, and unlikable characters. Concluding her review, Navarro recommended the film based on the special effect, in spite of its faults, calling it "a big step in the right direction". Noel Murray of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a positive review, praising the film's gothic atmosphere, special effects, and "existential dread". References ^ Miska, Brad (April 8, 2019). "Giant Spider Movie 'Itsy Bitsy' Crawls to Shout! Studios". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved July 6, 2019. ^ Brian B. (April 8, 2019). "Itsy Bitsy Brings a Giant Spider Tale to Shout! Studios". MovieWeb. Retrieved July 6, 2019. ^ Sprague, Mike (June 27, 2019). "Itsy Bitsy Trailer Will Creep Out Anyone with a Deathly Fear of Spiders". MovieWeb. Retrieved July 6, 2019. ^ Miska, Brad (June 26, 2019). "Scared of Spiders? The 'Itsy Bitsy' Trailer Just Might Traumatize You ". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved July 6, 2019. ^ Millican, Josh (28 June 2019). "Trailer: Your Skin Will Crawl When ITSY BITSY Hits Select Theaters and VOD This August". Dread Central. Retrieved July 6, 2019. ^ "Itsy Bitsy (2019)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved October 10, 2021. ^ Roe, Matthew (2 September 2019). "Itsy Bitsy". FilmThreat.com. Matthew Roe. Retrieved 23 September 2019. ^ "ITSY BITSY (2019) — CULTURE CRYPT". CultureCrypt.com. Culture Crypt. Retrieved 23 September 2019. ^ Englebert, Veronique (4 September 2019). "Itsy Bitsy - Film Review - The Review Geek". TheReviewGeek.com. Veronique Englebert. Retrieved 23 September 2019. ^ Navarro, Meagan (19 August 2019). " 'Itsy Bitsy' Creature Feature Keeps Arachnophobia Alive and Well - Bloody Disgusting". Bloody Disgusting.com. Meagan Navarro. Retrieved 23 September 2019. ^ Murray, Noel (29 August 2019). "Review: John Travolta bombs in 'The Fanatic,' and more - Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 23 September 2019. External links Itsy Bitsy at AllMovie Itsy Bitsy at IMDb Itsy Bitsy at Metacritic Itsy Bitsy at Rotten Tomatoes
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Micah Gallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micah_Gallo"},{"link_name":"Bruce Davison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Davison"},{"link_name":"Denise Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise_Crosby"},{"link_name":"Eileen Dietz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Dietz"},{"link_name":"Matty Cardarople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matty_Cardarople"},{"link_name":"The Itsy Bitsy Spider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Itsy_Bitsy_Spider"},{"link_name":"Shout! Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shout!_Factory"}],"text":"Itsy Bitsy is a 2019 American horror film directed by Micah Gallo, starring Bruce Davison, Elizabeth Roberts, Arman Darbo, and Chloe Perrin, and featuring Denise Crosby, Eileen Dietz, and Matty Cardarople. It centers on a family, who moves into an old, secluded mansion where they are stalked by an ancient entity that takes the form of a giant spider. The film itself was inspired by the poem The Itsy Bitsy Spider, and was released in the United States on August 30, 2019, by Shout! Studios, and it has received mixed reviews from critics.","title":"Itsy Bitsy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Live-in nurse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-in_nurse"},{"link_name":"treasure hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_hunting"},{"link_name":"OxyContin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OxyContin"}],"text":"Live-in nurse Kara and her two children Jesse and Cambria have moved into the home of artifact collector and widower Walter Clark, who has recently purchased a fabled artifact, the ‘Black Egg of Maa-Kalaratri'. During the purchase Clark angered the treasure hunter, who returns to the home and smashes the relic. This releases a large prehistoric spider, which bites the treasure hunter, who manages to make it off the property before dying.The move has been difficult for Kara, as she blames herself for the death of her son Stevie from a car accident where she was the driver. She is also hiding a secret drug addiction. To calm herself and deal with visions of her son Stevie, Kara steals Walter's OxyContin but still experiences a nervous breakdown in a diner. She is reassured by and bonds with Sheriff Jane Dunne, who notices Kara's addiction.Jesse begins to bond with Walter and the two piece together the relic. Walter also entertains the boy by telling him the legend of Maa-Kalaratri, an ancient spider goddess who became vengeful when people stopped worshipping her. As he is having fun, Jesse neglects to watch Cambria, who is nearly attacked by the spider. This is discovered by Kara, causing a fight between her and Jesse, during which he reveals that Kara had been fired for stealing medication from her last job.Kara's theft is eventually discovered and she is fired by Walter. She leaves, at which point the spider attacks and kills Walter. Jane responds to reports of his death after Jesse discovers the body. She questions Kara, who believes that it may have something to do with the treasure hunter while Jesse believes that it was Maa-Kalaratri. Kara later scolds Jesse for scaring Cambria and slaps him, an act she quickly regrets.Later that night Kara investigates the attic, discovering Jesse freeing Cambria from thick spider webs. They discover an empty exoskeleton shed by the spider and flee the attic, at which point the spider attacks and bites Kara, who passes out from the venom. Jesse manages to call Jane for help but is unable to prevent the spider from biting Cambria's hand before seemingly knocking it unconscious. Kara awakens and finds that the spider bit clean through the child's hand and was unable to inject any venom. She manages to administer an epinephrine shot on herself to counteract the spider venom before passing out once more.Jesse is attacked, and narrowly avoids being bitten before Kara reawakens in time to kill the spider. The trio escape and as Jane arrives with an ambulance, Kara collapses and sees a vision of Stevie. She then finally forgives herself for his death by saving Jesse and Cambria, taking away her need to use drugs. After recovering, Kara and the children move out and swear to stay together no matter what. Unbeknownst to them, however, the spider laid two egg sacs in Walter's house, one in a dollhouse and one in a chest, both of which begin to hatch.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bruce Davison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Davison"},{"link_name":"Denise Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denise_Crosby"},{"link_name":"Treva Etienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treva_Etienne"},{"link_name":"Eileen Dietz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Dietz"},{"link_name":"Matty Cardarople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matty_Cardarople"}],"text":"Bruce Davison as Walter\nDenise Crosby as Sheriff Jane\nElizabeth Roberts as Kara\nArman Darbo as Jesse\nChloe Perrin as Cambria\nTreva Etienne as Ahkeeba\nEileen Dietz as Sally\nMatty Cardarople as Donny\nGrace Shen as Storyteller Priestess","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shout! Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shout!_Factory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"VOD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_on_demand"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"On April 8, 2019, it was announced that Shout! Studios acquired the North American distribution rights to the film.[1][2] The film was released in select theatres, digital and on VOD on August 30, 2019.[3][4][5]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Film Threat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Threat"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-filmthreatreview-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culture_crypt-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reviewgeek19-9"},{"link_name":"Bloody Disgusting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Disgusting"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bdreview-10"},{"link_name":"Noel Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Murray"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimesreview-11"}],"text":"Itsy Bitsy received mixed reviews from critics upon its release, with many praising the special effects, cinematography, and atmosphere while criticizing the film's uninteresting characters, and story.On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 60% based on reviews from 10 critics, with an average rating of 5.5/10.[6]Matthew Roe of Film Threat gave the film a negative review, writing \"Itsy Bitsy has some fantastic human moments inside its bland monster facade and is the only real reason I can recommend the film – however, for some it won’t be enough to redeem the played-out and wonky elements.\"[7] Culture Crypt rated the film a score of 55 out of 100, criticizing its underwritten characters, script, and finale. The reviewer concluded, \"Itsy Bitsy isn’t going to win any awards or become anyone’s favorite film. It’s too grim to grab the gusto it needs to stand out without edging into over-the-top outrageousness. But it is professionally produced, features a few intriguing pops, and makes for a decent diversion during a weekend’s entertainment.\"[8] Veronique Englebert from The Review Geek scored the film a mixed 5.5 out of 10, writing, \"Itsy Bitsy is not a bad spider movie but it’s not a particularly great one either. It fails to reach the same creepiness found in movies like Arachnophobia and takes a while to get into the swing of things. However, the welcome practical effects and empathetic characters help but can’t quite save the day for this average creature feature.\"[9]Meagan Navarro from Bloody Disgusting commended the film's special effects and camerawork; but criticized the sparse appearance of its antagonist, unresolved ending, and unlikable characters. Concluding her review, Navarro recommended the film based on the special effect, in spite of its faults, calling it \"a big step in the right direction\".[10] Noel Murray of the Los Angeles Times gave the film a positive review, praising the film's gothic atmosphere, special effects, and \"existential dread\".[11]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Miska, Brad (April 8, 2019). \"Giant Spider Movie 'Itsy Bitsy' Crawls to Shout! Studios\". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved July 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://bloody-disgusting.com/movie/3554746/giant-spider-movie-itsy-bitsy-crawls-shout-studios/","url_text":"\"Giant Spider Movie 'Itsy Bitsy' Crawls to Shout! Studios\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Disgusting","url_text":"Bloody Disgusting"}]},{"reference":"Brian B. (April 8, 2019). \"Itsy Bitsy Brings a Giant Spider Tale to Shout! Studios\". MovieWeb. Retrieved July 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://movieweb.com/itsy-bitsy-movie-release-date-shout-studios/","url_text":"\"Itsy Bitsy Brings a Giant Spider Tale to Shout! Studios\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MovieWeb","url_text":"MovieWeb"}]},{"reference":"Sprague, Mike (June 27, 2019). \"Itsy Bitsy Trailer Will Creep Out Anyone with a Deathly Fear of Spiders\". MovieWeb. Retrieved July 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://movieweb.com/itsy-bitsy-trailer/","url_text":"\"Itsy Bitsy Trailer Will Creep Out Anyone with a Deathly Fear of Spiders\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MovieWeb","url_text":"MovieWeb"}]},{"reference":"Miska, Brad (June 26, 2019). \"Scared of Spiders? The 'Itsy Bitsy' Trailer Just Might Traumatize You [Exclusive]\". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved July 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://bloody-disgusting.com/movie/3569430/scared-spiders-itsy-bitsy-trailer-just-might-traumatize-exclusive/","url_text":"\"Scared of Spiders? The 'Itsy Bitsy' Trailer Just Might Traumatize You [Exclusive]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Disgusting","url_text":"Bloody Disgusting"}]},{"reference":"Millican, Josh (28 June 2019). \"Trailer: Your Skin Will Crawl When ITSY BITSY Hits Select Theaters and VOD This August\". Dread Central. Retrieved July 6, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/296342/trailer-your-skin-will-crawl-when-itsy-bitsy-hits-select-theaters-and-vod-this-august/","url_text":"\"Trailer: Your Skin Will Crawl When ITSY BITSY Hits Select Theaters and VOD This August\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dread_Central","url_text":"Dread Central"}]},{"reference":"\"Itsy Bitsy (2019)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved October 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/itsy_bitsy_2019","url_text":"\"Itsy Bitsy (2019)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandango_Media","url_text":"Fandango"}]},{"reference":"Roe, Matthew (2 September 2019). \"Itsy Bitsy\". FilmThreat.com. Matthew Roe. Retrieved 23 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://filmthreat.com/reviews/itsy-bitsy","url_text":"\"Itsy Bitsy\""}]},{"reference":"\"ITSY BITSY (2019) — CULTURE CRYPT\". CultureCrypt.com. Culture Crypt. Retrieved 23 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://culturecrypt.com/movie-reviews/itsy-bitsy-2019","url_text":"\"ITSY BITSY (2019) — CULTURE CRYPT\""}]},{"reference":"Englebert, Veronique (4 September 2019). \"Itsy Bitsy - Film Review - The Review Geek\". TheReviewGeek.com. Veronique Englebert. Retrieved 23 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thereviewgeek.com/itsybitsy-filmreview/","url_text":"\"Itsy Bitsy - Film Review - The Review Geek\""}]},{"reference":"Navarro, Meagan (19 August 2019). \"[Popcorn Frights Review] 'Itsy Bitsy' Creature Feature Keeps Arachnophobia Alive and Well - Bloody Disgusting\". Bloody Disgusting.com. Meagan Navarro. Retrieved 23 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://bloody-disgusting.com/reviews/3579228/popcorn-frights-review-itsy-bitsy-creature-feature-keeps-arachnophobia-alive-well/","url_text":"\"[Popcorn Frights Review] 'Itsy Bitsy' Creature Feature Keeps Arachnophobia Alive and Well - Bloody Disgusting\""}]},{"reference":"Murray, Noel (29 August 2019). \"Review: John Travolta bombs in 'The Fanatic,' and more - Los Angeles Times\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 23 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2019-08-29/fanatic-john-travolta-itsy-bitsy-spider-in-the-web-ben-kinsgley-angel-of-mine","url_text":"\"Review: John Travolta bombs in 'The Fanatic,' and more - Los Angeles Times\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_the_Crusades:_list_of_contributions
A History of the Crusades: list of contributions
["1 Volume I. The First One Hundred Years","2 Volume II. The Later Crusades, 1189–1311","3 Volume III. The Fourteenth and Fifteen Centuries","4 Volume IV. The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States","5 Volume V. The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East","6 Volume VI. The Impact of the Crusades on Europe","7 List of authors","8 References","9 Bibliography","10 Supporting Material"]
A History of the Crusades: list of contributions provides the collected works that appear in the six-volume set A History of the Crusades, edited by Kenneth M. Setton. Published by the University of Wisconsin Press, it is also known as the Wisconsin Collaborative History of the Crusades. The volumes were published from 1969–1989 and consists of 89 chapters covering nearly 5000 pages. Written by 64 prominent historians, it is one of the most important books on the Crusades. Epigraph. Deus vult, deus vult. Dedication. Dis manibus Johannis L. LaMonte et Danae C. Munro atque geniis adhus Florentibus Frederici Duncalf et Augusti C. Krey hoc opus dedicamus editores. Some key features of the work are: The full range of subjects relevant to the Crusades is covered, from before 1095 until 1571. Index. Each volume has its own comprehensive index. There is a search feature associated with each volume found on the outline page. Also, there is a search feature that covers all six volumes. Bibliography. Each chapter includes a detailed bibliography in the notes beginning on its first page. In addition, there is a comprehensive bibliography at the end of Volume VI. Maps. Each volume includes maps and gazetteers which are listed at the front of the outline. Volume VI also includes a set of overview maps showing the theaters of operation of all the Crusades. Timelines. The first three volumes contain timelines relevant to their material. The timeline in Volume III covers all six volumes, 1049–1571. The origins of the need for such a history was shown by American historian John L. La Monte in his Some Problems in Crusading Historiography. La Monte's leadership on the project ended with his death in 1949, and the lead was assumed by Setton at the University of Pennsylvania in 1950. The Routledge Companion to the Crusades ranks A History of the Crusades as one of the most comprehensive and monumental 20th-century works on the subject. Volume I. The First One Hundred Years The first volume was edited by Marshall W. Baldwin and primarily covers the period from 1095–1187. Preliminary material discusses the situation in Western Europe, the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim world prior to that time. The material then includes the First Crusade, the establishment of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and Crusader States, the Fall of Edessa, the Second Crusade, and the Fall of Jerusalem to Saladin. Forward. Table of Contents. List of Illustrations. List of Maps. Frontispiece. Krak des Chevaliers. Chapter I. Western Europe on the Eve of the Crusades. Sidney Painter, The Johns Hopkins University. Main article: Europe in the High Middle Ages Chapter II. Conflict in the Mediterranean before the First Crusade. The Reconquest of Spain before 1095. Benjamin W. Wheeler, University of Michigan. Main article: Reconquista The Italian Cities and Arabs before 1095. Hilmar C. Kreuger, University of Cincinnati. Main article: Islam and Italy The Norman Conquest of Sicily. Robert S. Lopez, Yale University. Main article: Norman Conquest of Sicily The Pilgrimages to Palestine before 1095. Steven Runciman, London. Main articles: Pilgrimages to the Holy Land and Travelogues of Palestine Chapter III. The Caliphate and the Arab States. Hamilton A. R. Gibb, Harvard University. Main article: History of Islam Chapter IV. The Ismā'īlites and the Assassins. Bernard Lewis, University of London. Main article: Order of Assassins Chapter V. The Turkish Invasion: The Selchükids. Claude Cahen, University of Strasbourg. Main article: Seljuk Empire Chapter VI. The Byzantine Empire in the Eleventh Century. Peter Charanis, Rutgers University. Main article: Crisis and Fragmentation of Byzantium in the 11th Century Chapter VII. The Councils of Piacenza and Clermont. Frederic Duncalf, University of Texas. Main articles: Council of Clermont and Urban II Chapter VIII. The First Crusade: Clermont to Constantinople. Frederic Duncalf, University of Texas. Main articles: First Crusade, People's Crusade, and Commanders Chapter IX. The First Crusade: Constantinople to Antioch. Steven Runciman, London. Main articles: Sieges of Nicaea, Dorylaeum, and Antioch Chapter X. The First Crusade: Antioch to Ascalon. Steven Runciman, London. Main articles: Siege of Jerusalem, Godfrey of Bouillon, and Ascalon Chapter XI. The Crusade of 1101. James Lea Cate, University of Chicago. Main article: Crusade of 1101 Chapter XII. The Foundation of the Latin States, 1099–1118. Harold S. Fink. University of Tennessee. Main articles: Jerusalem, Baldwin I, Baldwin II, Edessa, Antioch, Bohemond, and Tripoli Chapter XIII. The Foundation of the Latin States, 1118–1144. Robert L. Nicholson. University of Illinois. Main articles: Outremer, Melisende, Fulk, and Knights Templar Chapter XIV. Zengi and the Fall of Edessa. Hamilton A. R. Gibb. Harvard University. Main articles: Zengi and Siege of Edessa Chapter XV. The Second Crusade. Virginia G. Berry, Winnapeg, Canada. Main article: Second Crusade Chapter XVI. The Career of Nūr-ad-Din. Hamiliton A. R. Gibb, Harvard University. Main articles: Nūr-ad-Din and Invasion of Egypt Chapter XVII. The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143–1174. Marshall W. Baldwin, New York University. Main articles: Baldwin III and Amalric Chapter XVIII. The Rise of Saladin. Hamiliton A. R. Gibb, Harvard University. Main articles: Saladin and Battle of Hattin Chapter XIX. The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174–1189. Marshall W. Baldwin, New York University. Main article: Fall of Jerusalem Important Dates and Events, 1054–1189. Main article: Chronology of the Crusades Gazetteer, Volume I. Index to Volume I. Volume II. The Later Crusades, 1189–1311 The second volume was edited by Robert L. Wolff and Harry W. Hazard and covers the period 1189–1311. This includes the later Crusades to the Holy Land: the Third through Eighth Crusades, the Barons' Crusade and Lord Edward's Crusade. The Albigensian Crusade and Children's Crusade are also covered. The Fall of Outremer resulting from the Siege of Acre conclude the work. Table of Contents. List of Illustrations. List of Maps. Frontispiece. The Four Tetrarchs, plundered by Venice during the sack of Constantinople in 1204. Chapter I. The Norman Kingdom of Sicily and the Crusades. Helene Wieruszowski, The City College of New York. Main article: Norman Kingdom of Sicily Chapter II. The Third Crusade: Richard the Lionhearted and Philip Augustus. Sidney Painter, The Johns Hopkins University. Main articles: Third Crusade, Richard I, and Philip II Chapter III. The Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI. Edgar N. Johnson, University of Massachusetts. Main articles: Frederick Barbarossa and Henry II Chapter IV. Byzantium and the Crusades, 1081–1204. Joan M. Hussey, Royal Holloway College, University of London. Main article: Byzantine Empire under the Komnenos dynasty Chapter V. The Fourth Crusade. Edgar H. McNeal, Ohio State University, and Robert Lee Wolff, Harvard University. Main articles: Fourth Crusade and Sack of Constantinople, 1204 Chapter VI. The Latin Empire of Constantinople, 1204–1261. Robert Lee Wolff, Harvard University. Main article: Latin Empire of Constantinople Chapter VII. The Frankish States in Greece, 1204-1311. Jean Longnon, Bibliothèque de l'Institut de France. Main article: Frankokratia Chapter VIII. The Albigensian Crusade. Austin P. Evans, Columbia University. Main article: Albigensian Crusade Chapter IX. The Children's Crusade. Norman P. Zacour, University of Toronto. Main article: Children's Crusade Chapter X. The Political Crusades of the Thirteenth Century. Joseph R. Strayer, Harvard University. Main articles: Policical Crusades and Frederick II Chapter XI. The Fifth Crusade. Thomas C. Van Cleve, Bowdoin College. Main article: Fifth Crusade Chapter XII. The Crusade of Frederick II. Thomas C. Van Cleve, Bowdoin College. Main article: Sixth Crusade Chapter XIII. The Crusade of Theobald of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall, 1239–1241. Sidney Painter, The Johns Hopkins University. Main article: Barons' Crusade Chapter XIV. The Crusades of Louis IX. Joseph R. Strayer, Harvard University. Main articles: Seventh Crusade and Eighth Crusade Chapter XV. The Crusader States, 1192–1243. Mary Nickerson Hardwicke, Downey, California. Main articles: Recovery and Civil war and Kingdom of Acre Chapter XVI. The Crusader States, 1243–1291. Steven Runciman, London. Main articles: Lord Edward's Crusade and Fall of Outremer Chapter XVII. The Kingdom of Cyprus, 1191–1291. Elizabeth Chapin Furber, Philadelphia. Main article: Kingdom of Cyprus Chapter XVIII. The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia. Sirarpie Der Nersessian, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC. Main article: Kingdom of Cilician Armenia Chapter XIX. The Turks in Iran and Anatolia before the Mongol Invasions. Claude Cahen, University of Strasbourg. Main articles: Sultanate of Rum and Khwarazmian Empire Chapter XX. The Aiyūbids. Hamiliton A. R. Gibb, Harvard University. Main article: Ayyubid Dynasty Chapter XXI. The Mongols and the Near East. Claude Cahen, University of Strasbourg. Main article: Mongol invasions of the Levant Chapter XXII. The Mamluk Sultans to 1293. Mustafa M. Ziada, University of Cairo. Main articles: Mamluks, Baybars, Qalawun, and Khalil Important Dates and Events, 1187–1311. Main articles: Chronology of the later Crusades, Crusades through 1400, and Latin Empire Gazetteer, Volume II. Index to Volume II. Volume III. The Fourteenth and Fifteen Centuries The third covers the later Crusades and was edited by Harry W. Hazard. This includes the Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399, the Crusades of the 15th century, and the Reconquista. Also covered are the Mongol invasions, the Northern Crusades, and the Ottoman Empire. Table of Contents. List of Maps. Frontispiece. Bertrandon de la Broquière offering to Philip the Good of Burgundy a translation of the Koran. Chapter I. The Crusade in the Fourteenth Century. Aziz Suryal Atiya, University of Utah. Main article: Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399 Chapter II. Byzantium and the Crusades, 1261–1354. Deno Geanakoplos, Yale University. Main articles: Palaiologos Dynasty and Michael VIII Chapter III. Byzantium and the Crusades, 1354–1453. Deno Geanakoplos, Yale University. Main articles: Later Palaiologos Dynasty and Constantine XI Chapter IV. The Morea, 1311–1364. Peter Topping, University of Cincinnati. Main article: Achaea and the Morea Chapter V. The Morea, 1364–1460. Peter Topping, The University of Cincinnati. Main article: Despotate of the Morea Chapter VI. The Catalans in Greece, 1311–1380. Kenneth M. Setton, Institute for Advanced Study. Main articles: Catalan Company and Duchy of Athens Chapter VII. The Catalans and Florentines in Greece, 1380–1462. Kenneth M. Setton, Institute for Advanced Study. Main articles: Navarrese Company and Acciaioli Family Chapter VIII. The Hospitallers at Rhodes, 1306–1421. Anthony Luttrell, The Royal University of Malta. Main articles: Conquest of Rhodes, 1306 and Hospitaller Rhodes Chapter IX. The Hospitallers at Rhodes, 1421–1523. Ettore Rossi. Main articles: Hospitaller Rhodes; Ottomans; and Siege of Rhodes, 1522 Chapter X. The Kingdom of Cyprus, 1291–1369. Sir Harry Luke, KCMG. Main articles: Kingdom of Cyprus, Henry II, and Peter I Chapter XI. The Kingdom of Cyprus, 1369–1489. Sir Harry Luke, KCMG. Main articles: Kingdom of Cyprus, Peter II, and Catherine Cornaro Chapter XII. The Spanish and Portuguese Reconquest, 1095–1492. Charles J. Bishko. Main articles: Reconquista and Nasrids Chapter XIII. Moslem North Africa, 1049–1394. Harry W. Hazard, Institute for Advanced Study. Main articles: Almoravids, Almohads, Marinids, and Wattasids Chapter XIV. The Mamluk Sultans, 1291–1517. Mustafa M. Ziadat, University of Cairo. Main articles: Burji Mamluks, Barquq, An-Nasir Faraj, Timur, and Qaitbay Chapter XV. The Mongols and Western Europe. Denis Sinor, Indiana University. Main articles: Ilkhanate, Franco–Mongol Alliance, Hülegü, and Öljaitü Chapter XVI. The German Crusade on the Baltic. Edgar N. Johnson, University of Nebraska. Main articles: Teutonic Knights, Livonian Crusade, Lithuanian Crusade, and Danzig Chapter XVII. The Crusades against the Hussites. Frederick G. Heymann, University of Calgary. Main article: Hussite Wars Chapter XVIII. The Aftermath of the Crusades. Aziz Suryal Atiya, University of Utah. Main articles: Crusades of the 15th century and Ottoman Empire Important Dates and Events, 1049–1571. Main articles: Chronology through 1400, after 1400, Reconquista, and Ottoman Empire Gazetteer, Volume III. Index to Volume III. Volume IV. The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States The fourth volume covers the art and archicture of the Crusader states and was edited by Harry W. Hazard. Related articles include art of the Crusades, art and architecture of the Crusader states and Holy places in the Levant, Table of Contents. List of Figures. List of Plates. List of Maps. Frontispiece. Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalem, South Façade. Chapter I. Life among the Europeans in Palestine and Syria in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. Urban T. Holmes, Jr., University of North Carolina. Chapter II. Pilgrimages and Pilgrim Shrines in Palestine and Syria after 1095. Henry L. Savage, Princeton University. Chapter III. Ecclesiastical Art in the Crusader States in Palestine and Syria. T. S. R. Boase, Oxford University. Architecture and Sculpture. Mosaic, Painting, and Minor Arts. Chapter IV. Military Architecture in the Crusader States in Palestine and Syria. T. S. R. Boase, Oxford University. Chapter V. The Arts in Cyprus. Ecclesiastical Art. T. S. R. Boase, Oxford University. Military Architecture. A. H. S. Megaw, British School at Athens. Chapter VI. The Arts in Frankish Greece and Rhodes. Frankish Greece. David J. Wallace and T. S. R. Boase Rhodes. T. S. R. Boase Chapter VII. Painting and Sculpture in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099-1291. Jaroslav Folda, University of North Carolina. Crusader Art and Architecture: A Photographic Survey. Jaroslav Folda, University of North Carolina. Gazetteer, Volume IV. Index to Volume IV. Volume V. The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East The fifth volume covers the impact of the Crusades on the Near East and was edited by Norman P. Zacour and Harry W. Hazard. Table of Contents. List of Illustrations. List of Maps. Frontispiece. Francis of Assisi before al-Kāmil, sultan of Egypt. Courtesy of Fratelli Fabri, Milan. Chapter I. Arab Culture in the Twelfth Century. Nabih Amin Faris, American University of Beirut. Chapter II. The Impact of the Crusades on Moslem Lands. Philip Khuri Hitti, Princeton University. Chapter III. Social Classes in the Crusader States: the "Minorities". Joshua Prawer, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Chapter IV. Social Classes in the Latin Kingdom: the Franks. Joshua Prawer. Chapter V. The Political and Ecclesiastical Organization of the Crusader States. Jean Richard, Université de Dijon. Main articles: Sovereigns, Governance, Vassals, and Patriarchate Chapter VI. Agricultural Conditions in the Crusader States. Jean Richard. Chapter VII. The Population of the Crusader States. Josiah C. Russell, Texas A&I University. Chapter VIII. The Teutonic Knights in the Crusader States. Indrikis Sterns, Muhlenberg College. Main article: Teutonic Knights Chapter IX. Venice and the Crusades. Louise Buenger Robbert, University of Missouri. Main articles: Republic of Venice and Stato da Màr Chapter X. Missions to the East in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Marshall W. Baldwin, New York University. Main articles: Francis of Assissi, William of Tripoli, and Riccoldo da Monte di Croce Gazetteer, Volume V. Index to Volume V. Volume VI. The Impact of the Crusades on Europe The sixth volume covers the impact of the Crusades on Europe and was edited by Norman P. Zacour and Harry W. Hazard. Table of Contents. List of Maps. Maps of theaters of war of the Crusades. Compiled by Harry W. Hazard and executed by the Cartographic Laboratory of the University of Wisconsin, Madison. Frontispiece. Mehmed II, "the Conqueror." Portrait by Gentile Bellini, National Gallery, London. Chapter I. The Legal and Political Theory of the Crusade. Norman Daniel, Cairo. Main articles: Just War and Crusading Movement Chapter II. Crusade Propaganda. Norman Daniel. Main articles: Cantar de Cid, Pèlerinage de Charlemagne, Humbert, Marino Sanuto, Ramon Llull, and Guillaume Adam Chapter III. The Epic Cycle of the Crusades. Alfred Foulet, Princeton University. Main articles: Chanson de geste, Chanson d'Antioche, Chanson de Jérusalem, and Ordene de chevalerie Chapter IV. Financing the Crusades. Fred A. Cazel, Jr., University of Connecticut. Main articles: Finance of the Crusades and Saladin tithe Chapter V. The Institutions of the Kingdom of Cyprus. Jean Richard, Université de Dijon. Main articles: Governance, Haute Cour, and Officers Chapter VI. Social Evolution in Latin Greece. David Jacoby, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Main articles: Organization and society, Assizes of Romania, and Chronicle of the Morea Chapter VII. The Ottoman Turks and the Crusades, 1329–1451. Halil İnalcık, University of Chicago. Main articles: Rise of the Ottomans, Crusade of Nicopolis, and Mehmed the Conqueror Chapter VIII. The Crusade of Varna. Martin Chasin, Bridgeport, Connecticut. Main article: Crusade of Varna Chapter IX. The Ottoman Turks and the Crusades, 1451–1522. Halil İnalcık. Main articles: Fall of Constantinople, Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire, and Suleiman the Magnificent Chapter X. Crusader Coinage with Greek or Latin Inscription. John Porteous. Corpus of Coins. Chapter XI. Crusader Coinage with Arabic Inscriptions. Michael Brown and D. M. Metcalf. List of Coins, Illustrated. Select Bibliography of the Crusades. Hans E. Mayer and Helen McLellan. Main articles: Bibliography and Historians and histories Gazetteer, Volume VI. Index to Volume VI. List of authors List of contributors to this work: Aziz Suryal Atiya Marshall W. Baldwin Virginia G. Berry Charles J. Bishko T. S. R. Boase Michael Brown Claude Cahen James Lea Cate Fred A. Cazel, Jr. Peter Charanis Martin Chasin Norman Daniel Frederic Duncalf Austin P. Evans Nabih Amin Faris Harold S. Fink Jaroslav Folda Alfred Foulet Elizabeth Chapin Furber Deno Geanakoplos Hamilton A. R. Gibb Mary Nickerson Hardwicke Harry W. Hazard Frederick G. Heymann Philip Khuri Hitti Urban T. Holmes, Jr. Joan M. Hussey Halil İnalcık David Jacoby Edgar N. Johnson Hilmar C. Kreuger Bernard Lewis Jean Longnon Robert S. Lopez Harry Luke Anthony Luttrell Hans E. Mayer Helen McLellan Edgar H. McNeal A. H. S. Megaw D. M. Metcalf Sirarpie Der Nersessian Robert L. Nicholson Sidney Painter John Porteous Joshua Prawer Jean Richard Louise Buenger Robbert Ettore Rossi Steven Runciman Josiah C. Russell Henry L. Savage Kenneth M. Setton Denis Sinor Indrikis Sterns Joseph R. Strayer Peter Topping Thomas C. Van Cleve David J. Wallace Benjamin W. Wheeler Helene Wieruszowski Robert Lee Wolff Norman P. Zacour Mustafa M. Ziada References ^ Setton 1969–1989, A History of the Crusades, Six Volumes. ^ Holt, Andrew (2017). "Fifteen Most Important Boks on the Crusades". ^ Epigraph 1969, Deus vult, deus vult. ^ Dedication 1969, Dedication. ^ The editors dedicate this work to the spirits of John L. La Monte and Dana C. Munro, and to the geniuses of Florence, Frederic Duncalf and August C. Krey. ^ Libraries Search. ^ a b Mayer & McLellan 1989, pp. 511–664, Select Bibliography of the Crusades. ^ a b Hazard 1989, Maps of Crusader Theaters of War. ^ a b Timeline 1975, pp. 667–676, Important Dates and Events, Volume III. ^ La Monte, J. (1940). Some Problems in Crusading Historiography. Speculum, 15(1), 57-75. ^ Lock, Peter (2006). Routledge, Abingdon. "The Routledge Companion to the Crusades". p. 269.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Baldwin 1969a, The First One Hundred Years. ^ Setton 1969, Forward to the First Edition, 1955. ^ Contents 1969a, Contents, Volume I. ^ Illustrations 1969a, Illustrations. ^ Maps 1969a, Maps. ^ Frontispiece 1969a, Krak des Chevaliers. ^ Painter 1969a, pp. 3–30, Western Europe on the Eve of the Crusades. ^ Wheeler et al. 1969, pp. 31–80, Conflict in the Mediterranean before the First Crusade. ^ Gibb 1969a, pp. 81–98, The Caliphate and the Arab States. ^ Lewis 1969, pp. 99–134, The Ismā'īlites and the Assassins. ^ Cahen 1969a, pp. 135–176, The Turkish Invasion: The Selchükids. ^ Charanis 1969, pp. 177–219, The Byzantine Empire in the Eleventh Century. ^ Duncalf 1969a, pp. 220–252, The Councils of Piacenza and Clermont. ^ Duncalf 1969b, pp. 253–279, The First Crusade: Clermont to Constantinople. ^ Runciman 1969a, pp. 280–307, The First Crusade: Constantinople to Antioch. ^ Runciman 1969b, pp. 308–342, The First Crusade: Antioch to Ascalon. ^ Cate 1969, pp. 343–367, The Crusade of 1101. ^ Fink 1969, pp. 368–429, The Foundation of the Latin States, 1099–1118. ^ Nicholson 1969, pp. 410–448, The Foundation of the Latin States, 1118–1144. ^ Gibb 1969b, pp. 449–462, Zengi and the Fall of Edessa. ^ Berry 1969, pp. 463–512, The Second Crusade. ^ Gibb 1969c, pp. 513–527, The Career of Nūr-ad-Din. ^ Baldwin 1969b, pp. 528–562, The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143–1174. ^ Gibb 1969d, pp. 563–589, The Rise of Saladin. ^ Baldwin 1969c, pp. 590–621, The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174-1189. ^ Timeline 1969a, pp. 622–625, Important Dates and Events, Volume I. ^ Gazetteer 1969a, pp. 626–666, Gazetteer and Note on Maps, Volume I. ^ Index 1969a, pp. 667–707, Index, Volume I. ^ Wolff & Hazard 1969, The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. ^ Contents 1969b, Contents, Volume II. ^ Illustrations 1969b, Illustrations, Volume II. ^ Maps 1969b, Maps, Volume II. ^ Frontispiece 1969b, The Four Tetrarchs, Venice. ^ Wieruszowski 1969, pp. 3–44, The Norman Kingdom of Sicily and the Crusades. ^ Painter 1969b, pp. 45–86, The Third Crusade: Richard the Lionhearted and Philip Augustus. ^ Johnson 1969, pp. 87–122, The Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI. ^ Hussey 1969, pp. 123–152, Byzantium and the Crusades, 1081–1204. ^ McNeal & Wolff 1969, pp. 153–186, The Fourth Crusade. ^ Wolff 1969, pp. 187–234, The Latin Empire of Constantinople, 1204–1261. ^ Longnon 1969, pp. 235–276, The Frankish States in Greece, 1204-1311. ^ Evans 1969, pp. 277–324, The Albigensian Crusade. ^ Zacour 1969, pp. 325–342, The Children's Crusade. ^ Strayer 1969a, pp. 343–376, The Political Crusades of the Thirteenth Century. ^ Van Cleve 1969a, pp. 277–428, The Fifth Crusade. ^ Van Cleve 1969b, pp. 429–462, The Crusade of Frederick II. ^ Painter 1969c, pp. 463–486, The Crusade of Theobald of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall, 1239-1241. ^ Strayer 1969b, pp. 487–521, The Crusades of Louis IX. ^ Hardwicke 1969, pp. 522–556, The Crusader States, 1192–1243. ^ Runciman 1969c, pp. 557–598, The Crusader States, 1243–1291. ^ Furber 1969, pp. 599–660, The Kingdom of Cyprus, 1191–1291. ^ Nersessian 1969, pp. 630–629, The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia. ^ Cahen 1969b, pp. 661–692, The Turks in Iran and Anatolia before the Mongol Invasions. ^ Gibb 1969e, pp. 693–714, The Aiyūbids. ^ Cahen 1969c, pp. 715–734, The Mongols and the Near East. ^ Ziada 1969, pp. 735–758, The Mamluk Sultans to 1293. ^ Timeline 1969b, pp. 759–762, Important Dates and Events, Volume II. ^ Gazetteer 1969b, pp. 763–811, Gazetteer and Note on Maps, Volume II. ^ Index 1969b, pp. 812–871, Index, Volume II. ^ Hazard 1975a, The Fourteenth and Fifteen Centuries. ^ Contents 1975, Contents, Volume III. ^ Maps 1975, Maps. ^ Frontispiece 1975, Bertrandon de la Broquière offering to Philip the Good. ^ Atiya 1975a, pp. 3–26, The Crusade in the Fourteenth Century. ^ Geanakoplos 1975a, pp. 27–68, Byzantium and the Crusades, 1261–1354. ^ Geanakoplos 1975b, pp. 69–103, Byzantium and the Crusades, 1354–1453. ^ Topping 1975a, pp. 104–140, The Morea, 1311–1364. ^ Topping 1975b, pp. 141–166, The Morea, 1364–1460. ^ Setton 1975a, pp. 167–224, The Catalans in Greece, 1311–1380. ^ Setton 1975b, pp. 225–277, The Catalans and Florentines in Greece, 1380–1462. ^ Luttrell 1975, pp. 278–313, The Hospitallers at Rhodes, 1306–1421. ^ Rossi 1975, pp. 314–339, The Hospitallers at Rhodes, 1421–1523. ^ Luke 1975a, pp. 340–360, The Kingdom of Cyprus, 1291–1369. ^ Luke 1975b, pp. 361–395, The Kingdom of Cyprus, 1369–1489. ^ Bishko 1975, pp. 396–456, The Spanish and Portuguese Reconquest, 1095–1492. ^ Hazard 1975b, pp. 457–485, Moslem North Africa, 1049–1394. ^ Ziada 1975, pp. 486–512, The Mamluk Sultans, 1291–1517. ^ Sinor 1975, pp. 513–544, The Mongols and Western Europe. ^ Johnson 1975, pp. 545–585, The German Crusade on the Baltic. ^ Heymann 1975, pp. 586–646, The Crusades against the Hussites. ^ Atiya 1975b, pp. 647–666, The Aftermath of the Crusades. ^ Gazetteer 1975, pp. 677–736, Gazetteer, Volume III. ^ Index 1975, pp. 737–813, Index, Volume III. ^ Hazard 1979, The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States. ^ Contents 1979, Contents, Volume IV. ^ Figures 1979, Figures, Volume IV. ^ Plates 1979, Plates, Volume IV. ^ Maps 1979, Maps, Volume IV. ^ a b Boase 1979a, pp. 69–139, Ecclesiastical Art in the Crusader States in Palestine and Syria. ^ Frontispiece 1979, Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalem, South Façade. ^ Holmes Jr. 1979, pp. 3–35, Life among the Europeans in Palestine and Syria in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. ^ Savage 1979, pp. 36–68, Pilgrimages and Pilgrim Shrines in Palestine and Syria after 1095. ^ Boase 1979b, pp. 140–164, Military Architecture in the Crusader States in Palestine and Syria. ^ Boase & Megaw 1979, pp. 165–207, The Arts in Cyprus. ^ Boase & Wallace 1979, pp. 208–250, The Arts in Frankish Greece and Rhodes. ^ Folda 1979a, pp. 251–280, Painting and Sculpture in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099-1291. ^ Folda 1979b, pp. 281–354, Crusader Art and Architecture: A Photographic Survey. ^ Gazetteer 1979, pp. 355–386, Gazetteer, Volume IV. ^ Index 1979, pp. 387–414, Index, Volume IV. ^ Zacour & Hazard 1985, The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East. ^ Contents 1985, Contents, Volume V. ^ Illustrations 1985, Illustrations, Volume V. ^ Maps 1985, Maps, Volume V. ^ a b Richard 1985a, pp. 193–250, The Political and Ecclesiastical Organization of the Crusader States. ^ Frontispiece 1985, Francis of Assisi before al-Kāmil, sultan of Egypt. ^ Faris 1985, pp. 3–32, Arab Culture in the Twelfth Century. ^ Hitti 1985, pp. 333–58, The Impact of the Crusades on Moslem Lands. ^ Prawer 1985a, pp. 59–116, Social Classes in the Crusader States: the "Minorities". ^ Prawer 1985b, pp. 117–192, Social Classes in the Latin Kingdom: the Franks. ^ Richard 1985b, pp. 251–294, Agricultural Conditions in the Crusader States. ^ Russell 1985, pp. 295–314, The Population of the Crusader States. ^ Sterns 1985, pp. 315–378, The Teutonic Knights in the Crusader States. ^ Robbert 1985, pp. 379–451, Venice and the Crusades. ^ Baldwin 1985, pp. 452–518, Missions to the East in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. ^ Gazetteer 1985, pp. 519–552, Gazetteer, Volume V. ^ Index 1985, pp. 553–599, Index, Volume V. ^ Zacour & Hazard 1989, The Impact of the Crusades on Europe. ^ Contents 1989, Contents, Volume VI. ^ Maps 1989, Maps, Volume VI. ^ Frontispiece 1989, Mehmed II, "the Conqueror.". ^ Daniel 1989a, pp. 3–38, The Legal and Political Theory of the Crusade. ^ Daniel 1989b, pp. 39–97, Crusade Propaganda. ^ Foulet 1989, pp. 98–115, The Epic Cycle of the Crusades. ^ Cazel Jr. 1989, pp. 116–149, Financing the Crusades. ^ Richard 1989, pp. 150–174, The Institutions of the Kingdom of Cyprus. ^ Jacoby 1989, pp. 175–221, Social Evolution in Latin Greece. ^ İnalcık 1989a, pp. 222–275, The Ottoman Turks and the Crusades, 1329–1451. ^ Chasin 1989, pp. 276–310, The Crusade of Varna. ^ İnalcık 1989b, pp. 311–353, The Ottoman Turks and the Crusades, 1451–1522. ^ Porteous 1989a, pp. 354–387, Crusader Coinage with Greek or Latin Inscription. ^ Porteous 1989b, pp. 388–420, Corpus of Coins. ^ Brown & Metcalf 1989a, pp. 421–473, Crusader Coinage with Arabic Inscriptions. ^ Brown & Metcalf 1989b, pp. 474–482, List of Coins Illustrated. ^ Gazeteer 1989, pp. 483–510, Gazetteer, Volume VI. ^ Index 1989, pp. 665–703, Index, Volume VI. 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Richard, Jean (1985b). "Agricultural Conditions in the Crusader States" (PDF). The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East. pp. 251–294. Richard, Jean (1989). "The Institutions of the Kingdom of Cyprus" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe. pp. 150–174. Robbert, Louise Buenger (1985). "Venice and the Crusades" (PDF). The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East. pp. 379–451. Rossi, Ettore (1975). "The Hospitallers at Rhodes, 1421–1523" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 314–339. Runciman, Steven (1969a). "The First Crusade: Constantinople to Antioch" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 280–307. Runciman, Steven (1969b). "The First Crusade: Antioch to Ascalon" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 308–342. Runciman, Steven (1969c). "The Crusader States, 1243–1291" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 557–598. Russell, Josiah C. (1985). "The Population of the Crusader States" (PDF). The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East. pp. 295–314. Savage, Henry L. (1979). "Pilgrimages and Pilgrim Shrines in Palestine and Syria after 1095" (PDF). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States. pp. 36–68. Setton, Kenneth M. (1969–1989). A History of the Crusades. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. Setton, Kenneth M. (1969). "Forward" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. Setton, Kenneth (1975a). "The Catalans in Greece, 1311–1380" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 167–224. Setton, Kenneth (1975b). "The Catalans and Florentines in Greece, 1380–1462" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 225–277. Sinor, Denis (1975). "The Mongols and Western Europe" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 513–544. Sterns, Indrikis (1985). "The Teutonic Knights in the Crusader States" (PDF). The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East. pp. 315–378. Strayer, Joseph R. (1969a). "The Political Crusades of the Thirteenth Century" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 343–376. Strayer, Joseph R. (1969b). "The Crusades of Louis IX" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 487–521. Topping, Peter (1975a). "The Morea, 1311–1364" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 104–140. Topping, Peter (1975b). "The Morea, 1364–1460" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 141–166. Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969a). "The Fifth Crusade" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 377–428. Van Cleve, Thomas C. (1969b). "The Crusade of Frederick II" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 429–462. Wheeler, Benjamin W.; Kreuger, Hilmar C.; Lopez, Robert S.; Runciman, Steven (1969). "Conflict in the Mediterranean before the First Crusade" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 31–80. Wieruszowski, Helene (1969). "The Norman Kingdom of Sicily and the Crusades" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 3–44. Wolff, Robert L. (1969). "The Latin Empire of Constantinople, 1204–1261" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 187–234. Wolff, Robert L.; Hazard, Harry W., eds. (1969). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. Setton, Kenneth M. (ed.), A History of the Crusades, University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299048440. Zacour, Norman P. (1969). "The Children's Crusade" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 325–342. Zacour, Norman P.; Hazard, Harry W., eds. (1985). The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East. Setton, Kenneth M. (ed.), A History of the Crusades, University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299091446. Zacour, Norman P.; Hazard, Harry W., eds. (1989). The Impact of the Crusades on Europe. Setton, Kenneth M. (ed.), A History of the Crusades, University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299107444. Ziada, Mustafa M. (1969). "The Mamluk Sultans to 1293" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 735–758. Ziada, Mustafa M. (1975). "The Mamluk Sultans, 1291–1517" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 486–512. Supporting Material Contents, Volume I (1969a). "Contents, Volume I" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. Contents, Volume II (1969b). "Contents, Volume II" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. Contents, Volume III (1975). "Contents, Volume III" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Contents, Volume IV (1979). "Contents, Volume IV" (PDF). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States. Contents, Volume V (1985). "Contents, Volume V" (PDF). The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East. Contents, Volume VI (1989). "Contents, Volume VI" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe. Dedication (1969). "Dedication" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. Epigraph (1969). "Deus vult, deus vult" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. Figures, Volume IV (1979). "Figures, Volume IV" (PDF). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States. Frontispiece, Volume I (1969a). "Krak des Chevaliers" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. Frontispiece, Volume II (1969b). "The Four Tetrarchs, Venice" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. Frontispiece, Volume III (1975). "Bertrandon de la Broquière offering to Philip the Good" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Frontispiece, Volume IV (1979). "Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalem, south façade" (PDF). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States. Frontispiece, Volume V (1985). "Francis of Assisi before al-Kāmil, sultan of Egypt" (PDF). The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East. Frontispiece, Volume VI (1989). "Mehmed II, "the Conqueror."" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe. Gazetteer, Volume I (1969a). "Gazetteer and Note on Maps, Volume I" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 626–666. Gazetteer, Volume II (1969b). "Gazetteer, Volume II" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. Gazetteer, Volume III (1975). "Gazetteer, Volume III" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 677–736. Gazetteer, Volume IV (1979). "Gazetteer, Volume IV" (PDF). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States. pp. 355–386. Gazetteer, Volume V (1985). "Gazetteer, Volume V" (PDF). The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East. pp. 519–552. Gazeteer, Volume VI (1989). "Gazetteer, Volume VI" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe. pp. 483–510. Illustrations, Volume I (1969a). "Illustrations, Volume I" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. Illustrations, Volume II (1969b). "Illustrations, Volume II" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. Illustrations, Volume V (1985). "Illustrations, Volume V" (PDF). The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East. Index, Volume I (1969a). "Index, Volume I" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 667–707. Index, Volume II (1969b). "Index, Volume II" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. Index, Volume III (1975). "Index, Volume III" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 737–813.} Index, Volume IV (1979). "Index, Volume IV" (PDF). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States. pp. 387–414. Index, Volume V (1985). "Index, Volume V" (PDF). The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East. pp. 553–599. Index, Volume VI (1989). "Index, Volume VI" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe. pp. 665–703. Maps, Volume I (1969a). "Maps, Volume I" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. Maps, Volume II (1969b). "Maps, Volume II" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. Maps, Volume III (1975). "Maps, Volume III" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Maps, Volume IV (1979). "Maps, Volume IV" (PDF). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States. Maps, Volume V (1985). "Maps, Volume V" (PDF). The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East. Maps, Volume VI (1989). "Maps, Volume VI" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe. Plates, Volume IV (1979). "Plates, Volume IV" (PDF). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States. Timeline, Volume I (1969a). "Important Dates and Events, Volume I" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 622–625. Timeline, Volume II (1969b). "Important Dates and Events, Volume II" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. Timeline, Volume III (1975). "Important Dates and Events, Volume III" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 667–676.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deus vult, deus vult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deus_vult"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEpigraph1969Deus_vult,_deus_vult-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDedication1969Dedication-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayerMcLellan1989511%E2%80%93664Select_Bibliography_of_the_Crusades-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazard1989Maps_of_Crusader_Theaters_of_War-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimeline1975667%E2%80%93676Important_Dates_and_Events,_Volume_III-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:03-11"}],"text":"Epigraph. Deus vult, deus vult.[3]\nDedication. Dis manibus Johannis L. LaMonte et Danae C. Munro atque geniis adhus Florentibus Frederici Duncalf et Augusti C. Krey hoc opus dedicamus editores.[4][5]Some key features of the work are:The full range of subjects relevant to the Crusades is covered, from before 1095 until 1571.\nIndex. Each volume has its own comprehensive index. There is a search feature associated with each volume found on the outline page. Also, there is a search feature that covers all six volumes.[6]\nBibliography. Each chapter includes a detailed bibliography in the notes beginning on its first page. In addition, there is a comprehensive bibliography at the end of Volume VI.[7]\nMaps. Each volume includes maps and gazetteers which are listed at the front of the outline. Volume VI also includes a set of overview maps showing the theaters of operation of all the Crusades.[8]\nTimelines. The first three volumes contain timelines relevant to their material. The timeline in Volume III covers all six volumes, 1049–1571.[9]The origins of the need for such a history was shown by American historian John L. La Monte in his Some Problems in Crusading Historiography.[10] La Monte's leadership on the project ended with his death in 1949, and the lead was assumed by Setton at the University of Pennsylvania in 1950. The Routledge Companion to the Crusades ranks A History of the Crusades as one of the most comprehensive and monumental 20th-century works on the subject.[11]","title":"A History of the Crusades: list of contributions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1969aThe_First_One_Hundred_Years-12"},{"link_name":"First Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades#Early_12th_Century"},{"link_name":"Crusader States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusader_States"},{"link_name":"Fall of Edessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Edessa_(1144)"},{"link_name":"Second Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Fall of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1187)"},{"link_name":"Saladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1969Forward_to_the_First_Edition,_1955-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContents1969aContents,_Volume_I-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIllustrations1969aIllustrations-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaps1969aMaps-16"},{"link_name":"Krak des Chevaliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrontispiece1969aKrak_des_Chevaliers-17"},{"link_name":"Sidney Painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Painter"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter1969a3%E2%80%9330Western_Europe_on_the_Eve_of_the_Crusades-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheelerKreugerLopezRunciman196931%E2%80%9380Conflict_in_the_Mediterranean_before_the_First_Crusade-19"},{"link_name":"Robert S. Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._Lopez"},{"link_name":"Steven Runciman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman"},{"link_name":"Hamilton A. R. Gibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._R._Gibb"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb1969a81%E2%80%9398The_Caliphate_and_the_Arab_States-20"},{"link_name":"Bernard Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis196999%E2%80%93134The_Ism%C4%81'%C4%ABlites_and_the_Assassins-21"},{"link_name":"Claude Cahen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Cahen"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECahen1969a135%E2%80%93176The_Turkish_Invasion:_The_Selch%C3%BCkids-22"},{"link_name":"Peter Charanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Charanis"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharanis1969177%E2%80%93219The_Byzantine_Empire_in_the_Eleventh_Century-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncalf1969a220%E2%80%93252The_Councils_of_Piacenza_and_Clermont-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuncalf1969b253%E2%80%93279The_First_Crusade:_Clermont_to_Constantinople-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1969a280%E2%80%93307The_First_Crusade:_Constantinople_to_Antioch-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1969b308%E2%80%93342The_First_Crusade:_Antioch_to_Ascalon-27"},{"link_name":"James Lea Cate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Cate"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECate1969343%E2%80%93367The_Crusade_of_1101-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFink1969368%E2%80%93429The_Foundation_of_the_Latin_States,_1099%E2%80%931118-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholson1969410%E2%80%93448The_Foundation_of_the_Latin_States,_1118%E2%80%931144-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb1969b449%E2%80%93462Zengi_and_the_Fall_of_Edessa-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerry1969463%E2%80%93512The_Second_Crusade-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb1969c513%E2%80%93527The_Career_of_N%C5%ABr-ad-Din-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1969b528%E2%80%93562The_Latin_States_under_Baldwin_III_and_Amalric_I,_1143%E2%80%931174-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb1969d563%E2%80%93589The_Rise_of_Saladin-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1969c590%E2%80%93621The_Decline_and_Fall_of_Jerusalem,_1174-1189-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimeline1969a622%E2%80%93625Important_Dates_and_Events,_Volume_I-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGazetteer1969a626%E2%80%93666Gazetteer_and_Note_on_Maps,_Volume_I-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndex1969a667%E2%80%93707Index,_Volume_I-39"}],"text":"The first volume was edited by Marshall W. Baldwin and primarily covers the period from 1095–1187.[12] Preliminary material discusses the situation in Western Europe, the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim world prior to that time. The material then includes the First Crusade, the establishment of the Kingdom of Jerusalem and Crusader States, the Fall of Edessa, the Second Crusade, and the Fall of Jerusalem to Saladin.Forward.[13]\nTable of Contents.[14]\nList of Illustrations.[15]\nList of Maps.[16]\nFrontispiece. Krak des Chevaliers.[17]Chapter I. Western Europe on the Eve of the Crusades. Sidney Painter, The Johns Hopkins University.[18]Chapter II. Conflict in the Mediterranean before the First Crusade.[19]The Reconquest of Spain before 1095. Benjamin W. Wheeler, University of Michigan.The Italian Cities and Arabs before 1095. Hilmar C. Kreuger, University of Cincinnati.The Norman Conquest of Sicily. Robert S. Lopez, Yale University.The Pilgrimages to Palestine before 1095. Steven Runciman, London.Chapter III. The Caliphate and the Arab States. Hamilton A. R. Gibb, Harvard University.[20]Chapter IV. The Ismā'īlites and the Assassins. Bernard Lewis, University of London.[21]Chapter V. The Turkish Invasion: The Selchükids. Claude Cahen, University of Strasbourg.[22]Chapter VI. The Byzantine Empire in the Eleventh Century. Peter Charanis, Rutgers University.[23]Chapter VII. The Councils of Piacenza and Clermont. Frederic Duncalf, University of Texas.[24]Chapter VIII. The First Crusade: Clermont to Constantinople. Frederic Duncalf, University of Texas.[25]Chapter IX. The First Crusade: Constantinople to Antioch. Steven Runciman, London.[26]Chapter X. The First Crusade: Antioch to Ascalon. Steven Runciman, London.[27]Chapter XI. The Crusade of 1101. James Lea Cate, University of Chicago.[28]Chapter XII. The Foundation of the Latin States, 1099–1118. Harold S. Fink. University of Tennessee.[29]Chapter XIII. The Foundation of the Latin States, 1118–1144. Robert L. Nicholson. University of Illinois.[30]Chapter XIV. Zengi and the Fall of Edessa. Hamilton A. R. Gibb. Harvard University.[31]Chapter XV. The Second Crusade. Virginia G. Berry, Winnapeg, Canada.[32]Chapter XVI. The Career of Nūr-ad-Din. Hamiliton A. R. Gibb, Harvard University.[33]Chapter XVII. The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143–1174. Marshall W. Baldwin, New York University.[34]Chapter XVIII. The Rise of Saladin. Hamiliton A. R. Gibb, Harvard University.[35]Chapter XIX. The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174–1189. Marshall W. Baldwin, New York University.[36]Important Dates and Events, 1054–1189.[37]Gazetteer, Volume I.[38]\nIndex to Volume I.[39]","title":"Volume I. The First One Hundred Years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert L. Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lee_Wolff"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolffHazard1969The_Later_Crusades,_1189%E2%80%931311-40"},{"link_name":"Third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Eighth Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Barons' Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barons%27_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Lord Edward's Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Edward%27s_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Albigensian Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albigensian_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Children's Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Fall of Outremer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Outremer"},{"link_name":"Siege of Acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1291)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContents1969bContents,_Volume_II-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIllustrations1969bIllustrations,_Volume_II-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaps1969bMaps,_Volume_II-43"},{"link_name":"The Four Tetrarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_the_Four_Tetrarchs"},{"link_name":"sack of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrontispiece1969bThe_Four_Tetrarchs,_Venice-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWieruszowski19693%E2%80%9344The_Norman_Kingdom_of_Sicily_and_the_Crusades-45"},{"link_name":"Sidney Painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Painter"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter1969b45%E2%80%9386The_Third_Crusade:_Richard_the_Lionhearted_and_Philip_Augustus-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson196987%E2%80%93122The_Crusades_of_Frederick_Barbarossa_and_Henry_VI-47"},{"link_name":"Joan M. Hussey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_M._Hussey"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHussey1969123%E2%80%93152Byzantium_and_the_Crusades,_1081%E2%80%931204-48"},{"link_name":"Robert Lee Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lee_Wolff"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNealWolff1969153%E2%80%93186The_Fourth_Crusade-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff1969187%E2%80%93234The_Latin_Empire_of_Constantinople,_1204%E2%80%931261-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELongnon1969235%E2%80%93276The_Frankish_States_in_Greece,_1204-1311-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans1969277%E2%80%93324The_Albigensian_Crusade-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZacour1969325%E2%80%93342The_Children's_Crusade-53"},{"link_name":"Joseph R. Strayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Strayer"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrayer1969a343%E2%80%93376The_Political_Crusades_of_the_Thirteenth_Century-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Cleve1969a277%E2%80%93428The_Fifth_Crusade-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Cleve1969b429%E2%80%93462The_Crusade_of_Frederick_II-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter1969c463%E2%80%93486The_Crusade_of_Theobald_of_Champagne_and_Richard_of_Cornwall,_1239-1241-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrayer1969b487%E2%80%93521The_Crusades_of_Louis_IX-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardwicke1969522%E2%80%93556The_Crusader_States,_1192%E2%80%931243-59"},{"link_name":"Steven Runciman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunciman1969c557%E2%80%93598The_Crusader_States,_1243%E2%80%931291-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurber1969599%E2%80%93660The_Kingdom_of_Cyprus,_1191%E2%80%931291-61"},{"link_name":"Sirarpie Der Nersessian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirarpie_Der_Nersessian"},{"link_name":"Dumbarton Oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENersessian1969630%E2%80%93629The_Kingdom_of_Cilician_Armenia-62"},{"link_name":"Claude Cahen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Cahen"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECahen1969b661%E2%80%93692The_Turks_in_Iran_and_Anatolia_before_the_Mongol_Invasions-63"},{"link_name":"Hamiliton A. R. Gibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._R._Gibb"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibb1969e693%E2%80%93714The_Aiy%C5%ABbids-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECahen1969c715%E2%80%93734The_Mongols_and_the_Near_East-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiada1969735%E2%80%93758The_Mamluk_Sultans_to_1293-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimeline1969b759%E2%80%93762Important_Dates_and_Events,_Volume_II-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGazetteer1969b763%E2%80%93811Gazetteer_and_Note_on_Maps,_Volume_II-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndex1969b812%E2%80%93871Index,_Volume_II-69"}],"text":"The second volume was edited by Robert L. Wolff and Harry W. Hazard and covers the period 1189–1311.[40] This includes the later Crusades to the Holy Land: the Third through Eighth Crusades, the Barons' Crusade and Lord Edward's Crusade. The Albigensian Crusade and Children's Crusade are also covered. The Fall of Outremer resulting from the Siege of Acre conclude the work.Table of Contents.[41]\nList of Illustrations.[42]\nList of Maps.[43]\nFrontispiece. The Four Tetrarchs, plundered by Venice during the sack of Constantinople in 1204.[44]Chapter I. The Norman Kingdom of Sicily and the Crusades. Helene Wieruszowski, The City College of New York.[45]Chapter II. The Third Crusade: Richard the Lionhearted and Philip Augustus. Sidney Painter, The Johns Hopkins University.[46]Chapter III. The Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI. Edgar N. Johnson, University of Massachusetts.[47]Chapter IV. Byzantium and the Crusades, 1081–1204. Joan M. Hussey, Royal Holloway College, University of London.[48]Chapter V. The Fourth Crusade. Edgar H. McNeal, Ohio State University, and Robert Lee Wolff, Harvard University.[49]Chapter VI. The Latin Empire of Constantinople, 1204–1261. Robert Lee Wolff, Harvard University.[50]Chapter VII. The Frankish States in Greece, 1204-1311. Jean Longnon, Bibliothèque de l'Institut de France.[51]Chapter VIII. The Albigensian Crusade. Austin P. Evans, Columbia University.[52]Chapter IX. The Children's Crusade. Norman P. Zacour, University of Toronto.[53]Chapter X. The Political Crusades of the Thirteenth Century. Joseph R. Strayer, Harvard University.[54]Chapter XI. The Fifth Crusade. Thomas C. Van Cleve, Bowdoin College.[55]Chapter XII. The Crusade of Frederick II. Thomas C. Van Cleve, Bowdoin College.[56]Chapter XIII. The Crusade of Theobald of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall, 1239–1241. Sidney Painter, The Johns Hopkins University.[57]Chapter XIV. The Crusades of Louis IX. Joseph R. Strayer, Harvard University.[58]Chapter XV. The Crusader States, 1192–1243. Mary Nickerson Hardwicke, Downey, California.[59]Chapter XVI. The Crusader States, 1243–1291. Steven Runciman, London.[60]Chapter XVII. The Kingdom of Cyprus, 1191–1291. Elizabeth Chapin Furber, Philadelphia.[61]Chapter XVIII. The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia. Sirarpie Der Nersessian, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, DC.[62]Chapter XIX. The Turks in Iran and Anatolia before the Mongol Invasions. Claude Cahen, University of Strasbourg.[63]Chapter XX. The Aiyūbids. Hamiliton A. R. Gibb, Harvard University.[64]Chapter XXI. The Mongols and the Near East. Claude Cahen, University of Strasbourg.[65]Chapter XXII. The Mamluk Sultans to 1293. Mustafa M. Ziada, University of Cairo.[66]Important Dates and Events, 1187–1311.[67]Gazetteer, Volume II.[68]\nIndex to Volume II.[69]","title":"Volume II. The Later Crusades, 1189–1311"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazard1975aThe_Fourteenth_and_Fifteen_Centuries-70"},{"link_name":"Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades_after_Acre,_1291%E2%80%931399"},{"link_name":"Crusades of the 15th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades_of_the_15th_century"},{"link_name":"Reconquista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconquista"},{"link_name":"Mongol invasions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests"},{"link_name":"Northern Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Crusades"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContents1975Contents,_Volume_III-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaps1975Maps-72"},{"link_name":"Bertrandon de la Broquière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrandon_de_la_Broqui%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Philip the Good of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_the_Good"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrontispiece1975Bertrandon_de_la_Broqui%C3%A8re_offering_to_Philip_the_Good-73"},{"link_name":"Aziz Suryal Atiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz_Suryal_Atiya"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtiya1975a3%E2%80%9326The_Crusade_in_the_Fourteenth_Century-74"},{"link_name":"Deno Geanakoplos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deno_Geanakoplos"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1975a27%E2%80%9368Byzantium_and_the_Crusades,_1261%E2%80%931354-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeanakoplos1975b69%E2%80%93103Byzantium_and_the_Crusades,_1354%E2%80%931453-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETopping1975a104%E2%80%93140The_Morea,_1311%E2%80%931364-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETopping1975b141%E2%80%93166The_Morea,_1364%E2%80%931460-78"},{"link_name":"Kenneth M. Setton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Setton"},{"link_name":"Institute for Advanced Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Advanced_Study"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1975a167%E2%80%93224The_Catalans_in_Greece,_1311%E2%80%931380-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESetton1975b225%E2%80%93277The_Catalans_and_Florentines_in_Greece,_1380%E2%80%931462-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuttrell1975278%E2%80%93313The_Hospitallers_at_Rhodes,_1306%E2%80%931421-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossi1975314%E2%80%93339The_Hospitallers_at_Rhodes,_1421%E2%80%931523-82"},{"link_name":"Harry Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Luke"},{"link_name":"KCMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuke1975a340%E2%80%93360The_Kingdom_of_Cyprus,_1291%E2%80%931369-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuke1975b361%E2%80%93395The_Kingdom_of_Cyprus,_1369%E2%80%931489-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishko1975396%E2%80%93456The_Spanish_and_Portuguese_Reconquest,_1095%E2%80%931492-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazard1975b457%E2%80%93485Moslem_North_Africa,_1049%E2%80%931394-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiada1975486%E2%80%93512The_Mamluk_Sultans,_1291%E2%80%931517-87"},{"link_name":"Denis Sinor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Sinor"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinor1975513%E2%80%93544The_Mongols_and_Western_Europe-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1975545%E2%80%93585The_German_Crusade_on_the_Baltic-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeymann1975586%E2%80%93646The_Crusades_against_the_Hussites-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtiya1975b647%E2%80%93666The_Aftermath_of_the_Crusades-91"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETimeline1975667%E2%80%93676Important_Dates_and_Events,_Volume_III-9"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGazetteer1975677%E2%80%93736Gazetteer,_Volume_III-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndex1975737%E2%80%93813Index,_Volume_III-93"}],"text":"The third covers the later Crusades and was edited by Harry W. Hazard.[70] This includes the Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399, the Crusades of the 15th century, and the Reconquista. Also covered are the Mongol invasions, the Northern Crusades, and the Ottoman Empire.Table of Contents.[71]\nList of Maps.[72]\nFrontispiece. Bertrandon de la Broquière offering to Philip the Good of Burgundy a translation of the Koran.[73]Chapter I. The Crusade in the Fourteenth Century. Aziz Suryal Atiya, University of Utah.[74]Chapter II. Byzantium and the Crusades, 1261–1354. Deno Geanakoplos, Yale University.[75]Chapter III. Byzantium and the Crusades, 1354–1453. Deno Geanakoplos, Yale University.[76]Chapter IV. The Morea, 1311–1364. Peter Topping, University of Cincinnati.[77]Chapter V. The Morea, 1364–1460. Peter Topping, The University of Cincinnati.[78]Chapter VI. The Catalans in Greece, 1311–1380. Kenneth M. Setton, Institute for Advanced Study.[79]Chapter VII. The Catalans and Florentines in Greece, 1380–1462. Kenneth M. Setton, Institute for Advanced Study.[80]Chapter VIII. The Hospitallers at Rhodes, 1306–1421. Anthony Luttrell, The Royal University of Malta.[81]Chapter IX. The Hospitallers at Rhodes, 1421–1523. Ettore Rossi.[82]Chapter X. The Kingdom of Cyprus, 1291–1369. Sir Harry Luke, KCMG.[83]Chapter XI. The Kingdom of Cyprus, 1369–1489. Sir Harry Luke, KCMG.[84]Chapter XII. The Spanish and Portuguese Reconquest, 1095–1492. Charles J. Bishko.[85]Chapter XIII. Moslem North Africa, 1049–1394. Harry W. Hazard, Institute for Advanced Study.[86]Chapter XIV. The Mamluk Sultans, 1291–1517. Mustafa M. Ziadat, University of Cairo.[87]Chapter XV. The Mongols and Western Europe. Denis Sinor, Indiana University.[88]Chapter XVI. The German Crusade on the Baltic. Edgar N. Johnson, University of Nebraska.[89]Chapter XVII. The Crusades against the Hussites. Frederick G. Heymann, University of Calgary.[90]Chapter XVIII. The Aftermath of the Crusades. Aziz Suryal Atiya, University of Utah.[91]Important Dates and Events, 1049–1571.[9]Gazetteer, Volume III.[92]\nIndex to Volume III.[93]","title":"Volume III. The Fourteenth and Fifteen Centuries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazard1979The_Art_and_Architecture_of_the_Crusader_States-94"},{"link_name":"art of the Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_the_Crusades"},{"link_name":"art and architecture of the Crusader states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusader_states#Art_and_architecture"},{"link_name":"Holy places in the Levant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_holy_places_in_the_Holy_Land"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContents1979Contents,_Volume_IV-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFigures1979Figures,_Volume_IV-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlates1979Plates,_Volume_IV-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaps1979Maps,_Volume_IV-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoase1979a69%E2%80%93139Ecclesiastical_Art_in_the_Crusader_States_in_Palestine_and_Syria-99"},{"link_name":"Church of the Holy Sepulcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrontispiece1979Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulcher,_Jerusalem,_South_Fa%C3%A7ade-100"},{"link_name":"Urban T. Holmes, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_T._Holmes,_Jr."},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolmes_Jr.19793%E2%80%9335Life_among_the_Europeans_in_Palestine_and_Syria_in_the_Twelfth_and_Thirteenth_Centuries-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage197936%E2%80%9368Pilgrimages_and_Pilgrim_Shrines_in_Palestine_and_Syria_after_1095-102"},{"link_name":"T. S. R. Boase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._R._Boase"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoase1979a69%E2%80%93139Ecclesiastical_Art_in_the_Crusader_States_in_Palestine_and_Syria-99"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoase1979b140%E2%80%93164Military_Architecture_in_the_Crusader_States_in_Palestine_and_Syria-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoaseMegaw1979165%E2%80%93207The_Arts_in_Cyprus-104"},{"link_name":"A. H. S. Megaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Megaw"},{"link_name":"British School at Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_School_at_Athens"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoaseWallace1979208%E2%80%93250The_Arts_in_Frankish_Greece_and_Rhodes-105"},{"link_name":"Jaroslav Folda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaroslav_Folda"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFolda1979a251%E2%80%93280Painting_and_Sculpture_in_the_Latin_Kingdom_of_Jerusalem,_1099-1291-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFolda1979b281%E2%80%93354Crusader_Art_and_Architecture:_A_Photographic_Survey-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGazetteer1979355%E2%80%93386Gazetteer,_Volume_IV-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndex1979387%E2%80%93414Index,_Volume_IV-109"}],"text":"The fourth volume covers the art and archicture of the Crusader states and was edited by Harry W. Hazard.[94] Related articles include art of the Crusades, art and architecture of the Crusader states and Holy places in the Levant,Table of Contents.[95]\nList of Figures.[96]\nList of Plates.[97]\nList of Maps.[98][99]\nFrontispiece. Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalem, South Façade.[100]Chapter I. Life among the Europeans in Palestine and Syria in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. Urban T. Holmes, Jr., University of North Carolina.[101]Chapter II. Pilgrimages and Pilgrim Shrines in Palestine and Syria after 1095. Henry L. Savage, Princeton University.[102]Chapter III. Ecclesiastical Art in the Crusader States in Palestine and Syria. T. S. R. Boase, Oxford University.[99]Architecture and Sculpture.\nMosaic, Painting, and Minor Arts.Chapter IV. Military Architecture in the Crusader States in Palestine and Syria. T. S. R. Boase, Oxford University.[103]Chapter V. The Arts in Cyprus.[104]Ecclesiastical Art. T. S. R. Boase, Oxford University.\nMilitary Architecture. A. H. S. Megaw, British School at Athens.Chapter VI. The Arts in Frankish Greece and Rhodes.[105]Frankish Greece. David J. Wallace and T. S. R. Boase\nRhodes. T. S. R. BoaseChapter VII. Painting and Sculpture in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099-1291. Jaroslav Folda, University of North Carolina.[106]Crusader Art and Architecture: A Photographic Survey. Jaroslav Folda, University of North Carolina.[107]Gazetteer, Volume IV.[108]\nIndex to Volume IV.[109]","title":"Volume IV. The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZacourHazard1985The_Impact_of_the_Crusades_on_the_Near_East-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContents1985Contents,_Volume_V-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIllustrations1985Illustrations,_Volume_V-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaps1985Maps,_Volume_V-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard1985a193%E2%80%93250The_Political_and_Ecclesiastical_Organization_of_the_Crusader_States-114"},{"link_name":"Francis of Assisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi"},{"link_name":"al-Kāmil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Kamil"},{"link_name":"Fratelli Fabri, Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fratelli_Fabbri_Editori"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrontispiece1985Francis_of_Assisi_before_al-K%C4%81mil,_sultan_of_Egypt-115"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaris19853%E2%80%9332Arab_Culture_in_the_Twelfth_Century-116"},{"link_name":"Philip Khuri Hitti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_K._Hitti"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitti1985333%E2%80%9358The_Impact_of_the_Crusades_on_Moslem_Lands-117"},{"link_name":"Joshua Prawer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Prawer"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrawer1985a59%E2%80%93116Social_Classes_in_the_Crusader_States:_the_%22Minorities%22-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrawer1985b117%E2%80%93192Social_Classes_in_the_Latin_Kingdom:_the_Franks-119"},{"link_name":"Jean Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Richard_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard1985a193%E2%80%93250The_Political_and_Ecclesiastical_Organization_of_the_Crusader_States-114"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard1985b251%E2%80%93294Agricultural_Conditions_in_the_Crusader_States-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell1985295%E2%80%93314The_Population_of_the_Crusader_States-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESterns1985315%E2%80%93378The_Teutonic_Knights_in_the_Crusader_States-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobbert1985379%E2%80%93451Venice_and_the_Crusades-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldwin1985452%E2%80%93518Missions_to_the_East_in_the_Thirteenth_and_Fourteenth_Centuries-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGazetteer1985519%E2%80%93552Gazetteer,_Volume_V-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndex1985553%E2%80%93599Index,_Volume_V-126"}],"text":"The fifth volume covers the impact of the Crusades on the Near East and was edited by Norman P. Zacour and Harry W. Hazard.[110]Table of Contents.[111]\nList of Illustrations.[112]\nList of Maps.[113][114]\nFrontispiece. Francis of Assisi before al-Kāmil, sultan of Egypt. Courtesy of Fratelli Fabri, Milan.[115]Chapter I. Arab Culture in the Twelfth Century. Nabih Amin Faris, American University of Beirut.[116]Chapter II. The Impact of the Crusades on Moslem Lands. Philip Khuri Hitti, Princeton University.[117]Chapter III. Social Classes in the Crusader States: the \"Minorities\". Joshua Prawer, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.[118]Chapter IV. Social Classes in the Latin Kingdom: the Franks. Joshua Prawer.[119]Chapter V. The Political and Ecclesiastical Organization of the Crusader States. Jean Richard, Université de Dijon.[114]Chapter VI. Agricultural Conditions in the Crusader States. Jean Richard.[120]Chapter VII. The Population of the Crusader States. Josiah C. Russell, Texas A&I University.[121]Chapter VIII. The Teutonic Knights in the Crusader States. Indrikis Sterns, Muhlenberg College.[122]Chapter IX. Venice and the Crusades. Louise Buenger Robbert, University of Missouri.[123]Chapter X. Missions to the East in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Marshall W. Baldwin, New York University.[124]Gazetteer, Volume V.[125]\nIndex to Volume V.[126]","title":"Volume V. The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZacourHazard1989The_Impact_of_the_Crusades_on_Europe-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContents1989Contents,_Volume_VI-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaps1989Maps,_Volume_VI-129"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazard1989Maps_of_Crusader_Theaters_of_War-8"},{"link_name":"Mehmed II, \"the Conqueror.\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Mehmet_II"},{"link_name":"Gentile Bellini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentile_Bellini"},{"link_name":"National Gallery, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrontispiece1989Mehmed_II,_%22the_Conqueror.%22-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel1989a3%E2%80%9338The_Legal_and_Political_Theory_of_the_Crusade-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniel1989b39%E2%80%9397Crusade_Propaganda-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoulet198998%E2%80%93115The_Epic_Cycle_of_the_Crusades-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECazel_Jr.1989116%E2%80%93149Financing_the_Crusades-134"},{"link_name":"Jean Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Richard_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichard1989150%E2%80%93174The_Institutions_of_the_Kingdom_of_Cyprus-135"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacoby1989175%E2%80%93221Social_Evolution_in_Latin_Greece-136"},{"link_name":"Halil İnalcık","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halil_%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k1989a222%E2%80%93275The_Ottoman_Turks_and_the_Crusades,_1329%E2%80%931451-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChasin1989276%E2%80%93310The_Crusade_of_Varna-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k1989b311%E2%80%93353The_Ottoman_Turks_and_the_Crusades,_1451%E2%80%931522-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorteous1989a354%E2%80%93387Crusader_Coinage_with_Greek_or_Latin_Inscription-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorteous1989b388%E2%80%93420Corpus_of_Coins-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownMetcalf1989a421%E2%80%93473Crusader_Coinage_with_Arabic_Inscriptions-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownMetcalf1989b474%E2%80%93482List_of_Coins_Illustrated-143"},{"link_name":"Hans E. Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Eberhard_Mayer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayerMcLellan1989511%E2%80%93664Select_Bibliography_of_the_Crusades-7"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGazeteer1989483%E2%80%93510Gazetteer,_Volume_VI-144"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIndex1989665%E2%80%93703Index,_Volume_VI-145"}],"text":"The sixth volume covers the impact of the Crusades on Europe and was edited by Norman P. Zacour and Harry W. Hazard.[127]Table of Contents.[128]\nList of Maps.[129]\nMaps of theaters of war of the Crusades. Compiled by Harry W. Hazard and executed by the Cartographic Laboratory of the University of Wisconsin, Madison.[8]\nFrontispiece. Mehmed II, \"the Conqueror.\" Portrait by Gentile Bellini, National Gallery, London.[130]Chapter I. The Legal and Political Theory of the Crusade. Norman Daniel, Cairo.[131]Chapter II. Crusade Propaganda. Norman Daniel.[132]Chapter III. The Epic Cycle of the Crusades. Alfred Foulet, Princeton University.[133]Chapter IV. Financing the Crusades. Fred A. Cazel, Jr., University of Connecticut.[134]Chapter V. The Institutions of the Kingdom of Cyprus. Jean Richard, Université de Dijon.[135]Chapter VI. Social Evolution in Latin Greece. David Jacoby, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.[136]Chapter VII. The Ottoman Turks and the Crusades, 1329–1451. Halil İnalcık, University of Chicago.[137]Chapter VIII. The Crusade of Varna. Martin Chasin, Bridgeport, Connecticut.[138]Chapter IX. The Ottoman Turks and the Crusades, 1451–1522. Halil İnalcık.[139]Chapter X. Crusader Coinage with Greek or Latin Inscription. John Porteous.[140]Corpus of Coins.[141]Chapter XI. Crusader Coinage with Arabic Inscriptions. Michael Brown and D. M. Metcalf.[142]List of Coins, Illustrated.[143]Select Bibliography of the Crusades. Hans E. Mayer and Helen McLellan.[7]Gazetteer, Volume VI.[144]\nIndex to Volume VI.[145]","title":"Volume VI. The Impact of the Crusades on Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aziz Suryal Atiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz_Suryal_Atiya"},{"link_name":"T. S. R. Boase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._R._Boase"},{"link_name":"Claude Cahen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Cahen"},{"link_name":"James Lea Cate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Cate"},{"link_name":"Peter Charanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Charanis"},{"link_name":"Jaroslav Folda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaroslav_Folda"},{"link_name":"Deno Geanakoplos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deno_Geanakoplos"},{"link_name":"Hamilton A. R. Gibb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._R._Gibb"},{"link_name":"Philip Khuri Hitti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_K._Hitti"},{"link_name":"Urban T. Holmes, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_T._Holmes,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Halil İnalcık","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halil_%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k"},{"link_name":"Bernard Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Robert S. Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._Lopez"},{"link_name":"Harry Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Luke"},{"link_name":"Hans E. Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Eberhard_Mayer"},{"link_name":"A. H. S. Megaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Megaw"},{"link_name":"Sirarpie Der Nersessian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirarpie_Der_Nersessian"},{"link_name":"Sidney Painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Painter"},{"link_name":"Joshua Prawer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Prawer"},{"link_name":"Jean Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Richard_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Steven Runciman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman"},{"link_name":"Kenneth M. Setton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Setton"},{"link_name":"Denis Sinor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Sinor"},{"link_name":"Joseph R. Strayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Strayer"},{"link_name":"Robert Lee Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lee_Wolff"}],"text":"List of contributors to this work:Aziz Suryal Atiya\nMarshall W. Baldwin\nVirginia G. Berry\nCharles J. Bishko\nT. S. R. Boase\nMichael Brown\nClaude Cahen\nJames Lea Cate\nFred A. Cazel, Jr.\nPeter Charanis\nMartin Chasin\nNorman Daniel\nFrederic Duncalf\nAustin P. Evans\nNabih Amin Faris\nHarold S. Fink\nJaroslav Folda\nAlfred Foulet\nElizabeth Chapin Furber\nDeno Geanakoplos\nHamilton A. R. Gibb\nMary Nickerson Hardwicke\nHarry W. Hazard\nFrederick G. Heymann\nPhilip Khuri Hitti\nUrban T. Holmes, Jr.\nJoan M. Hussey\nHalil İnalcık\nDavid Jacoby\nEdgar N. Johnson\nHilmar C. Kreuger\nBernard Lewis\nJean Longnon\nRobert S. Lopez\nHarry Luke\nAnthony Luttrell\nHans E. Mayer\nHelen McLellan\nEdgar H. McNeal\nA. H. S. Megaw\nD. M. Metcalf\nSirarpie Der Nersessian\nRobert L. Nicholson\nSidney Painter\nJohn Porteous\nJoshua Prawer\nJean Richard\nLouise Buenger Robbert\nEttore Rossi\nSteven Runciman\nJosiah C. Russell\nHenry L. Savage\nKenneth M. Setton\nDenis Sinor\nIndrikis Sterns\nJoseph R. Strayer\nPeter Topping\nThomas C. Van Cleve\nDavid J. Wallace\nBenjamin W. Wheeler\nHelene Wieruszowski\nRobert Lee Wolff\nNorman P. Zacour\nMustafa M. Ziada","title":"List of authors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atiya, Aziz Suryal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz_Suryal_Atiya"},{"link_name":"\"The Crusade in the Fourteenth Century\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0003/reference/history.crusthree.i0013.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/The_Fourteenth_and_Fifteenth_Centuries/J6v9jhUd-r8C?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"The Aftermath of the Crusades\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0003/reference/history.crusthree.i0030.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/The_Fourteenth_and_Fifteenth_Centuries/J6v9jhUd-r8C?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"The First Hundred Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//search.library.wisc.edu/digital/AVOOV2XGSB6CIH8A"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780299048341","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299048341"},{"link_name":"\"The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143–1174\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0001/reference/history.crusone.i0032.pdf"},{"link_name":"The First Hundred Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/RfO1J6hjcdgC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174-1189\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0001/reference/history.crusone.i0034.pdf"},{"link_name":"The First Hundred Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/2dsycrclykIC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Missions to the East in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0005/reference/history.crusfive.i0023.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades_Volume_V/tgfMNfBIgSwC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"The Second Crusade\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0001/reference/history.crusone.i0030.pdf"},{"link_name":"The First Hundred Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/RfO1J6hjcdgC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"The Spanish and Portuguese Reconquest, 1095–1492\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0003/reference/history.crusthree.i0024.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/The_Fourteenth_and_Fifteenth_Centuries/J6v9jhUd-r8C?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"Boase, T. S. R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._R._Boase"},{"link_name":"\"Ecclesiastical Art in the Crusader States in Palestine and Syria\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0004/reference/history.crusfour.i0016.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades_Volume_IV/vP6jA-9S2MYC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Military Architecture in the Crusader States in Palestine and Syria\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0004/reference/history.crusfour.i0017.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades_Volume_IV/vP6jA-9S2MYC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"Megaw, A. H. S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Megaw"},{"link_name":"\"The Arts in Cyprus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0004/reference/history.crusfour.i0018.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades_Volume_IV/vP6jA-9S2MYC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"The Arts in Frankish Greece and Rhodes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0004/reference/history.crusfour.i0019.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades_Volume_IV/vP6jA-9S2MYC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Crusader Coinage with Arabic 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Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/RfO1J6hjcdgC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"The Turks in Iran and Anatolia before the Mongol Invasions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0033.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Later Crusades, 1189–1311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/2dsycrclykIC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"The Mongols and the Near East\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0035.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Later Crusades, 1189–1311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/2dsycrclykIC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"Cate, James L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Cate"},{"link_name":"\"The Crusade of 1101\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0001/reference/history.crusone.i0026.pdf"},{"link_name":"The First Hundred Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/RfO1J6hjcdgC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Financing the Crusades\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0006/reference/history.crussix.i0017.pdf"},{"link_name":"Impact of the Crusades on Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/TKaPrQPFIAMC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"Charanis, Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Charanis"},{"link_name":"\"The Byzantine Empire in the Eleventh Century\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0001/reference/history.crusone.i0021.pdf"},{"link_name":"The First Hundred 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and Western Europe\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0003/reference/history.crusthree.i0027.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/The_Fourteenth_and_Fifteenth_Centuries/J6v9jhUd-r8C?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"The Teutonic Knights in the Crusader States\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0005/reference/history.crusfive.i0021.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades_Volume_V/tgfMNfBIgSwC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"Strayer, Joseph R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_R._Strayer"},{"link_name":"\"The Political Crusades of the Thirteenth Century\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0024.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Later Crusades, 1189–1311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/2dsycrclykIC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"The Crusades of Louis IX\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0028.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Later Crusades, 1189–1311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/2dsycrclykIC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"The Morea, 1311–1364\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0003/reference/history.crusthree.i0016.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Fourteenth and Fifteenth 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II\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0026.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Later Crusades, 1189–1311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/2dsycrclykIC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"Lopez, Robert S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_S._Lopez"},{"link_name":"Runciman, Steven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Runciman"},{"link_name":"\"Conflict in the Mediterranean before the First Crusade\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0001/reference/history.crusone.i0017.pdf"},{"link_name":"The First Hundred Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/RfO1J6hjcdgC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"The Norman Kingdom of Sicily and the Crusades\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0015.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Later Crusades, 1189–1311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/2dsycrclykIC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"Wolff, Robert L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lee_Wolff"},{"link_name":"\"The Latin Empire of Constantinople, 1204–1261\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0020.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Later Crusades, 1189–1311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/2dsycrclykIC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"The Later Crusades, 1189–1311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//search.library.wisc.edu/digital/A6YRA3XHH2ASDG8R"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780299048440","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299048440"},{"link_name":"\"The Children's Crusade\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0023.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Later Crusades, 1189–1311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/2dsycrclykIC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//search.library.wisc.edu/digital/AJBWKB3KXWEYAW87"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780299091446","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299091446"},{"link_name":"The Impact of the Crusades on Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//search.library.wisc.edu/digital/AXM6SCNSNSQBQB85"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780299107444","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299107444"},{"link_name":"\"The Mamluk Sultans to 1293\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0036.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Later Crusades, 1189–1311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/2dsycrclykIC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"The Mamluk Sultans, 1291–1517\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0003/reference/history.crusthree.i0026.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/The_Fourteenth_and_Fifteenth_Centuries/J6v9jhUd-r8C?hl=en&gbpv=1"}],"text":"Atiya, Aziz Suryal (1975a). \"The Crusade in the Fourteenth Century\" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 3–26.\nAtiya, Aziz Suryal (1975b). \"The Aftermath of the Crusades\" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 647–666.\nBaldwin, Marshall W., ed. (1969a). The First Hundred Years. Setton, Kenneth M. (ed.), A History of the Crusades, University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299048341.\nBaldwin, Marshall W. (1969b). \"The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143–1174\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 528–562.\nBaldwin, Marshall W. (1969c). \"The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174-1189\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 590–621.\nBaldwin, Marshall W. (1985). \"Missions to the East in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries\" (PDF). The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East. pp. 452–518.\nBerry, Virginia G. (1969). \"The Second Crusade\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 463–512.\nBishko, Charles J. (1975). \"The Spanish and Portuguese Reconquest, 1095–1492\" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 396–456.\nBoase, T. S. R. (1979a). \"Ecclesiastical Art in the Crusader States in Palestine and Syria\" (PDF). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States. pp. 69–116.\nBoase, T. S. R. (1979b). \"Military Architecture in the Crusader States in Palestine and Syria\" (PDF). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States. pp. 140–164.\nBoase, T. S. R.; Megaw, A. H. S. (1979). \"The Arts in Cyprus\" (PDF). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States. pp. 165–207.\nBoase, T. S. R.; Wallace, David J. (1979). \"The Arts in Frankish Greece and Rhodes\" (PDF). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States. pp. 208–250.\nBrown, Michael L.; Metcalf, D. M. (1989a). \"Crusader Coinage with Arabic Inscriptions\" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe. pp. 421–473.\nBrown, Michael L.; Metcalf, D. M. (1989b). \"List of Coins Illustrated\" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe. pp. 474–482.\nCahen, Claude (1969a). \"The Turkish Invasion: The Selchükids\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 135–176.\nCahen, Claude (1969b). \"The Turks in Iran and Anatolia before the Mongol Invasions\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 661–692.\nCahen, Claude (1969c). \"The Mongols and the Near East\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 715–734.\nCate, James L. (1969). \"The Crusade of 1101\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 343–367.\nCazel Jr., Fred A. (1989). \"Financing the Crusades\" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe. pp. 116–149.\nCharanis, Peter (1969). \"The Byzantine Empire in the Eleventh Century\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 177–219.\nChasin, Martin (1989). \"The Crusade of Varna\" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe. pp. 276–310.\nDaniel, Norman (1989a). \"The Legal and Political Theory of the Crusade\" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe. pp. 3–38.\nDaniel, Norman (1989b). \"Crusade Propaganda\" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe. pp. 39–97.\nDuncalf, Frederic (1969a). \"The Councils of Piacenza and Clermont\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 220–252.\nDuncalf, Frederic (1969b). \"The First Crusade: Clermont to Constantinople\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 253–279.\nEvans, Austin P. (1969). \"The Albigensian Crusade\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 277–324.\nFaris, Nahib Amin (1985). \"Arab Culture in the Twelfth Century\" (PDF). The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East. pp. 3–32.\nFink, Harold S. (1969). \"The Foundation of the Latin States, 1099–1118\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 368–409.\nFolda, Jaroslav (1979a). \"Painting and Sculpture in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099-1291\" (PDF). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States. pp. 251–280.\nFolda, Jaroslav (1979b). \"Crusader Art and Architecture: A Photographic Survey\" (PDF). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States. pp. 281–354.\nFoulet, Alfred (1989). \"The Epic Cycle of the Crusades\" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe. pp. 98–115.\nFurber, Elizabeth Chapin (1969). \"The Kingdom of Cyprus, 1191–1291\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 599–629.\nGeanakoplos, Deno (1975a). \"Byzantium and the Crusades, 1261–1354\" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 27–68.\nGeanakoplos, Deno (1975b). \"Byzantium and the Crusades, 1354–1453\" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 69–103.\nGibb, Hamilton A. R. (1969a). \"The Caliphate and the Arab States\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 81–98.\nGibb, Hamilton A. R. (1969b). \"Zengi and the Fall of Edessa\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 449–462.\nGibb, H. A. R. (1969c). \"The Career of Nūr-ad-Din\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 513–527.\nGibb, H. A. R. (1969d). \"The Rise of Saladin\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 563–589.\nGibb, H. A. R. (1969e). \"The Aiyūbids\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 693–714.\nHardwicke, Mary Nickerson (1969). \"The Crusader States, 1192–1243\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 522–556.\nHazard, Harry W., ed. (1975a). The Fourteenth and Fifteen Centuries. Setton, Kenneth M. (ed.), A History of the Crusades, University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299066741.\nHazard, Harry W. (1975b). \"Moslem North Africa, 1049–1394\" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 457–485.\nHazard, Harry W. (1989). \"Maps of Crusader Theaters of War\" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe.\nHazard, Harry W., ed. (1979). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States. Setton, Kenneth M. (ed.), A History of the Crusades, University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299068240.\nHeymann, Frederick G. (1975). \"The Crusades against the Hussites\" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 586–646.\nHitti, Philip Khuri (1985). \"The Impact of the Crusades on Moslem Lands\" (PDF). The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East. pp. 33–58.\nHolmes Jr., Urban T. (1979). \"Life among the Europeans in Palestine and Syria in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries\" (PDF). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States. pp. 3–35.\nHussey, Joan M. (1969). \"Byzantium and the Crusades, 1081–1204\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 123–152.\nİnalcık, Halil (1989a). \"The Ottoman Turks and the Crusades, 1329–1451\" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe. pp. 222–275.\nİnalcık, Halil (1989b). \"The Ottoman Turks and the Crusades, 1451–1522\" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe. pp. 311–353.\nJacoby, David (1989). \"Social Evolution in Latin Greece\" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe. pp. 175–221.\nJohnson, Edgar N. (1969). \"The Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 87–122.\nJohnson, Edgar N. (1975). \"The German Crusade on the Baltic\" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 545–585.\nLewis, Bernard (1969). \"The Ismā'īlites and the Assassins\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 99–134.\nLongnon, Jean (1969). \"The Frankish States in Greece, 1204–1311\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 235–276.\nLuke, Harry (1975a). \"The Kingdom of Cyprus, 1291–1369\" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 340–360.\nLuke, Harry (1975b). \"The Kingdom of Cyprus, 1369–1489\" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 361–395.\nLuttrell, Anthony (1975). \"The Hospitallers at Rhodes, 1306–1421\" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 278–313.\nMayer, Hans E.; McLellan, Helen (1989). \"Select Bibliography of the Crusades\" (PDF). In Hazard, Harry (ed.). VI. Impact of the Crusades on Europe. pp. 511–664.\nMcNeal, Edgar H.; Wolff, Robert Lee (1969). \"The Fourth Crusade\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 153–186.\nNersessian, Sirarpie Der (1969). \"The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 630–660.\nNicholson, Robert L. (1969). \"The Foundation of the Latin States, 1118–1144\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 410–448.\nPainter, Sidney (1969a). \"Western Europe on the Eve of the Crusades\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 3–30.\nPainter, Sidney (1969b). \"The Third Crusade: Richard the Lionhearted and Philip Augustus\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 45–86.\nPainter, Sidney (1969c). \"The Crusade of Theobald of Champagne and Richard of Cornwall, 1239-1241\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 463–486.\nPorteous, John (1989a). \"Crusader Coinage with Greek or Latin Inscription\" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe. pp. 354–387.\nPorteous, John (1989b). \"Corpus of Coins\" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe. pp. 388–420.\nPrawer, Joshua (1985a). \"Social Classes in the Crusader States: the \"Minorities\"\" (PDF). The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East. pp. 59–116.\nPrawer, Joshua (1985b). \"Social Classes in the Latin Kingdom: the Franks\" (PDF). The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East. pp. 192–250.\nRichard, Jean (1985a). \"The Political and Ecclesiastical Organization of the Crusader States\" (PDF). The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East. pp. 193–250.\nRichard, Jean (1985b). \"Agricultural Conditions in the Crusader States\" (PDF). The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East. pp. 251–294.\nRichard, Jean (1989). \"The Institutions of the Kingdom of Cyprus\" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe. pp. 150–174.\nRobbert, Louise Buenger (1985). \"Venice and the Crusades\" (PDF). The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East. pp. 379–451.\nRossi, Ettore (1975). \"The Hospitallers at Rhodes, 1421–1523\" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 314–339.\nRunciman, Steven (1969a). \"The First Crusade: Constantinople to Antioch\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 280–307.\nRunciman, Steven (1969b). \"The First Crusade: Antioch to Ascalon\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 308–342.\nRunciman, Steven (1969c). \"The Crusader States, 1243–1291\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 557–598.\nRussell, Josiah C. (1985). \"The Population of the Crusader States\" (PDF). The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East. pp. 295–314.\nSavage, Henry L. (1979). \"Pilgrimages and Pilgrim Shrines in Palestine and Syria after 1095\" (PDF). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States. pp. 36–68.\nSetton, Kenneth M. (1969–1989). A History of the Crusades. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.\nSetton, Kenneth M. (1969). \"Forward\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years.\nSetton, Kenneth (1975a). \"The Catalans in Greece, 1311–1380\" (PDF). 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The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 486–512.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Contents, Volume I\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0001/reference/history.crusone.i0007.pdf"},{"link_name":"The First Hundred Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/RfO1J6hjcdgC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Contents, Volume II\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0006.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Later Crusades, 1189–1311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/2dsycrclykIC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Contents, Volume III\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0003/reference/history.crusthree.i0006.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/The_Fourteenth_and_Fifteenth_Centuries/J6v9jhUd-r8C?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Contents, Volume IV\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0004/reference/history.crusfour.i0006.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades_Volume_IV/vP6jA-9S2MYC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Contents, Volume V\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0005/reference/history.crusfive.i0006.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades_Volume_V/tgfMNfBIgSwC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Contents, Volume VI\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0006/reference/history.crussix.i0007.pdf"},{"link_name":"Impact of the Crusades on Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/TKaPrQPFIAMC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Dedication\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0001/reference/history.crusone.i0005.pdf"},{"link_name":"The First Hundred Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/RfO1J6hjcdgC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Deus vult, deus vult\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0001/reference/history.crusone.i0006.pdf"},{"link_name":"The First Hundred Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/RfO1J6hjcdgC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Figures, Volume IV\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0004/reference/history.crusfour.i0007.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades_Volume_IV/vP6jA-9S2MYC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Krak des Chevaliers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0001/reference/history.crusone.i0003.pdf"},{"link_name":"The First Hundred Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/RfO1J6hjcdgC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"The Four Tetrarchs, Venice\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0003.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Later Crusades, 1189–1311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/2dsycrclykIC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Bertrandon de la Broquière offering to Philip the Good\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0003/reference/history.crusthree.i0003.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/The_Fourteenth_and_Fifteenth_Centuries/J6v9jhUd-r8C?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalem, south façade\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0004/reference/history.crusfour.i0003.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades_Volume_IV/vP6jA-9S2MYC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Francis of Assisi before al-Kāmil, sultan of Egypt\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0005/reference/history.crusfive.i0003.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades_Volume_V/tgfMNfBIgSwC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Mehmed II, \"the Conqueror.\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0006/reference/history.crussix.i0003.pdf"},{"link_name":"Impact of the Crusades on Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/TKaPrQPFIAMC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Gazetteer and Note on Maps, Volume I\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0001/reference/history.crusone.i0036.pdf"},{"link_name":"The First Hundred Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/RfO1J6hjcdgC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Gazetteer, Volume II\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0038.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Later Crusades, 1189–1311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/2dsycrclykIC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Gazetteer, Volume III\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0003/reference/history.crusthree.i0032.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/TKaPrQPFIAMC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Gazetteer, Volume IV\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0004/reference/history.crusfour.i0022.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades_Volume_IV/vP6jA-9S2MYC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Gazetteer, Volume V\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0005/reference/history.crusfive.i0024.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades_Volume_V/tgfMNfBIgSwC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Gazetteer, Volume VI\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0006/reference/history.crussix.i0028.pdf"},{"link_name":"Impact of the Crusades on Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/TKaPrQPFIAMC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Illustrations, Volume I\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0001/reference/history.crusone.i0008.pdf"},{"link_name":"The First Hundred Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/RfO1J6hjcdgC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Illustrations, Volume II\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0007.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Later Crusades, 1189–1311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/2dsycrclykIC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Illustrations, Volume V\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0005/reference/history.crusfive.i0007.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades_Volume_V/tgfMNfBIgSwC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Index, Volume I\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0001/reference/history.crusone.i0037.pdf"},{"link_name":"The First Hundred Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/RfO1J6hjcdgC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Index, Volume II\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0039.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Later Crusades, 1189–1311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/2dsycrclykIC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Index, Volume III\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0003/reference/history.crusthree.i0033.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/TKaPrQPFIAMC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Index, Volume IV\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0004/reference/history.crusfour.i0023.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades_Volume_IV/vP6jA-9S2MYC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Index, Volume V\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0005/reference/history.crusfive.i0025.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades_Volume_V/tgfMNfBIgSwC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Index, Volume VI\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0006/reference/history.crussix.i0030.pdf"},{"link_name":"Impact of the Crusades on Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/TKaPrQPFIAMC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Maps, Volume I\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0001/reference/history.crusone.i0009.pdf"},{"link_name":"The First Hundred Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/RfO1J6hjcdgC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Maps, Volume II\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0008.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Later Crusades, 1189–1311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/2dsycrclykIC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Maps, Volume III\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0003/reference/history.crusthree.i0007.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/The_Fourteenth_and_Fifteenth_Centuries/J6v9jhUd-r8C?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Maps, Volume IV\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0004/reference/history.crusfour.i0009.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades_Volume_IV/vP6jA-9S2MYC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Maps, Volume V\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0005/reference/history.crusfive.i0008.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades_Volume_V/tgfMNfBIgSwC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Maps, Volume VI\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0006/reference/history.crussix.i0008.pdf"},{"link_name":"Impact of the Crusades on Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/TKaPrQPFIAMC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Plates, Volume IV\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0004/reference/history.crusfour.i0008.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades_Volume_IV/vP6jA-9S2MYC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Important Dates and Events, Volume I\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0001/reference/history.crusone.i0035.pdf"},{"link_name":"The First Hundred Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/RfO1J6hjcdgC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Important Dates and Events, Volume II\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0037.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Later Crusades, 1189–1311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/2dsycrclykIC?hl=en&gbpv=1"},{"link_name":"\"Important Dates and Events, Volume III\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0003/reference/history.crusthree.i0031.pdf"},{"link_name":"The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/TKaPrQPFIAMC?hl=en&gbpv=1"}],"text":"Contents, Volume I (1969a). \"Contents, Volume I\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years.\nContents, Volume II (1969b). \"Contents, Volume II\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311.\nContents, Volume III (1975). \"Contents, Volume III\" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries.\nContents, Volume IV (1979). \"Contents, Volume IV\" (PDF). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States.\nContents, Volume V (1985). \"Contents, Volume V\" (PDF). The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East.\nContents, Volume VI (1989). \"Contents, Volume VI\" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe.\nDedication (1969). \"Dedication\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years.\nEpigraph (1969). \"Deus vult, deus vult\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years.\nFigures, Volume IV (1979). \"Figures, Volume IV\" (PDF). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States.\nFrontispiece, Volume I (1969a). \"Krak des Chevaliers\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years.\nFrontispiece, Volume II (1969b). \"The Four Tetrarchs, Venice\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311.\nFrontispiece, Volume III (1975). \"Bertrandon de la Broquière offering to Philip the Good\" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries.\nFrontispiece, Volume IV (1979). \"Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Jerusalem, south façade\" (PDF). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States.\nFrontispiece, Volume V (1985). \"Francis of Assisi before al-Kāmil, sultan of Egypt\" (PDF). The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East.\nFrontispiece, Volume VI (1989). \"Mehmed II, \"the Conqueror.\"\" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe.\nGazetteer, Volume I (1969a). \"Gazetteer and Note on Maps, Volume I\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 626–666.\nGazetteer, Volume II (1969b). \"Gazetteer, Volume II\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311.\nGazetteer, Volume III (1975). \"Gazetteer, Volume III\" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 677–736.\nGazetteer, Volume IV (1979). \"Gazetteer, Volume IV\" (PDF). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States. pp. 355–386.\nGazetteer, Volume V (1985). \"Gazetteer, Volume V\" (PDF). The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East. pp. 519–552.\nGazeteer, Volume VI (1989). \"Gazetteer, Volume VI\" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe. pp. 483–510.\nIllustrations, Volume I (1969a). \"Illustrations, Volume I\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years.\nIllustrations, Volume II (1969b). \"Illustrations, Volume II\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311.\nIllustrations, Volume V (1985). \"Illustrations, Volume V\" (PDF). The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East.\nIndex, Volume I (1969a). \"Index, Volume I\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 667–707.\nIndex, Volume II (1969b). \"Index, Volume II\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311.\nIndex, Volume III (1975). \"Index, Volume III\" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 737–813.}\nIndex, Volume IV (1979). \"Index, Volume IV\" (PDF). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States. pp. 387–414.\nIndex, Volume V (1985). \"Index, Volume V\" (PDF). The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East. pp. 553–599.\nIndex, Volume VI (1989). \"Index, Volume VI\" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe. pp. 665–703.\nMaps, Volume I (1969a). \"Maps, Volume I\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years.\nMaps, Volume II (1969b). \"Maps, Volume II\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311.\nMaps, Volume III (1975). \"Maps, Volume III\" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries.\nMaps, Volume IV (1979). \"Maps, Volume IV\" (PDF). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States.\nMaps, Volume V (1985). \"Maps, Volume V\" (PDF). The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East.\nMaps, Volume VI (1989). \"Maps, Volume VI\" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe.\nPlates, Volume IV (1979). \"Plates, Volume IV\" (PDF). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States.\nTimeline, Volume I (1969a). \"Important Dates and Events, Volume I\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 622–625.\nTimeline, Volume II (1969b). \"Important Dates and Events, Volume II\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311.\nTimeline, Volume III (1975). \"Important Dates and Events, Volume III\" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 667–676.","title":"Supporting Material"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Holt, Andrew (2017). \"Fifteen Most Important Boks on the Crusades\".","urls":[{"url":"https://apholt.com/2017/10/07/15-most-important-books-on-the-crusades/","url_text":"\"Fifteen Most Important Boks on the Crusades\""}]},{"reference":"Lock, Peter (2006). Routledge, Abingdon. \"The Routledge Companion to the Crusades\". p. 269.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.routledge.com/The-Routledge-Companion-to-the-Crusades/Lock/p/book/9780415393126","url_text":"\"The Routledge Companion to the Crusades\""}]},{"reference":"Atiya, Aziz Suryal (1975a). \"The Crusade in the Fourteenth Century\" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 3–26.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz_Suryal_Atiya","url_text":"Atiya, Aziz Suryal"},{"url":"https://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0003/reference/history.crusthree.i0013.pdf","url_text":"\"The Crusade in the Fourteenth Century\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Fourteenth_and_Fifteenth_Centuries/J6v9jhUd-r8C?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries"}]},{"reference":"Atiya, Aziz Suryal (1975b). \"The Aftermath of the Crusades\" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 647–666.","urls":[{"url":"https://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0003/reference/history.crusthree.i0030.pdf","url_text":"\"The Aftermath of the Crusades\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Fourteenth_and_Fifteenth_Centuries/J6v9jhUd-r8C?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries"}]},{"reference":"Baldwin, Marshall W., ed. (1969a). The First Hundred Years. Setton, Kenneth M. (ed.), A History of the Crusades, University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299048341.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/AVOOV2XGSB6CIH8A","url_text":"The First Hundred Years"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299048341","url_text":"9780299048341"}]},{"reference":"Baldwin, Marshall W. (1969b). \"The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143–1174\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 528–562.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0001/reference/history.crusone.i0032.pdf","url_text":"\"The Latin States under Baldwin III and Amalric I, 1143–1174\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/RfO1J6hjcdgC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The First Hundred Years"}]},{"reference":"Baldwin, Marshall W. (1969c). \"The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174-1189\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 590–621.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0001/reference/history.crusone.i0034.pdf","url_text":"\"The Decline and Fall of Jerusalem, 1174-1189\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/2dsycrclykIC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The First Hundred Years"}]},{"reference":"Baldwin, Marshall W. (1985). \"Missions to the East in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries\" (PDF). The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East. pp. 452–518.","urls":[{"url":"https://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0005/reference/history.crusfive.i0023.pdf","url_text":"\"Missions to the East in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades_Volume_V/tgfMNfBIgSwC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East"}]},{"reference":"Berry, Virginia G. (1969). \"The Second Crusade\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 463–512.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0001/reference/history.crusone.i0030.pdf","url_text":"\"The Second Crusade\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/RfO1J6hjcdgC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The First Hundred Years"}]},{"reference":"Bishko, Charles J. (1975). \"The Spanish and Portuguese Reconquest, 1095–1492\" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 396–456.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0003/reference/history.crusthree.i0024.pdf","url_text":"\"The Spanish and Portuguese Reconquest, 1095–1492\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Fourteenth_and_Fifteenth_Centuries/J6v9jhUd-r8C?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries"}]},{"reference":"Boase, T. S. R. (1979a). \"Ecclesiastical Art in the Crusader States in Palestine and Syria\" (PDF). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States. pp. 69–116.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._R._Boase","url_text":"Boase, T. S. R."},{"url":"https://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0004/reference/history.crusfour.i0016.pdf","url_text":"\"Ecclesiastical Art in the Crusader States in Palestine and Syria\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades_Volume_IV/vP6jA-9S2MYC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States"}]},{"reference":"Boase, T. S. R. (1979b). \"Military Architecture in the Crusader States in Palestine and Syria\" (PDF). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States. pp. 140–164.","urls":[{"url":"https://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0004/reference/history.crusfour.i0017.pdf","url_text":"\"Military Architecture in the Crusader States in Palestine and Syria\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades_Volume_IV/vP6jA-9S2MYC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States"}]},{"reference":"Boase, T. S. R.; Megaw, A. H. S. (1979). \"The Arts in Cyprus\" (PDF). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States. pp. 165–207.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Megaw","url_text":"Megaw, A. H. 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The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States. pp. 251–280.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaroslav_Folda","url_text":"Folda, Jaroslav"},{"url":"https://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0004/reference/history.crusfour.i0020.pdf","url_text":"\"Painting and Sculpture in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, 1099-1291\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades_Volume_IV/vP6jA-9S2MYC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States"}]},{"reference":"Folda, Jaroslav (1979b). \"Crusader Art and Architecture: A Photographic Survey\" (PDF). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States. pp. 281–354.","urls":[{"url":"https://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0004/reference/history.crusfour.i0021.pdf","url_text":"\"Crusader Art and Architecture: A Photographic Survey\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades_Volume_IV/vP6jA-9S2MYC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States"}]},{"reference":"Foulet, Alfred (1989). \"The Epic Cycle of the Crusades\" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe. pp. 98–115.","urls":[{"url":"https://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0006/reference/history.crussix.i0016.pdf","url_text":"\"The Epic Cycle of the Crusades\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/TKaPrQPFIAMC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"Impact of the Crusades on Europe"}]},{"reference":"Furber, Elizabeth Chapin (1969). \"The Kingdom of Cyprus, 1191–1291\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 599–629.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0031.pdf","url_text":"\"The Kingdom of Cyprus, 1191–1291\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/2dsycrclykIC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Later Crusades, 1189–1311"}]},{"reference":"Geanakoplos, Deno (1975a). \"Byzantium and the Crusades, 1261–1354\" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 27–68.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deno_Geanakoplos","url_text":"Geanakoplos, Deno"},{"url":"https://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0003/reference/history.crusthree.i0014.pdf","url_text":"\"Byzantium and the Crusades, 1261–1354\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Fourteenth_and_Fifteenth_Centuries/J6v9jhUd-r8C?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries"}]},{"reference":"Geanakoplos, Deno (1975b). \"Byzantium and the Crusades, 1354–1453\" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 69–103.","urls":[{"url":"https://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0003/reference/history.crusthree.i0015.pdf","url_text":"\"Byzantium and the Crusades, 1354–1453\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Fourteenth_and_Fifteenth_Centuries/J6v9jhUd-r8C?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries"}]},{"reference":"Gibb, Hamilton A. R. (1969a). \"The Caliphate and the Arab States\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 81–98.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._A._R._Gibb","url_text":"Gibb, Hamilton A. R."},{"url":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0001/reference/history.crusone.i0018.pdf","url_text":"\"The Caliphate and the Arab States\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/RfO1J6hjcdgC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The First Hundred Years"}]},{"reference":"Gibb, Hamilton A. R. (1969b). \"Zengi and the Fall of Edessa\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 449–462.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0001/reference/history.crusone.i0029.pdf","url_text":"\"Zengi and the Fall of Edessa\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/RfO1J6hjcdgC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The First Hundred Years"}]},{"reference":"Gibb, H. A. R. (1969c). \"The Career of Nūr-ad-Din\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 513–527.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0001/reference/history.crusone.i0031.pdf","url_text":"\"The Career of Nūr-ad-Din\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/RfO1J6hjcdgC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The First Hundred Years"}]},{"reference":"Gibb, H. A. R. (1969d). \"The Rise of Saladin\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 563–589.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0001/reference/history.crusone.i0033.pdf","url_text":"\"The Rise of Saladin\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/RfO1J6hjcdgC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The First Hundred Years"}]},{"reference":"Gibb, H. A. R. (1969e). \"The Aiyūbids\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 693–714.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0034.pdf","url_text":"\"The Aiyūbids\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/2dsycrclykIC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Later Crusades, 1189–1311"}]},{"reference":"Hardwicke, Mary Nickerson (1969). \"The Crusader States, 1192–1243\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 522–556.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0029.pdf","url_text":"\"The Crusader States, 1192–1243\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/2dsycrclykIC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Later Crusades, 1189–1311"}]},{"reference":"Hazard, Harry W., ed. (1975a). The Fourteenth and Fifteen Centuries. Setton, Kenneth M. (ed.), A History of the Crusades, University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299066741.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/ALYOXG7V45YSNF9D","url_text":"The Fourteenth and Fifteen Centuries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299066741","url_text":"9780299066741"}]},{"reference":"Hazard, Harry W. (1975b). \"Moslem North Africa, 1049–1394\" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 457–485.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0003/reference/history.crusthree.i0025.pdf","url_text":"\"Moslem North Africa, 1049–1394\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Fourteenth_and_Fifteenth_Centuries/J6v9jhUd-r8C?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries"}]},{"reference":"Hazard, Harry W. (1989). \"Maps of Crusader Theaters of War\" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe.","urls":[{"url":"https://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0006/reference/history.crussix.i0021.pdf","url_text":"\"Maps of Crusader Theaters of War\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/TKaPrQPFIAMC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"Impact of the Crusades on Europe"}]},{"reference":"Hazard, Harry W., ed. (1979). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States. Setton, Kenneth M. (ed.), A History of the Crusades, University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299068240.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/AOOMMN5RQMFUHK8U","url_text":"The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299068240","url_text":"9780299068240"}]},{"reference":"Heymann, Frederick G. (1975). \"The Crusades against the Hussites\" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 586–646.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0003/reference/history.crusthree.i0029.pdf","url_text":"\"The Crusades against the Hussites\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Fourteenth_and_Fifteenth_Centuries/J6v9jhUd-r8C?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries"}]},{"reference":"Hitti, Philip Khuri (1985). \"The Impact of the Crusades on Moslem Lands\" (PDF). 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Impact of the Crusades on Europe. pp. 222–275.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halil_%C4%B0nalc%C4%B1k","url_text":"İnalcık, Halil"},{"url":"https://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0006/reference/history.crussix.i0020.pdf","url_text":"\"The Ottoman Turks and the Crusades, 1329–1451\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/TKaPrQPFIAMC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"Impact of the Crusades on Europe"}]},{"reference":"İnalcık, Halil (1989b). \"The Ottoman Turks and the Crusades, 1451–1522\" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe. pp. 311–353.","urls":[{"url":"https://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0006/reference/history.crussix.i0023.pdf","url_text":"\"The Ottoman Turks and the Crusades, 1451–1522\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/TKaPrQPFIAMC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"Impact of the Crusades on Europe"}]},{"reference":"Jacoby, David (1989). \"Social Evolution in Latin Greece\" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe. pp. 175–221.","urls":[{"url":"https://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0006/reference/history.crussix.i0019.pdf","url_text":"\"Social Evolution in Latin Greece\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/TKaPrQPFIAMC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"Impact of the Crusades on Europe"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Edgar N. (1969). \"The Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 87–122.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0017.pdf","url_text":"\"The Crusades of Frederick Barbarossa and Henry VI\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/2dsycrclykIC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Later Crusades, 1189–1311"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Edgar N. (1975). \"The German Crusade on the Baltic\" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 545–585.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0003/reference/history.crusthree.i0028.pdf","url_text":"\"The German Crusade on the Baltic\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Fourteenth_and_Fifteenth_Centuries/J6v9jhUd-r8C?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Bernard (1969). \"The Ismā'īlites and the Assassins\" (PDF). 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The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 340–360.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Luke","url_text":"Luke, Harry"},{"url":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0003/reference/history.crusthree.i0022.pdf","url_text":"\"The Kingdom of Cyprus, 1291–1369\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Fourteenth_and_Fifteenth_Centuries/J6v9jhUd-r8C?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries"}]},{"reference":"Luke, Harry (1975b). \"The Kingdom of Cyprus, 1369–1489\" (PDF). 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VI. Impact of the Crusades on Europe. pp. 511–664.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0006/reference/history.crussix.i0029.pdf","url_text":"\"Select Bibliography of the Crusades\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/TKaPrQPFIAMC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"VI. Impact of the Crusades on Europe"}]},{"reference":"McNeal, Edgar H.; Wolff, Robert Lee (1969). \"The Fourth Crusade\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 153–186.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lee_Wolff","url_text":"Wolff, Robert Lee"},{"url":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0019.pdf","url_text":"\"The Fourth Crusade\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/2dsycrclykIC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Later Crusades, 1189–1311"}]},{"reference":"Nersessian, Sirarpie Der (1969). \"The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 630–660.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirarpie_Der_Nersessian","url_text":"Nersessian, Sirarpie Der"},{"url":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0032.pdf","url_text":"\"The Kingdom of Cilician Armenia\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/2dsycrclykIC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Later Crusades, 1189–1311"}]},{"reference":"Nicholson, Robert L. (1969). \"The Foundation of the Latin States, 1118–1144\" (PDF). 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(1969a). \"The Political Crusades of the Thirteenth Century\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 343–376.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_R._Strayer","url_text":"Strayer, Joseph R."},{"url":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0024.pdf","url_text":"\"The Political Crusades of the Thirteenth Century\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/2dsycrclykIC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Later Crusades, 1189–1311"}]},{"reference":"Strayer, Joseph R. (1969b). \"The Crusades of Louis IX\" (PDF). 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The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 3–44.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0015.pdf","url_text":"\"The Norman Kingdom of Sicily and the Crusades\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/2dsycrclykIC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Later Crusades, 1189–1311"}]},{"reference":"Wolff, Robert L. (1969). \"The Latin Empire of Constantinople, 1204–1261\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311. pp. 187–234.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lee_Wolff","url_text":"Wolff, Robert L."},{"url":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0020.pdf","url_text":"\"The Latin Empire of Constantinople, 1204–1261\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/2dsycrclykIC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Later Crusades, 1189–1311"}]},{"reference":"Wolff, Robert L.; Hazard, Harry W., eds. (1969). 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The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East.","urls":[{"url":"https://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0005/reference/history.crusfive.i0003.pdf","url_text":"\"Francis of Assisi before al-Kāmil, sultan of Egypt\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades_Volume_V/tgfMNfBIgSwC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East"}]},{"reference":"Frontispiece, Volume VI (1989). \"Mehmed II, \"the Conqueror.\"\" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe.","urls":[{"url":"https://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0006/reference/history.crussix.i0003.pdf","url_text":"\"Mehmed II, \"the Conqueror.\"\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/TKaPrQPFIAMC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"Impact of the Crusades on Europe"}]},{"reference":"Gazetteer, Volume I (1969a). \"Gazetteer and Note on Maps, Volume I\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years. pp. 626–666.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0001/reference/history.crusone.i0036.pdf","url_text":"\"Gazetteer and Note on Maps, Volume I\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/RfO1J6hjcdgC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The First Hundred Years"}]},{"reference":"Gazetteer, Volume II (1969b). \"Gazetteer, Volume II\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0038.pdf","url_text":"\"Gazetteer, Volume II\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/2dsycrclykIC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Later Crusades, 1189–1311"}]},{"reference":"Gazetteer, Volume III (1975). \"Gazetteer, Volume III\" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 677–736.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0003/reference/history.crusthree.i0032.pdf","url_text":"\"Gazetteer, Volume III\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/TKaPrQPFIAMC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries"}]},{"reference":"Gazetteer, Volume IV (1979). \"Gazetteer, Volume IV\" (PDF). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States. pp. 355–386.","urls":[{"url":"https://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0004/reference/history.crusfour.i0022.pdf","url_text":"\"Gazetteer, Volume IV\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades_Volume_IV/vP6jA-9S2MYC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States"}]},{"reference":"Gazetteer, Volume V (1985). \"Gazetteer, Volume V\" (PDF). The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East. pp. 519–552.","urls":[{"url":"https://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0005/reference/history.crusfive.i0024.pdf","url_text":"\"Gazetteer, Volume V\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades_Volume_V/tgfMNfBIgSwC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East"}]},{"reference":"Gazeteer, Volume VI (1989). \"Gazetteer, Volume VI\" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe. pp. 483–510.","urls":[{"url":"https://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0006/reference/history.crussix.i0028.pdf","url_text":"\"Gazetteer, Volume VI\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/TKaPrQPFIAMC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"Impact of the Crusades on Europe"}]},{"reference":"Illustrations, Volume I (1969a). \"Illustrations, Volume I\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0001/reference/history.crusone.i0008.pdf","url_text":"\"Illustrations, Volume I\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/RfO1J6hjcdgC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The First Hundred Years"}]},{"reference":"Illustrations, Volume II (1969b). \"Illustrations, Volume II\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0007.pdf","url_text":"\"Illustrations, Volume II\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/2dsycrclykIC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Later Crusades, 1189–1311"}]},{"reference":"Illustrations, Volume V (1985). \"Illustrations, Volume V\" (PDF). 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The Later Crusades, 1189–1311.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0039.pdf","url_text":"\"Index, Volume II\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/2dsycrclykIC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Later Crusades, 1189–1311"}]},{"reference":"Index, Volume III (1975). \"Index, Volume III\" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. pp. 737–813.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0003/reference/history.crusthree.i0033.pdf","url_text":"\"Index, Volume III\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/TKaPrQPFIAMC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries"}]},{"reference":"Index, Volume IV (1979). \"Index, Volume IV\" (PDF). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States. pp. 387–414.","urls":[{"url":"https://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0004/reference/history.crusfour.i0023.pdf","url_text":"\"Index, Volume IV\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades_Volume_IV/vP6jA-9S2MYC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States"}]},{"reference":"Index, Volume V (1985). \"Index, Volume V\" (PDF). The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East. pp. 553–599.","urls":[{"url":"https://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0005/reference/history.crusfive.i0025.pdf","url_text":"\"Index, Volume V\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades_Volume_V/tgfMNfBIgSwC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East"}]},{"reference":"Index, Volume VI (1989). \"Index, Volume VI\" (PDF). Impact of the Crusades on Europe. pp. 665–703.","urls":[{"url":"https://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0006/reference/history.crussix.i0030.pdf","url_text":"\"Index, Volume VI\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/TKaPrQPFIAMC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"Impact of the Crusades on Europe"}]},{"reference":"Maps, Volume I (1969a). \"Maps, Volume I\" (PDF). The First Hundred Years.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0001/reference/history.crusone.i0009.pdf","url_text":"\"Maps, Volume I\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/RfO1J6hjcdgC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The First Hundred Years"}]},{"reference":"Maps, Volume II (1969b). \"Maps, Volume II\" (PDF). The Later Crusades, 1189–1311.","urls":[{"url":"http://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0002/reference/history.crustwo.i0008.pdf","url_text":"\"Maps, Volume II\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades/2dsycrclykIC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Later Crusades, 1189–1311"}]},{"reference":"Maps, Volume III (1975). \"Maps, Volume III\" (PDF). The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries.","urls":[{"url":"https://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0003/reference/history.crusthree.i0007.pdf","url_text":"\"Maps, Volume III\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Fourteenth_and_Fifteenth_Centuries/J6v9jhUd-r8C?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries"}]},{"reference":"Maps, Volume IV (1979). \"Maps, Volume IV\" (PDF). The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States.","urls":[{"url":"https://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0004/reference/history.crusfour.i0009.pdf","url_text":"\"Maps, Volume IV\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades_Volume_IV/vP6jA-9S2MYC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Art and Architecture of the Crusader States"}]},{"reference":"Maps, Volume V (1985). \"Maps, Volume V\" (PDF). The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East.","urls":[{"url":"https://images.library.wisc.edu/History/EFacs/HistCrus/0001/0005/reference/history.crusfive.i0008.pdf","url_text":"\"Maps, Volume V\""},{"url":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_History_of_the_Crusades_Volume_V/tgfMNfBIgSwC?hl=en&gbpv=1","url_text":"The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East"}]},{"reference":"Maps, Volume VI (1989). \"Maps, Volume VI\" (PDF). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennettsbridge
Bennettsbridge
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Transport","3.1 Road","3.2 Bus","3.3 Rail","4 Landmarks","4.1 Bennett's Bridge","4.2 Parks and recreation","5 Arts and crafts","6 Sport","7 People","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 52°36′N 7°11′W / 52.600°N 7.183°W / 52.600; -7.183Village in County Killkenny, Ireland Village in Leinster, IrelandBennettsbridge Droichead BinéidVillageBennetts Bridge, named for Saint Benet, from which the village takes its nameBennettsbridgeLocation in IrelandCoordinates: 52°36′N 7°11′W / 52.600°N 7.183°W / 52.600; -7.183CountryIrelandProvinceLeinsterCountyCounty KilkennyPopulation (2016)745Time zoneUTC+0 (WET) • Summer (DST)UTC-1 (IST (WEST)) Bennettsbridge (Irish: Droichead Binéid, meaning 'Bennet's bridge') is a village in County Kilkenny in Ireland. It is situated on the River Nore 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) south of Kilkenny city, in the centre of the county. Bennettsbridge is a census town, and had population of 745 as of the 2016 census. The village is on the R700 road at a stone bridge crossing of the Nore between Kilkenny and Thomastown. It has become a craft centre in recent years, with several pottery and craft producers located at the old mill beside the weir. The village is part of the parish of Tullaherin which contains an almost intact 9th-century round tower. History Bennettsbridge—view from the pottery weir Bennettsbridge owes its name to Saint Benet and its strategic importance to its position at a major crossing of the river Nore. The first bridge was built on the site in 1285 and was dedicated to the saint, and was important for transport until the establishment of the railway. The current bridge dates from the 18th century after the original bridge was swept away in a flood in 1763. There were flour-mills at the weir and there was a Royal Irish Constabulary police station in the village. Geography Bennettsbridge is located along the river Nore at a ford of the river about 10 kilometres (6 mi) from Gowran. There are two old mills downstream from the bridge. Ducks and swans and other river life are present in abundance. Transport Fortified police station Road Bennettsbridge lies on the R700 regional road which carries much tourist traffic in the summertime from the Rosslare ferries, through Kilkenny and on into the midlands and Galway. Bus The village is served daily by Bus Éireann route 73 (Waterford –Kilkenny- Athlone). Kilbride Coaches' New Ross to Kilkenny route provides two journeys each way daily but none on Sundays. The first journey arrives into Kilkenny at 08.30 and the last return journey is at 18.00 making commuting possible. On Thursdays Bus Éireann route 374 provides a journey in each direction along the same route. Bus services to Rosslare Europort are available from New Ross and Waterford In the summer, a scheduled Ring A Link bus allows visitors to access local craft outlets before taking a riverside walk back to Kilkenny. Rail Bennettsbridge railway station opened on 2 September 1861, but closed permanently on 15 February 1965. Nowadays the nearest rail station is Kilkenny railway station around 9 kilometres distant. Landmarks Bennett's Bridge Bennett's Bridge, in Bennettsbridge, over the River Nore There is record of Bennett's Bridge in 1393, when John Midleton, guardian of the chapel of St. Mary received licence to fortify the bridge. The ancient viaduct was destroyed by the great flood of 1793. The flood washed away many of the major bridges crossing the River Nore and so a comprehensive rebuilding programme was initiated in the eighteenth century. Kilkenny architect William Robertson worked on it in 1826, with the design of the bridge attributed (according to the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage) to George Smith. Other bridges, built or rebuilt in the same period, include Green's Bridge in Kilkenny City, Thomastown Bridge on the River Nore, Graiguenamanagh Bridge on the River Barrow, Inistioge Bridge on the Nore, Goresbridge on the Barrow, and the bridge at Mount Juliet. Parks and recreation Nore Valley Park, 3.2 km from Bennettsbridge, includes a camping and caravan park, activity centre, open farm, farm trail, crazy golf course and a picnic and barbecue area. There is lake fishing at Wallslough Village. Arts and crafts Nicholas Mosse Pottery was established by Nicholas Mosse in 1976. It is located at an old riverside mill in Bennettsbridge. It is possible to watch potters at work as they produce pottery in the style of Irish Spongeware which was a traditional 18th Century type of pottery. Stoneware Jackson is another local pottery studio. The pieces are hand-thrown, featuring two-color glazing and Celtic motifs. Moth to a Flame is a local candle maker based on the Bennettsbridge road on the way into the village coming from Kilkenny city. Sport Bennettsbridge GAA is the local Gaelic Athletic Association club. People See also: Category:People from Bennettsbridge Noel Skehan, former Kilkenny hurling goalkeeper. Hubert Butler, the essayist. James McGarry, former Kilkenny hurling goalkeeper. John McGovern, former Kilkenny hurling player. See also List of towns and villages in Ireland References ^ a b "Sapmap Area – Settlements – Bennettsbridge". Census 2016. Central Statistics Office. Retrieved 14 January 2020. ^ Lewis, Samuel (1837), A Topgrahical Dictionary of Ireland, London: S. LEWIS & Co. 87, Aldergate Street ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Bus to Bennettsbridge lets walkers enjoy stroll along the Nore". ^ "Bennettsbridge station" (PDF). Railscot – Irish Railways. Retrieved 12 September 2007. ^ Kilkenny and South-east of Ireland Archaeological Society (1867), The journal of the Kilkenny and South-east of Ireland Archaeological Society, Dublin: Kilkenny Archaeological Society, p. 275, retrieved 7 August 2009 ^ Lucey, John (2018). "William Robertson (1770-1850), Kilkenny's First Architect". Old Kilkenny Review. Kilkenny Archaeological Society: 162. ISSN 0332-0774. ^ "Bennett's Bridge, Bennettsbridge, County Kilkenny". buildingsofireland.ie. National Inventory of Architectural Heritage. Retrieved 14 January 2020. ^ Nore Valley Park ^ Nicholas Mosse Website ^ Campbell, Georgina (2007), Georgina Campbell's Ireland 2007-The Guide (Revised ed.), Georgina Campbell's Guides Ltd, p. 552, ISBN 978-1-903164-23-5 ^ Harrison, Bernice. "Design Moment: Nicholas Mosse jug, 1980". The Irish Times. Retrieved 20 January 2022. ^ "VISIT US | VISIT US IN BENNETTSBRIDGE, COUNTY KILKENNY". Nicholas Mosse. Retrieved 20 January 2022. ^ Stoneware Jackson Website Archived 14 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine ^ Daugherty, Christi (2006), Frommer's Ireland 2006, John Wiley & Sons, p. 608, ISBN 978-0-7645-9771-8 External links Kilkenny Photographic Society Pictures Bennettsbridge GAA Cemetery records Tullaherin Heritage Society vtePlaces in County KilkennyCounty town: KilkennyTowns Ballyragget Callan Castlecomer Gowran Graignamanagh Kilkenny Mooncoin Mullinavat Stoneyford Thomastown Urlingford Villages Aughamucky Ballyhale Bennettsbridge Carrigeen Castlewarren Clogh Fiddown Freshford Galmoy Goresbridge Hugginstown Inistioge Johnstown Johnswell Kells Killamery Killinaspick Kilmacow Kilmoganny Knocktopher Paulstown Piltown Redhouse Riverquarter Rosbercon The Rower Slieverue Tullahought Tullaroan Windgap Townlands Ballyda Ballyragget Clogh Flagmount Hoodsgrove Jeanville Lisdowney Loughcullen Sandfordscourt List of townlands of County Kilkenny Category:Mountains and hills of County Kilkenny Category:Rivers of County Kilkenny Category:Geography of County Kilkenny Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"County Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Kilkenny"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"River Nore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Nore"},{"link_name":"Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkenny"},{"link_name":"census town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_town"},{"link_name":"2016 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_census_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census2016-1"},{"link_name":"R700 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R700_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkenny"},{"link_name":"Thomastown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomastown,_County_Kilkenny"},{"link_name":"pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottery"},{"link_name":"craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craft"},{"link_name":"weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weir"},{"link_name":"Tullaherin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullaherin"},{"link_name":"round tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_round_tower"}],"text":"Village in County Killkenny, IrelandVillage in Leinster, IrelandBennettsbridge (Irish: Droichead Binéid, meaning 'Bennet's bridge') is a village in County Kilkenny in Ireland. \nIt is situated on the River Nore 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) south of Kilkenny city, in the centre of the county. Bennettsbridge is a census town, and had population of 745 as of the 2016 census.[1]The village is on the R700 road at a stone bridge crossing of the Nore between Kilkenny and Thomastown. It has become a craft centre in recent years, with several pottery and craft producers located at the old mill beside the weir.The village is part of the parish of Tullaherin which contains an almost intact 9th-century round tower.","title":"Bennettsbridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bennetsbridge.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Royal Irish Constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Irish_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Bennettsbridge—view from the pottery weirBennettsbridge owes its name to Saint Benet and its strategic importance to its position at a major crossing of the river Nore. The first bridge was built on the site in 1285[citation needed] and was dedicated to the saint, and was important for transport until the establishment of the railway. The current bridge dates from the 18th century after the original bridge was swept away in a flood in 1763. There were flour-mills at the weir and there was a Royal Irish Constabulary police station in the village.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_(crossing)"},{"link_name":"Gowran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowran"}],"text":"Bennettsbridge is located along the river Nore at a ford of the river about 10 kilometres (6 mi) from Gowran. There are two old mills downstream from the bridge. Ducks and swans and other river life are present in abundance.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GardaStnBennetsbridge059-1.jpg"}],"text":"Fortified police station","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"R700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R700_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"regional road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Rosslare ferries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosslare_Europort"},{"link_name":"midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_midlands"},{"link_name":"Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galway"}],"sub_title":"Road","text":"Bennettsbridge lies on the R700 regional road which carries much tourist traffic in the summertime from the Rosslare ferries, through Kilkenny and on into the midlands and Galway.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bus Éireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_%C3%89ireann"},{"link_name":"Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford"},{"link_name":"Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkenny"},{"link_name":"Athlone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlone"},{"link_name":"New Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Ross"},{"link_name":"Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkenny"},{"link_name":"Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkenny"},{"link_name":"Bus Éireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_%C3%89ireann"},{"link_name":"Rosslare Europort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosslare_Europort"},{"link_name":"New Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Ross"},{"link_name":"Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Bus","text":"The village is served daily by Bus Éireann route 73 (Waterford –Kilkenny- Athlone). Kilbride Coaches' New Ross to Kilkenny route provides two journeys each way daily but none on Sundays. The first journey arrives into Kilkenny at 08.30 and the last return journey is at 18.00 making commuting possible. On Thursdays Bus Éireann route 374 provides a journey in each direction along the same route. Bus services to Rosslare Europort are available from New Ross and Waterford[3]In the summer, a scheduled Ring A Link bus allows visitors to access local craft outlets before taking a riverside walk back to Kilkenny.[4]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Kilkenny railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkenny_railway_station"}],"sub_title":"Rail","text":"Bennettsbridge railway station opened on 2 September 1861, but closed permanently on 15 February 1965.[5] Nowadays the nearest rail station is Kilkenny railway station around 9 kilometres distant.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bennett%27s_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_513261.jpg"},{"link_name":"River Nore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Nore"},{"link_name":"licence to fortify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_to_fortify"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KAS1867-6"},{"link_name":"River Nore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Nore"},{"link_name":"William Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Robertson_(Irish_architect)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"National Inventory of Architectural Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Inventory_of_Architectural_Heritage"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Green's Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%27s_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Kilkenny City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkenny"},{"link_name":"Thomastown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomastown,_County_Kilkenny"},{"link_name":"Graiguenamanagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graiguenamanagh"},{"link_name":"Inistioge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inistioge"},{"link_name":"Goresbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goresbridge"},{"link_name":"Mount Juliet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Juliet,_Tennessee"}],"sub_title":"Bennett's Bridge","text":"Bennett's Bridge, in Bennettsbridge, over the River NoreThere is record of Bennett's Bridge in 1393, when John Midleton, guardian of the chapel of St. Mary received licence to fortify the bridge.[6] The ancient viaduct was destroyed by the great flood of 1793. The flood washed away many of the major bridges crossing the River Nore and so a comprehensive rebuilding programme was initiated in the eighteenth century. Kilkenny architect William Robertson worked on it in 1826,[7] with the design of the bridge attributed (according to the National Inventory of Architectural Heritage) to George Smith.[8] Other bridges, built or rebuilt in the same period, include Green's Bridge in Kilkenny City, Thomastown Bridge on the River Nore, Graiguenamanagh Bridge on the River Barrow, Inistioge Bridge on the Nore, Goresbridge on the Barrow, and the bridge at Mount Juliet.","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crazy golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_golf"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Parks and recreation","text":"Nore Valley Park, 3.2 km from Bennettsbridge, includes a camping and caravan park, activity centre, open farm, farm trail, crazy golf course and a picnic and barbecue area.[9] There is lake fishing at Wallslough Village.","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicholas Mosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Mosse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Campbell2007-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daugherty2006-15"}],"text":"Nicholas Mosse Pottery was established by Nicholas Mosse in 1976.[10] It is located at an old riverside mill in Bennettsbridge.[11] It is possible to watch potters at work as they produce pottery in the style of Irish Spongeware which was a traditional 18th Century type of pottery.[12][13]Stoneware Jackson is another local pottery studio.[14] The pieces are hand-thrown, featuring two-color glazing and Celtic motifs.[15]Moth to a Flame is a local candle maker based on the Bennettsbridge road on the way into the village coming from Kilkenny city.","title":"Arts and crafts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bennettsbridge GAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennettsbridge_GAA"},{"link_name":"Gaelic Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association"}],"text":"Bennettsbridge GAA is the local Gaelic Athletic Association club.","title":"Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:People from Bennettsbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Bennettsbridge"},{"link_name":"Noel Skehan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Skehan"},{"link_name":"Hubert Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Butler"},{"link_name":"James McGarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McGarry_(hurler)"},{"link_name":"John McGovern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_McGovern"}],"text":"See also: Category:People from BennettsbridgeNoel Skehan, former Kilkenny hurling goalkeeper.\nHubert Butler, the essayist.\nJames McGarry, former Kilkenny hurling goalkeeper.\nJohn McGovern, former Kilkenny hurling player.","title":"People"}]
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[{"title":"List of towns and villages in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"}]
[{"reference":"\"Sapmap Area – Settlements – Bennettsbridge\". Census 2016. Central Statistics Office. Retrieved 14 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://census.cso.ie/sapmap2016/Results.aspx?Geog_Type=ST2016&Geog_Code=76C6CD68-1FAD-4075-A9D4-E7E525F9A3B7","url_text":"\"Sapmap Area – Settlements – Bennettsbridge\""}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Samuel (1837), A Topgrahical Dictionary of Ireland, London: S. LEWIS & Co. 87, Aldergate Street","urls":[{"url":"http://www.libraryireland.com/topog/index.php","url_text":"A Topgrahical Dictionary of Ireland"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150221132436/http://www.buseireann.ie/pdf/1360753128-073.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://buseireann.ie/pdf/1360753128-073.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bus to Bennettsbridge lets walkers enjoy stroll along the Nore\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kilkennypeople.ie/news/your-community/bus-to-bennettsbridge-lets-walkers-enjoy-stroll-along-the-nore-1-3979051","url_text":"\"Bus to Bennettsbridge lets walkers enjoy stroll along the Nore\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bennettsbridge station\" (PDF). Railscot – Irish Railways. Retrieved 12 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railscot.co.uk/Ireland/Irish_railways.pdf","url_text":"\"Bennettsbridge station\""}]},{"reference":"Kilkenny and South-east of Ireland Archaeological Society (1867), The journal of the Kilkenny and South-east of Ireland Archaeological Society, Dublin: Kilkenny Archaeological Society, p. 275, retrieved 7 August 2009","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkenny_Archaeological_Society","url_text":"Kilkenny and South-east of Ireland Archaeological Society"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DCYNAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"The journal of the Kilkenny and South-east of Ireland Archaeological Society"}]},{"reference":"Lucey, John (2018). \"William Robertson (1770-1850), Kilkenny's First Architect\". Old Kilkenny Review. Kilkenny Archaeological Society: 162. ISSN 0332-0774.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Kilkenny_Review","url_text":"Old Kilkenny Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkenny_Archaeological_Society","url_text":"Kilkenny Archaeological Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0332-0774","url_text":"0332-0774"}]},{"reference":"\"Bennett's Bridge, Bennettsbridge, County Kilkenny\". buildingsofireland.ie. National Inventory of Architectural Heritage. Retrieved 14 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.buildingsofireland.ie/niah/search.jsp?type=record&county=KK&regno=12312010","url_text":"\"Bennett's Bridge, Bennettsbridge, County Kilkenny\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Inventory_of_Architectural_Heritage","url_text":"National Inventory of Architectural Heritage"}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Georgina (2007), Georgina Campbell's Ireland 2007-The Guide (Revised ed.), Georgina Campbell's Guides Ltd, p. 552, ISBN 978-1-903164-23-5","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OZ6L61o8Ud4C","url_text":"Georgina Campbell's Ireland 2007-The Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903164-23-5","url_text":"978-1-903164-23-5"}]},{"reference":"Harrison, Bernice. \"Design Moment: Nicholas Mosse jug, 1980\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 20 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/homes-and-property/fine-art-antiques/design-moment-nicholas-mosse-jug-1980-1.3673114","url_text":"\"Design Moment: Nicholas Mosse jug, 1980\""}]},{"reference":"\"VISIT US | VISIT US IN BENNETTSBRIDGE, COUNTY KILKENNY\". Nicholas Mosse. Retrieved 20 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nicholasmosse.com/pages/visit-us-visit-us-in-bennettsbridge-county-kilkenny","url_text":"\"VISIT US | VISIT US IN BENNETTSBRIDGE, COUNTY KILKENNY\""}]},{"reference":"Daugherty, Christi (2006), Frommer's Ireland 2006, John Wiley & Sons, p. 608, ISBN 978-0-7645-9771-8","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N78JkCdahAMC","url_text":"Frommer's Ireland 2006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7645-9771-8","url_text":"978-0-7645-9771-8"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennite
Jennite
["1 Cement chemistry","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading"]
Inosilicate alteration mineral in metamorphosed limestone and in skarn JenniteCrystal structure of jennite: elementary unit cell viewed in 3DGeneralCategorySilicate mineralFormula(repeating unit)Ca9Si6O18(OH)6·8H2OIMA symbolJnnStrunz classification9.DG.20Crystal systemTriclinicCrystal classPinacoidal (1) (same H-M symbol)Space groupP1Unit cella = 10.56, b = 7.25 c = 10.81 ; α = 99.7° β = 97.67°, γ = 110.07°; Z = 1IdentificationFormula mass1,063 g/molColorWhiteCrystal habitBlade shaped crystals, fibrous aggregates, platy – sheet formsCleavageDistinct on Mohs scale hardness3.5LusterVitreous (glassy)StreakWhiteDiaphaneityTransparent to translucentDensity2.32–2.33Optical propertiesBiaxial (−)Refractive indexnα = 1.548 – 1.552 nβ = 1.562 – 1.564 nγ = 1.570 – 1.571Birefringenceδ = 0.0222V angleMeasured: 74°Ultraviolet fluorescenceWeak whiteReferences Jennite is a calcium silicate hydrate mineral of general chemical formula: Ca9Si6O18(OH)6·8H2O. Jennite occurs as an alteration mineral in metamorphosed limestone and skarn. It typically occurs as vein and open space fillings as a late mineral phase. It also occurs in hydrated cement paste. A first specimen of jennite found in 1966 at the Crestmore quarries (Crestmore, Riverside County, California, US) was analysed and identified as a new mineral by Carpenter in 1966 (Carpenter, 1966). They named it in honor of its discoverer: Clarence Marvin Jenni (1896–1973) director of the Geological Museum at the University of Missouri. In contrast to the first analysis made by Carpenter, jennite was found to not contain appreciable amount of sodium when the Crestmore specimen was reexamined. The structure of jennite is made of three distinct modules: ribbons of edge-sharing calcium octahedra, silicate chains of wollastonite-type running along the b axis, and additional calcium octahedra on inversion centers. The hydroxyl groups are bonded to three calcium cations while no SiOH groups are observed. Jennite transforms to metajennite at 70–90 °C (158–194 °F) by losing four water molecules. Cement chemistry This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Jennite" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Jennite is often used in thermodynamical calculations to represent the pole of the less evolved calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H). The value of its atomic Ca/Si or molecular CaO/SiO2 (C/S) ratio is 1.50 (9/6), as directly calculated from its elementary composition formula. Tobermorite represents the more evolved pole with a C/S ratio of 0.83 (5/6). See also Other calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) minerals: Afwillite Gyrolite Thaumasite Tobermorite Other calcium aluminium silicate hydrate (C-A-S-H) minerals: Tacharanite Hydrogarnet Hydrogrossular Hydrotalcite Katoite References ^ Warr, L.N. (2021). "IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616. ^ Jennite on Webmineral ^ a b c Jennite on Mindat ^ Jennite in the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database ^ a b Handbook of Mineralogy ^ a b Gard, J.A.; Taylor, H.F.W.; Cliff, G.; Lorimer, G.W. (1977), "A reexamination of jennite" (PDF), American Mineralogist, vol. 62, pp. 365–368, retrieved 2009-02-04 ^ Carpenter, A.B.; Chalmers, R.A.; Gard, J.A.; Speakman, K.; Taylor, H.F.W. (1966), "Jennite, a new mineral" (PDF), American Mineralogist, vol. 51, pp. 56–74, retrieved 2009-02-04 Bibliography Abdul-Jaber, Q.H.; Khoury, H. (1998), "Unusual mineralisation in the Maqarin Area (North Jordan) and the occurrence of some rare minerals in the marbles and the weathered rocks", Neues Jahrb. Geol. Paläontol. Abh., vol. 208, pp. 603–629 Bonaccorsi, E.; Merlino, S.; Taylor, H.F.W. (2004), "The crystal structure of jennite, Ca9Si6O18(OH)6 · 8 H2O, Locality: Fuka, Japan", Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 1481–1488, doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.12.033, retrieved 2009-02-04 Further reading Chen, Jeffrey J.; Jeffrey J. Thomas; Hal F.W. Taylor; Hamlin M. Jennings (2004), "Solubility and structure of calcium silicate hydrate", Cement and Concrete Research, 34 (9): 1499–1519, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.568.4216, doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.04.034, ISSN 0008-8846 Eakle, Arthur S. (1927), "Famous mineral localities: Crestmore, Riverside County, California", American Mineralogist, 12: 319–321, retrieved 2009-11-01 Naomichi, Hara (2000), "Formation of jennite and tobermorite from amorphous silica", J. Soc. Inorg. Mater. Japan, 7 (285): 133–142, ISSN 1345-3769, archived from the original on 2012-02-17, retrieved 2009-02-04 Merlino, S.; Bonaccorsi E.; Armbruster T. (2001), "The real structure of tobermorite 11A: normal and anomalous forms, OD character and polytypic modifications (Note: MDO2 – synchrotron radiation source. Locality: Bascenov, Urals, Russia)", European Journal of Mineralogy, 13 (3): 577–590, Bibcode:2001EJMin..13..577M, doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2001/0013-0577 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jennite.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"calcium silicate hydrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_silicate_hydrate"},{"link_name":"metamorphosed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphism"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"skarn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skarn"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mindat-3"},{"link_name":"vein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vein_(geology)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HBM-5"},{"link_name":"cement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement"},{"link_name":"Riverside County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Clarence Marvin Jenni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clarence_Marvin_Jenni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"University of Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mindat-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gard-6"},{"link_name":"calcium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium"},{"link_name":"octahedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octahedra"},{"link_name":"wollastonite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollastonite"},{"link_name":"inversion centers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_operation"},{"link_name":"hydroxyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyl"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gard-6"}],"text":"Jennite is a calcium silicate hydrate mineral of general chemical formula: Ca9Si6O18(OH)6·8H2O.Jennite occurs as an alteration mineral in metamorphosed limestone and skarn.[3] It typically occurs as vein and open space fillings as a late mineral phase.[5] It also occurs in hydrated cement paste.A first specimen of jennite found in 1966 at the Crestmore quarries (Crestmore, Riverside County, California, US) was analysed and identified as a new mineral by Carpenter in 1966 (Carpenter, 1966). They named it in honor of its discoverer: Clarence Marvin Jenni (1896–1973) director of the Geological Museum at the University of Missouri.[3]In contrast to the first analysis made by Carpenter, jennite was found to not contain appreciable amount of sodium when the Crestmore specimen was reexamined.[6]The structure of jennite is made of three distinct modules: ribbons of edge-sharing calcium octahedra, silicate chains of wollastonite-type running along the b axis, and additional calcium octahedra on inversion centers. The hydroxyl groups are bonded to three calcium cations while no SiOH groups are observed.[7]Jennite transforms to metajennite at 70–90 °C (158–194 °F) by losing four water molecules.[6]","title":"Jennite"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tobermorite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobermorite"}],"text":"Jennite is often used in thermodynamical calculations to represent the pole of the less evolved calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H). The value of its atomic Ca/Si or molecular CaO/SiO2 (C/S) ratio is 1.50 (9/6), as directly calculated from its elementary composition formula. Tobermorite represents the more evolved pole with a C/S ratio of 0.83 (5/6).","title":"Cement chemistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CiteSeerX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1.1.568.4216","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.568.4216"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.04.034","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cemconres.2004.04.034"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0008-8846","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-8846"},{"link_name":"\"Famous mineral localities: Crestmore, Riverside County, California\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.minsocam.org/MSA/collectors_corner/arc/crestmoreca1.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Formation of jennite and tobermorite from amorphous silica\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120217004545/http://sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/200011/000020001100A0298196.php"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1345-3769","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1345-3769"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sciencelinks.jp/j-east/article/200011/000020001100A0298196.php"},{"link_name":"\"The real structure of tobermorite 11A: normal and anomalous forms, OD character and polytypic modifications (Note: MDO2 – synchrotron radiation source. Locality: Bascenov, Urals, Russia)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//rruff.geo.arizona.edu/AMS/minerals/Tobermorite"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2001EJMin..13..577M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001EJMin..13..577M"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1127/0935-1221/2001/0013-0577","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1127%2F0935-1221%2F2001%2F0013-0577"},{"link_name":"Jennite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Jennite"}],"text":"Chen, Jeffrey J.; Jeffrey J. Thomas; Hal F.W. Taylor; Hamlin M. Jennings (2004), \"Solubility and structure of calcium silicate hydrate\", Cement and Concrete Research, 34 (9): 1499–1519, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.568.4216, doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.04.034, ISSN 0008-8846\nEakle, Arthur S. (1927), \"Famous mineral localities: Crestmore, Riverside County, California\", American Mineralogist, 12: 319–321, retrieved 2009-11-01\nNaomichi, Hara (2000), \"Formation of jennite and tobermorite from amorphous silica\", J. Soc. Inorg. Mater. Japan, 7 (285): 133–142, ISSN 1345-3769, archived from the original on 2012-02-17, retrieved 2009-02-04\nMerlino, S.; Bonaccorsi E.; Armbruster T. (2001), \"The real structure of tobermorite 11A: normal and anomalous forms, OD character and polytypic modifications (Note: MDO2 – synchrotron radiation source. Locality: Bascenov, Urals, Russia)\", European Journal of Mineralogy, 13 (3): 577–590, Bibcode:2001EJMin..13..577M, doi:10.1127/0935-1221/2001/0013-0577Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jennite.","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
[{"title":"Afwillite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afwillite"},{"title":"Gyrolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyrolite"},{"title":"Thaumasite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaumasite"},{"title":"Tobermorite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobermorite"},{"title":"Tacharanite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacharanite"},{"title":"Hydrogarnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogarnet"},{"title":"Hydrogrossular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogrossular"},{"title":"Hydrotalcite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrotalcite"},{"title":"Katoite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katoite&action=edit&redlink=1"}]
[{"reference":"Warr, L.N. (2021). \"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols\". Mineralogical Magazine. 85 (3): 291–320. Bibcode:2021MinM...85..291W. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43. S2CID 235729616.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43","url_text":"\"IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021MinM...85..291W","url_text":"2021MinM...85..291W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1180%2Fmgm.2021.43","url_text":"10.1180/mgm.2021.43"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235729616","url_text":"235729616"}]},{"reference":"Gard, J.A.; Taylor, H.F.W.; Cliff, G.; Lorimer, G.W. (1977), \"A reexamination of jennite\" (PDF), American Mineralogist, vol. 62, pp. 365–368, retrieved 2009-02-04","urls":[{"url":"http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM62/AM62_365.pdf","url_text":"\"A reexamination of jennite\""}]},{"reference":"Carpenter, A.B.; Chalmers, R.A.; Gard, J.A.; Speakman, K.; Taylor, H.F.W. (1966), \"Jennite, a new mineral\" (PDF), American Mineralogist, vol. 51, pp. 56–74, retrieved 2009-02-04","urls":[{"url":"http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM62/AM62_365.pdf","url_text":"\"Jennite, a new mineral\""}]},{"reference":"Abdul-Jaber, Q.H.; Khoury, H. (1998), \"Unusual mineralisation in the Maqarin Area (North Jordan) and the occurrence of some rare minerals in the marbles and the weathered rocks\", Neues Jahrb. Geol. Paläontol. Abh., vol. 208, pp. 603–629","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bonaccorsi, E.; Merlino, S.; Taylor, H.F.W. (2004), \"The crystal structure of jennite, Ca9Si6O18(OH)6 · 8 H2O, Locality: Fuka, Japan\", Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 1481–1488, doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.12.033, retrieved 2009-02-04","urls":[{"url":"http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/AMS/result.php?mineral=Jennite","url_text":"\"The crystal structure of jennite, Ca9Si6O18(OH)6 · 8 H2O, Locality: Fuka, Japan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cemconres.2003.12.033","url_text":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.12.033"}]},{"reference":"Chen, Jeffrey J.; Jeffrey J. Thomas; Hal F.W. Taylor; Hamlin M. Jennings (2004), \"Solubility and structure of calcium silicate hydrate\", Cement and Concrete Research, 34 (9): 1499–1519, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.568.4216, doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.04.034, ISSN 0008-8846","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.568.4216","url_text":"10.1.1.568.4216"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cemconres.2004.04.034","url_text":"10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.04.034"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-8846","url_text":"0008-8846"}]},{"reference":"Eakle, Arthur S. (1927), \"Famous mineral localities: Crestmore, Riverside County, California\", American Mineralogist, 12: 319–321, retrieved 2009-11-01","urls":[{"url":"http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/collectors_corner/arc/crestmoreca1.htm","url_text":"\"Famous mineral localities: Crestmore, Riverside County, California\""}]},{"reference":"Naomichi, Hara (2000), \"Formation of jennite and tobermorite from amorphous silica\", J. Soc. Inorg. Mater. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Tunsberg
Diocese of Tunsberg
["1 History","2 Structure","3 List of Bishops","4 References","5 External links"]
Diocese in Norway Diocese of TunsbergTunsberg bispedømmeTønsberg CathedralLocationCountryNorwayStatisticsMembers372,586InformationDenominationChurch of NorwayEstablished1948CathedralTønsberg CathedralCurrent leadershipBishopJan Otto MyrsethMapWebsiteWebsite of the Diocese Tunsberg is a diocese of the Church of Norway. It includes all of the parishes located within the counties of Vestfold and Buskerud, with the cathedral located in the city of Tønsberg. The Diocese of Tunsberg consists of the cathedral deanery and eight rural deaneries. History Prior to the establishment of the Diocese of Tunsberg in 1948, then counties of Vestfold and Buskerud belonged to the Diocese of Oslo. In a meeting of the episcopate in 1936, it was made clear that this diocese, which encompasses about a third of Norway's population, could not be managed by a single bishop. Therefore, the episcopate suggested that Vestfold and Buskerud should become their own diocese. But the Second World War intervened; the discussion was resumed after the liberation of Norway in 1945. The result of this was that the Odelsting - the larger of the two divisions of the Storting - decided on November 24, 1947 that Vestfold and Buskerud were to become a new diocese, and that Tønsberg would be the cathedral city of the Diocese of Tunsberg. Historically Tønsberg had been an important ecclesiastical center in Norway; in the Middle Ages, there were as many as 7 churches and 3 monasteries in this small urban community. King Haakon VII was present at the episcopal consecration in Tønsberg Cathedral on June 20, 1948. Tønsberg Cathedral was constructed of red brick and consecrated December 19, 1858. It was designed by architect Christian Heinrich Grosch with a seating capacity of 550. The church is built on the site of the medieval St. Lavrans Church. The cathedral has a pulpit dating from 1621. It is richly carved including the four evangelists and their personal symbols. The altarpiece depicting the struggle of Jesus at Gethsemane dates from 1764. The cathedral´s oldest treasures are two 16th-century Bibles, one from 1550 and one from 1589. The facility was refurbished during 1939 under the direction of Arnstein Arneberg. The interior contains stained glass windows and glass mosaics by Norwegian artist, Per Vigeland (1904–1968). A fresco painted directly on the wall above the south door, depicts Jesus as the Good Shepherd. Beside Tønsberg Cathedral is the Park of Remembrance. The park is dedicated to the Second World War heroes. There are various commemorative monuments in the park, starting from various sculptures to fountains and art work, but the most famous piece is the sculpture Mother and Child by Gustav Vigeland. On 1 January 2022, the churches in Jevnaker municipality were transferred from the Hadeland og Land prosti in the Diocese of Hamar to the Ringsaker prosti in this diocese. The current bishop is Jan Otto Myrseth. Structure The Diocese of Tønsberg is divided into nine deaneries (Norwegian: Prosti) spread out over Buskerud and Vestfold counties. Each deanery corresponds a geographical area, usually one or more municipalities in the diocese. Each municipality is further divided into one or more parishes which each contain one or more congregations. Deanery (Prosti) Municipalities County Drammen og Lier prosti Drammen, Lier Buskerud Eiker prosti Krødsherad, Modum, Sigdal, Øvre Eiker Ringerike prosti Hole, Jevnaker, Ringerike Hallingdal prosti Ål, Flå, Nes, Gol, Hemsedal, Hol Kongsberg prosti Flesberg, Kongsberg, Nore og Uvdal, Rollag Nord-Jarlsberg prosti Holmestrand, Horten Vestfold Larvik prosti Larvik Sandefjord prosti Sandefjord Tønsberg domprosti Færder, Tønsberg List of Bishops 1948–1961: Bjarne Skard 1961–1978: Dagfinn Hauge 1978–1990: Håkon E. Andersen 1990–2002: Sigurd Osberg 2003–2014: Laila Riksaasen Dahl 2014–2018: Per Arne Dahl 2018–present: Jan Otto Myrseth References ^ "Tunsberg Bispedømme". Tunsberg bispedømme (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2018-07-21. ^ "Tønsberg Cathedral (Tønsberg Tourist Centre)". Archived from the original on 2012-03-08. Retrieved 2011-04-21. ^ "Tønsberg Cathedral (Tønsberg)". Archived from the original on 2010-03-08. Retrieved 2011-04-21. ^ Parks of Remembrance, Tønsberg (Norway Attractions) ^ "Markering av Jevnakers overgang til nytt bispedømme". Jevnaker kirkelige fellesråd (in Norwegian). 2022-01-04. Retrieved 2022-03-08. ^ "Jan Otto Myrseth ny biskop i Tunsberg". Den norske kirke, Kirkerådet (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2018-07-21. ^ "Kontaktinformasjon". Tunsberg bispedømme. Den norske kirke. Retrieved 11 August 2020. External links Tunsberg Diocese Tunsberg bispedømmeråd 2006-2010 (in Norwegian) vteDioceses and Bishops in NorwayChurch of Norway Preses of the Bishops' Conference Olav Fykse Tveit Agder og Telemark Stein Reinertsen Bjørgvin Halvor Nordhaug Borg Atle Sommerfeldt Hamar Solveig Fiske Møre Ingeborg Midttømme Nidaros Herborg Finnset Nord-Hålogaland Olav Øygard Oslo Kari Veiteberg Stavanger Anne Lise Ådnøy Sør-Hålogaland Ann-Helen Fjeldstad Jusnes Tunsberg Jan Otto Myrseth Roman Catholic Oslo Bernt Eidsvig Tromsø Berislav Grgić Trondheim Erik Varden Authority control databases: National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese"},{"link_name":"Church of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Vestfold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestfold"},{"link_name":"Buskerud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buskerud"},{"link_name":"cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Tønsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B8nsberg"},{"link_name":"rural deaneries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deanery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Tunsberg is a diocese of the Church of Norway. It includes all of the parishes located within the counties of Vestfold and Buskerud, with the cathedral located in the city of Tønsberg. The Diocese of Tunsberg consists of the cathedral deanery and eight rural deaneries.[1]","title":"Diocese of Tunsberg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diocese of Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Oslo"},{"link_name":"episcopate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopate"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"liberation of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Odelsting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odelsting"},{"link_name":"Storting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storting"},{"link_name":"cathedral city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_city"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Haakon VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haakon_VII"},{"link_name":"Tønsberg Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B8nsberg_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Christian Heinrich Grosch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Heinrich_Grosch"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"four evangelists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_evangelists"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Gethsemane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gethsemane"},{"link_name":"Arnstein Arneberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnstein_Arneberg"},{"link_name":"Per Vigeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Per_Vigeland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Gustav Vigeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Vigeland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Jevnaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevnaker"},{"link_name":"Hadeland og Land prosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadeland_og_Land_prosti"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Hamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Hamar"},{"link_name":"Ringsaker prosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringsaker_prosti"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jan Otto Myrseth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Otto_Myrseth"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Prior to the establishment of the Diocese of Tunsberg in 1948, then counties of Vestfold and Buskerud belonged to the Diocese of Oslo. In a meeting of the episcopate in 1936, it was made clear that this diocese, which encompasses about a third of Norway's population, could not be managed by a single bishop. Therefore, the episcopate suggested that Vestfold and Buskerud should become their own diocese. But the Second World War intervened; the discussion was resumed after the liberation of Norway in 1945. The result of this was that the Odelsting - the larger of the two divisions of the Storting - decided on November 24, 1947 that Vestfold and Buskerud were to become a new diocese, and that Tønsberg would be the cathedral city of the Diocese of Tunsberg. Historically Tønsberg had been an important ecclesiastical center in Norway; in the Middle Ages, there were as many as 7 churches and 3 monasteries in this small urban community.[2]King Haakon VII was present at the episcopal consecration in Tønsberg Cathedral on June 20, 1948. Tønsberg Cathedral was constructed of red brick and consecrated December 19, 1858. It was designed by architect Christian Heinrich Grosch with a seating capacity of 550. The church is built on the site of the medieval St. Lavrans Church. The cathedral has a pulpit dating from 1621. It is richly carved including the four evangelists and their personal symbols. The altarpiece depicting the struggle of Jesus at Gethsemane dates from 1764. The cathedral´s oldest treasures are two 16th-century Bibles, one from 1550 and one from 1589. The facility was refurbished during 1939 under the direction of Arnstein Arneberg. The interior contains stained glass windows and glass mosaics by Norwegian artist, Per Vigeland (1904–1968). A fresco painted directly on the wall above the south door, depicts Jesus as the Good Shepherd.[3]Beside Tønsberg Cathedral is the Park of Remembrance. The park is dedicated to the Second World War heroes. There are various commemorative monuments in the park, starting from various sculptures to fountains and art work, but the most famous piece is the sculpture Mother and Child by Gustav Vigeland.[4]On 1 January 2022, the churches in Jevnaker municipality were transferred from the Hadeland og Land prosti in the Diocese of Hamar to the Ringsaker prosti in this diocese.[5]The current bishop is Jan Otto Myrseth.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"deaneries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deanery"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"Buskerud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buskerud"},{"link_name":"Vestfold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestfold"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"parishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish"}],"text":"The Diocese of Tønsberg is divided into nine deaneries (Norwegian: Prosti) spread out over Buskerud and Vestfold counties.[7] Each deanery corresponds a geographical area, usually one or more municipalities in the diocese. Each municipality is further divided into one or more parishes which each contain one or more congregations.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bjarne Skard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjarne_Skard"},{"link_name":"Dagfinn Hauge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagfinn_Hauge"},{"link_name":"Håkon E. Andersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A5kon_E._Andersen"},{"link_name":"Sigurd Osberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigurd_Osberg"},{"link_name":"Laila Riksaasen Dahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laila_Riksaasen_Dahl"},{"link_name":"Per Arne Dahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Arne_Dahl"},{"link_name":"Jan Otto Myrseth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Otto_Myrseth"}],"text":"1948–1961: Bjarne Skard\n1961–1978: Dagfinn Hauge\n1978–1990: Håkon E. Andersen\n1990–2002: Sigurd Osberg\n2003–2014: Laila Riksaasen Dahl\n2014–2018: Per Arne Dahl\n2018–present: Jan Otto Myrseth","title":"List of Bishops"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Tunsberg Bispedømme\". Tunsberg bispedømme (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2018-07-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://kirken.no/nb-NO/bispedommer/tunsberg/sok?congregationSearch=true&unitid=974762498","url_text":"\"Tunsberg Bispedømme\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tønsberg Cathedral (Tønsberg Tourist Centre)\". Archived from the original on 2012-03-08. Retrieved 2011-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120308093116/http://www.visitvestfold.com/en/attractions/(tellus)/?lang=en&id=194295","url_text":"\"Tønsberg Cathedral (Tønsberg Tourist Centre)\""},{"url":"http://www.visitvestfold.com/en/attractions/%28tellus%29/?lang=en&id=194295","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tønsberg Cathedral (Tønsberg)\". Archived from the original on 2010-03-08. Retrieved 2011-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100308163855/http://www.gonorway.no/norway/counties/vestfold/toensberg/7635e48e567c830/index.html","url_text":"\"Tønsberg Cathedral (Tønsberg)\""},{"url":"http://www.gonorway.no/norway/counties/vestfold/toensberg/7635e48e567c830/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Markering av Jevnakers overgang til nytt bispedømme\". Jevnaker kirkelige fellesråd (in Norwegian). 2022-01-04. Retrieved 2022-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jevnaker.kirken.no/index.phtml?pid=5456&nyhet=96311","url_text":"\"Markering av Jevnakers overgang til nytt bispedømme\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jan Otto Myrseth ny biskop i Tunsberg\". Den norske kirke, Kirkerådet (in Norwegian Bokmål). Retrieved 2018-07-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://kirken.no/nb-NO/om-kirken/aktuelt/jan-otto-myrseth-ny-biskop-i-tunsberg/","url_text":"\"Jan Otto Myrseth ny biskop i Tunsberg\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kontaktinformasjon\". Tunsberg bispedømme. Den norske kirke. Retrieved 11 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://kirken.no/nb-NO/bispedommer/tunsberg/sok?congregationSearch=true&unitid=974762498","url_text":"\"Kontaktinformasjon\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://kirken.no/tunsberg","external_links_name":"Website of the Diocese"},{"Link":"https://kirken.no/nb-NO/bispedommer/tunsberg/sok?congregationSearch=true&unitid=974762498","external_links_name":"\"Tunsberg Bispedømme\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120308093116/http://www.visitvestfold.com/en/attractions/(tellus)/?lang=en&id=194295","external_links_name":"\"Tønsberg Cathedral (Tønsberg Tourist Centre)\""},{"Link":"http://www.visitvestfold.com/en/attractions/%28tellus%29/?lang=en&id=194295","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100308163855/http://www.gonorway.no/norway/counties/vestfold/toensberg/7635e48e567c830/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Tønsberg Cathedral (Tønsberg)\""},{"Link":"http://www.gonorway.no/norway/counties/vestfold/toensberg/7635e48e567c830/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.norwayattractions.net/museum/picturesque-places/parks-of-remembrance.html","external_links_name":"Parks of Remembrance, Tønsberg (Norway Attractions)"},{"Link":"https://www.jevnaker.kirken.no/index.phtml?pid=5456&nyhet=96311","external_links_name":"\"Markering av Jevnakers overgang til nytt bispedømme\""},{"Link":"https://kirken.no/nb-NO/om-kirken/aktuelt/jan-otto-myrseth-ny-biskop-i-tunsberg/","external_links_name":"\"Jan Otto Myrseth ny biskop i Tunsberg\""},{"Link":"https://kirken.no/nb-NO/bispedommer/tunsberg/sok?congregationSearch=true&unitid=974762498","external_links_name":"\"Kontaktinformasjon\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606014448/http://www.kirken.no/english/BispeDet.cfm?pBispeId=b04","external_links_name":"Tunsberg Diocese"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110110002509/http://www.kirken.no/tunsberg/tekstsider.cfm?id=32976","external_links_name":"Tunsberg bispedømmeråd 2006-2010"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/16012289-2","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivinae
Olivinae
["1 Genera","2 References"]
Subfamily of gastropod Olivinae Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Gastropoda Subclass: Caenogastropoda Order: Neogastropoda Superfamily: Olivoidea Family: Olividae Subfamily: OlivinaeLatreille, 1825 Synonyms Dactylidae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1853 Olivinae is a subfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Olividae, the olives. Genera The following genera are accepted within Olivinae: Felicioliva Petuch & Berschauer, 2017 Oliva Bruguière, 1789 Recourtoliva Petuch & Berschauer, 2017 Vullietoliva Petuch & Berschauer, 2017 Synonyms Acutoliva Petuch & Sargent, 1986: synonym of Oliva (Acutoliva) Petuch & Sargent, 1986 represented as Oliva Bruguière, 1789 Americoliva Petuch, 2013: synonym of Oliva (Americoliva) Petuch, 2013 represented as Oliva Bruguière, 1789 Annulatoliva Petuch & Sargent, 1986: synonym of Oliva (Annulatoliva) Petuch & Sargent, 1986 represented as Oliva Bruguière, 1789 Carmione Gray, 1858: synonym of Oliva (Carmione) Gray, 1858 represented as Oliva Bruguière, 1789 Galeola Gray, 1858: synonym of Oliva (Galeola) Gray, 1858 represented as Oliva Bruguière, 1789(original rank) Miniaceoliva Petuch & Sargent, 1986: synonym of Oliva (Miniaceoliva) Petuch & Sargent, 1986 represented as Oliva Bruguière, 1789 Omogymna E. von Martens, 1897: synonym of Oliva (Omogymna) E. von Martens, 1897 represented as Oliva Bruguière, 1789 Porphyria Röding, 1798: synonym of Oliva (Porphyria) Röding, 1798 represented as Oliva Bruguière, 1789 Strephona Gray, 1847: synonym of Porphyria Röding, 1798: synonym of Oliva (Porphyria) Röding, 1798 represented as Oliva Bruguière, 1789(junior objective synonym) Strephopoma : synonym of Strephona Gray, 1847: synonym of Porphyria Röding, 1798: synonym of Oliva (Porphyria) Röding, 1798 represented as Oliva Bruguière, 17899 (misspelling) Viduoliva Petuch & Sargent, 1986: synonym of Oliva (Viduoliva) Petuch & Sargent, 1986 represented as Oliva Bruguière, 1789 References ^ a b c d "Olivinae". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 30 October 2021. Taxon identifiersOlivinae Wikidata: Q33138811 Wikispecies: Olivinae AFD: Olivinae BOLD: 950360 CoL: 7NXWM Open Tree of Life: 7496836 Paleobiology Database: 61487 WoRMS: 411806 This Olividae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subfamily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfamily"},{"link_name":"sea snails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_snail"},{"link_name":"gastropod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropod"},{"link_name":"mollusks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusk"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Olividae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olividae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-1"}],"text":"Olivinae is a subfamily of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Olividae, the olives.[1]","title":"Olivinae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WoRMS-1"},{"link_name":"Felicioliva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicioliva"},{"link_name":"Oliva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliva_(gastropod)"},{"link_name":"Recourtoliva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recourtoliva"},{"link_name":"Vullietoliva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vullietoliva"},{"link_name":"Oliva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliva_(gastropod)"},{"link_name":"Oliva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliva_(gastropod)"},{"link_name":"Oliva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliva_(gastropod)"},{"link_name":"Oliva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliva_(gastropod)"},{"link_name":"Oliva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliva_(gastropod)"},{"link_name":"Oliva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliva_(gastropod)"},{"link_name":"Oliva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliva_(gastropod)"},{"link_name":"Oliva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliva_(gastropod)"},{"link_name":"Oliva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliva_(gastropod)"},{"link_name":"Oliva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliva_(gastropod)"},{"link_name":"Oliva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliva_(gastropod)"}],"text":"The following genera are accepted within Olivinae:[1]Felicioliva Petuch & Berschauer, 2017\nOliva Bruguière, 1789\nRecourtoliva Petuch & Berschauer, 2017\nVullietoliva Petuch & Berschauer, 2017SynonymsAcutoliva Petuch & Sargent, 1986: synonym of Oliva (Acutoliva) Petuch & Sargent, 1986 represented as Oliva Bruguière, 1789\nAmericoliva Petuch, 2013: synonym of Oliva (Americoliva) Petuch, 2013 represented as Oliva Bruguière, 1789\nAnnulatoliva Petuch & Sargent, 1986: synonym of Oliva (Annulatoliva) Petuch & Sargent, 1986 represented as Oliva Bruguière, 1789\nCarmione Gray, 1858: synonym of Oliva (Carmione) Gray, 1858 represented as Oliva Bruguière, 1789\nGaleola Gray, 1858: synonym of Oliva (Galeola) Gray, 1858 represented as Oliva Bruguière, 1789(original rank)\nMiniaceoliva Petuch & Sargent, 1986: synonym of Oliva (Miniaceoliva) Petuch & Sargent, 1986 represented as Oliva Bruguière, 1789\nOmogymna E. von Martens, 1897: synonym of Oliva (Omogymna) E. von Martens, 1897 represented as Oliva Bruguière, 1789\nPorphyria Röding, 1798: synonym of Oliva (Porphyria) Röding, 1798 represented as Oliva Bruguière, 1789\nStrephona Gray, 1847: synonym of Porphyria Röding, 1798: synonym of Oliva (Porphyria) Röding, 1798 represented as Oliva Bruguière, 1789(junior objective synonym)\nStrephopoma [sic]: synonym of Strephona Gray, 1847: synonym of Porphyria Röding, 1798: synonym of Oliva (Porphyria) Röding, 1798 represented as Oliva Bruguière, 17899 (misspelling)\nViduoliva Petuch & Sargent, 1986: synonym of Oliva (Viduoliva) Petuch & Sargent, 1986 represented as Oliva Bruguière, 1789","title":"Genera"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Olivinae\". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 30 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=411806","url_text":"\"Olivinae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species","url_text":"World Register of Marine Species"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=411806","external_links_name":"\"Olivinae\""},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Olivinae","external_links_name":"Olivinae"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=950360","external_links_name":"950360"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7NXWM","external_links_name":"7NXWM"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=7496836","external_links_name":"7496836"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=61487","external_links_name":"61487"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=411806","external_links_name":"411806"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olivinae&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Academy
Jagiellonian University
["1 History","1.1 Founding the university","1.2 Golden age of the Renaissance","1.3 Turmoil and near closure after the partitions","1.4 Modern era and renovation","1.5 International partnerships","2 Libraries","3 Rankings","4 Faculties and departments","5 Notable alumni","6 Notable faculty","7 Student associations","8 See also","9 Notes and references","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 50°3′39″N 19°55′58″E / 50.06083°N 19.93278°E / 50.06083; 19.93278Academic institution in Kraków, Poland "University of Kraków" redirects here. For other institutes of higher education in Kraków, see List of universities and colleges in Kraków. Jagiellonian UniversityUniwersytet JagiellońskiLatin: Universitas Iagellonica CracoviensisFormer namesStudium Generale (1364–1397)Collegium Regium (1397–1400)Collegium Maius (1400–c. late 1500s)Kraków Academy (c. late 1500s–1777)Principal School of the Realm (1777–1795)Principal School of Kraków (1795–1817)MottoPlus ratio quam visMotto in EnglishLet reason prevail over forceTypePublicEstablished1364; 660 years ago (1364)RectorJacek Popiel Academic staff3,942 (2021)Students35,517 (2021)Undergraduates16,222 (2021)Postgraduates11,014 (2021)Doctoral students2,153 (2021)LocationKraków, Poland50°3′39″N 19°55′58″E / 50.06083°N 19.93278°E / 50.06083; 19.93278CampusUrban/college townAffiliationsCoimbra Group EAIE Europaeum EUA Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities IRUN Una Europa Utrecht NetworkWebsitehttps://en.uj.edu.pl/en Jagiellonian Universityclass=notpageimage| Location of Jagiellonian University in Kraków within PolandThe Jagiellonian University (Polish: Uniwersytet Jagielloński, UJ) is a public research university in Kraków, Poland. Founded in 1364 by King Casimir III the Great, it is the oldest university in Poland and one of the oldest universities in continuous operation in the world. It is regarded as Poland's most prestigious academic institution and one of the most prestigious academic institutions in Europe. The university has been viewed as a vanguard of Polish culture as well as a significant contributor to the intellectual heritage of Europe. The campus of the Jagiellonian University is centrally located within the city of Kraków. The university consists of thirteen main faculties, in addition to three faculties composing the Collegium Medicum. It employs roughly 4,000 academics and provides education to more than 35,000 students who study in 166 fields. The main language of instruction is Polish, although around 30 degrees are offered in English and some in German. The university library is among the largest of its kind and houses a number of medieval manuscripts, including the landmark De Revolutionibus by alumnus Nicolaus Copernicus. In addition to Copernicus, the university's notable alumni include heads of state King John III Sobieski, Pope John Paul II, and Andrzej Duda; Polish prime ministers Beata Szydło and Józef Cyrankiewicz; renowned cultural figures Jan Kochanowski, Stanisław Lem, and Krzysztof Penderecki; and leading intellectuals and researchers such as Hugo Kołłątaj, Bronisław Malinowski, Carl Menger, Leo Sternbach, and Norman Davies. Four Nobel laureates have been affiliated with the university, all in literature: Ivo Andrić and Wisława Szymborska, who studied there, and Czesław Miłosz and Olga Tokarczuk, who taught there. Faculty and graduates of the university have been elected to the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Royal Society, the British Academy, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and other honorary societies. History Founding the university The founding of the university in 1364, painted by Jan Matejko (1838–1893) In the mid-14th century, King Casimir III the Great realised that the nation needed a class of educated people, especially lawyers, who could arrange a better set of the country's laws and administer the courts and offices. His efforts to found an institution of higher learning in Poland were rewarded when Pope Urban V granted him permission to set up a university in Kraków. A royal charter of foundation was issued on 12 May 1364, and a simultaneous document was issued by the city council granting privileges to the Studium Generale. Development of the University of Kraków stalled upon the death of Casimir III, and lectures were held in various places across the city, including, amongst others, in professors' houses, churches and in the cathedral school on the Wawel Hill. It is believed that the construction of a building to house the Studium Generale began on Plac Wolnica in what is today the district of Kazimierz. After a period of low interest and lack of funds, the institution was restored in the 1390s by Jadwiga, queen of Poland, the daughter of Louis the Great. The royal couple, Jadwiga and her husband Władysław II Jagiełło decided that, instead of building new premises for the university, it would be better to buy an existing edifice; it was thus that a building on Żydowska Street, which had previously been the property of the Pęcherz family, was acquired in 1399. The Queen donated all of her personal jewellery to the university, allowing it to enroll 203 students. The faculties of astronomy, law and theology attracted eminent scholars: for example, John Cantius, Stanisław of Skarbimierz, Paweł Włodkowic, Jan of Głogów, and Albert Brudzewski, who from 1491 to 1495 was one of Nicolaus Copernicus' teachers. The university was the first university in Europe to establish independent chairs in Mathematics and Astronomy. This rapid expansion in the university's faculty necessitated the purchase of larger premises in which to house them; it was thus that the building known today as the Collegium Maius, with its quadrangle and beautiful arcade, came into being towards the beginning of the 15th century. The Collegium Maius' qualities, many of which directly contributed to the sheltered, academic atmosphere at the university, became widely respected, helping the university establish its reputation as a place of learning in Central Europe. Golden age of the Renaissance The main assembly hall of the university's Collegium Maius For several centuries, almost the entire intellectual elite of Poland was educated at the university, where they enjoyed particular royal favors. While it was, and largely remains, Polish students who make up the majority of the university's students, it has, over its long history, educated thousands of foreign students from countries such as Lithuania, Russia, Hungary, Bohemia, Germany, and Spain. During the second half of the 15th century, over 40 percent of students came from the outside of the Kingdom of Poland. The main baroque entrance to the university's Collegium Iuridicum The first chancellor of the university was Piotr Wysz, and the first professors were Czechs, Germans and Poles, most of them trained at the Charles University in Prague. By 1520 Greek philology was introduced by Constanzo Claretti and Wenzel von Hirschberg; Hebrew was also taught. At this time, the Collegium Maius consisted of seven reading rooms, six of which were named for the great ancient scholars: Aristotle, Socrates, Plato, Galen, Ptolemy, and Pythagoras. Furthermore, it was during this period that the faculties of Law, Medicine, Theology, and Philosophy were established in their own premises; two of these buildings, the Collegium Iuridicum and Collegium Minus, survive to this day. The golden era of the University of Kraków took place during the Polish Renaissance, between 1500 and 1535, when it was attended by 3,215 students in the first decade of the 16th century, and it was in these years that the foundations for the Jagiellonian Library were set, which allowed for the addition of a library floor to the Collegium Maius. The library's original rooms in which all books were chained to their cases in order to prevent theft are no longer used as such. However, they are still occasionally open to hosting visiting lecturers' talks. As the university's popularity, along with that of the ever more provincial Kraków's, declined in later centuries, the number of students attending the university also fell and, as such, the attendance record set in the early 16th-century wasn't surpassed until the late 18th century. This phenomenon was recorded as part of a more general economic and political decline seen in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which was suffering from the effects of poor governance and the policies of hostile neighbors at the time. In fact, despite a number of expansion projects during the late 18th century, many of the university's buildings had fallen into disrepair and were being used for a range of other purposes; in the university's archives, there is one entry which reads: 'Nobody lives in the building, nothing happens there. If the lecture halls underwent refurbishment they could be rented out to accommodate a laundry'. This period thus represents one of the darkest periods in the university's history and is almost certainly the one during which the closure of the institution seemed most imminent. Turmoil and near closure after the partitions The Collegium Novum in the Old Town District After the third partition of Poland in 1795 and the ensuing Napoleonic Wars, Kraków became a free city under the protection of the Austrian Empire; this, however, was not to last long. In 1846, after the Kraków Uprising, the city and its university became part of the Austrian Empire. The Austrians were in many ways hostile to the institution and, soon after their arrival, removed many of the furnishings from the Collegium Maius' Auditorium Maximum in order to convert it into a grain store. However, the threat of closure of the University was ultimately dissipated by Ferdinand I of Austria's decree to maintain it. By the 1870s the fortunes of the university had improved so greatly that many scholars had returned. The liquefaction of nitrogen and oxygen was successfully demonstrated by professors Zygmunt Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski in 1883. Thereafter the Austrian authorities took on a new role in the development of the university and provided funds for the construction of a number of new buildings, including the neo-gothic Collegium Novum, which opened in 1887. It was, conversely, from this building that in 1918 a large painting of Kaiser Franz Joseph was removed and destroyed by Polish students advocating the reestablishment of an independent Polish state. Count Stanisław Tarnowski was, between 1871 and 1909, twice rector of the university. The university around 1930 For the 500th anniversary of the university's foundation, a monument to Copernicus was placed in the quadrangle of the Collegium Maius; this statue is now to be found in the direct vicinity of the Collegium Novum, outside the Collegium Witkowskiego, to where it was moved in 1953. Nevertheless, it was in the Grzegórzecka and the Kopernika areas that much of the university's expansion took place up to 1918; during this time the Collegium Medicum was relocated to a site just east of the centre, and was expanded with the addition of a number of modern teaching hospitals – this 'medical campus' remains to this day. By the late 1930s, the number of students at the university had increased dramatically to almost 6,000. Now a major centre for education in the independent Republic of Poland, the university attained government support for the purchase of building plots for new premises, as a result of which a number of residencies were built for students and professors alike. However, of all the projects begun during this era, the most important would have to be the creation of the Jagiellonian Library. The library's monumental building, construction of which began in 1931, was finally completed towards the end of the interwar period, which allowed the university's many varied literary collections to be relocated to their new home by the outbreak of war in 1939. Modern era and renovation On November 6, 1939, following the Nazi invasion of Poland, 184 professors were arrested and deported to Sachsenhausen concentration camp during an operation codenamed Sonderaktion Krakau (Special Operation Krakow). The university, along with the rest of Poland's higher and secondary education, was closed for the remainder of World War II. Despite the university's reopening after the cessation of hostilities in 1945, the new government of Poland was hostile to the teachings of the pre-war university and the faculty was suppressed by the Communists in 1954. By 1957 the Polish government decided that it would invest in the establishment of new facilities near Jordan Park and expansion of other smaller existing facilities. Construction work proved slow and many of the stated goals were never achieved; it was this poor management that eventually led a number of scholars to openly criticise the government for its apparent lack of interest in educational development and disregard for the university's future. A number of new buildings, such as the Collegium Paderevianum, were built with funds from the legacy of Ignacy Paderewski. By 1989, Poland had overthrown its Communist government. In that same year, the Jagiellonian University successfully completed the purchase of its first building plot in Pychowice, Kraków, where, from 2000, construction began of a new complex of university buildings, the so-called Third Campus. The new campus, officially named the '600th Anniversary Campus', was developed in conjunction with the new LifeScience Park, which is managed by the Jagiellonian Centre for Innovation, the university's research consortium. Public funds earmarked for the project amounted to 946.5 million zlotys, or 240 million euros. Poland's entry into the European Union in 2004 has proved instrumental in improving the fortunes of the Jagiellonian University, which has seen huge increases in funding from both central government and European authorities, allowing it to develop new departments, research centres, and better support the work of its students and academics. International partnerships The university's academic advancement in both Poland and abroad is illustrated by its widely recognized research achievements. The scientists and physicians from the Collegium Medicum carry out pioneer studies, e.g. in cardiac surgery, urology and neurology, often leading to the development of novel treatment methods. Their findings have been published in international journals such as European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Medicine, New England Journal of Medicine, and The Lancet. UJ archaeologists lead explorations of ancient sites in various parts of the world, including Egypt, Cyprus, Central America, South Asia and Altay. The astronomers take part in major international projects, including H.E.S.S. and VIPERS. The work of UJ bio-technologists has been published in journals, such as Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Molecular Ecology Resources, and European Journal of Human Genetics. In the English-speaking world, the Jagiellonian University has international partnerships with the University of Cambridge, University of Melbourne, University of Chicago, University of California, Los Angeles, London School of Economics, University of Rochester, University of California, Irvine, Case Western Reserve University. In the French-speaking world, partner universities include the Sorbonne, University of Montpellier. UJ also maintains strong academic partnership with Heidelberg University, Germany's oldest university. The Jagiellonian University offers specializations in German law, in conjunction with Heidelberg University and Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz. Other cooperation agreements exist with Charles University Prague, University of Vienna, University of Tokyo, Saint Petersburg State University, Technical University of Munich, and Free University of Berlin. Libraries The Jagiellonian Library's main site The Jagiellonian Library extension The university's main library, the Jagiellonian Library (Biblioteka Jagiellońska), is one of Poland's largest, with almost 6.5 million volumes; it is a constituent of the Polish National Libraries system. It is home to a world-renowned collection of medieval manuscripts, which includes Copernicus' De Revolutionibus, the Balthasar Behem Codex and the Berlinka. The library also has an extensive collection of underground political literature (so-called drugi obieg or samizdat) from Poland's period of Communist rule between 1945 and 1989. The beginning of the Jagiellonian Library is traditionally considered the same as that of the entire university – in 1364; however, instead of having one central library it had several smaller branches at buildings of various departments (the largest collection was in Collegium Maius, where works related to theology and liberal arts were kept). After 1775, during the reforms of Komisja Edukacji Narodowej, which established the first Ministry of Education in the world, various small libraries of the university were formally centralised into one public collection in Collegium Maius. During the partitions of Poland, the library continued to grow thanks to the support of such people as Karol Józef Teofil Estreicher and Karol Estreicher. Its collections were made public in 1812. Since 1932, it has been recognised as a legal deposit library, comparable to the Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford or Cambridge University Library or Trinity College Library in Dublin, and thus has the right to receive a copy of any book issued by Polish publishers within Poland. In 1940, the library finally obtained a new building of its own, which has subsequently been expanded on two occasions, most recently in 1995–2001. During the Second World War, library workers cooperated with underground universities. Since the 1990s, the library's collection has become increasingly digitised. In addition to the Jagiellonian Library, the university maintains a large medical library (Biblioteka Medyczna) and many other subject specialised libraries in its various faculties and institutes. Finally, the collections of the university libraries' collections are enriched by the presence of the university's archives, which date back to the university's own foundation and record the entire history of its development up to the present day. Rankings University rankingsGlobal – OverallCWTS World253 (2022)QS World293 (2023)QS Employability201-250 (2022)USNWR Global320 (2022) Regional – OverallQS Emerging Europe and Central Asia5 (2022) National – OverallCWTS National1 (2022)CWUR National1 (2022) Faculties and departments The university is divided into the following faculties, which have different organisational sub-structures partly reflecting their history and partly their operational needs. Teaching and research at UJ are organised by these faculties, including a number of additional institutes: Law and Administration Medicine Pharmacy and Medical Analysis Health Care Philosophy History Philology Polish Language and Literature Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science Mathematics and Computer Science Chemistry Biology Earth Sciences Management and Social Communication International and Political Studies Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology University Center of Veterinary Medicine (joint faculty with Agricultural University of Kraków) National Center of Synchrotron Radiation SOLARIS (off-departmental facility) Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum is affiliated with the following hospitals and clinics: University Hospital in Krakow-Prokocim Children's University Hospital in Krakow University Hospital for Orthopedics and Rehabilitation in Zakopane Dental University Clinic in Krakow John Paul II's Specialist Hospital in Krakow The new seat of the University Hospital has been recently opened at Prokocim in 2019, as a result of more than 1.2 billion zloty investment projects. As 2022 the University Hospital in Krakow is the biggest supra-regional public hospital in Poland and comprises: 37 clinical departments, 12 diagnostic and research institutes, and 71 out-patient units. Notable alumni For a more comprehensive list, see List of Jagiellonian University people. Nicolaus Copernicus, Renaissance polymath who formulated the theory of Heliocentrism Jan Długosz, priest, chronicler and diplomat Francysk Skaryna, Belarusian humanist, physician, and translator Jan Kochanowski, Renaissance poet who established poetic patterns that would become integral to the Polish literary language John III Sobieski, King of Poland Hugo Kołłątaj, constitutional reformer and educationalist, one of the most prominent figures of the Polish Enlightenment Carl Menger, Austrian economist and the founder of the Austrian School of economics Karol Olszewski, chemist who became the first scientist to liquefy oxygen and nitrogen Ignacy Łukasiewicz, pharmacist, engineer, businessman, inventor, and philanthropist who built the world's first modern oil refinery Wacław Sierpiński, mathematician known for contributions to set theory, number theory, theory of functions, and topology Bronisław Malinowski, one of the founders of social anthropology Ivo Andrić, Yugoslav novelist, poet and short story writer, winner of the 1961 Nobel Prize in Literature Antoni Kępiński, psychiatrist and philosopher Stanisław Lem, writer of science fiction and essays on various subjects, including philosophy, futurology, and literary criticism Krzysztof Penderecki, composer and conductor Wisława Szymborska, poet, essayist and translator, recipient of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature Pope John Paul II, head of the Catholic Church from 1978 until 2005 Norman Davies, British historian specializing in Central and Eastern Europe Jerzy Vetulani, neuroscientist, pharmacologist and biochemist Andrzej Duda, 6th President of the Republic of Poland Notable faculty Heraldic frieze on the building of Collegium Maius depicting coats of arms of the Kraków bishops, chancellors, cardinals as well as Elizabeth of Austria, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kraków Academy Stanisław of Skarbimierz (1360–1431), rector, theologian, lawyer Paweł Włodkowic (1370–1435), lawyer, diplomat and politician, representative of Poland at the Council of Constance Albert Brudzewski (1445–1497), astronomer and mathematician Maciej Miechowita (1457–1523), historian, chronicler, geographer, medic Marcin Szlachciński (1511/1512–1600), scholar, translator, poet and philosopher Jan Brożek (1585–1652), mathematician, physician and astronomer Adam Bełcikowski (1839–1909), philosopher, historian of literature, poet Franz Mertens (1840–1927), mathematician Henryk Jordan (1842–1907), professor of obstetrics Walery Jaworski (1849–1924), gastroenterologist Ludwik Rydygier (1850–1920), general surgeon Albert Wojciech Adamkiewicz (1850–1921), pathologist, discovered the Artery of Adamkiewicz and the Adamkiewicz reaction Napoleon Cybulski (1854–1919), pioneer in endocrinology Edmund Załęski (1863–1932), agrotechnician and chemist Władysław Natanson (1864–1937), physicist Stanisław Estreicher (1869–1939), founder of the Jagiellonian University Museum Tadeusz Estreicher (1871–1952), pioneer in cryogenics Marian Smoluchowski (1872–1917), pioneer of statistical physics Bohdan Lepky (1872–1941), literature Franciszek Bujak (1875–1953), historian Stanisław Kutrzeba (1876–1946), rector, General Secretary of the Polish Academy of Learning Andrzej Gawroński (1885–1927), founder of the Polish Oriental Society, master of Sanskrit Stanisław Kot (1885–1975), historian and politician Jan Zawidzki (1886–1928), chemist and historian Tadeusz Sulimirski (1898–1983), historian and archaeologist, experts on the ancient Sarmatians Roman Grodecki (1889–1964), economic historian Stanisław Smreczyński (1899–1975), zoologist Henryk Niewodniczański (1900–1968), physicist Adam Vetulani (1901–1976), historian of medieval and canon law Maria Ludwika Bernhard (1908–1998), archaeologist Wisława Szymborska (1923–2012), poet, recipient of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature Bogdan Baranowski (1927–2014), chemist Ryszard Gryglewski (born 1932), pharmacologist and physician, a discoverer of prostacyclin Andrzej Szczeklik (1932–2012), physician Jan Woleński (born 1940), philosopher Piotr Sztompka (born 1944), sociologist Jan Potempa (born 1955), biologist, recipient of the 2011 Prize of the Foundation for Polish Science Sławomir Kołodziej (born 1961), mathematician Krzysztof Kościelniak (born 1965), historian Student associations In 1851, the university's first student scientific association was founded. In 2021, over 70 student scientific associations exist at the Jagiellonian University, most of them affiliated with Collegium Medicum. Usually, their purpose is to promote students' scientific achievements by organizing lecture sessions, science excursions, and international student conferences, such as the International Workshop for Young Mathematicians, which is organized by the Zaremba Association of Mathematicians. The links below provide further information on student activities at the Jagiellonian: University Study Oriented System (USOS) Scientific Circles Archived 2014-03-12 at the Wayback Machine Student Organizations Ensembles Selected locations around the city Collegium Novum Collegium Maius, the oldest building of the university Collegium Broscianum on Grodzka Street Collegium Physicum Larysz Palace, Faculty of Law and Administration Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science Theatrum Anatomicum of the Faculty of Medicine Przegorzały Castle, the seat of the Institute of European Studies Campus of the 600th anniversary of University's Revival Auditorium Maximum with theatre stage seating 1,200 See also List of medieval universities Nawojka, the university's legendary first female student from the 15th century Sonderaktion Krakau, a Nazi German operation against professors and academics from the University of Kraków Neuronus IBRO & IRUN Neuroscience Forum Notes and references ^ "Jagiellonian University Facts and Figures 2021". en.uj.edu.pl. Jagiellonian University. 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021. ^ "Dane statystyczne Uczelni as of December 31 2020". en.uj.edu.pl. Jagiellonian University. 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021. ^ "Study in Poland". Top Universities. 3 September 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2017. ^ "Jagiellonian University". Times Higher Education (THE). Retrieved 4 January 2017. ^ a b "Overview – Jagiellonian University". en.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 15 February 2022. ^ "Welcome to the Jagiellonian University – Programmes". www.en.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 14 April 2021. ^ "Study of Literature and Art at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków : Kraków Miasto Literatury UNESCO". krakowcityofliterature.com. Retrieved 23 February 2022. ^ For a summary description of all of the set of scholars and literati who intervened in teaching at the University of Parma from its creation until 1800, see David de la Croix and Gaia Spolverini,(2022). Scholars and Literati at the University of Cracow (1364–1800).Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae/RETE. 6: 35–42. ^ a b Waltos, Stanisław. "History". Jagiellonian University. Retrieved 28 September 2010. (in Polish) ^ "Władysła Jan Pochwalski". Archived from the original on 30 December 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2020. ^ "Kraków – Pomnik Mikołaja Kopernika". Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2020. ^ "Dzieje Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej". Archived from the original on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020. ^ a b Weigel, George (2001). Witness of Hope – The Biography of Pope John Paul II. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-018793-4. ^ "Campus of the Sixcentenary". Retrieved 12 May 2011. ^ "Campus of the Sixcentenary". Retrieved 28 September 2010. ^ empressia. "Centrum Innowacyjnych Terapii". Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie (in Polish). Retrieved 15 February 2022. ^ "Wydawnictwa – Institute of Archeology – Faculty of History". archeo.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 15 February 2022. ^ "New LSE IDEAS-Jagiellonian University Partnership". London School of Economics and Political Science. Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2020. ^ Watzke, Christian. "Partneruniversitäten – International – Universität Heidelberg". www.uni-heidelberg.de. Retrieved 4 January 2017. ^ "Schule des Deutschen Rechts —". www.law.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 4 January 2017. ^ "Bilateral Agreements List". Archived from the original on 5 January 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2017. ^ "O Dziale – Dział Współpracy Międzynarodowej Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego". Dwm.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 30 April 2017. ^ Bętkowska, Teresa (18 May 2008). "Jagiellonian University: Cracow's Alma Mater". Warsaw Voice. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2010. ^ "BJ: Medieval manuscripts". Bj.uj.edu.pl. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2010. ^ Visiting the Biblioteka Jagiellonska (Jagiellonian Library) in Cracow Archived 2005-09-08 at the Wayback Machine. Last accessed on 4 May 2007. ^ "CWTS Leiden Ranking 2022". leidenranking.com. Retrieved 31 March 2023. ^ "QS World University Rankings 2023: Top global universities". topuniversities.com. Retrieved 31 March 2023. ^ "QS World University Rankings-Emerging Europe & Central Asia". Retrieved 15 January 2023. ^ "Uniwersytet Jagielloński – Collegium Medicum". www.cm-uj.krakow.pl. Retrieved 28 January 2022. ^ "Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie – Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie". www.su.krakow.pl. Retrieved 28 January 2022. ^ "Uniwersytecki Szpital Dziecięcy w Krakowie – Uniwersytecki Szpital Dziecięcy w Krakowie to największa placówka pediatryczna na południu Polski. Celem działalności jest ratowanie życia i zdrowia dzieci od pierwszego dnia życia. Wszelkie działania diagnostyczne i terapeutyczne prowadzone są w poszanowaniu praw i godności osobistej pacjenta oraz zgodnie z aktualną wiedzą medyczną" (in Polish). Retrieved 28 January 2022. ^ "Home". klinika.net.pl. Retrieved 28 January 2022. ^ "Dział Kliniczny". dk.cm.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 28 January 2022. ^ "Uniwersytecka Klinika Stomatologiczna w Krakowie". www.uks.com.pl. Retrieved 28 January 2022. ^ "Strona główna". KRAKOWSKI SZPITAL SPECJALISTYCZNY IM. JANA PAWŁA II (in Polish). 29 February 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2022. ^ "Fundusze europejskie". Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie (in Polish). Retrieved 28 January 2022. ^ empressia. "O nas". Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie (in Polish). Retrieved 28 January 2022. ^ "Department of Oral Health & Rehabilitation – School of Dentistry". Louisville.edu. Retrieved 30 April 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jagiellonian University. 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For other institutes of higher education in Kraków, see List of universities and colleges in Kraków.Jagiellonian Universityclass=notpageimage| Location of Jagiellonian University in Kraków within PolandThe Jagiellonian University (Polish: Uniwersytet Jagielloński, UJ) is a public research university in Kraków, Poland. Founded in 1364 by King Casimir III the Great, it is the oldest university in Poland and one of the oldest universities in continuous operation in the world. It is regarded as Poland's most prestigious academic institution and one of the most prestigious academic institutions in Europe.[3][4] The university has been viewed as a vanguard of Polish culture as well as a significant contributor to the intellectual heritage of Europe.[5]The campus of the Jagiellonian University is centrally located within the city of Kraków. The university consists of thirteen main faculties, in addition to three faculties composing the Collegium Medicum. It employs roughly 4,000 academics and provides education to more than 35,000 students who study in 166 fields.[5] The main language of instruction is Polish, although around 30 degrees are offered in English and some in German.[6] The university library is among the largest of its kind and houses a number of medieval manuscripts, including the landmark De Revolutionibus by alumnus Nicolaus Copernicus.In addition to Copernicus, the university's notable alumni include heads of state King John III Sobieski, Pope John Paul II, and Andrzej Duda; Polish prime ministers Beata Szydło and Józef Cyrankiewicz; renowned cultural figures Jan Kochanowski, Stanisław Lem, and Krzysztof Penderecki; and leading intellectuals and researchers such as Hugo Kołłątaj, Bronisław Malinowski, Carl Menger, Leo Sternbach, and Norman Davies. Four Nobel laureates have been affiliated with the university, all in literature: Ivo Andrić and Wisława Szymborska, who studied there, and Czesław Miłosz and Olga Tokarczuk, who taught there.[7] Faculty and graduates of the university have been elected to the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Royal Society, the British Academy, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and other honorary societies.","title":"Jagiellonian University"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Za%C5%82o%C5%BCenie_Szko%C5%82y_G%C5%82%C3%B3wnej_przeniesieniem_do_Krakowa_ugruntowane_(Matejko_UJ).jpg"},{"link_name":"Jan Matejko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Matejko"},{"link_name":"King Casimir III the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_III_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Pope Urban V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Urban_V"},{"link_name":"royal charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_charter"},{"link_name":"Studium Generale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studium_Generale"},{"link_name":"Jadwiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadwiga_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Louis the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Władysław II Jagiełło","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o"},{"link_name":"jewellery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery"},{"link_name":"John Cantius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cantius"},{"link_name":"Stanisław of Skarbimierz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_of_Skarbimierz"},{"link_name":"Paweł Włodkowic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_W%C5%82odkowic"},{"link_name":"Jan of Głogów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_of_G%C5%82og%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Albert Brudzewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Brudzewski"},{"link_name":"Nicolaus Copernicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy"},{"link_name":"Collegium Maius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegium_Maius"},{"link_name":"Central Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe"}],"sub_title":"Founding the university","text":"The founding of the university in 1364, painted by Jan Matejko (1838–1893)In the mid-14th century, King Casimir III the Great realised that the nation needed a class of educated people, especially lawyers, who could arrange a better set of the country's laws and administer the courts and offices. His efforts to found an institution of higher learning in Poland were rewarded when Pope Urban V granted him permission to set up a university in Kraków. A royal charter of foundation was issued on 12 May 1364, and a simultaneous document was issued by the city council granting privileges to the Studium Generale.Development of the University of Kraków stalled upon the death of Casimir III, and lectures were held in various places across the city, including, amongst others, in professors' houses, churches and in the cathedral school on the Wawel Hill. It is believed that the construction of a building to house the Studium Generale began on Plac Wolnica in what is today the district of Kazimierz.After a period of low interest and lack of funds, the institution was restored in the 1390s by Jadwiga, queen of Poland, the daughter of Louis the Great. The royal couple, Jadwiga and her husband Władysław II Jagiełło decided that, instead of building new premises for the university, it would be better to buy an existing edifice; it was thus that a building on Żydowska Street, which had previously been the property of the Pęcherz family, was acquired in 1399. The Queen donated all of her personal jewellery to the university, allowing it to enroll 203 students. The faculties of astronomy, law and theology attracted eminent scholars: for example, John Cantius, Stanisław of Skarbimierz, Paweł Włodkowic, Jan of Głogów, and Albert Brudzewski, who from 1491 to 1495 was one of Nicolaus Copernicus' teachers.[8] The university was the first university in Europe to establish independent chairs in Mathematics and Astronomy. This rapid expansion in the university's faculty necessitated the purchase of larger premises in which to house them; it was thus that the building known today as the Collegium Maius, with its quadrangle and beautiful arcade, came into being towards the beginning of the 15th century. The Collegium Maius' qualities, many of which directly contributed to the sheltered, academic atmosphere at the university, became widely respected, helping the university establish its reputation as a place of learning in Central Europe.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krak%C3%B3w.Uniwersytet_Jagiello%C5%84ski.Collegium_Maius.Aula_Jagiello%C5%84ska.jpg"},{"link_name":"Collegium Maius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegium_Maius"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krak%C3%B3w_-_Collegium_Iuridicum_-_Brama_01.JPG"},{"link_name":"Piotr Wysz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Wysz"},{"link_name":"Czechs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_people"},{"link_name":"Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_people"},{"link_name":"Charles University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_University"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"Socrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates"},{"link_name":"Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"},{"link_name":"Galen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy"},{"link_name":"Pythagoras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pythagoras"},{"link_name":"Polish Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Jagiellonian Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagiellonian_Library"},{"link_name":"Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"}],"sub_title":"Golden age of the Renaissance","text":"The main assembly hall of the university's Collegium MaiusFor several centuries, almost the entire intellectual elite of Poland was educated at the university,[citation needed] where they enjoyed particular royal favors. While it was, and largely remains, Polish students who make up the majority of the university's students, it has, over its long history, educated thousands of foreign students from countries such as Lithuania, Russia, Hungary, Bohemia, Germany, and Spain. During the second half of the 15th century, over 40 percent of students came from the outside of the Kingdom of Poland.The main baroque entrance to the university's Collegium IuridicumThe first chancellor of the university was Piotr Wysz, and the first professors were Czechs, Germans and Poles, most of them trained at the Charles University in Prague. By 1520 Greek philology was introduced by Constanzo Claretti and Wenzel von Hirschberg; Hebrew was also taught. At this time, the Collegium Maius consisted of seven reading rooms, six of which were named for the great ancient scholars: Aristotle, Socrates, Plato, Galen, Ptolemy, and Pythagoras. Furthermore, it was during this period that the faculties of Law, Medicine, Theology, and Philosophy were established in their own premises; two of these buildings, the Collegium Iuridicum and Collegium Minus, survive to this day. The golden era of the University of Kraków took place during the Polish Renaissance, between 1500 and 1535, when it was attended by 3,215 students in the first decade of the 16th century, and it was in these years that the foundations for the Jagiellonian Library were set, which allowed for the addition of a library floor to the Collegium Maius. The library's original rooms in which all books were chained to their cases in order to prevent theft are no longer used as such. However, they are still occasionally open to hosting visiting lecturers' talks.As the university's popularity, along with that of the ever more provincial Kraków's, declined in later centuries, the number of students attending the university also fell and, as such, the attendance record set in the early 16th-century wasn't surpassed until the late 18th century. This phenomenon was recorded as part of a more general economic and political decline seen in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, which was suffering from the effects of poor governance and the policies of hostile neighbors at the time. In fact, despite a number of expansion projects during the late 18th century, many of the university's buildings had fallen into disrepair and were being used for a range of other purposes; in the university's archives, there is one entry which reads: 'Nobody lives in the building, nothing happens there. If the lecture halls underwent refurbishment they could be rented out to accommodate a laundry'. This period thus represents one of the darkest periods in the university's history and is almost certainly the one during which the closure of the institution seemed most imminent.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Collegium_Novum_UJ_02_Krakow.jpg"},{"link_name":"Collegium Novum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegium_Novum"},{"link_name":"Old Town District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Old_Town"},{"link_name":"third partition of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"free city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_City_of_Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Austrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Kraków Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Austrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialhistory-9"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand I of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Collegium Novum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegium_Novum"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialhistory-9"},{"link_name":"Kaiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiser"},{"link_name":"Franz Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"destroyed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclasm"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stanislaw_Tarnowski.jpg"},{"link_name":"Count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Tarnowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Tarnowski"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BASA-1771K-1-1163-32-Jagiellonian_University,_Krakow,_Poland.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Copernicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicus"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Republic of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Jagiellonian Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagiellonian_Library"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Turmoil and near closure after the partitions","text":"The Collegium Novum in the Old Town DistrictAfter the third partition of Poland in 1795 and the ensuing Napoleonic Wars, Kraków became a free city under the protection of the Austrian Empire; this, however, was not to last long. In 1846, after the Kraków Uprising, the city and its university became part of the Austrian Empire.[9] The Austrians were in many ways hostile to the institution and, soon after their arrival, removed many of the furnishings from the Collegium Maius' Auditorium Maximum in order to convert it into a grain store. However, the threat of closure of the University was ultimately dissipated by Ferdinand I of Austria's decree to maintain it. By the 1870s the fortunes of the university had improved so greatly that many scholars had returned. The liquefaction of nitrogen and oxygen was successfully demonstrated by professors Zygmunt Wróblewski and Karol Olszewski in 1883. Thereafter the Austrian authorities took on a new role in the development of the university and provided funds for the construction of a number of new buildings, including the neo-gothic Collegium Novum, which opened in 1887.[9] It was, conversely, from this building that in 1918 a large painting of Kaiser Franz Joseph was removed and destroyed by Polish students advocating the reestablishment of an independent Polish state.[10]Count Stanisław Tarnowski was, between 1871 and 1909, twice rector of the university.The university around 1930For the 500th anniversary of the university's foundation, a monument to Copernicus was placed in the quadrangle of the Collegium Maius; this statue is now to be found in the direct vicinity of the Collegium Novum, outside the Collegium Witkowskiego, to where it was moved in 1953.[11] Nevertheless, it was in the Grzegórzecka and the Kopernika areas that much of the university's expansion took place up to 1918; during this time the Collegium Medicum was relocated to a site just east of the centre, and was expanded with the addition of a number of modern teaching hospitals – this 'medical campus' remains to this day. By the late 1930s, the number of students at the university had increased dramatically to almost 6,000. Now a major centre for education in the independent Republic of Poland, the university attained government support for the purchase of building plots for new premises, as a result of which a number of residencies were built for students and professors alike. However, of all the projects begun during this era, the most important would have to be the creation of the Jagiellonian Library. The library's monumental building, construction of which began in 1931, was finally completed towards the end of the interwar period, which allowed the university's many varied literary collections to be relocated to their new home by the outbreak of war in 1939.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nazi invasion of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Sachsenhausen concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Sonderaktion Krakau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonderaktion_Krakau"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pp2bio-13"},{"link_name":"Communists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Poland"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pp2bio-13"},{"link_name":"Jordan Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Park"},{"link_name":"Ignacy Paderewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski"},{"link_name":"Pychowice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pychowice"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"zlotys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_zloty"},{"link_name":"euros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThirdCampus-15"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"}],"sub_title":"Modern era and renovation","text":"On November 6, 1939, following the Nazi invasion of Poland, 184 professors were arrested and deported to Sachsenhausen concentration camp during an operation codenamed Sonderaktion Krakau (Special Operation Krakow). The university, along with the rest of Poland's higher and secondary education, was closed for the remainder of World War II.[13] Despite the university's reopening after the cessation of hostilities in 1945, the new government of Poland was hostile to the teachings of the pre-war university and the faculty was suppressed by the Communists in 1954.[13] By 1957 the Polish government decided that it would invest in the establishment of new facilities near Jordan Park and expansion of other smaller existing facilities. Construction work proved slow and many of the stated goals were never achieved; it was this poor management that eventually led a number of scholars to openly criticise the government for its apparent lack of interest in educational development and disregard for the university's future. A number of new buildings, such as the Collegium Paderevianum, were built with funds from the legacy of Ignacy Paderewski.By 1989, Poland had overthrown its Communist government. In that same year, the Jagiellonian University successfully completed the purchase of its first building plot in Pychowice, Kraków, where, from 2000, construction began of a new complex of university buildings, the so-called Third Campus. The new campus, officially named the '600th Anniversary Campus', was developed in conjunction with the new LifeScience Park, which is managed by the Jagiellonian Centre for Innovation, the university's research consortium.[14] Public funds earmarked for the project amounted to 946.5 million zlotys, or 240 million euros.[15] Poland's entry into the European Union in 2004 has proved instrumental in improving the fortunes of the Jagiellonian University, which has seen huge increases in funding from both central government and European authorities, allowing it to develop new departments, research centres, and better support the work of its students and academics.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"New England Journal of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"The Lancet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"H.E.S.S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Energy_Stereoscopic_System"},{"link_name":"Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioorganic_%26_Medicinal_Chemistry"},{"link_name":"Molecular Ecology Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_Ecology_Resources"},{"link_name":"European Journal of Human Genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Journal_of_Human_Genetics"},{"link_name":"English-speaking world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English-speaking_world"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"University of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"London School of Economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_School_of_Economics"},{"link_name":"University of Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rochester"},{"link_name":"University of California, Irvine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine"},{"link_name":"Case Western Reserve University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_Western_Reserve_University"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Sorbonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"University of Montpellier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Montpellier"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg_University"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg_University_of_Mainz"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Charles University Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_University_Prague"},{"link_name":"University of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"University of Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_University"},{"link_name":"Technical University of Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_University_of_Munich"},{"link_name":"Free University of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_University_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"International partnerships","text":"The university's academic advancement in both Poland and abroad is illustrated by its widely recognized research achievements. The scientists and physicians from the Collegium Medicum carry out pioneer studies, e.g. in cardiac surgery, urology and neurology, often leading to the development of novel treatment methods.[16] Their findings have been published in international journals such as European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Medicine, New England Journal of Medicine, and The Lancet. UJ archaeologists lead explorations of ancient sites in various parts of the world, including Egypt, Cyprus, Central America, South Asia and Altay.[17] The astronomers take part in major international projects, including H.E.S.S. and VIPERS. The work of UJ bio-technologists has been published in journals, such as Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Molecular Ecology Resources, and European Journal of Human Genetics.In the English-speaking world, the Jagiellonian University has international partnerships with the University of Cambridge, University of Melbourne, University of Chicago, University of California, Los Angeles, London School of Economics, University of Rochester, University of California, Irvine, Case Western Reserve University.[18] In the French-speaking world, partner universities include the Sorbonne, University of Montpellier. UJ also maintains strong academic partnership with Heidelberg University, Germany's oldest university.[19] The Jagiellonian University offers specializations in German law, in conjunction with Heidelberg University and Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz.[20]Other cooperation agreements exist with Charles University Prague, University of Vienna, University of Tokyo, Saint Petersburg State University, Technical University of Munich, and Free University of Berlin.[21][22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BibliotekaJagiello%C5%84ska-AlejaAdamaMickiewicza22-POL,_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jagiellonian Library's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagiellonian_Library"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krakau_bibliothek_anbeu_neu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jagiellonian Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagiellonian_Library"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Copernicus'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus"},{"link_name":"De Revolutionibus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_revolutionibus_orbium_coelestium"},{"link_name":"Balthasar Behem Codex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balthasar_Behem_Codex"},{"link_name":"Berlinka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinka_(art_collection)"},{"link_name":"samizdat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samizdat"},{"link_name":"Poland's period of Communist rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Poland"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ColCa-25"},{"link_name":"Collegium Maius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegium_Maius"},{"link_name":"theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"liberal arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts"},{"link_name":"Komisja Edukacji Narodowej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komisja_Edukacji_Narodowej"},{"link_name":"Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)"},{"link_name":"partitions of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Karol Józef Teofil Estreicher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_J%C3%B3zef_Teofil_Estreicher"},{"link_name":"Karol Estreicher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Estreicher_(junior)"},{"link_name":"legal deposit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_deposit"},{"link_name":"Bodleian Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodleian_Library"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Library"},{"link_name":"Trinity College Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College_Library"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"underground universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_Poland_during_World_War_II"}],"text":"The Jagiellonian Library's main siteThe Jagiellonian Library extensionThe university's main library, the Jagiellonian Library (Biblioteka Jagiellońska), is one of Poland's largest, with almost 6.5 million volumes; it is a constituent of the Polish National Libraries system.[23] It is home to a world-renowned collection of medieval manuscripts,[24] which includes Copernicus' De Revolutionibus, the Balthasar Behem Codex and the Berlinka. The library also has an extensive collection of underground political literature (so-called drugi obieg or samizdat) from Poland's period of Communist rule between 1945 and 1989.The beginning of the Jagiellonian Library is traditionally considered the same as that of the entire university – in 1364;[25] however, instead of having one central library it had several smaller branches at buildings of various departments (the largest collection was in Collegium Maius, where works related to theology and liberal arts were kept). After 1775, during the reforms of Komisja Edukacji Narodowej, which established the first Ministry of Education in the world, various small libraries of the university were formally centralised into one public collection in Collegium Maius. During the partitions of Poland, the library continued to grow thanks to the support of such people as Karol Józef Teofil Estreicher and Karol Estreicher. Its collections were made public in 1812. Since 1932, it has been recognised as a legal deposit library, comparable to the Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford or Cambridge University Library or Trinity College Library in Dublin, and thus has the right to receive a copy of any book issued by Polish publishers within Poland. In 1940, the library finally obtained a new building of its own, which has subsequently been expanded on two occasions, most recently in 1995–2001. During the Second World War, library workers cooperated with underground universities. Since the 1990s, the library's collection has become increasingly digitised.In addition to the Jagiellonian Library, the university maintains a large medical library (Biblioteka Medyczna) and many other subject specialised libraries in its various faculties and institutes. Finally, the collections of the university libraries' collections are enriched by the presence of the university's archives, which date back to the university's own foundation and record the entire history of its development up to the present day.","title":"Libraries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Rankings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Law and Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_of_Law_and_Administration_of_the_Jagiellonian_University"},{"link_name":"Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagiellonian_University_Medical_College"},{"link_name":"Agricultural University of Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_University_of_Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"National Center of Synchrotron Radiation SOLARIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_(synchrotron)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"The university is divided into the following faculties, which have different organisational sub-structures partly reflecting their history and partly their operational needs. Teaching and research at UJ are organised by these faculties, including a number of additional institutes:Law and Administration\nMedicine\nPharmacy and Medical Analysis\nHealth Care\nPhilosophy\nHistory\nPhilology\nPolish Language and Literature\nPhysics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science\nMathematics and Computer Science\nChemistry\nBiology\nEarth Sciences\nManagement and Social Communication\nInternational and Political Studies\nBiochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology\nUniversity Center of Veterinary Medicine (joint faculty with Agricultural University of Kraków)\nNational Center of Synchrotron Radiation SOLARIS (off-departmental facility)Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum is affiliated with the following hospitals and clinics:[29]University Hospital in Krakow-Prokocim[30]\nChildren's University Hospital in Krakow[31]\nUniversity Hospital for Orthopedics and Rehabilitation in Zakopane[32][33]\nDental University Clinic in Krakow[34]\nJohn Paul II's Specialist Hospital in Krakow[35]The new seat of the University Hospital has been recently opened at Prokocim in 2019, as a result of more than 1.2 billion zloty investment projects.[36] As 2022 the University Hospital in Krakow is the biggest supra-regional public hospital in Poland and comprises: 37 clinical departments, 12 diagnostic and research institutes, and 71 out-patient units.[37]","title":"Faculties and departments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Jagiellonian University people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jagiellonian_University_people"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nicolaus Copernicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"polymath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymath"},{"link_name":"Heliocentrism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentrism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_D%C5%82ugosz_rze%C5%BAba_autorstwa_Franciszka_Wyspia%C5%84skiego.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jan Długosz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_D%C5%82ugosz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skaryna_1517.jpg"},{"link_name":"Francysk Skaryna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francysk_Skaryna"},{"link_name":"Belarusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusians"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_Kochanowski.png"},{"link_name":"Jan Kochanowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Kochanowski"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Polish_language_poets"},{"link_name":"literary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schultz_John_III_Sobieski.jpg"},{"link_name":"John III Sobieski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_III_Sobieski"},{"link_name":"King of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kollataj_hugo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hugo Kołłątaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj"},{"link_name":"Polish Enlightenment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Poland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carl_Menger.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carl Menger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Menger"},{"link_name":"Austrian School of economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_School_of_economics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karol_Olszewski.jpg"},{"link_name":"Karol Olszewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_Olszewski"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"nitrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ignacy_Lukasiewicz.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ignacy Łukasiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacy_%C5%81ukasiewicz"},{"link_name":"oil refinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refinery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wac%C5%82aw_Sierpi%C5%84ski.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wacław Sierpiński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Sierpi%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"set theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_theory"},{"link_name":"number theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_theory"},{"link_name":"functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronislawmalinowski.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bronisław Malinowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Malinowski"},{"link_name":"social anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anthropology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:S._Kragujevic,_Ivo_Andric,_1961.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ivo Andrić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antoni_Kepinski.jpg"},{"link_name":"Antoni Kępiński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_K%C4%99pi%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"psychiatrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatrist"},{"link_name":"philosopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Lem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"futurology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurology"},{"link_name":"literary criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_criticism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krzysztof_Penderecki_20080706.jpg"},{"link_name":"Krzysztof Penderecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Szymborska_2011_(1)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Wisława Szymborska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ritratto_di_papa_Giovanni_Paolo_II_(1984_%E2%80%93_edited).jpg"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Norman_Davies_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Norman Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Davies"},{"link_name":"Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe"},{"link_name":"Eastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jerzy_Vetulani_TEDx_Krakow_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Jerzy Vetulani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerzy_Vetulani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prezydent_Rzeczypospolitej_Polskiej_Andrzej_Duda.jpg"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Duda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Duda"}],"text":"For a more comprehensive list, see List of Jagiellonian University people.Nicolaus Copernicus, Renaissance polymath who formulated the theory of Heliocentrism\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJan Długosz, priest, chronicler and diplomat\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrancysk Skaryna, Belarusian humanist, physician, and translator\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJan Kochanowski, Renaissance poet who established poetic patterns that would become integral to the Polish literary language\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJohn III Sobieski, King of Poland\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHugo Kołłątaj, constitutional reformer and educationalist, one of the most prominent figures of the Polish Enlightenment\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCarl Menger, Austrian economist and the founder of the Austrian School of economics\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKarol Olszewski, chemist who became the first scientist to liquefy oxygen and nitrogen\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIgnacy Łukasiewicz, pharmacist, engineer, businessman, inventor, and philanthropist who built the world's first modern oil refinery\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWacław Sierpiński, mathematician known for contributions to set theory, number theory, theory of functions, and topology\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBronisław Malinowski, one of the founders of social anthropology\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIvo Andrić, Yugoslav novelist, poet and short story writer, winner of the 1961 Nobel Prize in Literature\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAntoni Kępiński, psychiatrist and philosopher\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStanisław Lem, writer of science fiction and essays on various subjects, including philosophy, futurology, and literary criticism\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKrzysztof Penderecki, composer and conductor\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWisława Szymborska, poet, essayist and translator, recipient of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPope John Paul II, head of the Catholic Church from 1978 until 2005\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNorman Davies, British historian specializing in Central and Eastern Europe\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJerzy Vetulani, neuroscientist, pharmacologist and biochemist\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAndrzej Duda, 6th President of the Republic of Poland","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krakow_2016_22.jpg"},{"link_name":"frieze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieze"},{"link_name":"Collegium Maius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegium_Maius,_Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"coats of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Austria_(1436%E2%80%931505)"},{"link_name":"Crown of the Kingdom of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Stanisław of Skarbimierz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_of_Skarbimierz"},{"link_name":"Paweł Włodkowic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_W%C5%82odkowic"},{"link_name":"Council of Constance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Constance"},{"link_name":"Albert Brudzewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Brudzewski"},{"link_name":"Maciej Miechowita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maciej_Miechowita"},{"link_name":"Marcin Szlachciński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcin_Szlachci%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Jan Brożek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Bro%C5%BCek"},{"link_name":"Adam Bełcikowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Be%C5%82cikowski"},{"link_name":"Franz Mertens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Mertens"},{"link_name":"Henryk Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Walery Jaworski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walery_Jaworski"},{"link_name":"Ludwik Rydygier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Rydygier"},{"link_name":"Albert Wojciech Adamkiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Wojciech_Adamkiewicz"},{"link_name":"Artery of Adamkiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artery_of_Adamkiewicz"},{"link_name":"Adamkiewicz reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamkiewicz_reaction"},{"link_name":"Napoleon Cybulski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_Cybulski"},{"link_name":"Edmund Załęski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Za%C5%82%C4%99ski"},{"link_name":"Władysław Natanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Natanson"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Estreicher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Estreicher"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz Estreicher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Estreicher"},{"link_name":"Marian Smoluchowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_Smoluchowski"},{"link_name":"Bohdan Lepky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohdan_Lepky"},{"link_name":"Franciszek Bujak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek_Bujak"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Kutrzeba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kutrzeba"},{"link_name":"Polish Academy of Learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Learning"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Gawroński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Gawro%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Polish Oriental Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Oriental_Society"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Kot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kot"},{"link_name":"Jan Zawidzki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Zawidzki"},{"link_name":"Tadeusz Sulimirski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeusz_Sulimirski"},{"link_name":"Sarmatians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatians"},{"link_name":"Roman Grodecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Grodecki"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Smreczyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Smreczy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Henryk Niewodniczański","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Niewodnicza%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Adam Vetulani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Vetulani"},{"link_name":"Maria Ludwika Bernhard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Ludwika_Bernhard"},{"link_name":"Wisława Szymborska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature"},{"link_name":"Bogdan Baranowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdan_Baranowski"},{"link_name":"Ryszard Gryglewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryszard_Gryglewski"},{"link_name":"prostacyclin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostacyclin"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Szczeklik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Szczeklik"},{"link_name":"Jan Woleński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Wole%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Piotr Sztompka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Sztompka"},{"link_name":"Jan Potempa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jan_Potempa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prize of the Foundation for Polish Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prize_of_the_Foundation_for_Polish_Science"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Sławomir Kołodziej","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%82awomir_Ko%C5%82odziej"},{"link_name":"Krzysztof Kościelniak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krzysztof_Ko%C5%9Bcielniak"}],"text":"Heraldic frieze on the building of Collegium Maius depicting coats of arms of the Kraków bishops, chancellors, cardinals as well as Elizabeth of Austria, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kraków AcademyStanisław of Skarbimierz (1360–1431), rector, theologian, lawyer\nPaweł Włodkowic (1370–1435), lawyer, diplomat and politician, representative of Poland at the Council of Constance\nAlbert Brudzewski (1445–1497), astronomer and mathematician\nMaciej Miechowita (1457–1523), historian, chronicler, geographer, medic\nMarcin Szlachciński (1511/1512–1600), scholar, translator, poet and philosopher\nJan Brożek (1585–1652), mathematician, physician and astronomer\nAdam Bełcikowski (1839–1909), philosopher, historian of literature, poet\nFranz Mertens (1840–1927), mathematician\nHenryk Jordan (1842–1907), professor of obstetrics\nWalery Jaworski (1849–1924), gastroenterologist\nLudwik Rydygier (1850–1920), general surgeon\nAlbert Wojciech Adamkiewicz (1850–1921), pathologist, discovered the Artery of Adamkiewicz and the Adamkiewicz reaction\nNapoleon Cybulski (1854–1919), pioneer in endocrinology\nEdmund Załęski (1863–1932), agrotechnician and chemist\nWładysław Natanson (1864–1937), physicist\nStanisław Estreicher (1869–1939), founder of the Jagiellonian University Museum\nTadeusz Estreicher (1871–1952), pioneer in cryogenics\nMarian Smoluchowski (1872–1917), pioneer of statistical physics\nBohdan Lepky (1872–1941), literature\nFranciszek Bujak (1875–1953), historian\nStanisław Kutrzeba (1876–1946), rector, General Secretary of the Polish Academy of Learning\nAndrzej Gawroński (1885–1927), founder of the Polish Oriental Society, master of Sanskrit\nStanisław Kot (1885–1975), historian and politician\nJan Zawidzki (1886–1928), chemist and historian\nTadeusz Sulimirski (1898–1983), historian and archaeologist, experts on the ancient Sarmatians\nRoman Grodecki (1889–1964), economic historian\nStanisław Smreczyński (1899–1975), zoologist\nHenryk Niewodniczański (1900–1968), physicist\nAdam Vetulani (1901–1976), historian of medieval and canon law\nMaria Ludwika Bernhard (1908–1998), archaeologist\nWisława Szymborska (1923–2012), poet, recipient of the 1996 Nobel Prize in Literature\nBogdan Baranowski (1927–2014), chemist\nRyszard Gryglewski (born 1932), pharmacologist and physician, a discoverer of prostacyclin\nAndrzej Szczeklik (1932–2012), physician\nJan Woleński (born 1940), philosopher\nPiotr Sztompka (born 1944), sociologist\nJan Potempa (born 1955), biologist, recipient of the 2011 Prize of the Foundation for Polish Science[38]\nSławomir Kołodziej (born 1961), mathematician\nKrzysztof Kościelniak (born 1965), historian","title":"Notable faculty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"excursions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excursion"},{"link_name":"Zaremba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Zaremba_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"University Study Oriented System (USOS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.usosweb.uj.edu.pl/kontroler.php?_action=actionx:news/default"},{"link_name":"Scientific Circles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uj.edu.pl/studenci/kola-naukowe"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140312035258/http://www.uj.edu.pl/studenci/kola-naukowe"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Student Organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091213152146/http://www7.uj.edu.pl/studenci/organizacje-studenckie"},{"link_name":"Ensembles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uj.edu.pl/studenci/zespoly-artystyczne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Krak%C3%B3w_-_Collegium_Novum_01.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Collegium_Maius_2017.jpg"},{"link_name":"Collegium Maius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegium_Maius"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grodzka_52.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grodzka Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodzka_Street,_Krak%C3%B3w"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jagiellonian_University_Collegium_Kollataja_(Collegium_Phisicum),_6_sw._Anny_street,_Old_Town,_Krakow,_Poland.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Larisch_Palace,_12_Bracka_street,_Old_Town,_Krakow,Poland.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Faculty_of_Physics,_Astronomy_and_Applied_Computer_Science_UJ_04.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Department_of_Anatomy,_Faculty_of_Medicine,_Jagiellonian_University_(Theatrum_Anatomicum),_12_Kopernika_street,_Krakow,_Poland.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Willa_Rotunda_w_Przegorza%C5%82ach.jpg"},{"link_name":"Institute of European Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_European_Studies_of_the_Jagiellonian_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kampuj_UJ_III-WMiI.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jagiellonian_University_Auditorium_Maximum_(east_elevation)_and_oak_%E2%80%9EFranciszek%E2%80%9D,_33_Krupnicza_street,Krakow,Poland.jpg"}],"text":"In 1851, the university's first student scientific association was founded. In 2021, over 70 student scientific associations exist at the Jagiellonian University, most of them affiliated with Collegium Medicum. Usually, their purpose is to promote students' scientific achievements by organizing lecture sessions, science excursions, and international student conferences, such as the International Workshop for Young Mathematicians, which is organized by the Zaremba Association of Mathematicians.The links below provide further information on student activities at the Jagiellonian:University Study Oriented System (USOS)\nScientific Circles Archived 2014-03-12 at the Wayback Machine\nStudent Organizations\nEnsemblesSelected locations around the city\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCollegium Novum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCollegium Maius, the oldest building of the university\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCollegium Broscianum on Grodzka Street\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCollegium Physicum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLarysz Palace, Faculty of Law and Administration\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFaculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTheatrum Anatomicum of the Faculty of Medicine\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPrzegorzały Castle, the seat of the Institute of European Studies\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCampus of the 600th anniversary of University's Revival\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAuditorium Maximum with theatre stage seating 1,200","title":"Student associations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-facts2021_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Jagiellonian University Facts and Figures 2021\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.uj.edu.pl/en_US/about-university/facts-and-figures"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-statsDec2020_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Dane statystyczne Uczelni as of December 31 2020\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bip.uj.edu.pl/uniwersytet/liczby?p_p_id=56_INSTANCE_Ca5y&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-3&p_p_col_count=1&przejdz-do=3.7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Study in Poland\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.topuniversities.com/where-to-study/europe/poland/guide"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Jagiellonian University\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/jagiellonian-university"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-en.uj.edu.pl_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-en.uj.edu.pl_5-1"},{"link_name":"\"Overview – Jagiellonian University\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.uj.edu.pl/en_GB/about-university/overview"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Welcome to the Jagiellonian University – Programmes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//welcome.uj.edu.pl/en_GB/programmes"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Study of Literature and Art at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków : Kraków Miasto Literatury UNESCO\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//krakowcityofliterature.com/city-of-literature/education/literary-research-and-creative-writing-courses/study-of-literature-and-art-at-the-jagiellonian-university-in-krakow/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"University of Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Parma"},{"link_name":"David de la Croix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_de_la_Croix"},{"link_name":"Scholars and Literati at the University of Cracow (1364–1800).Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae/RETE. 6: 35–42.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ojs.uclouvain.be/index.php/RETE/article/view/65213"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-officialhistory_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-officialhistory_9-1"},{"link_name":"\"History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uj.edu.pl/uniwersytet/historia"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Władysła Jan Pochwalski\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20211230161636/https://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/wladyslaw-jan-pochwalski"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/wladyslaw-jan-pochwalski"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Kraków – Pomnik Mikołaja Kopernika\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210412091352/https://www.sztuka.net/palio/html.run?_Instance=sztuka&_PageID=857&newsId=7361&_cms=newser&callingPageId=856&_CheckSum=-282421568"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sztuka.net/palio/html.run?_Instance=sztuka&_PageID=857&newsId=7361&_cms=newser&callingPageId=856&_CheckSum=-282421568"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Dzieje Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200720134449/https://bj.uj.edu.pl/historia"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bj.uj.edu.pl/historia"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pp2bio_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-pp2bio_13-1"},{"link_name":"Witness of Hope – The Biography of Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/witnesstohopebio00weig"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-06-018793-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-018793-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Campus of the Sixcentenary\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.uj.edu.pl/en/rozwoj/kampus"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ThirdCampus_15-0"},{"link_name":"\"Campus of the Sixcentenary\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kampus.uj.edu.pl/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Centrum Innowacyjnych Terapii\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.su.krakow.pl/nasz-szpital/badania-klinicze/centrum-innowacyjnych-terapii"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Wydawnictwa – Institute of Archeology – Faculty of History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archeo.uj.edu.pl/en/wydawnictwa"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"New LSE IDEAS-Jagiellonian University Partnership\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lse.ac.uk/ideas/media/news/lse-ideas-jagiellonian-university-partnership.aspx"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20230429165805/https://www.lse.ac.uk/ideas/media/news/lse-ideas-jagiellonian-university-partnership"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Partneruniversitäten – International – Universität Heidelberg\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uni-heidelberg.de/international/profil/partneruniversitaeten.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"\"Schule des Deutschen Rechts —\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.law.uj.edu.pl/~spn/?lang=pl"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"\"Bilateral Agreements List\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170105175706/http://www.dwm.uj.edu.pl/documents/1333512/107230959/bilateral_agreements_list_30_December_2016.xlsx/7dba3d50-cbd2-47f4-ba5b-fbd987938e0f"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dwm.uj.edu.pl/documents/1333512/107230959/bilateral_agreements_list_30_December_2016.xlsx/7dba3d50-cbd2-47f4-ba5b-fbd987938e0f"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"O Dziale – Dział Współpracy Międzynarodowej Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.dwm.uj.edu.pl/o-dziale"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"Jagiellonian University: Cracow's Alma Mater\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20110613151435/http://www.warsawvoice.pl/view/18320"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.warsawvoice.pl/view/18320"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"BJ: Medieval manuscripts\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110514110651/http://www.bj.uj.edu.pl/bjmanus/manus_e.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bj.uj.edu.pl/bjmanus/manus_e.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ColCa_25-0"},{"link_name":"Visiting the Biblioteka Jagiellonska (Jagiellonian Library) in Cracow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.collectionscanada.ca/bulletin/015017-9903-04-e.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20050908230448/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/bulletin/015017-9903-04-e.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"\"CWTS Leiden Ranking 2022\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.leidenranking.com/ranking/2022/list"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"\"QS World University Rankings 2023: Top global universities\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2023"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-QS_World_University_Rankings_2022_28-0"},{"link_name":"\"QS World University Rankings-Emerging Europe & Central Asia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/eeca-rankings/2022"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"\"Uniwersytet Jagielloński – Collegium Medicum\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cm-uj.krakow.pl/index.php/collegium/szpitale/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"\"Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie – Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.su.krakow.pl/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"\"Uniwersytecki Szpital Dziecięcy w Krakowie – Uniwersytecki Szpital Dziecięcy w Krakowie to największa placówka pediatryczna na południu Polski. Celem działalności jest ratowanie życia i zdrowia dzieci od pierwszego dnia życia. Wszelkie działania diagnostyczne i terapeutyczne prowadzone są w poszanowaniu praw i godności osobistej pacjenta oraz zgodnie z aktualną wiedzą medyczną\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//szpitalzdrowia.pl/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"\"Home\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//klinika.net.pl/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"\"Dział Kliniczny\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dk.cm.uj.edu.pl/podmioty-lecznicze/usor-w-zakopanem/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"\"Uniwersytecka Klinika Stomatologiczna w Krakowie\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.uks.com.pl/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"\"Strona główna\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.szpitaljp2.krakow.pl/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"\"Fundusze europejskie\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.su.krakow.pl/nasz-szpital/fundusze-europejskie"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"\"O nas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.su.krakow.pl/nasz-szpital/o-nas"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"\"Department of Oral Health & Rehabilitation – School of Dentistry\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//louisville.edu/dental/ohr/faculty-staff/jan-s-potempa.html"}],"text":"^ \"Jagiellonian University Facts and Figures 2021\". en.uj.edu.pl. Jagiellonian University. 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.\n\n^ \"Dane statystyczne Uczelni as of December 31 2020\". en.uj.edu.pl. Jagiellonian University. 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.\n\n^ \"Study in Poland\". Top Universities. 3 September 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2017.\n\n^ \"Jagiellonian University\". Times Higher Education (THE). Retrieved 4 January 2017.\n\n^ a b \"Overview – Jagiellonian University\". en.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 15 February 2022.\n\n^ \"Welcome to the Jagiellonian University – Programmes\". www.en.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 14 April 2021.\n\n^ \"Study of Literature and Art at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków : Kraków Miasto Literatury UNESCO\". krakowcityofliterature.com. Retrieved 23 February 2022.\n\n^ For a summary description of all of the set of scholars and literati who intervened in teaching at the University of Parma from its creation until 1800, see David de la Croix and Gaia Spolverini,(2022). Scholars and Literati at the University of Cracow (1364–1800).Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae/RETE. 6: 35–42.\n\n^ a b Waltos, Stanisław. \"History\". Jagiellonian University. Retrieved 28 September 2010. (in Polish)\n\n^ \"Władysła Jan Pochwalski\". Archived from the original on 30 December 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2020.\n\n^ \"Kraków – Pomnik Mikołaja Kopernika\". Archived from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2020.\n\n^ \"Dzieje Biblioteki Jagiellońskiej\". Archived from the original on 20 July 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.\n\n^ a b Weigel, George (2001). Witness of Hope – The Biography of Pope John Paul II. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-018793-4.\n\n^ \"Campus of the Sixcentenary\". Retrieved 12 May 2011.\n\n^ \"Campus of the Sixcentenary\". Retrieved 28 September 2010.\n\n^ empressia. \"Centrum Innowacyjnych Terapii\". Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie (in Polish). Retrieved 15 February 2022.\n\n^ \"Wydawnictwa – Institute of Archeology – Faculty of History\". archeo.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 15 February 2022.\n\n^ \"New LSE IDEAS-Jagiellonian University Partnership\". London School of Economics and Political Science. Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2020.\n\n^ Watzke, Christian. \"Partneruniversitäten – International – Universität Heidelberg\". www.uni-heidelberg.de. Retrieved 4 January 2017.\n\n^ \"Schule des Deutschen Rechts —\". www.law.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 4 January 2017.\n\n^ \"Bilateral Agreements List\". Archived from the original on 5 January 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2017.\n\n^ \"O Dziale – Dział Współpracy Międzynarodowej Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego\". Dwm.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 30 April 2017.\n\n^ Bętkowska, Teresa (18 May 2008). \"Jagiellonian University: Cracow's Alma Mater\". Warsaw Voice. Archived from the original on 13 June 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2010.\n\n^ \"BJ: Medieval manuscripts\". Bj.uj.edu.pl. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2010.\n\n^ Visiting the Biblioteka Jagiellonska (Jagiellonian Library) in Cracow Archived 2005-09-08 at the Wayback Machine. Last accessed on 4 May 2007.\n\n^ \"CWTS Leiden Ranking 2022\". leidenranking.com. Retrieved 31 March 2023.\n\n^ \"QS World University Rankings 2023: Top global universities\". topuniversities.com. Retrieved 31 March 2023.\n\n^ \"QS World University Rankings-Emerging Europe & Central Asia\". Retrieved 15 January 2023.\n\n^ \"Uniwersytet Jagielloński – Collegium Medicum\". www.cm-uj.krakow.pl. Retrieved 28 January 2022.\n\n^ \"Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie – Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie\". www.su.krakow.pl. Retrieved 28 January 2022.\n\n^ \"Uniwersytecki Szpital Dziecięcy w Krakowie – Uniwersytecki Szpital Dziecięcy w Krakowie to największa placówka pediatryczna na południu Polski. Celem działalności jest ratowanie życia i zdrowia dzieci od pierwszego dnia życia. Wszelkie działania diagnostyczne i terapeutyczne prowadzone są w poszanowaniu praw i godności osobistej pacjenta oraz zgodnie z aktualną wiedzą medyczną\" (in Polish). Retrieved 28 January 2022.\n\n^ \"Home\". klinika.net.pl. Retrieved 28 January 2022.\n\n^ \"Dział Kliniczny\". dk.cm.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 28 January 2022.\n\n^ \"Uniwersytecka Klinika Stomatologiczna w Krakowie\". www.uks.com.pl. Retrieved 28 January 2022.\n\n^ \"Strona główna\". KRAKOWSKI SZPITAL SPECJALISTYCZNY IM. JANA PAWŁA II (in Polish). 29 February 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2022.\n\n^ \"Fundusze europejskie\". Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie (in Polish). Retrieved 28 January 2022.\n\n^ empressia. \"O nas\". Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie (in Polish). Retrieved 28 January 2022.\n\n^ \"Department of Oral Health & Rehabilitation – School of Dentistry\". Louisville.edu. Retrieved 30 April 2017.","title":"Notes and references"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f9/Jagiellonian_University.svg/250px-Jagiellonian_University.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The founding of the university in 1364, painted by Jan Matejko (1838–1893)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Za%C5%82o%C5%BCenie_Szko%C5%82y_G%C5%82%C3%B3wnej_przeniesieniem_do_Krakowa_ugruntowane_%28Matejko_UJ%29.jpg/150px-Za%C5%82o%C5%BCenie_Szko%C5%82y_G%C5%82%C3%B3wnej_przeniesieniem_do_Krakowa_ugruntowane_%28Matejko_UJ%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The main assembly hall of the university's Collegium Maius","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Krak%C3%B3w.Uniwersytet_Jagiello%C5%84ski.Collegium_Maius.Aula_Jagiello%C5%84ska.jpg/220px-Krak%C3%B3w.Uniwersytet_Jagiello%C5%84ski.Collegium_Maius.Aula_Jagiello%C5%84ska.jpg"},{"image_text":"The main baroque entrance to the university's Collegium Iuridicum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Krak%C3%B3w_-_Collegium_Iuridicum_-_Brama_01.JPG/170px-Krak%C3%B3w_-_Collegium_Iuridicum_-_Brama_01.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Collegium Novum in the Old Town District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Collegium_Novum_UJ_02_Krakow.jpg/220px-Collegium_Novum_UJ_02_Krakow.jpg"},{"image_text":"Count Stanisław Tarnowski was, between 1871 and 1909, twice rector of the university.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Stanislaw_Tarnowski.jpg/170px-Stanislaw_Tarnowski.jpg"},{"image_text":"The university around 1930","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/BASA-1771K-1-1163-32-Jagiellonian_University%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpeg/220px-BASA-1771K-1-1163-32-Jagiellonian_University%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpeg"},{"image_text":"The Jagiellonian Library's main site","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/BibliotekaJagiello%C5%84ska-AlejaAdamaMickiewicza22-POL%2C_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg/220px-BibliotekaJagiello%C5%84ska-AlejaAdamaMickiewicza22-POL%2C_Krak%C3%B3w.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Jagiellonian Library extension","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Krakau_bibliothek_anbeu_neu.jpg/170px-Krakau_bibliothek_anbeu_neu.jpg"},{"image_text":"Heraldic frieze on the building of Collegium Maius depicting coats of arms of the Kraków bishops, chancellors, cardinals as well as Elizabeth of Austria, Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kraków Academy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Krakow_2016_22.jpg/220px-Krakow_2016_22.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of medieval universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medieval_universities"},{"title":"Nawojka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawojka"},{"title":"Sonderaktion Krakau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonderaktion_Krakau"},{"title":"Nazi German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_German"},{"title":"Neuronus IBRO & IRUN Neuroscience Forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronus_IBRO_%26_IRUN_Neuroscience_Forum"}]
[{"reference":"\"Jagiellonian University Facts and Figures 2021\". en.uj.edu.pl. Jagiellonian University. 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.uj.edu.pl/en_US/about-university/facts-and-figures","url_text":"\"Jagiellonian University Facts and Figures 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dane statystyczne Uczelni as of December 31 2020\". en.uj.edu.pl. Jagiellonian University. 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://bip.uj.edu.pl/uniwersytet/liczby?p_p_id=56_INSTANCE_Ca5y&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-3&p_p_col_count=1&przejdz-do=3.7","url_text":"\"Dane statystyczne Uczelni as of December 31 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Study in Poland\". Top Universities. 3 September 2014. Retrieved 4 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.topuniversities.com/where-to-study/europe/poland/guide","url_text":"\"Study in Poland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jagiellonian University\". Times Higher Education (THE). Retrieved 4 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/jagiellonian-university","url_text":"\"Jagiellonian University\""}]},{"reference":"\"Overview – Jagiellonian University\". en.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 15 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.uj.edu.pl/en_GB/about-university/overview","url_text":"\"Overview – Jagiellonian University\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to the Jagiellonian University – Programmes\". www.en.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 14 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://welcome.uj.edu.pl/en_GB/programmes","url_text":"\"Welcome to the Jagiellonian University – Programmes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Study of Literature and Art at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków : Kraków Miasto Literatury UNESCO\". krakowcityofliterature.com. Retrieved 23 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://krakowcityofliterature.com/city-of-literature/education/literary-research-and-creative-writing-courses/study-of-literature-and-art-at-the-jagiellonian-university-in-krakow/","url_text":"\"Study of Literature and Art at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków : Kraków Miasto Literatury UNESCO\""}]},{"reference":"Waltos, Stanisław. \"History\". Jagiellonian University. Retrieved 28 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uj.edu.pl/uniwersytet/historia","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Władysła Jan Pochwalski\". Archived from the original on 30 December 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211230161636/https://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/wladyslaw-jan-pochwalski","url_text":"\"Władysła Jan Pochwalski\""},{"url":"https://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/wladyslaw-jan-pochwalski","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kraków – Pomnik Mikołaja Kopernika\". 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Wszelkie działania diagnostyczne i terapeutyczne prowadzone są w poszanowaniu praw i godności osobistej pacjenta oraz zgodnie z aktualną wiedzą medyczną\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". klinika.net.pl. Retrieved 28 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://klinika.net.pl/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dział Kliniczny\". dk.cm.uj.edu.pl. Retrieved 28 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://dk.cm.uj.edu.pl/podmioty-lecznicze/usor-w-zakopanem/","url_text":"\"Dział Kliniczny\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uniwersytecka Klinika Stomatologiczna w Krakowie\". www.uks.com.pl. Retrieved 28 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uks.com.pl/","url_text":"\"Uniwersytecka Klinika Stomatologiczna w Krakowie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Strona główna\". KRAKOWSKI SZPITAL SPECJALISTYCZNY IM. JANA PAWŁA II (in Polish). 29 February 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.szpitaljp2.krakow.pl/","url_text":"\"Strona główna\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fundusze europejskie\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wolf_and_the_Shepherds
The Wolf and the Shepherds
["1 The fable","2 References","3 External links"]
Aesop's fable Thomas Bewick’s woodcut of the fable in Select Fables of Aesop (1784) The Wolf and the Shepherds is ascribed to Aesop’s Fables and is numbered 453 in the Perry Index. Although related very briefly in the oldest source, some later authors have drawn it out at great length and moralised that perceptions differ according to circumstances. The fable The fable is told very briefly by Aesop in Plutarch’s The Banquet of the Seven Sages: “A wolf seeing some shepherds in a shelter eating a sheep, came near to them and said, 'What an uproar you would make if I were doing that!'" Jean de la Fontaine based a long fable on the theme in which the wolf is close to repentance for its violent life until it comes upon the feasting shepherds and reflects on human hypocrisy (X.5). The Scottish poet James Beattie wrote an even longer verse account in 1766, observing that, in the case of lawmakers, might overweighs equity. This point is underlined when the wolf has to run for his life after his debate with the shepherds is cut short by having the dogs set on him. There were also shorter versions of the fable which returned to the brevity of Plutarch. He is quoted directly in the editions of the fable illustrated by Thomas Bewick, prefaced only with the remark "How apt are men to condemn in others what they practise themselves without scruple." George Fyler Townsend dispensed even with that in his new translation of the fables, published in 1867. And in Russia Ivan Krylov’s early 19th-century verse retelling is limited to eight lines, as against La Fontaine’s 41 and Beattie’s 114. In 1490 the neo-Latin poet Laurentius Abstemius wrote a lengthy Latin imitation of the fable in which different characters were involved in a similar situation. There a fox on the prowl comes across farm women feasting on roast chicken and says that it would have been different if he had dared to act in the same way. But he is answered that there is a difference between theft and disposing of one’s own property. Roger L'Estrange included a racy version of the story in his fable collection of 1692, drawing the moral that situations alter circumstances. References ^ 13.156a ^ Elizur Wright’s translation ^ “The wolf and the shepherds”, Miscellaneous Poems, pp.166-70 ^ Fable 31 ^ Fable 115 ^ Kriloff’s Original Fables, trans. Henry Harrison, London 1883, p.210 ^ Hecatomythium Fable 9, De vulpe et mulieribus gallinam edentibus ^ ”A Fox and a Knot of Gossips”, Fable 263 External links Book illustrations
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bewick_wolf-sheperds-1784.jpg"},{"link_name":"Thomas Bewick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bewick"},{"link_name":"Aesop’s Fables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesop%E2%80%99s_Fables"},{"link_name":"Perry Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Index"}],"text":"Thomas Bewick’s woodcut of the fable in Select Fables of Aesop (1784)The Wolf and the Shepherds is ascribed to Aesop’s Fables and is numbered 453 in the Perry Index. Although related very briefly in the oldest source, some later authors have drawn it out at great length and moralised that perceptions differ according to circumstances.","title":"The Wolf and the Shepherds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plutarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Jean de la Fontaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_la_Fontaine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"James Beattie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Beattie_(poet)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Thomas Bewick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Bewick"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"George Fyler Townsend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fyler_Townsend"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ivan Krylov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Krylov"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Laurentius Abstemius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurentius_Abstemius"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Roger L'Estrange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_L%27Estrange"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The fable is told very briefly by Aesop in Plutarch’s The Banquet of the Seven Sages: “A wolf seeing some shepherds in a shelter eating a sheep, came near to them and said, 'What an uproar you would make if I were doing that!'\"[1] Jean de la Fontaine based a long fable on the theme in which the wolf is close to repentance for its violent life until it comes upon the feasting shepherds and reflects on human hypocrisy (X.5).[2] The Scottish poet James Beattie wrote an even longer verse account in 1766, observing that, in the case of lawmakers, might overweighs equity. This point is underlined when the wolf has to run for his life after his debate with the shepherds is cut short by having the dogs set on him.[3]There were also shorter versions of the fable which returned to the brevity of Plutarch. He is quoted directly in the editions of the fable illustrated by Thomas Bewick, prefaced only with the remark \"How apt are men to condemn in others what they practise themselves without scruple.\"[4] George Fyler Townsend dispensed even with that in his new translation of the fables, published in 1867.[5] And in Russia Ivan Krylov’s early 19th-century verse retelling is limited to eight lines,[6] as against La Fontaine’s 41 and Beattie’s 114.In 1490 the neo-Latin poet Laurentius Abstemius wrote a lengthy Latin imitation of the fable in which different characters were involved in a similar situation. There a fox on the prowl comes across farm women feasting on roast chicken and says that it would have been different if he had dared to act in the same way. But he is answered that there is a difference between theft and disposing of one’s own property.[7] Roger L'Estrange included a racy version of the story in his fable collection of 1692, drawing the moral that situations alter circumstances.[8]","title":"The fable"}]
[{"image_text":"Thomas Bewick’s woodcut of the fable in Select Fables of Aesop (1784)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Bewick_wolf-sheperds-1784.jpg/300px-Bewick_wolf-sheperds-1784.jpg"}]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Speedway_World_Cup_Final
2005 Speedway World Cup
["1 Qualification","1.1 Qualifier 1","1.2 Qualifier 2","2 Main tournament","2.1 Event 1","2.2 Event 2","2.3 Race-off","2.4 Final","3 Final classification","4 References"]
46th edition of the annual motorcycle speedway World Cup competition Speedway World CupVenueStadion OlimpijskiLocationPolandStart date31 JulyEnd date6 AugustNations8Champions Poland← 20042006 → The 2005 Speedway World Cup (SWC) was the 5th FIM Speedway World Cup season. The Final took place on August 6, 2005 in the Olympic Stadium in Wrocław, Poland. The tournament was won by host team Poland (62 pts) and they beat defending champion Sweden (34 pts), Denmark (31 pts) and Great Britain (27 pts) in the Final. Qualification Qualifier 1 Stadium Lokomotīve, Daugavpils Qualifier 2 Pista Olimpia Terenzano, Terenzano Pos. National team Pts. 1  Russia 61 2  United States 52 3  Latvia 31 4  France 6 Pos. National team Pts. 1  Germany 30 2  Slovenia 23 3  Hungary 21 4  Italy 16 Qualifier 1 5 June 2005 Latvijas Spidveja Centrs, Daugavpils Placing Team / Rider Name Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1  Russia 61 3 5 7 10 13 14 14 17 20 22 25 28 30 32 35 37 40 43 46 48 51 53 55 58 61 (1) Sergey Darkin 12 3 1 3 2 3 (2) Denis Gizatullin (c) 10 2 E 3 3 2 (3) Simon Vlasov 12 2 3 2 3 2 (4) Renat Gafurov 14 3 3 2 3 3 (5) Oleg Kurguskin 13 3 2 3 2 3 2  United States 52 2 5 6 7 9 12 15 16 18 21 23 24 27 30 32 35 37 38 40 43 44 47 50 52 52 (1) Sam Ermolenko 13 2 2 3 3 3 (2) Greg Hancock (c) 15 3 3 3 3 3 (3) Billy Janniro 10 1 3 2 2 2 (4) Josh Larsen 7 1 3 2 1 X (5) Brent Werner 7 2 1 1 2 1 Placing Team / Rider Name Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 3  Latvia 31 1 2 5 7 8 8 9 11 12 13 14 16 17 18 19 19 20 22 23 24 26 27 28 29 31 (1) Leonid Paura 7 1 2 1 1 2 (2) Kasts Poudzuks 7 1 1 1 2 2 (3) Andriej Korolew 7 3 1 1 1 1 (4) Nikolaj Kokin (c) 6 2 X 2 1 1 (5) Aleksandr Ivanov 4 1 1 1 X 1 4  France 6 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 (1) Mathieu Tresarrieu 2 0 2 F X 0 0 (2) Stéphane Trésarrieu (c) 0 0 0 0 0 0 (3) Sebastien Tresarrieu 2 0 0 E 1 1 (4) Jérome Lespinasse 0 X - 0 0 0 (5) Christophe Dubernand 2 E 2 0 0 0 Placing Team / Rider Name Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 M - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance • T - exclusion for touching the tapes • X - other exclusion • E - retired or mechanical failure • F - fell Helmet colours was permanent for each teams (Red, Blue, White and Yellow/Black). Colours in diagrams means gate positions: gate A – inside gate B gate C gate D – outside Qualifier 2 4 June 2005 Pista Olimpia Terenzano, Terenzano Placing Team / Rider Name Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1  Germany 30 0 1 4 7 9 12 15 17 20 20 21 24 27 29 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 (1) Christian Hefenbrock 4 0 3 1 (2) René Schäfer 7 1 3 3 (3) Martin Smolinski (c) 8 3 2 3 (4) Thomas Stange 8 3 3 2 (5) Michael Hertrich 3 2 E 1 2  Slovenia 23 2 5 7 7 8 9 11 14 14 15 17 18 18 21 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 (1) Jernej Kolenko 6 2 2 2 (2) Matej Žagar (c) 11 3 3 2 3 (3) Izak Šantej 3 2 0 1 (4) Ales Kraljic 1 E 1 0 (5) Denis Štojs 2 1 1 - Placing Team / Rider Name Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 3  Hungary 21 1 3 4 6 9 11 12 12 14 16 19 19 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 (1) Norbert Magosi (c) 2 1 0 1 (2) Laszlo Szatmari 4 2 2 E (3) Sándor Tihanyi 6 1 2 3 (4) Zsolt Bencze 4 2 2 0 (5) Attila Stefani 5 3 1 1 4  Italy 16 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 6 9 9 11 13 13 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 (1) Emiliano Sanchez 6 3 1 2 (2) Simone Terenzani 3 E 3 E (3) Christian Miotello 3 0 0 3 (4) Mattia Carpanese (c) 1 1 0 0 (5) Daniele Tessari 3 E 1 2 Placing Team / Rider Name Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 M - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance • T - exclusion for touching the tapes • X - other exclusion • E - retired or mechanical failure • F - fell Helmet colours was permanent for each teams (Red, Blue, White and Yellow/Black). Colours in diagrams means gate positions: gate A – inside gate B gate C gate D – outside Main tournament SemifinalsRace-offFinal31 July - Swindon (Event 1) Great Britain59 Denmark54 Czech Republic264 August - Wrocław (Race-off)6 August - Wrocław (Final) Russia17 Poland63 Poland62 Denmark48 Sweden342 August - Eskilstuna (Event 2) Australia30 Denmark31 Sweden51 Czech Republic16 Great Britain27 Australia50 Poland49 Germany5 Event 1 31 July 2005 Abbey Stadium, Swindon Placing Team / Rider Name Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1  Great Britain 59 0 3 6 9 11 14 16 19 22 24 26 28 31 34 37 39 42 45 47 48 51 52 54 57 59 (1) Joe Screen 8 0 3 3 1 1 (2) Simon Stead 12 3 2 3 2 2 (3) Lee Richardson 15 3 3 3 3 3 (4) Scott Nicholls (c) 12 3 2 2 3 2 (5) Chris Harris 12 2 3 2 2 3 2  Denmark 54 3 5 5 7 10 10 13 15 16 19 22 25 27 29 31 37 39 39 42 45 46 48 49 51 54 (1) Nicki Pedersen 12 3 3 2 3 1 (2) Bjarne Pedersen 12 2 2 3 3 2 (3) Hans N. Andersen (c) 13 F 1 3 6J 3 (4) Niels Kristian Iversen 10 2 3 2 2 1 (5) Charlie Gjedde 7 3 0 2 0 2 Placing Team / Rider Name Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 3  Czech Republic 26 1 1 2 3 3 5 6 7 9 10 10 11 12 12 12 13 13 15 15 15 17 23 26 26 26 (1) Adrian Rymel (c) 2 1 1 0 F 0 (2) Aleš Dryml, Jr. 12 0 2 0 2 2 6J (3) Lukáš Dryml 2 1 1 0 X - E (4) Tomáš Topinka 7 1 2 1 0 3 (5) Tomáš Suchánek 3 0 1 1 1 - 4  Russia 17 2 3 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 9 9 10 11 12 14 14 14 14 16 17 (1) Sergey Darkin 5 2 X 1 0 0 2J (2) Oleg Kurguskin 2 1 0 0 1 - 0 (3) Simon Vlasov 2 2 0 X - - (4) Denis Gizatullin (c) 2 0 0 1 1 0 - (5) Renat Gafurov 6 1 F 1 1 2 1 Placing Team / Rider Name Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 M - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance • T - exclusion for touching the tapes • X - other exclusion • E - retired or mechanical failure • F - fell Helmet colours was permanent for each teams (Red, Blue, White and Yellow/Black). Colours in diagrams means gate positions: gate A – inside gate B gate C gate D – outside Event 2 2 August 2005 Smedstadion, Eskilstuna Placing Team / Rider Name Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1  Sweden 51 1 3 5 7 9 12 15 17 19 22 23 25 27 28 30 33 36 38 39 41 43 45 48 51 51 (1) Antonio Lindbäck 9 1 2 2 2 2 (2) Andreas Jonsson 12 2 3 1 3 3 (3) Tony Rickardsson 13 2 3 2 3 3 (4) Peter Karlsson (c) 8 2 3 1 2 0 (5) Fredrik Lindgren 9 2 2 2 1 2 2  Australia 50 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 13 13 15 21 24 24 27 28 30 31 34 36 37 40 43 45 47 50 (1) Leigh Adams (c) 13 3 3 3 1 3 (2) Ryan Sullivan 8 1 0 1 3 3 (3) Jason Crump 14 1 2 6J 2 3 (4) Adam Shields 9 1 2 3 1 2 (5) Davey Watt 6 1 1 0 2 2 Placing Team / Rider Name Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 3  Poland 49 2 5 8 11 14 15 17 18 21 22 24 25 28 30 33 34 36 36 39 42 43 43 44 45 49 (1) Krzysztof Kasprzak 7 2 1 2 1 1 (2) Piotr Protasiewicz 8 3 2 1 2 E2 (3) Rune Holta 8 3 1 3 Fx 1 (4) Jarosław Hampel 12 3 3 2 3 1 (5) Tomasz Gollob (c) 14 3 1 3 3 4J 4  Germany 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 (1) Christian Hefenbrock 0 E/st 0 0 0 0 (2) René Schäfer 0 0 0 0 0 0 (3) Martin Smolinski (c) 2 0 1 0 0 1 (4) Thomas Stange 1 0 0 1 0 0 (5) Mathias Schultz 2 0 0 0 1 1 Placing Team / Rider Name Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 M - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance • T - exclusion for touching the tapes • X - other exclusion • E - retired or mechanical failure • F - fell Helmet colours was permanent for each teams (Red, Blue, White and Yellow/Black). Colours in diagrams means gate positions: gate A – inside gate B gate C gate D – outside Race-off 4 August 2005 Olympic Stadium, Wrocław Placing Team / Rider Name Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1  Poland 63 3 6 9 10 13 16 18 20 23 26 28 31 33 36 39 41 44 47 48 50 53 56 57 60 63 (1) Jarosław Hampel 10 3 2 3 1 1 (2) Rune Holta 12 3 2 2 2 3 (3) Tomasz Gollob (c) 14 3 3 3 2 3 (4) Piotr Protasiewicz 12 1 3 2 3 3 (5) Grzegorz Walasek 15 3 3 3 3 3 2  Denmark 48 2 4 5 8 9 10 13 16 18 19 20 20 21 22 23 26 28 29 32 38 39 41 44 46 48 (1) Kenneth Bjerre 5 2 1 1 - 1 (2) Niels Kristian Iversen 9 2 3 0 2 2 (3) Hans N. Andersen (c) 15 1 3 1 1 6J 3 (4) Nicki Pedersen 14 3 2 1 3 3 2 (5) Bjarne Pedersen 5 1 1 1 - 2 Placing Team / Rider Name Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 3  Australia 30 0 1 3 5 5 7 8 9 10 12 15 16 22 24 24 24 25 27 29 29 29 29 29 29 30 (1) Davey Watt 1 0 1 - - 0 (2) Adam Shields 5 1 2 2 0 0 (3) Ryan Sullivan 5 2 2 0 1 0 0 (4) Leigh Adams (c) 15 2 1 3 6J 2 1 (5) Steve Johnston 4 X 1 1 2 0 4  Czech Republic 16 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 7 8 8 8 8 9 11 13 15 16 16 (1) Tomáš Suchánek 1 1 0 0 0 Fx (2) Aleš Dryml, Jr. 4 E4 0 2 0 2 (3) Tomáš Topinka 0 0 0 0 0 - (4) Lukáš Dryml 7 0 E4 2 1 2J 2 (5) Adrian Rymel (c) 4 2 0 0 1 1 Placing Team / Rider Name Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 M - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance • T - exclusion for touching the tapes • X - other exclusion • E - retired or mechanical failure • F - fell Helmet colours was permanent for each teams (Red, Blue, White and Yellow/Black). Colours in diagrams means gate positions: gate A – inside gate B gate C gate D – outside Final 6 August 2005 Olympic Stadium, Wrocław Placing Team / Rider Name Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1  Poland 62 0 3 5 8 11 12 13 15 17 20 23 26 29 32 34 37 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 59 62 (1) Grzegorz Walasek 10 0 1 3 3 3 (2) Rune Holta 12 3 1 3 2 3 (3) Piotr Protasiewicz 13 2 2 3 3 3 (4) Jarosław Hampel 13 3 2 3 3 2 (5) Tomasz Gollob (c) 14 3 3 2 3 3 2  Sweden 34 3 5 6 8 9 11 13 13 16 16 17 19 21 21 21 25 26 26 28 29 31 32 32 32 34 (1) Tony Rickardsson 7 3 2 0 0 2 0 (2) Peter Karlsson (c) 4 2 E4 1 1 0 (3) Andreas Jonsson 12 1 3 2 4J 2 (4) Antonio Lindbäck 7 2 0 2 1 2 (5) Fredrik Lindgren 4 1 2 0 - 1 Placing Team / Rider Name Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 3  Denmark 31 2 2 5 5 7 7 7 10 11 13 15 16 17 21 22 23 23 25 25 27 28 28 30 31 31 (1) Hans N. Andersen (c) 9 2 3 4 0 0 (2) Bjarne Pedersen 5 0 1 1 2 1 (3) Kenneth Bjerre 7 3 2 2 0 0 (4) Nicki Pedersen 6 0 E4 1 2 2 1 (5) Niels Kristian Iversen 4 2 0 1 1 - 4  Great Britain 25 1 2 2 3 3 6 9 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 15 15 18 19 20 20 20 20 21 24 25 (1) Joe Screen 1 1 0 - 0 - (2) Simon Stead 4 1 1 1 E3 2 1 (3) Lee Richardson 12 0 3 3 3 0 3 (4) Scott Nicholls (c) 6 1 3 0 E4J 1 1 (5) Chris Harris 2 0 1 0 1 - Placing Team / Rider Name Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 M - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance • T - exclusion for touching the tapes • X - other exclusion • E - retired or mechanical failure • F - fell Helmet colours was permanent for each teams (Red, Blue, White and Yellow/Black). Colours in diagrams means gate positions: gate A – inside gate B gate C gate D – outside Final classification Pos. National team Pts.  Poland 62  Sweden 34  Denmark 31 4  Great Britain 27 5  Australia 30 6  Czech Republic 16 7  Russia 17 8  Germany 5 References ^ rlach.republika.pl; Retrieved on 2008-12-27 ^ "2005 WORLD CUP". International Speedway. Retrieved 15 July 2021. ^ world.speedway.org Archived 2005-11-05 at the Wayback Machine; Retrieved on 2008-10-27 ^ world.speedway.org Archived 2005-11-05 at the Wayback Machine; Retrieved on 2008-10-27 vteSpeedway World Team Cup and Speedway World CupSpeedway World Team Cup 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Speedway World Cup (SWC) 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2023 See also Host cities Medalists Medal classification Speedway World Pairs Championship Speedway of Nations
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_Motocyclisme"},{"link_name":"Speedway World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speedway_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_in_sports"},{"link_name":"Olympic Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Wroc%C5%82aw)"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_national_speedway_team"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_national_speedway_team"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_national_speedway_team"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_national_speedway_team"},{"link_name":"the Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Speedway_World_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The 2005 Speedway World Cup (SWC) was the 5th FIM Speedway World Cup season. The Final took place on August 6, 2005 in the Olympic Stadium in Wrocław, Poland.The tournament was won by host team Poland (62 pts) and they beat defending champion Sweden (34 pts), Denmark (31 pts) and Great Britain (27 pts) in the Final.[1][2]","title":"2005 Speedway World Cup"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Qualification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Latvijas Spidveja Centrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvijas_Spidveja_Centrs"},{"link_name":"Daugavpils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daugavpils"}],"sub_title":"Qualifier 1","text":"5 June 2005[3]\n Latvijas Spidveja Centrs, DaugavpilsM - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance • \nT - exclusion for touching the tapes • \nX - other exclusion • \nE - retired or mechanical failure • \nF - fellHelmet colours was permanent for each teams (Red, Blue, White and Yellow/Black). Colours in diagrams means gate positions:\n\n\ngate A – inside\n\ngate B\n\ngate C\n\ngate D – outside","title":"Qualification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Pista Olimpia Terenzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pista_Olimpia_Terenzano"},{"link_name":"Terenzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terenzano"}],"sub_title":"Qualifier 2","text":"4 June 2005[4]\n Pista Olimpia Terenzano, TerenzanoM - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance • \nT - exclusion for touching the tapes • \nX - other exclusion • \nE - retired or mechanical failure • \nF - fellHelmet colours was permanent for each teams (Red, Blue, White and Yellow/Black). Colours in diagrams means gate positions:\n\n\ngate A – inside\n\ngate B\n\ngate C\n\ngate D – outside","title":"Qualification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swindon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindon"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_national_speedway_team"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_national_speedway_team"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_national_speedway_team"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_national_speedway_team"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_national_speedway_team"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_national_speedway_team"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_national_speedway_team"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_national_speedway_team"},{"link_name":"Eskilstuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskilstuna"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_speedway_team"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_national_speedway_team"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_national_speedway_team"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic_national_speedway_team"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_national_speedway_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_speedway_team"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland_national_speedway_team"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_national_speedway_team"}],"text":"SemifinalsRace-offFinal31 July - Swindon (Event 1) Great Britain59 Denmark54 Czech Republic264 August - Wrocław (Race-off)6 August - Wrocław (Final) Russia17 Poland63 Poland62 Denmark48 Sweden342 August - Eskilstuna (Event 2) Australia30 Denmark31 Sweden51 Czech Republic16 Great Britain27 Australia50 Poland49 Germany5","title":"Main tournament"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Abbey Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindon_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Swindon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindon"}],"sub_title":"Event 1","text":"31 July 2005\n Abbey Stadium, SwindonM - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance • \nT - exclusion for touching the tapes • \nX - other exclusion • \nE - retired or mechanical failure • \nF - fellHelmet colours was permanent for each teams (Red, Blue, White and Yellow/Black). Colours in diagrams means gate positions:\n\n\ngate A – inside\n\ngate B\n\ngate C\n\ngate D – outside","title":"Main tournament"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Smedstadion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smedstadion"},{"link_name":"Eskilstuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskilstuna"}],"sub_title":"Event 2","text":"2 August 2005\n Smedstadion, EskilstunaM - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance • \nT - exclusion for touching the tapes • \nX - other exclusion • \nE - retired or mechanical failure • \nF - fellHelmet colours was permanent for each teams (Red, Blue, White and Yellow/Black). Colours in diagrams means gate positions:\n\n\ngate A – inside\n\ngate B\n\ngate C\n\ngate D – outside","title":"Main tournament"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Olympic Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Wroc%C5%82aw)"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"}],"sub_title":"Race-off","text":"4 August 2005\n Olympic Stadium, WrocławM - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance • \nT - exclusion for touching the tapes • \nX - other exclusion • \nE - retired or mechanical failure • \nF - fellHelmet colours was permanent for each teams (Red, Blue, White and Yellow/Black). Colours in diagrams means gate positions:\n\n\ngate A – inside\n\ngate B\n\ngate C\n\ngate D – outside","title":"Main tournament"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Olympic Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Stadium_(Wroc%C5%82aw)"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"}],"sub_title":"Final","text":"6 August 2005\n Olympic Stadium, WrocławM - exclusion for exceeding two minute time allowance • \nT - exclusion for touching the tapes • \nX - other exclusion • \nE - retired or mechanical failure • \nF - fellHelmet colours was permanent for each teams (Red, Blue, White and Yellow/Black). Colours in diagrams means gate positions:\n\n\ngate A – inside\n\ngate B\n\ngate C\n\ngate D – outside","title":"Main tournament"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Final classification"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"2005 WORLD CUP\". International Speedway. Retrieved 15 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.internationalspeedway.co.uk/wtc05.htm","url_text":"\"2005 WORLD CUP\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://rlach.republika.pl/inne/ms/fdp_2005.htm","external_links_name":"rlach.republika.pl"},{"Link":"http://www.internationalspeedway.co.uk/wtc05.htm","external_links_name":"\"2005 WORLD CUP\""},{"Link":"http://world.speedway.org/2005/wc/t/r1.sdf","external_links_name":"world.speedway.org"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051105025109/http://world.speedway.org/2005/wc/t/r1.sdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://world.speedway.org/2005/wc/t/r2.sdf","external_links_name":"world.speedway.org"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051105025131/http://world.speedway.org/2005/wc/t/r2.sdf","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Bulger
Jason Bulger
["1 Career","1.1 Arizona Diamondbacks","1.2 Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim","1.3 Minnesota Twins","1.4 New York Yankees","2 References","3 External links"]
American baseball player (born 1978) Baseball player Jason BulgerPitcherBorn: (1978-12-06) December 6, 1978 (age 45)Lawrenceville, Georgia, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutAugust 26, 2005, for the Arizona DiamondbacksLast MLB appearanceApril 23, 2011, for the Los Angeles Angels of AnaheimMLB statisticsWin–loss record7–2Earned run average4.33Strikeouts138 Teams Arizona Diamondbacks (2005) Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (2006–2011) Jason Patrick Bulger (born December 6, 1978) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Arizona Diamondbacks and Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. Bulger played college baseball at Valdosta State University. Career Arizona Diamondbacks Bulger made his MLB debut on August 26, 2005, while a member of the Arizona Diamondbacks. Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim He was traded to the Angels during spring training in 2006 for infielder Alberto Callaspo. He made his Angels debut on May 20, 2006, after the team released third baseman Edgardo Alfonzo earlier in the day to make room for him on the roster. He was reassigned to the minor leagues on May 23, to make room for callup Kendrys Morales. He was called up in 2007 when rosters expanded on September 1. On March 30, 2008, the Angels released their Opening Day roster and Bulger made the team. He was optioned down to the minors on August 27. On July 28, 2009, Bulger recorded his first career save in the majors against the Cleveland Indians. On April 27, 2011, Bulger was designated for assignment after making five appearances for the Angels in the 2011 season with a 0.96 ERA and striking out seven. He cleared waivers, and accepted his demotion to AAA Salt Lake. Minnesota Twins He signed a minor league contract with the Minnesota Twins on November 18, 2011. He was released at the end of spring training. New York Yankees Bulger signed a minor league contract with the New York Yankees on April 1, 2012. References ^ "Angels release Alfonzo, call up Bulger from Triple-A". 20 May 2006. ^ "Yankees add Bulger". April 2012. External links Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors) vte2001 Major League Baseball draft first round selections Joe Mauer Mark Prior Dewon Brazelton Gavin Floyd Mark Teixeira Josh Karp Chris Smith John Van Benschoten Colt Griffin Chris Burke Kenny Baugh Mike Jones Casey Kotchman Jake Gautreau Gabe Gross Kris Honel Dan Denham Aaron Heilman Mike Fontenot Jeremy Sowers Brad Hennessey Jason Bulger John-Ford Griffin Macay McBride Bobby Crosby Jeremy Bonderman William Horne Justin Pope Josh Burrus Noah Lowry Bryan Bass Michael Woods Jeff Mathis Bronson Sardinha J. D. Martin Michael Garciaparra John Rheinecker David Wright Wyatt Allen Richard Lewis Todd Linden Jon Skaggs Mike Conroy Jayson Nix vteArizona Diamondbacks first-round draft picks 1996: Bierbrodt 1997: Cust 1998: None 1999: Myers, Daigle 2000: None 2001: Bulger 2002: Santos 2003: Jackson, Quentin 2004: Drew 2005: Upton, Torra 2006: Scherzer, Brown 2007: Parker, Roemer, Easley 2008: Schlereth, Miley 2009: Borchering, Pollock, Davidson, Owings, Belfiore 2010: Loux 2011: Bauer, Bradley, Chafin 2012: Trahan 2013: Shipley 2014: Toussaint 2015: Swanson 2016: None 2017: Smith 2018: McLain 2019: Carroll, Walston, Malone, Jameson 2020: Jarvis 2021: Lawlar 2022: Jones 2023: Troy
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Arizona Diamondbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels_of_Anaheim"},{"link_name":"college baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_baseball"},{"link_name":"Valdosta State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valdosta_State_University"}],"text":"Baseball playerJason Patrick Bulger (born December 6, 1978) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Arizona Diamondbacks and Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. Bulger played college baseball at Valdosta State University.","title":"Jason Bulger"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"Arizona Diamondbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks"}],"sub_title":"Arizona Diamondbacks","text":"Bulger made his MLB debut on August 26, 2005, while a member of the Arizona Diamondbacks.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spring training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_training"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"infielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infielder"},{"link_name":"Alberto Callaspo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Callaspo"},{"link_name":"third baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_baseman"},{"link_name":"Edgardo Alfonzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgardo_Alfonzo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Kendrys Morales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendrys_Morales"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Indians"}],"sub_title":"Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim","text":"He was traded to the Angels during spring training in 2006 for infielder Alberto Callaspo. He made his Angels debut on May 20, 2006, after the team released third baseman Edgardo Alfonzo earlier in the day to make room for him on the roster.[1] He was reassigned to the minor leagues on May 23, to make room for callup Kendrys Morales. He was called up in 2007 when rosters expanded on September 1.On March 30, 2008, the Angels released their Opening Day roster and Bulger made the team. He was optioned down to the minors on August 27. On July 28, 2009, Bulger recorded his first career save in the majors against the Cleveland Indians.On April 27, 2011, Bulger was designated for assignment after making five appearances for the Angels in the 2011 season with a 0.96 ERA and striking out seven. He cleared waivers, and accepted his demotion to AAA Salt Lake.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minnesota Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Twins"}],"sub_title":"Minnesota Twins","text":"He signed a minor league contract with the Minnesota Twins on November 18, 2011. He was released at the end of spring training.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"New York Yankees","text":"Bulger signed a minor league contract with the New York Yankees on April 1, 2012.[2]","title":"Career"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Angels release Alfonzo, call up Bulger from Triple-A\". 20 May 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/mlb/news/story?id=2452102","url_text":"\"Angels release Alfonzo, call up Bulger from Triple-A\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yankees add Bulger\". April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/blog/new-york/yankees/post/_/id/30334/yankees-add-bulger","url_text":"\"Yankees add Bulger\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil_Ierunca
Virgil Ierunca
["1 Published books","2 References","3 External links"]
Romanian writer Virgil Ierunca in 1994 Virgil Ierunca (Romanian pronunciation: ; born Virgil Untaru ; August 16, 1920, Lădești, Vâlcea County – September 28, 2006, Paris) was a Romanian literary critic, journalist, and poet. He was married to Monica Lovinescu. Both Ierunca and Lovinescu worked for several decades for Radio Free Europe. In 2006 both were members of the Romanian Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania; the Commission's chairman, Vladimir Tismăneanu, called them "the most honest and dignified couple in the history of Romanian culture". In December 2023, a monumental ensemble featuring statues of Ierunca and Lovinescu united by a stainless steel mantle, next to a tree of evil (a parable of the Securitate agents that had infiltrated Radio Free Europe) was inaugurated in the Cotroceni neighborhood of Bucharest. Published books Fenomenul Pitești (Ed. Humanitas, Bucharest, 1990) Românește (Ed. Humanitas, Bucharest, 1991) Subiect şi predicat (Ed. Humanitas, Bucharest, 1993) Dimpotrivă (Ed. Humanitas, Bucharest, 1994) Semnul mirării (Ed. Humanitas, Bucharest, 1995) Trecut-au anii (Ed. Humanitas, Bucharest, 2000) Poeme de exil (Ed. Humanitas, Bucharest, 2001) References ^ Mihai, Alina (December 17, 2023). "Statuile Monicăi Lovinescu și Virgil Ierunca, unite printr-o mantie de inox, alături de un arbore al răului, o parabolă a securiștilor infiltrați la Europa Liberă. Monument de artă contemporană, inaugurat în Cotroceni". G4 Media (in Romanian). Retrieved December 21, 2023. External links Vladimir Tismăneanu, "Ce-i datorăm lui Virgil Ierunca", Evenimentul Zilei, October 4, 2006 vteRomanian modernist literature in World War IIDoyens Arghezi Barbu Brunea-Fox Călinescu E. Lovinescu Valerian Vinea Junior writers Baciu Balotă Banuș Baranga Bogza Boeriu Botta Caraion Cassian Cavarnali Celan Chihaia Chimet Cioculescu Colin Corlaciu Cotruș Crama Crohmălniceanu Doinaș Dragomir Dumitrescu Enescu Ierunca Isou Ivașcu Jebeleanu M. Lovinescu Luca Lungu Naum Negoițescu Pals Paraschivescu Păun Petrașincu Pillat Regman Robot Roll Sebastian Șerbu Sîrbu Stanca Stelaru Streinu Teodorescu Tita Todoran Tonegaru Trost Tudor Movements Kalende Sburătorul Sibiu Literary Circle Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Vatican Other IdRef This Romanian biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"Virgil Ierunca in 1994","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ierunca1.JPG/300px-Ierunca1.JPG"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondoli
Kondoli
["1 Demography","2 See also","3 External links","4 References"]
Coordinates: 41°55′11″N 45°34′41″E / 41.91972°N 45.57806°E / 41.91972; 45.57806Village in Kakheti, GeorgiaKondoli კონდოლიVillageKondoliCoordinates: 41°55′11″N 45°34′41″E / 41.91972°N 45.57806°E / 41.91972; 45.57806Country GeorgiaRegionKakhetiDistrictTelaviPopulation (2014) • Total2,188 Time zoneUTC+4:00Area code+995 Kondoli (Georgian: კონდოლი), is a village in the Telavi district of Georgia. Demography Census Year population 2002 2489 2014 2188 See also Telavi Municipality External links "ლაფანყურის ადმინისტრაციული ერთეული". თვითმმართველი თემი თელავის მუნიციპალიტეტის ოფიციალური საიტი (telavi-temi.ge). Archived from the original on 2017-04-03. Retrieved June 17, 2024. (in Georgian) References ^ a b "მოსახლეობის საყოველთაო აღწერა 2014". საქართველოს სტატისტიკის ეროვნული სამსახური. Retrieved October 19, 2016. ^ 2002 წლის აღწერის მონაცემები Archived 2012-04-19 at the Wayback Machine vte Settlements in Telavi MunicipalityVillages Akhateli Akura Artana Busheti Gulgula Ikalto Jughaani Kisiskhevi Kobadze Kondoli Kurdghelauri Kvemo Khodasheni Lalisquri Lapanquri Lechuri Nadikvari Napareuli Nasamkhrali Pantiani Pshaveli Qarajala Ruispiri Salebeli Saniore Serodani Shalauri Tetri Tsqlebi Tsinandali Vanta Vardisubani This Georgia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Telavi Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telavi_Municipality"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cochrane_(pilot)
John Cochrane (pilot)
["1 Education","2 Early career","3 Concorde","4 Later career","5 Awards","6 See also","7 References"]
British test pilot for the Anglo-French supersonic airliner, Concorde (1930–2006) John Cochrane (26 July 1930 – 4 November 2006) was a British test pilot for the Anglo-French supersonic airliner, Concorde. Education John Cochrane was born in Ayr and educated at Strathallan School, Perthshire. Cochrane initially started an engineering degree before deciding to leave and join the Royal Air Force. He received a cadetship to the Royal Air Force College Cranwell in 1949 where he trained as a pilot and was awarded the Phillip Sassoon Memorial Prize for the cadet placed second in the order of merit. At the same time he was also awarded the RUSI prize for the best individual thesis. Cochrane graduated in 1952. Early career Upon graduation Cochrane joined the renowned 617 Squadron ("Dambusters") where he flew the English Electric Canberra bomber, Britain's first jet powered bomber. He then served with No. 90 Squadron RAF and No. 214 Squadron RAF with whom he flew the Vickers Valiant, the first of Britain's three V Bombers. Cochrane saw active service with No. 214 Squadron RAF during the Suez Crisis in 1956 when he flew bombing raids on Egyptian airfields from Malta. His talents soon marked him out as a potential test pilot, not only an excellent pilot, he had the ability to write succinct and enlightening reports on any aircraft he flew. As a Squadron leader in 1960, he graduated from the Empire Test Pilots' School in Farnborough, after which he was posted to the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment at Boscombe Down. In September 1962, he resigned his commission with the Royal Air Force and joined Vickers-Armstrongs to become an experimental test pilot. At Vickers he was involved with the stall tests on the company's last civil airliner, the VC10. Concorde In 1962, discussions between the British Aircraft Corporation and Sud Aviation began, regarding the possibility of a supersonic transport aircraft. The final collaboration would be that of the successors, British Aerospace and Aerospatiale, respectively. In May 1964, they agreed the preliminary design of the Mach 2 Concorde. Assembly of the British prototype began at Filton in 1966, the same year that John Cochrane was appointed project test pilot. To prepare for the first flight of the British-built Concorde 002, Cochrane flew on numerous high-performance delta wing or deeply swept wing aircraft to explore their flying characteristics. He flew on the Dassault Mirage III interceptor fighter, Dassault Mirage IV nuclear bomber, English Electric Lightning, Handley Page HP.115 and the British Aircraft Corporation BAC221. In 1968, he was appointed deputy chief test pilot of the commercial division of the British Aircraft Corporation. On 9 April 1969, John Cochrane flew as co-pilot on the maiden flight of Concorde 002 with Brian Trubshaw as chief test pilot, exactly five weeks after the French sister aircraft first flew. Cochrane would stay with the Concorde test programme for its entirety. Concorde finally acquired its certificate of airworthiness in December 1975 and flew commercially for the first time with British Airways on 21 January 1976. Cochrane piloted Concorde 002 for many of its proving flights and commanded Concorde 101 on its trials. He had specific responsibility for the engine intake control system, which required him to test the aircraft to the limits of its speed, altitude and ability to carry a payload of passengers over the most likely potential routes at Mach 2. He commanded Concorde 101 when it reached its fastest supersonic speed of Mach 2.23 and a height of 68,000 feet. Cochrane also established record sub-three-hour transatlantic crossings in both directions. Both Cochrane and Trubshaw insisted on many changes as they began testing on Concorde. One of the first problems they encountered was the protective visor on the front window, which, with two narrow slits, left them with a good view of the clouds but limited visibility for landing. They also encountered problems as they flew the Concorde prototype to its maximum speed of Mach 2.2. When they decided to turn off the re-heat system, the Olympus jet engines went into a cyclic surge condition known as a 'forward firing backfire'. The French had experienced the same problems and the British insisted that the engine controls be changed from an analogue to a digital system. This was one of the main reasons that led to soaring costs and the seven-year delay. On one occasion in 1974, Cochrane was flying Concorde 002 when one of its undercarriage legs would not lock in the down position whilst preparing for landing. He safely made an emergency landing and it led to another vital modification on the aircraft. Later career In 1980 having helped to train the pilots he retired from BAe and flew commercially for ten years with Cyprus Airways as a captain. The decision to ground Concorde in 2003 after the fatal Paris crash in 2000, saddened him and he insisted that Concorde could have flown commercially for much longer. On 24 October 2003 he was present on one of the three Concordes that made their final commercial flights to Heathrow Airport. Cochrane acknowledged that flying Concorde was the highlight of his career and claimed that involvement in the project was 'perhaps second only to the US Apollo Program'. Awards Awarded the Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air, 1971. Awarded the Derry and Richards Memorial Medal for flight test achievement, 1977. See also Brian Trubshaw References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "John Cochrane". The Guardian. 23 November 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2012. ^ "John Cochrane". The Scotsman. 22 November 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2012. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "John Cochrane". The Daily Telegraph. 17 November 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2012. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "John Cochrane, bomber and test pilot". The Times. 11 November 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
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His talents soon marked him out as a potential test pilot, not only an excellent pilot, he had the ability to write succinct and enlightening reports on any aircraft he flew.[4] As a Squadron leader in 1960, he graduated from the Empire Test Pilots' School in Farnborough, after which he was posted to the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment at Boscombe Down.[4] In September 1962, he resigned his commission with the Royal Air Force and joined Vickers-Armstrongs to become an experimental test pilot.[3] At Vickers he was involved with the stall tests on the company's last civil airliner, the VC10.[4]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Aircraft Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Aircraft_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Sud Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud_Aviation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-4"},{"link_name":"British Aerospace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Aerospace"},{"link_name":"Aerospatiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospatiale"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-4"},{"link_name":"Filton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filton"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-4"},{"link_name":"Dassault Mirage III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_III"},{"link_name":"Dassault Mirage IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_IV"},{"link_name":"English Electric Lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Electric_Lightning"},{"link_name":"Handley Page HP.115","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handley_Page_HP.115"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-3"},{"link_name":"Brian Trubshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Trubshaw"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-3"},{"link_name":"British Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Airways"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-4"},{"link_name":"Mach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_number"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-1"}],"text":"In 1962, discussions between the British Aircraft Corporation and Sud Aviation began, regarding the possibility of a supersonic transport aircraft.[4] The final collaboration would be that of the successors, British Aerospace and Aerospatiale, respectively.[4] In May 1964, they agreed the preliminary design of the Mach 2 Concorde.[4] Assembly of the British prototype began at Filton in 1966, the same year that John Cochrane was appointed project test pilot.[4] To prepare for the first flight of the British-built Concorde 002, Cochrane flew on numerous high-performance delta wing or deeply swept wing aircraft to explore their flying characteristics.[4] He flew on the Dassault Mirage III interceptor fighter, Dassault Mirage IV nuclear bomber, English Electric Lightning, Handley Page HP.115 and the British Aircraft Corporation BAC221.[4] In 1968, he was appointed deputy chief test pilot of the commercial division of the British Aircraft Corporation.[3]On 9 April 1969, John Cochrane flew as co-pilot on the maiden flight of Concorde 002 with Brian Trubshaw as chief test pilot,[4] exactly five weeks after the French sister aircraft first flew.[4] Cochrane would stay with the Concorde test programme for its entirety.[3] Concorde finally acquired its certificate of airworthiness in December 1975 and flew commercially for the first time with British Airways on 21 January 1976.[4] Cochrane piloted Concorde 002 for many of its proving flights and commanded Concorde 101 on its trials.[4] He had specific responsibility for the engine intake control system, which required him to test the aircraft to the limits of its speed, altitude and ability to carry a payload of passengers over the most likely potential routes at Mach 2.[4] He commanded Concorde 101 when it reached its fastest supersonic speed of Mach 2.23 and a height of 68,000 feet.[3] Cochrane also established record sub-three-hour transatlantic crossings in both directions.[1]Both Cochrane and Trubshaw insisted on many changes as they began testing on Concorde.[1] One of the first problems they encountered was the protective visor on the front window, which, with two narrow slits, left them with a good view of the clouds but limited visibility for landing.[1] They also encountered problems as they flew the Concorde prototype to its maximum speed of Mach 2.2.[1] When they decided to turn off the re-heat system, the Olympus jet engines went into a cyclic surge condition known as a 'forward firing backfire'.[1] The French had experienced the same problems and the British insisted that the engine controls be changed from an analogue to a digital system.[1] This was one of the main reasons that led to soaring costs and the seven-year delay.[1] On one occasion in 1974, Cochrane was flying Concorde 002 when one of its undercarriage legs would not lock in the down position whilst preparing for landing.[4] He safely made an emergency landing and it led to another vital modification on the aircraft.[1]","title":"Concorde"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cyprus Airways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus_Airways"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-1"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France_Flight_4590"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-times-4"},{"link_name":"Heathrow Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Heathrow_Airport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-1"},{"link_name":"Apollo Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Program"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-3"}],"text":"In 1980 having helped to train the pilots he retired from BAe and flew commercially for ten years with Cyprus Airways as a captain.[1] The decision to ground Concorde in 2003 after the fatal Paris crash in 2000, saddened him and he insisted that Concorde could have flown commercially for much longer.[4] On 24 October 2003 he was present on one of the three Concordes that made their final commercial flights to Heathrow Airport.[1] Cochrane acknowledged that flying Concorde was the highlight of his career and claimed that involvement in the project was 'perhaps second only to the US Apollo Program'.[3]","title":"Later career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Commendation_for_Valuable_Service_in_the_Air"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph-3"}],"text":"Awarded the Queen's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air, 1971.[3]\nAwarded the Derry and Richards Memorial Medal for flight test achievement, 1977.[3]","title":"Awards"}]
[]
[{"title":"Brian Trubshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Trubshaw"}]
[{"reference":"\"John Cochrane\". The Guardian. 23 November 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2006/nov/23/theairlineindustry.guardianobituaries","url_text":"\"John Cochrane\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"John Cochrane\". The Scotsman. 22 November 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scotsman.com/news/obituaries/john-cochrane-1-731745","url_text":"\"John Cochrane\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman","url_text":"The Scotsman"}]},{"reference":"\"John Cochrane\". The Daily Telegraph. 17 November 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1534355/John-Cochrane.html","url_text":"\"John Cochrane\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"}]},{"reference":"\"John Cochrane, bomber and test pilot\". The Times. 11 November 2006. Retrieved 20 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!topic/alt.obituaries/OPlQMtI-GUM","url_text":"\"John Cochrane, bomber and test pilot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/business/2006/nov/23/theairlineindustry.guardianobituaries","external_links_name":"\"John Cochrane\""},{"Link":"http://www.scotsman.com/news/obituaries/john-cochrane-1-731745","external_links_name":"\"John Cochrane\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1534355/John-Cochrane.html","external_links_name":"\"John Cochrane\""},{"Link":"https://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups#!topic/alt.obituaries/OPlQMtI-GUM","external_links_name":"\"John Cochrane, bomber and test pilot\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Vengeance
WWE Vengeance
["1 History","2 Events","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Professional wrestling event series Professional wrestling pay-per-view event series WWE VengeanceNXT Vengeance Day logo used since 2023PromotionsWWEBrandsRaw (2002, 2004–2007)SmackDown (2002–2003, 2007)ECW (2007)NXT (2021–present)Other namesVengeance: Night of Champions (2007)NXT Vengeance Day (2021—present)First event2001 WWE Vengeance, known as NXT Vengeance Day since 2021, is an American professional wrestling event produced by WWE, a professional wrestling promotion based in Connecticut. The event was originally created in 2001 as a pay-per-view (PPV), when the promotion was still called the World Wrestling Federation (WWF; renamed WWE in 2002). Since 2021, the event has been held annually in February for WWE's developmental brand, NXT, under the title NXT Vengeance Day, which is a reference to the event taking place on or around Valentine's Day. The 2021 event aired on both traditional PPV and via livestreaming. The 2022 event was then held as a television special on the USA Network, but since 2023, it has aired exclusively via WWE's livestreaming platforms. The event initially replaced Armageddon for the promotion's December 2001 PPV due to sensitivity issues following the September 11 attacks. However, Armageddon would return the following year, with Vengeance moving up to July as a replacement for Fully Loaded. Following the promotion being renamed to WWE and the implementation of the brand extension in early 2002, the event was made exclusive to the SmackDown brand in 2003, and then Raw from 2004 to 2006 before WWE discontinued brand-exclusive PPVs. This in turn allowed the ECW brand to be involved in 2007, but that would be the only year to include ECW. In 2007, Vengeance was held as Vengeance: Night of Champions, with all of WWE's championships at the time being contested. Night of Champions would replace Vengeance as a standalone chronology the following year, but Vengeance made a one-off return in October 2011. In February 2021, WWE revived Vengeance for the NXT brand as a TakeOver event called Vengeance Day, which was the first Vengeance to air via livestreaming in addition to traditional PPV. The TakeOver series was discontinued that September, however, Vengeance continued on under the Vengeance Day name with the 2022 event being held as a special episode of the NXT program, thus establishing Vengeance Day as NXT's annual Valentine's event. The 2023 event returned Vengeance to livestreaming, but not PPV, as beginning with Stand & Deliver in April 2022, NXT's major events only air on WWE's livestreaming platforms. History The inaugural Vengeance was held on December 9, 2001, replacing Armageddon as the then-World Wrestling Federation's (WWF) December pay-per-view (PPV); WWF staff felt that the "Armageddon" title was too sensitive following the September 11 attacks. However, Armageddon would return the following year, with Vengeance moving up to July as a replacement for Fully Loaded (which had been replaced in 2001 by Invasion, the first PPV to incorporate the Invasion angle). The 2002 event was also the first Vengeance to be promoted under the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) name, after the WWF was renamed to WWE earlier that same year. Following the brand extension in early 2002, where the promotion divided its roster into two separate brands where wrestlers exclusively performed on their respective weekly television programs, Vengeance became exclusive to SmackDown! in 2003, and then Raw from 2004 through 2006. WWE then discontinued brand-exclusive pay-per-views following WrestleMania 23 in April 2007; the 2007 edition was branded as Vengeance: Night of Champions, with all nine of WWE's championships at the time being contested, which included the ECW brand, which had been established the previous year. Night of Champions would become its own chronology in 2008, replacing Vengeance in its July slot on WWE's PPV lineup. In April 2011, WWE ceased using its full name with the "WWE" abbreviation becoming an orphaned initialism, while that August, the brand extension ended. That October, Vengeance made a one-off return, replacing Bragging Rights. Vengeance was again discontinued after 2011. In January 2021, over four years after the brand split was reinstated, WWE's NXT brand announced that it would revive Vengeance as an NXT TakeOver show on February 14 titled NXT TakeOver: Vengeance Day; its title also alluded to the event's Valentine's Day scheduling. This would also be the first Vengeance to air on WWE's online streaming service, the WWE Network (which launched in February 2014), in addition to traditional PPV. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the event was held in a bio-secure bubble called the Capitol Wrestling Center, hosted at the WWE Performance Center in Orlando, Florida. In September 2021, NXT was rebranded and reverted the brand to its original function as WWE's developmental territory. The TakeOver series was also discontinued, but Vengeance Day continued on as its own event, with the 2022 event scheduled for February 15, 2022. Unlike all previous Vengeance events, however, the 2022 event was held as a television special, airing as a special episode of NXT. This in turn established Vengeance Day as NXT's annual Valentine's event. On December 8, 2022, WWE announced that the 2023 Vengeance Day would be held on Saturday, February 4, 2023, at the Spectrum Center in Charlotte, North Carolina, marking the first major NXT event to be held in North Carolina and the second Vengeance event held at this venue after the 2006 event (when the venue was still called the Charlotte Bobcats Arena). It was also announced that it would return to being a livestreaming event (but not PPV), airing on Peacock in the United States and the WWE Network in international markets, in turn marking the first Vengeance to air on Peacock due to the American WWE Network merging under Peacock in March 2021 (beginning with the 2022 calendar year, NXT's major events no longer air on PPV, just livestreaming). This also marked the first standalone NXT livestreaming event to be held outside of Florida since NXT TakeOver: Portland in February 2020, just before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Events Raw-branded event SmackDown-branded event NXT-branded event # Event Date City Venue Main Event Ref. 1 Vengeance (2001) December 9, 2001 San Diego, California San Diego Sports Arena Stone Cold Steve Austin (WWF) vs. Chris Jericho (World) in a championship unification match to unify the WWF Championship and World Championship as the Undisputed WWF Championship 2 Vengeance (2002) July 21, 2002 Detroit, Michigan Joe Louis Arena The Undertaker (c) vs. Kurt Angle vs. The Rock in a triple threat match for the WWE Undisputed Championship 3 Vengeance (2003) July 27, 2003 Denver, Colorado Pepsi Center Brock Lesnar (c) vs. Big Show vs. Kurt Angle in a triple threat match for the WWE Championship 4 Vengeance (2004) July 11, 2004 Hartford, Connecticut Hartford Civic Center Chris Benoit (c) vs. Triple H for the World Heavyweight Championship 5 Vengeance (2005) June 26, 2005 Paradise, Nevada Thomas & Mack Center Batista (c) vs. Triple H in a Hell in a Cell match for the World Heavyweight Championship 6 Vengeance (2006) June 25, 2006 Charlotte, North Carolina Charlotte Bobcats Arena D-Generation X (Triple H and Shawn Michaels) vs. The Spirit Squad (Kenny, Johnny, Mitch, Nicky, and Mikey) in a 2-on-5 Handicap tag team match 7 Vengeance: Night of Champions June 24, 2007 Houston, Texas Toyota Center John Cena (c) vs. Bobby Lashley vs. King Booker vs. Mick Foley vs. Randy Orton in a Five-Pack Challenge for the WWE Championship 8 Vengeance (2011) October 23, 2011 San Antonio, Texas AT&T Center Alberto Del Rio (c) vs. John Cena in a Last Man Standing match for the WWE Championship 9 NXT TakeOver: Vengeance Day February 14, 2021 Orlando, Florida Capitol Wrestling Center at WWE Performance Center Finn Bálor (c) vs. Pete Dunne for the NXT Championship 10 NXT Vengeance Day (2022) February 15, 2022 WWE Performance Center Bron Breakker (c) vs. Santos Escobar for the NXT Championship 11 NXT Vengeance Day (2023) February 4, 2023 Charlotte, North Carolina Spectrum Center Bron Breakker (c) vs. Grayson Waller in a Steel Cage match for the NXT Championship 12 NXT Vengeance Day (2024) February 4, 2024 Clarksville, Tennessee F&M Bank Arena Ilja Dragunov (c) vs. Trick Williams for the NXT Championship (c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match See also List of WWE pay-per-view and livestreaming supercards List of WWE NXT special episodes References ^ a b "Vengeance (2001) Venue". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-18. ^ Martínez, Sebestián (December 11, 2020). "Jim Ross reveals why WWE did not celebrate the 2001 edition of Armageddon". Solo Wrestling. Retrieved March 3, 2021. ^ a b "Vengeance (2002) Venue". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-18. ^ "World Wrestling Federation Entertainment Drops The "F" To Emphasize the "E" for Entertainment". WWE. 2002-05-06. Archived from the original on 2009-01-19. Retrieved 2008-07-13. ^ "WWE Entertainment To Make RAW and SMACKDOWN Distinct Television Brands" (Press release). WWE. March 27, 2002. Archived from the original on April 17, 2010. Retrieved April 5, 2012. ^ a b "Vengeance (2003) Venue". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-18. ^ a b "Vengeance (2004) Venue". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-18. ^ a b "Vengeance (2005) Venue". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-18. ^ a b Zeigler, Zack (June 24, 2006). "Charlotte Bobcats Arena". WWE. Retrieved May 16, 2012. ^ "WWE Pay-Per-Views To Follow WrestleMania Formula". WWE. 2007-03-14. Archived from the original on March 19, 2007. Retrieved 2008-07-13. ^ a b "Vengeance: Night of Champions (2007) Venue". World Wrestling Entertainment. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2009-07-18. ^ "Vengeance: Night of Champions Official website". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2018-08-03. ^ Sacco, Justine; Weitz, Michael (April 7, 2011). "The New WWE" (Press release). Connecticut: WWE. Retrieved November 25, 2021. ^ a b "WWE Presents Vengeance". WWE. Retrieved 2011-05-22. ^ a b WWE.com Staff (January 6, 2021). "NXT TakeOver: Vengeance Day set to take place Sunday, Feb. 14". WWE. Retrieved February 4, 2021. ^ Wrestlenomics Staff (October 4, 2021). "The future of WWE NXT 2.0 on the USA Network". Wrestlenomics. Retrieved November 10, 2021. ^ a b "NXT Vengeance Day Set For 2/15 As TV Special". Fightful. January 25, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2022. ^ WWE.com Staff (December 8, 2022). "NXT Vengeance Day set for Charlotte on Feb. 4". WWE. Retrieved December 8, 2022. ^ Morinaro, John (2001-12-10). "Jericho new WWF World Champion". SLAM! Sports. Archived from the original on July 13, 2012. Retrieved 2009-07-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Vengeance (2002) Venue". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-18. ^ "Vengeance 2002 Main Event Synopsis". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-18. ^ Clevett, Jason (2003-07-28). "Angle takes Vengeance on Lesnar". SLAM! Sports. Archived from the original on July 19, 2012. Retrieved 2009-07-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Vengeance 2003 Main Event Synopsis". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-18. ^ Sokol, Chris (2004-07-12). "Canadians have Edge at Vengeance". SLAM! Sports. Archived from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved 2009-07-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Vengeance 2004 Main Event Synopsis". World Wrestling Entertainment. Archived from the original on 2010-09-08. Retrieved 2009-07-18. ^ Sokol, Chris (2005-06-27). "Batista retains with a Vengeance". SLAM! Sports. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 2009-07-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Vengeance 2005 Main Event Synopsis". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-18. ^ Plummer, Dale (2006-06-21). "DX returns with a Vengeance". SLAM! Sports. Archived from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved 2009-07-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ Powell, John (2007-06-24). "Vengeance banal and badly booked". SLAM! Sports. Archived from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved 2009-07-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "WWE Champion John Cena def. King Booker, Randy Orton, Bobby Lashley & Mick Foley (Challenge Match)". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved May 16, 2012. ^ Defelice, Robert (December 8, 2022). "Shawn Michaels Confirms NXT Vengeance Day 2023 Will Emanate From Charlotte, North Carolina". Fightful. Retrieved December 8, 2022. ^ Dowling, Marcus K. (November 27, 2023). "WWE's NXT brand will bring 'Vengeance Day' to Middle Tennessee in 2024". The Tennessean. Retrieved November 27, 2023. 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4-Way (2010, 2014) The Beast in the East (2015) Live from Madison Square Garden (2015) Cruiserweight Classic Finale (2016) Roadblock (2016) United Kingdom Championship Special (2017) Great Balls of Fire (2017) Mae Young Classic (2017–2018) Greatest Royal Rumble (2018) United Kingdom Championship Tournament (2017–2018) Evolution (2018) Halftime Heat (2019) The Shield's Final Chapter (2019) Stomping Grounds (2019) Evolve's 10th Anniversary Celebration (2019) Smackville (2019) Starrcade (2017–2019) NXT UK TakeOver (2019–2020) Super ShowDown (2018–2020) Clash of Champions (2016–2017, 2019–2020) TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs (2009–2020) Superstar Spectacle (2021) NXT TakeOver (2014–2021) NXT WarGames (2017–2021) Day 1 (2022) In Your House (1995–1999, 2020–2022) Hell in a Cell (2009–2022) Worlds Collide (2019–2020, 2022) Extreme Rules (2009–2022) Halloween Havoc (2022) Night of Champions (2008–2015, 2023) The Great American Bash (2004–2009, 2023) Payback (2013–2017, 2020, 2023) Fastlane (2015–2019, 2021, 2023)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling"},{"link_name":"event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WWE_pay-per-view_and_livestreaming_supercards"},{"link_name":"WWE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"professional wrestling promotion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_promotion"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"pay-per-view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay-per-view"},{"link_name":"developmental brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_team"},{"link_name":"NXT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT_(WWE_brand)"},{"link_name":"Valentine's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"2021 event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT_TakeOver:_Vengeance_Day"},{"link_name":"livestreaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestreaming"},{"link_name":"2022 event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT_Vengeance_Day_(2022)"},{"link_name":"television special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_special"},{"link_name":"USA Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Network"},{"link_name":"Armageddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Armageddon"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"Fully Loaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWF_Fully_Loaded"},{"link_name":"brand extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_brand_extension"},{"link_name":"SmackDown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmackDown_(WWE_brand)"},{"link_name":"Raw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_(WWE_brand)"},{"link_name":"ECW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECW_(WWE_brand)"},{"link_name":"Vengeance: Night of Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengeance:_Night_of_Champions"},{"link_name":"Night of Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Night_of_Champions"},{"link_name":"TakeOver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT_TakeOver"},{"link_name":"special episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WWE_NXT_special_episodes"},{"link_name":"NXT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_NXT"},{"link_name":"2023 event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT_Vengeance_Day_(2023)"},{"link_name":"Stand & Deliver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT_Stand_%26_Deliver_(2022)"}],"text":"Professional wrestling pay-per-view event seriesWWE Vengeance, known as NXT Vengeance Day since 2021, is an American professional wrestling event produced by WWE, a professional wrestling promotion based in Connecticut. The event was originally created in 2001 as a pay-per-view (PPV), when the promotion was still called the World Wrestling Federation (WWF; renamed WWE in 2002). Since 2021, the event has been held annually in February for WWE's developmental brand, NXT, under the title NXT Vengeance Day, which is a reference to the event taking place on or around Valentine's Day. The 2021 event aired on both traditional PPV and via livestreaming. The 2022 event was then held as a television special on the USA Network, but since 2023, it has aired exclusively via WWE's livestreaming platforms.The event initially replaced Armageddon for the promotion's December 2001 PPV due to sensitivity issues following the September 11 attacks. However, Armageddon would return the following year, with Vengeance moving up to July as a replacement for Fully Loaded. Following the promotion being renamed to WWE and the implementation of the brand extension in early 2002, the event was made exclusive to the SmackDown brand in 2003, and then Raw from 2004 to 2006 before WWE discontinued brand-exclusive PPVs. This in turn allowed the ECW brand to be involved in 2007, but that would be the only year to include ECW.In 2007, Vengeance was held as Vengeance: Night of Champions, with all of WWE's championships at the time being contested. Night of Champions would replace Vengeance as a standalone chronology the following year, but Vengeance made a one-off return in October 2011. In February 2021, WWE revived Vengeance for the NXT brand as a TakeOver event called Vengeance Day, which was the first Vengeance to air via livestreaming in addition to traditional PPV. The TakeOver series was discontinued that September, however, Vengeance continued on under the Vengeance Day name with the 2022 event being held as a special episode of the NXT program, thus establishing Vengeance Day as NXT's annual Valentine's event. The 2023 event returned Vengeance to livestreaming, but not PPV, as beginning with Stand & Deliver in April 2022, NXT's major events only air on WWE's livestreaming platforms.","title":"WWE Vengeance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vengeance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengeance_(2001)"},{"link_name":"Armageddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Armageddon"},{"link_name":"World Wrestling Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wrestling_Federation"},{"link_name":"pay-per-view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay-per-view"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vengeance2001-1"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Fully Loaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWF_Fully_Loaded"},{"link_name":"Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWF_Invasion"},{"link_name":"the Invasion angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Invasion_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vengeance2002-3"},{"link_name":"2002 event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengeance_(2002)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"brand extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_brand_extension"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BrandExtensionPressRelease-5"},{"link_name":"SmackDown!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmackDown_(WWE_brand)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vengeance2003-6"},{"link_name":"Raw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw_(WWE_brand)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vengeance2004-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vengeance2005-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vengeance2006-9"},{"link_name":"WrestleMania 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WrestleMania_23"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Vengeance: Night of Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengeance:_Night_of_Champions"},{"link_name":"ECW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECW_(WWE_brand)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vengeance2007-11"},{"link_name":"Night of Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Night_of_Champions"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"orphaned initialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphaned_initialism"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Bragging Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Bragging_Rights"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vengeance2011-14"},{"link_name":"NXT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT_(WWE_brand)"},{"link_name":"NXT TakeOver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT_TakeOver"},{"link_name":"NXT TakeOver: Vengeance Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT_TakeOver:_Vengeance_Day"},{"link_name":"Valentine's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"WWE Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Network"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"bio-secure bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio-secure_bubble"},{"link_name":"Capitol Wrestling Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitol_Wrestling_Center"},{"link_name":"WWE Performance Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Performance_Center"},{"link_name":"Orlando, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VengeanceDay2021-15"},{"link_name":"developmental territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_team"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"2022 event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT_Vengeance_Day_(2022)"},{"link_name":"television special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_special"},{"link_name":"special episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WWE_NXT_special_episodes"},{"link_name":"NXT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_NXT"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VengeanceDay2022-17"},{"link_name":"2023 Vengeance Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT_Vengeance_Day_(2023)"},{"link_name":"Spectrum Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_Center_(arena)"},{"link_name":"Charlotte, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"2006 event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengeance_(2006)"},{"link_name":"livestreaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livestreaming"},{"link_name":"Peacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peacock_(streaming_service)"},{"link_name":"NXT TakeOver: Portland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NXT_TakeOver:_Portland"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2023VDannounced-18"}],"text":"The inaugural Vengeance was held on December 9, 2001, replacing Armageddon as the then-World Wrestling Federation's (WWF) December pay-per-view (PPV);[1] WWF staff felt that the \"Armageddon\" title was too sensitive following the September 11 attacks.[2] However, Armageddon would return the following year, with Vengeance moving up to July as a replacement for Fully Loaded (which had been replaced in 2001 by Invasion, the first PPV to incorporate the Invasion angle).[3] The 2002 event was also the first Vengeance to be promoted under the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) name, after the WWF was renamed to WWE earlier that same year.[4]Following the brand extension in early 2002, where the promotion divided its roster into two separate brands where wrestlers exclusively performed on their respective weekly television programs,[5] Vengeance became exclusive to SmackDown! in 2003,[6] and then Raw from 2004 through 2006.[7][8][9] WWE then discontinued brand-exclusive pay-per-views following WrestleMania 23 in April 2007;[10] the 2007 edition was branded as Vengeance: Night of Champions, with all nine of WWE's championships at the time being contested, which included the ECW brand, which had been established the previous year.[11] Night of Champions would become its own chronology in 2008, replacing Vengeance in its July slot on WWE's PPV lineup.[12]In April 2011, WWE ceased using its full name with the \"WWE\" abbreviation becoming an orphaned initialism,[13] while that August, the brand extension ended. That October, Vengeance made a one-off return, replacing Bragging Rights.[14] Vengeance was again discontinued after 2011. In January 2021, over four years after the brand split was reinstated, WWE's NXT brand announced that it would revive Vengeance as an NXT TakeOver show on February 14 titled NXT TakeOver: Vengeance Day; its title also alluded to the event's Valentine's Day scheduling. This would also be the first Vengeance to air on WWE's online streaming service, the WWE Network (which launched in February 2014), in addition to traditional PPV. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the event was held in a bio-secure bubble called the Capitol Wrestling Center, hosted at the WWE Performance Center in Orlando, Florida.[15]In September 2021, NXT was rebranded and reverted the brand to its original function as WWE's developmental territory.[16] The TakeOver series was also discontinued, but Vengeance Day continued on as its own event, with the 2022 event scheduled for February 15, 2022. Unlike all previous Vengeance events, however, the 2022 event was held as a television special, airing as a special episode of NXT. This in turn established Vengeance Day as NXT's annual Valentine's event.[17]On December 8, 2022, WWE announced that the 2023 Vengeance Day would be held on Saturday, February 4, 2023, at the Spectrum Center in Charlotte, North Carolina, marking the first major NXT event to be held in North Carolina and the second Vengeance event held at this venue after the 2006 event (when the venue was still called the Charlotte Bobcats Arena). It was also announced that it would return to being a livestreaming event (but not PPV), airing on Peacock in the United States and the WWE Network in international markets, in turn marking the first Vengeance to air on Peacock due to the American WWE Network merging under Peacock in March 2021 (beginning with the 2022 calendar year, NXT's major events no longer air on PPV, just livestreaming). This also marked the first standalone NXT livestreaming event to be held outside of Florida since NXT TakeOver: Portland in February 2020, just before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Events"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Vengeance (2001) Venue\". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wwe.com/shows/nightofchampions/history/vengeance2001/venue/","url_text":"\"Vengeance (2001) Venue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wrestling_Entertainment","url_text":"World Wrestling Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"Martínez, Sebestián (December 11, 2020). \"Jim Ross reveals why WWE did not celebrate the 2001 edition of Armageddon\". Solo Wrestling. Retrieved March 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://solowrestling.mundodeportivo.com/new/94543-jim-ross-revela-por-que-wwe-no-ha-celebrado-mas-ppv-armageddon","url_text":"\"Jim Ross reveals why WWE did not celebrate the 2001 edition of Armageddon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vengeance (2002) Venue\". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wwe.com/shows/nightofchampions/history/vengeance2002/venue/","url_text":"\"Vengeance (2002) Venue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wrestling_Entertainment","url_text":"World Wrestling Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"\"World Wrestling Federation Entertainment Drops The \"F\" To Emphasize the \"E\" for Entertainment\". WWE. 2002-05-06. Archived from the original on 2009-01-19. Retrieved 2008-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090119180317/http://corporate.wwe.com/news/2002/2002_05_06.jsp","url_text":"\"World Wrestling Federation Entertainment Drops The \"F\" To Emphasize the \"E\" for Entertainment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE","url_text":"WWE"},{"url":"http://corporate.wwe.com/news/2002/2002_05_06.jsp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"WWE Entertainment To Make RAW and SMACKDOWN Distinct Television Brands\" (Press release). WWE. March 27, 2002. Archived from the original on April 17, 2010. Retrieved April 5, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100417115226/http://corporate.wwe.com/news/2002/2002_03_27.jsp","url_text":"\"WWE Entertainment To Make RAW and SMACKDOWN Distinct Television Brands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE","url_text":"WWE"},{"url":"http://corporate.wwe.com/news/2002/2002_03_27.jsp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Vengeance (2003) Venue\". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wwe.com/shows/nightofchampions/history/vengeance2003/venue/","url_text":"\"Vengeance (2003) Venue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wrestling_Entertainment","url_text":"World Wrestling Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"\"Vengeance (2004) Venue\". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wwe.com/shows/nightofchampions/history/vengeance2004/venue/","url_text":"\"Vengeance (2004) Venue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wrestling_Entertainment","url_text":"World Wrestling Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"\"Vengeance (2005) Venue\". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wwe.com/shows/nightofchampions/history/vengeance2005/venue/","url_text":"\"Vengeance (2005) Venue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wrestling_Entertainment","url_text":"World Wrestling Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"Zeigler, Zack (June 24, 2006). \"Charlotte Bobcats Arena\". WWE. Retrieved May 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wwe.com/shows/vengeance/2006/exclusives/289857413111","url_text":"\"Charlotte Bobcats Arena\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE","url_text":"WWE"}]},{"reference":"\"WWE Pay-Per-Views To Follow WrestleMania Formula\". WWE. 2007-03-14. Archived from the original on March 19, 2007. Retrieved 2008-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070319234707/http://corporate.wwe.com/news/2007/2007_03_14.jsp","url_text":"\"WWE Pay-Per-Views To Follow WrestleMania Formula\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE","url_text":"WWE"},{"url":"http://corporate.wwe.com/news/2007/2007_03_14.jsp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Vengeance: Night of Champions (2007) Venue\". World Wrestling Entertainment. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2009-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061740/http://www.wwe.com/shows/nightofchampions/history/2007/venue/","url_text":"\"Vengeance: Night of Champions (2007) Venue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wrestling_Entertainment","url_text":"World Wrestling Entertainment"},{"url":"http://www.wwe.com/shows/nightofchampions/history/2007/venue/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Vengeance: Night of Champions Official website\". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2018-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wwe.com/shows/nightofchampions/history/2007/","url_text":"\"Vengeance: Night of Champions Official website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wrestling_Entertainment","url_text":"World Wrestling Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"Sacco, Justine; Weitz, Michael (April 7, 2011). \"The New WWE\" (Press release). Connecticut: WWE. Retrieved November 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://corporate.wwe.com/news/company-news/2011/04-07-2011","url_text":"\"The New WWE\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut","url_text":"Connecticut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE","url_text":"WWE"}]},{"reference":"\"WWE Presents Vengeance\". WWE. Retrieved 2011-05-22.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wwelivetour.com/events/wwe-presents-vengeance","url_text":"\"WWE Presents Vengeance\""}]},{"reference":"WWE.com Staff (January 6, 2021). \"NXT TakeOver: Vengeance Day set to take place Sunday, Feb. 14\". WWE. Retrieved February 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wwe.com/shows/wwenxt/article/nxt-takeover-vengeance-day-february-14","url_text":"\"NXT TakeOver: Vengeance Day set to take place Sunday, Feb. 14\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE","url_text":"WWE"}]},{"reference":"Wrestlenomics Staff (October 4, 2021). \"The future of WWE NXT 2.0 on the USA Network\". Wrestlenomics. Retrieved November 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://wrestlenomics.com/2021/10/04/whats-the-future-of-wwe-nxt-20-on-usa-network/","url_text":"\"The future of WWE NXT 2.0 on the USA Network\""}]},{"reference":"\"NXT Vengeance Day Set For 2/15 As TV Special\". Fightful. January 25, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/nxt-vengeance-day-set-215-tv-special","url_text":"\"NXT Vengeance Day Set For 2/15 As TV Special\""}]},{"reference":"WWE.com Staff (December 8, 2022). \"NXT Vengeance Day set for Charlotte on Feb. 4\". WWE. Retrieved December 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wwe.com/shows/wwenxt/article/nxt-vengeance-day-2022-set-for-charlotte","url_text":"\"NXT Vengeance Day set for Charlotte on Feb. 4\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE","url_text":"WWE"}]},{"reference":"Morinaro, John (2001-12-10). \"Jericho new WWF World Champion\". SLAM! Sports. Archived from the original on July 13, 2012. Retrieved 2009-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120713204224/http://slam.canoe.ca/SlamWrestlingPPV/dec10_vengeance-can.html","url_text":"\"Jericho new WWF World Champion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vengeance (2002) Venue\". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wwe.com/shows/nightofchampions/history/vengeance2002/venue/","url_text":"\"Vengeance (2002) Venue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wrestling_Entertainment","url_text":"World Wrestling Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"\"Vengeance 2002 Main Event Synopsis\". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wwe.com/shows/nightofchampions/history/vengeance2002/mainevent/","url_text":"\"Vengeance 2002 Main Event Synopsis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wrestling_Entertainment","url_text":"World Wrestling Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"Clevett, Jason (2003-07-28). \"Angle takes Vengeance on Lesnar\". SLAM! Sports. Archived from the original on July 19, 2012. Retrieved 2009-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120719082915/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2003/07/28/147709.html","url_text":"\"Angle takes Vengeance on Lesnar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vengeance 2003 Main Event Synopsis\". World Wrestling Entertainment. Retrieved 2009-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wwe.com/shows/nightofchampions/history/vengeance2003/mainevent/","url_text":"\"Vengeance 2003 Main Event Synopsis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wrestling_Entertainment","url_text":"World Wrestling Entertainment"}]},{"reference":"Sokol, Chris (2004-07-12). \"Canadians have Edge at Vengeance\". SLAM! Sports. Archived from the original on July 14, 2012. Retrieved 2009-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120714082449/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/PPVReports/2004/07/12/537080.html","url_text":"\"Canadians have Edge at Vengeance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vengeance 2004 Main Event Synopsis\". World Wrestling Entertainment. Archived from the original on 2010-09-08. Retrieved 2009-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100908095802/http://www.wwe.com:80/shows/nightofchampions/history/vengeance2004/mainevent/","url_text":"\"Vengeance 2004 Main Event Synopsis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wrestling_Entertainment","url_text":"World Wrestling Entertainment"},{"url":"http://www.wwe.com/shows/nightofchampions/history/vengeance2004/mainevent/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sokol, Chris (2005-06-27). \"Batista retains with a Vengeance\". SLAM! Sports. Archived from the original on July 18, 2012. Retrieved 2009-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120718045558/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/PPVReports/2005/06/27/1106996.html","url_text":"\"Batista retains with a Vengeance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vengeance 2005 Main Event Synopsis\". World Wrestling Entertainment. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Days_(album)
Happy Days (album)
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 Singles","4 References"]
"Waydown" redirects here. For other uses, see Way Down (disambiguation). 1995 studio album by Catherine WheelHappy DaysStudio album by Catherine WheelReleased6 June 1995Recorded1994StudioRidge Farm, Britannia Row, The Green House, Front Row, Nomis, Wessex Sound, The Crypt, The Church, Ft. ApacheGenreHard rockpost-grungeLength62:13LabelMercury, FontanaProducerGil Norton, Rob DickinsonCatherine Wheel chronology Chrome(1993) Happy Days(1995) Like Cats and Dogs(1996) Singles from Happy Days "Judy Staring at the Sun"Released: May 1995 "Waydown"Released: 24 July 1995 "Little Muscle"Released: 1995 (promo only) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicEntertainment WeeklyA Happy Days is the third studio album by English alternative rock band Catherine Wheel. It was released 6 June 1995 by Fontana Records in the UK and Mercury Records in the US. Like its predecessor, Chrome, it was produced by Gil Norton. "Judy Staring at the Sun" featured guest vocals by Tanya Donelly. On the single mix, Donelly performed the song's chorus and second verse; on the album, however, her vocals appeared only in the chorus, and all verses were sung by Rob Dickinson. The single peaked at No. 22 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart; second single "Waydown" peaked at number 15 on the Modern Rock chart and number 24 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart. The album peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart, and was also the band's first album to chart on the Billboard 200, peaking at No. 163. Track listing All tracks written by Rob Dickinson and Brian Futter. "God Inside My Head" – 3:52 "Waydown" – 3:14 "Little Muscle" – 3:04 "Heal" – 6:13 "Empty Head" – 3:12 "Receive" – 3:35 "My Exhibition" – 2:27 "Eat My Dust You Insensitive Fuck" – 8:06 "Shocking" – 3:58 "Love Tips Up" – 3:55 "Judy Staring at the Sun" – 3:56 "Hole" – 3:49 "Fizzy Love" – 3:34 "Glitter" – 4:10 (exclusive to vinyl edition, UK, and Australian CD edition) "Kill My Soul" – 5:10 Personnel Rob Dickinson – guitar, lead vocals Brian Futter – guitar, vocals Dave Hawes – bass Neil Sims – drums, percussion Tanya Donelly – vocals on "Judy Staring at the Sun" Tim Friese-Greene – organ, keyboards Audrey Riley – strings, cello Mark Feltham – harmonica Technical Rob Dickinson – producer Gil Norton – producer Paul Corkett – producer, engineer Singles "Judy Staring at the Sun" (1995) Fontana CW CD 8, 852 307-2 (UK CD single) "Judy Staring at the Sun" – 3:55 "God Inside My Head" – 3:51 "Glitter" – 4:06 "Capacity to Change" – 4:13 Fontana CW 8, 852 307-0 (UK 10" vinyl single) "Judy Staring at the Sun" – 3:55 "God Inside My Head" – 3:51 "Waydown (Live)" "Crank (Live)" Fontana CW DD 8, 852 309-2 (Australian CD single) "Judy Staring at the Sun" – 3:55 "God Inside My Head" – 3:51 "Backwards Guitar" – 5:07 "Angelo Nero" – 4:21 Fontana CDP 1496, CDP 1496 (UK promo CD single) "Judy Staring at the Sun" (with Tanya Donelly on vocals) – 3:57 "Judy Staring at the Sun" – 3:57 "Little Muscle" (1995) Fontana CDP 1525 (UK promo CD single) "Little Muscle" – 3:04 "Waydown" (1995) Fontana CW CD 7, 856 933-2 (UK CD single) "Waydown" – 3:16 "Show Me Mary (XFM Radio Session)" – 3:23 "Kill Rhythm (XFM Radio Session)" – 3:58 Fontana CW 7, 856 819-0 (UK 10" vinyl single) "Waydown" – 3:15 "Crank (XFM Radio Session)" – 3:50 "Wish You Were Here (XFM Radio Session)" (Pink Floyd cover) – 2:48 Fontana 852 016-2 (Europe CD single) "Waydown" – 3:15 "Show Me Mary (XFM Radio Session)" – 3:21 Fontana 852 017-2 (Europe CD single) "Waydown" – 3:15 "Crank (XFM Radio Session)" – 3:49 "Broken Head (XFM Radio Session)" – 5:41 "Chrome (XFM Radio Session)" – 3:54 Fontana CW DD 7, 856 819-2 (UK CD single) "Waydown" – 3:15 "Broken Head (XFM Radio Session)" – 5:41 "Chrome (XFM Radio Session)" – 3:54 Fontana CDP 1432, CDP 1432 (US promo CD single) "Waydown" – 3:14 References ^ a b Kellman, Andy. "Catherine Wheel - Happy Days Album Reviews, Songs & More". AllMusic. Retrieved 26 February 2023. ^ Sacher, Andrew (12 June 2021). "30 essential songs from the shoegaze / heavy crossover". BrooklynVegan. Retrieved 26 February 2023. ^ Brod, Doug (23 June 1995). "Happy Days". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 26 February 2023. ^ Pareles, Jon (25 August 1995). "POP REVIEW; Pushing Mope-Rock With Punk Muscle". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020. ^ Buckley, Peter (2003). The Rough Guide to Rock. Rough Guides. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-84353-105-0 – via Google Books. ^ Rabid, Jack. "Catherine Wheel". Trouser Press. Retrieved 4 June 2020. ^ Thompson, Dave (2000). Alternative Rock. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 978-0-87930-607-6 – via Google Books. vteCatherine Wheel Rob Dickinson Brian Futter Dave Hawes Neil Sims Ben Ellis Studio albums Ferment Chrome Happy Days Adam and Eve Wishville Extended plays Painful Thing Singles "Black Metallic" "Crank" Compilations Like Cats and Dogs Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Way Down (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Way_Down_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"Catherine Wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Wheel_(band)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Fontana Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontana_Records"},{"link_name":"Mercury Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Records"},{"link_name":"Chrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrome_(Catherine_Wheel_album)"},{"link_name":"Gil Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Norton"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Tanya Donelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanya_Donelly"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"Rob Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_magazine"},{"link_name":"Modern Rock Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Rock_Tracks"},{"link_name":"Modern Rock Tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_Songs"},{"link_name":"Top Heatseekers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Heatseekers"},{"link_name":"Billboard 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Billboard_200"}],"text":"\"Waydown\" redirects here. For other uses, see Way Down (disambiguation).1995 studio album by Catherine WheelHappy Days is the third studio album by English alternative rock band Catherine Wheel.[4][5] It was released 6 June 1995 by Fontana Records in the UK and Mercury Records in the US. Like its predecessor, Chrome, it was produced by Gil Norton.[6]\"Judy Staring at the Sun\" featured guest vocals by Tanya Donelly.[7] On the single mix, Donelly performed the song's chorus and second verse; on the album, however, her vocals appeared only in the chorus, and all verses were sung by Rob Dickinson. The single peaked at No. 22 on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart; second single \"Waydown\" peaked at number 15 on the Modern Rock chart and number 24 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart.The album peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart, and was also the band's first album to chart on the Billboard 200, peaking at No. 163.","title":"Happy Days (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rob Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"vinyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_record"},{"link_name":"CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_disc"}],"text":"All tracks written by Rob Dickinson and Brian Futter.\"God Inside My Head\" – 3:52\n\"Waydown\" – 3:14\n\"Little Muscle\" – 3:04\n\"Heal\" – 6:13\n\"Empty Head\" – 3:12\n\"Receive\" – 3:35\n\"My Exhibition\" – 2:27\n\"Eat My Dust You Insensitive Fuck\" – 8:06\n\"Shocking\" – 3:58\n\"Love Tips Up\" – 3:55\n\"Judy Staring at the Sun\" – 3:56\n\"Hole\" – 3:49\n\"Fizzy Love\" – 3:34\n\"Glitter\" – 4:10 (exclusive to vinyl edition, UK, and Australian CD edition)\n\"Kill My Soul\" – 5:10","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rob Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"lead vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums"},{"link_name":"percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument"},{"link_name":"Tanya Donelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanya_Donelly"},{"link_name":"Tim Friese-Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Friese-Greene"},{"link_name":"organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(music)"},{"link_name":"keyboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_instrument"},{"link_name":"Audrey Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Riley"},{"link_name":"strings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_instrument"},{"link_name":"cello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello"},{"link_name":"Mark Feltham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Feltham_(musician)"},{"link_name":"harmonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonica"},{"link_name":"Gil Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Norton"},{"link_name":"Paul Corkett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Corkett"},{"link_name":"engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineering"}],"text":"Rob Dickinson – guitar, lead vocals\nBrian Futter – guitar, vocals\nDave Hawes – bass\nNeil Sims – drums, percussion\nTanya Donelly – vocals on \"Judy Staring at the Sun\"\nTim Friese-Greene – organ, keyboards\nAudrey Riley – strings, cello\nMark Feltham – harmonicaTechnicalRob Dickinson – producer\nGil Norton – producer\nPaul Corkett – producer, engineer","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tanya Donelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanya_Donelly"},{"link_name":"Pink Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink_Floyd"}],"text":"\"Judy Staring at the Sun\" (1995)\nFontana CW CD 8, 852 307-2 (UK CD single)\n\"Judy Staring at the Sun\" – 3:55\n\"God Inside My Head\" – 3:51\n\"Glitter\" – 4:06\n\"Capacity to Change\" – 4:13\nFontana CW 8, 852 307-0 (UK 10\" vinyl single)\n\"Judy Staring at the Sun\" – 3:55\n\"God Inside My Head\" – 3:51\n\"Waydown (Live)\"\n\"Crank (Live)\"\nFontana CW DD 8, 852 309-2 (Australian CD single)\n\"Judy Staring at the Sun\" – 3:55\n\"God Inside My Head\" – 3:51\n\"Backwards Guitar\" – 5:07\n\"Angelo Nero\" – 4:21\nFontana CDP 1496, CDP 1496 (UK promo CD single)\n\"Judy Staring at the Sun\" (with Tanya Donelly on vocals) – 3:57\n\"Judy Staring at the Sun\" – 3:57\n\"Little Muscle\" (1995)\nFontana CDP 1525 (UK promo CD single)\n\"Little Muscle\" – 3:04\n\"Waydown\" (1995)\nFontana CW CD 7, 856 933-2 (UK CD single)\n\"Waydown\" – 3:16\n\"Show Me Mary (XFM Radio Session)\" – 3:23\n\"Kill Rhythm (XFM Radio Session)\" – 3:58\nFontana CW 7, 856 819-0 (UK 10\" vinyl single)\n\"Waydown\" – 3:15\n\"Crank (XFM Radio Session)\" – 3:50\n\"Wish You Were Here (XFM Radio Session)\" (Pink Floyd cover) – 2:48\nFontana 852 016-2 (Europe CD single)\n\"Waydown\" – 3:15\n\"Show Me Mary (XFM Radio Session)\" – 3:21\nFontana 852 017-2 (Europe CD single)\n\"Waydown\" – 3:15\n\"Crank (XFM Radio Session)\" – 3:49\n\"Broken Head (XFM Radio Session)\" – 5:41\n\"Chrome (XFM Radio Session)\" – 3:54\nFontana CW DD 7, 856 819-2 (UK CD single)\n\"Waydown\" – 3:15\n\"Broken Head (XFM Radio Session)\" – 5:41\n\"Chrome (XFM Radio Session)\" – 3:54\nFontana CDP 1432, CDP 1432 (US promo CD single)\n\"Waydown\" – 3:14","title":"Singles"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atman_(Jainism)
Jīva (Jainism)
["1 Soul substance","1.1 Souls and rebirth","2 Real Self","3 Stages of spiritual development","4 Classification","5 See also","6 References","6.1 Citation","6.2 Sources","7 External links"]
Soul in Jainism Part of a series onJainism Jains History Timeline Index Philosophy Anekantavada Cosmology Ahimsa Karma Dharma Mokṣa Kevala Jnana Dravya Tattva Brahmacarya Aparigraha Gunasthana Saṃsāra EthicsEthics of Jainism Mahavratas (major vows) Ahiṃsā (non-violence) Satya (truth) Asteya (non-stealing) Brahmacarya (chastity) Aparigraha (non-possession) Anuvratas (further vows) Sāmāyika Sallekhana Jain prayers Bhaktamara Stotra Micchami Dukkadam Ṇamōkāra mantra Jai Jinendra Major figures The 24 Tirthankaras Rishabha Pārśva Mahavira Arihant Ganadhara Kundakunda Siddhasena Samantabhadra Haribhadra Yashovijaya Major sectsSchools and Branches Digambara Śvetāmbara Jain literature Samayasāra (Digambara) Pravachanasara (Digambara) Agama (Śvetāmbara) Tattvartha Sutra Dravyasamgraha (Digambara) Kalpa Sūtra (Śvetāmbara) Uttaradhyayana (Śvetāmbara) Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi Silappatikaram Valayapathi Festivals Diwali Mahavir Janma Kalyanak Paryushana Samvatsari PilgrimagesTirth Abu Palitana Girnar Shikharji Shravanabelagola Other Temples Jain flag Jain symbols Parasparopagraho Jivanam Topics list Religion portalvte Jīva (Sanskrit: जीव) or Ātman (/ˈɑːtmən/; Sanskrit: आत्मन्) is a philosophical term used within Jainism to identify the soul. As per Jain cosmology, jīva or soul is the principle of sentience and is one of the tattvas or one of the fundamental substances forming part of the universe. The Jain metaphysics, states Jagmanderlal Jaini, divides the universe into two independent, everlasting, co-existing and uncreated categories called the jiva (soul) and the ajiva (Sanskrit: अजीव non-soul). This basic premise of Jainism makes it a dualistic philosophy. The jiva, according to Jainism, is an essential part of how the process of karma, rebirth and the process of liberation from rebirth works. Soul substance Jains regard soul as one of the six fundamental and eternal substances (dravyas) which forms the universe. The two states of soul substance are mentioned in the Jain texts. These are — Svābhva (pure or natural) and Vibhāva (impure or unnatural state). Souls in transmigration are in impure state and liberated ones are said to be in natural or pure state. Jain philosophy is the oldest Indian philosophy that completely separates matter from the soul. According to The Theosophist, "some religionists hold that Atman (Spirit) and Paramatman (God) are identical, while others assert that they are distinct; but a Jain will say that Atman and Paramatman are identical as well as distinct." The five vows of Jain practice are believed in Jainism to aid in freeing the jīva from karmic matter, reduce negative karmic effects and accrue positive karmic benefits. Souls and rebirth Depiction of the concept of soul (in transmigration) in Jainism. Golden color represents nokarma – the quasi-karmic matter, Cyan color depicts dravya karma– the subtle karmic matter, orange represents the bhav karma– the psycho-physical karmic matter and White depicts sudhatma, the pure consciousness. Classification of Saṃsāri Jīvas (Transmigrating Souls) as per Jainism. According to Jain philosophy, rebirth occurs through soul. Depending on the karmic particles attached to a soul, Jain theology states a being is reborn in one of four gatis (states of existence), namely, heavenly being (deva), human (manushya), hell being (naraki) and animals and plants (triyancha). Besides this there also exist a sub-microscopic life form, Nigoda, possessing only one sense, i.e., of touch. In Jain beliefs, souls begin their journey in a primordial state, and exist in a state of consciousness continuum that is constantly evolving through Saṃsāra. Some evolve to a higher state, some regress asserts the Jaina theory, a movement that is driven by the karma. Further, Jaina traditions believe that there exist Abhavya (incapable), or a class of souls that can never attain moksha (liberation). The Abhavya state of soul is entered after an intentional and shockingly evil act. Jainism considers souls as pluralistic each in a karma-samsara cycle, and does not subscribe to Advaita style nondualism of Hinduism, or Advaya style nondualism of Buddhism. The Jaina theosophy, like ancient Ajivika, but unlike Hindu and Buddhist theosophies, asserts that each soul passes through 8,400,000 birth-situations, as they circle through Saṃsāra. As the soul cycles, states Padmanabh Jaini, Jainism traditions believe that it goes through five types of bodies: earth bodies, water bodies, fire bodies, air bodies and vegetable lives. With all human and non-human activities, such as rainfall, agriculture, eating and even breathing, minuscule living beings are taking birth or dying, their souls are believed to be constantly changing bodies. Perturbing, harming or killing any life form, including any human being, is considered a sin in Jainism, with negative karmic effects. A liberated soul in Jainism is one who has gone beyond Saṃsāra, is at the apex, is omniscient, remains there eternally, and is known as a Siddha. A male human being is considered closest to the apex with the potential to achieve liberation, particularly through asceticism. Women must gain karmic merit, to be reborn as man, and only then can they achieve spiritual liberation in Jainism, particularly in the Digambara sect of Jainism; however, this view has been historically debated within Jainism and different Jaina sects have expressed different views, particularly the Shvetambara sect that believes that women too can achieve liberation from Saṃsāra. In contrast to Buddhist texts which do not expressly or unambiguously condemn injuring or killing plants and minor life forms, Jaina texts do. Jainism considers it a bad karma to injure plants and minor life forms with negative impact on a soul's Saṃsāra. However, some texts in Buddhism and Hinduism do caution a person from injuring all life forms, including plants and seeds. Real Self According to the Jain text, Samayasāra: Know that the Jiva (soul) which rests on pure faith, knowledge, and conduct, alone is the Real Self. The one which is conditioned by the karmic matter is to be known as the impure self. – Verse 1-2-2 According to Vijay Jain, the souls which rest on the pure self are called the Real Self, and only arihant and Siddhas are the Real Self. Stages of spiritual development Main article: Gunasthana Jain texts explain that there are fourteen stages of spiritual development called Gunasthana. These are: Mithyadristi: The stage of wrong believer Sasādana: downfall from right faith Misradrsti: mixed right and wrong belief Avirata samyagdrsti: vowless right belief Deśavirata: The stage of partial self-control Pramattasamyata: Slightly imperfect vows Apramatta samyata: Perfect vows Apūrvakaraņa: New thought-activity Anivāttibādara-sāmparāya: advanced thought-activity (Passions are still occurring) Sukshma samparaya: slightest delusion Upaśānta-kasaya: subsided delusion Ksīna kasāya: destroyed delusion Sayogi kevali: Omniscience with vibration Ayogi kevali: The stage of omniscience without any activity Classification According to Jainism, sentient beings are ranked based on their senses. Four basic elements, viz. earth, water, air and fire ranks among the lowest in them. See also Atma Siddhi Atman (Buddhism) Atman (Hinduism) God in Jainism Ratnatraya - Three Jewels of Jainism References Citation ^ a b "dravya - Jainism". Encyclopædia Britannica. ^ Jagmanderlal Jaini (2013). Outlines of Jainism. Cambridge University Press. pp. xxii–xxiii. ISBN 978-1-107-61567-0. ^ Jaini 2013, p. 1. ^ a b Jeffery D. Long (2009). Jainism: An Introduction. I. B. Tauris. pp. 93–100. ISBN 978-1-84511-625-5. ^ Kundakunda, Acharya; Chakravarti, Appaswami; Upādhye, Ādinātha Neminātha (2001). Ācārya Kundakunda's Pañcāstikāya-sāra. Bharatiya Jnanpith. p. 16. ISBN 978-81-263-1813-1. ^ The Theosophist. Theosophical Publishing House. 1609. p. 553. For instance, some religionists hold that Atman (Spirit) and Paramatman (God) are one, while others assert that they are distinct; but a Jain will say that Atman and Paramatman are one as well as distinct. ^ Jaini 1998, p. 108. ^ Jaini 1998, p. 109. ^ Padmanabh Jaini 1980, p. 227. ^ Padmanabh Jaini 1980, pp. 227–228. ^ Padmanabh Jaini 1980, p. 226. ^ a b Paul Dundas (2003). The Jains. Routledge. pp. 104–105. ISBN 978-0415266055. ^ Padmanabh Jaini 1980, p. 225. ^ Padmanabh Jaini 1980, p. 228. ^ Padmanabh S. Jaini (2000). Collected Papers on Jaina Studies. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 130–131. ISBN 978-81-208-1691-6. ^ Padmanabh Jaini 1980, pp. 223–224. ^ Padmanabh Jaini 1980, pp. 224–225. ^ Tara Sethia (2004). Ahimsā, Anekānta, and Jainism. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 30–31. ISBN 978-81-208-2036-4. ^ Padmanabh Jaini 1980, pp. 222–223. ^ Jeffery D Long (2013). Jainism: An Introduction. I.B.Tauris. pp. 36–37. ISBN 978-0-85773-656-7. ^ a b Graham Harvey (2016). Religions in Focus: New Approaches to Tradition and Contemporary Practices. Routledge. pp. 182–183. ISBN 978-1-134-93690-8. ^ Paul Dundas (2003). The Jains. Routledge. pp. 55–59. ISBN 978-0415266055. ^ a b Lambert Schmithausen (1991), Buddhism and Nature, Studia Philologica Buddhica, The International Institute for Buddhist Studies, Tokyo Japan, pages 6–7 ^ Rod Preece (1999), Animals and Nature: Cultural Myths, Cultural Realities, ISBN 978-0-7748-0725-8, University of British Columbia Press, pages 212–217 ^ Christopher Chapple (1990), Ecological Nonviolence and the Hindu Tradition, in Perspectives on Nonviolence, Springer, ISBN 978-1-4612-4458-5, pages 168–177;L Alsdorf (1962), Beiträge zur Geschichte von Vegetarismus und Rinderverehrung in Indien, Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, F. Steiner Wiesbaden, pages 592–593 ^ Jain 2012, p. 3. ^ Jain, Vijay K (26 March 2014). Acarya Pujyapada's Istopadesa – the Golden Discourse. Vikalp Printers. p. 14. ISBN 9788190363969. ^ Doniger 1993, p. 238. Sources Doniger, Wendy, ed. (1993), Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts, State University of New York Press, ISBN 0-7914-1381-0 Jaini, Jagmander Lal (2013), Outlines of Jainism, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-107-61567-0 Jain, Vijay K. (2012), Acharya Kundkund's Samayasara, Vikalp Printers, ISBN 978-81-903639-3-8, Non-Copyright Jaini, Padmanabh S. (1998) , The Jaina Path of Purification, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-1578-5 Padmanabh Jaini (1980). Wendy Doniger (ed.). Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03923-0. 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The Jain metaphysics, states Jagmanderlal Jaini, divides the universe into two independent, everlasting, co-existing and uncreated categories called the jiva (soul) and the ajiva (Sanskrit: अजीव non-soul).[2] This basic premise of Jainism makes it a dualistic philosophy.[3] The jiva, according to Jainism, is an essential part of how the process of karma, rebirth and the process of liberation from rebirth works.[4]","title":"Jīva (Jainism)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dravyas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dravya_(Jainism)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jain philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_philosophy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-britjivajain-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-long93-4"}],"text":"Jains regard soul as one of the six fundamental and eternal substances (dravyas) which forms the universe. 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Golden color represents nokarma – the quasi-karmic matter, Cyan color depicts dravya karma– the subtle karmic matter, orange represents the bhav karma– the psycho-physical karmic matter and White depicts sudhatma, the pure consciousness.Classification of Saṃsāri Jīvas (Transmigrating Souls) as per Jainism.According to Jain philosophy, rebirth occurs through soul. Depending on the karmic particles attached to a soul, Jain theology states a being is reborn in one of four gatis (states of existence), namely, heavenly being (deva), human (manushya), hell being (naraki) and animals and plants (triyancha).[7] Besides this there also exist a sub-microscopic life form, Nigoda, possessing only one sense, i.e., of touch.[8]In Jain beliefs, souls begin their journey in a primordial state, and exist in a state of consciousness continuum that is constantly evolving through Saṃsāra.[9] Some evolve to a higher state, some regress asserts the Jaina theory, a movement that is driven by the karma.[10] Further, Jaina traditions believe that there exist Abhavya (incapable), or a class of souls that can never attain moksha (liberation).[11][12] The Abhavya state of soul is entered after an intentional and shockingly evil act.[13] Jainism considers souls as pluralistic each in a karma-samsara cycle, and does not subscribe to Advaita style nondualism of Hinduism, or Advaya style nondualism of Buddhism.[12]The Jaina theosophy, like ancient Ajivika, but unlike Hindu and Buddhist theosophies, asserts that each soul passes through 8,400,000 birth-situations, as they circle through Saṃsāra.[14][15] As the soul cycles, states Padmanabh Jaini, Jainism traditions believe that it goes through five types of bodies: earth bodies, water bodies, fire bodies, air bodies and vegetable lives.[16] With all human and non-human activities, such as rainfall, agriculture, eating and even breathing, minuscule living beings are taking birth or dying, their souls are believed to be constantly changing bodies. Perturbing, harming or killing any life form, including any human being, is considered a sin in Jainism, with negative karmic effects.[17][18]A liberated soul in Jainism is one who has gone beyond Saṃsāra, is at the apex, is omniscient, remains there eternally, and is known as a Siddha.[19] A male human being is considered closest to the apex with the potential to achieve liberation, particularly through asceticism. Women must gain karmic merit, to be reborn as man, and only then can they achieve spiritual liberation in Jainism, particularly in the Digambara sect of Jainism;[20][21] however, this view has been historically debated within Jainism and different Jaina sects have expressed different views, particularly the Shvetambara sect that believes that women too can achieve liberation from Saṃsāra.[21][22]In contrast to Buddhist texts which do not expressly or unambiguously condemn injuring or killing plants and minor life forms, Jaina texts do. Jainism considers it a bad karma to injure plants and minor life forms with negative impact on a soul's Saṃsāra.[23] However, some texts in Buddhism and Hinduism do caution a person from injuring all life forms, including plants and seeds.[23][24][25]","title":"Soul substance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samayasāra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samayas%C4%81ra"},{"link_name":"arihant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain20123-26"}],"text":"According to the Jain text, Samayasāra:Know that the Jiva (soul) which rests on pure faith, knowledge, and conduct, alone is the Real Self. The one which is conditioned by the karmic matter is to be known as the impure self. – Verse 1-2-2According to Vijay Jain, the souls which rest on the pure self are called the Real Self, and only arihant and Siddhas are the Real Self.[26]","title":"Real Self"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gunasthana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunasthana"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Jain texts explain that there are fourteen stages of spiritual development called Gunasthana. These are:[27]Mithyadristi: The stage of wrong believer\nSasādana: downfall from right faith\nMisradrsti: mixed right and wrong belief\nAvirata samyagdrsti: vowless right belief\nDeśavirata: The stage of partial self-control\nPramattasamyata: Slightly imperfect vows\nApramatta samyata: Perfect vows\nApūrvakaraņa: New thought-activity\nAnivāttibādara-sāmparāya: advanced thought-activity (Passions are still occurring)\nSukshma samparaya: slightest delusion\nUpaśānta-kasaya: subsided delusion\nKsīna kasāya: destroyed delusion\nSayogi kevali: Omniscience with vibration\nAyogi kevali: The stage of omniscience without any activity","title":"Stages of spiritual development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoniger1993238-28"}],"text":"According to Jainism, sentient beings are ranked based on their senses. Four basic elements, viz. earth, water, air and fire ranks among the lowest in them.[28]","title":"Classification"}]
[{"image_text":"Depiction of the concept of soul (in transmigration) in Jainism. Golden color represents nokarma – the quasi-karmic matter, Cyan color depicts dravya karma– the subtle karmic matter, orange represents the bhav karma– the psycho-physical karmic matter and White depicts sudhatma, the pure consciousness.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Atman.jpg/220px-Atman.jpg"},{"image_text":"Classification of Saṃsāri Jīvas (Transmigrating Souls) as per Jainism.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Jiva.jpg/220px-Jiva.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Atma Siddhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atma_Siddhi"},{"title":"Atman (Buddhism)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atman_(Buddhism)"},{"title":"Atman (Hinduism)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)"},{"title":"God in Jainism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_in_Jainism"},{"title":"Ratnatraya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratnatraya"}]
[{"reference":"\"dravya - Jainism\". Encyclopædia Britannica.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/topic/dravya","url_text":"\"dravya - Jainism\""}]},{"reference":"Jagmanderlal Jaini (2013). Outlines of Jainism. Cambridge University Press. pp. xxii–xxiii. ISBN 978-1-107-61567-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B7sKgdtJcisC","url_text":"Outlines of Jainism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-61567-0","url_text":"978-1-107-61567-0"}]},{"reference":"Jeffery D. Long (2009). Jainism: An Introduction. I. B. Tauris. pp. 93–100. ISBN 978-1-84511-625-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JmRlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA93","url_text":"Jainism: An Introduction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-625-5","url_text":"978-1-84511-625-5"}]},{"reference":"Kundakunda, Acharya; Chakravarti, Appaswami; Upādhye, Ādinātha Neminātha (2001). Ācārya Kundakunda's Pañcāstikāya-sāra. Bharatiya Jnanpith. p. 16. ISBN 978-81-263-1813-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wnoRAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Ācārya Kundakunda's Pañcāstikāya-sāra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-263-1813-1","url_text":"978-81-263-1813-1"}]},{"reference":"The Theosophist. Theosophical Publishing House. 1609. p. 553. For instance, some religionists hold that Atman (Spirit) and Paramatman (God) are one, while others assert that they are distinct; but a Jain will say that Atman and Paramatman are one as well as distinct.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JEEcAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA553","url_text":"The Theosophist"}]},{"reference":"Paul Dundas (2003). The Jains. Routledge. pp. 104–105. ISBN 978-0415266055.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Jains"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415266055","url_text":"978-0415266055"}]},{"reference":"Padmanabh S. Jaini (2000). Collected Papers on Jaina Studies. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 130–131. ISBN 978-81-208-1691-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HPggiM7y1aYC","url_text":"Collected Papers on Jaina Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1691-6","url_text":"978-81-208-1691-6"}]},{"reference":"Tara Sethia (2004). Ahimsā, Anekānta, and Jainism. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 30–31. ISBN 978-81-208-2036-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QYdlKv8wBiYC","url_text":"Ahimsā, Anekānta, and Jainism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2036-4","url_text":"978-81-208-2036-4"}]},{"reference":"Jeffery D Long (2013). Jainism: An Introduction. I.B.Tauris. pp. 36–37. ISBN 978-0-85773-656-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ajAEBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT36","url_text":"Jainism: An Introduction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-656-7","url_text":"978-0-85773-656-7"}]},{"reference":"Graham Harvey (2016). Religions in Focus: New Approaches to Tradition and Contemporary Practices. Routledge. pp. 182–183. ISBN 978-1-134-93690-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wrTsCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT182","url_text":"Religions in Focus: New Approaches to Tradition and Contemporary Practices"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-93690-8","url_text":"978-1-134-93690-8"}]},{"reference":"Paul Dundas (2003). The Jains. Routledge. pp. 55–59. ISBN 978-0415266055.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Jains"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415266055","url_text":"978-0415266055"}]},{"reference":"Jain, Vijay K (26 March 2014). Acarya Pujyapada's Istopadesa – the Golden Discourse. Vikalp Printers. p. 14. ISBN 9788190363969.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=r5opAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Acarya Pujyapada's Istopadesa – the Golden Discourse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788190363969","url_text":"9788190363969"}]},{"reference":"Doniger, Wendy, ed. (1993), Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts, State University of New York Press, ISBN 0-7914-1381-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Doniger","url_text":"Doniger, Wendy"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-kZFzHCuiFAC","url_text":"Purana Perennis: Reciprocity and Transformation in Hindu and Jaina Texts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press","url_text":"State University of New York Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-1381-0","url_text":"0-7914-1381-0"}]},{"reference":"Jaini, Jagmander Lal (2013), Outlines of Jainism, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-107-61567-0","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B7sKgdtJcisC","url_text":"Outlines of Jainism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-61567-0","url_text":"978-1-107-61567-0"}]},{"reference":"Jain, Vijay K. (2012), Acharya Kundkund's Samayasara, Vikalp Printers, ISBN 978-81-903639-3-8, Non-Copyright","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LwPT79iyRHMC","url_text":"Acharya Kundkund's Samayasara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-903639-3-8","url_text":"978-81-903639-3-8"}]},{"reference":"Jaini, Padmanabh S. (1998) [1979], The Jaina Path of Purification, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-1578-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padmanabh_Jaini","url_text":"Jaini, Padmanabh S."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wE6v6ahxHi8C","url_text":"The Jaina Path of Purification"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi","url_text":"Delhi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass","url_text":"Motilal Banarsidass"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1578-5","url_text":"81-208-1578-5"}]},{"reference":"Padmanabh Jaini (1980). Wendy Doniger (ed.). Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03923-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C","url_text":"Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03923-0","url_text":"978-0-520-03923-0"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penarth_Pier
Penarth Pier
["1 Background","2 Construction","3 History","4 The pier pavilion","5 Present","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°26′6.31″N 3°9′59.43″W / 51.4350861°N 3.1665083°W / 51.4350861; -3.1665083Pier in Penarth, South Wales Penarth PierThe pier pavilionTypeCast iron screw piers, cast iron supports, wooden deckCarriesPedestriansSpansBristol ChannelLocalePenarth, Vale of Glamorgan, South WalesOwnerVale of Glamorgan CouncilCharacteristicsTotal lengthAs built:750 feet (230 m)Present: 650 feet (200 m)HistoryDesignerH. F. EdwardsConstructorMayohs BrothersOpening dateFebruary 1895; 129 years ago (1895-02)Coordinates51°26′6.31″N 3°9′59.43″W / 51.4350861°N 3.1665083°W / 51.4350861; -3.1665083 Penarth Pier is a Victorian era pier in the town of Penarth, Vale of Glamorgan, South Wales. The pier was opened in 1898 and was a popular attraction to seaside-goers at the time, who also enjoyed trips on pleasure steamers that operated from the pier. It has on several occasions been damaged by vessels colliding with the structure and in 1931, a fire broke out in one of the pavilions. This wooden pavilion was never replaced, but a concrete pavilion has been used over the years as a concert hall, ballroom, cinema and for other purposes. It is currently home to the Penarth Pier Pavilion. Background Penarth Pier in about 1900. The growing popularity of Penarth beach and the need for better communications with Cardiff led to the Cardiff Steam and Navigation Company starting a regular ferry service between Cardiff and Penarth in 1856, which continued until 1903. Boats were loaded and unloaded at Penarth using a landing stage on wheels which was hauled up the beach. In the 1880s an attempt was made to construct a permanent pier, because of the need to find a safer way to unload larger boats. However, construction ground to a halt at an early stage when the London-based contractors went into liquidation. Construction As a result, the Penarth Promenade and Landing Company Ltd was formed, to make a second attempt at building a permanent pier. Designed by H. F. Edwards, construction of the cast iron screw piers, cast iron supports and wooden deck was begun by Mayohs Brothers in 1894. The pier successfully opened in 1895, 750 feet (230 m) long. History The rear of the pier pavilionThe pavilion in 2009The pavilion in 2013 The pier was opened in 1898, having been constructed by James & Arthur Mayoh, assisted by Herbert Francis Edwards, a local engineer. The pier, at 658 ft (200 m), was rather short; it was not permitted to be longer for fear of obstructing the deep water channel into Cardiff Docks. It was built of cast iron with a timber decking, and acted both as a promenade, and as a landing jetty for steam ships trading in the Bristol Channel. The pier was an immediate success, chiefly because the cruises, provided by the pleasure steamers that used the pier’s landing stage, proved very popular with the public. In 1907, a small wooden "Concert Party" theatre was built at the far end of the pier. During World War I, the pleasure steamers were used as minesweepers and the pier was requisitioned by the army. After the war, it was found that the landing stage was considerably damaged, and compensation payments were inadequate to fund the necessary repairs. The pier went into a period of decline, and in 1929, it was sold to Penarth Borough Council. As a result, a new concrete landing stage was built at the seaward end, and in 1930, a spectacular Art Deco pavilion, built of ferro-concrete, was constructed at the shoreward end. An aerial photograph of the pier in 2006 On August Bank Holiday 1931, a fire broke out in the wooden theatre. A dramatic sea and land rescue commenced, with the fire department attending the scene until the fire burnt out three days later. Over 800 people survived. As a result, a large proportion of the pier was destroyed. The pier was rebuilt at a cost of £3,157, without replacement of the wooden pavilion. The remaining pavilion provided concerts and variety shows, but over time, people's tastes changed and the pavilion was turned into a cinema. This was unsuccessful however, and the cinema closed. After another attempt at operating it as a concert hall, it reopened in 1934 as the Marina Ballroom. This flourished and dances were taking place there until the start of World War II in 1939. At this time the paddle steamers were requisitioned and the pier closed to the public. In 1947 the 7,130 ton Canadian cargo steamship SS Port Royal Park, under contract to the flag of the Tavistock Shipping Company, collided with the pier in a gale causing severe structural damage. The damage included the shattering and buckling of the decking, but more seriously, the fracturing or displacing of over seventy of the main supporting cast-iron structures. Repairs, including underpinning to the cast iron columns and the addition of new cast concrete columns, took two years to complete at a cost of £28,000. The pier reopened in 1950. In August 1966, whilst operating in dense fog, the 600-ton P & A Campbell pleasure steamer PS Bristol Queen hit the pier, causing an estimated £25,000 damage. The last regular paddle steamer service operated by the White Funnel Line was withdrawn in 1966 although the MV Balmoral continued to operate a cruise service. Even this was withdrawn in 1982 when cruises by P&A Campbell from the pier ceased. In 1994, a restoration programme was completed at a cost of £650,000, including repairs to the rotting substructure. This wood now forms one of the offerings at the souvenir shop. In 1996 a £1.7M programme started, replacing steelwork, decking and the berthing pontoon. The final restoration was completed after a £1.1M grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund, with the restored 650 feet (200 m) formally reopening in May 1998. The pier pavilion The 1929 designed art deco Pier Pavilion, opened in 1930 by the council, was used as a venue for traditional seaside entertainment, as well as a concert hall. As it lacked heating, the hall was greatly under utilised in the winter, although it was used at different periods as a cinema, dance hall (Marina ballroom) and nightclub. From the 1960s onwards, it was rented out to a series of commercial tenant customers, who used it as a restaurant and snooker club. In 1961, former Olympics gymnast Gwynedd Lingard founded the Penarth and district gymnastics club, which today is the sole tenant. In 2008, the charity Penarth Arts & Crafts Ltd (PACL) was formed to restore the pavilion. In November 2009 PACL were awarded a Heritage Lottery Fund grant of £99,600 to develop plans for detailed restoration. PACL have now developed a £3.9m refurbishment scheme, to use enable the pavilion to be restored as a cinema, cafe, observatory and multi-purpose community complex. After planning permission was granted for the project, the HLF awarded PACT a further £1.68m in May 2011. The project was completed in 2013 and is known as the Penarth Pier Pavilion. Penarth Pier in 2008. Present Owned today by Vale of Glamorgan Council, the pier is open all year round. Sea fishing is possible from the pier head, without a licence, in all months except June, July and August. The refurbished Pier Pavilion The Penarth Pier Pavilion includes an art gallery, auditorium, a cinema able to seat seventy, retail area, bar, and a tea room with a view out over the Bristol Channel. Dr David Trotman, was appointed director in 2013 and said that he was excited and privileged to serve the community, and added that the "iconic pier site would be used to educate, inform and entertain." Since then, renovation of the exterior has taken place, and ornamental zinc tiles have been installed to replace the faded paint on the barrel roof and four domes. The pier was voted Pier of the Year by the National Piers Society in 2014. Since 2007, the pier has appeared on S4C in an ident as part of its on-air branding. The pier appeared in the 2008 BBC Torchwood episode "To the Last Man", in which characters Tosh and Tommy share a brief moment on Penarth Pier, built in 1894, the same year that Tommy was born. A new director, Marta Ghermandi, was appointed by the Board of Penarth Arts and Crafts Limited, in 2018. Notes ^ a b Carradice, P. (1994). Penarth Pier: The Centenary Story 1894–1994. BARON. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Penarth Pier". National Piers Society. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2012. ^ "Penarth Pier". The Heritage Trail. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2012. ^ Williams, S. (1975). South Glamorgan: A County History. Stewart Williams. ^ a b c "Penarth Pier". Vale of Glamorgan Council. Retrieved 24 February 2012. ^ a b c "History of Penarth Pier". Penarth Pier Project. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2012. ^ Phil Carradice (14 September 2011). "The Penarth Pier fire of 1931". BBC Wales. Retrieved 24 February 2012. ^ Penarth Times online LOOKING BACK: I remember that... Letter published 22 May 2008 ^ Walesonline.co.uk Time Traveller: August 17, 1966 Article reproduced from 1966 South Wales Echo. Retrieved 2011-10-19 ^ "Penarth Pavilion Project". Penarth Pavilion Project. Retrieved 24 February 2012. ^ "Revamp go-ahead for pier". South Wales Echo. 4 March 2011. Retrieved 19 October 2011. ^ "Pier of the Year". National Pier Society. Archived from the original on 24 June 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014. ^ "Penarth Pier". Doctor Who Locations. Retrieved 24 February 2012. References Carradice, P. (1994). Penarth Pier: The Centenary Story 1894–1994. BARON. Williams, S. (1975). South Glamorgan: A County History. Stewart Williams. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Penarth Pier. Penarth Pier at Vale of Glamorgan Council Penarth Pier Pavilion Penarth Pier at National Piers Society Awards and achievements Preceded byClevedon Pier National Piers SocietyPier of the Year 2014 Succeeded byCromer Pier vtePiers in the United Kingdom National Piers Society England Blackpool Central North South Bognor Regis Boscombe Bournemouth Brighton Palace Pier Clacton Cleethorpes Clevedon Cromer Deal Eastbourne Felixstowe Gravesend Great Yarmouth Britannia Wellington Hastings Herne Bay Hythe Lowestoft Claremont South Paignton Portsmouth Clarence South Parade Ryde Saltburn-by-the-Sea Sandown Skegness Southampton Royal Pier Town Quay Southend Pier Railway Southport Southwold St Anne's-on-the-Sea Swanage Teignmouth Weston-super-Mare Birnbeck Grand Pier Weymouth Bandstand Pleasure Worthing Yarmouth Scotland Dunoon Wales Aberystwyth Bangor Beaumaris Llandudno Penarth Swansea Channel Islands St Julian's Isle of Man Ramsey Former piersEngland Brighton Royal Suspension Chain West Coatham Fleetwood Lytham Morecambe Central West End New Brighton Redcar Ryde (Seaview Chain) Scarborough Shanklin St Leonards Pier Withernsea Scotland Portobello Trinity Wales Colwyn Bay Rhyl Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victorian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pier"},{"link_name":"Penarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penarth"},{"link_name":"Vale of Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan"},{"link_name":"South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales"}],"text":"Pier in Penarth, South WalesPenarth Pier is a Victorian era pier in the town of Penarth, Vale of Glamorgan, South Wales. The pier was opened in 1898 and was a popular attraction to seaside-goers at the time, who also enjoyed trips on pleasure steamers that operated from the pier. It has on several occasions been damaged by vessels colliding with the structure and in 1931, a fire broke out in one of the pavilions. This wooden pavilion was never replaced, but a concrete pavilion has been used over the years as a concert hall, ballroom, cinema and for other purposes. It is currently home to the Penarth Pier Pavilion.","title":"Penarth Pier"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Penarth_Pier_ca_1890_and_ca_1900.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PierCent-1"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"liquidation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PierCent-1"}],"text":"Penarth Pier in about 1900.The growing popularity of Penarth beach and the need for better communications with Cardiff led to the Cardiff Steam and Navigation Company starting a regular ferry service between Cardiff and Penarth in 1856, which continued until 1903. Boats were loaded and unloaded at Penarth using a landing stage on wheels which was hauled up the beach.[1]In the 1880s an attempt was made to construct a permanent pier, because of the need to find a safer way to unload larger boats. However, construction ground to a halt at an early stage when the London-based contractors went into liquidation.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPS-2"},{"link_name":"cast iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cast_iron"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"As a result, the Penarth Promenade and Landing Company Ltd was formed, to make a second attempt at building a permanent pier. Designed by H. F. Edwards,[2] construction of the cast iron screw piers, cast iron supports and wooden deck was begun by Mayohs Brothers in 1894.[3] The pier successfully opened in 1895, 750 feet (230 m) long.[4]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Pavilion,_Penarth_Pier.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rear_of_the_pavilion_(Penarth_Pier)_December_2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Docks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Docks"},{"link_name":"theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPS-2"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"minesweepers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minesweeper"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPS-2"},{"link_name":"Art Deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco"},{"link_name":"ferro-concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferro-concrete"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VoGPier-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PPProjHist-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Penarth_aerial_photograph_2006.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bank Holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Holiday"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPS-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPS-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VoGPier-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PPProjHist-6"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPS-2"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"SS Port Royal Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Port_Royal_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"underpinning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underpinning"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPS-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PPProjHist-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPS-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPS-2"},{"link_name":"P & A Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_%26_A_Campbell"},{"link_name":"PS Bristol Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS_Bristol_Queen_(1946)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VoGPier-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"MV Balmoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MV_Balmoral_(1949)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPS-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPS-2"},{"link_name":"Heritage Lottery Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Lottery_Fund"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPS-2"}],"text":"The rear of the pier pavilionThe pavilion in 2009The pavilion in 2013The pier was opened in 1898, having been constructed by James & Arthur Mayoh, assisted by Herbert Francis Edwards, a local engineer. The pier, at 658 ft (200 m), was rather short; it was not permitted to be longer for fear of obstructing the deep water channel into Cardiff Docks. It was built of cast iron with a timber decking, and acted both as a promenade, and as a landing jetty for steam ships trading in the Bristol Channel. The pier was an immediate success, chiefly because the cruises, provided by the pleasure steamers that used the pier’s landing stage, proved very popular with the public. In 1907, a small wooden \"Concert Party\" theatre was built at the far end of the pier.[2]During World War I, the pleasure steamers were used as minesweepers and the pier was requisitioned by the army. After the war, it was found that the landing stage was considerably damaged, and compensation payments were inadequate to fund the necessary repairs. The pier went into a period of decline, and in 1929, it was sold to Penarth Borough Council. As a result, a new concrete landing stage was built at the seaward end,[2] and in 1930, a spectacular Art Deco pavilion, built of ferro-concrete, was constructed at the shoreward end.[5][6]An aerial photograph of the pier in 2006On August Bank Holiday 1931,[2] a fire broke out in the wooden theatre. A dramatic sea and land rescue commenced, with the fire department attending the scene until the fire burnt out three days later.[7] Over 800 people survived.[2] As a result, a large proportion of the pier was destroyed.[5] The pier was rebuilt at a cost of £3,157, without replacement of the wooden pavilion.[6]The remaining pavilion provided concerts and variety shows, but over time, people's tastes changed and the pavilion was turned into a cinema. This was unsuccessful however, and the cinema closed. After another attempt at operating it as a concert hall, it reopened in 1934 as the Marina Ballroom. This flourished and dances were taking place there until the start of World War II in 1939. At this time the paddle steamers were requisitioned and the pier closed to the public.[2]In 1947 the 7,130 ton Canadian cargo steamship SS Port Royal Park, under contract to the flag of the Tavistock Shipping Company, collided with the pier in a gale causing severe structural damage.[8] The damage included the shattering and buckling of the decking, but more seriously, the fracturing or displacing of over seventy of the main supporting cast-iron structures. Repairs, including underpinning to the cast iron columns and the addition of new cast concrete columns,[2] took two years to complete at a cost of £28,000.[6] The pier reopened in 1950.[2]In August 1966, whilst operating in dense fog,[2] the 600-ton P & A Campbell pleasure steamer PS Bristol Queen hit the pier, causing an estimated £25,000 damage.[5][9] The last regular paddle steamer service operated by the White Funnel Line was withdrawn in 1966 although the MV Balmoral continued to operate a cruise service. Even this was withdrawn in 1982 when cruises by P&A Campbell from the pier ceased.[2]In 1994, a restoration programme was completed at a cost of £650,000, including repairs to the rotting substructure. This wood now forms one of the offerings at the souvenir shop.[2] In 1996 a £1.7M programme started, replacing steelwork, decking and the berthing pontoon. The final restoration was completed after a £1.1M grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund, with the restored 650 feet (200 m) formally reopening in May 1998.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPS-2"},{"link_name":"restaurant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurant"},{"link_name":"snooker club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snooker_club"},{"link_name":"Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympics"},{"link_name":"Gwynedd Lingard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwynedd_Lingard"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPS-2"},{"link_name":"Heritage Lottery Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Lottery_Fund"},{"link_name":"planning permission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning_permission"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Penarth_Pier,_Penarth,_S_Wales.jpg"}],"text":"The 1929 designed art deco Pier Pavilion, opened in 1930 by the council, was used as a venue for traditional seaside entertainment, as well as a concert hall. As it lacked heating, the hall was greatly under utilised in the winter, although it was used at different periods as a cinema, dance hall (Marina ballroom) and nightclub.[2]From the 1960s onwards, it was rented out to a series of commercial tenant customers, who used it as a restaurant and snooker club. In 1961, former Olympics gymnast Gwynedd Lingard founded the Penarth and district gymnastics club, which today is the sole tenant.[2]In 2008, the charity Penarth Arts & Crafts Ltd (PACL) was formed to restore the pavilion. In November 2009 PACL were awarded a Heritage Lottery Fund grant of £99,600 to develop plans for detailed restoration. PACL have now developed a £3.9m refurbishment scheme, to use enable the pavilion to be restored as a cinema, cafe, observatory and multi-purpose community complex. After planning permission was granted for the project, the HLF awarded PACT a further £1.68m in May 2011. The project was completed in 2013 and is known as the Penarth Pier Pavilion.[10][11]Penarth Pier in 2008.","title":"The pier pavilion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vale of Glamorgan Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan_Council"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Penarth_Pier_2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"S4C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S4C"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Torchwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torchwood"},{"link_name":"To the Last Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_the_Last_Man_(Torchwood)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Owned today by Vale of Glamorgan Council, the pier is open all year round. Sea fishing is possible from the pier head, without a licence, in all months except June, July and August.The refurbished Pier PavilionThe Penarth Pier Pavilion includes an art gallery, auditorium, a cinema able to seat seventy, retail area, bar, and a tea room with a view out over the Bristol Channel.Dr David Trotman, was appointed director in 2013 and said that he was excited and privileged to serve the community, and added that the \"iconic pier site would be used to educate, inform and entertain.\" Since then, renovation of the exterior has taken place, and ornamental zinc tiles have been installed to replace the faded paint on the barrel roof and four domes.The pier was voted Pier of the Year by the National Piers Society in 2014.[12]Since 2007, the pier has appeared on S4C in an ident as part of its on-air branding.The pier appeared in the 2008 BBC Torchwood episode \"To the Last Man\", in which characters Tosh and Tommy share a brief moment on Penarth Pier, built in 1894, the same year that Tommy was born.[13]A new director, Marta Ghermandi, was appointed by the Board of Penarth Arts and Crafts Limited, in 2018.","title":"Present"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PierCent_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PierCent_1-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NPS_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NPS_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NPS_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NPS_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NPS_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NPS_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NPS_2-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NPS_2-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NPS_2-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NPS_2-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NPS_2-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NPS_2-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NPS_2-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NPS_2-13"},{"link_name":"\"Penarth Pier\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120113162820/http://www.piers.org.uk/pierpages/NPSpenarth.html"},{"link_name":"National Piers Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Piers_Society"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.piers.org.uk/pierpages/NPSpenarth.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Penarth Pier\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120419115159/http://www.theheritagetrail.co.uk/piers/penarth%20pier.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.theheritagetrail.co.uk/piers/penarth%20pier.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-VoGPier_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-VoGPier_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-VoGPier_5-2"},{"link_name":"\"Penarth Pier\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.valeofglamorgan.gov.uk/enjoying/visit_the_vale/places_to_go/historic/penarth_pier.aspx"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PPProjHist_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PPProjHist_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-PPProjHist_6-2"},{"link_name":"\"History of Penarth Pier\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120306053535/http://penarthpavilion.co.uk/about-2/the-history-of-penarth-pier/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//penarthpavilion.co.uk/about-2/the-history-of-penarth-pier/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"The Penarth Pier fire of 1931\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/waleshistory/2011/09/penarth_pier_fire_1931.html"},{"link_name":"BBC Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Wales"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"LOOKING BACK: I remember that...","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.penarthtimes.co.uk/lookingback/2289163.I_remember_that___"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Time Traveller: August 17, 1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.walesonline.co.uk/cardiffonline/cardiff-news/2010/08/17/time-traveller-august-17-1966-91466-27075105/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Penarth Pavilion Project\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//penarthpavilion.co.uk"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"Revamp go-ahead for pier\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2011/03/04/revamp-go-ahead-for-pier-91466-28277011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Pier of the Year\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140624200724/http://www.piers.org.uk/pierpages/NPS0POTY14.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.piers.org.uk/pierpages/NPS0POTY14.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Penarth Pier\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.doctorwholocations.net/locations/penarthpier"}],"text":"^ a b Carradice, P. (1994). Penarth Pier: The Centenary Story 1894–1994. BARON.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n \"Penarth Pier\". National Piers Society. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2012.\n\n^ \"Penarth Pier\". The Heritage Trail. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2012.\n\n^ Williams, S. (1975). South Glamorgan: A County History. Stewart Williams.\n\n^ a b c \"Penarth Pier\". Vale of Glamorgan Council. Retrieved 24 February 2012.\n\n^ a b c \"History of Penarth Pier\". Penarth Pier Project. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2012.\n\n^ Phil Carradice (14 September 2011). \"The Penarth Pier fire of 1931\". BBC Wales. Retrieved 24 February 2012.\n\n^ Penarth Times online LOOKING BACK: I remember that... Letter published 22 May 2008\n\n^ Walesonline.co.uk Time Traveller: August 17, 1966 Article reproduced from 1966 South Wales Echo. Retrieved 2011-10-19\n\n^ \"Penarth Pavilion Project\". Penarth Pavilion Project. Retrieved 24 February 2012.\n\n^ \"Revamp go-ahead for pier\". South Wales Echo. 4 March 2011. Retrieved 19 October 2011.\n\n^ \"Pier of the Year\". National Pier Society. Archived from the original on 24 June 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.\n\n^ \"Penarth Pier\". Doctor Who Locations. Retrieved 24 February 2012.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Penarth Pier in about 1900.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Penarth_Pier_ca_1890_and_ca_1900.jpg/220px-Penarth_Pier_ca_1890_and_ca_1900.jpg"},{"image_text":"An aerial photograph of the pier in 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Penarth_aerial_photograph_2006.jpg/220px-Penarth_aerial_photograph_2006.jpg"},{"image_text":"Penarth Pier in 2008.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Penarth_Pier%2C_Penarth%2C_S_Wales.jpg"},{"image_text":"The refurbished Pier Pavilion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Penarth_Pier_2013.jpg/220px-Penarth_Pier_2013.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Carradice, P. (1994). Penarth Pier: The Centenary Story 1894–1994. BARON.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Penarth Pier\". National Piers Society. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120113162820/http://www.piers.org.uk/pierpages/NPSpenarth.html","url_text":"\"Penarth Pier\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Piers_Society","url_text":"National Piers Society"},{"url":"http://www.piers.org.uk/pierpages/NPSpenarth.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Penarth Pier\". The Heritage Trail. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120419115159/http://www.theheritagetrail.co.uk/piers/penarth%20pier.htm","url_text":"\"Penarth Pier\""},{"url":"http://www.theheritagetrail.co.uk/piers/penarth%20pier.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Williams, S. (1975). South Glamorgan: A County History. Stewart Williams.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Penarth Pier\". Vale of Glamorgan Council. Retrieved 24 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.valeofglamorgan.gov.uk/enjoying/visit_the_vale/places_to_go/historic/penarth_pier.aspx","url_text":"\"Penarth Pier\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Penarth Pier\". Penarth Pier Project. Archived from the original on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120306053535/http://penarthpavilion.co.uk/about-2/the-history-of-penarth-pier/","url_text":"\"History of Penarth Pier\""},{"url":"http://penarthpavilion.co.uk/about-2/the-history-of-penarth-pier/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Phil Carradice (14 September 2011). \"The Penarth Pier fire of 1931\". BBC Wales. Retrieved 24 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/waleshistory/2011/09/penarth_pier_fire_1931.html","url_text":"\"The Penarth Pier fire of 1931\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Wales","url_text":"BBC Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"Penarth Pavilion Project\". Penarth Pavilion Project. Retrieved 24 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://penarthpavilion.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Penarth Pavilion Project\""}]},{"reference":"\"Revamp go-ahead for pier\". South Wales Echo. 4 March 2011. Retrieved 19 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2011/03/04/revamp-go-ahead-for-pier-91466-28277011","url_text":"\"Revamp go-ahead for pier\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pier of the Year\". National Pier Society. Archived from the original on 24 June 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140624200724/http://www.piers.org.uk/pierpages/NPS0POTY14.html","url_text":"\"Pier of the Year\""},{"url":"http://www.piers.org.uk/pierpages/NPS0POTY14.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Penarth Pier\". Doctor Who Locations. Retrieved 24 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.doctorwholocations.net/locations/penarthpier","url_text":"\"Penarth Pier\""}]},{"reference":"Carradice, P. (1994). Penarth Pier: The Centenary Story 1894–1994. BARON.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Williams, S. (1975). South Glamorgan: A County History. Stewart Williams.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Segui
David Segui
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
American baseball player (born 1966) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "David Segui" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Baseball player David SeguiFirst basemanBorn: (1966-07-19) July 19, 1966 (age 57)Kansas City, Kansas, U.S.Batted: SwitchThrew: LeftMLB debutMay 8, 1990, for the Baltimore OriolesLast MLB appearanceSeptember 8, 2004, for the Baltimore OriolesMLB statisticsBatting average.291Home runs139Runs batted in684 Teams Baltimore Orioles (1990–1993) New York Mets (1994–1995) Montreal Expos (1995–1997) Seattle Mariners (1998–1999) Toronto Blue Jays (1999) Texas Rangers (2000) Cleveland Indians (2000) Baltimore Orioles (2001–2004) David Vincent Segui, (/sɪˈɡiː/; born July 19, 1966) is an American former Major League Baseball first baseman. Segui was born in Kansas City, Kansas, the son of former Major League baseball pitcher Diego Seguí. He played collegiate baseball for Louisiana Tech and Kansas City Kansas Community College. During a 15-year baseball career, Segui played with the Baltimore Orioles, New York Mets, Montreal Expos, Seattle Mariners, Toronto Blue Jays, Texas Rangers and Cleveland Indians. In 1456 games over 15 seasons, Segui posted a .291 batting average (1412-for-4847) with 683 runs, 284 doubles, 139 home runs, 684 RBI, 524 bases on balls, .359 on-base percentage and .443 slugging percentage. He recorded a .995 fielding percentage primarily as a first baseman, but also played 100 games at left and right field. Segui was identified by Jason Grimsley as one of the players who had taken human growth hormone during his major league career (he was one of the players whose name was redacted on Grimsley's document). Unlike others, however, Segui had a doctor's prescription for HGH to counter a deficiency he had been diagnosed with, and had previously admitted to using them. Segui has also admitted to using anabolic steroids during his career with the Mets, obtaining them from former clubhouse attendant Kirk Radomski. Segui never had any spikes in his performances or home runs, but says he knows about other ballplayers' usage. He was included in the Mitchell Report, which named people who were found using either HGH, steroids, or some other type of PEDs. See also List of second-generation Major League Baseball players List of Major League Baseball players named in the Mitchell Report List of Cuban Americans References ^ ESPN – Ex-MLB'er Segui says he's player in IRS affidavit – MLB ^ ESPN – Segui says he got steroids from ex-Mets clubhouse attendant – MLB External links David Segui at SABR (Baseball BioProject) Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_L._Gregory
Roger Gregory
["1 Background","1.1 Federal judicial service","1.2 Notable opinions","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
American judge (born 1953) For the programmer, see Roger Gregory (programmer). Roger GregoryGregory in 2012Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth CircuitIn officeJuly 8, 2016 – July 8, 2023Preceded byWilliam Byrd Traxler Jr.Succeeded byAlbert DiazJudge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth CircuitIncumbentAssumed office December 27, 2000Appointed byBill Clinton (recess)George W. Bush (commission)Preceded bySeat established by 104 Stat. 5089 Personal detailsBorn (1953-07-17) July 17, 1953 (age 70)Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.EducationVirginia State University (BA)University of Michigan (JD) Roger Lee Gregory (born July 17, 1953) is an American lawyer who serves as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit. Background Gregory was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania but grew up in Petersburg, Virginia. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree summa cum laude from Virginia State University in 1975 and his Juris Doctor from the University of Michigan Law School in 1978. He worked as an associate for Butzel Long and Hunton & Williams from 1978 until 1982. He co-founded the Richmond, Virginia law firm of Wilder & Gregory in 1982 with L. Douglas Wilder (the first African-American to be elected governor in the United States), and became the chair of its litigation section in 1985. Gregory is also a member of several fraternal organizations, including Omega Psi Phi fraternity, and Sigma Pi Phi fraternity. Federal judicial service On June 30, 2000, President Bill Clinton nominated Gregory to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit that had been vacant for close to a decade since it had been created (the Senate had never acted on Clinton's previous nominee to that seat, J. Rich Leonard). After the Senate declined to take up Gregory's nomination, and the 2000 presidential election was already over, Clinton installed Gregory on the Fourth Circuit on December 27, 2000, via a recess appointment, which would have lasted only until the end of the 2001 Congressional session. However, he was renominated by newly elected President George W. Bush on May 9, 2001. The Senate confirmed Gregory on July 20, 2001, by a 93–1 vote, with Trent Lott of Mississippi casting the lone dissenting vote because he objected to Clinton's use of his recess appointment power. Gregory was the first judge nominated to the Fourth Circuit by Bush and confirmed by the United States Senate and is the first black judge to serve on the Fourth Circuit. He received his commission on July 25, 2001. Gregory became chief judge on July 8, 2016. and served a seven-year-term through July 8, 2023. Notable opinions On July 28, 2014, Gregory joined the majority opinion with Henry F. Floyd in Bostic v. Schaefer that declared Virginia's ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional. This decision led to the legalization of same-sex marriage in Virginia as well as all other states throughout the Fourth Circuit. On May 25, 2017, Gregory wrote for the majority when the en banc circuit upheld a lower court's injunction blocking the President's travel ban by a 10-3 vote in Int'l Refugee Assistance Project v. Trump. In October 2017, Gregory dissented when the panel majority found that the Bladensburg Peace Cross memorial from World War I now violated the Constitution's Establishment Clause, and he wrote another dissent when the circuit denied rehearing en banc. The circuit's judgement was then reversed by the Supreme Court of the United States in American Legion v. American Humanist Association (2019). See also Bill Clinton judicial appointment controversies George W. Bush judicial appointment controversies List of African-American federal judges List of African-American jurists List of first minority male lawyers and judges in the United States List of first minority male lawyers and judges in Virginia References ^ U.S. Senate (2001). Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventh Congress, First Session. ^ a b Porter, Mike (2006-05-05). "VCU Lauds the Hon. Roger L. Gregory for Public Service". Virginia Commonwealth University. Retrieved 2008-11-15. ^ "Pres. Nom. 1129". 106th Cong. (2000). ^ "On the Nomination (Confirmation: Roger L. Gregory, of Virginia, to be U.S. Circuit Judge for the Fourth Circuit)". senate.gov. ^ Mitchell, Alison (21 July 2001). "Senators Confirm 3 Judges, Including Once-Stalled Black". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 March 2020. ^ Roger Gregory at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center. ^ "Judge Roger L. Gregory will become the next chief judge of the 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals". The Associated Press. Daily Reporter. July 5, 2016. Retrieved July 7, 2016. ^ Adam Liptak (26 May 2017). "Appeals Court Will Not Reinstate Trump's Revised Travel Ban". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved 28 May 2017. ^ "United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit" (PDF). ^ Am. Humanist Ass’n v. Md.-Nat’l Capital Park & Planning Comm’n, 874 F.3d 195 (4th Cir. 2017). ^ Am. Humanist Ass’n v. Md.-Nat’l Capital Park & Planning Comm’n, 891 F.3d 117 (4th Cir. 2018) (mem.). ^ Note, Recent Case: En Banc Fourth Circuit Denies Rehearing of Holding that Cross-Shaped World War I Memorial Violates Establishment Clause, 132 Harv. L. Rev. 1353 (2019). ^ Note, The Supreme Court, 2018 Term — Leading Cases, 133 Harv. L. Rev. 262 (2019). External links Roger Gregory at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center. Appearances on C-SPAN New York Times article discussing Clinton's recess appointment. National Review article discussing Bush re-nomination of Gregory. Legal offices Preceded bySeat established by 104 Stat. 5089 Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit 2000–present Incumbent Preceded byWilliam Byrd Traxler Jr. Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit 2016–2023 Succeeded byAlbert Diaz vteJudges of the United States courts of appealsFull list · Names in bold represent current chief judges.1st CircuitActive Barron Kayatta Gelpí Montecalvo Rikelman Aframe Senior Campbell Selya Lynch Lipez Howard Thompson 2nd CircuitActive Livingston Lohier Sullivan Bianco Park Nardini Menashi Lee Robinson Pérez Nathan Merriam Kahn Senior Newman Kearse Walker Jacobs Leval Calabresi Cabranes Straub Sack Parker Raggi Wesley Lynch Chin Carney 3rd CircuitActive Chagares Jordan Hardiman Shwartz Krause Restrepo Bibas Porter Matey Phipps Freeman Montgomery-Reeves Chung 1 seat vacant Senior Stapleton Scirica Cowen Nygaard Roth McKee Rendell Ambro Fuentes Smith Fisher 4th CircuitActive Diaz Wilkinson Niemeyer King Gregory Agee Wynn Thacker Harris Richardson Quattlebaum Rushing Heytens Benjamin Berner Senior Motz Traxler Keenan Floyd 5th CircuitActive Richman Jones Smith Stewart Elrod Southwick Haynes Graves Higginson Willett Ho Duncan Engelhardt Oldham Wilson Douglas Ramirez Senior King Jolly Higginbotham Davis Duhé Wiener Barksdale Dennis Clement 6th CircuitActive Sutton Moore Clay Gibbons Griffin Kethledge Stranch Thapar Bush Larsen Nalbandian Readler Murphy Davis Mathis Bloomekatz Senior Guy Ryan Boggs Norris Suhrheinrich Siler Batchelder Daughtrey Cole Gilman Rogers Cook McKeague White 7th CircuitActive Sykes Easterbrook Rovner Brennan Scudder St. Eve Kirsch Jackson-Akiwumi Lee Pryor Kolar Senior Bauer Flaum Ripple Manion Hamilton 8th CircuitActive Colloton Loken Smith Gruender Benton Shepherd Kelly Erickson Grasz Stras Kobes Senior Bowman Wollman Beam Hansen Arnold Melloy 9th CircuitActive Murguia Wardlaw Gould Rawlinson Callahan M. Smith Ikuta Christen Nguyen Owens Friedland Bennett R. Nelson Miller Bade Collins Lee Bress Forrest Bumatay VanDyke Koh Sung Sanchez H. Thomas Mendoza Desai Johnstone de Alba Senior Wallace Schroeder D. Nelson Canby O'Scannlain Trott Fernandez Kleinfeld Hawkins Tashima S. Thomas Silverman Graber McKeown Fletcher Paez Berzon Tallman Clifton Bybee Bea N. Smith Hurwitz 10th CircuitActive Holmes Hartz Tymkovich Matheson Bacharach Phillips McHugh Moritz Eid Carson Rossman Federico Senior Seymour Porfilio Anderson Baldock Brorby Ebel Kelly Briscoe Lucero Murphy O'Brien 11th CircuitActive W. Pryor Wilson Jordan Rosenbaum J. Pryor Newsom Branch Grant Luck Lagoa Brasher Abudu Senior Tjoflat Anderson Edmondson Dubina Black E. Carnes Hull Marcus J. Carnes D.C. CircuitActive Srinivasan Henderson Millett Pillard Wilkins Katsas Rao Walker Childs Pan Garcia Senior Edwards Ginsburg Sentelle Randolph Rogers Federal CircuitActive Moore Newman Lourie Dyk Prost Reyna Taranto Chen Hughes Stoll Cunningham Stark Senior Mayer Plager Clevenger Schall Bryson Linn Wallach
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roger Gregory (programmer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Gregory_(programmer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"United States circuit judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_federal_judge"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fourth_Circuit"}],"text":"For the programmer, see Roger Gregory (programmer).Roger Lee Gregory[1] (born July 17, 1953) is an American lawyer who serves as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit.","title":"Roger Gregory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VCU-2"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"summa cum laude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summa_cum_laude"},{"link_name":"Virginia State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_University"},{"link_name":"Juris Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juris_Doctor"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Law_School"},{"link_name":"associate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_lawyer"},{"link_name":"Butzel Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butzel_Long"},{"link_name":"Hunton & Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunton_%26_Williams"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"L. Douglas Wilder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Douglas_Wilder"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VCU-2"},{"link_name":"Omega Psi Phi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_Psi_Phi"},{"link_name":"Sigma Pi Phi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Pi_Phi"}],"text":"Gregory was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania but grew up in Petersburg, Virginia.[2] He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree summa cum laude from Virginia State University in 1975 and his Juris Doctor from the University of Michigan Law School in 1978. He worked as an associate for Butzel Long and Hunton & Williams from 1978 until 1982. He co-founded the Richmond, Virginia law firm of Wilder & Gregory in 1982 with L. Douglas Wilder (the first African-American to be elected governor in the United States), and became the chair of its litigation section in 1985.[2] Gregory is also a member of several fraternal organizations, including Omega Psi Phi fraternity, and Sigma Pi Phi fraternity.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fourth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"J. Rich Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Rich_Leonard"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"recess appointment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recess_appointment"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Trent Lott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trent_Lott"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Federal judicial service","text":"On June 30, 2000, President Bill Clinton nominated Gregory to a seat on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit that had been vacant for close to a decade since it had been created (the Senate had never acted on Clinton's previous nominee to that seat, J. Rich Leonard).[3] After the Senate declined to take up Gregory's nomination, and the 2000 presidential election was already over, Clinton installed Gregory on the Fourth Circuit on December 27, 2000, via a recess appointment, which would have lasted only until the end of the 2001 Congressional session. However, he was renominated by newly elected President George W. Bush on May 9, 2001.The Senate confirmed Gregory on July 20, 2001, by a 93–1 vote, with Trent Lott of Mississippi casting the lone dissenting vote because he objected to Clinton's use of his recess appointment power.[4] Gregory was the first judge nominated to the Fourth Circuit by Bush and confirmed by the United States Senate and is the first black judge to serve on the Fourth Circuit.[5] He received his commission on July 25, 2001.[6] Gregory became chief judge on July 8, 2016.[7] and served a seven-year-term through July 8, 2023.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry F. Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_F._Floyd"},{"link_name":"Bostic v. Schaefer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bostic_v._Schaefer"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriage in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Fourth Circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"en banc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_banc"},{"link_name":"travel ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_13780"},{"link_name":"Int'l Refugee Assistance Project v. Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Int%27l_Refugee_Assistance_Project_v._Trump"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Peace Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Cross"},{"link_name":"Establishment Clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Establishment_Clause"},{"link_name":"en banc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_banc"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"American Legion v. American Humanist Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Legion_v._American_Humanist_Association"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Notable opinions","text":"On July 28, 2014, Gregory joined the majority opinion with Henry F. Floyd in Bostic v. Schaefer that declared Virginia's ban on same-sex marriage unconstitutional. This decision led to the legalization of same-sex marriage in Virginia as well as all other states throughout the Fourth Circuit.[citation needed]On May 25, 2017, Gregory wrote for the majority when the en banc circuit upheld a lower court's injunction blocking the President's travel ban by a 10-3 vote in Int'l Refugee Assistance Project v. Trump.[8][9]In October 2017, Gregory dissented when the panel majority found that the Bladensburg Peace Cross memorial from World War I now violated the Constitution's Establishment Clause, and he wrote another dissent when the circuit denied rehearing en banc.[10][11][12] The circuit's judgement was then reversed by the Supreme Court of the United States in American Legion v. American Humanist Association (2019).[13]","title":"Background"}]
[]
[{"title":"Bill Clinton judicial appointment controversies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton_judicial_appointment_controversies"},{"title":"George W. Bush judicial appointment controversies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush_judicial_appointment_controversies"},{"title":"List of African-American federal judges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_federal_judges"},{"title":"List of African-American jurists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_African-American_jurists"},{"title":"List of first minority male lawyers and judges in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_first_minority_male_lawyers_and_judges_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of first minority male lawyers and judges in Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_first_minority_male_lawyers_and_judges_in_Virginia"}]
[{"reference":"U.S. Senate (2001). Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventh Congress, First Session.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t2a7YbKdIKIC&pg=PA14","url_text":"Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventh Congress, First Session"}]},{"reference":"Porter, Mike (2006-05-05). \"VCU Lauds the Hon. Roger L. Gregory for Public Service\". Virginia Commonwealth University. Retrieved 2008-11-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.news.vcu.edu/news.aspx?v=detail&nid=1141","url_text":"\"VCU Lauds the Hon. Roger L. Gregory for Public Service\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pres. Nom. 1129\". 106th Cong. (2000).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.congress.gov/nomination/106th-congress/1129","url_text":"\"Pres. Nom. 1129\""}]},{"reference":"\"On the Nomination (Confirmation: Roger L. Gregory, of Virginia, to be U.S. Circuit Judge for the Fourth Circuit)\". senate.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1071/vote_107_1_00244.htm","url_text":"\"On the Nomination (Confirmation: Roger L. Gregory, of Virginia, to be U.S. Circuit Judge for the Fourth Circuit)\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Alison (21 July 2001). \"Senators Confirm 3 Judges, Including Once-Stalled Black\". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/21/us/senators-confirm-3-judges-including-once-stalled-black.html","url_text":"\"Senators Confirm 3 Judges, Including Once-Stalled Black\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Judge Roger L. Gregory will become the next chief judge of the 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals\". The Associated Press. Daily Reporter. July 5, 2016. Retrieved July 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.greenfieldreporter.com/view/story/ed8124ba05194f398d9426cc4a84dfac","url_text":"\"Judge Roger L. Gregory will become the next chief judge of the 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Associated_Press","url_text":"The Associated Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Reporter_(Greenfield)","url_text":"Daily Reporter"}]},{"reference":"Adam Liptak (26 May 2017). \"Appeals Court Will Not Reinstate Trump's Revised Travel Ban\". The New York Times. p. A1. Retrieved 28 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Liptak","url_text":"Adam Liptak"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/25/us/politics/trump-travel-ban-blocked.html","url_text":"\"Appeals Court Will Not Reinstate Trump's Revised Travel Ban\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/3733125/5-25-17-4th-Circuit-IRAP.pdf","url_text":"\"United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit\""}]},{"reference":"Am. Humanist Ass’n v. Md.-Nat’l Capital Park & Planning Comm’n","urls":[]},{"reference":"Am. Humanist Ass’n v. Md.-Nat’l Capital Park & Planning Comm’n","urls":[]},{"reference":"Note, Recent Case: En Banc Fourth Circuit Denies Rehearing of Holding that Cross-Shaped World War I Memorial Violates Establishment Clause, 132 Harv. L. Rev. 1353 (2019).","urls":[{"url":"https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/1353-1360_Online-1.pdf","url_text":"Recent Case: En Banc Fourth Circuit Denies Rehearing of Holding that Cross-Shaped World War I Memorial Violates Establishment Clause"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review","url_text":"Harv. L. Rev."}]},{"reference":"Note, The Supreme Court, 2018 Term — Leading Cases, 133 Harv. L. Rev. 262 (2019).","urls":[{"url":"https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/262-271_Online.pdf","url_text":"The Supreme Court, 2018 Term — Leading Cases"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review","url_text":"Harv. L. Rev."}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t2a7YbKdIKIC&pg=PA14","external_links_name":"Hearings Before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Seventh Congress, First Session"},{"Link":"http://www.news.vcu.edu/news.aspx?v=detail&nid=1141","external_links_name":"\"VCU Lauds the Hon. Roger L. Gregory for Public Service\""},{"Link":"https://www.congress.gov/nomination/106th-congress/1129","external_links_name":"\"Pres. Nom. 1129\""},{"Link":"https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_votes/vote1071/vote_107_1_00244.htm","external_links_name":"\"On the Nomination (Confirmation: Roger L. Gregory, of Virginia, to be U.S. Circuit Judge for the Fourth Circuit)\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/21/us/senators-confirm-3-judges-including-once-stalled-black.html","external_links_name":"\"Senators Confirm 3 Judges, Including Once-Stalled Black\""},{"Link":"https://www.fjc.gov/node/1391276","external_links_name":"Roger Gregory"},{"Link":"http://www.greenfieldreporter.com/view/story/ed8124ba05194f398d9426cc4a84dfac","external_links_name":"\"Judge Roger L. Gregory will become the next chief judge of the 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/25/us/politics/trump-travel-ban-blocked.html","external_links_name":"\"Appeals Court Will Not Reinstate Trump's Revised Travel Ban\""},{"Link":"https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/3733125/5-25-17-4th-Circuit-IRAP.pdf","external_links_name":"\"United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit\""},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=5198290443936877812","external_links_name":"874 F.3d 195"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=15330641404497563458","external_links_name":"891 F.3d 117"},{"Link":"https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/1353-1360_Online-1.pdf","external_links_name":"Recent Case: En Banc Fourth Circuit Denies Rehearing of Holding that Cross-Shaped World War I Memorial Violates Establishment Clause"},{"Link":"https://harvardlawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/262-271_Online.pdf","external_links_name":"The Supreme Court, 2018 Term — Leading Cases"},{"Link":"https://www.fjc.gov/node/1391276","external_links_name":"Roger Gregory"},{"Link":"https://www.c-span.org/person/?87158","external_links_name":"Appearances"},{"Link":"http://www.uiowa.edu/~030116/153/articles/lewis02.htm","external_links_name":"New York Times article discussing Clinton's recess appointment."},{"Link":"http://www.nationalreview.com/york/york050901.shtml","external_links_name":"National Review article discussing Bush re-nomination of Gregory."}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell%C3%A0
Cornellà de Llobregat
["1 History","2 2017 Controversy","3 Transport","4 Demography","5 Notable people","6 Institutions","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°21′18″N 2°04′16″E / 41.35500°N 2.07111°E / 41.35500; 2.07111Municipality in Catalonia, SpainCornellà de Llobregat Cornellá de Llobregat (Spanish)Municipality FlagCoat of armsCornellà de LlobregatLocation in CataloniaCoordinates: 41°21′18″N 2°04′16″E / 41.35500°N 2.07111°E / 41.35500; 2.07111Country SpainCommunity CataloniaProvinceBarcelonaComarcaBaix LlobregatGovernment • MayorAntoni Balmón Arévalo (2015) (PSC)Area • Total7.0 km2 (2.7 sq mi)Elevation27 m (89 ft)Population (2018) • Total87,173 • Density12,000/km2 (32,000/sq mi)Websitecornella.cat Cornellà de Llobregat (Catalan pronunciation: ; Spanish: Cornellá de Llobregat) is a municipality in the comarca of the Baix Llobregat in Catalonia, Spain. It is situated on the left bank of the Llobregat River. It is in the south-western part of the Barcelona metropolitan area and is part of the wider urban area. It is home to RCD Espanyol. History The history of Cornellà de Llobregat is defined by three principal factors: its proximity to the city of Barcelona, its being an area of passage (as was the entire Comarca of Baix Llobregat) to and from the capital of Catalonia, and the presence of the Llobregat River. Its name is of Roman origin (Cornelianus) and the city's architectural characteristics possess Visigoth traits. The first written reference to the city dates from 980 AD, at which time a church and a defense tower to ward off the Saracens already existed in the same place as the current castle (constructed in the fourteenth century). The city was incorporated into Barcelona's territory in the thirteenth century and, for a short time, belonged to the "Franqueses del Llobregat" in which agricultural activity was principally developed. 2017 Controversy Cornellà de Llobregat was subject of a controversy in November 2017 as a result of an opinion piece published in Catalan newspaper El Nacional, in which the inhabitants of Cornellà were accused of being "settlers" by virtue of their immigrant (Xarnego) origin and alleged refusal to integrate or learn the Catalan language. The article claimed that the working-class "red-circle" of Barcelona, of which Cornellà de Llobregat is an example, is a bastion of Spanish nationalism where "Catalans" are stigmatized. Transport Main article: Transport in Cornellà de Llobregat Demography 1900 1930 1950 1970 1986 2018 2197 7031 11,473 77,314 86,928 87,173 Notable people Actors Adrián Rodríguez Marina Salas Recording artists Chicuelo Estopa Levi Díaz, winner of La Voz Kids 2021 Radio and television hosts Tony Aguilar Jordi Évole, host of Salvados Sportspeople Reyes Estévez Rubén Miño Paula Nicart Daniel Solsona Institutions Citilab is a laboratory for citizen innovation based in Cornellà. It is located in the former Can Suris factory building. References ^ "Ajuntament de Cornellà de Llobregat". Generalitat of Catalonia. Retrieved 2015-11-13. ^ "El municipi en xifres: Cornellà de Llobregat". Statistical Institute of Catalonia. Retrieved 2015-11-23. ^ Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute. ^ "Cornellà no és com Catalunya". ElNacional.cat. 17 November 2017. ^ ""Nos llaman colonos pero Cornellà representa más a Cataluña que Berga o Vic"". El Confidencial. November 23, 2017. Panareda Clopés, Josep Maria; Rios Calvet, Jaume; Rabella Vives, Josep Maria (1989). Guia de Catalunya, Barcelona: Caixa de Catalunya. ISBN 84-87135-01-3 (Spanish). ISBN 84-87135-02-1 (Catalan). Website of the city Cornellà de Llobregat (Oficial) Touristic and shopping info about Cornellà de Llobregat Archived 2012-04-20 at the Wayback Machine External links Media related to Cornellà de Llobregat at Wikimedia Commons Government data pages (in Catalan) Places adjacent to Cornellà de Llobregat Sant Joan Despí Esplugues de Llobregat Cornellà de Llobregat L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Sant Boi de Llobregat El Prat de Llobregat vteMunicipalities of Baix Llobregat Abrera Begues Castelldefels Castellví de Rosanes Cervelló Collbató Corbera de Llobregat Cornellà de Llobregat Esparreguera Esplugues de Llobregat Gavà Martorell Molins de Rei Olesa de Montserrat Pallejà La Palma de Cervelló El Papiol El Prat de Llobregat Sant Andreu de la Barca Sant Boi de Llobregat Sant Climent de Llobregat Sant Esteve Sesrovires Sant Feliu de Llobregat Sant Joan Despí Sant Just Desvern Sant Vicenç dels Horts Santa Coloma de Cervelló Torrelles de Llobregat Vallirana Viladecans vteMunicipalities in the province of Barcelona1,500,000+ Barcelona 250,000+ L'Hospitalet de Llobregat 200,000+ Badalona Sabadell Terrassa 100,000+ Mataró Santa Coloma de Gramenet 75,000+ Cornellà de Llobregat Manresa Sant Boi de Llobregat Sant Cugat del Vallès 50,000+ Castelldefels Cerdanyola del Vallès Granollers Mollet del Vallès El Prat de Llobregat Rubí Viladecans Vilanova i la Geltrú 25,000+ Barberà del Vallès Esplugues de Llobregat Gavà Igualada Martorell Molins de Rei Montcada i Reixac Pineda de Mar Premià de Mar Ripollet Sant Adrià de Besòs Sant Andreu de la Barca Sant Feliu de Llobregat Sant Joan Despí Sant Pere de Ribes Sant Vicenç dels Horts Santa Perpètua de Mogoda Sitges Vic Vilafranca del Penedès under 25,000 Abrera Aguilar de Segarra Aiguafreda Alella Alpens L'Ametlla del Vallès Arenys de Mar Arenys de Munt Argençola Argentona Artés Avià Avinyó Avinyonet del Penedès Badia del Vallès Bagà Balenyà Balsareny Begues Bellprat Berga Bigues i Riells Borredà El Bruc El Brull Les Cabanyes Cabrera de Mar Cabrera d'Anoia Cabrils Calaf Calders Caldes de Montbui Caldes d'Estrac Calella Calonge de Segarra Calldetenes Callús Campins Canet de Mar Canovelles Cànoves i Samalús Canyelles Capellades Capolat Cardedeu Cardona Carme Casserres Castell de l'Areny Castellar de n'Hug Castellar del Riu Castellar del Vallès Castellbell i el Vilar Castellbisbal Castellcir Castellet i la Gornal Castellfollit de Riubregós Castellfollit del Boix Castellgalí Castellnou de Bages Castellolí Castellterçol Castellví de la Marca Castellví de Rosanes Centelles Cercs Cervelló Collbató Collsuspina Copons Corbera de Llobregat Cubelles Dosrius Esparreguera L'Espunyola L'Esquirol Estany Figaró-Montmany Fígols Fogars de la Selva Fogars de Montclús Folgueroles Fonollosa Font-rubí Les Franqueses del Vallès Gaià Gallifa La Garriga Gelida Gironella Gisclareny La Granada Granera Gualba Guardiola de Berguedà Gurb Els Hostalets de Pierola Jorba La Llacuna La Llagosta Lliçà d'Amunt Lliçà de Vall Llinars del Vallès Lluçà Malgrat de Mar Malla Manlleu Marganell Martorelles Les Masies de Roda Les Masies de Voltregà El Masnou Masquefa Matadepera Mediona Moià Monistrol de Calders Monistrol de Montserrat Montclar Montesquiu Montgat Montmajor Montmaneu Montmeló Montornès del Vallès Montseny Muntanyola Mura Navarcles Navàs La Nou de Berguedà Òdena Olèrdola Olesa de Bonesvalls Olesa de Montserrat Olivella Olost Olvan Orís Oristà Orpí Òrrius Pacs del Penedès Palafolls Palau-solità i Plegamans La Palma de Cervelló Pallejà El Papiol Parets del Vallès Perafita Piera El Pla del Penedès La Pobla de Claramunt La Pobla de Lillet Polinyà El Pont de Vilomara i Rocafort Pontons Prats de Lluçanès Els Prats de Rei Premià de Dalt Puigdàlber Puig-reig Pujalt La Quar Rajadell Rellinars La Roca del Vallès Roda de Ter Rubió Rupit i Pruit Sagàs Saldes Sallent Sant Agustí de Lluçanès Sant Andreu de Llavaneres Sant Antoni de Vilamajor Sant Bartomeu del Grau Sant Boi de Lluçanès Sant Cebrià de Vallalta Sant Celoni Sant Climent de Llobregat Sant Cugat Sesgarrigues Sant Esteve de Palautordera Sant Esteve Sesrovires Sant Feliu de Codines Sant Feliu Sasserra Sant Fost de Campsentelles Sant Fruitós de Bages Sant Hipòlit de Voltregà Sant Iscle de Vallalta Sant Jaume de Frontanyà Sant Joan de Vilatorrada Sant Julià de Cerdanyola Sant Julià de Vilatorta Sant Just Desvern Sant Llorenç d'Hortons Sant Llorenç Savall Sant Martí d'Albars Sant Martí de Centelles Sant Martí de Tous Sant Martí Sarroca Sant Martí Sesgueioles Sant Mateu de Bages Sant Pere de Riudebitlles Sant Pere de Torelló Sant Pere de Vilamajor Sant Pere Sallavinera Sant Pol de Mar Sant Quintí de Mediona Sant Quirze de Besora Sant Quirze del Vallès Sant Quirze Safaja Sant Sadurní d'Anoia Sant Sadurní d'Osormort Sant Salvador de Guardiola Sant Vicenç de Castellet Sant Vicenç de Montalt Sant Vicenç de Torelló Santa Cecília de Voltregà Santa Coloma de Cervelló Santa Eugènia de Berga Santa Eulàlia de Riuprimer Santa Eulàlia de Ronçana Santa Fe del Penedès Santa Margarida de Montbui Santa Margarida i els Monjos Santa Maria de Besora Santa Maria de Martorelles Santa Maria de Merlès Santa Maria de Miralles Santa Maria de Palautordera Santa Maria d'Oló Santa Susanna Santpedor Sentmenat Seva Sobremunt Sora Subirats Súria Tagamanent Talamanca Taradell Tavèrnoles Tavertet Teià Tiana Tona Tordera Torelló La Torre de Claramunt Torrelavit Torrelles de Foix Torrelles de Llobregat Ullastrell Vacarisses Vallbona d'Anoia Vallcebre Vallgorguina Vallirana Vallromanes Veciana Vilada Viladecavalls Vilalba Sasserra Vilanova de Sau Vilanova del Camí Vilanova del Vallès Vilassar de Dalt Vilassar de Mar Vilobí del Penedès Viver i Serrateix Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[kuɾnəˈʎa ðə ʎuβɾəˈɣat]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"comarca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comarques_of_Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Baix Llobregat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baix_Llobregat"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Llobregat River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llobregat_River"},{"link_name":"Barcelona metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"RCD Espanyol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCD_Espanyol"}],"text":"Municipality in Catalonia, SpainCornellà de Llobregat (Catalan pronunciation: [kuɾnəˈʎa ðə ʎuβɾəˈɣat]; Spanish: Cornellá de Llobregat) is a municipality in the comarca of the Baix Llobregat in Catalonia, Spain. It is situated on the left bank of the Llobregat River. It is in the south-western part of the Barcelona metropolitan area and is part of the wider urban area. It is home to RCD Espanyol.","title":"Cornellà de Llobregat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Baix Llobregat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baix_Llobregat"},{"link_name":"Llobregat River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llobregat"},{"link_name":"Visigoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigoth"},{"link_name":"Saracens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saracens"}],"text":"The history of Cornellà de Llobregat is defined by three principal factors: its proximity to the city of Barcelona, its being an area of passage (as was the entire Comarca of Baix Llobregat) to and from the capital of Catalonia, and the presence of the Llobregat River. Its name is of Roman origin (Cornelianus) and the city's architectural characteristics possess Visigoth traits.The first written reference to the city dates from 980 AD, at which time a church and a defense tower to ward off the Saracens already existed in the same place as the current castle (constructed in the fourteenth century). The city was incorporated into Barcelona's territory in the thirteenth century and, for a short time, belonged to the \"Franqueses del Llobregat\" in which agricultural activity was principally developed.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xarnego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xarnego"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"}],"text":"Cornellà de Llobregat was subject of a controversy in November 2017 as a result of an opinion piece published in Catalan newspaper El Nacional, in which the inhabitants of Cornellà were accused of being \"settlers\" by virtue of their immigrant (Xarnego) origin and alleged refusal to integrate or learn the Catalan language. The article claimed that the working-class \"red-circle\" of Barcelona, of which Cornellà de Llobregat is an example, is a bastion of Spanish nationalism where \"Catalans\" are stigmatized.[4][5]","title":"2017 Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adrián Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adri%C3%A1n_Rodr%C3%ADguez"},{"link_name":"Marina Salas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marina_Salas"},{"link_name":"Chicuelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicuelo_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Estopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estopa"},{"link_name":"Levi Díaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_D%C3%ADaz"},{"link_name":"La Voz Kids 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Voz_Kids_(Spanish_season_6)"},{"link_name":"Tony Aguilar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Aguilar"},{"link_name":"Jordi Évole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jordi_%C3%89vole&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Salvados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvados"},{"link_name":"Reyes Estévez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reyes_Est%C3%A9vez"},{"link_name":"Rubén Miño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Mi%C3%B1o"},{"link_name":"Paula Nicart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula_Nicart"},{"link_name":"Daniel Solsona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Solsona"}],"text":"ActorsAdrián Rodríguez\nMarina SalasRecording artistsChicuelo\nEstopa\nLevi Díaz, winner of La Voz Kids 2021Radio and television hostsTony Aguilar\nJordi Évole, host of SalvadosSportspeopleReyes Estévez\nRubén Miño\nPaula Nicart\nDaniel Solsona","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Citilab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citilab"}],"text":"Citilab is a laboratory for citizen innovation based in Cornellà. It is located in the former Can Suris factory building.","title":"Institutions"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Ajuntament de Cornellà de Llobregat\". Generalitat of Catalonia. Retrieved 2015-11-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://aplicacions.municat.gencat.cat/index.php?page=consulta&mostraEns=0807340003","url_text":"\"Ajuntament de Cornellà de Llobregat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalitat_of_Catalonia","url_text":"Generalitat of Catalonia"}]},{"reference":"\"El municipi en xifres: Cornellà de Llobregat\". Statistical Institute of Catalonia. Retrieved 2015-11-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.idescat.cat/emex/?lang=en&id=080734","url_text":"\"El municipi en xifres: Cornellà de Llobregat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_d%27Estad%C3%ADstica_de_Catalunya","url_text":"Statistical Institute of Catalonia"}]},{"reference":"Municipal Register of Spain 2018. National Statistics Institute.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Statistics_Institute_(Spain)","url_text":"National Statistics Institute"}]},{"reference":"\"Cornellà no és com Catalunya\". ElNacional.cat. 17 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elnacional.cat/ca/opinio/jordi-galves-cornella-no-com-catalunya_213324_102.html","url_text":"\"Cornellà no és com Catalunya\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Nos llaman colonos pero Cornellà representa más a Cataluña que Berga o Vic\"\". El Confidencial. November 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elconfidencial.com/espana/cataluna/2017-11-23/independencia-cataluna-cornella-unionismo_1482206/","url_text":"\"\"Nos llaman colonos pero Cornellà representa más a Cataluña que Berga o Vic\"\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audrey_Hardy
Audrey Hardy
["1 Casting","2 Storylines","2.1 1964–1989","2.2 1990s","2.3 2000s","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
Fictional character Soap opera character Audrey HardyGeneral Hospital characterRachel Ames as Audrey HardyPortrayed byRachel Ames Maura McGiveney (temp. 1971)Duration 1964–2007 2009 2013 2015 First appearanceFebruary 23, 1964Last appearanceOctober 30, 2015ClassificationFormer, recurringCreated byFrank and Doris HursleyIntroduced byJames YoungBook appearancesRobin's DiarySpin-offappearancesPort CharlesIn-universe informationOther namesAudrey MarchOccupationRegistered nurse Head of Student Nurses at General Hospital Flight attendantFamilyHardySistersLucille Weeks Edith LoganSpouseSteve Hardy (1965–67, 1976, 1977–96)Tom Baldwin (1967–77) Jim Hobart (1971–76)SonsTom HardyStepsonsJeff Webber (1977–96)GrandchildrenTommy Hardy Steve Webber (step) Sarah Webber (step) Elizabeth Webber (step) Hayden Barnes (step)NiecesAnne Logan Audrey Hardy is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera, General Hospital. She has been portrayed by Rachel Ames on a contract basis from 1964 to 2002, and on a recurring basis from 2002 to 2007, making guest appearances in 2009, 2013, and 2015. Casting Rachel Ames originated the role of Audrey in 1964 in what was originally a thirteen-week stint with an option for an additional thirteen weeks. The character debuted in the episode that originally aired on February 23, 1964. The character's popularity prompted the series to keep the character on canvas. Ames took an extended leave in 1970 when she had to be put on bedrest during her pregnancy. Maura McGiveney played Audrey temporarily while Ames was gone. Ames also crossed over to General Hospital's spinoff series Port Charles as Audrey in 1997. In 2002, Ames was dropped to recurring status, and ultimately retired from the series in October 2007. Ames briefly reprised the role for a couple of episodes in October 2009 and reprised the role once again in April 2013 for the series' 50th anniversary. Ames once again reprised her role as Audrey on October 30, 2015. Storylines 1964–1989 Audrey March arrives at General Hospital in 1964 to visit her sister, Lucille March (Lucille Wall). She is a registered nurse, who had forsaken the profession for that of an airline stewardess. After noticing Dr. Steve Hardy (John Beradino), the Chief of Internal Medicine at General Hospital, Audrey stays in town and becomes a private nurse. Eventually, Steve and Audrey get engaged, but Audrey breaks it off. She accepts a proposal from one of her clients, Randy Washborn. Audrey is diagnosed with lymphoma, and when Randy deserts her she gets back together with Steve. They marry in 1965 after she is recovered. Audrey later works on a book with Dr. Phil Brewer, but the experience ends badly when Phil tries to seduce her. Audrey becomes concerned when she does not conceive, and believing Steve is sterile, Audrey has herself artificially inseminated without Steve's knowledge and becomes pregnant. Audrey is in a car accident and miscarries; she is devastated and separates from Steve. She goes to Vietnam to help war orphans in March 1968. Rachel Ames in 1973. When Audrey returns from Vietnam in January 1969, she continues to push Steve away and after their divorce is final, she marries Tom Baldwin in an effort to prove that she is over Steve. Audrey cannot bring herself to sleep with Tom, and he ends up raping her. After becoming pregnant with Tom's child, Audrey files for divorce and leaves town, determined to protect her unborn child from her violent husband. She returns in 1971, and tells Lucille her son had died at birth. Audrey reconnects with Steve. It is revealed she is lying about her son, whom she named Steve and is in hiding. She plans to remarry Steve, and then convince him to adopt a baby which would be her son. However, Mrs. Peggy Nelson, the woman taking care of the baby, realizes the plan and blackmails Audrey. Peggy Nelson is murdered and Audrey is accused of the crime. Thanks to Steve, Audrey is acquitted. Tom reclaims baby Steve, who is renamed Tommy, forcing Audrey to resume their marriage. Tom kidnaps baby Tommy and flees to Mexico. Tom is later presumed dead and Tommy is returned to Audrey. During the kidnapping ordeal, Tommy had become ill with a heart ailment. Jim Hobart performs surgery and Tommy recovers. Audrey feels gratitude towards Jim and marries him after he injuries his hands and fears he cannot operate again. Audrey faces heartache as she still loves Steve and Jim turns to alcohol to deal with his injury. In 1976, Jim leaves Audrey for a younger woman. Audrey attempts suicide and Steve saves her. Steve proposes to Audrey and she accepts. Steve falls down a flight of stairs and Audrey helps him recuperate. They remarry, and Tom Baldwin returns alive, invalidating their marriage. Tom tries to reclaim Audrey and his son, but eventually gives up and leaves town. Steve and Audrey marry again in 1977 and Steve officially adopts Tommy, renamed Tom Hardy Meanwhile, Audrey had become head of student nurses at General Hospital, and as a result becomes a mentor to nurses such as Bobbie Spencer. Steve and Audrey become involved in various dramas involving the children of Steve's old friend Lars Webber, Terri, Rick and Jeff. Jeff ends up shooting himself, and when he is in the hospital, Terri tells Steve about a letter her mother, Helene, had told her about on her deathbed. Steve finds the letter and learns Jeff is actually his biological son (Steve had relationship with Helene during a time when she was separated from Lars). Steve tells Audrey and they agree to keep the truth a secret. In the winter of 1979, Port Charles is hit by an epidemic of Lassa Fever. General Hospital is placed under quarantine, and when Steve begins to fall victim to the disease, Audrey tells Jeff the truth. Steve recovers and both Rick and Jeff are angry at Steve and Audrey. It takes months for everyone to reconcile. Steve and Audrey are happy to learn that Jeff's son Steven Lars Webber is still alive. Jeff soon leaves town with his son to make a fresh start. Some years later, Tom leaves to attend college and returns in 1987. When Tom marries an African-American doctor, Simone Ravelle, Audrey fears her son's interracial marriage would not be accepted. In time, Audrey and Simone grow close. Simone confides in Audrey when she gets pregnant during an affair with Harrison and does not know who the father is. However, Audrey is relieved when Tom is confirmed to be the little Tommy's father. 1990s In 1993, Audrey organizes a surprise party for Steve's 30th anniversary at General Hospital. Audrey is attacked by psychopath Ryan Chamberlain, who mistakes her for his abusive mother. Audrey quickly recovers and testifies against Ryan at his trial, causing him to be committed to a mental institution. When Tom and Simone divorce in 1995, Audrey disapproves of Simone's relationship with Justus Ward. The following year, Audrey is devastated when her beloved Steve dies of a heart attack. Audrey is comforted by Gail Baldwin, Monica Quartermaine, and Kevin Collins during this difficult time. Steve's death causes strain between Audrey and Tom, who believes the Cassadine family is responsible for bankrupting the hospital and causing stress that caused Steve's heart attack. Tom joins forces with Luke Spencer to bring the Cassadines down, but Audrey refuses to believe they are responsible. Tom eventually leaves town. In 1997, Audrey is attacked during a hostage crisis at General Hospital. Jeff's daughter, Sarah Webber, comes to help Audrey recover and moves in with her. Her younger sister Elizabeth Webber quickly follows and moves in as well. Elizabeth is raped on Valentine's Day in 1998, and Audrey tries to help her by telling her to move on. Sarah confronts Audrey about her attitude and Audrey reveals her own rape to Sarah and later Elizabeth. Elizabeth and Audrey become closer and go to therapy with Gail Baldwin to help each other. Audrey is upset when Elizabeth runs away with Lucky Spencer, but eventually accepts their relationship. Audrey consoles Elizabeth through Lucky's supposed death. 2000s Audrey stays extremely close with Elizabeth throughout the years and supports her through Lucky's return and brainwashing, Elizabeth's turbulent marriage to Ric Lansing, and her one-night stand with Zander Smith that results in Audrey's first great-grandchild Cameron. On the 10,000th episode that aired on April 17, 2002, the staff throws a surprise party for Audrey honoring her 10,000th shift as a nurse. Afterwards Audrey is seen sparingly, and officially retires from the Hospital in 2005. She returns for the wedding of Elizabeth and Lucky that October. When Elizabeth and Lucky separate in 2006, Elizabeth moves in with Audrey until they reconcile. In October 2009, Audrey is seen at Lucky and Elizabeth's engagement party. Audrey is referenced in off-screen activities as continuing to live in Port Charles, frequently interacting with her grandchildren and great-grandchildren and enjoying her life as a retiree. In April 2013, Audrey makes an on-screen appearance on what would have been Steve's 50th anniversary at General Hospital. Audrey talks with Elizabeth and they discuss Tom being in Africa, Elizabeth's parents being in Asia, and Tommy getting his medical degree. Audrey makes an appearance when she writes to her granddaughter, Elizabeth, for her upcoming wedding to Jake Doe/Jason Morgan. Reception In the pre-Gloria Monty years of GH, Audrey was one of the leading characters of the show, and a 1971 storyline in which she was accused of murder sent General Hospital to the number one spot in the daytime ratings for the first time. References ^ TV Guide Guide to TV. Barnes and Noble. p. 350. ISBN 0-7607-5634-1. ^ "Five Things That Happened On February 23 In Soap History". Soap Opera Digest. p. 1. Retrieved 26 February 2024. ^ Klein, Dick (September 10, 1985). "Rachel Ames Plays Nurse 21 Years". Waycross Journal-Herald. Retrieved March 14, 2013. ^ Crosby, Joan (May 9, 1971). "TV Scout Reports". Times Daily. Retrieved March 14, 2013. ^ a b "Audrey's Back At GH!". Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. February 15, 2013. Retrieved February 26, 2013. ^ a b "Well, Hello, Audrey!". ABC Soaps In Depth. 19 (45). United States: Bauer Publications: 11. November 9, 2015. ^ a b SOD (October 29, 2015). "RACHEL AMES RETURNS TO GH". Soap Opera Digest. United States. American Media Inc. Retrieved October 29, 2015. External links Audrey Hardy Profile at SoapCentral.com vteGeneral HospitalCast and crew Present cast members Past cast members Crew Families Cassadine Corinthos Cramer Hardy/Webber Jerome Lord Quartermaine Scorpio/Jones Spencer Related articles Twist of Fate Port Charles (spin-off) Night Shift (spin-off) What If... Luke and Laura Sonny and Carly Patrick and Robin Frisco and Felicia Jason and Sam Lucky and Elizabeth Jason and Elizabeth The Secret Life of Damian Spinelli History of General Hospital Characters of General Hospital 50th anniversary vteGeneral Hospital charactersPresent characters TJ Ashford Scott Baldwin Nikolas Cassadine Valentin Cassadine Lucy Coe Carly Corinthos Michael Corinthos Sonny Corinthos Alexis Davis Kristina Davis Anna Devane Dante Falconeri Olivia Falconeri Ava Jerome Maxie Jones Sam McCall Jason Morgan Monica Quartermaine Tracy Quartermaine Trina Robinson Mac Scorpio Robert Scorpio Laura Spencer Damian Spinelli Elizabeth Webber Heather Webber Past characters Diego Alcazar Lorenzo Alcazar Peter August Franco Baldwin Lee Baldwin Brenda Barrett Nelle Benson Jessie Brewer Phil Brewer Shawn Butler Helena Cassadine Stone Cates Skye Chandler Morgan Corinthos Blair Cramer Rae Cummings Marco Dane Téa Delgado Noah Drake Patrick Drake Robin Scorpio-Drake Levi Dunkleman Nora Hanen Buchanan Audrey Hardy Steve Hardy Kate Howard Jasper Jacks Jerry Jacks Julian Jerome Kiki Jerome Georgie Jones Lucas Jones Ric Lansing Duke Lavery Ethan Lovett Starr Manning Todd Manning Courtney Matthews John McBain Griffin Munro Lisa Niles Liesl Obrecht A. J. Quartermaine Alan Quartermaine Dillon Quartermaine Edward Quartermaine Emily Quartermaine Madeline Reeves Sabrina Santiago Jennifer Smith Bobbie Spencer Lucky Spencer Luke Spencer Lulu Spencer Valerie Spencer Cole Thornhart Justus Ward Mary Mae Ward Lesley Webber Steven Webber Nathan West Britt Westbourne Claudia Zacchara Johnny Zacchara Character lists Cast previous 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Children Families Hardy/Webber Scorpio/Jones Spencer Quartermaine Cassadine Jerome Corinthos Lord Cramer Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Rachel Ames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Ames"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Soap opera characterAudrey Hardy is a fictional character on the ABC soap opera, General Hospital. She has been portrayed by Rachel Ames on a contract basis from 1964 to 2002,[1] and on a recurring basis from 2002 to 2007, making guest appearances in 2009, 2013, and 2015.","title":"Audrey Hardy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WJH_Sept_85-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ames_Absence-4"},{"link_name":"Port Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Charles"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013_return-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2013_return-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC_2015-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOD_2015-7"}],"text":"Rachel Ames originated the role of Audrey in 1964 in what was originally a thirteen-week stint with an option for an additional thirteen weeks. The character debuted in the episode that originally aired on February 23, 1964.[2] The character's popularity prompted the series to keep the character on canvas.[3] Ames took an extended leave in 1970 when she had to be put on bedrest during her pregnancy. Maura McGiveney played Audrey temporarily while Ames was gone.[4]Ames also crossed over to General Hospital's spinoff series Port Charles as Audrey in 1997.[5] In 2002, Ames was dropped to recurring status, and ultimately retired from the series in October 2007. Ames briefly reprised the role for a couple of episodes in October 2009 and reprised the role once again in April 2013 for the series' 50th anniversary.[5]Ames once again reprised her role as Audrey on October 30, 2015.[6][7]","title":"Casting"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Storylines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lucille March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucille_March"},{"link_name":"Lucille Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucille_Wall"},{"link_name":"Steve Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Hardy"},{"link_name":"John Beradino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beradino"},{"link_name":"lymphoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphoma"},{"link_name":"Phil Brewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Brewer"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rachel_Ames_General_Hospital_1973.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tom Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Baldwin_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Tom Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hardy_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Bobbie Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobbie_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Jeff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Webber"},{"link_name":"Port Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Charles,_New_York_(fictional_city)"},{"link_name":"Steven Lars Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Lars_Webber"},{"link_name":"Tommy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Hardy"}],"sub_title":"1964–1989","text":"Audrey March arrives at General Hospital in 1964 to visit her sister, Lucille March (Lucille Wall). She is a registered nurse, who had forsaken the profession for that of an airline stewardess. After noticing Dr. Steve Hardy (John Beradino), the Chief of Internal Medicine at General Hospital, Audrey stays in town and becomes a private nurse. Eventually, Steve and Audrey get engaged, but Audrey breaks it off. She accepts a proposal from one of her clients, Randy Washborn. Audrey is diagnosed with lymphoma, and when Randy deserts her she gets back together with Steve. They marry in 1965 after she is recovered. Audrey later works on a book with Dr. Phil Brewer, but the experience ends badly when Phil tries to seduce her. Audrey becomes concerned when she does not conceive, and believing Steve is sterile, Audrey has herself artificially inseminated without Steve's knowledge and becomes pregnant. Audrey is in a car accident and miscarries; she is devastated and separates from Steve. She goes to Vietnam to help war orphans in March 1968.Rachel Ames in 1973.When Audrey returns from Vietnam in January 1969, she continues to push Steve away and after their divorce is final, she marries Tom Baldwin in an effort to prove that she is over Steve. Audrey cannot bring herself to sleep with Tom, and he ends up raping her. After becoming pregnant with Tom's child, Audrey files for divorce and leaves town, determined to protect her unborn child from her violent husband. She returns in 1971, and tells Lucille her son had died at birth. Audrey reconnects with Steve. It is revealed she is lying about her son, whom she named Steve and is in hiding. She plans to remarry Steve, and then convince him to adopt a baby which would be her son. However, Mrs. Peggy Nelson, the woman taking care of the baby, realizes the plan and blackmails Audrey. Peggy Nelson is murdered and Audrey is accused of the crime. Thanks to Steve, Audrey is acquitted. Tom reclaims baby Steve, who is renamed Tommy, forcing Audrey to resume their marriage. Tom kidnaps baby Tommy and flees to Mexico. Tom is later presumed dead and Tommy is returned to Audrey. During the kidnapping ordeal, Tommy had become ill with a heart ailment. Jim Hobart performs surgery and Tommy recovers. Audrey feels gratitude towards Jim and marries him after he injuries his hands and fears he cannot operate again. Audrey faces heartache as she still loves Steve and Jim turns to alcohol to deal with his injury. In 1976, Jim leaves Audrey for a younger woman. Audrey attempts suicide and Steve saves her. Steve proposes to Audrey and she accepts. Steve falls down a flight of stairs and Audrey helps him recuperate. They remarry, and Tom Baldwin returns alive, invalidating their marriage. Tom tries to reclaim Audrey and his son, but eventually gives up and leaves town. Steve and Audrey marry again in 1977 and Steve officially adopts Tommy, renamed Tom HardyMeanwhile, Audrey had become head of student nurses at General Hospital, and as a result becomes a mentor to nurses such as Bobbie Spencer. Steve and Audrey become involved in various dramas involving the children of Steve's old friend Lars Webber, Terri, Rick and Jeff. Jeff ends up shooting himself, and when he is in the hospital, Terri tells Steve about a letter her mother, Helene, had told her about on her deathbed. Steve finds the letter and learns Jeff is actually his biological son (Steve had relationship with Helene during a time when she was separated from Lars). Steve tells Audrey and they agree to keep the truth a secret. In the winter of 1979, Port Charles is hit by an epidemic of Lassa Fever. General Hospital is placed under quarantine, and when Steve begins to fall victim to the disease, Audrey tells Jeff the truth. Steve recovers and both Rick and Jeff are angry at Steve and Audrey. It takes months for everyone to reconcile. Steve and Audrey are happy to learn that Jeff's son Steven Lars Webber is still alive. Jeff soon leaves town with his son to make a fresh start.Some years later, Tom leaves to attend college and returns in 1987. When Tom marries an African-American doctor, Simone Ravelle, Audrey fears her son's interracial marriage would not be accepted. In time, Audrey and Simone grow close. Simone confides in Audrey when she gets pregnant during an affair with Harrison and does not know who the father is. However, Audrey is relieved when Tom is confirmed to be the little Tommy's father.","title":"Storylines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justus Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_Ward"},{"link_name":"Gail Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gail_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Monica Quartermaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monica_Quartermaine"},{"link_name":"Kevin Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Collins_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Cassadine family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassadine_family"},{"link_name":"Luke Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Spencer"},{"link_name":"Sarah Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Webber_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Webber"},{"link_name":"Lucky Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucky_Spencer"}],"sub_title":"1990s","text":"In 1993, Audrey organizes a surprise party for Steve's 30th anniversary at General Hospital. Audrey is attacked by psychopath Ryan Chamberlain, who mistakes her for his abusive mother. Audrey quickly recovers and testifies against Ryan at his trial, causing him to be committed to a mental institution. When Tom and Simone divorce in 1995, Audrey disapproves of Simone's relationship with Justus Ward. The following year, Audrey is devastated when her beloved Steve dies of a heart attack. Audrey is comforted by Gail Baldwin, Monica Quartermaine, and Kevin Collins during this difficult time. Steve's death causes strain between Audrey and Tom, who believes the Cassadine family is responsible for bankrupting the hospital and causing stress that caused Steve's heart attack. Tom joins forces with Luke Spencer to bring the Cassadines down, but Audrey refuses to believe they are responsible. Tom eventually leaves town.In 1997, Audrey is attacked during a hostage crisis at General Hospital. Jeff's daughter, Sarah Webber, comes to help Audrey recover and moves in with her. Her younger sister Elizabeth Webber quickly follows and moves in as well. Elizabeth is raped on Valentine's Day in 1998, and Audrey tries to help her by telling her to move on. Sarah confronts Audrey about her attitude and Audrey reveals her own rape to Sarah and later Elizabeth. Elizabeth and Audrey become closer and go to therapy with Gail Baldwin to help each other. Audrey is upset when Elizabeth runs away with Lucky Spencer, but eventually accepts their relationship. Audrey consoles Elizabeth through Lucky's supposed death.","title":"Storylines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ric Lansing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ric_Lansing"},{"link_name":"Zander Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zander_Smith"},{"link_name":"Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron_Spencer"},{"link_name":"retiree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retiree"},{"link_name":"Jake Doe/Jason Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Morgan_(General_Hospital)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC_2015-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOD_2015-7"}],"sub_title":"2000s","text":"Audrey stays extremely close with Elizabeth throughout the years and supports her through Lucky's return and brainwashing, Elizabeth's turbulent marriage to Ric Lansing, and her one-night stand with Zander Smith that results in Audrey's first great-grandchild Cameron.On the 10,000th episode that aired on April 17, 2002, the staff throws a surprise party for Audrey honoring her 10,000th shift as a nurse. Afterwards Audrey is seen sparingly, and officially retires from the Hospital in 2005. She returns for the wedding of Elizabeth and Lucky that October. When Elizabeth and Lucky separate in 2006, Elizabeth moves in with Audrey until they reconcile. In October 2009, Audrey is seen at Lucky and Elizabeth's engagement party. Audrey is referenced in off-screen activities as continuing to live in Port Charles, frequently interacting with her grandchildren and great-grandchildren and enjoying her life as a retiree.In April 2013, Audrey makes an on-screen appearance on what would have been Steve's 50th anniversary at General Hospital. Audrey talks with Elizabeth and they discuss Tom being in Africa, Elizabeth's parents being in Asia, and Tommy getting his medical degree. Audrey makes an appearance when she writes to her granddaughter, Elizabeth, for her upcoming wedding to Jake Doe/Jason Morgan.[6][7]","title":"Storylines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gloria Monty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Monty"}],"text":"In the pre-Gloria Monty years of GH, Audrey was one of the leading characters of the show, and a 1971 storyline in which she was accused of murder sent General Hospital to the number one spot in the daytime ratings for the first time.","title":"Reception"}]
[{"image_text":"Rachel Ames in 1973.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Rachel_Ames_General_Hospital_1973.jpg/150px-Rachel_Ames_General_Hospital_1973.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"TV Guide Guide to TV. Barnes and Noble. p. 350. ISBN 0-7607-5634-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780760756348/page/350","url_text":"TV Guide Guide to TV"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780760756348/page/350","url_text":"350"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7607-5634-1","url_text":"0-7607-5634-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Five Things That Happened On February 23 In Soap History\". Soap Opera Digest. p. 1. Retrieved 26 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.soapoperadigest.com/photos/five-things-that-happened-on-february-23-in-soap-history3/","url_text":"\"Five Things That Happened On February 23 In Soap History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Opera_Digest","url_text":"Soap Opera Digest"}]},{"reference":"Klein, Dick (September 10, 1985). \"Rachel Ames Plays Nurse 21 Years\". Waycross Journal-Herald. Retrieved March 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yVhaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mEwNAAAAIBAJ&dq=general-hospital%20rachel-ames&pg=6998%2C968095","url_text":"\"Rachel Ames Plays Nurse 21 Years\""}]},{"reference":"Crosby, Joan (May 9, 1971). \"TV Scout Reports\". Times Daily. Retrieved March 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iwwsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IMgEAAAAIBAJ&dq=general-hospital%20rachel-ames&pg=3644%2C1677908","url_text":"\"TV Scout Reports\""}]},{"reference":"\"Audrey's Back At GH!\". Soaps In Depth. Bauer Media Group. February 15, 2013. Retrieved February 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://abc.soapsindepth.com/2013/02/audreys-back-at-gh.html#more","url_text":"\"Audrey's Back At GH!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaps_In_Depth","url_text":"Soaps In Depth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauer_Media_Group","url_text":"Bauer Media Group"}]},{"reference":"\"Well, Hello, Audrey!\". ABC Soaps In Depth. 19 (45). United States: Bauer Publications: 11. November 9, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaps_In_Depth#ABC_Soaps_In_Depth","url_text":"ABC Soaps In Depth"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauer_Media_Group","url_text":"Bauer Publications"}]},{"reference":"SOD (October 29, 2015). \"RACHEL AMES RETURNS TO GH\". Soap Opera Digest. United States. American Media Inc. Retrieved October 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soapoperadigest.com/content/rachel-ames-returns-gh","url_text":"\"RACHEL AMES RETURNS TO GH\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Opera_Digest","url_text":"Soap Opera Digest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Media_(publisher)","url_text":"American Media Inc."}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780760756348/page/350","external_links_name":"TV Guide Guide to TV"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780760756348/page/350","external_links_name":"350"},{"Link":"https://www.soapoperadigest.com/photos/five-things-that-happened-on-february-23-in-soap-history3/","external_links_name":"\"Five Things That Happened On February 23 In Soap History\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yVhaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mEwNAAAAIBAJ&dq=general-hospital%20rachel-ames&pg=6998%2C968095","external_links_name":"\"Rachel Ames Plays Nurse 21 Years\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=iwwsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IMgEAAAAIBAJ&dq=general-hospital%20rachel-ames&pg=3644%2C1677908","external_links_name":"\"TV Scout Reports\""},{"Link":"http://abc.soapsindepth.com/2013/02/audreys-back-at-gh.html#more","external_links_name":"\"Audrey's Back At GH!\""},{"Link":"http://www.soapoperadigest.com/content/rachel-ames-returns-gh","external_links_name":"\"RACHEL AMES RETURNS TO GH\""},{"Link":"http://www.soapcentral.com/gh/whoswho/audrey.php","external_links_name":"Audrey Hardy Profile"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arzni
Arzni
["1 Gallery","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 40°17′47″N 44°35′45″E / 40.29639°N 44.59583°E / 40.29639; 44.5958340°17′47″N 44°35′45″E / 40.29639°N 44.59583°E / 40.29639; 44.59583 Village in Kotayk, ArmeniaArzni ԱրզնիVillage Coat of armsArzniCoordinates: 40°17′47″N 44°35′45″E / 40.29639°N 44.59583°E / 40.29639; 44.59583CountryArmeniaProvinceKotaykPopulation (2008) • Total2,451 Sign at the entrance of town with "Arzni" in Armenian, Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, and Russian. Arzni (Armenian: Արզնի, Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܐܪܙܢܝ, Russian: Арзни), is a resort village in the Kotayk Province of Armenia located on in the Hrazdan canyon. Modern village was founded on the place of old Armenian village called Arzni and mentioned by Movses Khorenatsi during the 19th century by Assyrian Christians who migrated to Eastern Armenia from Iran. The village is predominantly inhabited by Assyrians. Gallery S. Kiraki Church, 6th century See also Kotayk Province References ^ Armeniapedia.org - Arzni Village Arzni at GEOnet Names Server World Gazeteer: Armenia – World-Gazetteer.com Report of the results of the 2001 Armenian Census, Statistical Committee of Armenia vte Kotayk ProvinceCapital: HrazdanUrban settlements Abovyan Byureghavan Charentsavan Hrazdan Nor Hachn Tsaghkadzor Yeghvard Abovyan Municipality Aramus Arinj Balahovit Geghashen Getargel Kamaris Katnaghbyur Mayakovski Ptghni Verin Ptghni Akunk Municipality Akunk Hatis Kaputan Kotayk Nor Gyugh Sevaberd Zar Zovashen Arzni Municipality Arzni Byureghavan Municipality Jraber Nurnus Charentsavan Municipality Alapars Arzakan Bjni Fantan Karenis Garni Municipality Garni Geghadir Geghard Goght Hatsavan Voghjaberd Hrazdan Municipality Jrarat Kaghsi Lernanist Solak Jrvezh Municipality Dzoraghbyur Jrvezh Zovk Nairi Municipality Aragyugh Buzhakan Kasakh Proshyan Saralanj Zoravan Zovuni Nor Hachn Municipality Argel Getamej Kanakeravan Karashamb Mrgashen Nor Artamet Nor Geghi Teghenik Tsaghkadzor Municipality Aghavnadzor Artavaz Gorgoch Hankavan Marmarik Meghradzor Pyunik This article about a location in Kotayk Province, Armenia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"40°17′47″N 44°35′45″E / 40.29639°N 44.59583°E / 40.29639; 44.59583","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arzni&params=40_17_47_N_44_35_45_E_"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arzni,_Armenia_multilingual_sign.jpg"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_language"},{"link_name":"Assyrian Neo-Aramaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Kotayk Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotayk_Province"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Assyrians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_people"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"40°17′47″N 44°35′45″E / 40.29639°N 44.59583°E / 40.29639; 44.59583Village in Kotayk, ArmeniaSign at the entrance of town with \"Arzni\" in Armenian, Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, and Russian.Arzni (Armenian: Արզնի, Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܐܪܙܢܝ, Russian: Арзни), is a resort village in the Kotayk Province of Armenia located on in the Hrazdan canyon. Modern village was founded on the place of old Armenian village called Arzni and mentioned by Movses Khorenatsi during the 19th century by Assyrian Christians who migrated to Eastern Armenia from Iran. The village is predominantly inhabited by Assyrians.[1]","title":"Arzni"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arzni_S._Kiraki_Church_6th_c.2.jpg"}],"text":"S. Kiraki Church, 6th century","title":"Gallery"}]
[{"image_text":"Sign at the entrance of town with \"Arzni\" in Armenian, Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, and Russian.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Arzni%2C_Armenia_multilingual_sign.jpg/220px-Arzni%2C_Armenia_multilingual_sign.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Kotayk Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotayk_Province"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arzni&params=40_17_47_N_44_35_45_E_","external_links_name":"40°17′47″N 44°35′45″E / 40.29639°N 44.59583°E / 40.29639; 44.59583"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arzni&params=40_17_47_N_44_35_45_E_","external_links_name":"40°17′47″N 44°35′45″E / 40.29639°N 44.59583°E / 40.29639; 44.59583"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arzni&params=40_17_47_N_44_35_45_E_region:AM_type:city(2451)","external_links_name":"40°17′47″N 44°35′45″E / 40.29639°N 44.59583°E / 40.29639; 44.59583"},{"Link":"http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Arzni_Village","external_links_name":"Armeniapedia.org - Arzni Village"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/detaillinksearch.asp?G_NAME=32FA881E73673774E0440003BA962ED3&Diacritics=DC","external_links_name":"Arzni"},{"Link":"http://world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&srt=npan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-17","external_links_name":"World Gazeteer: Armenia"},{"Link":"https://armstat.am/file/doc/178.pdf","external_links_name":"Report of the results of the 2001 Armenian Census"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arzni&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Logan_College
John A. Logan College
["1 History","2 Academics","3 Athletics","4 John A. Logan College Museum","5 Notable alumni","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 37°44′52″N 89°05′20″W / 37.74778°N 89.08889°W / 37.74778; -89.08889Public community college in Carterville, Illinois, United States John A. Logan CollegeTypePublic Community collegeEstablished1967; 57 years ago (1967)Parent institutionIllinois Community College SystemPresidentKirk OverstreetStudents3,272 (Fall 2022)LocationCarterville, Illinois, United States37°44′52″N 89°05′20″W / 37.74778°N 89.08889°W / 37.74778; -89.08889Colors   NicknameVolsSporting affiliationsNJCAA Division IGreat Rivers Athletic ConferenceWebsitewww.jalc.edu John A. Logan College is a public community college in Carterville, Illinois. It is part of the Illinois Community College System. As of 2022, it had a total enrollment of 3,272 students. History John A. Logan College was established in 1967 under the Illinois Junior College Act of 1965, enrolled its first students in the fall of 1968, and acquired its permanent campus in 1969. The college is named for John A. Logan, a Civil War general who also, before and after the war, represented Illinois in the United States Congress as a member of both the House before the war, and Senate, after the war. Academics The college offers career preparation programs and two-year college transfer curriculum. Logan's transfer curriculum is articulated with Illinois' four-year universities. Online offerings include noncredit courses on topics not normally found in the higher education curriculum. The college has been accredited since 1972 by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. In 2008, the Higher Learning Commission approved it to offer an online Associate of Arts degree. Under its open admissions policy, the college admits students who have graduated from an accredited high school, completed the GED, or are at least 18 years old. Applicants who have not graduated from high school must submit evidence of their ability to do college-level work. Athletics Intercollegiate team sports offerings include baseball (men's), basketball (men's and women's), golf (men's and women's), softball (women's), and volleyball (women's). College teams compete in the Great Rivers Athletic Conference and Region 24 of the National Junior College Athletic Association. The college mascot is the "Volunteers." usually shortened to "Vols". John A. Logan College Museum The John A. Logan College Museum on the college campus provides exhibits and educational programs focused on southern Illinois, including its visual arts, cultural heritage, and natural history. A special feature of the museum is the Purdy School, a one-room schoolhouse from southern Perry County, Illinois, that served as a public school from around 1860 until 1951 and was moved to the campus in 1983. The museum also displays works by regional artists and crafts persons, ethnic textiles, and prints by Salvador Dalí. Notable alumni Stan Gouard, college basketball player and coach (Southern Indiana) Rick McCarty, college basketball coach (Abilene Christian) Jay Scrubb, basketball player References ^ "John A. Logan College Names Dr. Kirk Overstreet President". John A. Logan College. 30 November 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2021. ^ a b John A Logan College Overview, Community College Review website, accessed January 26, 2009 ^ A Brief Biography of John A. Logan Archived 2008-05-28 at the Wayback Machine, John A. Logan College website, accessed January 26, 2009 ^ "Home". jalc.edu. ^ John A. Logan College Attracts Distance-Education Students With Offbeat Courses, The Chronicle of Higher Education, accessed January 26, 2009 ^ a b "Accreditation". ^ "Higher Learning Commission". www.hlcommission.org. Retrieved 2022-04-04. ^ "John A. Logan College Admissions, Getting Started". Archived from the original on 2009-03-30. Retrieved 2009-01-26. ^ John A. Logan College Archived 2009-02-28 at the Wayback Machine, NJCAA website, accessed January 26, 2009 ^ "Museum - John A. Logan College". Archived from the original on 2007-08-02. Retrieved 2009-01-26. ^ Purdy School History Archived 2006-09-25 at the Wayback Machine, John A. Logan College website, accessed January 26, 2009 ^ John A. Logan College Museum and Art Galleries, Artcom website, accessed January 26, 2009 ^ "Mature Gouard keys USI bid for top". The Courier-Journal. March 22, 1995. p. 127. Retrieved April 11, 2020 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "John A. Logan College Baseball" (PDF). www.jalc.edu. Retrieved June 13, 2018. ^ "Logan's Scrubb suspended indefinitely". The Southern Illinoisan. December 6, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2019. External links Official website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_college"},{"link_name":"community college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_college"},{"link_name":"Carterville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carterville,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"Illinois Community College System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Community_College_System"}],"text":"Public community college in Carterville, Illinois, United StatesJohn A. Logan College is a public community college in Carterville, Illinois. It is part of the Illinois Community College System. As of 2022, it had a total enrollment of 3,272 students.","title":"John A. Logan College"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCR-2"},{"link_name":"John A. Logan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Logan"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"John A. Logan College was established in 1967 under the Illinois Junior College Act of 1965, enrolled its first students in the fall of 1968, and acquired its permanent campus in 1969.[2] The college is named for John A. Logan, a Civil War general who also, before and after the war, represented Illinois in the United States Congress as a member of both the House before the war, and Senate, after the war.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"career preparation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_education"},{"link_name":"college transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfer_admissions_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"articulated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulation_(education)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"higher education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"accredited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_accreditation"},{"link_name":"Higher Learning Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Learning_Commission"},{"link_name":"North Central Association of Colleges and Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Central_Association_of_Colleges_and_Schools"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CCR-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JALCaccred-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_education"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JALCaccred-6"},{"link_name":"open admissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_admissions"},{"link_name":"high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school"},{"link_name":"GED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GED"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The college offers career preparation programs and two-year college transfer curriculum. Logan's transfer curriculum is articulated with Illinois' four-year universities.[4] Online offerings include noncredit courses on topics not normally found in the higher education curriculum.[5]The college has been accredited since 1972 by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools.[2][6][7] In 2008, the Higher Learning Commission approved it to offer an online Associate of Arts degree.[6]Under its open admissions policy, the college admits students who have graduated from an accredited high school, completed the GED, or are at least 18 years old. Applicants who have not graduated from high school must submit evidence of their ability to do college-level work.[8]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"team sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_sport"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"golf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf"},{"link_name":"softball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softball"},{"link_name":"volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"},{"link_name":"Great Rivers Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Rivers_Athletic_Conference&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Region 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-West_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"National Junior College Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Junior_College_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"mascot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascot"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Intercollegiate team sports offerings include baseball (men's), basketball (men's and women's), golf (men's and women's), softball (women's), and volleyball (women's). College teams compete in the Great Rivers Athletic Conference and Region 24 of the National Junior College Athletic Association. The college mascot is the \"Volunteers.\"[9] usually shortened to \"Vols\".","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"southern Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Illinois"},{"link_name":"visual arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts"},{"link_name":"natural history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_history"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"one-room schoolhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-room_school"},{"link_name":"Perry County, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"public school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Salvador Dalí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The John A. Logan College Museum on the college campus provides exhibits and educational programs focused on southern Illinois, including its visual arts, cultural heritage, and natural history.[10] A special feature of the museum is the Purdy School, a one-room schoolhouse from southern Perry County, Illinois, that served as a public school from around 1860 until 1951 and was moved to the campus in 1983.[11] The museum also displays works by regional artists and crafts persons, ethnic textiles, and prints by Salvador Dalí.[12]","title":"John A. Logan College Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stan Gouard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_Gouard"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Rick McCarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_McCarty"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Jay Scrubb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Scrubb"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Stan Gouard, college basketball player and coach (Southern Indiana)[13]\nRick McCarty, college basketball coach (Abilene Christian)[14]\nJay Scrubb, basketball player[15]","title":"Notable alumni"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Child
Brenda Child
["1 Early life and education","2 Biography","3 Scholarship","4 Selected works","5 Awards","6 References","7 External links"]
Ojibwe historian and author Brenda J. ChildChild in 2016Born1959Occupation(s)Historian, Author, EducatorAcademic backgroundAlma materBemidji State University (BA)University of Iowa (MA)University of Iowa (PhD)ThesisA bitter lesson : Native Americans and the government boarding school experience, 1890–1940 (1993)Academic advisorsLinda K. KerberAcademic workDisciplineAmerican Indian History, Indigenous EducationSub-disciplineTwentieth-century Ojibwe history of the Great LakesInstitutionsUniversity of MinnesotaDoctoral studentsPatricia Marroquin Norby Websitehttps://cla.umn.edu/about/directory/profile/child011 Brenda J. Child (born 1959) is an Ojibwe historian and author. Early life and education Child was born on the Red Lake Ojibwe Reservation (Miskwaagamiiwizaag'igan) in Northern Minnesota in 1959. She is a citizen of the Red Lake band of Chippewa and a historian. Child received a Bachelor of Arts in history and social studies from Bemidji State University, a Master of Arts in history from the University of Iowa (1983), and a Doctor of Philosophy in history from the University of Iowa (1993). Biography Child is Northrop Professor of American Studies at the University of Minnesota. Her scholarship focuses on American Indian history, including the legacy of American Indian boarding schools in the United States, the role of Ojibwe women in preserving culture, Indigenous education, social history, and the historical legacy of the jingle dress. She also published an award-winning children's book, Bowwow Powwow Bagosenjige-niimi’idim. She served as president of the Native American and Indigenous Studies Association from 2017 to 2018. Child has worked closely with several museums and heritage organizations, including the Minnesota Historical Society. She was a trustee of the National Museum of the American Indian Smithsonian where she served on the Repatriation Committee, Executive Committee, and the Scholarship and Collections Committee from 2013 to 2019. Additionally, Child offered her expertise for the Heard Museum as a consultant during the creation of the exhibit, Remembering our Indian School Days. In 2022, Child was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship for her work. Child served on the Constitutional Reform Committee of the Red Lake Band of Chippewa, of which she is a member, to write a new constitution for the tribe. Scholarship Child's research and scholarship focuses on Ojibwe history. She has also curated museum exhibits and contributed to public history efforts, including co-founding the Ojibwe People's Dictionary with John Nichols. In 2019 Child curated an exhibit about the legacy of the jingle dress titled, Ziibaask'iganagooday: The Jingle Dress at 100. Dr. Child is currently working on a new book entitled, The Marriage Blanket: Love, Violence and the Law in Indian Country. Selected works "Relative Sovereignty: Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl”, in Fight of the Century: Writers Reflect on 100 Years of Landmark ACLU Cases, eds. Michael Chabon & Ayelet Waldman, (New York, Simon & Schuster, 268–279, 2020) Bowwow Powwow: Bagosenjige-niimi’idim, trans. Gordon Jourdain, illus. Jonathan Thunder (Saint Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2018) My Grandfather’s Knocking Sticks: Ojibwe Family Life and Labor on the Reservation (Saint Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2014) Indian Subjects: Hemispheric Perspectives on the History of Indigenous Education, with Brian Klopotek (Santa Fe: School of Advanced Research Press, 2014) Holding Our World Together: Ojibwe Women and the Survival of Community (New York: The Penguin Library in American Indian History, 2012) "Politically Purposeful Work: Ojibwe Women’s Labor and Leadership in Postwar Minneapolis,” in Indigenous Women and Work: From Labor to Activism, ed. Carol Williams, University of Illinois Press, 240–253. “The Absence of Indigenous Histories in Ken Burns’ The National Parks: America’s Best Idea,” The Public Historian, Vol 33, No 2, May 2011, 24–29. "I’ve Done My Share: Ojibwe People and World War II,” with Karissa White, Minnesota History, Volume 6, Issue 5, 196-207, 2009. “Wilma’s Jingle Dress: Ojibwe Women and Healing in the Early Twentieth Century,” in Reflections on American Indian History: Honoring the Past. Building a Future, edited by Albert L. Hurtado with an introduction by Wilma Mankiller (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008) 113–136. Away From Home: American Indian Boarding School Experiences, 1879–2000, eds. Margaret Archuleta, Brenda J. Child, and K. Tsianina Lomawaima. (Phoenix: The Heard Museum, 2000). Boarding School Seasons: American Indian Families, 1900–1940 (Lincoln: The University of Nebraska Press,1998). “The Runaways: Student Rebellion at Flandreau and Haskell,” Journal of American Indian Education, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, Vol. 35, No. 3, Spring, 1996, 49–57. “Homesickness, Illness and Death: Native American Girls in Government Boarding Schools,” in Women of Color and the Experience of Health and Illness, eds. Barbara Bair and Susan Cayleff, (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1993) 169- 179. "A bitter lesson: Native Americans and the government boarding school experience, 1890–1940." PhD thesis. University of Iowa, 1993. Awards Guggenheim Fellowship Award (2022-23) American Indian Youth Literature Award, Best Picture Book (ALA) (2020) AASLH Award of Merit for Leadership in History (2016) American Indian Book Award (Labriola National American Indian Data Center) (2014) Best Book in Midwestern History (Midwestern Historical Association) (2014) North American Indian Prose Award (1995) References ^ "Holding Our World Together". Kirkus Reviews. December 4, 2011. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2023. ^ a b c d "Brenda Child". College of Liberal Arts. University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ Child, Brenda J (2012). Boarding school seasons: American Indian families, 1900–1940. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-6405-2. OCLC 869214214. ^ Child, Brenda J (2012). Holding our world together: Ojibwe women and the survival of community. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-02324-0. OCLC 733230611. ^ National Museum of the American Indian (March 18, 2016). "Strong Women/Strong Nations 2: Brenda Child". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on July 4, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ Child, Brenda J. (December 18, 2020). "Born in Minnesota, the Ojibwe tradition of jingle dress dancing brings healing". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on January 1, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ Child, Brenda J. (May 28, 2020). "Opinion | When Art Is Medicine". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 10, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ College of Letters and Science, Montana State University. "Western Lands & Peoples: Perspectives on the American West Lecture Series, Brenda Child". YouTube. Archived from the original on December 6, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ a b León, Concepción de (January 27, 2020). "Graphic Novel Wins Newbery Medal for the First Time". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ a b "Brenda Child". Native American and African American Education in Kansas, 1830-1960. December 12, 2016. Archived from the original on October 14, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022. ^ "Brenda Child". Native American and African American Education in Kansas, 1830-1960. December 12, 2016. Archived from the original on October 14, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022. ^ "Brenda Child". Native American and African American Education in Kansas, 1830-1960. December 12, 2016. Archived from the original on October 14, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022. ^ "Professor Brenda Child Awarded 2022 Guggenheim Fellowship". University of Minnesota. April 20, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2024. ^ "Brenda Child: The Red Lake Nation: Laying a Solid Foundation for Constitutional Reform | NNI Database". nnigovernance.arizona.edu. Retrieved March 28, 2024. ^ "The Ojibwe People's Dictionary". ojibwe.lib.umn.edu. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ "Ziibaaska' iganagooday: The Jingle Dress at 100 Exhibit". Explore Minnesota. Archived from the original on July 4, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ "New Exhibit Explores the History of the Ojibwe Jingle Dress and Marks Its 100th Anniversary". Minnesota Historical Society. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ "Jingle Dress Dancers in the Modern World: Ojibwe People & Pandemics". | College of Liberal Arts. September 10, 2020. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ a b "Brenda J. Child". John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. Archived from the original on October 14, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022. ^ Child, Brenda J. (2011). "The Absence of Indigenous Histories in Ken Burns's The National Parks: America's Best Idea". The Public Historian. 33 (2): 24–29. doi:10.1525/tph.2011.33.2.24. ISSN 0272-3433. JSTOR 10.1525/tph.2011.33.2.24. Archived from the original on July 4, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ "Twin Cities writers honored with American Library Association Youth Media Awards". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ "Bowwow Powwow: Bagosenjige-niimi'idim". American Indian Library Association. Archived from the original on December 14, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2021. ^ Author, AASLH Contributing. "AASLH Announces 2016 Leadership in History Award Winners". AASLH. Retrieved September 11, 2023. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help) ^ Author, AASLH Contributing. "My Grandfather's Knocking Sticks: Ojibwe Family Life and Labor on the Reservation". AASLH. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help) ^ "Labriola Center American Indian National Book Award | ASU Library". lib.asu.edu. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021. External links Lecture by Brenda Child on the History of the Jingle Dress (2018) Jingle Dress Dancers in the Modern World: Ojibwe People & Pandemics (in conversation with Brenda J. Child) (2019) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Germany Israel United States Netherlands Academics CiNii Other IdRef
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Child (born 1959) is an Ojibwe historian and author.","title":"Brenda Child"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red Lake Ojibwe Reservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Lake_Indian_Reservation"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Red Lake band of Chippewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Lake_Indian_Reservation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Bemidji State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bemidji_State_University"},{"link_name":"Master of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"University of Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"University of Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"Child was born on the Red Lake Ojibwe Reservation (Miskwaagamiiwizaag'igan) in Northern Minnesota in 1959. She is a citizen of the Red Lake band of Chippewa and a historian.[1]Child received a Bachelor of Arts in history and social studies from Bemidji State University, a Master of Arts in history from the University of Iowa (1983), and a Doctor of Philosophy in history from the University of Iowa (1993).[2]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"American Indian boarding schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"jingle dress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingle_dress"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"National Museum of the American Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_American_Indian"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Heard Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard_Museum"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Red Lake Band of Chippewa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Lake_Band_of_Chippewa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Child is Northrop Professor of American Studies at the University of Minnesota.[2] Her scholarship focuses on American Indian history, including the legacy of American Indian boarding schools in the United States,[3] the role of Ojibwe women in preserving culture,[4] Indigenous education, social history,[5] and the historical legacy of the jingle dress.[6][7][8] She also published an award-winning children's book, Bowwow Powwow Bagosenjige-niimi’idim.[9] She served as president of the Native American and Indigenous Studies Association from 2017 to 2018.Child has worked closely with several museums and heritage organizations, including the Minnesota Historical Society.[10] She was a trustee of the National Museum of the American Indian Smithsonian where she served on the Repatriation Committee, Executive Committee, and the Scholarship and Collections Committee from 2013 to 2019.[11] Additionally, Child offered her expertise for the Heard Museum as a consultant during the creation of the exhibit, Remembering our Indian School Days.[12] In 2022, Child was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship for her work.[13]Child served on the Constitutional Reform Committee of the Red Lake Band of Chippewa, of which she is a member, to write a new constitution for the tribe.[2][14]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-19"}],"text":"Child's research and scholarship focuses on Ojibwe history. She has also curated museum exhibits and contributed to public history efforts, including co-founding the Ojibwe People's Dictionary with John Nichols.[15] In 2019 Child curated an exhibit about the legacy of the jingle dress titled, Ziibaask'iganagooday: The Jingle Dress at 100.[16][17][18] Dr. Child is currently working on a new book entitled, The Marriage Blanket: Love, Violence and the Law in Indian Country.[19]","title":"Scholarship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The National Parks: America’s Best Idea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_Parks:_America%27s_Best_Idea"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"K. Tsianina Lomawaima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Tsianina_Lomawaima"},{"link_name":"Flandreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flandreau_Indian_School"},{"link_name":"Haskell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haskell_Indian_Nations_University"}],"text":"\"Relative Sovereignty: Adoptive Couple v. Baby Girl”, in Fight of the Century: Writers Reflect on 100 Years of Landmark ACLU Cases, eds. Michael Chabon & Ayelet Waldman, (New York, Simon & Schuster, 268–279, 2020)\nBowwow Powwow: Bagosenjige-niimi’idim, trans. Gordon Jourdain, illus. Jonathan Thunder (Saint Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2018)\nMy Grandfather’s Knocking Sticks: Ojibwe Family Life and Labor on the Reservation (Saint Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press, 2014)\nIndian Subjects: Hemispheric Perspectives on the History of Indigenous Education, with Brian Klopotek (Santa Fe: School of Advanced Research Press, 2014)\nHolding Our World Together: Ojibwe Women and the Survival of Community (New York: The Penguin Library in American Indian History, 2012)\n\"Politically Purposeful Work: Ojibwe Women’s Labor and Leadership in Postwar Minneapolis,” in Indigenous Women and Work: From Labor to Activism, ed. Carol Williams, University of Illinois Press, 240–253.\n“The Absence of Indigenous Histories in Ken Burns’ The National Parks: America’s Best Idea,” The Public Historian, Vol 33, No 2, May 2011, 24–29.[20]\n\"I’ve Done My Share: Ojibwe People and World War II,” with Karissa White, Minnesota History, Volume 6, Issue 5, 196-207, 2009.\n“Wilma’s Jingle Dress: Ojibwe Women and Healing in the Early Twentieth Century,” in Reflections on American Indian History: Honoring the Past. Building a Future, edited by Albert L. Hurtado with an introduction by Wilma Mankiller (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2008) 113–136.\nAway From Home: American Indian Boarding School Experiences, 1879–2000, eds. Margaret Archuleta, Brenda J. Child, and K. Tsianina Lomawaima. (Phoenix: The Heard Museum, 2000).\nBoarding School Seasons: American Indian Families, 1900–1940 (Lincoln: The University of Nebraska Press,1998).\n“The Runaways: Student Rebellion at Flandreau and Haskell,” Journal of American Indian Education, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, Vol. 35, No. 3, Spring, 1996, 49–57.\n“Homesickness, Illness and Death: Native American Girls in Government Boarding Schools,” in Women of Color and the Experience of Health and Illness, eds. Barbara Bair and Susan Cayleff, (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1993) 169- 179.\n\"A bitter lesson: Native Americans and the government boarding school experience, 1890–1940.\" PhD thesis. University of Iowa, 1993.","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-10"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"Guggenheim Fellowship Award (2022-23)[19]\nAmerican Indian Youth Literature Award, Best Picture Book (ALA) (2020)[21][9][22]\nAASLH Award of Merit for Leadership in History (2016)[23][24]\nAmerican Indian Book Award (Labriola National American Indian Data Center) (2014)[25]\nBest Book in Midwestern History (Midwestern Historical Association) (2014)[10]\nNorth American Indian Prose Award (1995)[2]","title":"Awards"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Holding Our World Together\". Kirkus Reviews. December 4, 2011. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/brenda-j-child/holding-our-world-together/","url_text":"\"Holding Our World Together\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkus_Reviews","url_text":"Kirkus Reviews"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200808071044/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/brenda-j-child/holding-our-world-together/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Brenda Child\". College of Liberal Arts. University of Minnesota. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://cla.umn.edu/about/directory/profile/child011","url_text":"\"Brenda Child\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota","url_text":"University of Minnesota"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201230040646/https://cla.umn.edu/about/directory/profile/child011","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Child, Brenda J (2012). Boarding school seasons: American Indian families, 1900–1940. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-6405-2. OCLC 869214214.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/869214214","url_text":"Boarding school seasons: American Indian families, 1900–1940"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-6405-2","url_text":"978-0-8032-6405-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/869214214","url_text":"869214214"}]},{"reference":"Child, Brenda J (2012). Holding our world together: Ojibwe women and the survival of community. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-02324-0. OCLC 733230611.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/733230611","url_text":"Holding our world together: Ojibwe women and the survival of community"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02324-0","url_text":"978-0-670-02324-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/733230611","url_text":"733230611"}]},{"reference":"National Museum of the American Indian (March 18, 2016). \"Strong Women/Strong Nations 2: Brenda Child\". Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on July 4, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.edu/object/yt_QXwTj2nT-lo","url_text":"\"Strong Women/Strong Nations 2: Brenda Child\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution","url_text":"Smithsonian Institution"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230704233739/https://www.si.edu/object/yt_QXwTj2nT-lo","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Child, Brenda J. (December 18, 2020). \"Born in Minnesota, the Ojibwe tradition of jingle dress dancing brings healing\". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on January 1, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.startribune.com/jingle-dress-dancing-born-in-minnesota-during-the-1918-19-pandemic-has-become-a-bastion-of-ojibwe-cu/573417531/","url_text":"\"Born in Minnesota, the Ojibwe tradition of jingle dress dancing brings healing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Tribune","url_text":"Star Tribune"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210101144729/https://www.startribune.com/jingle-dress-dancing-born-in-minnesota-during-the-1918-19-pandemic-has-become-a-bastion-of-ojibwe-cu/573417531/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Child, Brenda J. (May 28, 2020). \"Opinion | When Art Is Medicine\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 10, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/28/opinion/coronavirus-ojibwe-dance.html","url_text":"\"Opinion | When Art Is Medicine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201210203325/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/28/opinion/coronavirus-ojibwe-dance.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"College of Letters and Science, Montana State University. \"Western Lands & Peoples: Perspectives on the American West Lecture Series, Brenda Child\". YouTube. Archived from the original on December 6, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_State_University","url_text":"Montana State University"},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oFFNUD3kxbE","url_text":"\"Western Lands & Peoples: Perspectives on the American West Lecture Series, Brenda Child\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211206084035/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oFFNUD3kxbE","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"León, Concepción de (January 27, 2020). \"Graphic Novel Wins Newbery Medal for the First Time\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/27/books/newbery-new-kid-jerry-craft-caldecott-undefeated-kwame-alexander.html","url_text":"\"Graphic Novel Wins Newbery Medal for the First Time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200128150939/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/27/books/newbery-new-kid-jerry-craft-caldecott-undefeated-kwame-alexander.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Brenda Child\". Native American and African American Education in Kansas, 1830-1960. December 12, 2016. Archived from the original on October 14, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://sma-neh-landmark.ku.edu/brenda-child","url_text":"\"Brenda Child\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221014184951/http://sma-neh-landmark.ku.edu/brenda-child","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Brenda Child\". Native American and African American Education in Kansas, 1830-1960. December 12, 2016. Archived from the original on October 14, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://sma-neh-landmark.ku.edu/brenda-child","url_text":"\"Brenda Child\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221014184951/http://sma-neh-landmark.ku.edu/brenda-child","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Brenda Child\". Native American and African American Education in Kansas, 1830-1960. December 12, 2016. Archived from the original on October 14, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://sma-neh-landmark.ku.edu/brenda-child","url_text":"\"Brenda Child\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221014184951/http://sma-neh-landmark.ku.edu/brenda-child","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Professor Brenda Child Awarded 2022 Guggenheim Fellowship\". University of Minnesota. April 20, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://twin-cities.umn.edu/news-events/brenda-child-guggenheim","url_text":"\"Professor Brenda Child Awarded 2022 Guggenheim Fellowship\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brenda Child: The Red Lake Nation: Laying a Solid Foundation for Constitutional Reform | NNI Database\". nnigovernance.arizona.edu. Retrieved March 28, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://nnigovernance.arizona.edu/brenda-child-red-lake-nation-laying-solid-foundation-constitutional-reform","url_text":"\"Brenda Child: The Red Lake Nation: Laying a Solid Foundation for Constitutional Reform | NNI Database\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Ojibwe People's Dictionary\". ojibwe.lib.umn.edu. Archived from the original on January 27, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/about","url_text":"\"The Ojibwe People's Dictionary\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210127112332/https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/about","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ziibaaska' iganagooday: The Jingle Dress at 100 Exhibit\". Explore Minnesota. Archived from the original on July 4, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.exploreminnesota.com/event/ziibaaska-iganagooday-jingle-dress-100-exhibit/12391","url_text":"\"Ziibaaska' iganagooday: The Jingle Dress at 100 Exhibit\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230704233740/https://www.exploreminnesota.com/event/ziibaaska-iganagooday-jingle-dress-100-exhibit/12391","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New Exhibit Explores the History of the Ojibwe Jingle Dress and Marks Its 100th Anniversary\". Minnesota Historical Society. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mnhs.org/media/news/11102","url_text":"\"New Exhibit Explores the History of the Ojibwe Jingle Dress and Marks Its 100th Anniversary\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210624025155/https://www.mnhs.org/media/news/11102","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Jingle Dress Dancers in the Modern World: Ojibwe People & Pandemics\". | College of Liberal Arts. September 10, 2020. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://cla.umn.edu/news-events/story/jingle-dress-dancers-modern-world-ojibwe-people-pandemics","url_text":"\"Jingle Dress Dancers in the Modern World: Ojibwe People & Pandemics\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201230040958/https://cla.umn.edu/news-events/story/jingle-dress-dancers-modern-world-ojibwe-people-pandemics","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Brenda J. Child\". John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. Archived from the original on October 14, 2022. Retrieved October 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/brenda-j-child/","url_text":"\"Brenda J. Child\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221014190447/https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/brenda-j-child/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Child, Brenda J. (2011). \"The Absence of Indigenous Histories in Ken Burns's The National Parks: America's Best Idea\". The Public Historian. 33 (2): 24–29. doi:10.1525/tph.2011.33.2.24. ISSN 0272-3433. JSTOR 10.1525/tph.2011.33.2.24. Archived from the original on July 4, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/tph.2011.33.2.24","url_text":"\"The Absence of Indigenous Histories in Ken Burns's The National Parks: America's Best Idea\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Ftph.2011.33.2.24","url_text":"10.1525/tph.2011.33.2.24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0272-3433","url_text":"0272-3433"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/tph.2011.33.2.24","url_text":"10.1525/tph.2011.33.2.24"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230704233743/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/tph.2011.33.2.24","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Twin Cities writers honored with American Library Association Youth Media Awards\". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.startribune.com/twin-cities-writers-honored-with-american-library-association-youth-media-awards/567325042/","url_text":"\"Twin Cities writers honored with American Library Association Youth Media Awards\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210516132036/https://www.startribune.com/twin-cities-writers-honored-with-american-library-association-youth-media-awards/567325042/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bowwow Powwow: Bagosenjige-niimi'idim\". American Indian Library Association. Archived from the original on December 14, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ailanet.org/literature_awards/2020-2/bowwow-powwow-bagosenjige-niimiidim/","url_text":"\"Bowwow Powwow: Bagosenjige-niimi'idim\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201214161202/https://ailanet.org/literature_awards/2020-2/bowwow-powwow-bagosenjige-niimiidim/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Author, AASLH Contributing. \"AASLH Announces 2016 Leadership in History Award Winners\". AASLH. Retrieved September 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://aaslh.org/aaslh-announces-2016-leadership-in-history-award-winners/","url_text":"\"AASLH Announces 2016 Leadership in History Award Winners\""}]},{"reference":"Author, AASLH Contributing. \"My Grandfather's Knocking Sticks: Ojibwe Family Life and Labor on the Reservation\". AASLH. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://aaslh.org/my-grandfathers-knocking-sticks-ojibwe-family-life-and-labor-on-the-reservation/","url_text":"\"My Grandfather's Knocking Sticks: Ojibwe Family Life and Labor on the Reservation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210125232819/https://aaslh.org/my-grandfathers-knocking-sticks-ojibwe-family-life-and-labor-on-the-reservation/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Labriola Center American Indian National Book Award | ASU Library\". lib.asu.edu. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://lib.asu.edu/labriola/bookaward","url_text":"\"Labriola Center American Indian National Book Award | ASU Library\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210112220009/https://lib.asu.edu/labriola/bookaward","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backtrax_USA
Backtrax USA
["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
Backtrax USA is a weekly two-hour radio program hosted by former WHTZ (Z100) disc jockey Kid Kelly that premiered in 1992. The original show highlights hit music from the 1980s. Since 2003, Backtrax USA has also offered a 1990s version of the show featuring hits from that decade. Affiliate stations may air either version or both. The program is distributed by Westwood One in the United States and by Premiere Radio Networks elsewhere. History Backtrax USA premiered in December 1992 with a two-hour block of hit songs from the 1980s. The 1990s edition launched in January 2003. In March 1998, a special version of the show debuted that aired on board United Airlines aircraft and Air Force One. As of 2012, Backtrax USA has aired more than 1,000 episodes. In January 2018, Backtrax USA hired WASH-FM DJ Toby Knapp as music curator for the 1990s version of the show and substitute host for both the 1980s and 1990s versions. Previously, Knapp and Kid Kelly had worked together at WBHT in Scranton, Pennsylvania in the mid-1990s. In April 2018, Kid Kelly was inducted into the National Radio Hall of Fame under the category of Music Format On-Air Personality. The selection was based on a vote by the general public, for his work with both Backtrax USA and Sirius XM Hits 1. For many years, Cubby Bryant served as fill in host. The current fill in host is Toby Knapp, who last hosted the show in January 2023. References ^ a b Carter, Kevin (June 6, 2008). "Go Ahead: Make My Weekend Syndicated" (PDF). R&R. p. 23. Retrieved June 30, 2018. ^ "Backtrax Turns 15". All Access. All Access Music Group. November 30, 2007. Archived from the original on 12 March 2020. Retrieved May 18, 2019. The first BACKTRAX show aired on the first weekend in DECEMBER,1992. Now, 780 shows later, like the "Energizer Bunny" (obligatory '80s reference!), it keeps on going! The '90s version launched in JANUARY of 2003. ^ "Street Talk" (PDF). Radio & Records. January 30, 1998. p. 40. Retrieved June 30, 2018. ^ "Backtrax USA Celebrates Its 20th Year". All Access. All Access Music Group. February 20, 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2018. ^ "Backtrax USA With Kid Kelly Adds Toby Knapp As '90s Music Curator/Fill-in Host". All Access. All Access Music Group. January 4, 2018. Retrieved June 30, 2018. ^ "National Radio Hall of Fame Announces 2018 Class of Inductees". All Access. All Access Music Group. June 25, 2018. Retrieved May 18, 2019. External links Backtrax USA on Facebook Backtrax USA 80s (Westwood One) Backtrax USA 90s (Westwood One) vteWestwood OneProgrammingNews and talk America in The Morning America's Most Wanted The Ben Shapiro Show The Chris Plante Show The Clark Howard Show First Light The Jim Bohannon Show The Jonathon Brandmeier Show The John Batchelor Show The Larry Kudlow Show The Mark Levin Show Real Estate Today The Phil Valentine Show Real Estate Today Red Eye Radio The Savage Nation The Todd and Tyler Radio Empire Music andentertainment American Country Countdown Backtrax USA The Blair Garner Show Bob & Sheri The Bob & Tom Show Country Gold with Terri Clark Elwood Blues's BluesMobile Cafe Mocha1 Flashback/Flashback Pop Quiz The John Tesh Radio Show The Kidd Kraddick Morning Show The Lia Show Loveline The Countdown/The Urban AC Countdown/Gospel Traxx Zach Sang Show Radio networks Adult Contemporary Adult Standards CBS Sports Radio1 Classic Country Classic Hip-Hop Classic Hits - Rock Classic Rock Classic Rock X CNBC Business Radio1 CNN News Wire1 Good Time Oldies Hits Now! Hot AC Hot Country Jack FM Lite AC Mainstream Country Nash Icon Real Country Rock 2.0 The Touch Defunct NBC Sports Radio1 Westwood One News See also Cumulus Media Networks Satellite Music Network Westwood One (1976–2011) 1 = Distribution only; produced by another company.
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garratt_Williamson
Garratt Williamson
["1 Career","2 References"]
Rugby playerGarratt WilliamsonDate of birth (1971-04-27) 27 April 1971 (age 53)Rugby union careerRefereeing careerYears Competition Apps2005 National Provincial Championship 42006–2014 Heartland Championship 152007–2014 ITM Cup 472009–2014 Super Rugby 272010 IRB Junior World Championship 4 Correct as of 28 June 2013 Garratt Williamson (born 27 April 1971) is a retired New Zealand rugby union referee. He started officiating at international level in 2010 and at domestic level in 2005. Career Williamson started refereeing college games when he was 15, in 1986, before concentrating on playing the next year. After several seasons with the Paraparaumu senior side, Williamson went back to refereeing in 1997. Williamson started his international career in 2010 refereeing Japan v Samoa in Tokyo. From 2011 onwards he was mainly an assistant referee, featuring in the 2012 June test series with Australia and Wales. References ^ "Garratt Williamson NZ Referees Profile". Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013. ^ "Top referee an achievable career". 7 February 2013. Retrieved 27 September 2013. vte2014 Super Rugby refereesArgentina Francisco Pastrana Australia Angus Gardner Rohan Hoffmann James Leckie Andrew Lees Matt O'Brien Steve Walsh New Zealand Nick Briant Mike Fraser Glen Jackson Chris Pollock Garratt Williamson South Africa Stuart Berry Jason Jaftha Craig Joubert Jaco Peyper Lourens van der Merwe Marius van der Westhuizen vte2013 Super Rugby refereesArgentina Francisco Pastrana Australia Angus Gardner Rohan Hoffmann James Leckie Andrew Lees Steve Walsh New Zealand Nick Briant Mike Fraser Glen Jackson Chris Pollock Jonathon White Garratt Williamson South Africa Stuart Berry Jason Jaftha Craig Joubert Jonathan Kaplan Jaco Peyper Lourens van der Merwe vte2012 Super Rugby refereesMerit Panel Keith Brown Marius Jonker Craig Joubert Jonathan Kaplan Bryce Lawrence Mark Lawrence Jaco Peyper Chris Pollock Steve Walsh Garratt Williamson Reserve Panel Stuart Berry Mike Fraser Angus Gardner Glen Jackson Andrew Lees Ian Smith Lourens van der Merwe Jonathon White
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnarok:_The_Age_of_Fire_and_Gravel
Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel
["1 Author's arguments","2 Further reading","3 See also","4 External links"]
Book by Ignatius Donnelly The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for books. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel Title page of the first editionAuthorIgnatius L. DonnellyLanguageEnglishPublisherD. Appleton & CompanyPublication date1883Publication placeUnited StatesPages441 Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel is a book by Minnesota politician Ignatius L. Donnelly published first in 1883. It is a companion to the more well-known work Atlantis: The Antediluvian World. Author's arguments In Ragnarok, Donnelly argues that an enormous comet hit the earth 12,000 years ago, resulting in widespread fires, floods, poisonous gases, and unusually vicious and prolonged winters. The catastrophe destroyed a more advanced civilization, forcing its terrified population to seek shelter in caves. As cave-dwellers, they lost all knowledge of art, literature, music, philosophy, and engineering (see Ragnarök). He cites as evidence 900-foot-deep cracks radiating outward from the Great Lakes, and stretching for many miles away. He admits it has been proposed that ice-sheets caused these cracks, but suggests that this explanation is improbable, likening them instead to "cracks in a window which has been struck with a stone". If ice sheets could produce such cracks, he asks, why have not similar cracks been found anywhere else on the globe? He adds to this a discussion of surface rocks in New York City, which seem to have undergone a radical chemical change—the feldspar has been converted into slate and the mica has separated out from the iron, as if they had undergone tremendous heat and pressure, as they likely would in the event that a comet struck the earth. He rules out other theories that could have caused this, such as nitric acid and warm rains, by stating that this is an isolated incident, whereas warm rains can occur at any time and place and there's no archaeological evidence for the nitric acid's origins. He indicates many legends and myths from various cultures, such as Zoroastrian, Pictish, Hindu, and Ancient Greece, that are all suggestive of a comet striking the earth, the earth catching fire, poisonous gases choking people, and floods and tidal waves swamping large areas. He also discusses early culture's tendency to heliotheism, which he said evolved from gratitude to the Sun, after so many horrific days without it. Further reading Winchell, Alexander (1887). "Ignatius Donnelly's Comet," The Forum, Vol. IV, pp. 105–115. See also Ancient Apocalypse External links Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel, at Internet Archive Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel (entire text) Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel, 1883 (searchable facsimile) This article about a non-fiction book on mythology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Ancient Apocalypse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Apocalypse"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Carrollton_High_School
West Carrollton High School
["1 Sports","1.1 Dayton Outpatient Center Stadium","2 Notable alumni","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 39°40′19″N 84°13′51″W / 39.672003°N 84.230774°W / 39.672003; -84.230774 (West Carrollton High School)Public school in West Carrollton, Ohio, United StatesWest Carrollton High SchoolAddress5833 Student StreetWest Carrollton, Ohio 45449United StatesCoordinates39°40′19″N 84°13′51″W / 39.672003°N 84.230774°W / 39.672003; -84.230774 (West Carrollton High School)InformationTypePublicSchool districtWest Carrollton City School DistrictPrincipalDavid WhiteTeaching staff60.80 (FTE)Grades9–12Enrollment915 (2017-18)Student to teacher ratio15.05Color(s)Scarlet & Black   Fight songWCHS Fight SongAthletics conferenceMiami Valley LeagueMascotPirate PeteTeam namePiratesRivalMiamisburg High SchoolAccreditationOhio Department of EducationNewspaperThe HookWebsitewww.westcarrolltonschools.com/westcarrolltonhighschool_home.aspx West Carrollton High School is a public high school in West Carrollton, Ohio, United States. It is the only high school in the West Carrollton City School District. Athletic teams are known as the "Pirates" and the school colors are scarlet and black. As of the 2013–14 school year, the school has an enrollment of approximately 900 students. West Carrollton has been rated as "Effective" since 2002 by the Ohio Department of Education. The school met nine of the 12 state indicators for the 2005–2006 school year. Sports West Carrollton has won the Harold A. Meyer award for exceptional sportsmanship six different times since 2000. WCHS is home to the West Carrollton Marching Pirates. The marching band has won numerous awards throughout the Mid-States Band Association circuit. The band was MSBA class AA finalists in 2013 and 2014. The band is directed by Laura Bukosky, proceeding Adam Uhlenhake. As of 2019-20 the Pirates are Members of the Miami Valley League (MVL). Dayton Outpatient Center Stadium Dayton Outpatient Center Stadium (DOC Stadium) is the home of West Carrollton High School Athletics and the Dayton Dutch Lions FC. The stadium seats around 3,000 spectators. Notable alumni Christine Jones Forman — senior astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics Ty Harris — professional basketball player Alice Ripley — actor, singer, songwriter, and mixed media artist Scott James Wells — actor and model References ^ a b c "West Carrollton High School". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved April 11, 2020. ^ "2013–2014 Report Card for West Carrollton High School". Ohio Department of Education. 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2015. Enrollment data can be found under "School Details", then "Data Table" in the enrollment section ^ "2006 Report Card" (PDF). ode.state.oh.us/reportcard. Ohio Department of Education. External links Official website Authority control databases International ISNI Geographic NCES
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Carrollton, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Carrollton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"West Carrollton City School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Carrollton_City_School_District"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2006_Report_Card-3"}],"text":"Public school in West Carrollton, Ohio, United StatesWest Carrollton High School is a public high school in West Carrollton, Ohio, United States. It is the only high school in the West Carrollton City School District. Athletic teams are known as the \"Pirates\" and the school colors are scarlet and black. As of the 2013–14 school year, the school has an enrollment of approximately 900 students.[2]West Carrollton has been rated as \"Effective\" since 2002 by the Ohio Department of Education. The school met nine of the 12 state indicators for the 2005–2006 school year.[3]","title":"West Carrollton High School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Miami Valley League (MVL)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Valley_League"}],"text":"West Carrollton has won the Harold A. Meyer award for exceptional sportsmanship six different times since 2000.[citation needed]\nWCHS is home to the West Carrollton Marching Pirates. The marching band has won numerous awards throughout the Mid-States Band Association circuit. The band was MSBA class AA finalists in 2013 and 2014. The band is directed by Laura Bukosky, proceeding Adam Uhlenhake. As of 2019-20 the Pirates are Members of the Miami Valley League (MVL).","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dayton Outpatient Center Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_Outpatient_Center_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Dayton Dutch Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayton_Dutch_Lions"}],"sub_title":"Dayton Outpatient Center Stadium","text":"Dayton Outpatient Center Stadium (DOC Stadium) is the home of West Carrollton High School Athletics and the Dayton Dutch Lions FC. The stadium seats around 3,000 spectators.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christine Jones Forman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Jones_Forman"},{"link_name":"Ty Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ty_Harris"},{"link_name":"Alice Ripley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Ripley"},{"link_name":"Scott James Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_James_Wells"}],"text":"Christine Jones Forman — senior astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics\nTy Harris — professional basketball player\nAlice Ripley — actor, singer, songwriter, and mixed media artist\nScott James Wells — actor and model","title":"Notable alumni"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"West Carrollton High School\". National Center for Education Statistics. Retrieved April 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&DistrictID=3904505&ID=390450501969","url_text":"\"West Carrollton High School\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013–2014 Report Card for West Carrollton High School\". Ohio Department of Education. 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://reportcard.education.ohio.gov/Pages/School-Report.aspx?SchoolIRN=038588","url_text":"\"2013–2014 Report Card for West Carrollton High School\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Department_of_Education","url_text":"Ohio Department of Education"}]},{"reference":"\"2006 Report Card\" (PDF). ode.state.oh.us/reportcard. Ohio Department of Education.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ode.state.oh.us/reportcardfiles/2005-2006/BUILD/038588.pdf","url_text":"\"2006 Report Card\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Boxing_Union_(1913-1946)
European Boxing Union
["1 History","1.1 International Boxing Union (1911–1942)","1.2 Associazione Pugilistica Professionistica Europea (1942–1944)","1.3 European Boxing Union (1946–present)","2 Rules","2.1 EBU members","3 Current champions","3.1 Male","3.2 Female","4 Other regional WBC federations","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Pan-European governing body European Boxing UnionSportBoxingMembership41AbbreviationEBUFounded1911AffiliationWorld Boxing CouncilAffiliation date1963Official websitewww.boxebu.biz The European Boxing Union (EBU), formerly known as the International Boxing Union (IBU), is a pan-European governing body that sanctions championship bouts in professional boxing. The EBU governs the most-prestigious continental title in Europe, the EBU European Championship, in addition to their EBU EU Championship for competitors from within the European Union and the EBU EE Championship for those outside the European Union. It is a federation affiliated with the World Boxing Council (WBC). During most of the 20th century and, specially, during that era's first decades, the EBU recognized many world title fights as the IBU. It competed against the American-based National Boxing Association (NBA), which staged the more widely recognized world title fights. History International Boxing Union (1911–1942) The International Boxing Union (IBU) was created June 1911 in Paris, France. It was the first attempt to create a unified international governing body for professional boxing. Signators of the Protocol for the IBU were the President of Fédération Française de Boxe et de Lutte for France, the President of Fédération Belge de Boxe for Belgium, and the President of Société Française de Propagation de la Boxe Anglaise who acted on behalf of some American boxing authorities. Switzerland joined the IBU in November 1913. Denmark, the Netherlands, Italy, Sweden, Norway, Brazil, Argentine, Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom also joined. By 1922, the UK had withdrawn support, and the US was never fully committed. The IBU suspended operations with the outbreak of World War I, but resumed action on February 5, 1920. Associazione Pugilistica Professionistica Europea (1942–1944) Headquartered in Paris, the IBU was in the hands of the Nazis and Italian Fascists during the Nazi occupation of France during World War II. On 5 June 1942, the Associazione Pugilistica Professionistica Europea (APPE) was formally established, replacing the IBU. Vittorio Mussolini, eldest son of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, was declared the APPE's first President. The first official meeting of the APPE's steering committee was held June 7, who recognized the following European champions: Enrico Urbinati (fly), Gino Bondavalli (bantam and feather), Ascenzo Botta (light), vacant - it was announced to Marcel Cerdan that he had lost his title (welter), Jupp Besselmann (middle), Luigi Musina (light-heavy), and Max Schmeling (heavy). The lira was adopted as the official currency for bout and congress fees. The APPE also changed the division weights by adopting the kilogram: 51 kilos (fly), 54 (bantam), 58 (feather), 62 (light), 67 (junior middle—abolishing the term "welter"), 73 (middle), 80 (light-heavy), and 80-plus (heavy). Ultimately, all European bouts held under the APPE's aegis were matched at these weights until December 1944. It was planned that after the Axis won World War II, the APPE would be transformed into the APPI (Associazione Pugilistica Professionistica Internazionale) and be headquartered in Rome. But by December 1, 1944, the IBU/APPE was extinct. European Boxing Union (1946–present) The British Boxing Board of Control and the newly formed French FFB tried to constitute a new European body—the European Boxing Association (EBA)--but other countries protested because the two veteran countries would have reintroduced the principle that the European Champion would be decided by a bout between British and French champions. Instead, in 1946, the European Boxing Union (EBU) was established. In 1963, the president of Mexico, Adolfo López Mateos, invited the EBU, the British Boxing Board of Control, the New York State Athletic Commission, and the national sanctioning organizations of nine other countries to form the World Boxing Council. The EBU's personnel ultimately decided to recognize regional title bouts as a federation under the WBC. During the 1990s, the EBU began to recognize women's boxing regional championship bouts, and welcomed former Yugoslavian country Bosnia and Herzegovina as a member country. Currently, winning an EBU title is considered important, but not necessary, by many European boxers in order to go on and fight for a world title of the four most widely recognized world championship boxing organizations, the WBA, WBC, IBF, and WBO. Following the formation of the European Economic Union, the EBU issued subtitles for the Union countries (EBU-EU title) and "External" countries (EBU-EE title), below their main EBU title which would cover all 50 countries on the continent and 3/4 billion residents. In light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the EBU announced that it would not certify any championship contests involving boxers from Russia and Belarus. Rules The EBU follows certain rules, but most rules in EBU bouts obey the rules set by the independent boxing commission of the country where an EBU fight will be held at. Some of the EBU rules are that a fighter must not be younger than 20 years of age when fighting for an EBU championship, and that hotel accommodation for boxers, referees and European Boxing Union officials visiting a country for an EBU fight must be paid by the fight's promoter. The EBU does, however, pay for the air or train tickets of referees and officials that travel away from home for an EBU fight. Other rules are also imposed on EBU recognized events, but not many of the EBU rules interfere with the fighting rules to be followed during the fight itself. The EBU recognizes world titles sanctioned by the WBA, WBC, IBF, WBO and IBO. A boxer holding a world title is rendered ineligible for EBU, including EU and EE, rankings. A male boxer must have competed in at least eight bouts to be eligible for rankings. For female boxers, it is four bouts. At least five of a boxer's last 10 bouts must have taken place in Europe and sanctioned by an EBU affiliate association, two of which in the last 24 months, to be eligible for rankings. A boxer challenging for a European title from another sanctioning body is disqualified from rankings for nine months. A boxer holding such a title will only be eligible for rankings after 12 months from the time of having relinquished it. EBU members Albania Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Italy Kazakhstan Kosovo Latvia Lithuania North Macedonia Malta provisional member Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Republic of Ireland Republic of Srpska provisional member Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Current champions Male Weight class: Champion: Reign began: Heavyweight Oleksandr Zakhozhyi 13 April 2024 Cruiserweight Jack Massey 15 June 2024 Light-heavyweight vacant Super-middleweight Kevin Lele Sadjo 18 December 2021 Middleweight Tyler Denny 18 November 2023 Super-welterweight vacant Welterweight Jordy Weiss 31 October 2023 Super-lightweight vacant Lightweight Sam Noakes 20 April 2024 Super-featherweight Juan Felix Gomez 5 May 2023 Featherweight Mauro Forte 5 May 2023 Super-bantamweight vacant Bantamweight Thomas Essomba 20 May 2023 Flyweight Jay Harris 24 February 2024 Female Weight class: Champion: Reign began: Super-middleweight vacant Middleweight vacant Super-welterweight Priscilla Peterle 8 April 2022 Welterweight vacant Super-lightweight Flora Pili 5 May 2023 Lightweight vacant Super-featherweight Rima Ayadi 29 February 2024 Featherweight vacant Super-bantamweight Tania Alvarez 13 April 2024 Bantamweight vacant Super-flyweight Lauren Parker 2 December 2023 Flyweight Chloe Watson 1 December 2023 Light-flyweight vacant Strawweight Isabel Rivero 15 December 2023 Other regional WBC federations Oriental and Pacific Boxing Federation (OPBF) Asian Boxing Council (ABCO) African Boxing Union (ABU) Caribbean Boxing Federation (CABOFE) Central American Boxing Federation (FECARBOX) CIS and Slovenian Boxing Bureau (CISBB) North American Boxing Federation (NABF) South American Boxing Federation (FESUBOX) See also List of European Boxing Union champions List of European Boxing Union female champions References ^ Mee, Bob (1978) Boxing: Heroes & Champions, ISBN 978-1858339474, p. 10 ^ "The EBU creates and promotes European professional boxing". March 2, 2022. ^ a b c "EBU Ratings Standard". European Boxing Union. 12 June 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2018. ^ See ineligible section on division rankings:"EBU Ratings". boxebu.com. Archived from the original on 2018-04-18. Retrieved 2018-04-17."EU Ratings". boxebu.com. Archived from the original on 2018-04-18. Retrieved 2018-04-17."EE Ratings". boxebu.com. Archived from the original on 2018-04-18. Retrieved 2018-04-17. EBU Championships BoxRec Boxing Records External links Official website vteSports governing bodies in EuropeOlympic sports bodies (25)Independent LEN (aquatics) EAA (athletics) BE (badminton) CEB (baseball) EBU (boxing) ECF (curling) ECA (canoeing) UEC (cycling) EEF (equestrian) CEE (fencing) EHF (field hockey) UEFA (football) EGA (golf) UEG (gymnastics) EHF (handball) EJU (judo) EKF (karate) RE (rugby union) ESC (shooting) ESF (softball) ETTU (table tennis) ETU (taekwondo) TE (tennis) ITU (triathlon) CEV (volleyball) EWF (weightlifting) Dependent WAE (archery) FIBA Europe (basketball) UWW-Eu (wrestling) Non-Olympic sports bodiesIndependent ETBF (Tenpin Bowling) ICC Europe (cricket) UEFS & FEF (futsal) ELF (lacrosse) EMF (minifootball) EMF (minigolf) EPPA (pitch and putt) EPBF (pool) EFRA (radio-controlled racing) CERH (roller hockey) CERS (roller skating) RLEF (rugby league) ESF (squash) EUSA (university sport) Dependent IFAF Europe (american football) AFL Europe (australian rules football) EBGF (backgammon) ECU (chess) GGE (gaelic games) EGF (go) FIM Europe (motorcycle) Olympic Committees Paralympic Committee vteWeight classes in boxingProfessional boxing Atomweight (women only) Mini flyweight Light flyweight Flyweight Super flyweight Bantamweight Super bantamweight Featherweight Super featherweight Lightweight Light welterweight Welterweight Light middleweight Middleweight Super middleweight Light heavyweight Cruiserweight Heavyweight Amateur/Olympic boxing Light flyweight Flyweight Bantamweight Featherweight Lightweight Light welterweight Welterweight Light middleweight Middleweight Light heavyweight Heavyweight Super heavyweight Other/unofficial Catchweight Openweight Super cruiserweight Bridgerweight
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"World Boxing Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Boxing_Council"},{"link_name":"National Boxing Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Boxing_Association"}],"text":"The European Boxing Union (EBU), formerly known as the International Boxing Union (IBU), is a pan-European governing body that sanctions championship bouts in professional boxing. The EBU governs the most-prestigious[citation needed] continental title in Europe, the EBU European Championship, in addition to their EBU EU Championship for competitors from within the European Union and the EBU EE Championship for those outside the European Union. It is a federation affiliated with the World Boxing Council (WBC).During most of the 20th century and, specially, during that era's first decades, the EBU recognized many world title fights as the IBU. It competed against the American-based National Boxing Association (NBA), which staged the more widely recognized world title fights.","title":"European Boxing Union"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fédération Française de Boxe et de Lutte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Fran%C3%A7aise_de_Boxe_et_de_Lutte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fédération Belge de Boxe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Belge_de_Boxe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Société Française de Propagation de la Boxe Anglaise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Fran%C3%A7aise_de_Propagation_de_la_Boxe_Anglaise&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mee-1"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"}],"sub_title":"International Boxing Union (1911–1942)","text":"The International Boxing Union (IBU) was created June 1911 in Paris, France. It was the first attempt to create a unified international governing body for professional boxing. Signators of the Protocol for the IBU were the President of Fédération Française de Boxe et de Lutte for France, the President of Fédération Belge de Boxe for Belgium, and the President of Société Française de Propagation de la Boxe Anglaise who acted on behalf of some American boxing authorities. Switzerland joined the IBU in November 1913. Denmark, the Netherlands, Italy, Sweden, Norway, Brazil, Argentine, Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom also joined. By 1922, the UK had withdrawn support, and the US was never fully committed.[1]The IBU suspended operations with the outbreak of World War I, but resumed action on February 5, 1920.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nazi occupation of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Vittorio Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"Enrico Urbinati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enrico_Urbinati&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gino Bondavalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gino_Bondavalli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ascenzo Botta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ascenzo_Botta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marcel Cerdan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Cerdan"},{"link_name":"Jupp Besselmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jupp_Besselmann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Luigi Musina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Musina"},{"link_name":"Max Schmeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Schmeling"}],"sub_title":"Associazione Pugilistica Professionistica Europea (1942–1944)","text":"Headquartered in Paris, the IBU was in the hands of the Nazis and Italian Fascists during the Nazi occupation of France during World War II. On 5 June 1942, the Associazione Pugilistica Professionistica Europea (APPE) was formally established, replacing the IBU. Vittorio Mussolini, eldest son of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, was declared the APPE's first President. The first official meeting of the APPE's steering committee was held June 7, who recognized the following European champions: Enrico Urbinati (fly), Gino Bondavalli (bantam and feather), Ascenzo Botta (light), vacant - it was announced to Marcel Cerdan that he had lost his title (welter), Jupp Besselmann (middle), Luigi Musina (light-heavy), and Max Schmeling (heavy).The lira was adopted as the official currency for bout and congress fees. The APPE also changed the division weights by adopting the kilogram: 51 kilos (fly), 54 (bantam), 58 (feather), 62 (light), 67 (junior middle—abolishing the term \"welter\"), 73 (middle), 80 (light-heavy), and 80-plus (heavy). Ultimately, all European bouts held under the APPE's aegis were matched at these weights until December 1944.It was planned that after the Axis won World War II, the APPE would be transformed into the APPI (Associazione Pugilistica Professionistica Internazionale) and be headquartered in Rome. But by December 1, 1944, the IBU/APPE was extinct.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Boxing Board of Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Boxing_Board_of_Control"},{"link_name":"European Boxing Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Boxing_Association"},{"link_name":"Adolfo López Mateos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_L%C3%B3pez_Mateos"},{"link_name":"British Boxing Board of Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Boxing_Board_of_Control"},{"link_name":"New York State Athletic Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Athletic_Commission"},{"link_name":"World Boxing Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Boxing_Council"},{"link_name":"women's boxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_boxing"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"WBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Boxing_Association"},{"link_name":"WBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Boxing_Council"},{"link_name":"IBF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBF"},{"link_name":"WBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBO"},{"link_name":"European Economic Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Union"},{"link_name":"2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"}],"sub_title":"European Boxing Union (1946–present)","text":"The British Boxing Board of Control and the newly formed French FFB tried to constitute a new European body—the European Boxing Association (EBA)--but other countries protested because the two veteran countries would have reintroduced the principle that the European Champion would be decided by a bout between British and French champions. Instead, in 1946, the European Boxing Union (EBU) was established.In 1963, the president of Mexico, Adolfo López Mateos, invited the EBU, the British Boxing Board of Control, the New York State Athletic Commission, and the national sanctioning organizations of nine other countries to form the World Boxing Council. The EBU's personnel ultimately decided to recognize regional title bouts as a federation under the WBC.During the 1990s, the EBU began to recognize women's boxing regional championship bouts, and welcomed former Yugoslavian country Bosnia and Herzegovina as a member country.Currently, winning an EBU title is considered important, but not necessary, by many European boxers in order to go on and fight for a world title of the four most widely recognized world championship boxing organizations, the WBA, WBC, IBF, and WBO. Following the formation of the European Economic Union, the EBU issued subtitles for the Union countries (EBU-EU title) and \"External\" countries (EBU-EE title), below their main EBU title which would cover all 50 countries on the continent and 3/4 billion residents.In light of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the EBU announced that it would not certify any championship contests involving boxers from Russia and Belarus.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airliner"},{"link_name":"train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train"},{"link_name":"IBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Boxing_Organization"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standard-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standard-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-standard-3"}],"text":"The EBU follows certain rules, but most rules in EBU bouts obey the rules set by the independent boxing commission of the country where an EBU fight will be held at. Some of the EBU rules are that a fighter must not be younger than 20 years of age when fighting for an EBU championship, and that hotel accommodation for boxers, referees and European Boxing Union officials visiting a country for an EBU fight must be paid by the fight's promoter. The EBU does, however, pay for the air or train tickets of referees and officials that travel away from home for an EBU fight. Other rules are also imposed on EBU recognized events, but not many of the EBU rules interfere with the fighting rules to be followed during the fight itself.The EBU recognizes world titles sanctioned by the WBA, WBC, IBF, WBO and IBO. A boxer holding a world title is rendered ineligible for EBU, including EU and EE, rankings.[3][4]A male boxer must have competed in at least eight bouts to be eligible for rankings. For female boxers, it is four bouts. At least five of a boxer's last 10 bouts must have taken place in Europe and sanctioned by an EBU affiliate association, two of which in the last 24 months, to be eligible for rankings.[3]A boxer challenging for a European title from another sanctioning body is disqualified from rankings for nine months. A boxer holding such a title will only be eligible for rankings after 12 months from the time of having relinquished it.[3]","title":"Rules"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"EBU members","title":"Rules"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Current champions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Male","title":"Current champions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Female","title":"Current champions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oriental and Pacific Boxing Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_and_Pacific_Boxing_Federation"},{"link_name":"Asian Boxing Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Boxing_Council"},{"link_name":"African Boxing Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Boxing_Union"},{"link_name":"North American Boxing Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Boxing_Federation"}],"text":"Oriental and Pacific Boxing Federation (OPBF)\nAsian Boxing Council (ABCO)\nAfrican Boxing Union (ABU)\nCaribbean Boxing Federation (CABOFE)\nCentral American Boxing Federation (FECARBOX)\nCIS and Slovenian Boxing Bureau (CISBB)\nNorth American Boxing Federation (NABF)\nSouth American Boxing Federation (FESUBOX)","title":"Other regional WBC federations"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of European Boxing Union champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_Boxing_Union_champions"},{"title":"List of European Boxing Union female champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_European_Boxing_Union_female_champions"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebed,_Bulgaria
Lebed, Bulgaria
["1 Honours","2 References"]
Coordinates: 41°29′00″N 25°13′00″E / 41.4833°N 25.2167°E / 41.4833; 25.2167Village in Kardzhali Province, BulgariaLebed ЛебедVillageCountry BulgariaProvinceKardzhali ProvinceMunicipalityDzhebelTime zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST) Lebed is a village in Dzhebel Municipality, Kardzhali Province, southern Bulgaria. Honours Lebed Point on Clarence Island, Antarctica is named after the village. References ^ Guide Bulgaria, Accessed Nov 16, 2014 vte Dzhebel MunicipalityCapital: DzhebelVillages Albantsi Brezhana Chakaltsi Chereshka General Geshevo Dobrintsi Dushinkovo Iliysko Kazatsite Kamenyane Kozitsa Kontil Kuptsite Lebed Mishevsko Modren Mrezhichko Ovchevo Paprat Plazishte Podvrah Polyanets Potoche Pripek Ridino Rogozari Rogozche Rozhdensko Rut Shterna Sipets Skalina Slunchogled Sofiytsi Telcharka Tsurkvitsa Tsvyatovo Turnovtsi Tyutyunche Ustren Velikdenche Vodenicharsko Vulkovich Yamino Zheladovo Zhulti rid Zhultika 41°29′00″N 25°13′00″E / 41.4833°N 25.2167°E / 41.4833; 25.2167 This Kardzhali Province, Bulgaria location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dzhebel Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzhebel_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Kardzhali Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardzhali_Province"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Village in Kardzhali Province, BulgariaLebed is a village in Dzhebel Municipality, Kardzhali Province, southern Bulgaria.[1]","title":"Lebed, Bulgaria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lebed Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebed_Point"},{"link_name":"Clarence Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Island_(South_Shetland_Islands)"}],"text":"Lebed Point on Clarence Island, Antarctica is named after the village.","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craon,_Vienne
Craon, Vienne
["1 Demographics","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 46°46′27″N 0°01′28″E / 46.7742°N 0.0244°E / 46.7742; 0.0244Commune in Nouvelle-Aquitaine, FranceCraonCommuneThe church of Saint-Michel, in CraonLocation of Craon CraonShow map of FranceCraonShow map of Nouvelle-AquitaineCoordinates: 46°46′27″N 0°01′28″E / 46.7742°N 0.0244°E / 46.7742; 0.0244CountryFranceRegionNouvelle-AquitaineDepartmentVienneArrondissementChâtelleraultCantonLoudunIntercommunalityPays LoudunaisGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Evelyne ValenconArea121.58 km2 (8.33 sq mi)Population (2021)183 • Density8.5/km2 (22/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code86087 /86110Elevation83–142 m (272–466 ft) (avg. 148 m or 486 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Craon (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France. Demographics Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 324—    1975 294−1.38%1982 243−2.68%1990 213−1.63%1999 196−0.92%2007 198+0.13%2012 189−0.93%2017 186−0.32%Source: INSEE See also Communes of the Vienne department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 9 August 2021. ^ "Populations légales 2021". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE Wikimedia Commons has media related to Craon (Vienne). vteCommunes of the Vienne department Adriers Amberre Anché Angles-sur-l'Anglin Angliers Antigny Antran Arçay Archigny Aslonnes Asnières-sur-Blour Asnois Aulnay Availles-en-Châtellerault Availles-Limouzine Avanton Ayron Basses Beaumont Saint-Cyr Bellefonds Berrie Berthegon Béruges Béthines Beuxes Biard Bignoux Blanzay Boivre-la-Vallée Bonnes Bonneuil-Matours Bouresse Bourg-Archambault Bournand Brigueil-le-Chantre Brion Brux La Bussière Buxerolles Buxeuil Ceaux-en-Loudun Celle-Lévescault Cenon-sur-Vienne Cernay Chabournay Chalais Chalandray Champagné-le-Sec Champagné-Saint-Hilaire Champigny en Rochereau Champniers La Chapelle-Bâton La Chapelle-Moulière Chapelle-Viviers Charroux Chasseneuil-du-Poitou Chatain Château-Garnier Château-Larcher Châtelleraultsubpr Chaunay La Chaussée Chauvigny Chenevelles Cherves Chiré-en-Montreuil Chouppes Cissé Civaux Civray Cloué Colombiers Coulombiers Coulonges-les-Hérolles Coussay Coussay-les-Bois Craon Croutelle Cuhon Curçay-sur-Dive Curzay-sur-Vonne Dangé-Saint-Romain Dercé Dienné Dissay Doussay La Ferrière-Airoux Fleix Fleuré Fontaine-le-Comte Frozes Gençay Genouillé Gizay Glénouze Gouex La Grimaudière Guesnes Haims Ingrandes L'Isle-Jourdain Iteuil Jardres Jaunay-Marigny Jazeneuil Jouhet Journet Joussé Lathus-Saint-Rémy Latillé Lauthiers Lavoux Leigné-les-Bois Leignes-sur-Fontaine Leigné-sur-Usseau Lencloître Lésigny Leugny Lhommaizé Liglet Ligugé Linazay Liniers Lizant Loudun Luchapt Lusignan Lussac-les-Châteaux Magné Maillé Mairé Maisonneuve Marçay Marigny-Chemereau Marnay Martaizé Massognes Maulay Mauprévoir Mazerolles Mazeuil Messemé Mignaloux-Beauvoir Migné-Auxances Millac Mirebeau Moncontour Mondion Montamisé Monthoiron Montmorillonsubpr Monts-sur-Guesnes Morton Moulismes Moussac Mouterre-Silly Mouterre-sur-Blourde Naintré Nalliers Nérignac Neuville-de-Poitou Nieuil-l'Espoir Nouaillé-Maupertuis Nueil-sous-Faye Orches Les Ormes Ouzilly Oyré Paizay-le-Sec Payroux Persac Pindray Plaisance Pleumartin Poitierspref Port-de-Piles Pouançay Pouant Pouillé Pressac Prinçay La Puye Queaux Quinçay Ranton Raslay La Roche-Posay La Roche-Rigault Roches-Prémarie-Andillé Roiffé Romagne Rouillé Saint-Benoît Saint-Christophe Saint-Clair Sainte-Radégonde Saint-Gaudent Saint-Genest-d'Ambière Saint-Georges-lès-Baillargeaux Saint-Germain Saint-Gervais-les-Trois-Clochers Saint-Jean-de-Sauves Saint-Julien-l'Ars Saint-Laon Saint-Laurent-de-Jourdes Saint-Léger-de-Montbrillais Saint-Léomer Saint-Martin-la-Pallu Saint-Martin-l'Ars Saint-Maurice-la-Clouère Saint-Pierre-de-Maillé Saint-Pierre-d'Exideuil Saint-Rémy-sur-Creuse Saint-Romain Saint-Sauvant Saint-Savin Saint-Secondin Saires Saix Sammarçolles Sanxay Saulgé Savigné Savigny-Lévescault Savigny-sous-Faye Scorbé-Clairvaux Senillé-Saint-Sauveur Sérigny Sèvres-Anxaumont Sillars Smarves Sommières-du-Clain Sossais Surin Tercé Ternay Thollet Thurageau Thuré La Trimouille Les Trois-Moutiers Usseau Usson-du-Poitou Val-de-Comporté Valdivienne Valence-en-Poitou Vaux-sur-Vienne Vellèches Vernon Verrières Verrue Vézières Vicq-sur-Gartempe Le Vigeant La Villedieu-du-Clain Villemort Villiers Vivonne Vouillé Voulême Voulon Vouneuil-sous-Biard Vouneuil-sur-Vienne Vouzailles Yversay pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data This Vienne geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Communes of the Vienne department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Vienne_department"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadus,_Montana
Broadus, Montana
["1 History","1.1 American Indian Wars","1.2 Town","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Infrastructure","5 Education","6 Media","7 Attractions","8 Notable people","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 45°26′35″N 105°24′30″W / 45.44306°N 105.40833°W / 45.44306; -105.40833 Town in Montana, United StatesBroadus, MontanaTownPowder River County CourthouseLocation of Broadus, MontanaCoordinates: 45°26′35″N 105°24′30″W / 45.44306°N 105.40833°W / 45.44306; -105.40833CountryUnited StatesStateMontanaCountyPowder RiverArea • Total0.35 sq mi (0.91 km2) • Land0.35 sq mi (0.91 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation3,032 ft (924 m)Population (2020) • Total456 • Density1,295.45/sq mi (500.25/km2)Time zoneUTC-7 (Mountain (MST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-6 (MDT)ZIP code59317Area code406FIPS code30-09700GNIS feature ID2411728 Broadus is a town in and the county seat of Powder River County, Montana, United States. The population was 456 at the 2020 census. History American Indian Wars The Powder River Battles, part of the Powder River Expedition of 1865, were fought near the present-day town from September 1–15, 1865, by the U.S. Army against Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho warriors. On March 17, 1876, the Battle of Powder River occurred about 34 miles (55 km) southwest of present-day Broadus, and on June 13, 1876, six companies of the 7th Cavalry led by Major Marcus Reno marched along the Powder River to within 10 miles (16 km) north of the town's present location before turning west toward the Little Bighorn. Town The Broadus post office was established in 1900, and named after the Broaddus family, early settlers in the area. When the town's streets were being planned, they were made wide enough for a horse-drawn carriage to turn around. The original streets are still this wide today. In 1918 publication of the Broadus Independent began, and is still published today, although it is now called the Powder River Examiner. In 1920, Broadus was chosen as the county seat of the newly established Powder River County. As an incentive for voters choosing Broadus, Margaret Trautman promised a donation of 80 acres from her ranch to the town. When Belle Creek Oil Field opened in the late 1960s, the economy of Broadus boomed. Oil and gas production continue to be important to the local economy. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.35 square miles (0.91 km2), all land. Climate According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Broadus has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated "BSk" on climate maps. Broadus has a cold semi-arid climate due to its very dry winters. There are significant diurnal temperature variations throughout the year, and strong continental seasonal swings between the warm to hot summers and the cold winters. Climate data for Broadus, Montana, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1920–present Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 70(21) 75(24) 84(29) 93(34) 101(38) 110(43) 110(43) 106(41) 104(40) 95(35) 80(27) 74(23) 110(43) Mean maximum °F (°C) 55.0(12.8) 57.8(14.3) 72.1(22.3) 80.7(27.1) 87.5(30.8) 95.0(35.0) 101.3(38.5) 99.7(37.6) 95.2(35.1) 83.4(28.6) 69.0(20.6) 54.9(12.7) 102.0(38.9) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 36.8(2.7) 40.3(4.6) 51.5(10.8) 60.7(15.9) 70.5(21.4) 81.2(27.3) 90.8(32.7) 89.6(32.0) 79.0(26.1) 63.2(17.3) 48.2(9.0) 37.7(3.2) 62.5(16.9) Daily mean °F (°C) 24.1(−4.4) 27.4(−2.6) 37.6(3.1) 46.7(8.2) 56.4(13.6) 66.7(19.3) 74.8(23.8) 72.8(22.7) 62.4(16.9) 48.7(9.3) 35.1(1.7) 25.6(−3.6) 48.2(9.0) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 11.4(−11.4) 14.4(−9.8) 23.7(−4.6) 32.6(0.3) 42.3(5.7) 52.1(11.2) 58.8(14.9) 56.1(13.4) 45.8(7.7) 34.2(1.2) 22.1(−5.5) 13.5(−10.3) 33.9(1.1) Mean minimum °F (°C) −15.1(−26.2) −9.1(−22.8) 0.4(−17.6) 15.2(−9.3) 26.2(−3.2) 38.7(3.7) 48.5(9.2) 42.8(6.0) 30.9(−0.6) 15.6(−9.1) −0.4(−18.0) −10.1(−23.4) −22.2(−30.1) Record low °F (°C) −38(−39) −40(−40) −36(−38) −5(−21) 12(−11) 28(−2) 35(2) 28(−2) 16(−9) −12(−24) −28(−33) −47(−44) −47(−44) Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.43(11) 0.52(13) 0.78(20) 1.77(45) 2.75(70) 2.37(60) 1.72(44) 1.28(33) 1.23(31) 1.12(28) 0.47(12) 0.48(12) 14.92(379) Average snowfall inches (cm) 9.7(25) 7.2(18) 2.7(6.9) 3.6(9.1) 0.8(2.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 1.5(3.8) 4.4(11) 4.1(10) 34(85.8) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 4.7 4.7 4.7 7.4 9.7 8.9 6.8 6.0 5.3 5.9 4.1 3.6 71.8 Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 3.9 3.3 1.2 1.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 2.0 2.4 14.5 Source 1: NOAA Source 2: National Weather Service Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1950517—196062821.5%197079927.2%1980712−10.9%1990572−19.7%2000451−21.2%20104683.8%2020456−2.6%U.S. Decennial Census 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 468 people, 21 households, and 11 families living in the town. The population density was 1,376.5 inhabitants per square mile (531.5/km2). There were 254 housing units at an average density of 747.1 per square mile (288.5/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 95.1% White, 0.6% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 1.7% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.0% of the population. There were 218 households, of which 22.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.7% were married couples living together, 6.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 47.7% were non-families. 44.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 24.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.99 and the average family size was 2.80. The median age in the town was 51.3 years. 20.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 16.1% were from 25 to 44; 27% were from 45 to 64; and 32.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 46.2% male and 53.8% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 451 people, 199 households, and 125 families living in the town. The population density was 1,379.2 inhabitants per square mile (532.5/km2). There were 267 housing units at an average density of 816.5 per square mile (315.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.45% White, 1.11% Native American, 0.22% Asian, and 0.22% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.11% of the population. There were 199 households, out of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.3% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.7% were non-families. 31.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.86. In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.2% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 24.6% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 20.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 93.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.1 males. The median income for a household in the town was $25,156, and the median income for a family was $30,417. Males had a median income of $22,813 versus $15,417 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,938. About 13.6% of families and 14.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.3% of those under age 18 and 14.0% of those age 65 or over. Infrastructure Broadus Airport is a county-owned, public-use airport located three miles (5 km) northwest of town. Education Broadus and Powder River County, Montana is served by the Powder River County High School, which is part of the Broadus Public School System, District No. 79J. They are known as the Hawks. In addition to the high school, Broadus Public Schools also operates an elementary and junior high school. As of November 1, 2014, the junior and senior high schools had a combined enrollment of 135 students. The elementary school had an enrollment of about 150 for the 2005–06 school year, in pre-kindergarten through sixth grade. The Henry A. Malley Memorial Library is a public library serving the area. Media The Powder River Examiner is the local newspaper. It is published weekly. Attractions The Powder River Historical Museum includes many historical items, including a building housing "Mac's Museum", a large collection of seashells, minerals, and arrowheads, put together by Mac McCurdy. The Museum also has an original one-room schoolhouse, a pioneer cabin, jail cell, car barn, windmill, saddles, bits, spurs, displays representing early businesses, and a collection of artifacts from the Battle of Powder River. The Powder River/Reynolds Battlefield is located on private land near the Powder River about 34 miles (55 km) southwest of present-day Broadus. The battlefield is accessible by Montana Secondary Highway 391, (Moorhead Road) on the west side of the Powder River. There is a rock monument with the headstones of four soldiers killed there as well as a small Northern Cheyenne memorial marking the site. Annual events include a July 4 Celebration, County Fair in August, street dances, and a Christmas stroll early in December. Notable people Jess Lockwood, 2017 and 2019 PBR World champion attended Powder River County District High School. Lee Randall, Republican member of the Montana House of Representatives from 2009 until 2017. References ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 5, 2022. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Broadus, Montana ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011. ^ "Profile for Broadus, Montana". ePodunk. Retrieved May 28, 2010. ^ Carkeek Cheney, Roberta (1983). Names on the Face of Montana. Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Publishing Company. p. 5. ISBN 0-87842-150-5. ^ a b Pickett, Mary (October 17, 2010). "At a crossroads: After century, Broadus may see changes in future". Billings Gazette. Retrieved July 29, 2017. ^ "Montana Place Names Companion". Montana Historical Society. Retrieved July 29, 2017. ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 26, 2020. ^ Climate Summary for Broadus, Montana ^ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 5, 2022. ^ "NOAA Online Weather Data". National Weather Service. Retrieved August 5, 2022. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "Census & Economic Information Center". Archived from the original on July 4, 2015. Retrieved July 3, 2015. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 18, 2012. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ FAA Airport Form 5010 for 00F PDF ^ "Member Schools". Montana High School Association. Retrieved April 19, 2021. ^ "Henry A. Malley Memorial Library". Montana.gov. Retrieved April 13, 2021. ^ "Home page". Powder River Examiner. Retrieved January 3, 2024. ^ Vaughn, J.W. (1961). The Reynolds Campaign on Powder River. University of Oklahoma Press. External links vteMunicipalities and communities of Powder River County, Montana, United StatesCounty seat: BroadusTown Broadus Powder River County mapCDP Biddle Othercommunities Belle Creek Coalwood Epsie Moorhead Olive Otter Powderville Sonnette Montana portal United States portal vteCounty seats of Montana Anaconda Baker Big Timber Billings Boulder Bozeman Broadus Butte Chester Chinook Choteau Circle Columbus Conrad Cut Bank Deer Lodge Dillon Ekalaka Forsyth Fort Benton Glasgow Glendive Great Falls Hamilton Hardin Harlowton Havre Helena Hysham Jordan Kalispell Lewistown Libby Livingston Malta Miles City Missoula Philipsburg Plentywood Polson Red Lodge Roundup Ryegate Scobey Shelby Sidney Stanford Superior Terry Thompson Falls Townsend Virginia City White Sulphur Springs Wibaux Winnett Wolf Point Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Powder River County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_River_County,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR6-3"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"}],"text":"Town in Montana, United StatesBroadus is a town in and the county seat of Powder River County, Montana, United States.[3] The population was 456 at the 2020 census.","title":"Broadus, Montana"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Powder River Battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_River_Battles_(1865)"},{"link_name":"Powder River Expedition of 1865","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_River_Expedition_(1865)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Powder River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Powder_River"},{"link_name":"7th Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Cavalry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Marcus Reno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Reno"},{"link_name":"Little Bighorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Little_Bighorn"}],"sub_title":"American Indian Wars","text":"The Powder River Battles, part of the Powder River Expedition of 1865, were fought near the present-day town from September 1–15, 1865, by the U.S. Army against Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho warriors. On March 17, 1876, the Battle of Powder River occurred about 34 miles (55 km) southwest of present-day Broadus, and on June 13, 1876, six companies of the 7th Cavalry led by Major Marcus Reno marched along the Powder River to within 10 miles (16 km) north of the town's present location before turning west toward the Little Bighorn.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-names-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bg-6"},{"link_name":"Broadus Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_River_Examiner"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bg-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mhs-7"}],"sub_title":"Town","text":"The Broadus post office was established in 1900, and named after the Broaddus family, early settlers in the area.[4][5] When the town's streets were being planned, they were made wide enough for a horse-drawn carriage to turn around.[6] The original streets are still this wide today. In 1918 publication of the Broadus Independent began, and is still published today, although it is now called the Powder River Examiner.In 1920, Broadus was chosen as the county seat of the newly established Powder River County. As an incentive for voters choosing Broadus, Margaret Trautman promised a donation of 80 acres from her ranch to the town.[6]When Belle Creek Oil Field opened in the late 1960s, the economy of Broadus boomed.[7] Oil and gas production continue to be important to the local economy.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2019-8"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.35 square miles (0.91 km2), all land.[8]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen Climate Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification"},{"link_name":"semi-arid climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-arid_climate"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"semi-arid climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-arid_climate"},{"link_name":"diurnal temperature variations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation"},{"link_name":"continental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_climate"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOWData-11"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Broadus has a semi-arid climate, abbreviated \"BSk\" on climate maps.[9]Broadus has a cold semi-arid climate due to its very dry winters. There are significant diurnal temperature variations throughout the year, and strong continental seasonal swings between the warm to hot summers and the cold winters.Climate data for Broadus, Montana, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1920–present\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n70(21)\n\n75(24)\n\n84(29)\n\n93(34)\n\n101(38)\n\n110(43)\n\n110(43)\n\n106(41)\n\n104(40)\n\n95(35)\n\n80(27)\n\n74(23)\n\n110(43)\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n55.0(12.8)\n\n57.8(14.3)\n\n72.1(22.3)\n\n80.7(27.1)\n\n87.5(30.8)\n\n95.0(35.0)\n\n101.3(38.5)\n\n99.7(37.6)\n\n95.2(35.1)\n\n83.4(28.6)\n\n69.0(20.6)\n\n54.9(12.7)\n\n102.0(38.9)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n36.8(2.7)\n\n40.3(4.6)\n\n51.5(10.8)\n\n60.7(15.9)\n\n70.5(21.4)\n\n81.2(27.3)\n\n90.8(32.7)\n\n89.6(32.0)\n\n79.0(26.1)\n\n63.2(17.3)\n\n48.2(9.0)\n\n37.7(3.2)\n\n62.5(16.9)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n24.1(−4.4)\n\n27.4(−2.6)\n\n37.6(3.1)\n\n46.7(8.2)\n\n56.4(13.6)\n\n66.7(19.3)\n\n74.8(23.8)\n\n72.8(22.7)\n\n62.4(16.9)\n\n48.7(9.3)\n\n35.1(1.7)\n\n25.6(−3.6)\n\n48.2(9.0)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n11.4(−11.4)\n\n14.4(−9.8)\n\n23.7(−4.6)\n\n32.6(0.3)\n\n42.3(5.7)\n\n52.1(11.2)\n\n58.8(14.9)\n\n56.1(13.4)\n\n45.8(7.7)\n\n34.2(1.2)\n\n22.1(−5.5)\n\n13.5(−10.3)\n\n33.9(1.1)\n\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n−15.1(−26.2)\n\n−9.1(−22.8)\n\n0.4(−17.6)\n\n15.2(−9.3)\n\n26.2(−3.2)\n\n38.7(3.7)\n\n48.5(9.2)\n\n42.8(6.0)\n\n30.9(−0.6)\n\n15.6(−9.1)\n\n−0.4(−18.0)\n\n−10.1(−23.4)\n\n−22.2(−30.1)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−38(−39)\n\n−40(−40)\n\n−36(−38)\n\n−5(−21)\n\n12(−11)\n\n28(−2)\n\n35(2)\n\n28(−2)\n\n16(−9)\n\n−12(−24)\n\n−28(−33)\n\n−47(−44)\n\n−47(−44)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n0.43(11)\n\n0.52(13)\n\n0.78(20)\n\n1.77(45)\n\n2.75(70)\n\n2.37(60)\n\n1.72(44)\n\n1.28(33)\n\n1.23(31)\n\n1.12(28)\n\n0.47(12)\n\n0.48(12)\n\n14.92(379)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n9.7(25)\n\n7.2(18)\n\n2.7(6.9)\n\n3.6(9.1)\n\n0.8(2.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n1.5(3.8)\n\n4.4(11)\n\n4.1(10)\n\n34(85.8)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n4.7\n\n4.7\n\n4.7\n\n7.4\n\n9.7\n\n8.9\n\n6.8\n\n6.0\n\n5.3\n\n5.9\n\n4.1\n\n3.6\n\n71.8\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n3.9\n\n3.3\n\n1.2\n\n1.1\n\n0.2\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.4\n\n2.0\n\n2.4\n\n14.5\n\n\nSource 1: NOAA[10]\n\n\nSource 2: National Weather Service[11]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-14"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[14] of 2010, there were 468 people, 21 households, and 11 families living in the town. The population density was 1,376.5 inhabitants per square mile (531.5/km2). There were 254 housing units at an average density of 747.1 per square mile (288.5/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 95.1% White, 0.6% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 1.7% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.0% of the population.There were 218 households, of which 22.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.7% were married couples living together, 6.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 47.7% were non-families. 44.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 24.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.99 and the average family size was 2.80.The median age in the town was 51.3 years. 20.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 4.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 16.1% were from 25 to 44; 27% were from 45 to 64; and 32.3% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 46.2% male and 53.8% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-15"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"median income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_income"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[15] of 2000, there were 451 people, 199 households, and 125 families living in the town. The population density was 1,379.2 inhabitants per square mile (532.5/km2). There were 267 housing units at an average density of 816.5 per square mile (315.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.45% White, 1.11% Native American, 0.22% Asian, and 0.22% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.11% of the population.There were 199 households, out of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.3% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.7% were non-families. 31.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.27 and the average family size was 2.86.In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.2% under the age of 18, 6.0% from 18 to 24, 24.6% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 20.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 93.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.1 males.The median income for a household in the town was $25,156, and the median income for a family was $30,417. Males had a median income of $22,813 versus $15,417 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,938. About 13.6% of families and 14.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.3% of those under age 18 and 14.0% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broadus Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadus_Airport"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Broadus Airport is a county-owned, public-use airport located three miles (5 km) northwest of town.[16]","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Powder River County, Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_River_County,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Powder River County High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Powder_River_County_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Broadus and Powder River County, Montana is served by the Powder River County High School, which is part of the Broadus Public School System, District No. 79J. They are known as the Hawks.[17] In addition to the high school, Broadus Public Schools also operates an elementary and junior high school. As of November 1, 2014, the junior and senior high schools had a combined enrollment of 135 students. The elementary school had an enrollment of about 150 for the 2005–06 school year, in pre-kindergarten through sixth grade.The Henry A. Malley Memorial Library is a public library serving the area.[18]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Powder River Examiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_River_Examiner"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The Powder River Examiner is the local newspaper.[19] It is published weekly.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montana Secondary Highway 391","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_Secondary_Highway_391"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The Powder River Historical Museum includes many historical items, including a building housing \"Mac's Museum\", a large collection of seashells, minerals, and arrowheads, put together by Mac McCurdy. The Museum also has an original one-room schoolhouse, a pioneer cabin, jail cell, car barn, windmill, saddles, bits, spurs, displays representing early businesses, and a collection of artifacts from the Battle of Powder River.The Powder River/Reynolds Battlefield is located on private land near the Powder River about 34 miles (55 km) southwest of present-day Broadus. The battlefield is accessible by Montana Secondary Highway 391, (Moorhead Road) on the west side of the Powder River. There is a rock monument with the headstones of four soldiers killed there as well as a small Northern Cheyenne memorial marking the site.[20]Annual events include a July 4 Celebration, County Fair in August, street dances, and a Christmas stroll early in December.","title":"Attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jess Lockwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jess_Lockwood_(bull_rider)"},{"link_name":"PBR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Bull_Riders"},{"link_name":"Powder River County District High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_River_County_District_High_School"},{"link_name":"Lee Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Randall"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Montana House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_House_of_Representatives"}],"text":"Jess Lockwood, 2017 and 2019 PBR World champion attended Powder River County District High School.\nLee Randall, Republican member of the Montana House of Representatives from 2009 until 2017.","title":"Notable people"}]
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null
[{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Find a County\". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"\"Find a County\""},{"url":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Profile for Broadus, Montana\". ePodunk. Retrieved May 28, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genInfo.php?locIndex=27678","url_text":"\"Profile for Broadus, Montana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPodunk","url_text":"ePodunk"}]},{"reference":"Carkeek Cheney, Roberta (1983). Names on the Face of Montana. Missoula, Montana: Mountain Press Publishing Company. p. 5. ISBN 0-87842-150-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87842-150-5","url_text":"0-87842-150-5"}]},{"reference":"Pickett, Mary (October 17, 2010). \"At a crossroads: After century, Broadus may see changes in future\". Billings Gazette. Retrieved July 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/montana/at-a-crossroads-after-century-broadus-may-see-changes-in/article_f53dea30-d974-11df-99e4-001cc4c03286.html","url_text":"\"At a crossroads: After century, Broadus may see changes in future\""}]},{"reference":"\"Montana Place Names Companion\". Montana Historical Society. Retrieved July 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://mtplacenames.org/","url_text":"\"Montana Place Names Companion\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_30.txt","url_text":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved August 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00241127&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL","url_text":"\"U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access\""}]},{"reference":"\"NOAA Online Weather Data\". National Weather Service. Retrieved August 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=byz","url_text":"\"NOAA Online Weather Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census & Economic Information Center\". Archived from the original on July 4, 2015. Retrieved July 3, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150704224618/http://ceic.mt.gov/Population/PopulationProjections.aspx","url_text":"\"Census & Economic Information Center\""},{"url":"http://ceic.mt.gov/Population/PopulationProjections.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Member Schools\". Montana High School Association. Retrieved April 19, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mhsa.org/memberschools","url_text":"\"Member Schools\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henry A. Malley Memorial Library\". Montana.gov. Retrieved April 13, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://prco.mt.gov/Library","url_text":"\"Henry A. Malley Memorial Library\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home page\". Powder River Examiner. Retrieved January 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.powderriverexaminer.com/","url_text":"\"Home page\""}]},{"reference":"Vaughn, J.W. (1961). The Reynolds Campaign on Powder River. University of Oklahoma Press.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_de_Beauchamp,_1st_Baron_Beauchamp_(fourth_creation)
John Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp of Kidderminster
["1 Origins","2 Career","3 Marriage and children","4 Notes","5 References"]
Monument with effigies believed to represent John de Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp (d.1388) "of Holt" and his wife Joan FitzWith, Worcester Cathedral Arms of Beauchamp of Holt (also of Bletsoe & Powick): Gules, a fess between six martlets or, a difference of the senior line of Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick Sir John de Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp of Kidderminster (1339–12 May 1388) of Holt Castle in Worcestershire was an administrator and landowner. Origins He was the son of Richard de Beauchamp, of Holt (d. 1327), the son of John de Beauchamp, of Holt (d. after 1297), the son of William (III) de Beauchamp (d. 1269), and brother of William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick (c.1238-1298). Career He served under John of Gaunt in the Spanish campaign of 1372 and in 1373 obtained a grant of a yearly fair at a place called 'le Rode' in the parish of Holt, on the day of St. Mary Magdalene. A favourite of the ailing King Edward III, in the years 1370 to 1375 he received several grants of offices, including the constableship of Bridgnorth Castle. He was elected as a Member of Parliament for Worcestershire to Edward III's last parliament (January 1377) and Richard II's first (October 1377). Richard II regarded him warmly, and acted as godfather to his son. Retained in the household, Beauchamp soon received substantial further patronage, and by 1384 he had been made Receiver of the Chamber and Keeper of the King's Jewels. He received the Order of Knighthood on Richard II's entry into Scotland in 1385. That December he was granted for life the office of Justiciar of North Wales, to which was added in August 1386 a charter of liberties within his recently purchased estate at Kidderminster. Even though the Commons demanded in October that a new Steward of the Household be appointed only in parliament, Richard II refused to comply, and in January 1387 he promoted Beauchamp to the stewardship. Even more provocative was Sir John's creation on 10 October following as 'Lord of Beauchamp and Baron of Kidderminster', a new dignity to be maintained from the estates of Deerhurst Priory. This was the first creation of a peerage by letters patent. He was probably the builder of Holt Castle. Beauchamp's rapid rise from esquire to baron could not be borne by the Lords Appellant, who included his kinsman, Thomas Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick. The latter probably saw the rise of his cousin as a threat to his dominance of the Midlands. Arrested and imprisoned along with three other household knights, Lord Beauchamp was impeached in the Merciless Parliament and condemned by the lords for treason. He was beheaded on Tower Hill on 12 May 1388 and was buried in Worcester Cathedral. Fortunately for his heir, John Beauchamp, 2nd Baron Beauchamp of Kidderminster, then aged eleven, he had entailed certain of his manors, so these were exempt from forfeiture. Marriage and children In about 1370 he married Joan FitzWith, daughter and heiress of Robert FitzWith, then a minor in the king's wardship. By Joan he has issue including: John Beauchamp, 2nd Baron Beauchamp of Kidderminster (1378–1420) (attainder reversed 1398; forfeit in 1400 by renewal of attainder). Notes ^ He probably built Holt Castle ('Parishes: Holt', in A History of the County of Worcester: Volume 3 (London, 1913), pp. 401-408. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/worcs/vol3/pp401-408 ) ^ Cokayne Complete Peerage, 2nd ed., vol. 2, p. 45 ^ 'Parishes: Holt', in A History of the County of Worcester: Volume 3 (London, 1913), pp. 401-408 ^ 'Parishes: Holt', in A History of the County of Worcester: Volume 3 (London, 1913), pp. 401-408 ^ Saul 179 ^ Although the Lords Appellant disregarded his peerage and addressed him simply as a knight (Ross 564). ^ Ross 563-564 ^ 'Parishes: Holt', in A History of the County of Worcester: Volume 3 (London, 1913), pp. 401-408 References This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Oxford Dictionary of National Biography anon. (1913). "Holt". In Page, W. (ed.). Victoria County History: A History of the County of Worcester, Vol. III. pp. 403–4. Ross, C. D. (1956). "Forfeiture for Treason in the Reign of Richard II". English Historical Review. 71 (281): 560–575. doi:10.1093/ehr/LXXI.281.560. Round, J. H. (1908). "John de Beauchamp, Baron Beauchamp". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 2. p. 29. Saul, Nigel (1987). Richard II. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07875-7.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beauchamp_Tomb,_Worcester_Cathedral_(14641849053).jpg"},{"link_name":"Worcester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_Cathedral"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arms_BeauchampOfPowick.svg"},{"link_name":"Holt Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holt,_Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire"}],"text":"Monument with effigies believed to represent John de Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp (d.1388) \"of Holt\" and his wife Joan FitzWith, Worcester CathedralArms of Beauchamp of Holt (also of Bletsoe & Powick): Gules, a fess between six martlets or, a difference of the senior line of Beauchamp, Earl of WarwickSir John de Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp of Kidderminster (1339–12 May 1388) of Holt Castle[1] in Worcestershire was an administrator and landowner.","title":"John Beauchamp, 1st Baron Beauchamp of Kidderminster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William (III) de Beauchamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_(III)_de_Beauchamp"},{"link_name":"William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Beauchamp,_9th_Earl_of_Warwick"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"He was the son of Richard de Beauchamp, of Holt (d. 1327), the son of John de Beauchamp, of Holt (d. after 1297), the son of William (III) de Beauchamp (d. 1269), and brother of William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick (c.1238-1298).[2]","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Edward III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III"},{"link_name":"Bridgnorth Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgnorth_Castle"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Worcestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcestershire"},{"link_name":"Richard II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Receiver of the Chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receiver_of_the_Chamber"},{"link_name":"Keeper of the King's Jewels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeper_of_the_King%27s_Jewels"},{"link_name":"Justiciar of North Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justiciar_of_North_Wales"},{"link_name":"Kidderminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidderminster"},{"link_name":"Steward of the Household","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Steward"},{"link_name":"letters patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_patent"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lords Appellant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lords_Appellant"},{"link_name":"Thomas Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_de_Beauchamp,_12th_Earl_of_Warwick"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Merciless Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merciless_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Tower Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Hill"},{"link_name":"Worcester Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"John Beauchamp, 2nd Baron Beauchamp of Kidderminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Beauchamp"},{"link_name":"entailed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entail"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"He served under John of Gaunt in the Spanish campaign of 1372 and in 1373 obtained a grant of a yearly fair at a place called 'le Rode' in the parish of Holt, on the day of St. Mary Magdalene.[3] A favourite of the ailing King Edward III, in the years 1370 to 1375 he received several grants of offices, including the constableship of Bridgnorth Castle. He was elected as a Member of Parliament for Worcestershire to Edward III's last parliament (January 1377) and Richard II's first (October 1377).Richard II regarded him warmly, and acted as godfather to his son. Retained in the household, Beauchamp soon received substantial further patronage, and by 1384 he had been made Receiver of the Chamber and Keeper of the King's Jewels. He received the Order of Knighthood on Richard II's entry into Scotland in 1385. That December he was granted for life the office of Justiciar of North Wales, to which was added in August 1386 a charter of liberties within his recently purchased estate at Kidderminster. Even though the Commons demanded in October that a new Steward of the Household be appointed only in parliament, Richard II refused to comply, and in January 1387 he promoted Beauchamp to the stewardship. Even more provocative was Sir John's creation on 10 October following as 'Lord of Beauchamp and Baron of Kidderminster', a new dignity to be maintained from the estates of Deerhurst Priory. This was the first creation of a peerage by letters patent. He was probably the builder of Holt Castle.[4]Beauchamp's rapid rise from esquire to baron could not be borne by the Lords Appellant, who included his kinsman, Thomas Beauchamp, 12th Earl of Warwick. The latter probably saw the rise of his cousin as a threat to his dominance of the Midlands.[5] Arrested and imprisoned along with three other household knights, Lord Beauchamp[6] was impeached in the Merciless Parliament and condemned by the lords for treason. He was beheaded on Tower Hill on 12 May 1388 and was buried in Worcester Cathedral. Fortunately for his heir, John Beauchamp, 2nd Baron Beauchamp of Kidderminster, then aged eleven, he had entailed certain of his manors, so these were exempt from forfeiture.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"John Beauchamp, 2nd Baron Beauchamp of Kidderminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Beauchamp"}],"text":"In about 1370 he married Joan FitzWith, daughter and heiress of Robert FitzWith, then a minor in the king's wardship.[8] By Joan he has issue including:John Beauchamp, 2nd Baron Beauchamp of Kidderminster (1378–1420) (attainder reversed 1398; forfeit in 1400 by renewal of attainder).","title":"Marriage and children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/worcs/vol3/pp401-408","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/worcs/vol3/pp401-408"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"}],"text":"^ He probably built Holt Castle ('Parishes: Holt', in A History of the County of Worcester: Volume 3 (London, 1913), pp. 401-408. http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/worcs/vol3/pp401-408 )\n\n^ Cokayne Complete Peerage, 2nd ed., vol. 2, p. 45\n\n^ 'Parishes: Holt', in A History of the County of Worcester: Volume 3 (London, 1913), pp. 401-408\n\n^ 'Parishes: Holt', in A History of the County of Worcester: Volume 3 (London, 1913), pp. 401-408\n\n^ Saul 179\n\n^ Although the Lords Appellant disregarded his peerage and addressed him simply as a knight (Ross 564).\n\n^ Ross 563-564\n\n^ 'Parishes: Holt', in A History of the County of Worcester: Volume 3 (London, 1913), pp. 401-408","title":"Notes"}]
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null
[{"reference":"anon. (1913). \"Holt\". In Page, W. (ed.). Victoria County History: A History of the County of Worcester, Vol. III. pp. 403–4.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=43144","url_text":"\"Holt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_County_History","url_text":"Victoria County History"}]},{"reference":"Ross, C. D. (1956). \"Forfeiture for Treason in the Reign of Richard II\". English Historical Review. 71 (281): 560–575. doi:10.1093/ehr/LXXI.281.560.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Historical_Review","url_text":"English Historical Review"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FLXXI.281.560","url_text":"10.1093/ehr/LXXI.281.560"}]},{"reference":"Round, J. H. (1908). \"John de Beauchamp, Baron Beauchamp\". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 2. p. 29.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Horace_Round","url_text":"Round, J. H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"Saul, Nigel (1987). Richard II. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07875-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07875-7","url_text":"0-300-07875-7"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Ministry_of_Education,_Culture_and_Science
Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Netherlands)
["1 Responsibilities","2 Organisation","3 History","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Dutch ministry This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ministry of Education, Culture and Science" Netherlands – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Ministry of Education, Culture and ScienceMinisterie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en WetenschappenMinistry of Education, Culture and ScienceDepartment overviewFormedSeptember 9, 1918; 105 years ago (1918-09-09)JurisdictionKingdom of the NetherlandsHeadquartersRijnstraat 50, The Hague, NetherlandsAnnual budget€38,5 billion (2018)Ministers responsibleRobbert Dijkgraaf, Minister of Education, Culture and ScienceMariëlle Paul, Minister for Primary and Secondary EducationDeputy Ministers responsibleFleur Gräper, State secretary of Education, Culture and ScienceWebsiteMinistry of Education, Culture and Science The Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Dutch: Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschappen; OCW) is the Dutch Ministry responsible for education, culture, science, research, gender equality and communications. The Ministry was created in 1918 as the Ministry of Education, Arts and Sciences and had several name changes before it became the Education, Culture and Science in 1994. The Ministry is headed by the Minister of Education, Culture and Science, currently Robbert Dijkgraaf. Part of the Politics seriesPolitics of the Netherlands Constitution Charter Wet Algemene Bepalingen Human rights Monarchy King Willem-Alexander Council of Ministers Ministers Plenipotentiary ArubaCuraçaoSt. Maarten Cabinet Prime Minister (list) Mark Rutte Deputy Prime Ministers Sigrid Kaag Karien van Gennip Carola Schouten Ministries States General Senate President: Jan Anthonie Bruijn Current membership Historic composition House of Representatives Speaker: Martin Bosma Current membership Historic composition Parliamentary committees Judiciary Supreme Court High Councils of State Council of State Court of Audit National Ombudsman Elections Recent elections General: 20102012201720212023Next Provincial: 2011201520192023 Municipal: 2010201420182022 European: 199920042009201420192024 Referendums Referendums: 200520162018 Political parties Politicians Local government Provincial politics Water boards Municipal politics BES islands Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Hanke Bruins Slot Diplomatic missions of / in the Netherlands Nationality law Passport Visa requirements Visa policy of the Schengen Area Visa policy of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in the Caribbean Related topics Corruption in the Netherlands De Nederlandsche Bank Law of the Netherlands Modern history Republicanism in the Netherlands Social Economic Council  Politics portalvte Responsibilities The mission of the ministry is to "work for a smart, able and creative Netherlands". The ministry is responsible for three fields of policy: The whole of education, from kindergarten, via primary education and secondary education to vocational training and higher education; Culture, arts and the public broadcasting; Science and innovation. Organisation The ministry is currently headed by two ministers and one state secretary. The ministry's main office is located in the Hoftoren, the tallest building of The Hague. The ministry has around 2500 civil servants. The civil service is headed by a secretary general and a deputy secretary general, who head a system of three directorates general: Primary and Secondary Education; Higher Education, Professional Training and Sciences; and Culture and Media. It has several autonomous agencies: Central Financial Institution, which is responsible for the execution of financial policies: Institute Collection Netherlands; National Archive; Government Service for Archeology, Cultural Landscape and Monuments; Education Inspection; Cultural Conservation Inspection; Council for Science and Technology; Policy; Council for Education; and the Council for Culture. History The predecessor of the ministry, the Ministry of Education, Arts and Sciences was founded in 1918, as it became autonomous from the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations. It was founded as a result of the resolution of the school struggle, the conflict about the equalisation of the finance for religious and public schools. During the German occupation the ministry was renamed Department for Education, Sciences and Cultural Conservation and a separate Department for Propaganda and Arts. In 1965 the department for arts was integrated into the new Ministry of Culture, Recreation and Social Work. In 1982 this cultural department was integrated into the Ministry of Health. In 1996 cultural department returned to the Ministry of Education. See also List of ministers of education of the Netherlands References ^ https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/prinsjesdag/miljoenennota-en-rijksbegroting ^ Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap (2011-08-26). "Ministry of Education, Culture and Science - Government.nl". www.government.nl. Retrieved 2021-08-23. ^ "#1 Platform to fund your Study Abroad - Scholarships, Education loan | WeMakeScholars". www.wemakescholars.com. Retrieved 2021-08-23. ^ "Ministry of Education, Culture and Science / Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap". Deutscher Bildungsserver (in German). Retrieved 2021-08-23. External links Media related to Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (the Netherlands) at Wikimedia Commons (in Dutch) Ministerie van Onderwijs, Cultuur en Wetenschap (Rijksoverheid) vteMinisters of Education of the NetherlandsMinistry of Education, Culture and Science De Visser Rutgers Waszink Terpstra Marchant Slotemaker de Bruine Schrieke Bolkestein Van der Leeuw Gielen Rutten Cals Klompé Cals Klompé Bot Diepenhorst Veringa Van Veen Van Kemenade Pais Van Kemenade Deetman Braks Ritzen Hermans Van der Hoeven Plasterk Rouvoet Van Bijsterveldt Bussemaker Van Engelshoven Dijkgraaf vteGovernment of the NetherlandsStructure and processStructureGovernmentMonarch and the Ministers, including Ministers without PortfolioCouncil of MinistersMinisters, including Ministers without Portfolio, chaired by the Prime Minister and one or more Deputy Prime MinistersCabinet (list)Ministers, including Ministers without Portfolio and State SecretariesProcess Demissionary cabinet Formateur Dutch cabinet formation Ministries General Affairs Interior and Kingdom Relations Foreign Affairs Finance Justice and Security Economic Affairs and Climate Policy Defence Health, Welfare and Sport Social Affairs and Employment Education, Culture and Science Infrastructure and Water Management Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality Cabinets Schimmelpenninck De Kempenaer–Donker Curtius Thorbecke I Van Hall-Donker Curtius Van der Brugghen Rochussen Van Hall–Van Heemstra Van Zuylen van Nijevelt–Van Heemstra Thorbecke II Fransen van de Putte Van Zuylen van Nijevelt Van Bosse–Fock Thorbecke III De Vries–Fransen van de Putte Heemskerk–Van Lynden van Sandenburg Kappeyne van de Coppello Van Lynden van Sandenburg J. Heemskerk Mackay Van Tienhoven Röell Pierson Kuyper De Meester T. Heemskerk Cort van der Linden Ruijs de Beerenbrouck I Ruijs de Beerenbrouck II Colijn I De Geer I Ruijs de Beerenbrouck III Colijn II Colijn III Colijn IV Colijn V De Geer II Gerbrandy I Gerbrandy II Gerbrandy III Schermerhorn–Drees Beel I Drees–Van Schaik Drees I Drees II Drees III Beel II De Quay Marijnen Cals Zijlstra De Jong Biesheuvel I Biesheuvel II Den Uyl Van Agt I Van Agt II Van Agt III Lubbers I Lubbers II Lubbers III Kok I Kok II Balkenende I Balkenende II Balkenende III Balkenende IV Rutte I Rutte II Rutte III Rutte IV Portal:Politics Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany People Trove 2
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The Ministry was created in 1918 as the Ministry of Education, Arts and Sciences and had several name changes before it became the Education, Culture and Science in 1994. The Ministry is headed by the Minister of Education, Culture and Science, currently Robbert Dijkgraaf.","title":"Ministry of Education, Culture and Science (Netherlands)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education"},{"link_name":"kindergarten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindergarten"},{"link_name":"primary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_education"},{"link_name":"secondary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_education"},{"link_name":"vocational training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_training"},{"link_name":"higher education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education"},{"link_name":"Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture"},{"link_name":"arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts"},{"link_name":"public broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science"},{"link_name":"innovation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innovation"}],"text":"The mission of the ministry is to \"work for a smart, able and creative Netherlands\". The ministry is responsible for three fields of policy:[2]The whole of education, from kindergarten, via primary education and secondary education to vocational training and higher education;\nCulture, arts and the public broadcasting;\nScience and innovation.","title":"Responsibilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hoftoren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoftoren"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The ministry is currently headed by two ministers and one state secretary. The ministry's main office is located in the Hoftoren, the tallest building of The Hague. The ministry has around 2500 civil servants. The civil service is headed by a secretary general and a deputy secretary general, who head a system of three directorates general:[3]Primary and Secondary Education;\nHigher Education, Professional Training and Sciences;\nand Culture and Media.It has several autonomous agencies:Central Financial Institution, which is responsible for the execution of financial policies:\nInstitute Collection Netherlands;\nNational Archive;\nGovernment Service for Archeology, Cultural Landscape and Monuments;\nEducation Inspection;\nCultural Conservation Inspection;\nCouncil for Science and Technology; Policy;\nCouncil for Education;\nand the Council for Culture.","title":"Organisation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Interior_and_Kingdom_Relations"},{"link_name":"school struggle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_struggle_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"German occupation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health,_Welfare_and_Sport_(Netherlands)"}],"text":"The predecessor of the ministry, the Ministry of Education, Arts and Sciences was founded in 1918, as it became autonomous from the Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations. It was founded as a result of the resolution of the school struggle, the conflict about the equalisation of the finance for religious and public schools.[4] During the German occupation the ministry was renamed Department for Education, Sciences and Cultural Conservation and a separate Department for Propaganda and Arts. In 1965 the department for arts was integrated into the new Ministry of Culture, Recreation and Social Work. In 1982 this cultural department was integrated into the Ministry of Health. In 1996 cultural department returned to the Ministry of Education.","title":"History"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbey,_Seine-et-Marne
Barbey, Seine-et-Marne
["1 Demographics","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 48°21′54″N 3°03′25″E / 48.365°N 3.0569°E / 48.365; 3.0569Commune in Île-de-France, FranceBarbeyCommuneThe town hall in BarbeyLocation of Barbey BarbeyShow map of FranceBarbeyShow map of Île-de-France (region)Coordinates: 48°21′54″N 3°03′25″E / 48.365°N 3.0569°E / 48.365; 3.0569CountryFranceRegionÎle-de-FranceDepartmentSeine-et-MarneArrondissementProvinsCantonMontereau-Fault-YonneIntercommunalityCC Pays de MontereauGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Daniel VilletteArea14.32 km2 (1.67 sq mi)Population (2021)153 • Density35/km2 (92/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code77021 /77130Elevation50–59 m (164–194 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Barbey (French pronunciation: ⓘ) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. Demographics The inhabitants are called Barbésiens. See also Communes of the Seine-et-Marne department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022. ^ "Populations légales 2021". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barbey. 1999 Land Use, from IAURIF (Institute for Urban Planning and Development of the Paris-Île-de-France région) (in English) Base Mérimée: Search for heritage in the commune, Ministère français de la Culture. (in French) vte Communes of the Seine-et-Marne department Achères-la-Forêt Amillis Amponville Andrezel Annet-sur-Marne Arbonne-la-Forêt Argentières Armentières-en-Brie Arville Aubepierre-Ozouer-le-Repos Aufferville Augers-en-Brie Aulnoy Avon Baby Bagneaux-sur-Loing Bailly-Romainvilliers Balloy Bannost-Villegagnon Barbey Barbizon Barcy Bassevelle Bazoches-lès-Bray Beauchery-Saint-Martin Beaumont-du-Gâtinais Beautheil-Saints Beauvoir Bellot Bernay-Vilbert Beton-Bazoches Bezalles Blandy Blennes Boisdon Bois-le-Roi Boissettes Boissise-la-Bertrand Boissise-le-Roi Boissy-aux-Cailles Boissy-le-Châtel Boitron Bombon Bougligny Boulancourt Bouleurs Bourron-Marlotte Boutigny Bransles Bray-sur-Seine Bréau Brie-Comte-Robert La Brosse-Montceaux Brou-sur-Chantereine Burcy Bussières Bussy-Saint-Georges Bussy-Saint-Martin Buthiers Cannes-Écluse Carnetin La Celle-sur-Morin Cély Cerneux Cesson Cessoy-en-Montois Chailly-en-Bière Chailly-en-Brie Chaintreaux Chalautre-la-Grande Chalautre-la-Petite Chalifert Chalmaison Chambry Chamigny Champagne-sur-Seine Champcenest Champdeuil Champeaux Champs-sur-Marne Changis-sur-Marne Chanteloup-en-Brie La Chapelle-Gauthier La Chapelle-Iger La Chapelle-la-Reine La Chapelle-Moutils La Chapelle-Rablais La Chapelle-Saint-Sulpice Les Chapelles-Bourbon Charmentray Charny Chartrettes Chartronges Châteaubleau Château-Landon Le Châtelet-en-Brie Châtenay-sur-Seine Châtenoy Châtillon-la-Borde Châtres Chauconin-Neufmontiers Chauffry Chaumes-en-Brie Chelles Chenoise-Cucharmoy Chenou Chessy Chevrainvilliers Chevru Chevry-Cossigny Chevry-en-Sereine Choisy-en-Brie Citry Claye-Souilly Clos-Fontaine Cocherel Collégien Combs-la-Ville Compans Conches-sur-Gondoire Condé-Sainte-Libiaire Congis-sur-Thérouanne Coubert Couilly-Pont-aux-Dames Coulombs-en-Valois Coulommes Coulommiers Coupvray Courcelles-en-Bassée Courchamp Courpalay Courquetaine Courtacon Courtomer Courtry Coutençon Coutevroult Crécy-la-Chapelle Crégy-lès-Meaux Crèvecœur-en-Brie Crisenoy Croissy-Beaubourg La Croix-en-Brie Crouy-sur-Ourcq Cuisy Dagny Dammarie-lès-Lys Dammartin-en-Goële Dammartin-sur-Tigeaux Dampmart Darvault Dhuisy Diant Donnemarie-Dontilly Dormelles Doue Douy-la-Ramée Échouboulains Les Écrennes Égligny Égreville Émerainville Esbly Esmans Étrépilly Everly Évry-Grégy-sur-Yerre Faremoutiers Favières Faÿ-lès-Nemours Féricy Férolles-Attilly Ferrières-en-Brie La Ferté-Gaucher La Ferté-sous-Jouarre Flagy Fleury-en-Bière Fontainebleausubpr Fontaine-Fourches Fontaine-le-Port Fontains Fontenailles Fontenay-Trésigny Forfry Forges Fouju Fresnes-sur-Marne Frétoy Fromont Fublaines Garentreville Gastins La Genevraye Germigny-l'Évêque Germigny-sous-Coulombs Gesvres-le-Chapitre Giremoutiers Gironville Gouaix Gouvernes La Grande-Paroisse Grandpuits-Bailly-Carrois Gravon Gressy Gretz-Armainvilliers Grez-sur-Loing Grisy-Suisnes Grisy-sur-Seine Guérard Guercheville Guermantes Guignes Gurcy-le-Châtel Hautefeuille La Haute-Maison Héricy Hermé Hondevilliers La Houssaye-en-Brie Ichy Isles-les-Meldeuses Isles-lès-Villenoy Iverny Jablines Jaignes Jaulnes Jossigny Jouarre Jouy-le-Châtel Jouy-sur-Morin Juilly Jutigny Lagny-sur-Marne Larchant Laval-en-Brie Léchelle Lescherolles Lesches Lésigny Leudon-en-Brie Lieusaint Limoges-Fourches Lissy Liverdy-en-Brie Livry-sur-Seine Lizines Lizy-sur-Ourcq Lognes Longperrier Longueville Lorrez-le-Bocage-Préaux Louan-Villegruis-Fontaine Luisetaines Lumigny-Nesles-Ormeaux Luzancy Machault La Madeleine-sur-Loing Magny-le-Hongre Maincy Maisoncelles-en-Brie Maisoncelles-en-Gâtinais Maison-Rouge Marchémoret Marcilly Les Marêts Mareuil-lès-Meaux Marles-en-Brie Marolles-en-Brie Marolles-sur-Seine Mary-sur-Marne Mauperthuis Mauregard May-en-Multien Meauxsubpr Le Mée-sur-Seine Meigneux Meilleray Melunpref Melz-sur-Seine Méry-sur-Marne Le Mesnil-Amelot Messy Misy-sur-Yonne Mitry-Mory Moisenay Moissy-Cramayel Mondreville Mons-en-Montois Montceaux-lès-Meaux Montceaux-lès-Provins Montcourt-Fromonville Montdauphin Montenils Montereau-Fault-Yonne Montereau-sur-le-Jard Montévrain Montgé-en-Goële Monthyon Montigny-le-Guesdier Montigny-Lencoup Montigny-sur-Loing Montmachoux Montolivet Montry Moret-Loing-et-Orvanne Mormant Mortcerf Mortery Mouroux Mousseaux-lès-Bray Moussy-le-Neuf Moussy-le-Vieux Mouy-sur-Seine Nandy Nangis Nanteau-sur-Essonne Nanteau-sur-Lunain Nanteuil-lès-Meaux Nanteuil-sur-Marne Nantouillet Nemours Neufmoutiers-en-Brie Noisiel Noisy-Rudignon Noisy-sur-École Nonville Noyen-sur-Seine Obsonville Ocquerre Oissery Orly-sur-Morin Ormesson Les Ormes-sur-Voulzie Othis Ozoir-la-Ferrière Ozouer-le-Voulgis Paley Pamfou Paroy Passy-sur-Seine Pécy Penchard Perthes Pézarches Pierre-Levée Le Pin Le Plessis-aux-Bois Le Plessis-Feu-Aussoux Le Plessis-l'Évêque Le Plessis-Placy Poigny Poincy Poligny Pommeuse Pomponne Pontault-Combault Pontcarré Précy-sur-Marne Presles-en-Brie Pringy Provinssubpr Puisieux Quiers Quincy-Voisins Rampillon Réau Rebais Recloses Remauville Reuil-en-Brie La Rochette Roissy-en-Brie Rouilly Rouvres Rozay-en-Brie Rubelles Rumont Rupéreux Saâcy-sur-Marne Sablonnières Saint-Augustin Saint-Barthélemy Saint-Brice Saint-Cyr-sur-Morin Saint-Denis-lès-Rebais Sainte-Aulde Sainte-Colombe Saint-Fargeau-Ponthierry Saint-Fiacre Saint-Germain-Laval Saint-Germain-Laxis Saint-Germain-sous-Doue Saint-Germain-sur-École Saint-Germain-sur-Morin Saint-Hilliers Saint-Jean-les-Deux-Jumeaux Saint-Just-en-Brie Saint-Léger Saint-Loup-de-Naud Saint-Mammès Saint-Mard Saint-Mars-Vieux-Maisons Saint-Martin-des-Champs Saint-Martin-du-Boschet Saint-Martin-en-Bière Saint-Méry Saint-Mesmes Saint-Ouen-en-Brie Saint-Ouen-sur-Morin Saint-Pathus Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours Saint-Rémy-de-la-Vanne Saint-Sauveur-lès-Bray Saint-Sauveur-sur-École Saint-Siméon Saint-Soupplets Saint-Thibault-des-Vignes Salins Sammeron Samois-sur-Seine Samoreau Sancy Sancy-lès-Provins Savigny-le-Temple Savins Seine-Port Sept-Sorts Serris Servon Signy-Signets Sigy Sivry-Courtry Sognolles-en-Montois Soignolles-en-Brie Soisy-Bouy Solers Souppes-sur-Loing Sourdun Tancrou Thénisy Thieux Thomery Thorigny-sur-Marne Thoury-Férottes Tigeaux La Tombe Torcysubpr Touquin Tournan-en-Brie Tousson La Trétoire Treuzy-Levelay Trilbardou Trilport Trocy-en-Multien Ury Ussy-sur-Marne Vaires-sur-Marne Valence-en-Brie Vanvillé Varennes-sur-Seine Varreddes Vaucourtois Le Vaudoué Vaudoy-en-Brie Vaux-le-Pénil Vaux-sur-Lunain Vendrest Verdelot Verneuil-l'Étang Vernou-la-Celle-sur-Seine Vert-Saint-Denis Vieux-Champagne Vignely Villebéon Villecerf Villemaréchal Villemareuil Villemer Villenauxe-la-Petite Villeneuve-le-Comte Villeneuve-les-Bordes Villeneuve-Saint-Denis Villeneuve-sous-Dammartin Villeneuve-sur-Bellot Villenoy Villeparisis Villeroy Ville-Saint-Jacques Villevaudé Villiers-en-Bière Villiers-Saint-Georges Villiers-sous-Grez Villiers-sur-Morin Villiers-sur-Seine Villuis Vimpelles Vinantes Vincy-Manœuvre Voinsles Voisenon Voulangis Voulton Voulx Vulaines-lès-Provins Vulaines-sur-Seine Yèbles pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases: National France BnF data This article related to a Seine-et-Marne location is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[baʁbɛ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c2/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Xenoph%C3%B4n-Barbey.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Xenoph%C3%B4n-Barbey.wav.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Xenoph%C3%B4n-Barbey.wav"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Seine-et-Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine-et-Marne"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Île-de-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele-de-France"},{"link_name":"region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Île-de-France, FranceBarbey (French pronunciation: [baʁbɛ] ⓘ) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France.","title":"Barbey, Seine-et-Marne"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The inhabitants are called Barbésiens.","title":"Demographics"}]
[]
[{"title":"Communes of the Seine-et-Marne department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Seine-et-Marne_department"}]
[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-77021","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakefield,_Nebraska
Wakefield, Nebraska
["1 History","2 Demographics","2.1 2010 census","2.2 2000 census","3 Economy","4 Geography","4.1 Climate","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 42°16′00″N 96°51′47″W / 42.26667°N 96.86306°W / 42.26667; -96.86306City in Dixon and Wayne counties in Nebraska, United States City in Nebraska, United StatesWakefield, NebraskaCityMichael Foods egg-processing plant in Wakefield, March 2010Location of Wakefield, NebraskaCoordinates: 42°16′00″N 96°51′47″W / 42.26667°N 96.86306°W / 42.26667; -96.86306CountryUnited StatesStateNebraskaCountiesDixon, WayneArea • Total1.13 sq mi (2.93 km2) • Land1.06 sq mi (2.75 km2) • Water0.07 sq mi (0.18 km2)Elevation1,391 ft (424 m)Population (2020) • Total1,522 • Density1,433.15/sq mi (553.13/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code68784Area code402FIPS code31-51070GNIS feature ID2397168Websitewww.ci.wakefield.ne.us Wakefield is a city in Dixon and Wayne Counties in the State of Nebraska. The population was 1,451 at the 2010 census. The Dixon County portion of Wakefield is part of the Sioux City metropolitan area. History Wakefield got its start in the year 1881, following construction of the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railway through the territory. It was named for L. W. Wakefield, a railroad engineer. Wakefield was incorporated in 1883. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1900755—191086114.0%19201,11429.4%19301,112−0.2%1940961−13.6%19501,0276.9%19601,0684.0%19701,1608.6%19801,125−3.0%19901,082−3.8%20001,41130.4%20101,4512.8%20201,5224.9%U.S. Decennial Census 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 1,451 people, 534 households, and 352 families living in the city. The population density was 1,667.8 inhabitants per square mile (643.9/km2). There were 575 housing units at an average density of 660.9 per square mile (255.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 75.6% White, 0.4% African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 21.4% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 33.6% of the population. There were 534 households, of which 32.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.7% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.1% were non-families. 30.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.23. The median age in the city was 38 years. 25.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.8% were from 25 to 44; 23.1% were from 45 to 64; and 18.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.6% male and 52.4% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 1,411 people, 522 households, and 346 families living in the city. The population density was 2,020.4 inhabitants per square mile (780.1/km2). There were 558 housing units at an average density of 799.0 per square mile (308.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 83.63% White, 1.13% Native American, 0.43% Asian, 13.68% from other races, and 1.13% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 17.43% of the population. There were 522 households, out of which 32.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.0% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.7% were non-families. 30.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.25. In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.2% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 18.3% from 45 to 64, and 21.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.0 males. As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $32,308, and the median income for a family was $41,429. Males had a median income of $26,607 versus $20,789 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,830. About 5.6% of families and 7.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.8% of those under age 18 and 9.4% of those age 65 or over. Economy The largest employer in Wakefield is the Michael Foods egg-processing plant, with 800 employees. Other major employers include Wakefield Health Care Center, a nursing home with 65 employees; Wakefield Public School, with 55 employees; Central Valley Ag, a supplier of fertilizer and farm supplies, with 20 employees; and Roses Transport, a freight-hauling company with 17 employees. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.94 square miles (2.43 km2), of which 0.87 square miles (2.25 km2) is land and 0.07 square miles (0.18 km2) is water. Climate Climate data for Wakefield, Nebraska (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1897−present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 73(23) 73(23) 89(32) 101(38) 109(43) 108(42) 115(46) 110(43) 103(39) 96(36) 83(28) 72(22) 115(46) Mean maximum °F (°C) 53.9(12.2) 58.8(14.9) 73.9(23.3) 83.3(28.5) 90.7(32.6) 95.2(35.1) 95.7(35.4) 93.9(34.4) 90.9(32.7) 85.6(29.8) 70.7(21.5) 55.2(12.9) 98.3(36.8) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 31.7(−0.2) 36.9(2.7) 49.8(9.9) 62.8(17.1) 73.3(22.9) 83.0(28.3) 86.3(30.2) 84.1(28.9) 78.3(25.7) 65.1(18.4) 48.2(9.0) 35.1(1.7) 61.2(16.2) Daily mean °F (°C) 20.6(−6.3) 25.3(−3.7) 36.7(2.6) 48.5(9.2) 59.7(15.4) 70.0(21.1) 73.4(23.0) 71.3(21.8) 63.9(17.7) 51.1(10.6) 35.9(2.2) 24.3(−4.3) 48.4(9.1) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 9.5(−12.5) 13.7(−10.2) 23.7(−4.6) 34.2(1.2) 46.1(7.8) 57.1(13.9) 60.6(15.9) 58.5(14.7) 49.6(9.8) 37.2(2.9) 23.5(−4.7) 13.6(−10.2) 35.6(2.0) Mean minimum °F (°C) −13.6(−25.3) −8.0(−22.2) 2.8(−16.2) 18.2(−7.7) 31.9(−0.1) 45.9(7.7) 50.5(10.3) 48.2(9.0) 33.6(0.9) 19.1(−7.2) 4.7(−15.2) −7.2(−21.8) −17.6(−27.6) Record low °F (°C) −41(−41) −38(−39) −22(−30) −4(−20) 19(−7) 32(0) 40(4) 33(1) 17(−8) 0(−18) −18(−28) −28(−33) −41(−41) Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.74(19) 0.95(24) 1.67(42) 3.33(85) 4.12(105) 5.03(128) 3.13(80) 3.72(94) 3.01(76) 2.50(64) 1.40(36) 1.09(28) 30.69(780) Average snowfall inches (cm) 6.9(18) 8.1(21) 5.6(14) 2.8(7.1) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.6(1.5) 3.6(9.1) 7.9(20) 35.5(90) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 5.5 5.4 6.7 9.8 11.8 10.5 9.4 9.3 7.6 7.2 5.3 5.7 94.2 Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 4.9 4.7 2.8 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 2.0 4.7 21.2 Source: NOAA See also Nebraska portal List of municipalities in Nebraska References ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 18, 2022. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Wakefield, Nebraska ^ "Wakefield, Dixon County". Center for Advanced Land Management Information Technologies. University of Nebraska. Retrieved August 4, 2014. ^ Chicago and North Western Railway Company (1908). A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways. p. 195. ^ Huse, William (1896). History of Dixon County, Nebraska: Its Pioneers, Settlement, Growth and Development. Press of the Daily News. pp. 257. ^ United States Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Retrieved October 18, 2013. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 24, 2012. ^ "Community Fast Facts Profile: Wakefield, Nebraska". Nebraska Public Power District. Retrieved 2010-03-05 ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 24, 2012. ^ "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 18, 2021. ^ "Station: Wakefield, NE". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 18, 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wakefield, Nebraska. Official website vteMunicipalities and communities of Dixon County, Nebraska, United StatesCounty seat: PoncaCities Ponca Wakefield‡ Map of Nebraska highlighting Dixon CountyVillages Allen Concord Dixon Emerson‡ Martinsburg Maskell Newcastle Waterbury Townships Clark Concord Daily Emerson Galena Hooker Logan Newcastle Ottercreek Ponca Silvercreek Springbank Wakefield Indian reservations Winnebago Reservation‡ Unincorporatedcommunity Lime Grove Ghost town Ionia Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Nebraska portal United States portal vteMunicipalities and communities of Wayne County, Nebraska, United StatesCounty seat: WayneCities Wakefield‡ Wayne Map of Nebraska highlighting Wayne CountyVillages Carroll Hoskins Sholes Winside Unincorporatedcommunity Altona Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Nebraska portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixon_County,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_County,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"Sioux City metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_City_metropolitan_area"}],"text":"City in Dixon and Wayne counties in Nebraska, United StatesCity in Nebraska, United StatesWakefield is a city in Dixon and Wayne Counties in the State of Nebraska. The population was 1,451 at the 2010 census.The Dixon County portion of Wakefield is part of the Sioux City metropolitan area.","title":"Wakefield, Nebraska"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago,_St._Paul,_Minneapolis_and_Omaha_Railway"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Wakefield got its start in the year 1881, following construction of the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railway through the territory.[3] It was named for L. W. Wakefield, a railroad engineer.[4] Wakefield was incorporated in 1883.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-7"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[7] of 2010, there were 1,451 people, 534 households, and 352 families living in the city. The population density was 1,667.8 inhabitants per square mile (643.9/km2). There were 575 housing units at an average density of 660.9 per square mile (255.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 75.6% White, 0.4% African American, 0.5% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 21.4% from other races, and 1.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 33.6% of the population.There were 534 households, of which 32.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.7% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.7% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.1% were non-families. 30.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.23.The median age in the city was 38 years. 25.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.8% were from 25 to 44; 23.1% were from 45 to 64; and 18.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.6% male and 52.4% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census of 2000, there were 1,411 people, 522 households, and 346 families living in the city. The population density was 2,020.4 inhabitants per square mile (780.1/km2). There were 558 housing units at an average density of 799.0 per square mile (308.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 83.63% White, 1.13% Native American, 0.43% Asian, 13.68% from other races, and 1.13% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 17.43% of the population.There were 522 households, out of which 32.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.0% were married couples living together, 9.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.7% were non-families. 30.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 19.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.25.In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.2% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 24.9% from 25 to 44, 18.3% from 45 to 64, and 21.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.0 males.As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $32,308, and the median income for a family was $41,429. Males had a median income of $26,607 versus $20,789 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,830. About 5.6% of families and 7.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.8% of those under age 18 and 9.4% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Foods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Foods"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The largest employer in Wakefield is the Michael Foods egg-processing plant, with 800 employees. Other major employers include Wakefield Health Care Center, a nursing home with 65 employees; Wakefield Public School, with 55 employees; Central Valley Ag, a supplier of fertilizer and farm supplies, with 20 employees; and Roses Transport, a freight-hauling company with 17 employees.[8]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-9"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.94 square miles (2.43 km2), of which 0.87 square miles (2.25 km2) is land and 0.07 square miles (0.18 km2) is water.[9]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCEI-11"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Climate data for Wakefield, Nebraska (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1897−present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n73(23)\n\n73(23)\n\n89(32)\n\n101(38)\n\n109(43)\n\n108(42)\n\n115(46)\n\n110(43)\n\n103(39)\n\n96(36)\n\n83(28)\n\n72(22)\n\n115(46)\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n53.9(12.2)\n\n58.8(14.9)\n\n73.9(23.3)\n\n83.3(28.5)\n\n90.7(32.6)\n\n95.2(35.1)\n\n95.7(35.4)\n\n93.9(34.4)\n\n90.9(32.7)\n\n85.6(29.8)\n\n70.7(21.5)\n\n55.2(12.9)\n\n98.3(36.8)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n31.7(−0.2)\n\n36.9(2.7)\n\n49.8(9.9)\n\n62.8(17.1)\n\n73.3(22.9)\n\n83.0(28.3)\n\n86.3(30.2)\n\n84.1(28.9)\n\n78.3(25.7)\n\n65.1(18.4)\n\n48.2(9.0)\n\n35.1(1.7)\n\n61.2(16.2)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n20.6(−6.3)\n\n25.3(−3.7)\n\n36.7(2.6)\n\n48.5(9.2)\n\n59.7(15.4)\n\n70.0(21.1)\n\n73.4(23.0)\n\n71.3(21.8)\n\n63.9(17.7)\n\n51.1(10.6)\n\n35.9(2.2)\n\n24.3(−4.3)\n\n48.4(9.1)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n9.5(−12.5)\n\n13.7(−10.2)\n\n23.7(−4.6)\n\n34.2(1.2)\n\n46.1(7.8)\n\n57.1(13.9)\n\n60.6(15.9)\n\n58.5(14.7)\n\n49.6(9.8)\n\n37.2(2.9)\n\n23.5(−4.7)\n\n13.6(−10.2)\n\n35.6(2.0)\n\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n−13.6(−25.3)\n\n−8.0(−22.2)\n\n2.8(−16.2)\n\n18.2(−7.7)\n\n31.9(−0.1)\n\n45.9(7.7)\n\n50.5(10.3)\n\n48.2(9.0)\n\n33.6(0.9)\n\n19.1(−7.2)\n\n4.7(−15.2)\n\n−7.2(−21.8)\n\n−17.6(−27.6)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−41(−41)\n\n−38(−39)\n\n−22(−30)\n\n−4(−20)\n\n19(−7)\n\n32(0)\n\n40(4)\n\n33(1)\n\n17(−8)\n\n0(−18)\n\n−18(−28)\n\n−28(−33)\n\n−41(−41)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n0.74(19)\n\n0.95(24)\n\n1.67(42)\n\n3.33(85)\n\n4.12(105)\n\n5.03(128)\n\n3.13(80)\n\n3.72(94)\n\n3.01(76)\n\n2.50(64)\n\n1.40(36)\n\n1.09(28)\n\n30.69(780)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n6.9(18)\n\n8.1(21)\n\n5.6(14)\n\n2.8(7.1)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.6(1.5)\n\n3.6(9.1)\n\n7.9(20)\n\n35.5(90)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n5.5\n\n5.4\n\n6.7\n\n9.8\n\n11.8\n\n10.5\n\n9.4\n\n9.3\n\n7.6\n\n7.2\n\n5.3\n\n5.7\n\n94.2\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n4.9\n\n4.7\n\n2.8\n\n1.5\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.6\n\n2.0\n\n4.7\n\n21.2\n\n\nSource: NOAA[10][11]","title":"Geography"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of Nebraska highlighting Dixon County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Map_of_Nebraska_highlighting_Dixon_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Nebraska_highlighting_Dixon_County.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Map of Nebraska highlighting Wayne County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Map_of_Nebraska_highlighting_Wayne_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Nebraska_highlighting_Wayne_County.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Nebraska portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Nebraska"},{"title":"List of municipalities in Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Nebraska"}]
[{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wakefield, Dixon County\". Center for Advanced Land Management Information Technologies. University of Nebraska. Retrieved August 4, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.casde.unl.edu/history/counties/dixon/wakefield/","url_text":"\"Wakefield, Dixon County\""}]},{"reference":"Chicago and North Western Railway Company (1908). A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways. p. 195.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OspBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA195","url_text":"A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways"}]},{"reference":"Huse, William (1896). History of Dixon County, Nebraska: Its Pioneers, Settlement, Growth and Development. Press of the Daily News. pp. 257.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofdixonco01huse","url_text":"History of Dixon County, Nebraska: Its Pioneers, Settlement, Growth and Development"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofdixonco01huse/page/257","url_text":"257"}]},{"reference":"United States Census Bureau. \"Census of Population and Housing\". Retrieved October 18, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 24, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weather.gov/wrh/Climate?wfo=fsd","url_text":"\"NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Station: Wakefield, NE\". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00258915&format=pdf","url_text":"\"Station: Wakefield, NE\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wakefield,_Nebraska&params=42_16_00_N_96_51_47_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"42°16′00″N 96°51′47″W / 42.26667°N 96.86306°W / 42.26667; -96.86306"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wakefield,_Nebraska&params=42_16_00_N_96_51_47_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"42°16′00″N 96°51′47″W / 42.26667°N 96.86306°W / 42.26667; -96.86306"},{"Link":"http://www.ci.wakefield.ne.us/","external_links_name":"www.ci.wakefield.ne.us"},{"Link":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","external_links_name":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2397168","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Wakefield, Nebraska"},{"Link":"http://www.casde.unl.edu/history/counties/dixon/wakefield/","external_links_name":"\"Wakefield, Dixon County\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OspBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA195","external_links_name":"A History of the Origin of the Place Names Connected with the Chicago & North Western and Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha Railways"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofdixonco01huse","external_links_name":"History of Dixon County, Nebraska: Its Pioneers, Settlement, Growth and Development"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historyofdixonco01huse/page/257","external_links_name":"257"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"http://sites.nppd.com/aedc/fastfacts.asp?city=Wakefield","external_links_name":"\"Community Fast Facts Profile: Wakefield, Nebraska\"."},{"Link":"http://sites.nppd.com/","external_links_name":"Nebraska Public Power District."},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"Link":"https://www.weather.gov/wrh/Climate?wfo=fsd","external_links_name":"\"NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00258915&format=pdf","external_links_name":"\"Station: Wakefield, NE\""},{"Link":"http://www.ci.wakefield.ne.us/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/133711930","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007566809705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82059815","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_ol_Kheyr,_Isfahan
Abu ol Kheyr, Isfahan
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 32°24′52″N 52°26′48″E / 32.41444°N 52.44667°E / 32.41444; 52.44667Village in Isfahan, IranAbu ol Kheyr ابوالخيرvillageAbu ol KheyrCoordinates: 32°24′52″N 52°26′48″E / 32.41444°N 52.44667°E / 32.41444; 52.44667Country IranProvinceIsfahanCountyIsfahanBakhshBon RudRural DistrictRudasht-e SharqiPopulation (2006) • Total301Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Abu ol Kheyr (Persian: ابوالخير, also Romanized as Abū ol Kheyr and Abowlkheyr; also known as Abolkheyr) is a village in Rudasht-e Sharqi Rural District, Bon Rud District, Isfahan County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 301, in 83 families. References ^ Abu ol Kheyr can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "6013551" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Isfahan CountyCapital Isfahan DistrictsCentralCities Baharestan Isfahan Qahjavarestan Rural Districts and villagesBaraan-e Jonubi(South Baraan) Abbasabad Andalan Azvarcheh Borkan Cham Dehkaram Eziran Hajjiabad Hermedan Hormozabad Karveh Kolartan Koludan Lian Ozvar Pileh Varan Rahimabad Ruran Shidan Zaghmar Ziar Baraan-e Shomali(North Baraan) Abad-e Eram Posht Abad-e Soleyman Bacheh Bersian Dastgerd-e Mar Dastja Dideran Dulab Esfina Espart Fasaran Hajjiabad Hoseynabad-e Ashkashan Jaja Javar Jowzdan Kaj Karevanchi Kondelan Konjevan Kuhan Mehdiabad Monshian Namzad Timyart Vajjareh Yahyaabad Jey Atasharan Fenart Histan Isfahan Tree Research Centre Jey Shir Jowharan Kalamkhvaran Kuy-e Golestan Kuy-e Rowshan Shahr Molana Safi Qaleh Sarab Qaleh-ye Bertianchi Raran Rowshan Dasht Salimi Sanjavan Marreh Seresh Badaran Shahid Beheshti Training Camp Shahrak-e Zayandeh Rud Zardanjan Zavan Keraj Bastanabad Cheryan Dashti Denarat Esfehanak Eshkavand Fizadan Golestaneh Heydarabad Ichi Jar Kabjavan Kabutarabad Kabutarabad Agricultural Education Centre Karchegan Keychi Kuy-e Rah-e Haq Lashtar Integrated Quarry Margh-e Gachi Qaleh-ye Chum Qaleh-ye Shur Raddan Rashenan Sadeqabad Yafran Mahmudabad Aminabad Azadegan Industrial Works Complex Hoseynabad va Mahmudabad Industrial Estate of Isfahan Mahmudabad Shahrak-e Bakhtiar Dasht Shahrak-e Shahid Montazeri Shahrak-e Vali-ye Asr Qahab-e Jonubi(South Qahab) Aliabad Aminabad Chengan Firuzabad Gavart Hasanabad Isfahan Refrigerated Produce Company Jey Industrial Estate Jaladeran Jilanabad Kalmanjan Khatunabad Mazraeh-ye Gavart Qaleh-ye Torkan Sepahan Factory Town Complex Shahabad Susart Qahab-e Shomali(North Qahab) Amorzidehabad Andevan Baharan Dinan Haftshuiyeh Hasseh Hatmabad Isfahan Airport Isfahan Airport Industries Jelvan Jolmarz Kian Laftun Mulenjan Murnan Qahjavarestan Zamanabad Bon RudCities Varzaneh Rural Districts and villagesGavkhuni Balan Baqerabad Bazm Hashemabad Kebrit Oshkohran Qaleh Emam Qurtan Sharifabad Sohran Rudasht-e Sharqi(East Rudasht) Abu ol Kheyr Farfan Jondan Kafran Kafrud Rangi Deh Tahmuresat Jarqavieh Olya(Upper Jarqavieh)Cities Hasanabad Rural Districts and villagesJarqavieh Olya(Upper Jaraqavieh) Allahabad Dastjerd Kamalabad Khara Malvajerd Ramsheh Ahmadabad Asadabad Esfandaran Feyzabad Haresabad Mobarakeh Ramsheh Jarqavieh Sofla(Lower Jarqavieh)Cities Mohammadabad Nasrabad Nikabad Rural Districts and villagesJarqavieh Sofla(Lower Jarqavieh) Abbas Yazdani Ganjabad Qarneh Sian Jarqavieh Vosta(Middle Jarqavieh) Azar Khvaran Heydarabad Hoseynabad Mazraeh Arab Peykan Saadatabad JolgehCities Ezhiyeh Harand Rural Districts and villagesEmamzadeh Abdol Aziz Emamzadeh Abdol Aziz Feyzabad Gishi Halarteh Hashemabad Jombozeh Kamandan Kelil Kelishad Khorram Khvorchan Madargan Marchi Pajikabad Qaleh Abdollah Qaleh Sareban Qaleh-ye Bala-ye Sian Qehi Qomshan Sereyan Seyyedan Sharifabad Sichi Sokkan Sonuchi Rudasht Sian KuhpayehCities Kuhpayeh Sagzi Tudeshk Rural Districts and villagesJabal Ab Kharak Abbasabad Ali Ebrahim Aliabad Dakhrabad Harizeh Heydarabad Homageran Jezeh Kamal Beyk Karimabad Khvajeh Kichi Kordabad Luteri Mandabad Mazraeh-ye Bala Mir Homayun Mir Jafar Musaabad Olunabad Sahr Sesnabad Tin Jan Sistan Brick Factory Gypsum Factory, Isfahan Hojjatabad Brick Factory Mazraeh-ye Now Mehdiabad Sejzi Industrial Zone Sepid Poultry Company Vartun Yek Langi Tudeshk Abchuiyeh Aliabad Arvajeh Atr Afshan Bad Afshan Barzabad Bidabad Chirman-e Olya Chirman-e Sofla Darreh Shah Nazar Dastgerd Dastgerdu Delgosha Dowlatabad Emamzadeh Qasem Eshqabad Eyshabad Haft Yaran Hashemabad Air Force Base Hekmatestan Jeshuqan Jondabeh Key Khalti Khanabad Kharzanan Kheyrabad Mazraeh-ye Malek Mazraeh-ye Now Mazraeh-ye Nurollah Mazraeh-ye Yazdi Mir Lotfollah Moshkenan Seyyedabad Shamsabad Sorkhi Tutchi Vaj Yazdabad Zederk Zefreh Bagh-e Gol Fasharak Mazraeh-ye Abdollah Mazraeh-ye Barzangeh Mazraeh Mashhadi Mazraeh Rajabali Randavan Zefreh Iran portal This Isfahan County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Rudasht-e Sharqi Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudasht-e_Sharqi_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Bon Rud District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_Rud_District"},{"link_name":"Isfahan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_County"},{"link_name":"Isfahan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Isfahan, IranAbu ol Kheyr (Persian: ابوالخير, also Romanized as Abū ol Kheyr and Abowlkheyr; also known as Abolkheyr)[1] is a village in Rudasht-e Sharqi Rural District, Bon Rud District, Isfahan County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 301, in 83 families.[2]","title":"Abu ol Kheyr, Isfahan"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/10.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/10.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Abu_ol_Kheyr,_Isfahan&params=32_24_52_N_52_26_48_E_region:IR_type:city(301)","external_links_name":"32°24′52″N 52°26′48″E / 32.41444°N 52.44667°E / 32.41444; 52.44667"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Abu_ol_Kheyr,_Isfahan&params=32_24_52_N_52_26_48_E_region:IR_type:city(301)","external_links_name":"32°24′52″N 52°26′48″E / 32.41444°N 52.44667°E / 32.41444; 52.44667"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/10.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/10.xls","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abu_ol_Kheyr,_Isfahan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holliday,_Texas
Holliday, Texas
["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 Education","4 Climate","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 33°48′49″N 98°41′37″W / 33.81361°N 98.69361°W / 33.81361; -98.69361 City in Texas, United StatesHolliday, TexasCityLocation of Holliday, TexasCoordinates: 33°48′49″N 98°41′37″W / 33.81361°N 98.69361°W / 33.81361; -98.69361CountryUnited StatesStateTexasCountyArcherArea • Total2.44 sq mi (6.33 km2) • Land2.44 sq mi (6.33 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation1,053 ft (321 m)Population (2010) • Total1,758 • Estimate (2019)1,670 • Density683.03/sq mi (263.67/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code76366Area code940FIPS code48-34532GNIS feature ID1359420Websitewww.hollidaytx.org Holliday is a city in Archer County, Texas, United States. It is part of the Wichita Falls, Texas Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,758 at the 2010 census. The town is named for nearby Holliday Creek, named in turn for John Holliday, a member of a Republic of Texas military expedition. Geography Holliday is located in northern Archer County at 33°48′49″N 98°41′37″W / 33.81361°N 98.69361°W / 33.81361; -98.69361 (33.813609, –98.693508), 14 miles (23 km) southwest of downtown Wichita Falls in northern Texas. U.S. Routes 82 and 277 bypass the city on the northwest, leading northeast to Wichita Falls and southwest to Seymour. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.4 square miles (6.2 km2), all land. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1930786—19407981.5%19501,00726.2%19601,13913.1%19701,048−8.0%19801,34928.7%19901,4759.3%20001,63210.6%20101,7587.7%2019 (est.)1,670−5.0%U.S. Decennial Census Holliday racial composition as of 2020 (NH = Non-Hispanic) Race Number Percentage White (NH) 1,355 88.91% Native American or Alaska Native (NH) 13 0.85% Asian (NH) 3 0.2% Some Other Race (NH) 3 0.2% Mixed/Multi-Racial (NH) 71 4.66% Hispanic or Latino 79 5.18% Total 1,524 As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,524 people, 598 households, and 465 families residing in the city. Education Holliday is served by the Holliday Independent School District. Climate The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Holliday has a humid subtropical climate, Cfa on climate maps. References ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Holliday, Texas ^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ a b "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Holliday city, Texas". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved August 23, 2013. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved May 19, 2022. ^ https://www.census.gov/ ^ "About the Hispanic Population and its Origin". www.census.gov. Retrieved May 18, 2022. ^ Climate Summary for Holliday, Texas ^ Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race. External links City of Holliday official website Handbook of Texas article vteMunicipalities and communities of Archer County, Texas, United StatesCounty seat: Archer CityCities Archer City Holliday Scotland Archer County mapTowns Lakeside City Megargel Windthorst‡ Unincorporatedcommunities Dads Corner Dundee Mankins Ghost towns Anarene Huff Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Texas portal United States portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archer County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archer_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Wichita Falls, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita_Falls,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita_Falls_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-5"},{"link_name":"Holliday Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holliday_Creek_(Wichita_River)"},{"link_name":"Republic of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Texas"}],"text":"City in Texas, United StatesHolliday is a city in Archer County, Texas, United States. It is part of the Wichita Falls, Texas Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 1,758 at the 2010 census.[5] The town is named for nearby Holliday Creek, named in turn for John Holliday, a member of a Republic of Texas military expedition.","title":"Holliday, Texas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"33°48′49″N 98°41′37″W / 33.81361°N 98.69361°W / 33.81361; -98.69361","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Holliday,_Texas&params=33_48_49_N_98_41_37_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-6"},{"link_name":"82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"277","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_277_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Seymour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour,_Texas"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-5"}],"text":"Holliday is located in northern Archer County at 33°48′49″N 98°41′37″W / 33.81361°N 98.69361°W / 33.81361; -98.69361 (33.813609, –98.693508),[6] 14 miles (23 km) southwest of downtown Wichita Falls in northern Texas. U.S. Routes 82 and 277 bypass the city on the northwest, leading northeast to Wichita Falls and southwest to Seymour.According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.4 square miles (6.2 km2), all land.[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"}],"text":"As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,524 people, 598 households, and 465 families residing in the city.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holliday Independent School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holliday_Independent_School_District"}],"text":"Holliday is served by the Holliday Independent School District.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"humid subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Holliday has a humid subtropical climate, Cfa on climate maps.[11]","title":"Climate"}]
[{"image_text":"Archer County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Archer_County.svg/100px-Map_of_Texas_highlighting_Archer_County.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_48.txt","url_text":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html","url_text":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Holliday city, Texas\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved August 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200212204558/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US4834532","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Holliday city, Texas\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/G001/1600000US4834532","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". data.census.gov. Retrieved May 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US4834532&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the Hispanic Population and its Origin\". www.census.gov. Retrieved May 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/topics/population/hispanic-origin/about.html","url_text":"\"About the Hispanic Population and its Origin\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrabassett_Valley,_Maine
Carrabassett Valley, Maine
["1 Geography","2 Skiing","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 45°4′25″N 70°15′42″W / 45.07361°N 70.26167°W / 45.07361; -70.26167 Town in the state of Maine, United States Town in Maine, United StatesCarrabassett Valley, MaineTownMotto: "From Here On Out Your Life Will Never Be The Same"Carrabassett ValleyShow map of MaineCarrabassett ValleyShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 45°4′25″N 70°15′42″W / 45.07361°N 70.26167°W / 45.07361; -70.26167CountryUnited StatesStateMaineCountyFranklinVillagesBigelowCarrabassettRecordsArea • Total77.62 sq mi (201.03 km2) • Land77.48 sq mi (200.67 km2) • Water0.14 sq mi (0.36 km2)Elevation1,795 ft (547 m)Population (2020) • Total673 • Density9/sq mi (3.4/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code04947Area code207FIPS code23-10740GNIS feature ID0582391Websitewww.carrabassettvalley.org Carrabassett Valley is a town in Franklin County, Maine, United States. The population was 673 at the 2020 census. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 77.62 square miles (201.03 km2), of which 77.48 square miles (200.67 km2) is land and 0.14 square miles (0.36 km2) is water. It is named after the Carrabassett River, which flows through the town. The Appalachian Trail crosses the western side of the town, climbing the slopes of Sugarloaf Mountain and the summit of Crocker Mountain. Skiing Carrabassett Valley is home to Sugarloaf, a major ski resort and Carrabassett Valley Academy, a ski and snowboard academy. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1980107—1990325203.7%200039922.8%201078195.7%2020673−13.8%U.S. Decennial Census 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 781 people, 373 households, and 219 families living in the town. The population density was 10.1 inhabitants per square mile (3.9/km2). There were 2,103 housing units at an average density of 27.1 per square mile (10.5/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.1% White, 0.1% Native American, 0.5% Asian, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.5% of the population. There were 373 households, of which 21.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.1% were married couples living together, 3.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 1.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.3% were non-families. 32.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06 and the average family size was 2.62. The median age in the town was 50 years. 16.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.2% were from 25 to 44; 46.6% were from 45 to 64; and 14.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 52.8% male and 47.2% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 399 people, 179 households, and 110 families living in the town. The population density was 5.2 inhabitants per square mile (2.0/km2). There were 1,675 housing units at an average density of 21.6 per square mile (8.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.00% White, 0.25% Asian, and 0.75% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.75% of the population. There were 179 households, out of which 25.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.5% were married couples living together, 5.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.5% were non-families. 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.71. In the town, the population was spread out, with 20.1% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 31.6% from 25 to 44, 31.8% from 45 to 64, and 8.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 111.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.7 males. The median income for a household in the town was $45,357, and the median income for a family was $55,938. Males had a median income of $32,500 versus $28,750 for females. The per capita income for the town was $25,608. About 1.9% of families and 7.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.9% of those under age 18 and 6.1% of those age 65 or over. References ^ a b "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 16, 2012. ^ "Census - Geography Profile: Carrabassett Valley town, Franklin County, Maine". Retrieved January 23, 2022. ^ "CVA | Private Boarding School | Ski & Snowboard | Maine". www.gocva.com. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 16, 2012. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. External links Town of Carrabassett Valley vteMunicipalities and communities of Franklin County, Maine, United StatesCounty seat: FarmingtonTowns Avon Carrabassett Valley Carthage Chesterville Eustis Farmington Industry Jay Kingfield New Sharon New Vineyard Phillips Rangeley Strong Temple Weld Wilton Franklin County mapPlantations Coplin Dallas Rangeley Sandy River Unorganizedterritories East Central Franklin North Franklin South Franklin West Central Franklin Wyman CDPs Chisholm Farmington Kingfield Rangeley Wilton Othervillages Dryden East Dixfield‡ East Wilton Farmington Falls Macy Madrid Mooselookmeguntic North Jay Oquossoc Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county Maine portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_town"},{"link_name":"Franklin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_County,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Town in the state of Maine, United StatesTown in Maine, United StatesCarrabassett Valley is a town in Franklin County, Maine, United States. The population was 673 at the 2020 census.[2]","title":"Carrabassett Valley, Maine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-1"},{"link_name":"Carrabassett River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrabassett_River"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Trail"},{"link_name":"Sugarloaf Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarloaf_Mountain_(Franklin_County,_Maine)"},{"link_name":"Crocker Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocker_Mountain_(Maine)"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 77.62 square miles (201.03 km2), of which 77.48 square miles (200.67 km2) is land and 0.14 square miles (0.36 km2) is water.[1] It is named after the Carrabassett River, which flows through the town. The Appalachian Trail crosses the western side of the town, climbing the slopes of Sugarloaf Mountain and the summit of Crocker Mountain.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sugarloaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarloaf_(ski_resort)"},{"link_name":"Carrabassett Valley Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrabassett_Valley_Academy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Carrabassett Valley is home to Sugarloaf, a major ski resort and Carrabassett Valley Academy, a ski and snowboard academy.[3]","title":"Skiing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-5"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[5] of 2010, there were 781 people, 373 households, and 219 families living in the town. The population density was 10.1 inhabitants per square mile (3.9/km2). There were 2,103 housing units at an average density of 27.1 per square mile (10.5/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.1% White, 0.1% Native American, 0.5% Asian, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.5% of the population.There were 373 households, of which 21.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.1% were married couples living together, 3.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 1.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.3% were non-families. 32.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06 and the average family size was 2.62.The median age in the town was 50 years. 16.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.2% were from 25 to 44; 46.6% were from 45 to 64; and 14.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 52.8% male and 47.2% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-6"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[6] of 2000, there were 399 people, 179 households, and 110 families living in the town. The population density was 5.2 inhabitants per square mile (2.0/km2). There were 1,675 housing units at an average density of 21.6 per square mile (8.3/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 99.00% White, 0.25% Asian, and 0.75% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.75% of the population.There were 179 households, out of which 25.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.5% were married couples living together, 5.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.5% were non-families. 27.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.71.In the town, the population was spread out, with 20.1% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 31.6% from 25 to 44, 31.8% from 45 to 64, and 8.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 111.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 112.7 males.The median income for a household in the town was $45,357, and the median income for a family was $55,938. Males had a median income of $32,500 versus $28,750 for females. The per capita income for the town was $25,608. About 1.9% of families and 7.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.9% of those under age 18 and 6.1% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"}]
[{"image_text":"Franklin County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Map_of_Maine_highlighting_Franklin_County.svg/80px-Map_of_Maine_highlighting_Franklin_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/gazetteer2010.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census - Geography Profile: Carrabassett Valley town, Franklin County, Maine\". Retrieved January 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=0600000US2300710740","url_text":"\"Census - Geography Profile: Carrabassett Valley town, Franklin County, Maine\""}]},{"reference":"\"CVA | Private Boarding School | Ski & Snowboard | Maine\". www.gocva.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gocva.com/","url_text":"\"CVA | Private Boarding School | Ski & Snowboard | Maine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Carrabassett_Valley,_Maine&params=45_4_25_N_70_15_42_W_region:US-ME_type:city(673)","external_links_name":"45°4′25″N 70°15′42″W / 45.07361°N 70.26167°W / 45.07361; -70.26167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Carrabassett_Valley,_Maine&params=45_4_25_N_70_15_42_W_region:US-ME_type:city(673)","external_links_name":"45°4′25″N 70°15′42″W / 45.07361°N 70.26167°W / 45.07361; -70.26167"},{"Link":"https://www.carrabassettvalley.org/","external_links_name":"www.carrabassettvalley.org"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/gazetteer2010.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=0600000US2300710740","external_links_name":"\"Census - Geography Profile: Carrabassett Valley town, Franklin County, Maine\""},{"Link":"https://www.gocva.com/","external_links_name":"\"CVA | Private Boarding School | Ski & Snowboard | Maine\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"http://www.carrabassettvalley.org/","external_links_name":"Town of Carrabassett Valley"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/152649513","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007469838805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2004076178","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Internally_Displaced_Persons_from_the_Occupied_Territories,_Accommodation_and_Refugees_of_Georgia
Ministry of Internally Displaced Persons from the Occupied Territories, Accommodation and Refugees of Georgia
["1 Structure","2 See also","3 References"]
Georgian government ministryMinistry of Internally Displaced Persons from the Occupied Territories, Accommodation and Refugeesსაქართველოს ოკუპირებული ტერიტორიებიდან იძულებით გადაადგილებულ პირთა, განსახლებისა და ლტოლვილთა სამინისტროCoat of Arms of GeorgiaLogoAgency overviewFormed1996Dissolved2018JurisdictionGovernment of GeorgiaHeadquartersTamarashvili Street N 15A, Tbilisi, Georgia 0177Agency executiveSozar Subari, Minister for Internally Displaced Persons from the Occupied Territories, Accommodation and RefugeesWebsitewww.mra.gov.ge The Ministry of Internally Displaced Persons from the Occupied Territories, Accommodation and Refugees of Georgia (Georgian: საქართველოს ოკუპირებული ტერიტორიებიდან იძულებით გადაადგილებულ პირთა, განსახლებისა და ლტოლვილთა სამინისტრო, sakartvelos okupirebuli teritoriebidan gadaadgilebul pirta, gansakhlebisa da ltolvilta saministro), also known as Ministry of Refugees and Accommodation of Georgia was the Georgian government ministry within the Cabinet of Georgia, in charge of regulation of state policies on refugees and asylum seekers, internally displaced persons, repatriates, victims of natural disasters, their accommodation and migration control in the country. It functioned from 1996 until 2018, when the agency's various tasks were assigned to the ministries of Regional Development and Infrastructure, Interior Ministry, and Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Affairs. The ministry's last head was Sozar Subari. Structure The ministry is headed by the minister, aided by the First Deputy and three deputy ministers. The ministry oversees activities in development and implementation of state policy under Article 1, Paragraph 17 of the Law of Georgia on the "Structure of the Government, its Authority and the Rule of Operation". It has four functioning chapters in: Adjara and Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti; Imereti, Guria, Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti Kvemo Kartli, Mtskheta-Mtianeti and Kakheti Shida Kartli and Samtskhe-Javakheti According to Georgian authorities, Georgia has had around 251,000 IDPs from Georgian–Abkhazian and Georgian–Ossetian conflicts, the number which increased by nearly 26,000 due to 2008 Georgia-Russia conflict. The ministry found itself in the media spotlight when it tried to relocate 1,500 IDPs from Tbilisi to rural areas offering $10,000 or alternative housing to each family affected by conflict. See also Cabinet of Georgia References ^ "PM Bakhtadze Names Ministries to be Merged, Abolished". Civil Georgia. 26 June 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2018. ^ "Parliament Confirms Bakhtadze's New Cabinet". Civil Georgia. 15 July 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2018. ^ "Government of Georgia". Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-04-13. ^ "Ministry of Internally Displaced Persons from the Occupied Territories, Accommodation and Refugees of Georgia". Retrieved 2011-04-13. ^ "Ministry of Internally Displaced Persons from the Occupied Territories, Accommodation and Refugees of Georgia. IDP Issues - General Information". Retrieved 2011-04-13. ^ "Georgia: UN refugee agency concerned over evictions of displaced persons". Retrieved 2011-04-13. ^ Margarita Antidze (2011-01-20). "Georgia starts new wave of refugee evictions". MSNBC. Archived from the original on 2011-04-18. Retrieved 2011-04-13. vte Government ministries of GeorgiaMinistries Economy and Sustainable Development Foreign Affairs Internal Affairs Finance Education and Science IDPs from the Occupied Territories, Health, Labour and Social Affairs Environment Protection and Agriculture Regional Development and Infrastructure Culture and Sports Defense Justice Reconciliation and Civic Equality Former Agriculture Corrections and Legal Assistance Culture and Monument Protection Energy IDPs from the Occupied Territories, Accommodation and Refugees Environment and Natural Resources Protection Euro-Atlantic Integration Sport and Youth Affairs This Georgia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_language"},{"link_name":"Georgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"government ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_ministry"},{"link_name":"Cabinet of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"internally displaced persons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internally_displaced_person"},{"link_name":"Regional Development and Infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Regional_Development_and_Infrastructure_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Interior Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health,_Labour_and_Social_Affairs_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sozar Subari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sozar_Subari"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Ministry of Internally Displaced Persons from the Occupied Territories, Accommodation and Refugees of Georgia (Georgian: საქართველოს ოკუპირებული ტერიტორიებიდან იძულებით გადაადგილებულ პირთა, განსახლებისა და ლტოლვილთა სამინისტრო, sakartvelos okupirebuli teritoriebidan gadaadgilebul pirta, gansakhlebisa da ltolvilta saministro), also known as Ministry of Refugees and Accommodation of Georgia was the Georgian government ministry within the Cabinet of Georgia, in charge of regulation of state policies on refugees and asylum seekers, internally displaced persons, repatriates, victims of natural disasters, their accommodation and migration control in the country. It functioned from 1996 until 2018, when the agency's various tasks were assigned to the ministries of Regional Development and Infrastructure, Interior Ministry, and Ministry of Labor, Health and Social Affairs.[1][2]The ministry's last head was Sozar Subari.[3]","title":"Ministry of Internally Displaced Persons from the Occupied Territories, Accommodation and Refugees of Georgia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adjara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjara"},{"link_name":"Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samegrelo-Zemo_Svaneti"},{"link_name":"Imereti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imereti"},{"link_name":"Guria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guria"},{"link_name":"Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racha-Lechkhumi_and_Kvemo_Svaneti"},{"link_name":"Kvemo Kartli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvemo_Kartli"},{"link_name":"Mtskheta-Mtianeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtskheta-Mtianeti"},{"link_name":"Kakheti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kakheti"},{"link_name":"Shida Kartli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shida_Kartli"},{"link_name":"Samtskhe-Javakheti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samtskhe-Javakheti"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Georgian–Abkhazian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Abkhazian_conflict"},{"link_name":"Georgian–Ossetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict"},{"link_name":"2008 Georgia-Russia conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Georgia-Russia_conflict"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The ministry is headed by the minister, aided by the First Deputy and three deputy ministers. The ministry oversees activities in development and implementation of state policy under Article 1, Paragraph 17 of the Law of Georgia on the \"Structure of the Government, its Authority and the Rule of Operation\". It has four functioning chapters in:Adjara and Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti;\nImereti, Guria, Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti\nKvemo Kartli, Mtskheta-Mtianeti and Kakheti\nShida Kartli and Samtskhe-Javakheti[4]According to Georgian authorities, Georgia has had around 251,000 IDPs from Georgian–Abkhazian and Georgian–Ossetian conflicts, the number which increased by nearly 26,000 due to 2008 Georgia-Russia conflict.[5] The ministry found itself in the media spotlight when it tried to relocate 1,500 IDPs from Tbilisi to rural areas offering $10,000 or alternative housing to each family affected by conflict.[6][7]","title":"Structure"}]
[]
[{"title":"Cabinet of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Georgia"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Maine
Newport, Maine
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Notable people","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 44°50′12″N 69°16′21″W / 44.83667°N 69.27250°W / 44.83667; -69.27250Town in Maine, United StatesNewport, MaineTownSebasticook LakeNewport, MaineLocation within the state of MaineCoordinates: 44°50′12″N 69°16′21″W / 44.83667°N 69.27250°W / 44.83667; -69.27250CountryUnited StatesStateMaineCountyPenobscotArea • Total36.97 sq mi (95.75 km2) • Land29.50 sq mi (76.40 km2) • Water7.47 sq mi (19.35 km2)Elevation197 ft (60 m)Population (2020) • Total3,133 • Density106/sq mi (41.0/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code04953Area code207FIPS code23-49065GNIS feature ID0572149Websitewww.newportmaine.net Newport is a town in Penobscot County, Maine, United States. The population was 3,133 at the 2020 census. The town's borders surround the shoreline of Sebasticook Lake. History Woolen mill c. 1920 The town was settled circa 1808 as East Pond Plantation, then incorporated on June 14, 1814, as Newport. Agriculture was a principal early occupation, and industries included several sawmills, a gristmill, a foundry, cabinet shop, and a number of harness and blacksmith shops. By 1859, when the population was 1,120, Newport was an important producer of carriages "...which, for durability and finish, not excelled by any in the state." The Maine Central Railroad connected to Newport and made it the terminus for its Dexter & Newport Railway, which opened in 1868. By 1880, the population reached 1,451, and industries included a marble, granite and slate works, and a maker of boots and shoes. In 1891, the woolen mill was built, and the Aroostook Condensed Milk Company founded. The latter became the Maine Condensed Milk Company in 1894, then Borden's Condensed Milk Company in 1902. In 1936, Newport, Maine became one of the towns to have a Movie Queen filmed in it. The Movie Queen was a half an hour silent video filmed in black and white on 16 mm film. These movies were to display all of the shops and the economy of the town. This film now lives in the Northeast Historic Film repository and is owned by the Newport Historical Committee. In 1901, a large fire destroyed the Maine Central Railroad freight depot and two mills, and damaged 20 houses. In 1990, two boys, aged eight and nine, started a fire which burned half of Newport's historic downtown. The fire was started in the then vacant Yankee Café. The fire burned a pizzeria, auto parts store, a beauty parlor, and a baseball card shop (three buildings which were more than a century old). In the 21st century, through the year 2020, the Vic Firth Company, subsidiary of Avedis Zildjian Company, continues to manufacture its percussion sticks and mallets in Newport. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 36.97 square miles (95.75 km2), of which 29.50 square miles (76.40 km2) is land and 7.47 square miles (19.35 km2) is water. Situated on Sebasticook Lake, Newport is drained by Martin Stream and the East Branch of the Sebasticook River. Sebasticook Lake is contained entirely in the town of Newport, and is the largest lake contained in one town in the state of Maine. The town is crossed by Interstate 95, U.S. Route 2, and state routes 7, 11, 100, and 222. It is bordered by the town of Corinna to the north, Stetson to the east, Etna and Plymouth to the south, and Palmyra to the west. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1820510—183089775.9%18401,13826.9%18501,2106.3%18601,40316.0%18701,55911.1%18801,451−6.9%18901,188−18.1%19001,53329.0%19101,74714.0%19201,709−2.2%19301,7311.3%19402,05218.5%19502,1906.7%19602,3226.0%19702,260−2.7%19802,75521.9%19903,03610.2%20003,017−0.6%20103,2758.6%20203,133−4.3%U.S. Decennial Census See also: Newport (CDP), Maine 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 3,275 people, 1,410 households, and 883 families living in the town. The population density was 111.0 inhabitants per square mile (42.9/km2). There were 1,766 housing units at an average density of 59.9 per square mile (23.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 96.4% White, 0.4% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population. There were 1,410 households, of which 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.0% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.4% were non-families. 28.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.83. The median age in the town was 42.6 years. 22.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.1% were from 25 to 44; 30% were from 45 to 64; and 16.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.3% male and 51.7% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 3,017 people, 1,269 households, and 846 families living in the town. The population density was 102.3 inhabitants per square mile (39.5/km2). There were 1,574 housing units at an average density of 53.4 per square mile (20.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.28% White, 0.17% Black or African American, 0.36% Native American, 0.40% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.03% from other races, and 0.73% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.43% of the population. There were 1,269 households, out of which 30.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.8% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.3% were non-families. 27.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.85. In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.4% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 25.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.9 males. The median income for a household in the town was $30,056, and the median income for a family was $37,104. Males had a median income of $28,719 versus $19,500 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,312. About 9.1% of families and 12.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.0% of those under age 18 and 13.8% of those age 65 or over. Notable people Lewis O. Barrows, 57th governor of Maine Cooper Flagg, basketball player Kenneth Fredette, Minority Leader, Maine House of Representatives (2012–present) Donald Sidney Skidgel, Medal of Honor recipient and for whom the Donald Sidney Skidgel Memorial Bridge (Route 2, Newport) is named Joshua Tardy, Minority Leader, Maine House of Representative (2006–2010) References ^ a b "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-12-16. ^ "Census - Geography Profile: Newport town, Penobscot County, Maine". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 15, 2022. ^ Austin J. Coolidge & John B. Mansfield, A History and Description of New England, Boston, Massachusetts 1859 ^ George J. Varney, History of Newport, Maine, Boston, Massachusetts 1886 ^ Brief History of Newport -- Town of Newport, Maine ^ The Movie Queen Newport Maine, retrieved 2019-10-17 ^ "In the 1930s, 'movie queens' were the Facebook Live of small-town Maine". Bangor Daily News. 17 July 2018. Retrieved 2019-10-17. ^ "Moving Images | Northeast Historic FilmNortheast Historic Film : NHF collection : Newport Historical Society Collection ". oldfilm.org. Retrieved 2019-10-17. ^ "Local History « Newport Cultural Center". newportculturalcenter.org. Retrieved 2019-10-17. ^ "LOSSES BY FIRE. - View Article - NYTimes.com" (PDF). query.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2014-10-05. ^ Newport Maine Fire 1990, retrieved 2019-10-17 ^ Coolidge, A.J.; Mansfield, J.B. (1859). A History and Description of New England, General and Local. A.J. Coolidge. p. 9. Retrieved 2014-10-05. ^ "Vic Firth". Vic Firth. January 20, 2012. Retrieved October 14, 2012. ^ "The Vic Firth Brand Journey". Vic Firth Company. 2020. Retrieved May 17, 2020. ^ "Sebasticook Lake, Newport, Maine". www.newportmaine.net. Archived from the original on 2008-06-07. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-12-16. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Newport, Maine. Town of Newport official website Sebasticook Valley Chamber of Commerce Newport Cultural Center vteMunicipalities and communities of Penobscot County, Maine, United StatesCounty seat: BangorCities Bangor Brewer Old Town Penobscot County mapTowns Alton Bradford Bradley Burlington Carmel Charleston Chester Clifton Corinna Corinth Dexter Dixmont East Millinocket Eddington Edinburg Enfield Etna Exeter Garland Glenburn Greenbush Hampden Hermon Holden Howland Hudson Kenduskeag Lagrange Lakeville Lee Levant Lincoln Lowell Mattawamkeag Maxfield Medway Milford Millinocket Mount Chase Newburgh Newport Orono Orrington Passadumkeag Patten Plymouth Springfield Stacyville Stetson Veazie Winn Woodville Plantations Carroll Seboeis Webster Unorganizedterritories Argyle Drew East Central Penobscot Kingman North Penobscot Prentiss Twombly Ridge Whitney CDPs Bradley Corinna Dexter East Millinocket Hampden Howland Lincoln Mattawamkeag Milford Millinocket Newport Orono Patten Othervillages East Newport Olamon Indianreservation Penobscot Indian Island Reservation Maine portal United States portal vteKennebec River WatershedTributaries Abagadasset River Carrabassett River Dead River East Branch Eastern River East Branch Moose River East Branch Sebasticook River Eastern River Lemon Stream Little River Moose River Moxie Falls North Branch Dead River Roach River Sandy River Sebasticook River South Branch Dead River South Branch Moose River South Branch Sandy River West Branch Carrabassett River West Branch Eastern River West Branch Moose River Lakes Annabessacook Lake Attean Pond Brassua Lake China Lake Cobbosseecontee Lake East Pond Embden Pond Enchanted Pond First Roach Pond Flagstaff Lake Great Moose Lake Great Pond Indian Pond Long Pond (Belgrade Lakes) Long Pond (Moose River) Maranacook Lake Messalonskee Lake Moosehead Lake Moxie Pond Narrows Pond North Pond Pleasant Pond Sebasticook Lake Spencer Lake Staples Pond Unity Pond Wood Pond Wyman Dam Towns Albion Anson Athens Augusta Bath Belgrade Benton Bingham Burnham Caratunk Chesterville China Clinton Corinna Detroit Dexter Embden Fairfield Farmingdale Farmington Gardiner Greenville Hallowell Harmony Hartland Jackman Kingfield Madison Manchester Monmouth Moscow New Portland New Sharon New Vineyard Newport Norridgewock Oakland Phillips Pittsfield Readfield Richmond Rockwood Rome Saint Albans Sidney Skowhegan Solon Smithfield Stratton Strong Unity Vassalboro Vienna Waterville Wilton Winslow Winthrop Woolwich Landmarks Mount Abraham Arnold Trail Augusta Memorial Bridge Bath Iron Works Bigelow Preserve Mount Bigelow Carlton Bridge Crocker Mountain Fort Halifax Harris Station Dam International Railway of Maine Kennebec Central Railroad Maine Kennebec Bridge Major Reuben Colburn House Pearl Harbor Remembrance Bridge Mount Redington Sagadahoc Bridge Sandy River and Rangeley Lakes Railroad Somerset and Kennebec Railroad Somerset Railroad Spaulding Mountain Sugarloaf Mountain Togus
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Penobscot County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penobscot_County,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2020-2"}],"text":"Town in Maine, United StatesNewport is a town in Penobscot County, Maine, United States. The population was 3,133 at the 2020 census.[2] The town's borders surround the shoreline of Sebasticook Lake.","title":"Newport, Maine"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Woolen_Mill,_Newport,_ME.jpg"},{"link_name":"sawmills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawmill"},{"link_name":"gristmill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gristmill"},{"link_name":"foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundry"},{"link_name":"cabinet shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinetmaking"},{"link_name":"harness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_harness"},{"link_name":"blacksmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacksmith"},{"link_name":"carriages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carriage"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Maine Central Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_Central_Railroad"},{"link_name":"marble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble"},{"link_name":"granite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite"},{"link_name":"slate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slate"},{"link_name":"boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot"},{"link_name":"shoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoemaking"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Condensed Milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensed_Milk"},{"link_name":"Borden's Condensed Milk Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borden_(company)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nytimes-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-12"},{"link_name":"Vic Firth Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vic_Firth#Vic_Firth_Company"},{"link_name":"Avedis Zildjian Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avedis_Zildjian_Company"},{"link_name":"percussion sticks and mallets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_mallet"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Woolen mill c. 1920The town was settled circa 1808 as East Pond Plantation, then incorporated on June 14, 1814, as Newport. Agriculture was a principal early occupation, and industries included several sawmills, a gristmill, a foundry, cabinet shop, and a number of harness and blacksmith shops. By 1859, when the population was 1,120, Newport was an important producer of carriages \"...which, for durability and finish, [were] not excelled by any in the state.\"[3] The Maine Central Railroad connected to Newport and made it the terminus for its Dexter & Newport Railway, which opened in 1868. By 1880, the population reached 1,451, and industries included a marble, granite and slate works, and a maker of boots and shoes.[4] In 1891, the woolen mill was built, and the Aroostook Condensed Milk Company founded. The latter became the Maine Condensed Milk Company in 1894, then Borden's Condensed Milk Company in 1902.[5]In 1936, Newport, Maine became one of the towns to have a Movie Queen filmed in it.[6] The Movie Queen was a half an hour silent video filmed in black and white on 16 mm film. These movies were to display all of the shops and the economy of the town.[7] This film now lives in the Northeast Historic Film repository[8] and is owned by the Newport Historical Committee.[9]In 1901, a large fire destroyed the Maine Central Railroad freight depot and two mills, and damaged 20 houses.[10] In 1990, two boys, aged eight and nine, started a fire which burned half of Newport's historic downtown. The fire was started in the then vacant Yankee Café. The fire burned a pizzeria, auto parts store, a beauty parlor, and a baseball card shop (three buildings which were more than a century old).[11][12]In the 21st century, through the year 2020, the Vic Firth Company, subsidiary of Avedis Zildjian Company, continues to manufacture its percussion sticks and mallets in Newport.[13][14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-1"},{"link_name":"East Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Branch_Sebasticook_River"},{"link_name":"Sebasticook River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebasticook_River"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Interstate 95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_95_in_Maine"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_2_in_Maine"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_State_Route_7"},{"link_name":"11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_State_Route_11"},{"link_name":"100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_State_Route_100"},{"link_name":"222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_State_Route_222"},{"link_name":"Corinna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinna,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Stetson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stetson,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Etna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etna,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth,_Maine"},{"link_name":"Palmyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra,_Maine"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 36.97 square miles (95.75 km2), of which 29.50 square miles (76.40 km2) is land and 7.47 square miles (19.35 km2) is water.[1] Situated on Sebasticook Lake, Newport is drained by Martin Stream and the East Branch of the Sebasticook River. Sebasticook Lake is contained entirely in the town of Newport, and is the largest lake contained in one town in the state of Maine.[15]The town is crossed by Interstate 95, U.S. Route 2, and state routes 7, 11, 100, and 222. It is bordered by the town of Corinna to the north, Stetson to the east, Etna and Plymouth to the south, and Palmyra to the west.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newport (CDP), Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_(CDP),_Maine"}],"text":"See also: Newport (CDP), Maine","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-17"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[17] of 2010, there were 3,275 people, 1,410 households, and 883 families living in the town. The population density was 111.0 inhabitants per square mile (42.9/km2). There were 1,766 housing units at an average density of 59.9 per square mile (23.1/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 96.4% White, 0.4% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.5% Asian, 0.2% from other races, and 2.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population.There were 1,410 households, of which 28.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.0% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 37.4% were non-families. 28.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and the average family size was 2.83.The median age in the town was 42.6 years. 22.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.1% were from 25 to 44; 30% were from 45 to 64; and 16.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.3% male and 51.7% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-18"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[18] of 2000, there were 3,017 people, 1,269 households, and 846 families living in the town. The population density was 102.3 inhabitants per square mile (39.5/km2). There were 1,574 housing units at an average density of 53.4 per square mile (20.6/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 98.28% White, 0.17% Black or African American, 0.36% Native American, 0.40% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.03% from other races, and 0.73% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.43% of the population.There were 1,269 households, out of which 30.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.8% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.3% were non-families. 27.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.85.In the town, the population was spread out, with 24.4% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 29.3% from 25 to 44, 25.2% from 45 to 64, and 13.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.9 males.The median income for a household in the town was $30,056, and the median income for a family was $37,104. Males had a median income of $28,719 versus $19,500 for females. The per capita income for the town was $15,312. About 9.1% of families and 12.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.0% of those under age 18 and 13.8% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lewis O. Barrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_O._Barrows"},{"link_name":"governor of Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Maine"},{"link_name":"Cooper Flagg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_Flagg"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Fredette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Fredette"},{"link_name":"Donald Sidney Skidgel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Sidney_Skidgel"},{"link_name":"Joshua Tardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Tardy"}],"text":"Lewis O. Barrows, 57th governor of Maine\nCooper Flagg, basketball player\nKenneth Fredette, Minority Leader, Maine House of Representatives (2012–present)\nDonald Sidney Skidgel, Medal of Honor recipient and for whom the Donald Sidney Skidgel Memorial Bridge (Route 2, Newport) is named\nJoshua Tardy, Minority Leader, Maine House of Representative (2006–2010)","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"Woolen mill c. 1920","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Woolen_Mill%2C_Newport%2C_ME.jpg/220px-Woolen_Mill%2C_Newport%2C_ME.jpg"},{"image_text":"Penobscot County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Map_of_Maine_highlighting_Penobscot_County.svg/80px-Map_of_Maine_highlighting_Penobscot_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/gazetteer2010.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Census - Geography Profile: Newport town, Penobscot County, Maine\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=0600000US2301949065","url_text":"\"Census - Geography Profile: Newport town, Penobscot County, Maine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"The Movie Queen Newport Maine, retrieved 2019-10-17","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CZwIMIVQEyc","url_text":"The Movie Queen Newport Maine"}]},{"reference":"\"In the 1930s, 'movie queens' were the Facebook Live of small-town Maine\". Bangor Daily News. 17 July 2018. Retrieved 2019-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://bangordailynews.com/2018/07/17/arts-culture/in-the-1930s-movie-queens-were-the-facebook-live-of-small-town-maine/","url_text":"\"In the 1930s, 'movie queens' were the Facebook Live of small-town Maine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Moving Images | Northeast Historic FilmNortheast Historic Film : NHF collection : Newport Historical Society Collection [Newport Historical Society Col]\". oldfilm.org. Retrieved 2019-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://oldfilm.org/collection/Detail/collections/255","url_text":"\"Moving Images | Northeast Historic FilmNortheast Historic Film : NHF collection : Newport Historical Society Collection [Newport Historical Society Col]\""}]},{"reference":"\"Local History « Newport Cultural Center\". newportculturalcenter.org. Retrieved 2019-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://newportculturalcenter.org/local-history/","url_text":"\"Local History « Newport Cultural Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"LOSSES BY FIRE. - View Article - NYTimes.com\" (PDF). query.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2014-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/05/18/117964581.pdf","url_text":"\"LOSSES BY FIRE. - View Article - NYTimes.com\""}]},{"reference":"Newport Maine Fire 1990, retrieved 2019-10-17","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4sOSH4vnI0w","url_text":"Newport Maine Fire 1990"}]},{"reference":"Coolidge, A.J.; Mansfield, J.B. (1859). A History and Description of New England, General and Local. A.J. Coolidge. p. 9. Retrieved 2014-10-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OcoMAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"A History and Description of New England, General and Local"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OcoMAAAAYAAJ/page/n37","url_text":"9"}]},{"reference":"\"Vic Firth\". Vic Firth. January 20, 2012. Retrieved October 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vicfirth.com/","url_text":"\"Vic Firth\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Vic Firth Brand Journey\". Vic Firth Company. 2020. Retrieved May 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://vicfirth.zildjian.com/brand-journeys","url_text":"\"The Vic Firth Brand Journey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sebasticook Lake, Newport, Maine\". www.newportmaine.net. Archived from the original on 2008-06-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080607082332/http://www.newportmaine.net/site/lake_info.html","url_text":"\"Sebasticook Lake, Newport, Maine\""},{"url":"http://www.newportmaine.net/site/lake_info.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-12-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Newport,_Maine&params=44_50_12_N_69_16_21_W_region:US-ME_type:city(3133)","external_links_name":"44°50′12″N 69°16′21″W / 44.83667°N 69.27250°W / 44.83667; -69.27250"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Newport,_Maine&params=44_50_12_N_69_16_21_W_region:US-ME_type:city(3133)","external_links_name":"44°50′12″N 69°16′21″W / 44.83667°N 69.27250°W / 44.83667; -69.27250"},{"Link":"http://www.newportmaine.net/","external_links_name":"www.newportmaine.net"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/gazetteer2010.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=0600000US2301949065","external_links_name":"\"Census - Geography Profile: Newport town, Penobscot County, Maine\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OcoMAAAAYAAJ&dq=coolidge%20mansfield%20history%20description%20new%20england%201859&pg=PA227","external_links_name":"Austin J. Coolidge & John B. Mansfield, A History and Description of New England, Boston, Massachusetts 1859"},{"Link":"http://history.rays-place.com/me/newport-me.htm","external_links_name":"George J. Varney, History of Newport, Maine, Boston, Massachusetts 1886"},{"Link":"http://www.newportmaine.net/site/history.asp","external_links_name":"Brief History of Newport -- Town of Newport, Maine"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CZwIMIVQEyc","external_links_name":"The Movie Queen Newport Maine"},{"Link":"https://bangordailynews.com/2018/07/17/arts-culture/in-the-1930s-movie-queens-were-the-facebook-live-of-small-town-maine/","external_links_name":"\"In the 1930s, 'movie queens' were the Facebook Live of small-town Maine\""},{"Link":"https://oldfilm.org/collection/Detail/collections/255","external_links_name":"\"Moving Images | Northeast Historic FilmNortheast Historic Film : NHF collection : Newport Historical Society Collection [Newport Historical Society Col]\""},{"Link":"http://newportculturalcenter.org/local-history/","external_links_name":"\"Local History « Newport Cultural Center\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1901/05/18/117964581.pdf","external_links_name":"\"LOSSES BY FIRE. - View Article - NYTimes.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4sOSH4vnI0w","external_links_name":"Newport Maine Fire 1990"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OcoMAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"A History and Description of New England, General and Local"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_OcoMAAAAYAAJ/page/n37","external_links_name":"9"},{"Link":"http://www.vicfirth.com/","external_links_name":"\"Vic Firth\""},{"Link":"https://vicfirth.zildjian.com/brand-journeys","external_links_name":"\"The Vic Firth Brand Journey\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080607082332/http://www.newportmaine.net/site/lake_info.html","external_links_name":"\"Sebasticook Lake, Newport, Maine\""},{"Link":"http://www.newportmaine.net/site/lake_info.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"http://www.newportmaine.org/","external_links_name":"Town of Newport official website"},{"Link":"http://www.ourchamber.org/","external_links_name":"Sebasticook Valley Chamber of Commerce"},{"Link":"http://newportculturalcenter.net/","external_links_name":"Newport Cultural Center"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITM_University,_Gwalior
ITM University (Gwalior)
["1 Campus","2 Schools","3 Annual festivals","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 26°8′51″N 78°11′18″E / 26.14750°N 78.18833°E / 26.14750; 78.18833Private university in Madhya Pradesh This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "ITM University" Gwalior – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 26°8′51″N 78°11′18″E / 26.14750°N 78.18833°E / 26.14750; 78.18833 ITM University (Gwalior)Established2011ChancellorRamashankar SinghVice-ChancellorDr. Sher singh BhakarLocationGwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India26°8′51″N 78°11′18″E / 26.14750°N 78.18833°E / 26.14750; 78.18833CampusUrbanAffiliationsUGCWebsitewww.itmuniversity.ac.in ITM University is a multidisciplinary private university based in Gwalior, India. Subjects are offered in the fields of sciences, engineering, management, fine arts, social sciences, arts, and nursing. It was established under the Act of State Legislature Madhya Pradesh and is notified in the Official Gazette (extraordinary) of the State Government. ITM University came into the limelight when Jammu and Kashmir's Deputy Governor (LG) Manoj Sinha attended a lecture program at ITM University Gwalior on March 24, 2023, calling "Father of the Nation Mahatma Gandhi" an uneducated and uneducated advocate in a stage speech. Said, Mahatma Gandhi's great-grandson Tushar Gandhi has sent a legal notice to Manoj Sinha on this sad episode, and expressed anger over this episode and said it is sad. Campus This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "ITM University" Gwalior – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) ITM University is located at a highly visible site on NH 75 in the city of Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh. Each department has its own building with laboratory, library and computer facilities. The 'NAAD' amphitheater has a seating capacity of more than 3000 people is being used for cultural and co-curricular activities of the Institutes. The university has four Boy's hostel for men one hostel for women. The hostels are called Nalanda, Narmada, Sadipani, Shantiniketan and Girls Cottage. They have 120, 320, 320, 200, and 120 beds respectively. The mess halls also have two blocks of mess halls. Their dining halls are approximately 26,000 square feet with a semi-mechanized system of cooking, having enough space for dining & mess facility for 600 & 520 respectively persons at a time. The campus also has an auditorium, on-campus nursing home and a 24-hour functional OPD, a gymnasium along with badminton, volleyball, handball, basketball courts & Indoors's play. ITM University recently opened the gates of new building named J.C.Bose Block. Schools This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) School of Engineering and Technology School of Computer Applications School Of Business School of Art & Design School of Physical Education & Sports School of Nursing Sciences School of Medical and Paramedical Sciences School of Pharmacy School of Science School of Agriculture School of Architecture & Design School of Education School of Fine Arts School of Law School of Humanities and Literary Studies Annual festivals This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) 4444 students from 25 schools met up at ITM University, Gwalior in February 2012 forming the largest human-made 'smiley face' during KRONOS 2012 KRONOS: The annual youth festival KRONOS, is a four-day national level techno-cultural fest organized by the Student's Activity Council of ITM Universe. Started in 2010, KRONOS is held in the month of March or April. It has technical events (in collaboration with by the ISOI, CSI, IETE and ISTE Student Chapters) and cultural events. Teams from ITM and other colleges participate to win prizes in various events during the festival. The main attractions are performances by national and international bands. TIMS (Technology Innovation Management for Sustainable Development): Features a technical programme including keynote speeches, panel discussion, oral and poster sessions and cultural programme. References ^ a b "ITM University, Gwalior - Officials". ayogportal.mpnvva.in. MPNVVA Bhopal. Retrieved 15 March 2018. ^ "Government gives 'go ahead' to ten private universities". Bhaskar.com. ^ "Behind the scenes: Ruchi Singh, VP, ITM University". SouLSteer.com. 13 October 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2013. ^ "Snapshot: The largest human-made 'smiley face'". IBNLive.com. Archived from the original on 12 July 2012. External links Official website vteUniversities in Madhya PradeshCentral universities Dr. Hari Singh Gour University Indira Gandhi National Tribal University State universities Atal Bihari Vajpayee Hindi Vishwavidyalaya Awadhesh Pratap Singh University Barkatullah University Raja Shankar Shah University Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya Dr. B.R. Ambedkar University of Social Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya Jiwaji University Madhya Pradesh Bhoj Open University Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University Maharaja Chhatrasal Bundelkhand University Maharishi Panini Sanskrit Evam Vedic Vishwavidyalaya Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism and Communication Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University National Law Institute University Raja Mansingh Tomar Music & Arts University Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya Rani Durgavati Vishwavidyalaya Sanchi University of Buddhist-Indic Studies Vikram University Deemed universities Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education Private universities AKS University Amity University, Gwalior Avantika University Bhabha University Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam University Dr. C.V. Raman University, Khandwa Eklavya University G. H. Raisoni University ITM University Jagran Lakecity University Jaypee University of Engineering and Technology LNCT University Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Vedic University Malwanchal University Mandsaur University Mansarovar Global University Oriental University People's University Rabindranath Tagore University RKDF University Sage University SAM Global University Shri Krishna University Shri Vaishnav Vidyapeeth Vishwavidyalaya Sri Satya Sai University of Technology & Medical Sciences Swami Vivekananda University Symbiosis University of Applied Sciences VIT Bhopal University Authority control databases ISNI
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Education_Centre_(INTEC),_Malaysia
INTEC Education College
["1 History","2 Role as UiTM's learning centre","3 See also","4 References"]
Coordinates: 3°02′45″N 101°30′04″E / 3.0459°N 101.5011°E / 3.0459; 101.5011This article is about the college in Malaysia. For the college in China, see Xinjiang Medical University. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "INTEC Education College" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "INTEC Education College" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) INTEC Education CollegeLogo of the INTEC Education CollegeFormer namesPusat Pendidikan Persediaan (PPP) Program Persediaan Luar Negeri (PPLN) International Education Centre (INTEC) MottoThink Future, Think INTECTypePrivateEstablished1982DirectorProfessor Dr Roshayani binti Dato' ArshadAddressJalan Senangin Satu 17/2A, Seksyen 17, 40200, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia3°02′45″N 101°30′04″E / 3.0459°N 101.5011°E / 3.0459; 101.5011CampusSeksyen 17, Shah AlamNicknameINTEC and UiTM Section 17AffiliationsMARA University of Technology (UiTM)Websitewww.intec.edu.my International Education College INTEC Education College (INTEC), formerly known as the Centre for Preparatory Studies or Pusat Pendidikan Persediaan (PPP), Overseas Preparatory Programme (OPP) or Program Persediaan Luar Negeri (PPLN), and the International Education Centre (INTEC)International Education College (INTEC). History The old logo of INTEC INTEC Education College,(INTEC) was established at 1982 as a preparatory center of MARA University of Technology (UiTM). The college was previously known as Center for Preparatory Studies or Pusat Pendidikan Persediaan (PPP). It was then known as Overseas Preparatory Program (OPP) or Program Persediaan Luar Negeri (PPLN) in the period from year 2000 until November 2001 when it was renamed yet again as International Education Center to reflect its role as a provider of international education. On 4 October 2010, it was upgraded to a college by the Executive Committee of UiTM. With the upgrade, the college was renamed as International Education College and given a redesigned logo. However, it retains its acronym INTEC and motto, Distinctly Global. In 2014, INTEC has been privatised and no longer part of Universiti Teknolgi Mara (UiTM) INTEC Library Role as UiTM's learning centre INTEC is one of the preparatory colleges in MARA University of Technology (UiTM). Due to its location in Seksyen 17, Shah Alam, it is also known to some people as UiTM Seksyen 17. Despite the bumiputra-only admission policy of UiTM, INTEC admits non-bumiputra sponsored students. As of 2013, however, INTEC has been emancipated from UiTM and has established itself as its own private college. See also MARA University of Technology References ^ "Programmes". intec.uitm.edu.my/. INTEC. Archived from the original on 27 December 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2014. Formerly known as the Centre for Preparatory Studies or Pusat Pendidikan Persediaan (PPP), the college is one of the pioneers of international education in Malaysia. The national economic downturn in 1997 allowed only the concentration of preparatory programmes for the United States and Germany. In the year 2000, the college changed its name to Overseas Preparatory Programme (OPP) or Program Persediaan Luar Negeri (PPLN). In 2001, it became known as the International Education Centre (INTEC) and finally in 2010 as International Education College (INTEC). ^ "Director's Message". Archived from the original on 24 October 2010. Retrieved 23 March 2011. Wikimedia Commons has media related to International Education College. vteUniversities in Malaysia List of universities in MalaysiaPublic universities and polytechnicsResearch universities University of Malaya National University of Malaysia University of Putra Malaysia Universiti Sains Malaysia University of Technology Malaysia Comprehensive universities Universiti Teknologi MARA Universiti Malaysia Sabah Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Focused universities Sultan Idris Education University (Education) Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (Science and Technology) National Defence University of Malaysia (Military) Universiti Utara Malaysia (Management) Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (Entrepreneurship) Technical universities Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah Universiti Malaysia Perlis Tun Hussein Onn University of Malaysia Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka Islamic universities Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin International Islamic University Malaysia Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia Polytechnics Ungku Omar Polytechnic Politeknik Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Politeknik Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Politeknik Kota Bharu Politeknik Kuching Politeknik Port Dickson Politeknik Kota Kinabalu Politeknik Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Politeknik Ibrahim Sultan Politeknik Seberang Perai Politeknik Melaka Politeknik Kuala Terengganu Politeknik Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin Politeknik Merlimau Politeknik Sultan Azlan Shah Politeknik Tuanku Sultanah Bahiyah Politeknik Sultan Idris Shah Politeknik Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin Politeknik Muadzam Shah Politeknik Mukah Politeknik Balik Pulau Politeknik Jeli Politeknik Nilai Politeknik Banting Politeknik Mersing Politeknik Hulu Terengganu Politeknik Sandakan Politeknik METrO Kuala Lumpur Politeknik METrO Kuantan Politeknik METrO Johor Bahru Politeknik METrO Betong Politeknik METrO Tasek Gelugor Politeknik Tun Syed Nasir Syed Ismail Private universities, university colleges and collegesUniversitiesHomegrownuniversities AIMST University Al-Madinah International University Asia e University Asia Pacific University of Technology & Innovation Asia School of Business City University Malaysia DRB-HICOM University Of Automotive Malaysia GlobalNxt University HELP University Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur INTI International University International Centre for Education in Islamic Finance Limkokwing University of Creative Technology International Medical University International University of Malaya-Wales Malaysia University of Science & Technology Management & Science University Manipal International University MISI University Multimedia University Nilai University Open University Malaysia Perdana University Raffles University SEGi University and Colleges Sultan Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah International Islamic University Sunway University Taylor's University Tunku Abdul Rahman University of Management and Technology UCSI University Universiti Islam Malaysia University of Kuala Lumpur University of Cyberjaya University of Selangor University of Technology Sarawak Universiti Sultan Azlan Shah Universiti Teknologi Petronas Universiti Tenaga Nasional Universiti Tun Abdul Razak Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Wawasan Open University Foreign universitybranch campuses Curtin University, Malaysia Heriot-Watt University Malaysia Monash University Malaysia Newcastle University Medicine Malaysia RCSI & UCD Malaysia Campus Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus University of Nottingham Malaysia University of Reading Malaysia University of Southampton Malaysia Campus University of Wollongong Malaysia Xiamen University Malaysia University colleges Berjaya University College First City University College Han Chiang University College of Communication Kuala Lumpur Metropolitan University College Lincoln University College Linton University College New Era University College Selangor Islamic University Southern University College TATI University College Twintech International University College of Technology Widad University College Colleges Adventist College of Nursing and Health Sciences Aseana College Brickfields Asia College Crescendo International College DISTED College German-Malaysian Institute INTEC Education College International Islamic College INTI International Colleges Jati College Kirkby International College Lam Wah Ee Nursing College Malaysian Han Studies Malaysian Institute of Art Mantin College Mantissa College Methodist College Kuala Lumpur MSU College Kolej Yayasan UEM KTG Education Group#Group of Colleges Portman College President College Raffles College of Higher Education SEGi College Sentral College Penang Sunway College TAR EC College Taylor's College The One Academy Tung Shin Academy of Nursing Victoria International College VTAR Institute Military, law enforcement and fire academiesMilitary academies Air Force Academy Army Academy KD Sultan Idris I Military Training Academy Royal Military College Police academies Royal Malaysian Police College Kuala Lumpur Malaysian Police Training Centre Coast Guard academy Sultan Ahmad Shah Maritime Academy Fire academy Fire and Rescue Academy of Malaysia University alliances Malaysian Technical University Network University System of Tunku Abdul Rahman Universities and colleges in Malaysia - Malaysian university leaders - Rankings of universities in Malaysia - Ministry of Higher Education - Education in Malaysia
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[{"image_text":"International Education College","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/International_Education_College.JPG/220px-International_Education_College.JPG"},{"image_text":"The old logo of INTEC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/77/INTEC_logo.png/250px-INTEC_logo.png"},{"image_text":"INTEC Library","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/INTEC_Library.jpg/220px-INTEC_Library.jpg"}]
[{"title":"MARA University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MARA_University_of_Technology"}]
[{"reference":"\"Programmes\". intec.uitm.edu.my/. INTEC. Archived from the original on 27 December 2012. Retrieved 20 August 2014. Formerly known as the Centre for Preparatory Studies or Pusat Pendidikan Persediaan (PPP), the college is one of the pioneers of international education in Malaysia. The national economic downturn in 1997 allowed only the concentration of preparatory programmes for the United States and Germany. In the year 2000, the college changed its name to Overseas Preparatory Programme (OPP) or Program Persediaan Luar Negeri (PPLN). In 2001, it became known as the International Education Centre (INTEC) and finally in 2010 as International Education College (INTEC).","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121227072424/http://intec.uitm.edu.my/programmes.html","url_text":"\"Programmes\""},{"url":"http://intec.uitm.edu.my/programmes.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Director's Message\". Archived from the original on 24 October 2010. Retrieved 23 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101024202828/http://www.intec.uitm.edu.my/about-campus/deans-message.html","url_text":"\"Director's Message\""},{"url":"http://intec.uitm.edu.my/about-campus/deans-message.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bay,_Nova_Scotia
East Bay, Nova Scotia
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 46°0′46.58″N 60°23′3.45″W / 46.0129389°N 60.3842917°W / 46.0129389; -60.3842917Unincorporated community in Nova Scotia, CanadaEast BayUnincorporated communitySt. Mary of the Assumption Church and the East Bay Sandbar and Beach.East BayLocation of East Bay in Nova ScotiaCoordinates: 46°0′46.58″N 60°23′3.45″W / 46.0129389°N 60.3842917°W / 46.0129389; -60.3842917Country CanadaProvince Nova ScotiaRegional municipalityCape Breton Regional MunicipalityTime zoneUTC-4 (AST) • Summer (DST)UTC-3 (ADT)Forward sortation areaB1JArea code(s)902 and 782NTS Map011K01GNBC CodeCAKIX East Bay is a community in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia, located in the Cape Breton Regional Municipality on Cape Breton Island. It is situated on the south side of the East Bay of the Bras d'Or Lake, from which it gets its name. East Bay has one public beach (East Bay Sandbar) and a large number of summer cottages with beach front property. Home of famous Fish & Chips, and East Bay Country Market, located on the Eskasoni turn off. St. Mary of the Assumption Church (cir. 1841), East Bay The Volunteer Fire Department, Community Ball Field and Walking Track, Playground, and former East Bay Elementary School East Bay has a Catholic church, St. Mary of the Assumption Church, with mass every day at 10am and Saturday at 4pm. The community was the site of the College of East Bay (1824-1829) which was moved to Arichat and later Antigonish where it became St. Francis Xavier University. St FX later opened a branch in Cape Breton which became the University College of Cape Breton, later Cape Breton University. Until recently, East Bay had two elementary schools, reduced to one, and now both closed. References ^ "Geographical Names of Canada - East Bay". Retrieved January 16, 2016. ^ "Nova Scotia Geographical Names Database entry for "East Bay, County of Cape Breton" (includes map)". Government of Nova Scotia. Retrieved May 9, 2012. ^ "Cape Breton board to close 17 schools". Cape Breton Post. Retrieved 3 June 2018. East Bay on Destination Nova Scotia This Cape Breton County, Nova Scotia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
[{"reference":"\"Geographical Names of Canada - East Bay\". Retrieved January 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/CAKIX","url_text":"\"Geographical Names of Canada - East Bay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nova Scotia Geographical Names Database entry for \"East Bay, County of Cape Breton\" (includes map)\". Government of Nova Scotia. Retrieved May 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://gis8.nsgc.gov.ns.ca/scripts/esrimap.dll?name=nsplacenames&cmd=4&zoomcons=1&action=zoomToPlace&objid=6779&prov=false","url_text":"\"Nova Scotia Geographical Names Database entry for \"East Bay, County of Cape Breton\" (includes map)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cape Breton board to close 17 schools\". Cape Breton Post. Retrieved 3 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.capebretonpost.com/news/local/cape-breton-board-to-close-17-schools-11678/","url_text":"\"Cape Breton board to close 17 schools\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamian,_Iran
Lamiyan
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 34°27′40″N 48°11′32″E / 34.46111°N 48.19222°E / 34.46111; 48.19222Village in Hamadan province, Iran Village in Hamadan, IranLamiyan Persian: لاميانVillageLamiyanCoordinates: 34°27′40″N 48°11′32″E / 34.46111°N 48.19222°E / 34.46111; 48.19222Country IranProvinceHamadanCountyTuyserkanDistrictQolqol RudRural DistrictMiyan RudPopulation (2016) • Total1,876Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) Lamiyan (Persian: لاميان, also Romanized as Lamīyan, Lāmeyān, and Lāmīān; also known as Lāmanjān) is a village in Miyan Rud Rural District of Qolqol Rud District, Tuyserkan County, Hamadan province, Iran. At the 2006 National Census, its population was 2,321 in 539 households. The following census in 2011 counted 2,067 people in 589 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 1,876 people in 600 households. It was the largest village in its rural district. Iran portal References ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (20 October 2023). "Lamiyan, Tuyserkan County" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 20 October 2023. ^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 13. Archived from the original (Excel) on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ Lamiyan can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3072850" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 13. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022. ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 13. Archived from the original (Excel) on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022. vteHamadan Province, IranCapital Hamadan Counties and citiesAsadabad County Asadabad Bahar County Bahar Lalejin Mohajeran Salehabad Famenin County Famenin Hamadan County Hamadan Juraqan Maryanaj Qahavand Kabudarahang County Kabudarahang Gol Tappeh Shirin Su Malayer County Malayer Azandarian Jowkar Samen Zangeneh Nahavand County Nahavand Barzul Firuzan Giyan Qorveh-e Darjazin County Qorveh-e Darjazin Razan County Razan Damaq Tuyserkan County Tuyserkan Farasfaj Sarkan Sights Ganjnameh Shrine of Habakkuk, Toyserkan Hamedan Stone Lion Ali Sadr Cave Hamedan Museum of Natural History Noshijan fire temple,Malayer Shrine of Esther and Mordechai, Hamedan Baba Taher Mausleum, Hamedan Avicenna mausoleum, Hamedan Emamzadeh Yahya,Hamedan Alvand ski resort Pirsolayman lagoon Median capital of Hegmataneh, Hamedan Ecbatan dam Geyan lagoon Baba-pireh shrine Ecbatana populated places List of cities, towns and villages in Hamadan Province vte Tuyserkan CountyCapital Tuyserkan DistrictsCentralCities Tuyserkan Sarkan Rural Districts and villagesHayaquq-e Nabi Arikan Artiman Darani-ye Olya Darani-ye Sofla Do Rudan Emamzadeh Zeyd Eynabad Farmaniyeh Faryazan Golabad Jafariyeh Mahmudabad Malicheh Mobarakabad Najafiyeh Noqaddeh Qaleh Qazi Qaleh-ye Bakhtiar Qaleh-ye Sheykh Rivasijan Rud Avar Sahamabad Khorram Rud Abarlaq-e Olya Abarlaq-e Sofla Abdalan Baharab Gonbaleh Hajjiabad Kohnush Kondor Najafabad Oshtoran Qaleh-ye Astijan Qolqol Shahrestaneh Sistaneh Suri Termianak Timi Jan Vardavard-e Olya Vardavard-e Sofla Vardavard-e Vosta Korzan Rud Arzuvaj Baba Pir Baba Pir Ali Bujan Gashani Kolanjan Korzan Qaleh Nowruz Sanjuzan Seyyed Shahab Badamak Dowlai Jijan Kuh Kheyrabad Oshtormel Pir Gheyb Sang-e Sefid Seyyed Shahab Showqabad Qolqol RudCities Farasfaj Rural Districts and villagesKamal Rud Abu Darda Ahmadabad Baba Kamal Darvaz Gol-e Zard Hamilabad Horhoreh Mian Deh Yaqubabad Miyan Rud Aliabad Baqerabad Gavkaran Hush Kamankaran Kanjvaran-e Olya Kanjvaran-e Sofla Kanjvaran-e Vosta Karkhaneh Lamiyan Minabad Moradabad Motasemabad Qaleh Now Qasabestan Qeshlaq-e Pust Shuran Saziyan Segavi Shanabad Taqiabad Velashjerd Qolqol Rud Akbarabad Barfiyan Bargecheh Chasht Khvoreh Fathabad Goliyan Hajji Tu Jera Karimabad Menjan Qasemabad Qoli Laleh-ye Olya Qoli Laleh-ye Sofla Sadatabad Sutlaq This Tuyserkan County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaneqah,_Bukan
Khaneqah, Bukan
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 36°36′54″N 45°57′40″E / 36.61500°N 45.96111°E / 36.61500; 45.96111Village in West Azerbaijan, IranKhaneqah خانقاهvillageKhaneqahCoordinates: 36°36′54″N 45°57′40″E / 36.61500°N 45.96111°E / 36.61500; 45.96111Country IranProvinceWest AzerbaijanCountyBukanBakhshCentralRural DistrictAkhtachiPopulation (2006) • Total138Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Khaneqah (Persian: خانقاه, also Romanized as Khāneqāh) is a village in Akhtachi Rural District, in the Central District of Bukan County, West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 138, in 22 families. References ^ Khaneqah can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "345912" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Bukan CountyCapital Bukan DistrictsCentralCities Bukan Rural Districts and villagesAkhtachi Akhtetar Ashi Golan Aziz Kand Chavarchin Danguz-e Olya Darbesar Hajji Kand Jambugheh Kahrizeh-ye Ali Aqa Kahrizeh-ye Mahmud Aqa Kani Tumar Khaneqah Khorasaneh Kuchek Atmish Kuseh Mahmudabad Nisakabad Qaderabad Qareh Kand Qazlian Seyf ol Din-e Olya Seyf ol Din-e Sofla Sharafkand Sheykhlar Tazeh Qaleh Behi-e Feyzolah Beygi Ahmadabad Albolagh Baghcheh Bardeh Zard Bukan Integrated Livestock Darvish Ali Darzi Vali Dukchi Gol-e Behi Hasanabad Havareh Barzeh Hesar Jan Bolagh Kahriz-e Sardar Kaldageh Qalaychi Qarah Baraz Qatanqor Qelij Saqqezlu Sari Qomish-e Qeshlaq Tabbat Takan Tappeh Torkaman Kandi Yasi Kand Yekshaveh Yengi Kand Yengijeh Il Gavark Aghutman Aski Baghdad Ebrahim Khesar Golulan-e Olya Golulan-e Sofla Gondaman Kani Deraz Khvor Khvoreh Kureh Kani Museh Pir Baha ol Din Qaluy Rasul Aqa Qaluy Sheykhan Qarvchah-e Olya Qarvchah-e Sofla Qezel Gonbad Salamat Sard Kuhestan Sombeh Yaghian Zavehkuh Zir Andul Il Teymur Baghcheh Bughda Daghi Chahar Divar Darah Gerdaleh Darvishan Dowlatabad Elmabad Hamzehabad Hashiabad Hoseynabad Kani Pankeh Qajer Kani Rash Kukeh Laseh Golan Nowbar Pash Bolagh Qaderabad Qajer Qarah Dagh Qarali Qoljeh Tappeh Sar Baghcheh Sardarabad Seyyedabad Seyyedabad-e Qajer Shahrikand Tapi Taraqeh SimminehCities Simmineh Rural Districts and villagesAkhtachi-ye Mahali Abdollahabad Aghlian Armani Bolaghi Ata Bolaghi Band-e Majid Khan Daveh Shahri Ghowsabad Gol Marzanik Gug Tappeh Hajji Lak Hajjiabad-e Okhtachi Hoseyn Mameh Kani Ali Gordeh Kani Guzlah Kani Qaleh Kulabad Manuchehri Owzun Qeshlaq Pirvali Baghi Qaleh Rasul Seyat Qarah Gol Qarenjeh-ye Bozorg Qarenjeh-ye Kuchek Rahim Khan Sarab-e Rahim Khan Sari Qomish Sarilabad Akhtachi-ye Sharqi(East Akhtachi) Abbasabad Abdollah Tappehsi Ali Kand Amirabad Anbar Ashkutan Aspugheh Dash Band Gerd Qebran Hammamian Hesar Bolaghi Kani Shaqaqan Kohneh Mollalar Lagaz Mollalar Nachit Qazan Sar Sheykh Ali Shurjeh Taherabad Uch Tappeh Behi Dehbokri Abbasabad Aghjivan Arbanus Dashaghol Gavmishan Gayanjeh Gol Tappeh-ye Qurmish Ilani Javanmard Kani Allah Seyedeh Kani Gorgeh Kani Sabzeh Kani Siran Qazi Akhavi Qeshlaq-e Hajji Shahab Qular Qurmish Torkasheh Urta Kand Uynehchi Iran portal This Bukan County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_the_Ilocos_Region,_2013
2013 Philippine House of Representatives elections in the Ilocos Region
["1 Summary","2 Ilocos Norte","2.1 1st District","2.2 2nd District","3 Ilocos Sur","3.1 1st District","3.2 2nd District","4 La Union","4.1 1st District","4.2 2nd District","5 Pangasinan","5.1 1st District","5.2 2nd District","5.3 3rd District","5.4 4th District","5.5 5th District","5.6 6th District","6 References"]
Elections were held in the Ilocos Region for seats in the House of Representatives of the Philippines on May 13, 2013. The candidate with the most votes won that district's seat for the 16th Congress of the Philippines. Summary Party Popular vote % Swing Seatswon Change NPC 6 Liberal 2 Nacionalista 2 Lakas 1 KBL 1 Aksyon 0 NUP 0 Independent 0 Valid votes 12 Invalid votes Turnout Registered voters Ilocos Norte 1st District Incumbent Rodolfo Fariñas is running unopposed. 2013 Philippine House of Representatives election at Ilocos Norte's 1st district Party Candidate Votes % Nacionalista Rodolfo Fariñas 102,066 68.96 Invalid or blank votes 45,935 31.04 Total votes 148,001 100.00 Nacionalista hold 2nd District Imelda Marcos is the incumbent. 2013 Philippine House of Representatives election at Ilocos Norte's 2nd district Party Candidate Votes % KBL Imelda Marcos 94,484 76.13 Independent Ferdinand Ignacio 11,221 9.04 Independent Lorenzo Madamba 1,647 1.33 Margin of victory 83,263 67.09% Invalid or blank votes 16,755 13.50 Total votes 124,107 100.00 KBL hold Ilocos Sur 1st District Incumbent Ryan Singson is not running; instead, he is for the governorship of Ilocos Sur. His brother, former Representative Ronald Singson who had resigned in 2011 due to a personal scandal, is his party's nominee. 2013 Philippine House of Representatives election at Ilocos Sur's 1st district Party Candidate Votes % Nacionalista Ronald Singson 64,373 58.52 Liberal Trandy Baterina 31,978 28.85 Margin of victory 32,935 29.22% Invalid or blank votes 14,502 13.08 Total votes 110,853 100.00 Nacionalista hold 2nd District Eric Singson is the incumbent. 2013 Philippine House of Representatives election at Ilocos Sur's 2nd district Party Candidate Votes % Liberal Eric Singson 113,667 70.13 Aksyon Henry Capela 20,264 12.50 Margin of victory 93,403 57.63% Invalid or blank votes 28,149 17.37 Total votes 162,080 100.00 Liberal hold La Union 1st District Victor Francisco Ortega is the incumbent. 2013 Philippine House of Representatives election at La Union's 1st district Party Candidate Votes % Lakas Victor Francisco Ortega 117,053 87.49 Independent Ruella Tiongson 3,380 2.53 Margin of victory 113,673 84.97% Invalid or blank votes 13,351 9.99 Total votes 133,784 100.00 Lakas hold 2nd District Eufranio Eriguel is the incumbent. 2013 Philippine House of Representatives election at La Union's 2nd district Party Candidate Votes % NPC Eufranio Eriguel 145,322 79.20 NUP Thomas Dumpit 27,037 14.74 Margin of victory 118,285 64.47% Invalid or blank votes 11,117 6.06 Total votes 183,476 100.00 NPC hold Pangasinan 1st District Jesus Celeste is the incumbent. 2013 Philippine House of Representatives election at Pangasinan's 1st district Party Candidate Votes % NPC Jesus Celeste 109,914 57.51 Liberal Leonildo Pulido 54,949 28.76 Margin of victory 54,965 28.75% Invalid or blank votes 26,242 14.15 Total votes 191,105 100.00 NPC hold 2nd District Leopoldo Bataoil is the incumbent. 2013 Philippine House of Representatives special election at Pangasinan's 2nd district Party Candidate Votes % NPC Leopoldo Bataoil 154,466 67.21 Liberal Kim Lokin 53,394 23.23 Margin of victory 101,072 43.98% Invalid or blank votes 21,985 9.56 Total votes 229,825 100.00 NPC hold 3rd District Incumbent Maria Rachel Arenas was running unopposed but backed out; her mother, Rose Marie Arenas is her substitute. 2013 Philippine House of Representatives special election at Pangasinan's 3rd district Party Candidate Votes % Liberal Rose Marie Arenas 201,340 73.96 Invalid or blank votes 70,856 26.04 Total votes 272,196 100.00 Liberal hold 4th District Gina de Venecia is the incumbent. 2013 Philippine House of Representatives special election at Pangasinan's 4th district Party Candidate Votes % NPC Gina de Venecia 157,784 79.04 Nacionalista Celia Lim 27,184 13.62 Margin of victory 130,600 65.43% Invalid or blank votes 14,648 7.34 Total votes 199,616 100.00 NPC hold 5th District Carmen Cojuangco is the incumbent. 2013 Philippine House of Representatives special election at Pangasinan's 5th district Party Candidate Votes % NPC Carmen Cojuangco 164,504 75.67 Independent Demetria Demetrio 15,466 7.11 Margin of victory 149,038 68.56 Invalid or blank votes 37,412 17.22 Total votes 217,382 100.00 NPC hold 6th District Incumbent Marilyn Primcias-Agabas is running unopposed after her sole opponent, Brigido Gallano (independent), withdrew. 2013 Philippine House of Representatives election at Pangasinan's 6th district Party Candidate Votes % NPC Marilyn Primcias-Agabas 161,362 76.00 Invalid or blank votes 50,937 24 Total votes 212,299 100.00 NPC hold References ^ "Baby Arenas replaces daughter in Pangasinan congressional race". GMA News Online. December 21, 2012. Retrieved December 21, 2012. vte2013 Philippine general election ← 2010 2013 2016 → CongressSenate Summary Coalitions Makabayang Koalisyon ng Mamamayan Team PNoy United Nationalist Alliance Candidates Opinion polling Senators elected House Summary Representatives elected Retiring and term-limited incumbents District Candidates Independents Per region: I II III IV–A IV–B V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII ARMM CAR NCR Party-list Summary Nominees RegionsAutonomous Region in Muslim MindanaoLocal(Summary) Gubernatorial elections Luzon Batangas Lipa Bulacan Bocaue Cavite Dasmariñas Imus Laguna Biñan Cabuyao Calamba San Pablo San Pedro Santa Rosa Marinduque Pampanga Angeles San Fernando Quezon Rizal Antipolo Tarlac Tarlac City Zambales Iba Metro Manila Caloocan Makati Malabon Mandaluyong Manila Marikina Navotas Pasay Quezon City Taguig Valenzuela Visayas Bohol Cebu Cebu City Tacloban Mindanao Bukidnon (Valencia) Iligan Sarangani Zamboanga City Related 16th Congress Barangay elections vteElections and referendums in the Ilocos RegionLocal electionsDagupan 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1980 1988 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2022 Ilocos Norte 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1980 1988 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2022 Ilocos Sur 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1980 1988 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2022 La Union 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1980 1988 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2022 Pangasinan 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1980 1988 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2022 House elections 1978 1984 1987 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2022 See also: Elections in the Philippines Bangsamoro Bicol Region Cagayan Valley Calabarzon Caraga Central Luzon Central Visayas Cordillera Administrative Region Davao Region Eastern Visayas Ilocos Region Metro Manila Mimaropa Northern Mindanao Soccsksargen Western Visayas Zamboanga Peninsula
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andheri,_Mumbai
Andheri
["1 Government and politics","2 Economy","3 Transportation","3.1 Mumbai Metro","4 See also","5 References","6 Notes"]
Coordinates: 19°07′08″N 72°50′49″E / 19.119°N 72.847°E / 19.119; 72.847This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Andheri" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Suburb in Mumbai Suburban, Maharashtra, IndiaAndheriSuburbAndheriLocation in MumbaiCoordinates: 19°07′08″N 72°50′49″E / 19.119°N 72.847°E / 19.119; 72.847CountryIndiaStateMaharashtraDistrictMumbai SuburbanCityMumbaiGovernment • BodyBrihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC)Language • OfficialMarathiTime zoneIST GMT+530PIN400069 (East), 400059 (J B Nagar), 400093 (MIDC), 400053 (Azad Nagar), 400058 (West), 400072 (Sakinaka), 400096 (SEEPZ), 400099 (International Airport), 400049 (Juhu), 400061 (Versova)Area code022Vehicle registrationMH 02Lok Sabha constituencyMumbai North West Andheri () is a suburb in the western part of the city of Mumbai in India. Government and politics For administrative purposes, the area is separated into Andheri West and Andheri East. Andheri West comes under K/W ward of the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation, while Andheri East comes under the K/E ward of the same. Economy Andheri east and west are key areas in Mumbai, with several film studios and TV news channels. Transportation The Andheri railway station is among the busiest railway stations in the city. The expansion of the Mumbai Metro in the Versova-Andheri-Ghatkopar corridor is a part of the government's master transportation plan. Andheri Flyover Mumbai Metro Line 1 of the Mumbai Metro spans the entire suburb of Andheri (Andheri metro station) connecting Versova in the west to Ghatkopar in the Eastern Suburbs, covering a distance of 11.4 kilometres (7.1 mi). It is fully elevated, and consists of 12 stations. 9 out of the 12 stations are in Andheri. Work on the corridor began on 8 February 2008. A cable stay bridge over Western Express Highway & a Steel Bridge spanning the Western railway line, on the project, was completed at the end of 2012. The line opened for service on 8 June 2014. Latest statistics reveal that approximately 85 million passengers have used the metro line in the first 11 months since its launch. Metro 2A intersects with Blue Line 1 at DN Nagar Metro and Metro 7 at WEH Metro station respectively in Andheri. Pink Line 6 will function from Lokhandwala to Kanjurmarg via Jogeshwari of 14.5 km long, expected to open from 2024. See also Mira Road List of schools and colleges in Andheri References ^ "District Census Handbook - Mumbai Suburban" (PDF). ^ Nair, Ashwini (5 July 2012). "Will Andheri East still remain a media hub?". The Economic Times. Retrieved 31 July 2023. ^ "Authorities finding it difficult to decongest Andheri station area". Daily News and Analysis. ^ Indian Economy - K. R. Gupta, J. R. Gupta - Google Books. Books.google.com. Retrieved on 6 December 2013. ^ Mumbai Metro Archived 12 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Mumbaimetroone.com. Retrieved on 6 December 2013. ^ A Mumbai Metro train every three minutes - Mumbai - DNA. Dnaindia.com. Retrieved on 6 December 2013. ^ "Know Your Metro - Features". Reliance Mumbai Metro. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2014. ^ "Metro ride in June '13? Work on crucial bridge completed". The Times of India. 26 December 2012. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2013. ^ "Maharashtra CM Prithivraj Chavan flags off Mumbai Metro". The Times of India. 8 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014. ^ "Over 8 crore commuters travelled in Metro since June 2014 - The Economic Times". The Economic Times. 31 May 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015. ^ "Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority - Metro Line - 2". mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in. Retrieved 16 September 2020. ^ "Metro Line - 2B". mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in. Retrieved 16 September 2020. ^ "DETAILED PROJECT REPORT". mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in. Retrieved 16 September 2020. Notes Shrivastava, Prabhat, and S. L. Dhingra. "Operational Integration Of Suburban Railway And Public Buses—Case Study Of Mumbai." Journal of Transportation Engineering 132.6 (2006): 518–522. Academic Search Premier. Web. 29 May 2012. vteMumbai metropolitan areaSouth Mumbai Altamount Road Byculla Carmichael Road Chinchpokli Churchgate Colaba Cuffe Parade Dadar Dharavi Girgaon Kala Ghoda Kalbadevi Kemps Corner Lower Parel Mahalaxmi Mahim Malabar Hill Marine Lines Matunga Mazagaon Mumbai Central Nariman Point Parel Prabhadevi Sewri Sion Wadala Walkeshwar Worli Navi Mumbai Airoli CBD Belapur Ghansoli Juinagar Kharghar Koparkhairane Mahape New Panvel Nerul Sanpada Seawoods Taloja Vashi Eastern Suburbs Bhandup Chembur Ghatkopar Govandi Hiranandani Gardens Kanjurmarg Kurla Mankhurd Mulund Nahur Powai Trombay Vidyavihar Vikhroli Western Suburbs Andheri Bandra Borivali Dahisar Gorai Goregaon Khar Jogeshwari Juhu Kandivli Madh Island Marol Malad Oshiwara Saki Naka Santacruz Versova Vile Parle Mira-Bhayandar (Thane district) Bhayandar Mira Road Uttan Thane (Thane district) Diva Ghodbunder Road Kopri Kolshet Kausa Kalwa Majiwada Mumbra Shil Phata Thane Wagle Estate Kalyan-Dombivli (Thane district) Dombivli Kalyan Mohone Thakurli Titwala Ulhasnagar (Thane district) Ambernath Badlapur Shahad Ulhasnagar Vithalwadi Bhiwandi-Nizampur (Thane district) Bhiwandi Nizampur Vasai-Virar (Palghar district) Boisar Manickpur Naigaon Nallasopara Navghar Palghar Vasai Virar Suburbs in Raigad district Alibag Karjat Khalapur Khopoli Matheran Neral Pen Rasayani vteMumbai topicsHistory Timeline Shilahara dynasty Bombay Presidency Seven Islands of Bombay Elephanta Caves Banganga Tank Old Bombay Worli Fort Girangaon Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti Tanks Growth of Mumbai 1992–93 riots 1993 bombings 2008 attacks Terrorism Geography Powai Lake Vihar Lake Tulsi Lake Thane Creek Mahim Bay Back Bay Mithi River Ulhas River Gilbert Hill Malabar Hill Salsette Island Mumbai Harbour Middle Ground Climate Beaches Eastern Suburbs Western Suburbs South Mumbai Neighbourhoods Buildings Architecture of Mumbai Gateway of India Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Naval Dockyard Bombay Stock Exchange Hutatma Chowk General Post Office Shreepati Arcade Siddhivinayak Temple Regal Cinema Mount Mary's Church Haji Ali Dargah Flora Fountain David Sassoon Library Mumba Devi Temple Mahalaxmi Temple Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (Prince of Wales Museum) National Gallery of Modern Art The Asiatic Society of Mumbai Jehangir Art Gallery Gowalia Tank Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Mahim Church Usha Kiran Building Jinnah Mansion Transport Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST) Mumbai Suburban Railway Central Line Harbour Line Nerul–Uran Line Trans-Harbour Line Western Line Central Railway Western Railway Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport Bandra Terminus and suburban station Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Dadar railway station and suburban station Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Mumbai Central railway station Juhu Aerodrome Auto rickshaw Metro Line 1 Line 2 Line 3 Line 4 Line 5 Line 6 Line 7 Line 8 Line 9 Line 10 Line 11 Line 12 Line 13 Monorail Skywalk Western railway elevated corridor Water transport Mumbai Bus Rapid Transit System Mumbai Urban Transport Project Roads Airoli Bridge Altamount Road Bandra–Worli Sea Link Carmichael Road Colaba Causeway Coastal Road (under construction) Currey Road Bridge Dadabhai Naoroji Road Eastern Express Highway Eastern Freeway Fashion Street Hughes Road Jeejabai Bhosle Marg JVLR Kalwa Bridge Linking Road Lady Jamshetjee Road LBS Marg Lamington Road Mahim Causeway Marine Drive MTHL Nepean Sea Road P D'Mello Road Pedder Road Princess Street SCLR SV Road Sahar Elevated Access Road Sion Panvel Highway Vashi Bridge Versova–Bandra Sea Link Veera Desai Road Western Express Highway Economy Bombay Stock Exchange National Stock Exchange of India Reserve Bank of India Mint Dalal Street Nariman Point Educationand researchUniversitiesand colleges University of Mumbai (MU) SNDT Women's University IIT Bombay (IIT-B) Institute of Chemical Technology (formerly UDCT) Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI) NITIE Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS) Alkesh Dinesh Mody Institute SP Jain Institute of Management and Research Dr. Homi Bhabha State University Sydenham Institute of Management Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship Education(SIMSREE) NMIMS Mithibai College St. Xavier's College Sathaye College Ramnarain Ruia College D. G. Ruparel College Ramniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce and Economics Mulund College of Commerce V. G. Vaze College of Arts, Science and Commerce Sir J. J. School of Art Schools Balmohan Vidyamandir Bombay Scottish School Campion School Cathedral and John Connon School Dhirubhai Ambani International School Don Bosco High School Dr. Antonio Da Silva High School Holy Family High School Lilavatibai Podar High School R. N. Podar School Sacred Heart Boys High School Jamnabai Narsee School Utpal Shanghvi Global School Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan Raja Shivaji Vidyalaya (King George High School) St. Theresa's Boys High School J.B. Petit High School for Girls Institutes for scienceand learning Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) Nehru Planetarium Nehru Science Centre Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences (UM-DAE CBS) Civic Mayor Police Commissioner Municipal Commissioner Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation Mumbai Police Wards Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport Demographics Water sources Bombay High Court Sheriff Culture Art Deco Marathi Mumbaiya/Bombaiya/Bambaiya Dabbawalas Eggs Kejriwal Mumbaikar Street food Vada pav Bhel puri Sev puri Dahi puri Panipuri Ragda pattice Cultural centres Cinemas Kala Ghoda festival Prostitution in Mumbai Mumbai Marathon Mumbai Pride Tourist attractions Little Bombay, Jersey City, US Religion Jainism in Mumbai Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay History of the Jews in Mumbai List of churches in Mumbai Anglican Diocese of Bombay Mumbai Orthodox Diocese Other topics Dharavi Kamathipura Mumbai High Field People from Mumbai Seal Ashram Category Commons Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ən̪d̪ʱeɾiː]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Marathi"},{"link_name":"suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburb"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"}],"text":"Suburb in Mumbai Suburban, Maharashtra, IndiaAndheri ([ən̪d̪ʱeɾiː]) is a suburb in the western part of the city of Mumbai in India.","title":"Andheri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihanmumbai_Municipal_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For administrative purposes, the area is separated into Andheri West and Andheri East. Andheri West comes under K/W ward of the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation, while Andheri East comes under the K/E ward of the same.[1]","title":"Government and politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Andheri east and west are key areas in Mumbai, with several film studios and TV news channels.[2]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andheri railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andheri_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mumbai Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Metro"},{"link_name":"Versova-Andheri-Ghatkopar corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_1_(Mumbai_Metro)"},{"link_name":"transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andheri-Flyover.jpg"}],"text":"The Andheri railway station is among the busiest railway stations in the city.[3] The expansion of the Mumbai Metro in the Versova-Andheri-Ghatkopar corridor is a part of the government's master transportation plan.[4]Andheri Flyover","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Line 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_1_(Mumbai_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Mumbai Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Metro"},{"link_name":"Andheri metro station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andheri_metro_station"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Versova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Versova,_Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Ghatkopar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghatkopar"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-features-7"},{"link_name":"Western railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Railway_zone"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Metro 2A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_2_(Mumbai_Metro)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Blue Line 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_1_(Mumbai_Metro)"},{"link_name":"DN Nagar Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.N._Nagar_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Metro 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_7_(Mumbai_Metro)"},{"link_name":"WEH Metro station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Express_Highway_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Pink Line 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_6_(Mumbai_Metro)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Lokhandwala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokhandwala_Complex"},{"link_name":"Kanjurmarg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanjurmarg"},{"link_name":"Jogeshwari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jogeshwari"}],"sub_title":"Mumbai Metro","text":"Line 1 of the Mumbai Metro spans the entire suburb of Andheri (Andheri metro station)[5][6] connecting Versova in the west to Ghatkopar in the Eastern Suburbs, covering a distance of 11.4 kilometres (7.1 mi).[7] It is fully elevated, and consists of 12 stations. 9 out of the 12 stations are in Andheri. Work on the corridor began on 8 February 2008. A cable stay bridge over Western Express Highway & a Steel Bridge spanning the Western railway line, on the project, was completed at the end of 2012.[8] The line opened for service on 8 June 2014.[9] Latest statistics reveal that approximately 85 million passengers have used the metro line in the first 11 months since its launch.[10]Metro 2A[11][12] intersects with Blue Line 1 at DN Nagar Metro and Metro 7 at WEH Metro station respectively in Andheri.Pink Line 6[13] will function from Lokhandwala to Kanjurmarg via Jogeshwari of 14.5 km long, expected to open from 2024.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Mumbai_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Mumbai_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mumbai_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Mumbai metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Metropolitan_Region"},{"link_name":"South Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Altamount Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altamount_Road"},{"link_name":"Byculla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byculla"},{"link_name":"Carmichael Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmichael_Road"},{"link_name":"Chinchpokli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinchpokli"},{"link_name":"Churchgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchgate"},{"link_name":"Colaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colaba"},{"link_name":"Cuffe Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuffe_Parade"},{"link_name":"Dadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadar"},{"link_name":"Dharavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharavi"},{"link_name":"Girgaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girgaon"},{"link_name":"Kala Ghoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kala_Ghoda"},{"link_name":"Kalbadevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalbadevi"},{"link_name":"Kemps Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemps_Corner"},{"link_name":"Lower Parel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Parel"},{"link_name":"Mahalaxmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalaxmi,_Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Mahim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahim"},{"link_name":"Malabar Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabar_Hill"},{"link_name":"Marine Lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Lines"},{"link_name":"Matunga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matunga"},{"link_name":"Mazagaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazagaon"},{"link_name":"Mumbai Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_Central_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Nariman 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Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_from_Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Seal Ashram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_Ashram"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12413015#identifiers"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/area/19742034-7d19-4706-8a42-82f27f4315d9"}],"text":"Shrivastava, Prabhat, and S. L. Dhingra. \"Operational Integration Of Suburban Railway And Public Buses—Case Study Of Mumbai.\" Journal of Transportation Engineering 132.6 (2006): 518–522. Academic Search Premier. Web. 29 May 2012.vteMumbai metropolitan areaSouth Mumbai\nAltamount Road\nByculla\nCarmichael Road\nChinchpokli\nChurchgate\nColaba\nCuffe Parade\nDadar\nDharavi\nGirgaon\nKala Ghoda\nKalbadevi\nKemps Corner\nLower Parel\nMahalaxmi\nMahim\nMalabar Hill\nMarine Lines\nMatunga\nMazagaon\nMumbai Central\nNariman Point\nParel\nPrabhadevi\nSewri\nSion\nWadala\nWalkeshwar\nWorli\nNavi Mumbai\nAiroli\nCBD Belapur\nGhansoli\nJuinagar\nKharghar\nKoparkhairane\nMahape\nNew Panvel\nNerul\nSanpada\nSeawoods\nTaloja\nVashi\nEastern Suburbs\nBhandup\nChembur\nGhatkopar\nGovandi\nHiranandani Gardens\nKanjurmarg\nKurla\nMankhurd\nMulund\nNahur\nPowai\nTrombay\nVidyavihar\nVikhroli\nWestern Suburbs\nAndheri\nBandra\nBorivali\nDahisar\nGorai\nGoregaon\nKhar\nJogeshwari\nJuhu\nKandivli\nMadh Island\nMarol\nMalad\nOshiwara\nSaki Naka\nSantacruz\nVersova\nVile Parle\nMira-Bhayandar (Thane district)\nBhayandar\nMira Road\nUttan\nThane (Thane district)\nDiva\nGhodbunder Road\nKopri\nKolshet\nKausa\nKalwa\nMajiwada\nMumbra\nShil Phata\nThane\nWagle Estate\nKalyan-Dombivli (Thane district)\nDombivli\nKalyan\nMohone\nThakurli\nTitwala\nUlhasnagar (Thane district)\nAmbernath\nBadlapur\nShahad\nUlhasnagar\nVithalwadi\nBhiwandi-Nizampur (Thane district)\nBhiwandi\nNizampur\nVasai-Virar (Palghar district)\nBoisar\nManickpur\nNaigaon\nNallasopara\nNavghar\nPalghar\nVasai\nVirar\nSuburbs in Raigad district\nAlibag\nKarjat\nKhalapur\nKhopoli\nMatheran\nNeral\nPen\nRasayanivteMumbai topicsHistory\nTimeline\nShilahara dynasty\nBombay Presidency\nSeven Islands of Bombay\nElephanta Caves\nBanganga Tank\nOld Bombay\nWorli Fort\nGirangaon\nSamyukta Maharashtra Samiti\nTanks\nGrowth of Mumbai\n1992–93 riots\n1993 bombings\n2008 attacks\nTerrorism\nGeography\nPowai Lake\nVihar Lake\nTulsi Lake\nThane Creek\nMahim Bay\nBack Bay\nMithi River\nUlhas River\nGilbert Hill\nMalabar Hill\nSalsette Island\nMumbai Harbour\nMiddle Ground\nClimate\nBeaches\nEastern Suburbs\nWestern Suburbs\nSouth Mumbai\nNeighbourhoods\nBuildings\nArchitecture of Mumbai\nGateway of India\nChhatrapati Shivaji Terminus\nNaval Dockyard\nBombay Stock Exchange\nHutatma Chowk\nGeneral Post Office\nShreepati Arcade\nSiddhivinayak Temple\nRegal Cinema\nMount Mary's Church\nHaji Ali Dargah\nFlora Fountain\nDavid Sassoon Library\nMumba Devi Temple\nMahalaxmi Temple\nChhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya (Prince of Wales Museum)\nNational Gallery of Modern Art\nThe Asiatic Society of Mumbai\nJehangir Art Gallery\nGowalia Tank\nShri Swaminarayan Mandir\nMahim Church\nUsha Kiran Building\nJinnah Mansion\nTransport\nBrihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST)\nMumbai Suburban Railway\nCentral Line\nHarbour Line\nNerul–Uran Line\nTrans-Harbour Line\nWestern Line\nCentral Railway\nWestern Railway\nChhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport\nBandra Terminus and suburban station\nChhatrapati Shivaji Terminus\nDadar railway station and suburban station\nLokmanya Tilak Terminus\nMumbai Central railway station\nJuhu Aerodrome\nAuto rickshaw\nMetro\nLine 1\nLine 2\nLine 3\nLine 4\nLine 5\nLine 6\nLine 7\nLine 8\nLine 9\nLine 10\nLine 11\nLine 12\nLine 13\nMonorail\nSkywalk\nWestern railway elevated corridor\nWater transport\nMumbai Bus Rapid Transit System\nMumbai Urban Transport Project\nRoads\nAiroli Bridge\nAltamount Road\nBandra–Worli Sea Link\nCarmichael Road\nColaba Causeway\nCoastal Road (under construction)\nCurrey Road Bridge\nDadabhai Naoroji Road\nEastern Express Highway\nEastern Freeway\nFashion Street\nHughes Road\nJeejabai Bhosle Marg\nJVLR\nKalwa Bridge\nLinking Road\nLady Jamshetjee Road\nLBS Marg\nLamington Road\nMahim Causeway\nMarine Drive\nMTHL\nNepean Sea Road\nP D'Mello Road\nPedder Road\nPrincess Street\nSCLR\nSV Road\nSahar Elevated Access Road\nSion Panvel Highway\nVashi Bridge\nVersova–Bandra Sea Link\nVeera Desai Road\nWestern Express Highway\nEconomy\nBombay Stock Exchange\nNational Stock Exchange of India\nReserve Bank of India\nMint\nDalal Street\nNariman Point\nEducationand researchUniversitiesand colleges\nUniversity of Mumbai (MU)\nSNDT Women's University\nIIT Bombay (IIT-B)\nInstitute of Chemical Technology (formerly UDCT)\nVeermata Jijabai Technological Institute (VJTI)\nNITIE\nJamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS)\nAlkesh Dinesh Mody Institute\nSP Jain Institute of Management and Research\nDr. Homi Bhabha State University\nSydenham Institute of Management Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship Education(SIMSREE)\nNMIMS\nMithibai College\nSt. Xavier's College\nSathaye College\nRamnarain Ruia College\nD. G. Ruparel College\nRamniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce and Economics\nMulund College of Commerce\nV. G. Vaze College of Arts, Science and Commerce\nSir J. J. School of Art\nSchools\nBalmohan Vidyamandir\nBombay Scottish School\nCampion School\nCathedral and John Connon School\nDhirubhai Ambani International School\nDon Bosco High School\nDr. Antonio Da Silva High School\nHoly Family High School\nLilavatibai Podar High School\nR. N. Podar School\nSacred Heart Boys High School\nJamnabai Narsee School\nUtpal Shanghvi Global School\nKendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan\nRaja Shivaji Vidyalaya (King George High School)\nSt. Theresa's Boys High School\nJ.B. Petit High School for Girls\nInstitutes for scienceand learning\nTata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR)\nBhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)\nNehru Planetarium\nNehru Science Centre\nTata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS)\nCentre for Excellence in Basic Sciences (UM-DAE CBS)\nCivic\nMayor\nPolice Commissioner\nMunicipal Commissioner\nBrihanmumbai Municipal Corporation\nMumbai Police\nWards\nBrihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport\nDemographics\nWater sources\nBombay High Court\nSheriff\nCulture\nArt Deco\nMarathi\nMumbaiya/Bombaiya/Bambaiya\nDabbawalas\nEggs Kejriwal\nMumbaikar\nStreet food\nVada pav\nBhel puri\nSev puri\nDahi puri\nPanipuri\nRagda pattice\nCultural centres\nCinemas\nKala Ghoda festival\nProstitution in Mumbai\nMumbai Marathon\nMumbai Pride\nTourist attractions\nLittle Bombay, Jersey City, US\nReligion\nJainism in Mumbai\nRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay\nHistory of the Jews in Mumbai\nList of churches in Mumbai\nAnglican Diocese of Bombay\nMumbai Orthodox Diocese\nOther topics\nDharavi\nKamathipura\nMumbai High Field\nPeople from Mumbai\nSeal Ashram\n\n Category\n CommonsAuthority control databases: Geographic \nMusicBrainz area","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Andheri Flyover","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Andheri-Flyover.jpg/220px-Andheri-Flyover.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Mira Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira_Road"},{"title":"List of schools and colleges in Andheri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_and_colleges_in_Andheri"}]
[{"reference":"\"District Census Handbook - Mumbai Suburban\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2722_PART_B_DCHB_%20MUMBAI%20(SUBURBAN).pdf","url_text":"\"District Census Handbook - Mumbai Suburban\""}]},{"reference":"Nair, Ashwini (5 July 2012). \"Will Andheri East still remain a media hub?\". The Economic Times. Retrieved 31 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/west/will-andheri-east-still-remain-a-media-hub/articleshow/14691401.cms","url_text":"\"Will Andheri East still remain a media hub?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Authorities finding it difficult to decongest Andheri station area\". Daily News and Analysis.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-authorities-finding-it-difficult-to-decongest-andheri-station-area-1878038","url_text":"\"Authorities finding it difficult to decongest Andheri station area\""}]},{"reference":"\"Know Your Metro - Features\". Reliance Mumbai Metro. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 8 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924085903/http://www.reliancemumbaimetro.com/features.html","url_text":"\"Know Your Metro - Features\""},{"url":"http://www.reliancemumbaimetro.com/features.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Metro ride in June '13? Work on crucial bridge completed\". The Times of India. 26 December 2012. Archived from the original on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130928194223/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-26/mumbai/36007202_1_metro-bridge-mumbai-metro-one-pvt-cable-stay-bridge","url_text":"\"Metro ride in June '13? Work on crucial bridge completed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-26/mumbai/36007202_1_metro-bridge-mumbai-metro-one-pvt-cable-stay-bridge","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Maharashtra CM Prithivraj Chavan flags off Mumbai Metro\". The Times of India. 8 June 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Maharashtra-CM-Prithivraj-Chavan-flags-off-Mumbai-Metro/articleshow/36238569.cms","url_text":"\"Maharashtra CM Prithivraj Chavan flags off Mumbai Metro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Over 8 crore commuters travelled in Metro since June 2014 - The Economic Times\". The Economic Times. 31 May 2015. Retrieved 12 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/over-8-crore-commuters-travelled-in-metro-since-june-2014/articleshow/47490116.cms","url_text":"\"Over 8 crore commuters travelled in Metro since June 2014 - The Economic Times\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority - Metro Line - 2\". mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in. Retrieved 16 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/metro-line-2a","url_text":"\"Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority - Metro Line - 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Metro Line - 2B\". mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in. Retrieved 16 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/metro-line-2b","url_text":"\"Metro Line - 2B\""}]},{"reference":"\"DETAILED PROJECT REPORT\". mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in. Retrieved 16 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://mmrda.maharashtra.gov.in/documents/10180/9283015/Metro+Line+6+DPR/17c5ed14-e9fb-4920-9521-02eebb25c4a9","url_text":"\"DETAILED PROJECT REPORT\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_I,_Count_of_Saarbr%C3%BCcken
Simon I, Count of Saarbrücken
["1 Life","2 Marriage and issue","3 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Simon I, Count of Saarbrücken" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Simon I, Count of SaarbrückenDiedafter 1183Noble familyHouse of SaarbrückenSpouse(s)Mathilda of SponheimFatherFrederick, Count of SaarbrückenMotherGisela of Lorraine Simon I of Saarbrücken (died after 1183) was a German nobleman. He was the second ruling Count of Saarbrücken (de), in office 1135 - 1183. Life Simon was a son of Frederick, Count of Saarbrücken (d. 1135) and his wife Gisela of Lorraine (b.c. 1100), daughter of Theodoric II, Duke of Lorraine. He succeeded his father as Count of Saarbrücken in 1135. His younger brother Adalbert II became Archbishop of Mainz in 1138. After his death, the county was divided. His eldest son, Simon II inherited a smaller County of Saarbrücken; his younger son Henry I founded the new County of Zweibrücken. Marriage and issue Simon was married to a Mathilda, probably a daughter of Count Meginhard I of Sponheim. They had the following children together: Simon II (de) (d.a. 1207), successor as Count. He married b. 1180 to Liutgard (d.a. 1239), a daughter or other close relative to Emich III, Count of Leiningen. One of their sons was Simon III, another was Friedrich III (d. 1237), who inherited the County of Leiningen. Henry I (de) (d. 1228), married Hedwig (d.a. 1228), a daughter of Frederick I, Duke of Lorraine. He became Count of Zweibrücken. Frederick (d.b. 1187) Gottfried, a canon in Mainz Adalbert (d.a. 1210), archdeacon in Mainz Jutta (d.b. 1223), married Folmar II, Count of Blieskastel, son of Folmar I (d.a. 1179), and Clementia of Metz. Sophie (d.a. 1215), married Henry III, Duke of Limburg (1140-1121) Agnes (d.b. 1180), married Günther III, Count of Schwarzburg (d.a. 1197) External links Biography of Simon von Saarbrücken by Charles Cawley's Medieval Lands Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany This article about a member of the German nobility is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Count of Saarbrücken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Saarbr%C3%BCcken"},{"link_name":"(de)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Grafen_von_Saarbr%C3%BCcken"}],"text":"Simon I of Saarbrücken (died after 1183) was a German nobleman. He was the second ruling Count of Saarbrücken (de), in office 1135 - 1183.","title":"Simon I, Count of Saarbrücken"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederick, Count of Saarbrücken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick,_Count_of_Saarbr%C3%BCcken"},{"link_name":"Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorraine_(duchy)"},{"link_name":"Theodoric II, Duke of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodoric_II,_Duke_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Saarbrücken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Saarbr%C3%BCcken"},{"link_name":"Adalbert II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adalbert_II_of_Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Mainz"},{"link_name":"Simon II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simon_II,_Count_of_Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Henry I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I,_Count_of_Zweibr%C3%BCcken"},{"link_name":"County of Zweibrücken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Zweibr%C3%BCcken"}],"text":"Simon was a son of Frederick, Count of Saarbrücken (d. 1135) and his wife Gisela of Lorraine (b.c. 1100), daughter of Theodoric II, Duke of Lorraine. He succeeded his father as Count of Saarbrücken in 1135. His younger brother Adalbert II became Archbishop of Mainz in 1138.After his death, the county was divided. His eldest son, Simon II inherited a smaller County of Saarbrücken; his younger son Henry I founded the new County of Zweibrücken.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simon II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simon_II,_Count_of_Saarbr%C3%BCcken&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"(de)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_II._(Saarbr%C3%BCcken)"},{"link_name":"Leiningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Leiningen"},{"link_name":"Simon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_III,_Count_of_Saarbr%C3%BCcken"},{"link_name":"County of Leiningen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Leiningen"},{"link_name":"Henry I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I,_Count_of_Zweibr%C3%BCcken"},{"link_name":"(de)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_I._(Zweibr%C3%BCcken)"},{"link_name":"Frederick I, Duke of Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Duke_of_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"Count of Zweibrücken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Zweibr%C3%BCcken"},{"link_name":"canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"archdeacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon"},{"link_name":"Blieskastel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blieskastel"},{"link_name":"Clementia of Metz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Metz"},{"link_name":"Henry III, Duke of Limburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III,_Duke_of_Limburg"},{"link_name":"Schwarzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Schwarzburg"}],"text":"Simon was married to a Mathilda, probably a daughter of Count Meginhard I of Sponheim. They had the following children together:Simon II (de) (d.a. 1207), successor as Count. He married b. 1180 to Liutgard (d.a. 1239), a daughter or other close relative to Emich III, Count of Leiningen. One of their sons was Simon III, another was Friedrich III (d. 1237), who inherited the County of Leiningen.\nHenry I (de) (d. 1228), married Hedwig (d.a. 1228), a daughter of Frederick I, Duke of Lorraine. He became Count of Zweibrücken.\nFrederick (d.b. 1187)\nGottfried, a canon in Mainz\nAdalbert (d.a. 1210), archdeacon in Mainz\nJutta (d.b. 1223), married Folmar II, Count of Blieskastel, son of Folmar I (d.a. 1179), and Clementia of Metz.\nSophie (d.a. 1215), married Henry III, Duke of Limburg (1140-1121)\nAgnes (d.b. 1180), married Günther III, Count of Schwarzburg (d.a. 1197)","title":"Marriage and issue"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesterville_Township,_Reynolds_County,_Missouri
Lesterville Township, Reynolds County, Missouri
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 37°28′59″N 90°48′09″W / 37.4831°N 90.8025°W / 37.4831; -90.8025 Lesterville Township is an inactive township in Reynolds County, in the U.S. state of Missouri. Lesterville Township was erected in 1872, taking its name from the community of Lesterville, Missouri. References ^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Lesterville Township, Reynolds County, Missouri ^ "Reynolds County Place Names, 1928–1945". The State Historical Society of Missouri. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved December 13, 2016. vteMunicipalities and communities of Reynolds County, Missouri, United StatesCounty seat: CentervilleCities Bunker‡ Centerville Ellington Map of Missouri highlighting Reynolds CountyTownships Black River Carroll Jackson Lesterville Logan Webb Unincorporatedcommunities Bee Fork Black Corridon Dagonia Edgehill Exchange Fruit City Garwood Greeley Hadley Lesterville Monterey Munger Oates Ohlman Redford Reynolds Ruble Smithboro West Fork Ghost towns Alamode Dairyville Helvey Marcoot Pinkley Riverside Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Missouri portal United States portal 37°28′59″N 90°48′09″W / 37.4831°N 90.8025°W / 37.4831; -90.8025 This Reynolds County, Missouri state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_township"},{"link_name":"Reynolds County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_County,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Lesterville, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesterville,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Lesterville Township is an inactive township in Reynolds County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.[1]Lesterville Township was erected in 1872, taking its name from the community of Lesterville, Missouri.[2]","title":"Lesterville Township, Reynolds County, Missouri"}]
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null
[{"reference":"\"Reynolds County Place Names, 1928–1945\". The State Historical Society of Missouri. Archived from the original on June 24, 2016. Retrieved December 13, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://shsmo.org/manuscripts/ramsay/ramsay_reynolds.html","url_text":"\"Reynolds County Place Names, 1928–1945\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160624071725/http://shsmo.org/manuscripts/ramsay/ramsay_reynolds.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Jauncey,_Baron_Jauncey_of_Tullichettle
Charles Jauncey, Baron Jauncey of Tullichettle
["1 Early life and career","2 Judicial career","3 Personal life","4 In popular culture","5 Arms","6 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Charles Jauncey, Baron Jauncey of Tullichettle" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Charles Eliot Jauncey, Baron Jauncey of Tullichettle, PC (8 May 1925 – 18 July 2007) was a British judge and advocate. He was often praised as one of the finest legal minds of his generation in Scotland, and his legal opinions - both as a practising advocate and as a judge - commanded immense respect. Early life and career Jauncey was the son of Captain John Henry Jauncey, who came out of retirement to command destroyers in the Second World War, and Muriel Dundas, daughter of Admiral Sir Charles Dundas. He was educated at Radley College, leaving in 1943 to join the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. He served in Egypt and India in the Second World War, from 1943 to 1946, reaching the rank of Sub-Lieutenant. He contracted polio in Ceylon and was invalided home, being left with a slight limp for the rest of his life. He read law at Christ Church, Oxford, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in jurisprudence in 1947, and at the University of Glasgow, where he received a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1949. He became an advocate of the Scottish Bar in 1949, joining the Faculty of Advocates. He undertook a wide range of civil legal work, but his practice concentrated mostly on wills, trusts and estates. He became a standing junior counsel to the Ministry of Works in Scotland in 1953, and standing junior counsel to the Admiralty in 1954. Supporting Ian Fraser QC (later Lord Fraser of Tullybelton), he was junior counsel to Margaret Campbell, Duchess of Argyll, from 1959 to 1963 in the notorious divorce action brought by her husband, Ian Campbell, 11th Duke of Argyll, alleging her adultery, which broke new ground in the law of confidentiality. He took silk becoming a Queen's Counsel for Scotland in 1963. He was part-time Sheriff Principal of Fife and Kinross from 1971 to 1974, resigning to continue his legal practice when the position became full-time. He was a Judge of the Courts of Appeal of Jersey and Guernsey from 1972 to 1979. Judicial career He became a Senator of the College of Justice in Scotland in 1979, taking the judicial courtesy title Lord Jauncey. Amongst other cases, he sat in two particularly long-running cases: McColl v. Strathclyde Regional Council SC 225, a 203-day hearing contesting the mandatory fluoridation of the water supply in Glasgow, and Santa Fe v. Heerama, a patent infringement case relating to semi-submersible drilling platforms in the North Sea which settled after 191 days in court. He held this post until 1988, when he became a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary. He was appointed to the Privy Council and was created a life peer with the title Baron Jauncey of Tullichettle, of Comrie in the District of Perth and Kinross. He also sat on the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. He retired in 1996, but the Queen appointed him a special commissioner and arbitrator in 1998 to determine a dispute between the Dean of Westminster Abbey and its dismissed organist, Dr Martin Neary and Mrs Neary. He was chairman of the House of Lords Committee in 2001-2 that investigated the crash of the RAF Chinook helicopter ZD576 in the Mull of Kintyre in 1994 that killed all 29 on board. He continued to be active in the House of Lords after his retirement, until a stroke in November 2004. He twice caught MRSA while recuperating at Perth Royal Infirmary. Outside the law, Jauncey became a member of the Royal Company of Archers in 1951. His interest in genealogy led to his appointment as Kintyre Pursuivant of Arms from 1955 to 1971. He was also a member of the Historic Buildings Council for Scotland from 1972 to 1992 and he was chairman of the influential Edinburgh conservation body the Cockburn Association from 1975 to 1978. He enjoyed fishing in the rivers of Perthsire. He lived in Tullichettle, near Comrie in Perthshire, for 60 years, and was a member of his local Episcopal church. He died in Comrie. Personal life He married three times. He first married Jean Cunninghame Graham, daughter of Admiral Sir Angus Cunninghame Graham, in 1948. They had two sons, Jamie and Simon, and a daughter, Arabella. After their divorce in 1969, he married Elizabeth Ballingal, widow of Major John Ballingal, in 1973. After a second divorce in 1977, he married a third time, to Camilla Cathcart, daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Cathcart, later that year. They had one daughter, Cressida. In popular culture In the 2021 mini-series A Very British Scandal, Jauncey was played by Richard Goulding. Arms Coat of arms of Charles Jauncey, Baron Jauncey of Tullichettle Crest An arm embowed in armour Argent holding in the gauntlet Or a battle-axe in fess also Argent the forearm environed of a wreath of laurel Vert. Escutcheon Or three chevronels engrailed Gules in chief two lions rampant and respectant of the second. Supporters Dexter a lion Gules gorged of a collar Or charged with a chevronel engrailed Gules, sinister a buck Proper attired collared and chained Or the collar charged with a chevronel engrailed Gules. Motto Virtute Majorum References ^ "No. 51239". The London Gazette. 12 February 1988. p. 1661. ^ "No. 17273". The Edinburgh Gazette. 1 April 1955. p. 212. ^ "No. 19053". The Edinburgh Gazette. 17 December 1971. p. 1004. ^ "Historic Cockburn Association Office-Bearers". ^ "A Very British Scandal". Radio Times. 23 December 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2023. ^ Debrett's Peerage. 2000. "DodOnline". Archived from the original on 12 December 2006. Retrieved 2 December 2006. The Daily Telegraph Obituary, 21 July 2007 The Independent Obituary, 23 July 2007 The Times Obituary, 24 July 2007 The Guardian Obituary, 25 July 2007 Heraldic offices Preceded byIain Moncreiffe of that Ilk Kintyre Pursuivant 1955–1971 Succeeded byJohn Charles Grossmith George Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Netherlands People UK Parliament
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom"}],"text":"Charles Eliot Jauncey, Baron Jauncey of Tullichettle, PC (8 May 1925 – 18 July 2007) was a British judge and advocate. He was often praised as one of the finest legal minds of his generation in Scotland, and his legal opinions - both as a practising advocate and as a judge - commanded immense respect.","title":"Charles Jauncey, Baron Jauncey of Tullichettle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(Royal_Navy)"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Radley College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radley_College"},{"link_name":"Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_Volunteer_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Sub-Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"polio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"University of Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"advocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advocate"},{"link_name":"Scottish Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Bar"},{"link_name":"Faculty of Advocates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_of_Advocates"},{"link_name":"standing junior counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standing_junior_counsel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Works_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"the Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Admiralty"},{"link_name":"Lord Fraser of Tullybelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Fraser,_Baron_Fraser_of_Tullybelton"},{"link_name":"Margaret Campbell, Duchess of Argyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Campbell,_Duchess_of_Argyll"},{"link_name":"Ian Campbell, 11th Duke of Argyll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Campbell,_11th_Duke_of_Argyll"},{"link_name":"adultery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adultery"},{"link_name":"confidentiality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidentiality"},{"link_name":"Queen's Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Sheriff Principal of Fife and Kinross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff_of_Fife"},{"link_name":"Courts of Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Appeal"},{"link_name":"Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey"},{"link_name":"Guernsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guernsey"}],"text":"Jauncey was the son of Captain John Henry Jauncey, who came out of retirement to command destroyers in the Second World War, and Muriel Dundas, daughter of Admiral Sir Charles Dundas. He was educated at Radley College, leaving in 1943 to join the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve. He served in Egypt and India in the Second World War, from 1943 to 1946, reaching the rank of Sub-Lieutenant. He contracted polio in Ceylon and was invalided home, being left with a slight limp for the rest of his life.He read law at Christ Church, Oxford, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in jurisprudence in 1947, and at the University of Glasgow, where he received a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1949. He became an advocate of the Scottish Bar in 1949, joining the Faculty of Advocates. He undertook a wide range of civil legal work, but his practice concentrated mostly on wills, trusts and estates. He became a standing junior counsel to the Ministry of Works in Scotland in 1953, and standing junior counsel to the Admiralty in 1954.Supporting Ian Fraser QC (later Lord Fraser of Tullybelton), he was junior counsel to Margaret Campbell, Duchess of Argyll, from 1959 to 1963 in the notorious divorce action brought by her husband, Ian Campbell, 11th Duke of Argyll, alleging her adultery, which broke new ground in the law of confidentiality. He took silk becoming a Queen's Counsel for Scotland in 1963. He was part-time Sheriff Principal of Fife and Kinross from 1971 to 1974, resigning to continue his legal practice when the position became full-time. He was a Judge of the Courts of Appeal of Jersey and Guernsey from 1972 to 1979.","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Senator of the College of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senator_of_the_College_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"judicial courtesy title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_courtesy_title"},{"link_name":"fluoridation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoridation"},{"link_name":"Lord of Appeal in Ordinary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_Appeal_in_Ordinary"},{"link_name":"Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_Council"},{"link_name":"life peer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_peer"},{"link_name":"Perth and Kinross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_and_Kinross"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Judicial Committee of the Privy Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_Committee_of_the_Privy_Council"},{"link_name":"Westminster Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Martin Neary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Neary"},{"link_name":"crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Scotland_RAF_Chinook_crash"},{"link_name":"Chinook helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinook_helicopter"},{"link_name":"Mull of Kintyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mull_of_Kintyre"},{"link_name":"MRSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus"},{"link_name":"Perth Royal Infirmary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Royal_Infirmary"},{"link_name":"Royal Company of Archers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Company_of_Archers"},{"link_name":"Kintyre Pursuivant of Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kintyre_Pursuivant_of_Arms"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Historic Buildings Council for Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Buildings_Council_for_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Cockburn Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockburn_Association"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tullichettle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tullichettle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Comrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comrie,_Perth_and_Kinross"},{"link_name":"Episcopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church"}],"text":"He became a Senator of the College of Justice in Scotland in 1979, taking the judicial courtesy title Lord Jauncey. Amongst other cases, he sat in two particularly long-running cases: McColl v. Strathclyde Regional Council [1983] SC 225, a 203-day hearing contesting the mandatory fluoridation of the water supply in Glasgow, and Santa Fe v. Heerama, a patent infringement case relating to semi-submersible drilling platforms in the North Sea which settled after 191 days in court. He held this post until 1988, when he became a Lord of Appeal in Ordinary. He was appointed to the Privy Council and was created a life peer with the title Baron Jauncey of Tullichettle, of Comrie in the District of Perth and Kinross.[1] He also sat on the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. He retired in 1996, but the Queen appointed him a special commissioner and arbitrator in 1998 to determine a dispute between the Dean of Westminster Abbey and its dismissed organist, Dr Martin Neary and Mrs Neary. He was chairman of the House of Lords Committee in 2001-2 that investigated the crash of the RAF Chinook helicopter ZD576 in the Mull of Kintyre in 1994 that killed all 29 on board. He continued to be active in the House of Lords after his retirement, until a stroke in November 2004. He twice caught MRSA while recuperating at Perth Royal Infirmary.Outside the law, Jauncey became a member of the Royal Company of Archers in 1951. His interest in genealogy led to his appointment as Kintyre Pursuivant of Arms from 1955 to 1971.[2][3] He was also a member of the Historic Buildings Council for Scotland from 1972 to 1992 and he was chairman of the influential Edinburgh conservation body the Cockburn Association from 1975 to 1978.[4] He enjoyed fishing in the rivers of Perthsire. He lived in Tullichettle, near Comrie in Perthshire, for 60 years, and was a member of his local Episcopal church. He died in Comrie.","title":"Judicial career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angus Cunninghame Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Cunninghame_Graham"},{"link_name":"John Ballingal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Ballingal&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"He married three times. He first married Jean Cunninghame Graham, daughter of Admiral Sir Angus Cunninghame Graham, in 1948. They had two sons, Jamie and Simon, and a daughter, Arabella. After their divorce in 1969, he married Elizabeth Ballingal, widow of Major John Ballingal, in 1973. After a second divorce in 1977, he married a third time, to Camilla Cathcart, daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel Charles Cathcart, later that year. They had one daughter, Cressida.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Very British Scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Very_British_Scandal"},{"link_name":"Richard Goulding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Goulding"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In the 2021 mini-series A Very British Scandal, Jauncey was played by Richard Goulding.[5]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Arms"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Williamsburg,_Virginia
History of Williamsburg, Virginia
["1 Seventeenth Century","2 Eighteenth Century","3 Nineteenth Century","3.1 American Civil War","3.2 Post Civil War","4 Restoration and Twenty-first Century","5 Modern political involvement","6 References"]
Print made with the Bodleian Plate. Engraved in the mid-18th century, it depicts various prominent structures in Williamsburg during its time as capital of Virginia: the College of William & Mary, the Capitol, and the Governor's Palace. Rediscovered in the 1920s in the Bodleian Library in Oxford, England, it was used in the restorations and reconstructions during the 20th Century. The history of Williamsburg, Virginia dates to the 17th Century. First named Middle Plantation, it changed its name to Williamsburg in 1699. Seventeenth Century History of Virginia By year Colony of Virginia American Revolution U.S. Civil War Post-Civil War Topics: African-Americans - Cities - Politics - Slavery  Virginia portalvte Prior to the arrival of the English colonists at Jamestown in the Colony of Virginia in 1607, the area that became Williamsburg was largely wooded, and well within the territory of the Native American group known as the Powhatan Confederacy. In the early colonial period, navigable rivers were the equivalent of modern highways. For ease of travel, and security from conflicts with Native Americans, early colonial settlements were established close to rivers. By the 1630s, English settlements had grown to dominate the lower (eastern) portion of the Virginia Peninsula. The Natives had abandoned their villages nearby, such as Kiskiack (also spelled "Chiskiack"), and settled in more remote locations, but continued to intermittently attack the colonists. To protect the lower peninsula's farming and fishing communities, the colonists built a stockade across the lake. Lying along the center-line of the Virginia Peninsula, the area that became Williamsburg was some distance from both the James River and the York River, and the ground's elevation gradually decreased as it approached the shore of each. Near Williamsburg, College Creek and Queen's Creek fed into one of the two rivers. By anchoring each end on one of these two creeks, the land area was only about 6 miles (9.7 km) wide at that point, much less than at other locations. The area that became Williamsburg was settled in 1638 and called Middle Plantation, for its location on the high ground about halfway across the peninsula. The cross-peninsula defensive palisade completed in 1634 was an integral part of the settlement's creation. Its exact route is unknown, but archaeologists recently discovered remnants of it on the Bruton Heights School property, adjacent to the site of the house of Governor John Page, while working on a Colonial Williamsburg archaeological research project. Jamestown, originally the capital of Virginia Colony, remained as such until it burned down during the three events of Bacon's Rebellion in 1676. Immediately after Governor William Berkeley regained control, temporary quarters for the functions of the seat of government were established about 12 miles (19 km) away on the high ground at Middle Plantation while the Statehouse at Jamestown was rebuilt. The members of the House of Burgesses found the surroundings safer and more environmentally pleasant than Jamestown, which was muggy and plagued with mosquitoes. A school of higher education was a long-held aspiration of the colonists. An early attempt at Henricus failed after the Indian Massacre of 1622. The location at the outskirts of the developed part of the colony left it more vulnerable to the attack. In the 1690s, the colonists tried again and sent Reverend James Blair to England. After several years of lobbying, he obtained a royal charter for the new school, named the College of William and Mary in honor of the current monarchs. When Blair returned to Virginia, the new school was founded in a safe place, Middle Plantation, in 1693. Classes began in temporary quarters in 1694, and the College Building, a precursor to the Wren Building, was soon under construction. Four years later, the rebuilt statehouse in Jamestown burned again (in 1698), this time accidentally. The government once again relocated temporarily to Middle Plantation, but now enjoyed use of the college's facilities in addition to the better climate. After the fire, the students of the college made a presentation to the House of Burgesses, and the colonial capital was permanently moved to Middle Plantation in 1699. A village was laid out, and Middle Plantation was renamed Williamsburg in honor of King William III of England, befitting the town's newly elevated status. Further information: Middle Plantation (Virginia) Eighteenth Century "The Alternative of Williamsburg", 1775 Map of Williamsburg from the American Revolutionary War Following its designation as the Capital of the Colony, immediate provision was made for construction of a capitol building and for platting the new city according to the survey of Theodorick Bland. The "Frenchman's Map" showing Williamsburg as it appeared in 1782. At the time the main street was rechristened after the Duke of Gloucester, it was a simple horse path that veered through a set of swampy ravines and was obstructed at one point by houses and an oven. On April 27, 1704, Francis Nicholson asked the House of Burgesses to allow purchase of four old homes on the site so they could be demolished. On May 5, Henry Cary and his workers tore the homes down, and gave the owner of the property, Col. John Page, £5 and let him have the bricks from the razed homes. The transaction may be the first documented condemnation proceeding in American history. Alexander Spotswood, who arrived in Virginia as lieutenant governor in 1710, had several ravines filled and the streets leveled, and assisted in erecting additional college buildings, a church, and a magazine for the storage of arms. In 1722, the town of Williamsburg was granted a royal charter as a city, now believed to be the oldest in the United States. Middle Plantation was included in James City Shire when it was established in 1634, as the Colony reached a total population of approximately 5,000. (James City Shire changed its name and became known as James City County). However, the middle ground ridge line was essentially the dividing line with Charles River Shire, which eventually became York County. As Williamsburg was developed, the boundaries were adjusted slightly, and for most of the colonial period, the border between the two counties ran down the center of Duke of Gloucester Street. During this time, and for almost 100 years after formation of the Commonwealth of Virginia and the United States, despite some practical complications, portions of the town were located in each of the two counties. Williamsburg was the site of the first canal built in the United States. In 1771, Lord Dunmore, Virginia's Royal Governor, announced plans to connect Archer's Creek, which leads to the James River with Queen's Creek, leading to the York River. It would have been a water bridge across the Virginia Peninsula, but was not completed. Portions of the remains of this canal are visible at the rear of the grounds behind the Governor's Palace in Colonial Williamsburg. The first psychiatric hospital in the United States was built in the city in the 1770s as the, "Public Hospital for Persons of Insane and Disordered Minds" (known in modern times as Eastern State Hospital), was established by act of the Virginia colonial legislature on June 4, 1770. The act, which intended to, "Make Provision for the Support and Maintenance of Ideots, Lunaticks, and other Persons of unsound Minds," authorized the House of Burgesses to appoint a fifteen-man Court Of Directors to oversee the future hospital's operations and admissions. In 1771, contractor Benjamin Powell constructed a two-story building on Francis Street near the college capable of housing twenty-four patients. The design of the grounds included "yards for patients to walk and take the Air in" as well as provisions for a fence to be built to keep the patients out of the nearby town. Beginning in April 1775, the Gunpowder Incident, a dispute between Governor Dunmore and Virginia colonists over gunpowder (stored in the Williamsburg Magazine) evolved into an important event in the run-up to the American Revolution. Dunmore, fearing another rebellion, ordered royal marines to seize gunpowder from the magazine. Virginia militia led by Patrick Henry responded to the "theft" and marched on Williamsburg. A standoff ensued, with Dunmore threatening to destroy the city if attacked by the militia. The dispute was resolved when payment for the powder was arranged. Following the Declaration of Independence, the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1776. During the War, in 1780, the capital of Virginia was moved again, this time to Richmond at the urging of then-Governor Thomas Jefferson, who was afraid that Williamsburg's location made it vulnerable to a British attack. However, during the Revolutionary War many important conventions were held in Williamsburg. Nineteenth Century With the capital gone after 1780, Williamsburg also lost prominence, but not to the degree Jamestown had 81 years earlier. 18th and early 19th century transportation in the Colony was largely by canals and navigable rivers. Built deliberately on "high ground," Williamsburg was not located along a major waterway like many early communities in the United States. Early railroads beginning in the 1830s also did not come its way. It seemed the principal business activities of Williamsburg had been the government and the college, the latter continuing and expanding, as well as the Public Hospital for Persons of Insane and Disordered Minds. Both the college and the Hospital grew, with the latter known in recent years as Eastern State Hospital. American Civil War At the outset of the American Civil War (1861–1865), enlistments in the Confederate Army depleted the student body of the College of William and Mary and on May 10, 1861, the faculty voted to close the college for the duration of the conflict. The College Building was used as a Confederate barracks and later as a hospital, first by Confederate, and later Union forces. The Williamsburg area saw combat in the spring of 1862 during the Peninsula Campaign, an effort to take Richmond from the east from a base at Fort Monroe. Throughout late 1861 and early 1862, the small contingent of Confederate defenders was known as the Army of the Peninsula, and led by popular General John B. Magruder. He successfully used ruse tactics to bluff the invaders as to the size and strength of his forces, and intimidated them into a slow movement up the Peninsula, gaining valuable time defenses to be constructed for the Confederate capital at Richmond. In early May, 1862, after holding the Union troops off for over a month, the defenders withdrew quietly from the Warwick Line (stretching across the Peninsula between Yorktown and Mulberry Island). As General George McClellan's Union forces crept up the Peninsula to pursue the retreating Confederate forces, a rear guard force led by General James Longstreet and supported by General J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry blocked their westward progression at the Williamsburg Line. This was a series of 14 redoubts east of town, with earthen Fort Magruder (also known as Redoubt # 6) at the crucial junction of the two major roads leading to Williamsburg from the east. The design and construction had been overseen by the College of William and Mary's President Benjamin S. Ewell, who owned a farm in James City County, and had been commissioned as an officer in the Confederate Army after the college closed in 1861. At the Battle of Williamsburg on May 5, 1862, the defenders were successful in delaying the Union forces long enough for the retreating Confederates to reach the outer defenses of Richmond safely. A siege of Richmond resulted, culminating in the Seven Days Battles, and McClellan's campaign failed. As a result, the War dragged on almost 3 more years at great cost to lives and finances for both sides before its conclusion in April 1865. On May 6, 1862, the city fell to the Union. The Brafferton building of the college was used for a time as quarters for the commanding officer of the Union garrison occupying the town. On September 9, 1862, drunken soldiers of the 5th Pennsylvania Cavalry set fire to the College Building, purportedly in an attempt to prevent Confederate snipers from using it for cover. Much damage was done to the community during the Union occupation, which lasted until September 1865. Post Civil War About 20 years later, in 1881, Collis P. Huntington's Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad (C&O) built through the area, eventually establishing six stations in Williamsburg and the surrounding area. This aided passenger travel and shipping for local farmers, but the railroad had been built primarily for through-coal traffic destined for the coal pier and export at Newport News. Initially the tracks ran down Duke of Gloucester Street and through the grounds of the former Capitol at the eastern end. They were later relocated. Of course, there were the ongoing activities of the College of William and Mary. However, school sessions there were temporarily suspended for financial reasons from 1882 until 1886, when the college became a state school. Beginning in the 1890s, C&O land agent Carl M. Bergh, a Norwegian-American who had earlier farmed in the mid-western states, realized that the gentler climate of eastern Virginia and depressed post-Civil War land prices would be attractive to his fellow Scandinavians who were farming in other northern parts of the country. He began sending out notices, and selling land. Soon there was a substantial concentration of relocated Americans of Norwegian, Swedish, and Danish descent in the area. The location earlier known as Vaiden's Siding on the railroad just west of Williamsburg in James City County, was renamed Norge. These citizens and their descendants found the area conditions favorable as described by Bergh, and many became leading merchants, tradespersons, and farmers in the community. These transplanted Americans brought some new blood and enthusiasm to the old colonial capitol area. Restoration and Twenty-first Century Main article: Colonial Williamsburg Williamsburg was still a sleepy little town in the early 20th century. Some newer structures were interspersed with colonial-era buildings, but the town was much less progressive than other busier communities of similar size in Virginia. Some local lore indicates that the residents were satisfied with it that way, and longtime Virginia Peninsula journalist, author and historian Parke S. Rouse Jr. has pointed this out in his published work. On June 26, 1912, the Richmond Times-Dispatch newspaper ran an editorial which dubbed the town "Lotusburg," for, "Tuesday was election day in Williamsburg but nobody remembered it. The clerk forgot to wake the electoral board, the electoral board could not arouse itself long enough to have the ballots printed, the candidates forgot they were running, the voters forgot they were alive." However, even if such complacency was common, a dream of one Episcopalian priest was to expand to change Williamsburg's future and provide it a new major purpose, turning much of it into the world's largest living museum. In the early 20th century, one of the largest historic restorations ever undertaken anywhere in the world was championed by the Reverend Dr. W.A.R. Goodwin of Williamsburg's Bruton Parish Church. Initially, Dr. Goodwin had wanted to save his historic church building, and this he accomplished by 1907, in time for the 300th anniversary of the founding of the Episcopal Church in Virginia. However, upon returning to Williamsburg in 1923 after serving a number of years in upstate New York, he began to realize that many of the other colonial-era buildings also remained, but were in deteriorating condition, and their longevity was at risk. Goodwin dreamed of a much larger restoration along the lines of what he had accomplished with his historic church. A cleric of modest means, he sought support and financing from a number of sources before successfully drawing the interests and major financial support of Standard Oil heir and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller Jr. and his wife Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. The result of their combined efforts was the creation of Colonial Williamsburg, which included a restoration of much of the downtown Williamsburg area with creation of a 301-acre (1.22 km2) Historic Area to celebrate the patriots and the early history of America. In the 21st century, Colonial Williamsburg has continued to update and refine its attractions, with more features designed to attract modern children and offer better and additional interpretation of the African-American experience in the colonial town. Just a little more after Dr. Goodwin's work began, the effort to maintain and improve this corner piece of Virginia and United States history remains a remarkable work-in-progress. In addition to the Historic Area of Colonial Williamsburg, the city's railroad station was restored to become an intermodal passenger facility (see Transportation section below). Nearby in James City County, the old ca. 1908 C&O Railway combination passenger and freight station at Norge was preserved and after donation by CSX Transportation, was relocated in 2006 to property at the Croaker Branch of the Williamsburg Regional Library. Today, Colonial Williamsburg is Virginia's best tourist attraction based upon attendance and forms the centerpiece of the Historic Triangle with Jamestown and Yorktown joined by the Colonial Parkway. Modern political involvement Heads of state at the 1983 G7 summit The third of three debates between Republican President Gerald Ford and Democratic challenger Jimmy Carter was held at Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall at the College of William and Mary on October 22, 1976. Perhaps in tribute to the debate's historic venue, as well as to the United States Bicentennial celebration, both candidates spoke of a "new spirit" in America. The 9th G7 Summit was held in Williamsburg in 1983. The summit participants discussed the growing debt crisis, arms control and greater co-operation between the Soviet Union and the G7 (now the G8). At the end of the meeting, U.S. Secretary of State George P. Shultz read to the press a statement confirming the deployment of American Pershing II-nuclear rockets in West Germany later in 1983. References ^ David F. Muraca (1998). "The John Page Site:Excavation of a Major House Site on the Bruton Heights Property". Colonial Williamsburg. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2006-05-31. ^ Duke of Gloucester Street, Colonial Williamsburg ^ From Oligarchy to Democracy: Governing Virginia's First City, Jackson C. Tuttle II, williamsburgva.gov ^ Charles A. Grymes (1998). "Second-Worst Decision of the State of Virginia?". Retrieved 2007-02-20. ^ "The Civil War at the College of William and Mary". The Daily Press. Retrieved 2017-08-19. ^ "Historical Facts (1850 - 1899)". The College of William and Mary. Archived from the original on 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2008-03-26. vteCity of Williamsburg, VirginiaTopics Culture People Economy History Middle Plantation Landmarks Colonial Williamsburg template Busch Gardens Europe Water Country USA Williamsburg Winery Williamsburg Botanical Garden Colonial Parkway Bruton Parish Church Colonial Capitol DeWitt Wallace Decorative Arts Museum Go-Karts Plus Governor's Palace Kiwanis Park Raleigh Tavern Sunken Garden Williamsburg Botanical Garden Williamsburg Pottery Factory Military Camp Peary Naval Weapons Station Yorktown Fort Eustis Education Williamsburg-James City County Public Schools Matthew Whaley ES Walsingham Academy College of William & Mary template Transportation Williamsburg Area Transit Authority Williamsburg Transportation Center Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport (in Newport News) The public high schools have Williamsburg postal addresses but are outside the city limits. Hampton Roads Metropolitan Area Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC MSA Virginia vteColonial WilliamsburgHistory Battle of Williamsburg Colonial Williamsburg History Historic Triangle Middle Plantation Rich Neck Plantation Structures Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum Alexander Craig House Bassett Hall Bodleian Plate Brush-Everard House Bruton Parish Church Capitol Charlton House Courthouse DeWitt Wallace Decorative Arts Museum Geddy House Governor's Palace James Semple House John Crump House Matthew Whaley School Nicolson Store Palmer House Peyton Randolph House President's House Raleigh Tavern St. George Tucker House Tayloe House Wetherburn's Tavern Williamsburg Bray School Williamsburg Inn Wren Building Wythe House People W. A. R. Goodwin Patrick Henry Peyton Randolph Abby Aldrich Rockefeller John D. Rockefeller Jr. Richard Taliaferro DeWitt Wallace George Wythe Geography Williamsburg Hampton Roads Jamestown Yorktown Virginia Other Carter's Grove Country Road Carter's Grove Plantation College of William & Mary Colonial Parkway Grand Illumination Merchants Square National Trust for Historic Preservation Peacock Hill Williamsburg: The Story of a Patriot Authority control databases: National Israel United States
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First named Middle Plantation, it changed its name to Williamsburg in 1699.","title":"History of Williamsburg, Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jamestown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Colony of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Powhatan Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powhatan_Confederacy"},{"link_name":"Virginia Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Kiskiack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiskiack"},{"link_name":"Virginia Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"James River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_River"},{"link_name":"York River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_River_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"College Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Creek"},{"link_name":"Queen's Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Creek"},{"link_name":"Middle Plantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Plantation_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"archaeologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeologists"},{"link_name":"Governor John Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Page_(Virginia_politician)"},{"link_name":"Colonial Williamsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Williamsburg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-johnpage-1"},{"link_name":"Bacon's Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacon%27s_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"William Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Berkeley_(governor)"},{"link_name":"House of Burgesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Burgesses"},{"link_name":"Henricus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henricus"},{"link_name":"Indian Massacre of 1622","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Massacre_of_1622"},{"link_name":"James Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Blair_(clergyman)"},{"link_name":"College of William and Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_William_and_Mary"},{"link_name":"Wren Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wren_Building"},{"link_name":"William III of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Middle Plantation (Virginia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Plantation_(Virginia)"}],"text":"Prior to the arrival of the English colonists at Jamestown in the Colony of Virginia in 1607, the area that became Williamsburg was largely wooded, and well within the territory of the Native American group known as the Powhatan Confederacy. In the early colonial period, navigable rivers were the equivalent of modern highways. For ease of travel, and security from conflicts with Native Americans, early colonial settlements were established close to rivers.By the 1630s, English settlements had grown to dominate the lower (eastern) portion of the Virginia Peninsula. The Natives had abandoned their villages nearby, such as Kiskiack (also spelled \"Chiskiack\"), and settled in more remote locations, but continued to intermittently attack the colonists. To protect the lower peninsula's farming and fishing communities, the colonists built a stockade across the lake.Lying along the center-line of the Virginia Peninsula, the area that became Williamsburg was some distance from both the James River and the York River, and the ground's elevation gradually decreased as it approached the shore of each. Near Williamsburg, College Creek and Queen's Creek fed into one of the two rivers. By anchoring each end on one of these two creeks, the land area was only about 6 miles (9.7 km) wide at that point, much less than at other locations.The area that became Williamsburg was settled in 1638 and called Middle Plantation, for its location on the high ground about halfway across the peninsula. The cross-peninsula defensive palisade completed in 1634 was an integral part of the settlement's creation. Its exact route is unknown, but archaeologists recently discovered remnants of it on the Bruton Heights School property, adjacent to the site of the house of Governor John Page, while working on a Colonial Williamsburg archaeological research project.[1]Jamestown, originally the capital of Virginia Colony, remained as such until it burned down during the three events of Bacon's Rebellion in 1676. Immediately after Governor William Berkeley regained control, temporary quarters for the functions of the seat of government were established about 12 miles (19 km) away on the high ground at Middle Plantation while the Statehouse at Jamestown was rebuilt. The members of the House of Burgesses found the surroundings safer and more environmentally pleasant than Jamestown, which was muggy and plagued with mosquitoes.A school of higher education was a long-held aspiration of the colonists. An early attempt at Henricus failed after the Indian Massacre of 1622. The location at the outskirts of the developed part of the colony left it more vulnerable to the attack. In the 1690s, the colonists tried again and sent Reverend James Blair to England. After several years of lobbying, he obtained a royal charter for the new school, named the College of William and Mary in honor of the current monarchs. When Blair returned to Virginia, the new school was founded in a safe place, Middle Plantation, in 1693. Classes began in temporary quarters in 1694, and the College Building, a precursor to the Wren Building, was soon under construction.Four years later, the rebuilt statehouse in Jamestown burned again (in 1698), this time accidentally. The government once again relocated temporarily to Middle Plantation, but now enjoyed use of the college's facilities in addition to the better climate. After the fire, the students of the college made a presentation to the House of Burgesses, and the colonial capital was permanently moved to Middle Plantation in 1699. A village was laid out, and Middle Plantation was renamed Williamsburg in honor of King William III of England, befitting the town's newly elevated status.Further information: Middle Plantation (Virginia)","title":"Seventeenth Century"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Alternative_of_Williams-burg_1775.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Williamsburg-rochambeau-map.jpg"},{"link_name":"Theodorick Bland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodorick_Bland_(surveyor)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Williamsburg,_Virginia,_1782.jpg"},{"link_name":"House of Burgesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Burgesses"},{"link_name":"Col. John Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Page_(Middle_Plantation)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"condemnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demolition"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Alexander Spotswood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Spotswood"},{"link_name":"royal charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_charter"},{"link_name":"James City Shire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_City_Shire"},{"link_name":"James City County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_City_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Charles River Shire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_River_Shire"},{"link_name":"York County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Duke of Gloucester Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Gloucester_Street"},{"link_name":"canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal"},{"link_name":"Lord Dunmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Murray,_4th_Earl_of_Dunmore"},{"link_name":"Archer's Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Creek"},{"link_name":"James River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_River_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Queen's Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Creek"},{"link_name":"York River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_River_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Virginia Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Governor's Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor%27s_Palace_(Williamsburg,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grymes-4"},{"link_name":"psychiatric hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital"},{"link_name":"Eastern State Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_State_Hospital_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Virginia colonial legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Gunpowder Incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowder_Incident"},{"link_name":"Dunmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Murray,_4th_Earl_of_Dunmore"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Patrick Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Henry"},{"link_name":"Declaration of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"}],"text":"\"The Alternative of Williamsburg\", 1775Map of Williamsburg from the American Revolutionary WarFollowing its designation as the Capital of the Colony, immediate provision was made for construction of a capitol building and for platting the new city according to the survey of Theodorick Bland.The \"Frenchman's Map\" showing Williamsburg as it appeared in 1782.At the time the main street was rechristened after the Duke of Gloucester, it was a simple horse path that veered through a set of swampy ravines and was obstructed at one point by houses and an oven. On April 27, 1704, Francis Nicholson asked the House of Burgesses to allow purchase of four old homes on the site so they could be demolished. On May 5, Henry Cary and his workers tore the homes down, and gave the owner of the property, Col. John Page, £5 and let him have the bricks from the razed homes.[2] The transaction may be the first documented condemnation proceeding in American history.[3]Alexander Spotswood, who arrived in Virginia as lieutenant governor in 1710, had several ravines filled and the streets leveled, and assisted in erecting additional college buildings, a church, and a magazine for the storage of arms. In 1722, the town of Williamsburg was granted a royal charter as a city, now believed to be the oldest in the United States.Middle Plantation was included in James City Shire when it was established in 1634, as the Colony reached a total population of approximately 5,000. (James City Shire changed its name and became known as James City County). However, the middle ground ridge line was essentially the dividing line with Charles River Shire, which eventually became York County. As Williamsburg was developed, the boundaries were adjusted slightly, and for most of the colonial period, the border between the two counties ran down the center of Duke of Gloucester Street. During this time, and for almost 100 years after formation of the Commonwealth of Virginia and the United States, despite some practical complications, portions of the town were located in each of the two counties.Williamsburg was the site of the first canal built in the United States. In 1771, Lord Dunmore, Virginia's Royal Governor, announced plans to connect Archer's Creek, which leads to the James River with Queen's Creek, leading to the York River. It would have been a water bridge across the Virginia Peninsula, but was not completed. Portions of the remains of this canal are visible at the rear of the grounds behind the Governor's Palace in Colonial Williamsburg.[4]The first psychiatric hospital in the United States was built in the city in the 1770s as the, \"Public Hospital for Persons of Insane and Disordered Minds\" (known in modern times as Eastern State Hospital), was established by act of the Virginia colonial legislature on June 4, 1770. The act, which intended to, \"Make Provision for the Support and Maintenance of Ideots, Lunaticks, and other Persons of unsound Minds,\" authorized the House of Burgesses to appoint a fifteen-man Court Of Directors to oversee the future hospital's operations and admissions. In 1771, contractor Benjamin Powell constructed a two-story building on Francis Street near the college capable of housing twenty-four patients. The design of the grounds included \"yards for patients to walk and take the Air in\" as well as provisions for a fence to be built to keep the patients out of the nearby town.Beginning in April 1775, the Gunpowder Incident, a dispute between Governor Dunmore and Virginia colonists over gunpowder (stored in the Williamsburg Magazine) evolved into an important event in the run-up to the American Revolution. Dunmore, fearing another rebellion, ordered royal marines to seize gunpowder from the magazine. Virginia militia led by Patrick Henry responded to the \"theft\" and marched on Williamsburg. A standoff ensued, with Dunmore threatening to destroy the city if attacked by the militia. The dispute was resolved when payment for the powder was arranged.Following the Declaration of Independence, the American Revolutionary War broke out in 1776. During the War, in 1780, the capital of Virginia was moved again, this time to Richmond at the urging of then-Governor Thomas Jefferson, who was afraid that Williamsburg's location made it vulnerable to a British attack. However, during the Revolutionary War many important conventions were held in Williamsburg.","title":"Eighteenth Century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern State Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_State_Hospital_(Virginia)"}],"text":"With the capital gone after 1780, Williamsburg also lost prominence, but not to the degree Jamestown had 81 years earlier. 18th and early 19th century transportation in the Colony was largely by canals and navigable rivers. Built deliberately on \"high ground,\" Williamsburg was not located along a major waterway like many early communities in the United States. Early railroads beginning in the 1830s also did not come its way.It seemed the principal business activities of Williamsburg had been the government and the college, the latter continuing and expanding, as well as the Public Hospital for Persons of Insane and Disordered Minds. Both the college and the Hospital grew, with the latter known in recent years as Eastern State Hospital.","title":"Nineteenth Century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Confederate Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Army"},{"link_name":"College Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wren_Building"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Peninsula Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Fort Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Monroe"},{"link_name":"John B. Magruder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Magruder"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Warwick Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Line"},{"link_name":"Yorktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorktown,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Mulberry Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulberry_Island"},{"link_name":"George McClellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan"},{"link_name":"James Longstreet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Longstreet"},{"link_name":"J.E.B. Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.E.B._Stuart"},{"link_name":"Fort Magruder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Magruder"},{"link_name":"Benjamin S. Ewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_S._Ewell"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Battle of Williamsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Williamsburg"},{"link_name":"Seven Days Battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Brafferton building of the college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brafferton_(building)"},{"link_name":"5th Pennsylvania Cavalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5th_Pennsylvania_Cavalry"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"American Civil War","text":"At the outset of the American Civil War (1861–1865), enlistments in the Confederate Army depleted the student body of the College of William and Mary and on May 10, 1861, the faculty voted to close the college for the duration of the conflict. The College Building was used as a Confederate barracks and later as a hospital, first by Confederate, and later Union forces.[5]The Williamsburg area saw combat in the spring of 1862 during the Peninsula Campaign, an effort to take Richmond from the east from a base at Fort Monroe. Throughout late 1861 and early 1862, the small contingent of Confederate defenders was known as the Army of the Peninsula, and led by popular General John B. Magruder. He successfully used ruse tactics to bluff the invaders as to the size and strength of his forces, and intimidated them into a slow movement up the Peninsula, gaining valuable time defenses to be constructed for the Confederate capital at Richmond.[citation needed]In early May, 1862, after holding the Union troops off for over a month, the defenders withdrew quietly from the Warwick Line (stretching across the Peninsula between Yorktown and Mulberry Island). As General George McClellan's Union forces crept up the Peninsula to pursue the retreating Confederate forces, a rear guard force led by General James Longstreet and supported by General J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry blocked their westward progression at the Williamsburg Line. This was a series of 14 redoubts east of town, with earthen Fort Magruder (also known as Redoubt # 6) at the crucial junction of the two major roads leading to Williamsburg from the east. The design and construction had been overseen by the College of William and Mary's President Benjamin S. Ewell, who owned a farm in James City County, and had been commissioned as an officer in the Confederate Army after the college closed in 1861.[citation needed]At the Battle of Williamsburg on May 5, 1862, the defenders were successful in delaying the Union forces long enough for the retreating Confederates to reach the outer defenses of Richmond safely. A siege of Richmond resulted, culminating in the Seven Days Battles, and McClellan's campaign failed. As a result, the War dragged on almost 3 more years at great cost to lives and finances for both sides before its conclusion in April 1865.[citation needed]On May 6, 1862, the city fell to the Union. The Brafferton building of the college was used for a time as quarters for the commanding officer of the Union garrison occupying the town. On September 9, 1862, drunken soldiers of the 5th Pennsylvania Cavalry set fire to the College Building,[6] purportedly in an attempt to prevent Confederate snipers from using it for cover. Much damage was done to the community during the Union occupation, which lasted until September 1865.[citation needed]","title":"Nineteenth Century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collis P. Huntington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collis_P._Huntington"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Railroad"},{"link_name":"coal pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_pier"},{"link_name":"Newport News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Duke of Gloucester Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Gloucester_Street"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Norwegian-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian-American"},{"link_name":"James City County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_City_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Norge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norge,_Virginia"}],"sub_title":"Post Civil War","text":"About 20 years later, in 1881, Collis P. Huntington's Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad (C&O) built through the area, eventually establishing six stations in Williamsburg and the surrounding area. This aided passenger travel and shipping for local farmers, but the railroad had been built primarily for through-coal traffic destined for the coal pier and export at Newport News. Initially the tracks ran down Duke of Gloucester Street and through the grounds of the former Capitol at the eastern end. They were later relocated.[citation needed]Of course, there were the ongoing activities of the College of William and Mary. However, school sessions there were temporarily suspended for financial reasons from 1882 until 1886, when the college became a state school.Beginning in the 1890s, C&O land agent Carl M. Bergh, a Norwegian-American who had earlier farmed in the mid-western states, realized that the gentler climate of eastern Virginia and depressed post-Civil War land prices would be attractive to his fellow Scandinavians who were farming in other northern parts of the country. He began sending out notices, and selling land. Soon there was a substantial concentration of relocated Americans of Norwegian, Swedish, and Danish descent in the area. The location earlier known as Vaiden's Siding on the railroad just west of Williamsburg in James City County, was renamed Norge. These citizens and their descendants found the area conditions favorable as described by Bergh, and many became leading merchants, tradespersons, and farmers in the community. These transplanted Americans brought some new blood and enthusiasm to the old colonial capitol area.","title":"Nineteenth Century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginia Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Parke S. Rouse Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parke_S._Rouse_Jr."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160304055639/http://xroads.virginia.edu/~ug99/coe/wpa_guide/before.html"},{"link_name":"living museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_museum"},{"link_name":"W.A.R. Goodwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.A.R._Goodwin"},{"link_name":"Bruton Parish Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruton_Parish_Church"},{"link_name":"Episcopal Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Standard Oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Oil"},{"link_name":"John D. Rockefeller Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller_Jr."},{"link_name":"Abby Aldrich Rockefeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abby_Aldrich_Rockefeller"},{"link_name":"Colonial Williamsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Williamsburg"},{"link_name":"C&O Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Railway"},{"link_name":"Norge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norge,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"CSX Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSX_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Historic Triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Triangle"},{"link_name":"Yorktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorktown,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Colonial Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Parkway"}],"text":"Williamsburg was still a sleepy little town in the early 20th century. Some newer structures were interspersed with colonial-era buildings, but the town was much less progressive than other busier communities of similar size in Virginia. Some local lore indicates that the residents were satisfied with it that way, and longtime Virginia Peninsula journalist, author and historian Parke S. Rouse Jr. has pointed this out in his published work. On June 26, 1912, the Richmond Times-Dispatch newspaper ran an editorial which dubbed the town \"Lotusburg,\" for, \"Tuesday was election day in Williamsburg but nobody remembered it. The clerk forgot to wake the electoral board, the electoral board could not arouse itself long enough to have the ballots printed, the candidates forgot they were running, the voters forgot they were alive.\" [1]However, even if such complacency was common, a dream of one Episcopalian priest was to expand to change Williamsburg's future and provide it a new major purpose, turning much of it into the world's largest living museum. In the early 20th century, one of the largest historic restorations ever undertaken anywhere in the world was championed by the Reverend Dr. W.A.R. Goodwin of Williamsburg's Bruton Parish Church. Initially, Dr. Goodwin had wanted to save his historic church building, and this he accomplished by 1907, in time for the 300th anniversary of the founding of the Episcopal Church in Virginia. However, upon returning to Williamsburg in 1923 after serving a number of years in upstate New York, he began to realize that many of the other colonial-era buildings also remained, but were in deteriorating condition, and their longevity was at risk.Goodwin dreamed of a much larger restoration along the lines of what he had accomplished with his historic church. A cleric of modest means, he sought support and financing from a number of sources before successfully drawing the interests and major financial support of Standard Oil heir and philanthropist John D. Rockefeller Jr. and his wife Abby Aldrich Rockefeller. The result of their combined efforts was the creation of Colonial Williamsburg, which included a restoration of much of the downtown Williamsburg area with creation of a 301-acre (1.22 km2) Historic Area to celebrate the patriots and the early history of America.In the 21st century, Colonial Williamsburg has continued to update and refine its attractions, with more features designed to attract modern children and offer better and additional interpretation of the African-American experience in the colonial town. Just a little more after Dr. Goodwin's work began, the effort to maintain and improve this corner piece of Virginia and United States history remains a remarkable work-in-progress.In addition to the Historic Area of Colonial Williamsburg, the city's railroad station was restored to become an intermodal passenger facility (see Transportation section below). Nearby in James City County, the old ca. 1908 C&O Railway combination passenger and freight station at Norge was preserved and after donation by CSX Transportation, was relocated in 2006 to property at the Croaker Branch of the Williamsburg Regional Library.Today, Colonial Williamsburg is Virginia's best tourist attraction based upon attendance and forms the centerpiece of the Historic Triangle with Jamestown and Yorktown joined by the Colonial Parkway.","title":"Restoration and Twenty-first Century"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:G-7_Economic_Summit_Leaders_in_Williamsburg,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gerald Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa_Memorial_Hall"},{"link_name":"College of William and Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_William_and_Mary"},{"link_name":"United States Bicentennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial"},{"link_name":"9th G7 Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_G7_Summit"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State"},{"link_name":"George P. Shultz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_P._Shultz"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"}],"text":"Heads of state at the 1983 G7 summitThe third of three debates between Republican President Gerald Ford and Democratic challenger Jimmy Carter was held at Phi Beta Kappa Memorial Hall at the College of William and Mary on October 22, 1976. Perhaps in tribute to the debate's historic venue, as well as to the United States Bicentennial celebration, both candidates spoke of a \"new spirit\" in America.The 9th G7 Summit was held in Williamsburg in 1983. The summit participants discussed the growing debt crisis, arms control and greater co-operation between the Soviet Union and the G7 (now the G8). At the end of the meeting, U.S. Secretary of State George P. Shultz read to the press a statement confirming the deployment of American Pershing II-nuclear rockets in West Germany later in 1983.","title":"Modern political involvement"}]
[{"image_text":"Print made with the Bodleian Plate. Engraved in the mid-18th century, it depicts various prominent structures in Williamsburg during its time as capital of Virginia: the College of William & Mary, the Capitol, and the Governor's Palace. Rediscovered in the 1920s in the Bodleian Library in Oxford, England, it was used in the restorations and reconstructions during the 20th Century.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Bodleian_Plate.jpg/300px-Bodleian_Plate.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"The Alternative of Williamsburg\", 1775","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_Alternative_of_Williams-burg_1775.jpg/220px-The_Alternative_of_Williams-burg_1775.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Williamsburg from the American Revolutionary War","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Williamsburg-rochambeau-map.jpg/220px-Williamsburg-rochambeau-map.jpg"},{"image_text":"The \"Frenchman's Map\" showing Williamsburg as it appeared in 1782.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Williamsburg%2C_Virginia%2C_1782.jpg/220px-Williamsburg%2C_Virginia%2C_1782.jpg"},{"image_text":"Heads of state at the 1983 G7 summit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/G-7_Economic_Summit_Leaders_in_Williamsburg%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-G-7_Economic_Summit_Leaders_in_Williamsburg%2C_Virginia.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"David F. Muraca (1998). \"The John Page Site:Excavation of a Major House Site on the Bruton Heights Property\". Colonial Williamsburg. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2006-05-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927220320/http://research.history.org/Archaeological_Research/Research_Articles/ThemeVirginia/JohnPage.cfm","url_text":"\"The John Page Site:Excavation of a Major House Site on the Bruton Heights Property\""},{"url":"http://research.history.org/Archaeological_Research/Research_Articles/ThemeVirginia/JohnPage.cfm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Charles A. Grymes (1998). \"Second-Worst Decision of the State of Virginia?\". Retrieved 2007-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.virginiaplaces.org/transportation/secondworst.html","url_text":"\"Second-Worst Decision of the State of Virginia?\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Civil War at the College of William and Mary\". The Daily Press. Retrieved 2017-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailypress.com/features/history/our-story/dp-the-civil-war-at-the-college-of-william-and-mary-20130814-post.html","url_text":"\"The Civil War at the College of William and Mary\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historical Facts (1850 - 1899)\". The College of William and Mary. Archived from the original on 2008-07-04. Retrieved 2008-03-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080704205939/http://www.wm.edu/vitalfacts/nineteenth2.php","url_text":"\"Historical Facts (1850 - 1899)\""},{"url":"http://www.wm.edu/vitalfacts/nineteenth2.php","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartislaw_I,_Duke_of_Pomerania
Wartislaw I, Duke of Pomerania
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
First duke of Pomerania and founder of the Griffin dynasty Wartislaw Memorial Church, Stolpe. Ratibor, Wartislaw's brother, founded Stolpe Abbey, Pomerania's oldest monastery, in Wartislaw's memory. Wartislaw I (Warcisław I) (c. 1092 – August 9, 1135) was the first historical ruler of the Duchy of Pomerania and the founder of the Griffin Dynasty. Most of the information about him comes from the writings on the life of Otto of Bamberg. He was of Slavic origin, most likely born around the turn of the twelfth century. Early in life he was probably a "crypto-Christian", after being baptized while a prisoner of the Saxons, because he wanted to hide his new religion from his still pagan subjects. In 1109 Wartislaw was defeated in the Battle of Nakło by Bolesław III Wrymouth, the Duke of Poland, to whom he became a vassal sometime between 1120 and 1123. He agreed to pay tribute to Bolesław, as well as to Christianize Pomerania. To that effect, he, along with Bolesław, backed Otto of Bamberg in his successful Conversion of Pomerania. By 1124 his residence was in (Kammin) Kamień Pomorski. The last time he is mentioned explicitly in chronicles is by Saxo Grammaticus who describes a joint Polish-Danish expedition against Wartislaw around 1129/1130, which was directed at the islands of Wolin and Uznam. The Danish King Niels is supposed to have taken him prisoner but released later after the intervention of "King of the Obotrites" Canute Lavard. The author of the chronicles of Otto does not give the name of Wartislaw's wife, only that she was a Christian. Otto also forced Wartislaw to send home his previous 24 wives and concubines before he could marry her. The Pomeranian chronicler Thomas Kantzow, writing almost four hundred years later, states that Wartislaw was married to a Heila from Saxony. She is supposed to have died in 1128 and the following year the Duke married Ida, the daughter of Niels of Denmark or of Canute Lavard (Kanztow changed his chronicles in subsequent editions in this respect). However, the names and origins of both supposed wives have been questioned by later historians. Edward Rymar argues that if Wartislaw had indeed been married to a German princess then sources such as the life of Otto would have surely mentioned that fact. Rymar hypothesizes instead that Wartislaw's wife was probably from the Ruthenian Rurik dynasty. He had two sons and a daughter: Bogusław I, Duke of Pomerania, Casimir I, Duke of Pomerania, and Woizlava, who married Pribislav of Mecklenburg. Wartislaw was murdered sometime between 1134 and 1148, and was succeeded by his brother Ratibor I. The site of Wartislaw's death near Stolpe in the modern district of Vorpommern-Greifswald, where he is said to be slain by pagans, is marked by a rock called Wartislawstein with an engraved Christian cross in remembrance of his missionary efforts. See also List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes History of Pomerania Duchy of Pomerania House of Pomerania Gryfici (Świebodzice) References ^ Rymar, pg. 97 ^ a b Rymar, pg. 98 ^ Rymar, pgs. 104-105 External links Die regierenden Herzöge The Griffins' family tree (in German) Wartislaw I, Duke of Pomerania House of PomeraniaBorn: ~ 1091 Died: 1135 Preceded byunknown Duke of Pomerania 1120s–1135 Succeeded byRatibor I Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany People Deutsche Biographie
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He was of Slavic origin, most likely born around the turn of the twelfth century.[1] Early in life he was probably a \"crypto-Christian\", after being baptized while a prisoner of the Saxons, because he wanted to hide his new religion from his still pagan subjects. In 1109 Wartislaw was defeated in the Battle of Nakło by Bolesław III Wrymouth, the Duke of Poland, to whom he became a vassal sometime between 1120 and 1123. He agreed to pay tribute to Bolesław, as well as to Christianize Pomerania. To that effect, he, along with Bolesław, backed Otto of Bamberg in his successful Conversion of Pomerania. By 1124 his residence was in (Kammin) Kamień Pomorski.[2]The last time he is mentioned explicitly in chronicles is by Saxo Grammaticus who describes a joint Polish-Danish expedition against Wartislaw around 1129/1130, which was directed at the islands of Wolin and Uznam. The Danish King Niels is supposed to have taken him prisoner but released later after the intervention of \"King of the Obotrites\" Canute Lavard.[2]The author of the chronicles of Otto does not give the name of Wartislaw's wife, only that she was a Christian. Otto also forced Wartislaw to send home his previous 24 wives and concubines before he could marry her. The Pomeranian chronicler Thomas Kantzow, writing almost four hundred years later, states that Wartislaw was married to a Heila from Saxony. She is supposed to have died in 1128 and the following year the Duke married Ida, the daughter of Niels of Denmark or of Canute Lavard (Kanztow changed his chronicles in subsequent editions in this respect). However, the names and origins of both supposed wives have been questioned by later historians. Edward Rymar argues that if Wartislaw had indeed been married to a German princess then sources such as the life of Otto would have surely mentioned that fact. Rymar hypothesizes instead that Wartislaw's wife was probably from the Ruthenian Rurik dynasty.[3]He had two sons and a daughter: Bogusław I, Duke of Pomerania, Casimir I, Duke of Pomerania, and Woizlava, who married Pribislav of Mecklenburg.Wartislaw was murdered sometime between 1134 and 1148, and was succeeded by his brother Ratibor I. The site of Wartislaw's death near Stolpe in the modern district of Vorpommern-Greifswald, where he is said to be slain by pagans, is marked by a rock called Wartislawstein with an engraved Christian cross in remembrance of his missionary efforts.","title":"Wartislaw I, Duke of Pomerania"}]
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[{"title":"List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes"},{"title":"History of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pomerania"},{"title":"Duchy of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania"},{"title":"House of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Pomerania"},{"title":"Gryfici (Świebodzice)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryfici_(%C5%9Awiebodzice)"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doon,_Iowa
Doon, Iowa
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Education","5 Notable person","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 43°16′46″N 96°13′58″W / 43.27944°N 96.23278°W / 43.27944; -96.23278 City in Iowa, United StatesDoon, IowaCityMain Street of Doon, Iowa in 2013Location of Doon, IowaCoordinates: 43°16′46″N 96°13′58″W / 43.27944°N 96.23278°W / 43.27944; -96.23278CountryUnited StatesStateIowaCountyLyonIncorporated1892Government • TypeMayor-council • MayorTim MantelArea • Total0.70 sq mi (1.82 km2) • Land0.70 sq mi (1.82 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation1,296 ft (395 m)Population (2020) • Total619 • Density881.77/sq mi (340.59/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code51235Area code712FIPS code19-21900WebsiteCity of Doon Doon is a city in Lyon County, Iowa, United States, along the Rock River. The population was 619 at the time of the 2020 census. The BNSF Railway passes through Doon. History Main Street in 1922 Located on a plateau on the eastern bank of the Rock River, the city was named after the River Doon in Scotland, made famous as the subject of Robert Burns' poem, "The Banks O' Doon". Founded by G. W. Bowers and A. H. Davison on September 6, 1889, the railway town was connected first by the Rock Valley Railway, followed by the Iowa & Dakota Railroad. The city was incorporated on March 8, 1892. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.57 square miles (1.48 km2), all land. The Rock River, a tributary of the Big Sioux River, flows past the north and west sides of the town and the Little Rock River flows past to the south to join The Rock just southwest of the community. The city is served by U.S. Route 75, three miles east of Doon, connected by Iowa Highway 167. The Burlington Northern passes the west side of the community. Demographics Historical populationsYearPop.±%1900545—    1910581+6.6%1920576−0.9%1930576+0.0%1940576+0.0%1950517−10.2%1960436−15.7%1970437+0.2%1980537+22.9%1990476−11.4%2000533+12.0%2010577+8.3%2020619+7.3%Source:"U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 29, 2020. and Iowa Data CenterSource: U.S. Decennial Census The population of Doon, Iowa from US census data 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 577 people, 214 households, and 150 families living in the city. The population density was 1,012.3 inhabitants per square mile (390.9/km2). There were 224 housing units at an average density of 393.0 per square mile (151.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.6% White, 1.2% from other races, and 0.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.4% of the population. There were 214 households, of which 36.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.8% were married couples living together, 1.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 1.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 29.9% were non-families. 26.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.33. The median age in the city was 32.5 years. 30.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.3% were from 25 to 44; 20.2% were from 45 to 64; and 15.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 54.6% male and 45.4% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 533 people, 202 households, and 151 families living in the city. The population density was 924.1 inhabitants per square mile (356.8/km2). There were 217 housing units at an average density of 376.2 per square mile (145.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.81% White and 0.19% Native American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.38% of the population. There were 202 households, out of which 38.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.8% were married couples living together, 4.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.8% were non-families. 22.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.13. In the city, the population was spread out, with 30.0% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 18.6% from 45 to 64, and 15.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 116.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.5 males. The median income for a household in the city was $33,281, and the median income for a family was $39,773. Males had a median income of $26,607 versus $19,286 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,698. About 6.4% of families and 7.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.9% of those under age 18 and 12.1% of those age 65 or over. Education Doon is served by the Central Lyon Community School District. Notable person Frederick Manfred, author References ^ a b c U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Doon, Iowa ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022. ^ a b "2020 Census State Redistricting Data". census.gov. United states Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 108. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2012. ^ a b Doon, Iowa, 7.5 Minute Topographic Quadrangle, USGS, 1971 ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 11, 2012. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "CENTRAL LYON" (PDF). Iowa Department of Education. Retrieved August 10, 2020. Further reading Tom Savage, A Dictionary of Iowa Place-names; 2007 S. C. Hyde, Lyon County Genealogy -- Historical Sketch; 1872 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Doon, Iowa. vteMunicipalities and communities of Lyon County, Iowa, United StatesCounty seat: Rock RapidsCities Alvord Doon George Inwood Larchwood Lester Little Rock Rock Rapids Map of Iowa highlighting Lyon CountyUnincorporatedcommunities Beloit Edna Granite Ghost town Lakewood Iowa portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lyon County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon_County,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"Rock River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_River_(Big_Sioux_River)"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cen2020-3"},{"link_name":"BNSF Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNSF_Railway"}],"text":"City in Iowa, United StatesDoon is a city in Lyon County, Iowa, United States, along the Rock River. The population was 619 at the time of the 2020 census.[3] The BNSF Railway passes through Doon.","title":"Doon, Iowa"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Main_Street,_Doon,_IA.jpg"},{"link_name":"plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau"},{"link_name":"Rock River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_River_(Big_Sioux_River)"},{"link_name":"River Doon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Doon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Robert Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Burns"},{"link_name":"The Banks O' Doon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Banks_O%27_Doon"},{"link_name":"railway town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_town"}],"text":"Main Street in 1922Located on a plateau on the eastern bank of the Rock River, the city was named after the River Doon in Scotland,[4] made famous as the subject of Robert Burns' poem, \"The Banks O' Doon\". Founded by G. W. Bowers and A. H. Davison on September 6, 1889, the railway town was connected first by the Rock Valley Railway, followed by the Iowa & Dakota Railroad. The city was incorporated on March 8, 1892.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-5"},{"link_name":"Rock River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_River_(Big_Sioux_River)"},{"link_name":"Big Sioux River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Sioux_River"},{"link_name":"Little Rock River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Rock_River"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS-6"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_75_in_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Iowa Highway 167","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Highway_167"},{"link_name":"Burlington Northern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_Northern"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS-6"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.57 square miles (1.48 km2), all land.[5]The Rock River, a tributary of the Big Sioux River, flows past the north and west sides of the town and the Little Rock River flows past to the south to join The Rock just southwest of the community.[6]The city is served by U.S. Route 75, three miles east of Doon, connected by Iowa Highway 167. The Burlington Northern passes the west side of the community.[6]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DoonIowaPopPlot.png"}],"text":"The population of Doon, Iowa from US census data","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-8"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[8] of 2010, there were 577 people, 214 households, and 150 families living in the city. The population density was 1,012.3 inhabitants per square mile (390.9/km2). There were 224 housing units at an average density of 393.0 per square mile (151.7/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.6% White, 1.2% from other races, and 0.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.4% of the population.There were 214 households, of which 36.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.8% were married couples living together, 1.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 1.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 29.9% were non-families. 26.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.33.The median age in the city was 32.5 years. 30.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.3% were from 25 to 44; 20.2% were from 45 to 64; and 15.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 54.6% male and 45.4% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-9"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[9] of 2000, there were 533 people, 202 households, and 151 families living in the city. The population density was 924.1 inhabitants per square mile (356.8/km2). There were 217 housing units at an average density of 376.2 per square mile (145.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 99.81% White and 0.19% Native American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.38% of the population.There were 202 households, out of which 38.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.8% were married couples living together, 4.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.8% were non-families. 22.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.13.In the city, the population was spread out, with 30.0% under the age of 18, 9.0% from 18 to 24, 27.0% from 25 to 44, 18.6% from 45 to 64, and 15.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 116.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.5 males.The median income for a household in the city was $33,281, and the median income for a family was $39,773. Males had a median income of $26,607 versus $19,286 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,698. About 6.4% of families and 7.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.9% of those under age 18 and 12.1% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Lyon Community School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siouxland_Conference"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Doon is served by the Central Lyon Community School District.[10]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederick Manfred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Manfred"}],"text":"Frederick Manfred, author","title":"Notable person"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Savage, A Dictionary of Iowa Place-names; 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=DxagLIZHNv4C&dq=Doon+Iowa+incorporated+in&pg=PA73"},{"link_name":"S. C. Hyde, Lyon County Genealogy -- Historical Sketch; 1872","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//iagenweb.org/lyon/bookhist/historic/sketch5.htm"}],"text":"Tom Savage, A Dictionary of Iowa Place-names; 2007\nS. C. Hyde, Lyon County Genealogy -- Historical Sketch; 1872","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Main Street in 1922","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Main_Street%2C_Doon%2C_IA.jpg/220px-Main_Street%2C_Doon%2C_IA.jpg"},{"image_text":"The population of Doon, Iowa from US census data","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/DoonIowaPopPlot.png/220px-DoonIowaPopPlot.png"},{"image_text":"Map of Iowa highlighting Lyon County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Lyon_County.svg/75px-Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Lyon_County.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_19.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Census State Redistricting Data\". census.gov. United states Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/01-Redistricting_File--PL_94-171/Iowa/","url_text":"\"2020 Census State Redistricting Data\""}]},{"reference":"Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 108.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n102","url_text":"108"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120702145235/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"CENTRAL LYON\" (PDF). Iowa Department of Education. Retrieved August 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/FY20_CENTRAL%20LYON_0.pdf","url_text":"\"CENTRAL LYON\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Department_of_Education","url_text":"Iowa Department of Education"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Doon,_Iowa&params=43_16_46_N_96_13_58_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"43°16′46″N 96°13′58″W / 43.27944°N 96.23278°W / 43.27944; -96.23278"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Doon,_Iowa&params=43_16_46_N_96_13_58_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"43°16′46″N 96°13′58″W / 43.27944°N 96.23278°W / 43.27944; -96.23278"},{"Link":"http://www.lyonedia.com/index.php?pageid=6d65726368616e745f69643a322d31","external_links_name":"City of Doon"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"http://data.iowadatacenter.org/datatables/PlacesAll/plpopulation18502000.pdf","external_links_name":"Iowa Data Center"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/455957","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Doon, Iowa"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_19.txt","external_links_name":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/01-Redistricting_File--PL_94-171/Iowa/","external_links_name":"\"2020 Census State Redistricting Data\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n102","external_links_name":"108"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120702145235/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://educateiowa.gov/sites/files/ed/documents/FY20_CENTRAL%20LYON_0.pdf","external_links_name":"\"CENTRAL LYON\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DxagLIZHNv4C&dq=Doon+Iowa+incorporated+in&pg=PA73","external_links_name":"Tom Savage, A Dictionary of Iowa Place-names; 2007"},{"Link":"http://iagenweb.org/lyon/bookhist/historic/sketch5.htm","external_links_name":"S. C. Hyde, Lyon County Genealogy -- Historical Sketch; 1872"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/128026400","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007491874505171","external_links_name":"Israel"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_Township,_Monroe_County,_Ohio
Switzerland Township, Monroe County, Ohio
["1 Geography","2 Name and history","3 Government","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 39°49′38″N 80°53′26″W / 39.82722°N 80.89056°W / 39.82722; -80.89056 Civil township in Ohio, United StatesSwitzerland TownshipCivil townshipThe Frederick Kindleberger Stone House on State Route 556Location of Switzerland Township in Monroe CountyCoordinates: 39°49′38″N 80°53′26″W / 39.82722°N 80.89056°W / 39.82722; -80.89056CountryUnited StatesStateOhioCountyMonroeArea • Total27.3 sq mi (70.8 km2) • Land27.2 sq mi (70.4 km2) • Water0.1 sq mi (0.4 km2)Elevation1,270 ft (387 m)Population (2020) • Total462 • Density17/sq mi (6.5/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)FIPS code39-75945GNIS feature ID1086661 Switzerland Township is one of the eighteen townships of Monroe County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 462. Geography Located in the northeastern corner of the county along the Ohio River, it borders the following townships: York Township, Belmont County - north Salem Township - south Adams Township - southwest Sunsbury Township - west Washington Township, Belmont County - northwest Marshall County, West Virginia lies across the Ohio River to the east. No municipalities are located in Switzerland Township. Name and history It is the only Switzerland Township statewide. Government The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees. References ^ a b "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Switzerland township, Monroe County, Ohio - Census Bureau Profile". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 28, 2023. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Detailed map of Ohio" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 2000. Retrieved February 16, 2007. ^ §503.24, §505.01, and §507.01 of the Ohio Revised Code. Accessed 4/30/2009. External links County website vteMunicipalities and communities of Monroe County, Ohio, United StatesCounty seat: WoodsfieldVillages Antioch Beallsville Clarington Graysville Jerusalem Lewisville Miltonsburg Stafford Wilson‡ Woodsfield Map of Ohio highlighting Monroe CountyTownships Adams Benton Bethel Center Franklin Green Jackson Lee Malaga Ohio Perry Salem Seneca Summit Sunsbury Switzerland Washington Wayne CDPs Hannibal Sardis Unincorporatedcommunities Cameron Duffy Fly Laings Malaga Rinard Mills Sycamore Valley Ghost town Quarry Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Ohio portal United States portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"townships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_township"},{"link_name":"Monroe County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"}],"text":"Civil township in Ohio, United StatesSwitzerland Township is one of the eighteen townships of Monroe County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 462.","title":"Switzerland Township, Monroe County, Ohio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ohio River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River"},{"link_name":"York Township, Belmont County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Township,_Belmont_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Salem Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem_Township,_Monroe_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Adams Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_Township,_Monroe_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Sunsbury Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunsbury_Township,_Monroe_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Washington Township, Belmont County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Township,_Belmont_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Marshall County, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_County,_West_Virginia"}],"text":"Located in the northeastern corner of the county along the Ohio River, it borders the following townships:York Township, Belmont County - north\nSalem Township - south\nAdams Township - southwest\nSunsbury Township - west\nWashington Township, Belmont County - northwestMarshall County, West Virginia lies across the Ohio River to the east.No municipalities are located in Switzerland Township.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"It is the only Switzerland Township statewide.[4]","title":"Name and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer,[5] who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.","title":"Government"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of Ohio highlighting Monroe County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Monroe_County.svg/80px-Map_of_Ohio_highlighting_Monroe_County.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Switzerland township, Monroe County, Ohio - Census Bureau Profile\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/profile/Switzerland_township,_Monroe_County,_Ohio?g=060XX00US3911175945","url_text":"\"Switzerland township, Monroe County, Ohio - Census Bureau Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Detailed map of Ohio\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 2000. Retrieved February 16, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/general_ref/cousub_outline/cen2k_pgsz/oh_cosub.pdf","url_text":"\"Detailed map of Ohio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Switzerland_Township,_Monroe_County,_Ohio&params=39_49_38_N_80_53_26_W_region:US-OH_type:city(462)","external_links_name":"39°49′38″N 80°53′26″W / 39.82722°N 80.89056°W / 39.82722; -80.89056"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Switzerland_Township,_Monroe_County,_Ohio&params=39_49_38_N_80_53_26_W_region:US-OH_type:city(462)","external_links_name":"39°49′38″N 80°53′26″W / 39.82722°N 80.89056°W / 39.82722; -80.89056"},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","external_links_name":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/profile/Switzerland_township,_Monroe_County,_Ohio?g=060XX00US3911175945","external_links_name":"\"Switzerland township, Monroe County, Ohio - Census Bureau Profile\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"http://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/general_ref/cousub_outline/cen2k_pgsz/oh_cosub.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Detailed map of Ohio\""},{"Link":"http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/503.24","external_links_name":"§503.24"},{"Link":"http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/505.01","external_links_name":"§505.01"},{"Link":"http://codes.ohio.gov/orc/507.01","external_links_name":"§507.01"},{"Link":"http://www.monroecountyohio.net/","external_links_name":"County website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ver%C5%91ce,_Hungary
Verőce, Hungary
["1 Sights"]
Coordinates: 47°50′N 19°02′E / 47.833°N 19.033°E / 47.833; 19.033This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Verőce, Hungary" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Place in Central Hungary, HungaryVerőceWonderful sight from Verőce to the Danube Band FlagCoat of armsCoordinates: 47°50′N 19°02′E / 47.833°N 19.033°E / 47.833; 19.033Country HungaryRegionCentral HungaryCountyPest Verőce is a village and commune in Pest County in Hungary. From 1976 to 1990 the village of Verőce was merged with the village of Kismaros, to create a new merged settlement called Verőcemaros. This settlement was disestablished in 1990, when the two villages were again separated and Verőce again became a separate settlement. Sights The riverside system of retaining walls, first started based on the plans of famous Hungarian architect Miklós Ybl. vtePest CountyCity with county rights Budapest (county seat, but not part of the county) Érd Towns Abony Albertirsa Aszód Biatorbágy Budakalász Budakeszi Budaörs Cegléd Dabas Diósd Dunaharaszti Dunakeszi Dunavarsány Fót Göd Gödöllő Gyál Gyömrő Halásztelek Isaszeg Kerepes Kistarcsa Maglód Monor Nagykáta Nagykőrös Nagymaros Ócsa Őrbottyán Örkény Pécel Pilis Piliscsaba Pilisvörösvár Pomáz Ráckeve Sülysáp Százhalombatta Szentendre Szigethalom Szigetszentmiklós Szob Tápiószele Tököl Törökbálint Tura Újhartyán Üllő Vác Vecsés Veresegyház Visegrád Zsámbék Large villages Alsónémedi Bag Bugyi Csömör Dömsöd Ecser Felsőpakony Hernád Inárcs Kartal Kiskunlacháza Leányfalu Nagykovácsi Nyáregyháza Solymár Szada Taksony Táborfalva Tápiószecső Tápiószentmárton Tárnok Valkó Villages Acsa Apaj Áporka Bernecebaráti Bénye Budajenő Ceglédbercel Csemő Csévharaszt Csobánka Csomád Csörög Csővár Dánszentmiklós Dány Délegyháza Domony Dunabogdány Erdőkertes Farmos Galgagyörk Galgahévíz Galgamácsa Gomba Herceghalom Hévízgyörk Iklad Ipolydamásd Ipolytölgyes Jászkarajenő Kakucs Káva Kemence Kismaros Kisnémedi Kisoroszi Kocsér Kosd Kóspallag Kóka Kőröstetétlen Letkés Lórév Majosháza Makád Márianosztra Mende Mikebuda Mogyoród Nagybörzsöny Nagytarcsa Nyársapát Pánd Páty Penc Perbál Perőcsény Péteri Pilisborosjenő Pilisjászfalu Pilisszántó Pilisszentiván Pilisszentkereszt Pilisszentlászló Pócsmegyer Pusztavacs Pusztazámor Püspökhatvan Püspökszilágy Rád Remeteszőlős Sóskút Szentlőrinckáta Szentmártonkáta Szigetbecse Szigetcsép Szigetmonostor Szigetszentmárton Szigetújfalu Szokolya Sződ Sződliget Tahitótfalu Tatárszentgyörgy Tápióbicske Tápiógyörgye Tápióság Tápiószőlős Telki Tésa Tinnye Tóalmás Tök Törtel Újlengyel Újszilvás Úri Üröm Vasad Vácduka Vácegres Váchartyán Váckisújfalu Vácrátót Vácszentlászló Vámosmikola Verőce Verseg Zebegény Zsámbok Hungary portal Authority control databases VIAF This Pest County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pest County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_County"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Kismaros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kismaros"},{"link_name":"Verőcemaros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ver%C5%91cemaros&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Place in Central Hungary, HungaryVerőce is a village and commune in Pest County in Hungary. From 1976 to 1990 the village of Verőce was merged with the village of Kismaros, to create a new merged settlement called Verőcemaros. This settlement was disestablished in 1990, when the two villages were again separated and Verőce again became a separate settlement.","title":"Verőce, Hungary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miklós Ybl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Ybl"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pest_County"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Pest_County"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pest_County"},{"link_name":"Pest County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_County"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Érd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89rd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HU_county_Pest.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HUN_Pest_megye_COA.svg"},{"link_name":"Abony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abony"},{"link_name":"Albertirsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertirsa"},{"link_name":"Aszód","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asz%C3%B3d"},{"link_name":"Biatorbágy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biatorb%C3%A1gy"},{"link_name":"Budakalász","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budakal%C3%A1sz"},{"link_name":"Budakeszi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budakeszi"},{"link_name":"Budaörs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda%C3%B6rs"},{"link_name":"Cegléd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cegl%C3%A9d"},{"link_name":"Dabas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabas,_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Diósd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%B3sd"},{"link_name":"Dunaharaszti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunaharaszti"},{"link_name":"Dunakeszi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunakeszi"},{"link_name":"Dunavarsány","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunavars%C3%A1ny"},{"link_name":"Fót","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3t"},{"link_name":"Göd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6d"},{"link_name":"Gödöllő","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6d%C3%B6ll%C5%91"},{"link_name":"Gyál","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%A1l"},{"link_name":"Gyömrő","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6mr%C5%91"},{"link_name":"Halásztelek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal%C3%A1sztelek"},{"link_name":"Isaszeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaszeg"},{"link_name":"Kerepes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerepes"},{"link_name":"Kistarcsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kistarcsa"},{"link_name":"Maglód","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magl%C3%B3d"},{"link_name":"Monor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monor"},{"link_name":"Nagykáta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagyk%C3%A1ta"},{"link_name":"Nagykőrös","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagyk%C5%91r%C3%B6s"},{"link_name":"Nagymaros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagymaros"},{"link_name":"Ócsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93csa"},{"link_name":"Őrbottyán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%90rbotty%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Örkény","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96rk%C3%A9ny"},{"link_name":"Pécel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9cel"},{"link_name":"Pilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilis"},{"link_name":"Piliscsaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piliscsaba"},{"link_name":"Pilisvörösvár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilisv%C3%B6r%C3%B6sv%C3%A1r"},{"link_name":"Pomáz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pom%C3%A1z"},{"link_name":"Ráckeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1ckeve"},{"link_name":"Sülysáp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BClys%C3%A1p"},{"link_name":"Százhalombatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A1zhalombatta"},{"link_name":"Szentendre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szentendre"},{"link_name":"Szigethalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szigethalom"},{"link_name":"Szigetszentmiklós","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szigetszentmikl%C3%B3s"},{"link_name":"Szob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szob"},{"link_name":"Tápiószele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1pi%C3%B3szele"},{"link_name":"Tököl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6k%C3%B6l"},{"link_name":"Törökbálint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6r%C3%B6kb%C3%A1lint"},{"link_name":"Tura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tura,_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Újhartyán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ajharty%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Üllő","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cll%C5%91"},{"link_name":"Vác","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1c"},{"link_name":"Vecsés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vecs%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Veresegyház","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veresegyh%C3%A1z"},{"link_name":"Visegrád","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d"},{"link_name":"Zsámbék","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zs%C3%A1mb%C3%A9k"},{"link_name":"Alsónémedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Als%C3%B3n%C3%A9medi"},{"link_name":"Bag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag,_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Bugyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugyi"},{"link_name":"Csömör","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cs%C3%B6m%C3%B6r"},{"link_name":"Dömsöd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6ms%C3%B6d"},{"link_name":"Ecser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecser"},{"link_name":"Felsőpakony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fels%C5%91pakony"},{"link_name":"Hernád","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hern%C3%A1d,_Hungary"},{"link_n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portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Hungary"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1047624#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/248719283"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag-map_of_Pest_County.svg"},{"link_name":"Pest County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_County"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ver%C5%91ce,_Hungary&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pest-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Pest-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pest-geo-stub"}],"text":"The riverside system of retaining walls, first started based on the plans of famous Hungarian architect Miklós Ybl.vtePest CountyCity with county rights\nBudapest (county seat, but not part of the county)\nÉrd\nTowns\nAbony\nAlbertirsa\nAszód\nBiatorbágy\nBudakalász\nBudakeszi\nBudaörs\nCegléd\nDabas\nDiósd\nDunaharaszti\nDunakeszi\nDunavarsány\nFót\nGöd\nGödöllő\nGyál\nGyömrő\nHalásztelek\nIsaszeg\nKerepes\nKistarcsa\nMaglód\nMonor\nNagykáta\nNagykőrös\nNagymaros\nÓcsa\nŐrbottyán\nÖrkény\nPécel\nPilis\nPiliscsaba\nPilisvörösvár\nPomáz\nRáckeve\nSülysáp\nSzázhalombatta\nSzentendre\nSzigethalom\nSzigetszentmiklós\nSzob\nTápiószele\nTököl\nTörökbálint\nTura\nÚjhartyán\nÜllő\nVác\nVecsés\nVeresegyház\nVisegrád\nZsámbék\nLarge villages\nAlsónémedi\nBag\nBugyi\nCsömör\nDömsöd\nEcser\nFelsőpakony\nHernád\nInárcs\nKartal\nKiskunlacháza\nLeányfalu\nNagykovácsi\nNyáregyháza\nSolymár\nSzada\nTaksony\nTáborfalva\nTápiószecső\nTápiószentmárton\nTárnok\nValkó\nVillages\nAcsa\nApaj\nÁporka\nBernecebaráti\nBénye\nBudajenő\nCeglédbercel\nCsemő\nCsévharaszt\nCsobánka\nCsomád\nCsörög\nCsővár\nDánszentmiklós\nDány\nDélegyháza\nDomony\nDunabogdány\nErdőkertes\nFarmos\nGalgagyörk\nGalgahévíz\nGalgamácsa\nGomba\nHerceghalom\nHévízgyörk\nIklad\nIpolydamásd\nIpolytölgyes\nJászkarajenő\nKakucs\nKáva\nKemence\nKismaros\nKisnémedi\nKisoroszi\nKocsér\nKosd\nKóspallag\nKóka\nKőröstetétlen\nLetkés\nLórév\nMajosháza\nMakád\nMárianosztra\nMende\nMikebuda\nMogyoród\nNagybörzsöny\nNagytarcsa\nNyársapát\nPánd\nPáty\nPenc\nPerbál\nPerőcsény\nPéteri\nPilisborosjenő\nPilisjászfalu\nPilisszántó\nPilisszentiván\nPilisszentkereszt\nPilisszentlászló\nPócsmegyer\nPusztavacs\nPusztazámor\nPüspökhatvan\nPüspökszilágy\nRád\nRemeteszőlős\nSóskút\nSzentlőrinckáta\nSzentmártonkáta\nSzigetbecse\nSzigetcsép\nSzigetmonostor\nSzigetszentmárton\nSzigetújfalu\nSzokolya\nSződ\nSződliget\nTahitótfalu\nTatárszentgyörgy\nTápióbicske\nTápiógyörgye\nTápióság\nTápiószőlős\nTelki\nTésa\nTinnye\nTóalmás\nTök\nTörtel\nÚjlengyel\nÚjszilvás\nÚri\nÜröm\nVasad\nVácduka\nVácegres\nVáchartyán\nVáckisújfalu\nVácrátót\nVácszentlászló\nVámosmikola\nVerőce\nVerseg\nZebegény\nZsámbokHungary portalAuthority control databases \nVIAFThis Pest County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sights"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siah_Push,_Ardabil
Siah Push, Ardabil
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 37°52′42″N 48°13′16″E / 37.87833°N 48.22111°E / 37.87833; 48.22111Village in Ardabil, IranSiah Push سياه پوشvillageSiah PushCoordinates: 37°52′42″N 48°13′16″E / 37.87833°N 48.22111°E / 37.87833; 48.22111Country IranProvinceArdabilCountyNirBakhshKuraimRural DistrictYurchi-ye SharqiPopulation (2006) • Total96Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) Siah Push (Persian: سياه پوش, also Romanized as Sīāh Pūsh and Sīāhpūsh; also known as Push) is a village in Yurchi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Kuraim District, Nir County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 96, in 20 families. References ^ Siah Push can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3085702" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Nir CountyCapital Nir DistrictsCentralCities Nir Rural Districts and villagesDursun Khvajeh Aliabad Buran Diman Eslamabad Golujeh Gugarchin Gugeh Irenji Kaleh Sar Kamalabad Kandovan Lay Mazraeh Meymand Pirnaq Qarah Tappeh Sorkhab Virseq Rezaqoli-ye Qeshlaq Ajghaz Chay Seqerlu Dim Seqerlu Golestan Inallu Jurab Rezaqoli-ye Qeshlaqi Shiran Shirin Bolagh Tajaraq Yamchi-ye Olya Yamchi-ye Sofla KuraimCities Kuraim Rural Districts and villagesMehmandust Aminabad Aminlu Aq Daraq Aq Guni Busjin Hava Daraq Incheh Jin Qeshlaqi Kahriz Kalash-e Bozorg Khan Qeshlaqi Khaneh Shir Khvajehim Mehmandust-e Olya Mehmandust-e Sofla Molla Ahmad Mowlan-e Olya Mowlan-e Sofla Owzan Bolagh Qayah Qeshlaqi Shamsabad Taj Boyuk Yurchi-ye Gharbi(West Yurchi) Abazar Belqeysabad Borjelu Chehreh Barq Dagmeh Daghildi Dowshanlu Jolowgir Keriq-e Bozorg Khanom Bala Kandi Kur Abbaslu Majidabad Mastanabad Mejmir Moshtaqin Qarah Shiran Qonan Qaran Said Khanlu Saqqezchi Sowghanlu Vali Asr Yurchi-ye Sharqi(East Yurchi) Aghcheh Kohol Aqchay-e Olya Aqchay-e Sofla Aqchay-e Vosta Dabanlu Dash Bolagh Golli Hajji Mahmud Jeqjeq-e Olya Jeqjeq-e Vosta Khademlu Khoraim Parchin Pileh Sehran Qaleh Juq Qasem Qeshlaqi Qurtulmush Sain Seqdel Siah Push Tazeh Qeshlaq Tutunsez Iran portal This Nir County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Yurchi-ye Sharqi Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurchi-ye_Sharqi_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Kuraim District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuraim_District"},{"link_name":"Nir County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nir_County"},{"link_name":"Ardabil Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardabil_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Ardabil, IranSiah Push (Persian: سياه پوش, also Romanized as Sīāh Pūsh and Sīāhpūsh; also known as Push)[1] is a village in Yurchi-ye Sharqi Rural District, Kuraim District, Nir County, Ardabil Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 96, in 20 families.[2]","title":"Siah Push, Ardabil"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/24.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/24.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Yanguas,_11th_Viscount_of_Santa_Clara_de_Avedillo
José de Yanguas, 11th Viscount of Santa Clara de Avedillo
["1 References"]
Spanish noble, politician and diplomat You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (February 2017) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 5,238 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You should also add the template {{Translated|es|José de Yanguas Messía}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. The Most ExcellentThe Viscount of Santa Clara de AvedilloPresident of the National AssemblyIn office10 October 1927 – 6 July 1929 José de Yanguas y Messía, 11th Viscount of Santa Clara de Avedillo (25 February 1890, in Linares, Jaén, Spain – 30 June 1974, in Madrid, Spain) was a Spanish noble, politician and diplomat who served as Minister of State and president of the National Assembly during the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera and Ambassador to the Holy See during that of General Francisco Franco. A fervent monarchist, he conspired against the Spanish Second Republic, and worked with Accion Espanola, a group and magazine which endeavoured to lay ideological foundations for a rebellion. He joined the Uprising of 1936 as soon as it began and drew up the Junta's decree of 29 September 1936 that proclaimed Franco Chief of the government of the Spanish State. He was son of Don José de Yanguas y Ximénez and of Doña Mª de la Blanca Messía y Almansa, of the IX marquises of Busianos. He married in Madrid, the 6 May 1928, Doña Rosario Pérez de Herrasti y Orellana, daughter of Don Antonio Pérez de Herrasti y Pérez de Herrasti, IV Count of Antillón, and Doña Mª de la Concepción Orellana, XIII Marchioness of Albayda, Grandee of Spain. They had a single son, José de Yanguas y Pérez de Herrasti. References ^ Hilari Raguer, Gunpowder and Incense, p.193 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF 2 National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany 2 United States Netherlands Vatican People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef This Spanish diplomat-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoo,_Fly,_Don%27t_Bother_Me
Shoo Fly, Don't Bother Me
["1 Composition","2 Lyrics","3 In popular culture","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Song"Shoo Fly, Don't Bother Me"SongWritten1860sGenreChildren's music, blackface minstrelSongwriter(s)Thomas BishopComposer(s)Larry GroceLyricist(s)Billy Reeves Shoo Fly, Don't Bother Me or Shew! fly, don't bother me is a minstrel show song from the 1860s that has remained popular since that time. It was sung by soldiers during the Spanish–American War of 1898, when flies and the yellow fever mosquito were a serious enemy. Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album Join Bing and Sing Along (1959). Today, it is commonly sung by children, and has been recorded on many children's records, including Disney Children's Favorite Songs 3, performed by Larry Groce and the Disneyland Children's Sing-Along Chorus. Composition The song became popular on the minstrel stage in 1869, and several claims have been made for its composition. An anonymously written 1895 New York Herald article on the history of minstrel show dancing gave this history: 'Shoo-Fly' is said to have come originally from the Isthmus of Panama, where the black people sang 'Shoo Fly' and 'Don't Bodder Me' antiphonally while at their work. A black person from there, Helen Johnson, took it first to California and taught the song to 'Billy' Birch . ‘Dick’ Carroll and others also had versions of it which they performed. Delehanty and Hengler had theirs, too, and used to sing it as an encore with Bryant’s Minstrels, slipping on old dresses over their heads in the interim of the score. It was from hearing them that ‘Dave’ and ‘Dan’ fancied the song. ‘Dave’ fixed it up with a dance, and original version thereof. It was rehearsed secretly, and when the time came they ‘sprang it’ on ‘the boys’ of the company one evening in public, with ‘Come and Kiss Me’ as an encore. It was a howling success from the start, and ‘Dan’ Bryant had printed the next day at the Herald office twenty thousand notices, which he gave to the company and others to scatter about the town wherever they went. Horse shoes with a fly on them were put in odd and conspicuous places, even on the telegraph wires, and in no time the public was crazy over the act and 'business was great.' E.M. Hall has a version with a more elaborate and an excellent chorus, ending 'Shoo Fly, &c., "Go 'way, fly, I'll cut your wing.”'. Theater historian Eugene Cropsey also credited Dan Bryant with introducing the song to the public in October, 1869. The version sung by Bryant's Minstrels served, in 1869, as the title number in Dan Bryant’s Shoo Fly Songster. "Shoo Fly" is among the songs ("John Brown's Body" is another) claimed as compositions by T. Brigham Bishop. According to Bishop's account, he wrote "Shoo Fly, Don't Bother Me" during the Civil War while assigned to command a company of black soldiers. One of the soldiers, dismissing some remarks of his fellow soldiers, exclaimed "Shoo fly, don't bother me," which inspired Bishop to write the song, including in the lyrics the unit's designation, "Company G". Bishop claimed that the song was "pirated" from him, and that he made little money from it. Bishop published a sheet music version of the song in 1869 (White, Smith & Perry). That version includes the caption, "Original Copy and Only Authorized Edition." Other sources have credited Billy Reeves (lyrics) and Frank Campbell, or Rollin Howard, with the song. An early publication appeared as "Shew! Fly, Don't Bother Me. Comic Song and Dance or Walk Round. Sung by Cool Burgess and Rollin Howard, melody by Frank Campbell, words by Billy Reeves, arr. by Rollin Howard." Lyrics One version of the song, recorded in 1889, runs: I feel, I feel, I feel, I feel like a morning star. I feel, I feel, I feel, I feel like a morning star. Shoo fly, don't bother me, Shoo fly, don't bother me, Shoo fly, don't bother me, I belong to the Company G. There's music in the air, My mother said to me; There's music in the air, My mother said to me. Shoo fly, don't bother me, Shoo fly, don't bother me, Shoo fly, don't bother me, I belong to the Company G. Other versions include verses such as: I think I hear the angels sing, I think I hear the angels sing, I think I hear the angels sing, The angels now are on the wing. I feel, I feel, I feel, That's what my mother said. The angels pouring 'lasses down, Upon this nigger's head. Today, it is often only the chorus that is sung. In popular culture During a dinner table scene in the 1992 teen comedy Encino Man, Stoney Brown (Pauly Shore) quietly sings "Shoo Fly" while Link (Brendan Fraser) tracks a fly around the room. It has been used in Tuneland with a flying shoe. It is featured in the 1935 Betty Boop cartoon Swat the Fly. It was frequently employed as background music in classic Looney Tunes, as well as modern-day Warner Bros. series such as Animaniacs, Sylvester and Tweety Mysteries, and Pinky, Elmyra and The Brain. In the 1994 movie "Maverick", starring Mel Gibson and Jodie Foster the song is being played by the brass band on the Lauren Belle riverboat prior to the big card game. (1hr 19mins into the movie). In the 1998 Disney/Pixar film A Bug's Life, Francis the Ladybug references the song's title. The Australian children's show Play School recorded a version for the albums There's A Bear In There, sung by Noni Hazlehurst, and In The Car, sung by John Hamblin. See also John Brown's Body When Johnny Comes Marching Home References ^ New York Herald, August 11, 1895, Section Four, p. 2. https://fultonhistory.com/Newspaper%2014/New%20York%20NY%20Herald/New%20York%20NY%20Herald%201895/New%20York%20NY%20Herald%201895%20-%204814.pdf ^ Cropsey, Eugene H. Crosby's Opera House: symbol of Chicago's cultural awakening, p. 270 (1999) ^ Dan Bryant's Shoo Fly Songster, New York: Robert M. DeWitt, 1869. Available online via Google Books. ^ "Music: Hymn from Maine". Time. 1935-07-01. Archived from the original on December 22, 2011. Retrieved 2012-03-09. ^ (8 November 1905). The Author of "Shoo Fly", Reading Eagle (stating that T. Allston Brown, had vouched for this account) ^ Shoo Fly, Duke University library collection ^ The blue book of Tin Pan Alley, p. 9 (1965) ^ "Shew! Fly, Don't Bother Me" Words and music: T. Brigham Bishop (?); pub.:White, Smith & Perry, Boston, 1869. ^ Eric Partridge and Paul Beale, A Dictionary of Catch Phrases: British and American, from the Sixteenth Century to the Present Day, pp. 408–409. Published by Routledge, 1986, SBN 041505916X, 9780415059169. ^ Buckley, Michael Bernard (1889). Diary of a Tour in America. Sealy, Bryers & Walker. p. 224. ^ a b McCavour, Thomas (14 February 2020). Verses Old and New. FriesenPress. ISBN 978-1-5255-6660-8. External links Henry Reed's performance from the Library Of Congress
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"minstrel show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel_show"},{"link_name":"Spanish–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"yellow fever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_fever"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby"},{"link_name":"Join Bing and Sing Along","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Join_Bing_and_Sing_Along"},{"link_name":"Disney Children's Favorite Songs 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Children%27s_Favorite_Songs_3"},{"link_name":"Larry Groce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Groce"}],"text":"Shoo Fly, Don't Bother Me or Shew! fly, don't bother me is a minstrel show song from the 1860s that has remained popular since that time. It was sung by soldiers during the Spanish–American War of 1898, when flies and the yellow fever mosquito were a serious enemy. Bing Crosby included the song in a medley on his album Join Bing and Sing Along (1959). Today, it is commonly sung by children, and has been recorded on many children's records, including Disney Children's Favorite Songs 3, performed by Larry Groce and the Disneyland Children's Sing-Along Chorus.","title":"Shoo Fly, Don't Bother Me"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"minstrel show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrel_show"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crop-2"},{"link_name":"Bryant's Minstrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant%27s_Minstrels"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"John Brown's Body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body"},{"link_name":"T. Brigham Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brigham_Bishop"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burgess1-5"},{"link_name":"White, Smith & Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White,_Smith_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bish69-6"},{"link_name":"Rollin Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollin_Howard"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reeves1-7"},{"link_name":"Rollin Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollin_Howard"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fly,_Don_1869-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CP-9"}],"text":"The song became popular on the minstrel stage in 1869, and several claims have been made for its composition. An anonymously written 1895 New York Herald article on the history of minstrel show dancing gave this history:'Shoo-Fly' is said to have come originally from the Isthmus of Panama, where the black people sang 'Shoo Fly' and 'Don't Bodder Me' antiphonally while at their work. A black person from there, Helen Johnson, took it first to California and taught the song to 'Billy' Birch [a performer with the San Francisco Minstrels troupe]. ‘Dick’ Carroll and others also had versions of it which they performed. Delehanty and Hengler had theirs, too, and used to sing it as an encore with Bryant’s Minstrels, slipping on old dresses over their heads in the interim of the score. It was from hearing them that ‘Dave’ [Reed] and ‘Dan’ [Bryant] fancied the song. ‘Dave’ fixed it up with a dance, and original version thereof. It was rehearsed secretly, and when the time came they ‘sprang it’ on ‘the boys’ of the company one evening in public, with ‘Come and Kiss Me’ as an encore. It was a howling success from the start, and ‘Dan’ Bryant had printed the next day at the Herald office twenty thousand notices, which he gave to the company and others to scatter about the town wherever they went. Horse shoes with a fly on them were put in odd and conspicuous places, even on the telegraph wires, and in no time the public was crazy over the act and 'business was great.' E.M. Hall has a version with a more elaborate and an excellent chorus, ending 'Shoo Fly, &c., \"Go 'way, fly, I'll cut your wing.”'.[1]Theater historian Eugene Cropsey also credited Dan Bryant with introducing the song to the public in October, 1869.[2] The version sung by Bryant's Minstrels served, in 1869, as the title number in Dan Bryant’s Shoo Fly Songster.[3]\"Shoo Fly\" is among the songs (\"John Brown's Body\" is another) claimed as compositions by T. Brigham Bishop.[4] According to Bishop's account, he wrote \"Shoo Fly, Don't Bother Me\" during the Civil War while assigned to command a company of black soldiers. One of the soldiers, dismissing some remarks of his fellow soldiers, exclaimed \"Shoo fly, don't bother me,\" which inspired Bishop to write the song, including in the lyrics the unit's designation, \"Company G\". Bishop claimed that the song was \"pirated\" from him, and that he made little money from it.[5] Bishop published a sheet music version of the song in 1869 (White, Smith & Perry). That version includes the caption, \"Original Copy and Only Authorized Edition.\"[6]Other sources have credited Billy Reeves (lyrics) and Frank Campbell, or Rollin Howard, with the song.[7] An early publication appeared as \"Shew! Fly, Don't Bother Me. Comic Song and Dance or Walk Round. Sung by Cool Burgess and Rollin Howard, melody by Frank Campbell, words by Billy Reeves, arr. by Rollin Howard.\"[8][9]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"'lasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molasses"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccavour-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mccavour-11"}],"text":"One version of the song, recorded in 1889, runs:I feel, I feel, I feel,\nI feel like a morning star.\nI feel, I feel, I feel,\nI feel like a morning star.\nShoo fly, don't bother me,\nShoo fly, don't bother me,\nShoo fly, don't bother me,\nI belong to the Company G.There's music in the air,\nMy mother said to me;\nThere's music in the air,\nMy mother said to me.\nShoo fly, don't bother me,\nShoo fly, don't bother me,\nShoo fly, don't bother me,\nI belong to the Company G.[10]Other versions include verses such as:I think I hear the angels sing,\nI think I hear the angels sing,\nI think I hear the angels sing,\nThe angels now are on the wing.\nI feel, I feel, I feel,\nThat's what my mother said.\nThe angels pouring 'lasses down,\nUpon this nigger's head.[11]Today, it is often only the chorus that is sung.[11]","title":"Lyrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Encino Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encino_Man"},{"link_name":"Pauly Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauly_Shore"},{"link_name":"Brendan Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Fraser"},{"link_name":"Betty Boop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Boop"},{"link_name":"Swat the Fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swat_the_Fly"},{"link_name":"Looney Tunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looney_Tunes"},{"link_name":"Animaniacs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animaniacs"},{"link_name":"Sylvester and Tweety Mysteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_and_Tweety_Mysteries"},{"link_name":"Pinky, Elmyra and The Brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinky,_Elmyra_and_The_Brain"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney"},{"link_name":"Pixar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixar"},{"link_name":"A Bug's Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Bug%27s_Life"},{"link_name":"Play School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_School_(Australian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"There's A Bear In There","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There%27s_A_Bear_In_There"},{"link_name":"Noni Hazlehurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noni_Hazlehurst"},{"link_name":"John Hamblin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hamblin"}],"text":"During a dinner table scene in the 1992 teen comedy Encino Man, Stoney Brown (Pauly Shore) quietly sings \"Shoo Fly\" while Link (Brendan Fraser) tracks a fly around the room.It has been used in Tuneland with a flying shoe.It is featured in the 1935 Betty Boop cartoon Swat the Fly.It was frequently employed as background music in classic Looney Tunes, as well as modern-day Warner Bros. series such as Animaniacs, Sylvester and Tweety Mysteries, and Pinky, Elmyra and The Brain.In the 1994 movie \"Maverick\", starring Mel Gibson and Jodie Foster the song is being played by the brass band on the Lauren Belle riverboat prior to the big card game. (1hr 19mins into the movie).In the 1998 Disney/Pixar film A Bug's Life, Francis the Ladybug references the song's title.The Australian children's show Play School recorded a version for the albums There's A Bear In There, sung by Noni Hazlehurst, and In The Car, sung by John Hamblin.","title":"In popular culture"}]
[]
[{"title":"John Brown's Body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body"},{"title":"When Johnny Comes Marching Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_locations_by_per_capita_income
List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income
["1 Counties","2 Cities and towns","3 Sources","4 References"]
This article is part of a series onIncome in theUnited States of America Topics Household Personal Affluence Social class Income inequality gender pay gap racial pay gap Lists by income States (by inequality) Counties (highest / lowest) Locations (lowest) Metropolitan statistical areas Urban areas ZIP Code Tabulation Areas Ethnic groups United States portalvte Map of locations by per capita income. Areas with higher levels of income are shaded darker. Massachusetts is the second wealthiest state in the United States of America, with a median household income of $89,026 (as of 2021), and a per capita income of $48,617 (as of 2021). Many of the state's wealthiest towns are located in the Boston suburbs. This area includes a high concentration of wealthy cities and towns just to the west of Boston, in the MetroWest area, and along the northern and southern coastal regions that have easy access to the city, in particular the North Shore of Boston. Many summer communities are located along the shores of Cape Cod where wealthy second homeowners vacation, and there are several other wealthy communities located farther west than the Boston Metro area clustered in suburban areas around Worcester and in rural areas in far western parts of the state. Data is from the 2009–2013 and 2017–2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates where indicated. Counties See also: United States counties by per capita income StateRank USRank County Per capitaincome Medianhouseholdincome Medianfamilyincome Population Number ofhouseholds 1 25 Norfolk $46,920 $84,916 $108,943 677,296 257,451 2 30 Middlesex $42,861 $82,090 $104,032 1,522,533 581,120 3 102 Barnstable $36,142 $60,526 $76,311 215,449 95,398 Massachusetts $35,763 $66,866 $84,900 6,605,058 2,530,147 4 115 Plymouth $35,220 $75,092 $90,431 497,386 179,617 5 117 Essex $35,167 $67,311 $84,185 750,808 286,008 6 164 Dukes $33,363 $66,288 $82,452 16,739 5,891 7 193 Suffolk $32,835 $53,540 $61,449 735,701 288,240 8 244 Worcester $31,537 $65,223 $81,519 802,688 299,663 9 365 Hampshire $29,460 $61,227 $81,385 159,267 58,828 10 374 Berkshire $29,294 $48,450 $65,216 130,545 55,301 11 378 Franklin $29,259 $53,663 $67,785 71,408 30,534 12 412 Bristol $28,837 $55,298 $72,018 549,870 210,037 United States $28,155 $53,046 $64,719 311,536,594 115,610,216 13 874 Hampden $25,817 $49,094 $61,474 465,144 177,990 Cities and towns Ranking of cities and towns based on per capita income (2021 USD). Rank Municipality Type County Per capita income Median household income Median family income Households Population 1 Dover Town Norfolk $133,500.00 $250,000+ $250,000+ 1,916 5,894 2 Weston Town Middlesex $107,793.00 $220,815.00 $250,000+ 3,731 11,806 3 Wellesley Town Norfolk $97,262.00 $226,250.00 $250,000+ 8,668 29,365 4 Lexington Town Middlesex $96,170.00 $202,852.00 $235,039.00 12,301 34,235 5 Sherborn Town Middlesex $96,081.00 $218,906.00 $242,443.00 1,515 4,406 6 Cohasset Town Norfolk $94,437.00 $156,689.00 $250,000+ 3,146 8,295 7 Lincoln Town Middlesex $92,567.00 $145,833.00 $169,574.00 2,566 6,941 8 Carlisle Town Middlesex $91,493.00 $216,000.00 $250,000+ 1,800 5,215 9 Hingham Town Plymouth $91,263.00 $154,300.00 $222,016.00 9,252 24,061 10 Winchester Town Middlesex $90,356.00 $184,844.00 $242,143.00 8,149 22,875 11 Medfield Town Norfolk $88,348.00 $196,820.00 $229,076.00 4,373 12,775 12 Concord Town Middlesex $87,603.00 $70,000.00 $118,750.00 6,722 18,424 13 Needham Town Norfolk $87,067.00 $182,813.00 $225,747.00 11,260 31,808 14 Wayland Town Middlesex $86,947.00 $203,789.00 $234,051.00 4,779 13,859 15 Sudbury Town Middlesex $86,008.00 $217,847.00 $228,426.00 6,208 18,912 16 Hopkinton Town Middlesex $85,400.00 $179,192.00 $221,683.00 6,556 18,501 17 Boxford Town Essex $83,766.00 $187,813.00 $195,515.00 2,867 8,188 18 Brookline Town Norfolk $83,318.00 $122,356.00 $195,101.00 26,762 62,620 19 Andover Town Essex $83,300.00 $193,279.00 $237,434.00 13,235 36,323 20 Harvard Town Worcester $82,439.00 $189,647.00 1,965 6,870 21 Southborough Town Worcester $82,164.00 $170,223.00 $204,514.00 3,579 10,380 22 Belmont Town Middlesex $81,383.00 $151,502.00 $185,551.00 10,393 27,056 23 Acton Town Middlesex $81,270.00 $169,335.00 $213,214.00 8,931 23,899 24 Marblehead Town Essex $81,072.00 $154,049.00 $193,086.00 8,075 20,397 25 Newton City Middlesex $81,020.00 $164,607.00 $201,924.00 21,038 88,647 26 Nantucket Town Nantucket $77,003.00 $116,406.00 $181,484.00 4,031 13,795 27 Duxbury Town Plymouth $75,630.00 $117,035.00 $173,500.00 6,873 16,004 28 Boxborough Town Middlesex $75,401.00 $129,132.00 $174,779.00 2,567 5,461 29 Westwood Town Norfolk $75,396.00 $171,071.00 $204,657.00 5,424 16,066 30 Natick Town Middlesex $75,343.00 $140,647.00 $193,578.00 25,540 36,627 31 Longmeadow Town Hampden $74,126.00 $148,010.00 $173,250.00 5,662 15,863 32 Marion Town Plymouth $73,957.00 $99,456.00 $143,202.00 1,632 5,293 33 Groton Town Middlesex $72,451.00 $155,252.00 $192,593.00 3,235 11,254 34 Newbury Town Essex $71,508.00 $152,356.00 $160,268.00 2,533 6,745 35 North Andover Town Essex $71,327.00 $94,375.00 $111,667.00 18,628 31,468 36 Sharon Town Norfolk $71,247.00 $157,928.00 $173,170.00 6,395 18,477 37 Scituate Town Plymouth $70,543.00 $72,904.00 $96,979.00 7,549 19,016 38 Arlington Town Middlesex $69,007.00 $125,701.00 $162,536.00 11,308 46,045 39 Norwell Town Plymouth $68,728.00 $136,875.00 $207,813.00 3,180 11,258 40 Reading Town Middlesex $68,526.00 $101,487.00 $121,963.00 8,926 25,483 41 Lynnfield Town Essex $67,303.00 $147,237.00 $167,700.00 4,536 12,874 42 Marshfield Town Plymouth $67,267.00 $122,914.00 $159,380.00 10,243 25,793 43 Holliston Town Middlesex $66,563.00 $142,348.00 $166,912.00 5,485 14,891 44 Medway Town Norfolk $66,559.00 $147,257.00 $164,737.00 4,681 13,105 45 Canton Town Norfolk $66,512.00 $83,992.00 $118,750.00 10,002 24,122 46 Milton Town Norfolk $66,359.00 $115,807.00 $157,660.00 8,781 28,382 47 Ipswich Town Essex $66,285.00 $111,701.00 $144,861.00 5,573 13,740 48 Littleton Town Middlesex $66,081.00 $172,022.00 $197,784.00 6,567 12,483 49 Westford Town Middlesex $65,574.00 $123,813.00 $149,596.00 15,678 24,535 50 North Reading Town Middlesex $61,653.00 $124,196.00 $127,358.00 5,848 15,549 51 Dunstable Town Middlesex $60,517.00 $145,552.00 $175,708.00 1,136 3,369 52 Bedford Town Middlesex $52,025.00 $109,841.00 $136,099.00 10,094 15,793 53 Chelmsford Town Middlesex $60,517.00 $145,552.00 $175,708.00 17,136 36,392 54 Dedham Town Norfolk $57,489.00 $108,047.00 $149,467.00 10,458 25,308 55 Walpole Town Norfolk $57,066.00 $138,821.00 $170,250.00 9,156 26,413 56 Mansfield Town Bristol $55,451.00 $122,274.00 $143,500.00 8,707 23,768 57 Shrewsbury Town Worcester $54,673.00 $88,377.00 $117,147.00 19,231 38,291 58 Norwood Town Norfolk $54,645.00 $96,414.00 $120,146.00 13,002 31,256 59 Hanover Town Plymouth $59,268.00 $149,048.00 $165,064.00 4,744 14,742 60 Rockport Town Essex $63,306.00 $118,814.00 $146,156.00 3,305 7,014 61 Stow Town Middlesex $62,810.00 $147,841.00 $155,811.00 2,646 7,130 62 Deerfield Town Franklin $48,762.00 $90,638.00 $99,910.00 2,237 5,090 63 Newburyport City Essex $61,696.00 $153,971.00 $189,419.00 7,537 18,282 64 Provincetown Town Barnstable $50,384.00 $79,432.00 $99,063.00 1,862 3,582 65 Chatham Town Barnstable $65,443.00 $88,750.00 $120,239.00 3,164 6,554 66 Oak Bluffs Town Dukes $51,258.00 $94,545.00 $125,982.00 1,766 5,284 67 Orleans Town Barnstable $63,651.00 $79,250.00 $115,409.00 2,989 6,276 68 Dennis Town Barnstable $60,789.00 $127,833.00 $138,500.00 6,989 14,664 69 Eastham Town Barnstable $60,444.00 $118,185.00 $162,177.00 2,525 5,674 70 Harwich Town Barnstable $60,260.00 $124,755.00 $148,558.00 5,733 13,329 71 Hull Town Plymouth $63,148.00 $117,120.00 $143,603.00 4,380 10,120 72 Nahant Town Essex $62,128.00 $161,076.00 $172,515.00 1,515 3,334 73 Swampscott Town Essex $63,595.00 $114,086.00 $143,320.00 6,093 15,043 74 Princeton Town Worcester $63,289.00 $148,438.00 $150,043.00 1,298 3,502 75 Northborough Town Worcester $62,946.00 $129,780.00 $161,601.00 5,821 15,863 76 Wrentham Town Norfolk $62,721.00 $147,201.00 $165,308.00 4,480 12,077 77 Fairhaven Town Bristol $60,851.00 $155,482.00 $163,750.00 6,862 15,911 78 Tolland Town Hampden $60,086.00 $91,771.00 $112,857.00 193 405 79 Sterling Town Worcester $59,851.00 $119,000.00 $126,039.00 3,248 8,015 80 Sheffield Town Berkshire $59,482.00 $71,818.00 $96,034.00 1,456 3,318 81 Wellfleet Town Barnstable $59,393.00 $120,954.00 $160,025.00 1,736 4,305 82 Middleton Town Essex $59,179.00 $140,511.00 $159,509.00 3,122 9,726 83 Ashland Town Middlesex $59,092.00 $115,959.00 $146,923.00 7,587 18,646 84 Salem City Essex $58,437.00 $108,896.00 $119,739.00 10,326 44,819 85 Falmouth Town Middlesex $57,906.00 $110,372.00 $142,171.00 18,943 32,526 86 Gloucester City Essex $57,613.00 $140,192.00 $149,911.00 13,168 29,814 87 Foxborough Town Norfolk $57,552.00 $95,410.00 $127,679.00 7,289 18,431 88 Plymouth City Plymouth $57,027.00 $82,470.00 $110,833.00 24,985 60,987 89 Sandwich Town Barnstable $56,895.00 $124,354.00 $141,250.00 7,918 20,369 90 Topsfield Town Essex $56,556.00 $155,208.00 $182,111.00 2,202 6,530 91 Tyringham Town Berkshire $56,308.00 $112,083.00 $132,321.00 207 541 92 Truro Town Barnstable $55,990.00 $146,250.00 $162,439.00 1,004 1,987 93 Millis Town Norfolk $55,899.00 $131,138.00 $143,050.00 3,078 8,481 94 Georgetown Town Essex $55,782.00 $129,153.00 $144,467.00 3,223 8,461 95 Windsor Town Berkshire $55,548.00 $99,063.00 $121,875.00 392 984 96 Franklin Town Norfolk $55,509.00 $127,608.00 $160,000.00 12,118 33,057 97 Maynard Town Middlesex $55,372.00 $112,432.00 $147,701.00 4,269 10,702 98 Leverett Town Franklin $55,346.00 $97,188.00 $103,375.00 708 1,794 99 Berlin Town Worcester $55,248.00 $106,908.00 $121,182.00 1,311 3,326 100 Brewster Town Barnstable $50,551.00 $88,110.00 $114,088.00 4,605 10,282 101 Edgartown Town Middlesex $55,001.00 $105,541.00 $148,162.00 9,758 23,077 102 Sutton Town Worcester $54,994.00 $111,610.00 $137,283.00 8,356 9,334 103 Easton Town Bristol $53,994.00 $112,116.00 $148,924.00 8,993 24,962 104 Wilbraham Town Hampden $53,651.00 $123,750.00 $140,833.00 5,365 14,600 105 Pembroke Town Plymouth $53,499.00 $130,015.00 $152,776.00 6,861 18,329 106 Burlington Town Middlesex $53,430.00 $123,630.00 $142,403.00 10,628 23,311 107 Wilmington Town Middlesex $53,283.00 $117,909.00 $143,614.00 13,808 36,271 108 Tewksbury Town Middlesex $50,133.00 $111,696.00 $131,781.00 12,025 31,153 109 Essex Town Essex $53,186.00 $116,027.00 $125,662.00 1,343 3,674 110 Wenham Town Essex $53,093.00 $154,375.00 $166,719.00 1,291 5,006 111 Conway Town Franklin $52,711.00 $97,956.00 $120,123.00 1,813 3,395 112 Grafton Town Worcester $52,350.00 $107,237.00 $134,459.00 7,468 19,540 113 Bolton Town Worcester $66,748.00 $167,132.00 $191,434.00 1,853 5,606 114 Montgomery Town Hampden $52,281.00 $104,500.00 $122,813.00 366 898 115 Norfolk Town Norfolk $52,240.00 $168,281.00 $179,354.00 2,967 11,531 116 Uxbridge Town Worcester $58,791.00 $125,229.00 $162,083.00 4,996 14,159 117 Mendon Town Worcester $51,840.00 $133,850.00 $156,676.00 2,076 6,212 118 Wakefield Town Middlesex $51,645.00 $78,884.00 $106,466.00 10,849 27,041 119 Ayer Town Middlesex $51,578.00 $101,688.00 $136,396.00 3,694 8,396 120 Douglas Town Worcester $51,373.00 $135,250.00 $147,692.00 3,133 8,975 121 Whately Town Franklin $63,974.00 $88,533.00 $97,102.00 681 1,660 122 Egremont Town Berkshire $51,154.00 $79,946.00 $102,308.00 591 1,521 123 Rochester Town Plymouth $51,107.00 $110,736.00 $125,294.00 2,035 5,676 124 Plainville Town Norfolk $51,092.00 $96,932.00 $114,853.00 4,144 9,760 125 Hanson Town Plymouth $51,071.00 $112,315.00 $128,464.00 3,920 10,601 126 Hadley Town Hampshire $50,856.00 $101,458.00 $124,856.00 2,254 5,293 127 Groveland Town Essex $50,812.00 $121,711.00 $139,074.00 2,532 6,739 128 Holden Town Worcester $50,674.00 $124,638.00 $143,611.00 7,180 19,659 129 Hamilton Town Essex $50,599.00 $116,699.00 $135,488.00 2,567 7,617 130 Tyngsborough Town Middlesex $50,573.00 $131,944.00 $149,760.00 4,022 12,377 131 Yarmouth Town Barnstable $55,098.00 $107,853.00 $132,007.00 10,704 24,890 132 Brimfield Town Hampden $50,533.00 $89,882.00 $121,681.00 717 3,448 133 Millbury Town Worcester $50,498.00 $95,184.00 $115,398.00 6,292 16,245 134 Cambridge City Middlesex $65,494.00 $112,565.00 $147,492.00 47,777 116,892 135 Boston City Suffolk $50,344.00 $81,744.00 $95,750.00 271,950 672,814 136 Worthington Town Hampshire $50,236.00 $86,023.00 $90,673.00 513 1,048 137 Webster Town Worcester $53,208.00 $114,916.00 $144,255.00 6,384 17,776 138 Williamstown Town Berkshire $49,915.00 $86,780.00 $112,049.00 2,242 7,678 139 Danvers Town Essex $49,862.00 $105,654.00 $122,147.00 10,964 27,966 140 Salisbury Town Essex $49,861.00 $92,048.00 $109,840.00 3,885 9,152 141 Williamsburg Town Hampshire $49,695.00 $93,438.00 $97,115.00 1,168 2,623 142 East Bridgewater Town Plymouth $49,445.00 $110,842.00 $128,039.00 4,949 14,393 143 Paxton Town Worcester $49,419.00 $123,958.00 $145,469.00 1,588 5,005 144 Westhampton Town Hampshire $49,362.00 $91,652.00 $95,909.00 645 1,567 145 Ludlow Town Hampden $49,193.00 $103,498.00 $129,170.00 8,567 21,050 146 Otis Town Berkshire $49,186.00 $93,316.00 $98,125.00 694 1,460 147 Pelham Town Hampshire $49,128.00 $97,917.00 $125,114.00 543 1,280 148 Kingston Town Plymouth $48,940.00 $103,945.00 $133,281.00 5,321 13,618 149 Hudson Town Middlesex $48,829.00 $94,191.00 $129,472.00 8,035 20,032 150 Auburn Town Worcester $62,772.00 $101,402.00 $126,886.00 16,027 6,595 151 West Stockbridge Town Berkshire $48,741.00 $83,571.00 $97,554.00 488 1,164 152 Granby Town Hampshire $48,725.00 $106,821.00 $125,686.00 2,530 6,110 153 Seekonk Town Bristol $48,651.00 $100,041.00 $117,016.00 5,969 15,339 154 Mashpee Town Barnstable $48,569.00 $83,563.00 $113,231.00 6,603 14,996 155 Pepperell Town Middlesex $48,499.00 $112,043.00 $127,468.00 4,361 11,671 156 Holland Town Hampden $48,470.00 $90,638.00 $110,761.00 968 2,591 157 Amesbury Town Essex $48,390.00 $87,433.00 $115,414.00 7,326 17,286 158 Bourne Town Barnstable $47,950.00 $82,119.00 $99,913.00 8,525 20,364 159 Townsend Town Middlesex $47,880.00 $121,936.00 $132,304.00 15,498 41,995 160 North Attleborough Town Bristol $47,877.00 $97,967.00 $129,573.00 12,273 30,557 161 South Hadley Town Hampshire $47,848.00 $115,890.00 $130,084.00 6,002 18,051 162 Lenox Town Berkshire $47,510.00 $71,117.00 $97,969.00 2,211 5,089 163 Westminster Town Worcester $47,496.00 $107,738.00 $123,611.00 3,122 8,148 164 Shutesbury Town Franklin $47,474.00 $86,339.00 $97,321.00 767 1,788 165 Shelburne Town Franklin $47,442.00 $72,236.00 $94,662.00 711 1,436 166 Somerset Town Bristol $47,396.00 $96,967.00 $105,638.00 7,248 18,271 167 Lakeville Town Plymouth $47,341.00 $112,240.00 $126,250.00 4,162 11,514 168 Upton Town Worcester $47,248.00 $82,984.00 $106,222.00 3,168 7,986 169 Leyden Town Franklin $47,244.00 $97,625.00 $101,705.00 259 651 170 Plympton Town Plymouth $47,235.00 $118,098.00 $118,696.00 989 2,934 171 Southampton Town Hampshire $47,105.00 $110,200.00 $122,379.00 2,318 6,158 172 Ashby Town Middlesex $47,086.00 $95,536.00 $105,742.00 1,297 3,189 173 Barnstable City Barnstable $46,996.00 $82,816.00 $105,750.00 30,765 48,556 174 Middlefield Town Hampshire $46,890.00 $73,636.00 $78,958.00 164 342 175 Richmond Town Berkshire $46,695.00 $90,208.00 $123,646.00 21,346 30,671 176 Rowley Town Essex $46,676.00 $79,641.00 $101,612.00 5,733 6,234 177 Beverly City Essex $46,645.00 $91,592.00 $119,420.00 24,400 42,448 178 Hawley Town Franklin $46,608.00 $70,625.00 $88,750.00 139 379 179 Westborough Town Worcester $46,536.00 $76,859.00 $97,765.00 7,980 21,213 180 Boylston Town Worcester $46,340.00 $70,864.00 $96,672.00 3,989 4,810 181 Southwick Town Hampden $46,337.00 $72,500.00 $96,250.00 3,648 9,292 182 Rutland Town Worcester $46,331.00 $132,000.00 $148,810.00 3,052 8,988 183 Ashfield Town Franklin $46,327.00 $72,944.00 $93,889.00 819 1,710 184 Hopedale Town Worcester $46,266.00 $113,300.00 $121,136.00 2,116 6,012 185 Raynham Town Bristol $46,231.00 $96,830.00 $122,533.00 5,460 14,957 186 New Marlborough Town Berkshire $45,768.00 $73,571.00 $109,167.00 652 1,573 187 Mount Washington Town Berkshire $45,724.00 $92,917.00 $94,167.00 77 161 188 East Longmeadow Town Hampden $45,658.00 $95,248.00 $122,917.00 6,011 16,386 189 Warren Town Worcester $45,634.00 $85,041.00 $102,999.00 1,899 4,999 190 West Bridgewater Town Plymouth $45,627.00 $111,964.00 $131,033.00 2,726 7,622 191 Norton Town Bristol $45,590.00 $109,375.00 $124,310.00 6,489 19,270 192 Oxford Town Worcester $45,471.00 $72,124.00 $93,259.00 4,800 13,399 193 Sunderland Town Franklin $45,461.00 $84,830.00 $124,500.00 1,478 3,667 194 Wareham Town Plymouth $45,409.00 $96,672.00 $110,265.00 10,280 23,149 195 Westport Town Bristol $45,279.00 $85,019.00 $102,962.00 6,782 16,245 196 Gill Town Franklin $45,190.00 $82,278.00 $102,995.00 1,328 1,708 197 Abington Town Plymouth $45,174.00 $113,155.00 $138,555.00 6,083 16,974 198 Lunenburg Town Worcester $45,145.00 $101,205.00 $113,596.00 4,432 11,627 199 Rehoboth Town Bristol $45,110.00 $115,156.00 $128,533.00 4,377 12,434 200 Clarksburg Town Berkshire $45,087.00 $105,313.00 $118,623.00 729 1,750 201 Quincy City Norfolk $44,919.00 $82,500.00 $97,361.00 44,515 100,544 202 Stockbridge Town Berkshire $44,851.00 $46,458.00 $93,542.00 811 1,827 203 Bellingham Town Norfolk $44,845.00 $109,042.00 $122,554.00 6,250 16,934 204 Dalton Town Berkshire $44,825.00 $72,664.00 $96,184.00 2,907 6,356 205 Marlborough City Middlesex $44,775.00 $86,230.00 $108,694.00 17,147 41,505 206 Stoneham Town Middlesex $44,665.00 $73,849.00 $111,667.00 9,578 23,077 207 Freetown Town Bristol $44,663.00 $109,821.00 $121,779.00 3,369 9,165 208 Sturbridge Town Worcester $44,638.00 $95,917.00 $111,650.00 3,890 9,806 209 Millville Town Worcester $44,560.00 $82,131.00 $104,500.00 1,275 3,166 210 Waltham City Middlesex $44,491.00 $94,063.00 $114,680.00 24,943 64,655 211 Hampden Town Hampden $44,474.00 $99,400.00 $109,740.00 2,016 4,991 212 Stoughton Town Norfolk $44,380.00 $94,823.00 $114,453.00 11,277 29,028 213 Melrose City Middlesex $44,361.00 $100,337.00 $115,069.00 15,621 29,567 214 West Boylston Town Worcester $44,185.00 $91,780.00 $113,459.00 2,825 7,874 215 Swansea Town Bristol $44,108.00 $101,703.00 $112,873.00 6,752 17,020 216 Haverhill City Essex $44,056.00 $83,570.00 $106,692.00 22,808 67,093 217 Saugus Town Essex $43,997.00 $93,737.00 $106,145.00 10,581 28,521 218 Blackstone Town Worcester $43,891.00 $89,129.00 $122,321.00 3,874 9,188 219 Middleborough Town Plymouth $43,754.00 $81,809.00 $92,684.00 9,727 24,219 220 Templeton Town Worcester $43,748.00 $97,550.00 $104,250.00 3,063 8,145 221 Berkley Town Bristol $43,686.00 $110,518.00 $114,363.00 2,294 6,724 222 Ashburnham Town Worcester $43,610.00 $104,074.00 $113,309.00 2,130 6,315 223 Belchertown Town Hampshire $43,421.00 $101,109.00 $117,121.00 5,888 15,228 224 Northbridge Town Worcester $43,333.00 $97,206.00 $116,343.00 6,364 16,291 225 Washington Town Berkshire $43,253.00 $79,375.00 $81,146.00 246 501 226 Merrimac Town Essex $43,144.00 $88,832.00 $116,908.00 2,589 6,698 227 New Ashford Town Berkshire $43,074.00 $68,500.00 $83,750.00 90 223 228 Goshen Town Hampshire $42,984.00 $95,000.00 $107,813.00 372 870 229 Methuen City Essex $42,944.00 $72,884.00 $90,663.00 18,803 52,536 230 Agawam City Hampden $42,754.00 $78,619.00 $104,743.00 11,785 28,715 231 Halifax Town Plymouth $42,742.00 $98,264.00 $107,306.00 2,930 7,737 232 Hatfield Town Hampshire $42,739.00 $76,688.00 $102,025.00 1,490 3,315 233 Blandford Town Hampden $42,569.00 $79,263.00 $104,583.00 473 1,066 234 Charlton Town Worcester $42,561.00 $106,558.00 $115,806.00 4,776 13,312 235 Dighton Town Bristol $42,511.00 $100,307.00 $111,039.00 2,943 8,003 236 Heath Town Franklin $42,410.00 $97,704.00 $84,688.00 314 728 237 Becket Town Berkshire $42,134.00 $60,833.00 $81,563.00 974 2,152 238 New Braintree Town Worcester $42,015.00 $86,667.00 $98,750.00 430 1,052 239 Dracut Town Middlesex $42,008.00 $95,229.00 $113,068.00 12,370 32,356 240 West Brookfield Town Worcester $41,812.00 $83,079.00 $89,301.00 1,535 3,814 241 Lanesborough Town Berkshire $41,710.00 $75,156.00 $84,531.00 1,368 3,043 242 Hubbardston Town Worcester $41,663.00 $105,938.00 $120,000.00 1,586 4,338 243 Northampton City Hampshire $41,663.00 $72,687.00 $105,741.00 11,949 29,379 244 Granville Town Hampden $41,652.00 $89,875.00 $105,313.00 657 1,658 245 Monson Town Hampden $41,590.00 $72,305.00 $90,302.00 3,422 8,210 246 Great Barrington Town Berkshire $41,587.00 $65,192.00 $88,342.00 3,096 7,169 247 Milford Town Worcester $41,540.00 $89,332.00 $103,785.00 11,446 30,134 248 Avon Town Norfolk $41,432.00 $127,953.00 $128,750.00 1,653 4,740 249 Holbrook Town Norfolk $41,324.00 $89,763.00 $115,168.00 4,712 11,344 250 Dartmouth Town Bristol $41,307.00 $95,404.00 $114,492.00 11,863 34,054 251 Bridgewater City Plymouth $41,188.00 $107,757.00 $125,011.00 8,690 28,337 252 Plainfield Town Hampshire $41,148.00 $70,750.00 $78,250.00 281 676 253 Northfield Town Franklin $41,106.00 $83,750.00 $89,483.00 1,213 2,899 254 Shirley Town Middlesex $40,933.00 $111,875.00 $120,565.00 2,345 7,400 255 Lancaster Town Worcester $40,875.00 $109,963.00 $119,321.00 2,818 8,428 256 Clinton Town Worcester $40,857.00 $84,938.00 $99,313.00 6,455 15,221 257 Whitman Town Plymouth $40,764.00 $94,919.00 $110,593.00 5,684 15,116 258 Peru Town Berkshire $40,332.00 $74,464.00 $86,979.00 325 744 259 Wales Town Hampden $40,283.00 $86,354.00 $100,208.00 813 1,996 260 Petersham Town Worcester $40,275.00 $77,500.00 $104,306.00 458 1,141 261 Chesterfield Town Hampshire $40,202.00 $80,156.00 $87,955.00 460 1,087 262 Winchendon Town Worcester $40,192.00 $69,525.00 $93,286.00 3,745 10,371 263 Easthampton City Hampshire $40,087.00 $63,098.00 $81,789.00 7,796 16,120 264 Oakham Town Worcester $39,893.00 $85,078.00 $89,167.00 625 1,621 265 Spencer Town Worcester $39,729.00 $68,559.00 $91,285.00 5,186 11,963 266 Woburn City Middlesex $39,692.00 $68,274.00 $85,333.00 15,165 40,967 267 Framingham City Middlesex $39,507.00 $87,137.00 $103,394.00 27,604 72,362 268 Randolph City Norfolk $39,488.00 $87,869.00 $98,813.00 12,150 34,661 269 Medford City Middlesex $39,485.00 $94,298.00 $125,828.00 28,321 60,708 270 Acushnet Town Bristol $39,457.00 $78,362.00 $101,349.00 4,091 10,520 271 Brookfield Town Worcester $39,401.00 $75,329.00 $115,592.00 1,395 3,435 272 Lee Town Berkshire $39,400.00 $73,750.00 $104,091.00 2,306 5,784 273 Rockland Town Plymouth $38,962.00 $90,315.00 $108,325.00 6,654 17,774 274 Warwick Town Franklin $38,944.00 $75,179.00 $100,000.00 319 762 275 Attleboro City Bristol $38,942.00 $81,627.00 $99,010.00 17,918 46,146 276 Carver Town Plymouth $38,784.00 $77,119.00 $90,490.00 5,666 11,641 277 North Brookfield Town Worcester $38,700.00 $77,313.00 $88,869.00 1,883 4,757 278 West Springfield City Hampden $38,318.00 $60,023.00 $83,912.00 12,734 28,814 279 East Brookfield Town Worcester $38,292.00 $70,660.00 $78,438.00 835 2,040 280 Russell Town Hampden $38,273.00 $89,464.00 $98,401.00 555 1,385 281 Cheshire Town Berkshire $38,249.00 $69,069.00 $92,981.00 1,509 3,243 282 Sandisfield Town Berkshire $38,200.00 $80,179.00 $82,813.00 318 901 283 Watertown City Middlesex $38,159.00 $72,563.00 $89,393.00 16,027 35,171 284 Barre Town Worcester $38,041.00 $92,206.00 $108,832.00 1,918 5,531 285 Leicester Town Worcester $37,653.00 $83,015.00 $104,744.00 3,924 11,077 286 Winthrop City Suffolk $37,560.00 $95,682.00 $141,198.00 8, 539 19,088 287 Hancock Town Berkshire $37,505.00 $74,167.00 $102,969.00 296 749 288 Pittsfield City Berkshire $37,356.00 $59,522.00 $77,469.00 19,290 43,890 289 Braintree City Norfolk $37,342.00 $64,305.00 $90,318.00 14,384 38,712 290 Royalston Town Worcester $36,955.00 $89,417.00 $106,250.00 551 1,461 291 Phillipston Town Worcester $36,890.00 $88,289.00 $91,298.00 716 1,948 292 Billerica Town Middlesex $36,846.00 $67,292.00 $91,667.00 21,235 42,119 293 New Salem Town Franklin $36,675.00 $71,221.00 $72,500.00 452 1,072 294 Westfield City Hampden $36,635.00 $73,692.00 $92,373.00 15,292 40,922 295 Lowell City Middlesex $36,534.00 $75,130.00 $89,761.00 42,285 114,804 296 Somerville City Middlesex $36,257.00 $61,811.00 $84,722.00 39,745 79,816 297 Peabody City Essex $36,180.00 $55,938.00 $70,189.00 22,208 54,200 298 Cummington Town Hampshire $35,900.00 $76,300.00 $105,156.00 408 975 299 Palmer Town Hampden $35,844.00 $70,090.00 $81,753.00 5,207 12,434 300 Sunderland Town Franklin $35,832.00 $58,750.00 $97,031.00 1,666 3,667 301 Bernardston Town Franklin $35,461.00 $70,750.00 $82,292.00 838 2,081 302 Hardwick Town Worcester $34,931.00 $71,429.00 $103,152.00 1,028 2,713 303 Colrain Town Franklin $34,785.00 $63,750.00 $75,958.00 726 1,693 304 Florida Town Berkshire $34,545.00 $74,333.00 $87,813.00 318 783 305 Leominster City Worcester $34,523.00 $84,120.00 $100,343.00 17,896 43,478 306 Charlemont Town Franklin $34,358.00 $51,797.00 $66,750.00 498 1,062 307 Huntington Town Hampshire $34,276.00 $68,542.00 $90,446.00 911 2,205 308 Adams Town Berkshire $34,017.00 $49,691.00 $77,734.00 3,948 8,161 309 Taunton City Bristol $33,862.00 $66,787.00 $85,478.00 23,159 59,076 310 Revere City Suffolk $33,749.00 $73,041.00 $84,176.00 21,647 60,720 311 Wendell Town Franklin $33,452.00 $61,182.00 $78,333.00 411 916 312 Montague Town Franklin $33,442.00 $65,925.00 $88,706.00 3,765 8,565 313 Hinsdale Town Berkshire $32,877.00 $65,911.00 $83,320.00 779 1,866 314 Rowe Town Franklin $32,844.00 $70,179.00 $74,167.00 165 434 177 Weymouth City Norfolk $46,645.00 $91,592.00 $119,420.00 24,400 57,437 316 Buckland Town Franklin $32,279.00 $66,681.00 $78,542.00 886 2,083 317 Erving Town Franklin $32,207.00 $66,319.00 $93,274.00 681 1,697 318 Greenfield City Franklin $32,167.00 $52,211.00 $69,476.00 8,100 17,661 319 Savoy Town Berkshire $31,726.00 $51,250.00 $65,341.00 330 708 320 Dudley Town Worcester $31,664.00 $75,465.00 $106,940.00 4,199 11,890 321 Ware Town Hampshire $31,641.00 $59,317.00 $78,910.00 4,557 10,067 322 Everett City Middlesex $31,599.00 $71,510.00 $74,657.00 17,007 48,368 323 Chester Town Hampden $31,462.00 $76,283.00 $76,797.00 517 1,400 324 North Adams City Berkshire $31,428.00 $48,575.00 $65,903.00 5,540 13,024 325 Chicopee City Hampden $31,086.00 $56,509.00 $68,460.00 23,852 55,636 326 Worcester City Worcester $30,855.00 $56,746.00 $71,265.00 78,780 203,867 327 Malden City Middlesex $30,620.00 $64,489.00 $77,946.00 32,285 65,602 328 Brockton City Plymouth $30,508.00 $68,067.00 $79,124.00 35,092 104,216 329 Gardner City Worcester $30,506.00 $52,770.00 $64,699.00 8,841 21,183 330 Fitchburg City Worcester $30,300.00 $60,466.00 $74,731.00 16,398 41,796 331 Southbridge Town City Worcester $29,962.00 $50,414.00 $67,975.00 7,094 17,643 332 Lynn City Essex $29,541.00 $63,922.00 $75,627.00 36,280 100,233 333 Orange Town Franklin $28,966.00 $53,448.00 $76,912.00 2,982 7,622 334 Athol Town Worcester $28,626.00 $58,275.00 $71,414.00 4,734 11,922 335 Fall River City Bristol $28,561.00 $49,613.00 $60,181.00 40,862 93,339 336 Chelsea City Suffolk $27,627.00 $64,782.00 $66,175.00 13,353 40,025 337 New Bedford City Bristol $27,583.00 $50,581.00 $62,189.00 41,395 100,309 338 Amherst City Hampshire $26,341.00 $61,127.00 $122,025.00 9,328 39,416 339 Holyoke City Hampden $25,744.00 $45,045.00 $54,321.00 15,062 38,480 340 Lawrence City Essex $23,316.00 $47,542.00 $52,283.00 30,291 87,798 341 Springfield City Hampden $23,161.00 $43,308.00 $54,646.00 58,344 155,770 Sources http://www.massbenchmarks.org/statedata/data/median99.pdf https://www.census.gov/ Garland, Joseph E., Boston's Gold Coast : the North Shore, 1890-1929, Boston, MA : Little, Brown & Co., 1981. References ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Massachusetts". www.census.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-23. ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Massachusetts". www.census.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-23. ^ "SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2015-01-17. Retrieved 2015-01-12. ^ "ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2015-01-05. Retrieved 2015-01-12. ^ "HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES Welles is richer then Belmont 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2015-01-12. ^ "S1901: INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS ... - Census Bureau Table". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2 July 2023. ^ Bureau, U.S. Census. "S1901: INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS ... - Census Bureau Table. data.census.gov. Retrieved 4 Sept. 2023. vteUnited States locations by per capita incomeNationwide U.S. states and territories by per capita income List of United States counties by per capita income State locations Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania (counties) Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district District of Columbia Territory locations American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Related lists Highest-income counties in the United States Highest-income metropolitan statistical areas in the United States Highest-income urban areas in the United States Highest-income ZCTAs in the United States Lowest-income counties in the United States Poorest places in the United States vteCommonwealth of MassachusettsBoston (capital)Topics Index Administrative divisions Congressional districts Elections Geography Geology Government History Images Law Lighthouses Music People State symbols Transportation Villages Tourist attractions Windmills Society Abortion Culture Climate change Crime Demographics Economy Education History of education Gun laws Homelessness LGBT rights Politics Sports Regions Cape Ann Central Massachusetts (Blackstone Valley, Montachusett-North County, South County) Greater Boston Greater Lowell Merrimack Valley MetroWest North Shore Southeastern Massachusetts (Cape Cod, South Coast, South Shore) Western Massachusetts (The Berkshires, Housatonic Valley, Pioneer Valley, Quabbin-Swift River Valley) Counties Barnstable Berkshire Bristol Dukes Essex Franklin Hampden Hampshire Middlesex Nantucket Norfolk Plymouth Suffolk Worcester Note: Nine former counties were in the District of Maine Cities Agawam Amherst Amesbury Attleboro Barnstable Beverly Boston Braintree Bridgewater Brockton Cambridge Chelsea Chicopee East Longmeadow Easthampton Everett Fall River Fitchburg Framingham Franklin Gardner Gloucester Greenfield Haverhill Holyoke Lawrence Leominster Lowell Lynn Malden Marlborough Medford Melrose Methuen New Bedford Newburyport Newton North Adams Northampton Palmer Peabody Pittsfield Quincy Randolph Revere Salem Somerville Southbridge Springfield Taunton Waltham Watertown Westfield West Springfield Weymouth Winthrop Woburn Worcester Note: Municipalities not listed have a town meeting form of government (see all municipalities) Massachusetts portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Towns_income_per_capita_in_MA.jpg"},{"link_name":"United States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"median household income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_household_income"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"MetroWest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MetroWest"},{"link_name":"North Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shore_(Massachusetts)"},{"link_name":"Cape Cod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod"},{"link_name":"Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Map of locations by per capita income. Areas with higher levels of income are shaded darker.Massachusetts is the second wealthiest state in the United States of America, with a median household income of $89,026 (as of 2021),[1] and a per capita income of $48,617 (as of 2021).[2] Many of the state's wealthiest towns are located in the Boston suburbs. This area includes a high concentration of wealthy cities and towns just to the west of Boston, in the MetroWest area, and along the northern and southern coastal regions that have easy access to the city, in particular the North Shore of Boston. Many summer communities are located along the shores of Cape Cod where wealthy second homeowners vacation, and there are several other wealthy communities located farther west than the Boston Metro area clustered in suburban areas around Worcester and in rural areas in far western parts of the state. Data is from the 2009–2013[3][4][5] and 2017–2021 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates where indicated.[6]","title":"List of Massachusetts locations by per capita income"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States counties by per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_counties_by_per_capita_income"}],"text":"See also: United States counties by per capita income","title":"Counties"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Ranking of cities and towns based on per capita income (2021 USD).","title":"Cities and towns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"http://www.massbenchmarks.org/statedata/data/median99.pdf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.massbenchmarks.org/statedata/data/median99.pdf"},{"link_name":"https://www.census.gov/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.census.gov/"}],"text":"http://www.massbenchmarks.org/statedata/data/median99.pdf\nhttps://www.census.gov/\nGarland, Joseph E., Boston's Gold Coast : the North Shore, 1890-1929, Boston, MA : Little, Brown & Co., 1981.","title":"Sources"}]
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null
[{"reference":"\"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Massachusetts\". www.census.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MA/INC110221","url_text":"\"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Massachusetts\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Massachusetts\". www.census.gov. Retrieved 2023-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/MA/INC110221","url_text":"\"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Massachusetts\""}]},{"reference":"\"SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates\". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2015-01-17. Retrieved 2015-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20150117113227/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_5YR_DP03&prodType=table","url_text":"\"SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates\""},{"url":"https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_5YR_DP03&prodType=table","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates\". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2015-01-05. Retrieved 2015-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20150105011252/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_5YR_DP05&prodType=table","url_text":"\"ACS DEMOGRAPHIC AND HOUSING ESTIMATES 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates\""},{"url":"https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_5YR_DP05&prodType=table","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES Welles is richer then Belmont 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates\". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2020-02-12. Retrieved 2015-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200212210258/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_5YR_S1101&prodType=table","url_text":"\"HOUSEHOLDS AND FAMILIES Welles is richer then Belmont 2009–2013 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates\""},{"url":"https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_5YR_S1101&prodType=table","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"S1901: INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS ... - Census Bureau Table\". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/table?q=Massachussets&t=Income+(Households,+Families,+Individuals)&g=040XX00US25$0600000&y=2021&d=ACS+5-Year+Estimates+Subject+Tables&tid=ACSST5Y2021.S1901","url_text":"\"S1901: INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS ... - Census Bureau Table\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasen-Antholz
Rasen-Antholz
["1 Geography","1.1 Frazioni","2 Linguistic distribution","3 History","3.1 Coat-of-arms","4 Sports","5 Notable people","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 46°47′N 12°3′E / 46.783°N 12.050°E / 46.783; 12.050Comune in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, ItalyRasen-AntholzComuneGemeinde Rasen-AntholzComune di Rasun-AnterselvaNiederrasen in October 2011 Coat of armsLocation of Rasen-Antholz Rasen-AntholzLocation of Rasen-Antholz in ItalyShow map of ItalyRasen-AntholzRasen-Antholz (Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol)Show map of Trentino-Alto Adige/SüdtirolCoordinates: 46°47′N 12°3′E / 46.783°N 12.050°E / 46.783; 12.050CountryItalyRegionTrentino-Alto Adige/SüdtirolProvinceSouth Tyrol (BZ)FrazioniAntholz Niedertal (Anterselva di Sotto), Antholz Mittertal (Anterselva di Mezzo), Antholz Obertal (Anterselva di Sopra), Neunhäusern (Nove Case), Niederrasen (Rasun di Sotto), Oberrasen (Rasun di Sopra)Government • MayorThomas Schuster (SVP)Area • Total121.1 km2 (46.8 sq mi)Elevation1,030 m (3,380 ft)Population (31 December 2010) • Total2,878 • Density24/km2 (62/sq mi)Demonym(s)German: Rasner or AntholzerItalian: di Rasun-AnterselvaTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code39030Dialing code0474WebsiteOfficial website Rasen-Antholz (German pronunciation: ; Italian: Rasun-Anterselva ) is a municipality in South Tyrol in northern Italy. Geography Antholz valley The municipal area stretches along the Antholz valley, a northern side valley of the larger Puster Valley. In the northeast, the Staller Saddle mountain pass, at a height of 2,050 m (6,730 ft) leads into the Defereggen Valley in East Tyrol, Austria. The Antholz valley is confined by the mountains of the Rieserferner Group in the north and the Villgraten Mountains in the east, both part of the High Tauern range in the Central Eastern Alps. Notable peaks include the Hochgall, at 3,436 m (11,273 ft), and the Wildgall (Collaspro), at 3,273 m (10,738 ft), as well as the Ohrenspitzen massif, at 3,101 m (10,174 ft), in the northeast. Large parts of the northern and western mountain ranges belong to the Rieserferner-Ahrn Nature Park established in 1988. The Antholzer Bach stream runs through the valley from Antholzer See (Lago di Anterselva) down to its confluence with the Rienz (Rienza) river at Olang. Rasen-Antholz is located east of Bruneck, the administrative centre of the Puster Valley, and about 60 km (37 mi) northeast of the South Tyrolean capital Bolzano. It borders the following municipalities: Bruneck, Gsies, Percha, Olang, Sand in Taufers, Welsberg-Taisten and Sankt Jakob in Defereggen in Austria. Frazioni The municipality of Rasen-Antholz contains six frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets): Antholz Niedertal (Anterselva di Sotto), Antholz Mittertal (Anterselva di Mezzo), Antholz Obertal (Anterselva di Sopra), Neunhäusern (Nove Case), Niederrasen (Rasun di Sotto) and Oberrasen (Rasun di Sopra). Linguistic distribution According to the 2011 census, 98.40% of the population speak German, 1.16% Italian and 0.44% Ladin as first language. History Ruins of Altrasen Castle Archaeological findings of a Hallstatt cemetery near Niederrasen denote a settlement of the area already in the Iron Age. In 15 BC, present-day Tyrol was conquered by the Roman Empire. About 590 AD, Bavarian tribes under their Duke Tassilo I entered the region. Rasen itself was first mentioned in a 1050 deed, the local Lords of Rasen served as ministeriales of the Counts of Tyrol from the 13th century onwards. They resided at Altrasen Castle which was first documented in 1210. Count Meinhard II of Tyrol ceded it to his consort Elisabeth of Bavaria in 1259. Meanwhile, the Lords of Rasen had Neurasen Castle erected, which fell to the Bishops of Brixen in 1342. Upon the extinction of the Meinhardiner counts in 1500, Tyrol as a whole became a crown land of the Habsburg monarchy. Coat-of-arms The shield is gules a pile reversed on sable and argent. It is the sign of the Lords of Rasen, who ruled from 1353. The emblem was officially adopted on 10 August 1967. Sports Biathlon track Rasen-Antholz is known for the South Tyrol Arena biathlon track, which opened in 1971. It hosted the Biathlon World Championships in 1975, 1976, 1983, 1995, 2007 and 2020. It is also a regular venue of the Biathlon World Cup season, with the highest altitude of all World Cup meetings at a height of about 1,600 m (5,200 ft). It will host biathlon for the 2026 Winter Olympics in Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo. Antholz also hosted the finish of stage 17 of the 2019 Giro d'Italia, which was won by Nans Peters. Notable people Hubert Leitgeb (1965–2012), biathlete Wilfried Pallhuber (born 1967), biathlete Johann Passler (born 1961), biathlete Gottlieb Taschler (born 1962), biathlete Dorothea Wierer (born 1990), biathlete Dominik Windisch (born 1989), biathlete Andreas Zingerle (born 1961), biathlete Enrico Mattei he had a vacation house in Antholz References ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019. ^ All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat. ^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019. ^ "Volkszählung 2011/Censimento della popolazione 2011". astat info (38). Provincial Statistics Institute of the Autonomous Province of South Tyrol: 6–7. June 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-14. ^ Heraldry of the World: Rasen-Antholz ^ MacLeary, John (29 May 2019). "Richard Carapaz extends lead at Giro d'Italia after Nans Peters wins his first professional race from a breakaway". telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 29 May 2019. External links Media related to Rasen-Antholz at Wikimedia Commons Official website (in German and Italian) vteMunicipalities of South Tyrol Ahrntal Aldein Algund Altrei Andrian Auer Badia Barbian Bolzano Brenner Brixen Bronzolo Bruneck Burgstall Corvara Deutschnofen Eppan Feldthurns Franzensfeste Freienfeld Gais Gargazon Glurns Graun im Vinschgau Gsies Hafling Innichen Jenesien Kaltern Karneid Kastelbell-Tschars Kastelruth Kiens Klausen Kuens Kurtatsch Kurtinig Laas Laives Lajen Lana Latsch Laurein La Val Lüsen Mals Mareo Margreid Marling Martell Merano Mölten Montan Moos in Passeier Mühlbach Mühlwald Nals Naturns Natz-Schabs Neumarkt Niederdorf Olang Partschins Percha Pfalzen Pfitsch Plaus Prad Prags Prettau Proveis Rasen-Antholz Ratschings Riffian Ritten Rodeneck Salorno San Martin de Tor Sand in Taufers Santa Cristina Gherdëina St. Leonhard in Passeier St. Lorenzen St. Martin in Passeier St. Pankraz Sarntal Schenna Schlanders Schluderns Schnals Sëlva Sexten Sterzing Stilfs Taufers im Münstertal Terenten Terlan Tiers Tirol Tisens Toblach Tramin Truden Tscherms Ulten Unsere Liebe Frau im Walde-St. Felix Urtijëi Vadena Vahrn Villanders Villnöß Vintl Völs am Schlern Vöran Waidbruck Welsberg-Taisten Welschnofen Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Latvia Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈraːsn̩-ˈanthɔlts]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"[raˈzun ˌanterˈselva]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"South Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"}],"text":"Comune in Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, ItalyRasen-Antholz (German pronunciation: [ˈraːsn̩-ˈanthɔlts]; Italian: Rasun-Anterselva [raˈzun ˌanterˈselva]) is a municipality in South Tyrol in northern Italy.","title":"Rasen-Antholz"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antholzertal-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Puster Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puster_Valley"},{"link_name":"Staller Saddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staller_Saddle"},{"link_name":"Defereggen Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defereggen_Valley"},{"link_name":"East Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Rieserferner Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rieserferner_Group"},{"link_name":"Villgraten Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villgraten_Mountains"},{"link_name":"High Tauern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Tauern"},{"link_name":"Central Eastern Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Eastern_Alps"},{"link_name":"Hochgall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochgall"},{"link_name":"Wildgall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildgall"},{"link_name":"Ohrenspitzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohrenspitzen"},{"link_name":"Rieserferner-Ahrn Nature Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rieserferner-Ahrn_Nature_Park"},{"link_name":"Antholzer Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antholzer_Bach"},{"link_name":"Antholzer See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antholzer_See"},{"link_name":"Rienz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rienz"},{"link_name":"Olang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olang"},{"link_name":"Bruneck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneck"},{"link_name":"Bolzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolzano"},{"link_name":"Bruneck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruneck"},{"link_name":"Gsies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gsies"},{"link_name":"Percha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percha"},{"link_name":"Olang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olang"},{"link_name":"Sand in Taufers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand_in_Taufers"},{"link_name":"Welsberg-Taisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsberg-Taisten"},{"link_name":"Sankt Jakob in Defereggen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt_Jakob_in_Defereggen"}],"text":"Antholz valleyThe municipal area stretches along the Antholz valley, a northern side valley of the larger Puster Valley. In the northeast, the Staller Saddle mountain pass, at a height of 2,050 m (6,730 ft) leads into the Defereggen Valley in East Tyrol, Austria. The Antholz valley is confined by the mountains of the Rieserferner Group in the north and the Villgraten Mountains in the east, both part of the High Tauern range in the Central Eastern Alps. Notable peaks include the Hochgall, at 3,436 m (11,273 ft), and the Wildgall (Collaspro), at 3,273 m (10,738 ft), as well as the Ohrenspitzen massif, at 3,101 m (10,174 ft), in the northeast. Large parts of the northern and western mountain ranges belong to the Rieserferner-Ahrn Nature Park established in 1988. The Antholzer Bach stream runs through the valley from Antholzer See (Lago di Anterselva) down to its confluence with the Rienz (Rienza) river at Olang.Rasen-Antholz is located east of Bruneck, the administrative centre of the Puster Valley, and about 60 km (37 mi) northeast of the South Tyrolean capital Bolzano. It borders the following municipalities: Bruneck, Gsies, Percha, Olang, Sand in Taufers, Welsberg-Taisten and Sankt Jakob in Defereggen in Austria.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"frazioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frazione"}],"sub_title":"Frazioni","text":"The municipality of Rasen-Antholz contains six frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets): Antholz Niedertal (Anterselva di Sotto), Antholz Mittertal (Anterselva di Mezzo), Antholz Obertal (Anterselva di Sopra), Neunhäusern (Nove Case), Niederrasen (Rasun di Sotto) and Oberrasen (Rasun di Sopra).","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Ladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladin_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"According to the 2011 census, 98.40% of the population speak German, 1.16% Italian and 0.44% Ladin as first language.[4]","title":"Linguistic distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ruine_Altrasen.JPG"},{"link_name":"Hallstatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallstatt_culture"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Bavarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarians"},{"link_name":"Tassilo I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tassilo_I_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"ministeriales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministerialis"},{"link_name":"Counts of Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"Meinhard II of Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meinhard,_Duke_of_Carinthia"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Bavaria,_Queen_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Bishops of Brixen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopric_of_Brixen"},{"link_name":"Meinhardiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Gorizia"},{"link_name":"Habsburg monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"}],"text":"Ruins of Altrasen CastleArchaeological findings of a Hallstatt cemetery near Niederrasen denote a settlement of the area already in the Iron Age. In 15 BC, present-day Tyrol was conquered by the Roman Empire. About 590 AD, Bavarian tribes under their Duke Tassilo I entered the region.Rasen itself was first mentioned in a 1050 deed, the local Lords of Rasen served as ministeriales of the Counts of Tyrol from the 13th century onwards. They resided at Altrasen Castle which was first documented in 1210. Count Meinhard II of Tyrol ceded it to his consort Elisabeth of Bavaria in 1259. Meanwhile, the Lords of Rasen had Neurasen Castle erected, which fell to the Bishops of Brixen in 1342.Upon the extinction of the Meinhardiner counts in 1500, Tyrol as a whole became a crown land of the Habsburg monarchy.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gules"},{"link_name":"pile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pile_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"sable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sable_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"argent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argent"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Coat-of-arms","text":"The shield is gules a pile reversed on sable and argent. It is the sign of the Lords of Rasen, who ruled from 1353. The emblem was officially adopted on 10 August 1967.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antholz_-_Biathlon-Anlage_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"South Tyrol Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Tyrol_Arena"},{"link_name":"biathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon"},{"link_name":"Biathlon World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1975"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1976"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1983"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_1995"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2007"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_World_Championships_2020"},{"link_name":"Biathlon World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biathlon_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2026 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"Cortina d'Ampezzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo"},{"link_name":"stage 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Giro_d%27Italia,_Stage_12_to_Stage_21"},{"link_name":"2019 Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"Nans Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nans_Peters"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Biathlon trackRasen-Antholz is known for the South Tyrol Arena biathlon track, which opened in 1971. It hosted the Biathlon World Championships in 1975, 1976, 1983, 1995, 2007 and 2020. It is also a regular venue of the Biathlon World Cup season, with the highest altitude of all World Cup meetings at a height of about 1,600 m (5,200 ft). It will host biathlon for the 2026 Winter Olympics in Milan and Cortina d'Ampezzo.Antholz also hosted the finish of stage 17 of the 2019 Giro d'Italia, which was won by Nans Peters.[6]","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hubert Leitgeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubert_Leitgeb_(biathlete)"},{"link_name":"Wilfried Pallhuber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfried_Pallhuber"},{"link_name":"Johann Passler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Passler"},{"link_name":"Gottlieb Taschler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlieb_Taschler"},{"link_name":"Dorothea Wierer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Wierer"},{"link_name":"Dominik Windisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominik_Windisch"},{"link_name":"Andreas Zingerle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Zingerle"},{"link_name":"Enrico Mattei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Mattei"}],"text":"Hubert Leitgeb (1965–2012), biathlete\nWilfried Pallhuber (born 1967), biathlete\nJohann Passler (born 1961), biathlete\nGottlieb Taschler (born 1962), biathlete\nDorothea Wierer (born 1990), biathlete\nDominik Windisch (born 1989), biathlete\nAndreas Zingerle (born 1961), biathlete\nEnrico Mattei he had a vacation house in Antholz","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"Antholz valley","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Antholzertal-2.jpg/220px-Antholzertal-2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ruins of Altrasen Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ruine_Altrasen.JPG/220px-Ruine_Altrasen.JPG"},{"image_text":"Biathlon track","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Antholz_-_Biathlon-Anlage_1.jpg/220px-Antholz_-_Biathlon-Anlage_1.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","url_text":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://demo.istat.it/pop2018/index3.html","url_text":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Volkszählung 2011/Censimento della popolazione 2011\". astat info (38). Provincial Statistics Institute of the Autonomous Province of South Tyrol: 6–7. June 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.provinz.bz.it/astat/de/service/256.asp?news_action=300&news_image_id=563169","url_text":"\"Volkszählung 2011/Censimento della popolazione 2011\""}]},{"reference":"MacLeary, John (29 May 2019). \"Richard Carapaz extends lead at Giro d'Italia after Nans Peters wins his first professional race from a breakaway\". telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 29 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cycling/2019/05/29/giro-ditalia-2019-stage-17-live-updates/","url_text":"\"Richard Carapaz extends lead at Giro d'Italia after Nans Peters wins his first professional race from a breakaway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraph.co.uk","url_text":"telegraph.co.uk"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusionists
Magic (illusion)
["1 History","1.1 Magic tricks","1.2 Modern stage magic","2 Types of magic performance","2.1 Stage illusions","2.2 Parlor magic","2.3 Close-up magic","2.4 Escapology","2.5 Pickpocket magic","2.6 Mentalism","2.7 Séances","2.8 Children's magic","2.9 Online magic","2.10 Theatre Magic-Art","2.11 Mathemagic","2.12 Corporate magic","2.13 Gospel magic","2.14 Street magic","2.15 Bizarre magic","2.16 Shock magic","2.17 Comedy magic","2.18 Quick change magic","2.19 Camera magic","2.20 Classical magic","2.21 Mechanical magic","3 Categories of effects","4 Learning magic","5 Misuse of the term \"magic\"","6 Researching magic","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"]
Performing art involving the use of illusion "Illusionist" redirects here. For the artistic tradition, see Illusionism (art). For other uses, see The Illusionist (disambiguation). MagicThe Conjurer, 1475–1480, by Hieronymus Bosch or his workshop. Notice how the man in the back row steals another man's purse while applying misdirection by looking at the sky. Part of a series onPerforming arts Acrobatics Ballet Circus skills Clown Dance Gymnastics Magic Mime Music Opera Professional wrestling Puppetry Speech Stand-up comedy Street performance Theatre Ventriloquism vte Magic, which encompasses the subgenres of illusion, stage magic, and close-up magic, among others, is a performing art in which audiences are entertained by tricks, effects, or illusions of seemingly impossible feats, using natural means. It is to be distinguished from paranormal magic which are effects claimed to be created through supernatural means. It is one of the oldest performing arts in the world. Modern entertainment magic, as pioneered by 19th-century magician Jean-Eugène Robert-Houdin, has become a popular theatrical art form. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, magicians such as John Nevil Maskelyne and David Devant, Howard Thurston, Harry Kellar, and Harry Houdini achieved widespread commercial success during what has become known as "the Golden Age of Magic", a period in which performance magic became a staple of Broadway theatre, vaudeville, and music halls. Meanwhile, magicians such as Georges Méliès, Gaston Velle, Walter R. Booth, and Orson Welles introduced pioneering filmmaking techniques informed by their knowledge of magic. Magic has retained its popularity into the 21st century by adapting to the mediums of television and the internet, with magicians such as David Copperfield, Penn & Teller, Paul Daniels, Criss Angel, David Blaine, Derren Brown, and Shin Lim modernizing the art form. Through the use of social media, magicians can now reach a wider audience than ever before. Magicians are known for closely guarding the methods they use to achieve their effects, although they often share their techniques through both formal and informal training within the magic community. Magicians use a variety of techniques, including sleight of hand, misdirection, optical and auditory illusions, and specially constructed props, as well as verbal and nonverbal psychological techniques such as suggestion, hypnosis, and priming. History Well known illusionist David Blaine performs magic for Barack Obama at the White House, 2016 Penn & Teller's Walk of Fame Star. They are 21st century magicians. Main article: History of magic The term "magic" etymologically derives from the Greek word mageia (μαγεία). In ancient times, Greeks and Persians had been at war for centuries, and the Persian priests, called magosh in Persian, came to be known as magoi in Greek. Ritual acts of Persian priests came to be known as mageia, and then magika—which eventually came to mean any foreign, unorthodox, or illegitimate ritual practice. To the general public, successful acts of illusion could be perceived as if it were similar to a feat of magic supposed to have been able to be performed by the ancient magoi. The performance of tricks of illusion, or magical illusion, and the apparent workings and effects of such acts have often been referred to as "magic" and particularly as magic tricks. One of the earliest known books to explain magic secrets, The Discoverie of Witchcraft, was published in 1584. It was created by Reginald Scot to stop people from being killed for witchcraft. During the 17th century, many books were published that described magic tricks. Until the 18th century, magic shows were a common source of entertainment at fairs. The "Father" of modern entertainment magic was Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin, who had a magic theatre in Paris in 1845. John Henry Anderson was pioneering the same transition in London in the 1840s. Towards the end of the 19th century, large magic shows permanently staged at big theatre venues became the norm. As a form of entertainment, magic easily moved from theatrical venues to television magic specials. Performances that modern observers would recognize as conjuring have been practiced throughout history. For example, a trick with three cups and balls has been performed since 3 BC and is still performed today on stage and in street magic shows. For many recorded centuries, magicians were associated with the devil and the occult. During the 19th and 20th centuries, many stage magicians even capitalized on this notion in their advertisements. The same level of ingenuity that was used to produce famous ancient deceptions such as the Trojan Horse would also have been used for entertainment, or at least for cheating in money games. They were also used by the practitioners of various religions and cults from ancient times onwards to frighten uneducated people into obedience or turn them into adherents. However, the profession of the illusionist gained strength only in the 18th century, and has enjoyed several popular vogues since. Magic tricks Main article: List of magic tricks "Magic trick" redirects here. For the 1953 film, see Magic Trick (film). Opinions vary among magicians on how to categorize a given effect, but a number of categories have been developed. Magicians may pull a rabbit from an empty hat, make something seem to disappear, or transform a red silk handkerchief into a green silk handkerchief. Magicians may also destroy something, like cutting a head off, and then "restore" it, make something appear to move from one place to another, or they may escape from a restraining device. Other illusions include making something appear to defy gravity, making a solid object appear to pass through another object, or appearing to predict the choice of a spectator. Many magic routines use combinations of effects. An illustration from Reginald Scot's The Discoverie of Witchcraft (1584), one of the earliest books on magic tricks, explaining how the "Decollation of John Baptist" decapitation illusion may be performed Among the earliest books on the subject is Gantziony's work of 1489, Natural and Unnatural Magic, which describes and explains old-time tricks. In 1584, Englishman Reginald Scot published The Discoverie of Witchcraft, part of which was devoted to debunking the claims that magicians used supernatural methods, and showing how their "magic tricks" were in reality accomplished. Among the tricks discussed were sleight-of-hand manipulations with rope, paper and coins. At the time, fear and belief in witchcraft was widespread and the book tried to demonstrate that these fears were misplaced. Popular belief held that all obtainable copies were burned on the accession of James I in 1603. During the 17th century, many similar books were published that described in detail the methods of a number of magic tricks, including The Art of Conjuring (1614) and The Anatomy of Legerdemain: The Art of Juggling (c. 1675). Advertisement for Isaac Fawkes' show from 1724 in which he boasts of the success of his performances for the King and Prince George Until the 18th century, magic shows were a common source of entertainment at fairs, where itinerant performers would entertain the public with magic tricks, as well as the more traditional spectacles of sword swallowing, juggling and fire breathing. In the early 18th century, as belief in witchcraft was waning, the art became increasingly respectable and shows would be put on for rich private patrons. A notable figure in this transition was the English showman, Isaac Fawkes, who began to promote his act in advertisements from the 1720s—he even claimed to have performed for King George II. One of Fawkes' advertisements described his routine in some detail: He takes an empty bag, lays it on the Table and turns it several times inside out, then commands 100 Eggs out of it and several showers of real Gold and silver, then the Bag beginning to swell several sorts of wild fowl run out of it upon the Table. He throws up a Pack of Cards, and causes them to be living birds flying about the room. He causes living Beasts, Birds, and other Creatures to appear upon the Table. He blows the spots of the Cards off and on, and changes them to any pictures. From 1756 to 1781, Jacob Philadelphia performed feats of magic, sometimes under the guise of scientific exhibitions, throughout Europe and in Russia. Modern stage magic Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin, pioneer of modern magic entertainment The "Father" of modern entertainment magic was Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin, originally a clockmaker, who opened a magic theatre in Paris in 1845. He transformed his art from one performed at fairs to a performance that the public paid to see at the theatre. His speciality was constructing mechanical automata that appeared to move and act as if alive. Many of Robert-Houdin's mechanisms for illusion were pirated by his assistant and ended up in the performances of his rivals, John Henry Anderson and Alexander Herrmann. John Henry Anderson was pioneering the same transition in London. In 1840 he opened the New Strand Theatre, where he performed as The Great Wizard of the North. His success came from advertising his shows and captivating his audience with expert showmanship. He became one of the earliest magicians to attain a high level of world renown. He opened a second theatre in Glasgow in 1845. John Nevil Maskelyne, a famous magician and illusionist of the late 19th century. Towards the end of the century, large magic shows permanently staged at big theatre venues became the norm. The British performer J N Maskelyne and his partner Cooke were established at the Egyptian Hall in London's Piccadilly in 1873 by their manager William Morton, and continued there for 31 years. The show incorporated stage illusions and reinvented traditional tricks with exotic (often Oriental) imagery. The potential of the stage was exploited for hidden mechanisms and assistants, and the control it offers over the audience's point of view. Maskelyne and Cooke invented many of the illusions still performed today—one of his best-known being levitation. The model for the look of a 'typical' magician—a man with wavy hair, a top hat, a goatee, and a tailcoat—was Alexander Herrmann (1844–1896), also known as Herrmann the Great. Herrmann was a French magician and was part of the Herrmann family name that is the "first-family of magic". The escapologist and magician Harry Houdini (1874–1926) took his stage name from Robert-Houdin and developed a range of stage magic tricks, many of them based on what became known after his death as escapology. Houdini was genuinely skilled in techniques such as lockpicking and escaping straitjackets, but also made full use of the range of conjuring techniques, including fake equipment and collusion with individuals in the audience. Houdini's show-business savvy was as great as his performance skill. There is a Houdini Museum dedicated to him in Scranton, Pennsylvania. The Magic Circle was formed in London in 1905 to promote and advance the art of stage magic. As a form of entertainment, magic easily moved from theatrical venues to television specials, which opened up new opportunities for deceptions, and brought stage magic to huge audiences. Famous magicians of the 20th century included Okito, David Devant, Harry Blackstone Sr., Harry Blackstone Jr., Howard Thurston, Theodore Annemann, Cardini, Joseph Dunninger, Dai Vernon, Fred Culpitt, Tommy Wonder, Siegfried & Roy, and Doug Henning. Popular 20th- and 21st-century magicians include David Copperfield, Lance Burton, James Randi, Penn and Teller, David Blaine, Criss Angel, Derren Brown, Dynamo, Shin Lim, Jay & Joss & Hans Klok. Well-known women magicians include Dell O'Dell and Dorothy Dietrich. Most television magicians perform before a live audience, who provide the remote viewer with a reassurance that the illusions are not obtained with post-production visual effects. Many of the principles of stage magic are old. There is an expression, "it's all done with smoke and mirrors", used to explain something baffling, but effects seldom use mirrors today, due to the amount of installation work and transport difficulties. For example, the famous Pepper's Ghost, a stage illusion first used in 19th-century London, required a specially built theatre. Modern performers have vanished objects as large as the Taj Mahal, the Statue of Liberty, and a space shuttle, using other kinds of optical deceptions. Types of magic performance A magician, from the point of view of the audience, seemingly igniting fire out of nowhere from the palm, which can be deemed either stage or shock magic. It can even promote religion. Magic is often described according to various specialties or genres. A mentalist on stage in a mind-reading performance, 1900 Stage illusions Stage illusions are performed for large audiences, typically within a theatre or auditorium. This type of magic is distinguished by large-scale props, the use of assistants and often exotic animals such as elephants and tigers. Famous stage illusionists, past and present, include Harry Blackstone, Sr., Howard Thurston, Chung Ling Soo, David Copperfield, Lance Burton, Silvan, Siegfried & Roy, and Harry Blackstone, Jr. Parlor magic Parlor magic is done for larger audiences than close-up magic (which is for a few people or even one person) and for smaller audiences than stage magic. In parlor magic, the performer is usually standing and on the same level as the audience, which may be seated on chairs or even on the floor. According to the Encyclopedia of Magic and Magicians by T.A. Waters, "The phrase is often used as a pejorative to imply that an effect under discussion is not suitable for professional performance." Also, many magicians consider the term "parlor" old fashioned and limiting, since this type of magic is often done in rooms much larger than the traditional parlor, or even outdoors. A better term for this branch of magic may be "platform", "club" or "cabaret". Examples of such magicians include Jeff McBride, David Abbott, Channing Pollock, Black Herman, and Fred Kaps. Close-up magic Close-up magic (or table magic) is performed with the audience close to the magician, sometimes even one-on-one. It usually makes use of everyday items as props, such as cards (see Card manipulation), coins (see Coin magic), and seemingly 'impromptu' effects. This may be called "table magic", particularly when performed as dinner entertainment. Ricky Jay, Mahdi Moudini, and Lee Asher, following in the traditions of Dai Vernon, Slydini, and Max Malini, are considered among the foremost practitioners of close-up magic. Escapology Escapology is the branch of magic that deals with escapes from confinement or restraints. Harry Houdini is a well-known example of an escape artist or escapologist. Pickpocket magic Pickpocket magicians use magic to misdirect members of the audience while removing wallets, belts, ties, and other personal effects. It can be presented on a stage, in a cabaret setting, before small close-up groups, or even for one spectator. Well-known pickpockets include James Freedman, David Avadon, Bob Arno, and Apollo Robbins. Mentalism Mentalism creates the impression in the minds of the audience that the performer possesses special powers to read thoughts, predict events, control other minds, and similar feats. It can be presented on a stage, in a cabaret setting, before small close-up groups, or even for one spectator. Well-known mentalists of the past and present include Alexander, The Zancigs, Axel Hellstrom, Dunninger, Kreskin, Deddy Corbuzier, Derren Brown, Rich Ferguson, Guy Bavli, Banachek, Max Maven, and Alain Nu. Séances Theatrical séances simulate spiritualistic or mediumistic phenomena for theatrical effect. This genre of stage magic has been misused at times by charlatans pretending to actually be in contact with spirits or supernatural forces. For this reason, some well-known magicians such as James Randi (AKA "The Amazing Randi") have made it their goal to debunk such paranormal phenomena and illustrate that any such effects may be achieved by natural or human means. Randi was the "foremost skeptic" in this regard in the United States. Children's magic Amateur magician performing "children's magic" for a birthday party audience Children's magic is performed for an audience primarily composed of children. It is typically performed at birthday parties, preschools, elementary schools, Sunday schools, or libraries. This type of magic is usually comedic in nature and involves audience interaction as well as volunteer assistants. Online magic Online magic tricks were designed to function on a computer screen. The computer screen affords ways to incorporate magic from the magician's wand to the computer mouse. The use of computing technologies in performance can be traced back to a 1984 presentation by David Copperfield, who used a Commodore 64 to create a "magic show" for his audience. More recently, virtual performers have been experimenting with captivating digital animations and illusions that blur the lines between magic tricks and reality. In some cases, the computer essentially replaces the online magician. In a 2008 TED Talk, Penn Jillette discussed how technology will continue to play a role in magic by influencing media and communication. According to Jillette, magicians continue to innovate in not only digital communication but also live performances that utilize digital effects. The 2020 COVID-19 lockdowns ushered onto the world stage a surge of online magic shows. These shows are performed via video conferencing platforms such as Zoom. Some online magic tricks recreate traditional card tricks and require user participation, while others, like Plato's Cursed Triangle, are based on mathematical, geometrical, and/or optical illusions. One such online magic trick, called Esmeralda's Crystal Ball, became a viral phenomenon that fooled so many computer users into believing that their computer had supernatural powers, that the fact-checking website Snopes dedicated a page to debunking the trick. German magician Wittus Witt performed interactive magic tricks live on TV from 1993 to 1997. Viewers were able to call Wittus Witt live in the television studio and perform a magic trick with him directly. In total, Witt performed this special magic 87 times, every other week. Theatre Magic-Art Theatre Magic describes a dramaturgically well thought-out performance that has been specially designed for the theater and theater-like situations. It is not about individual tricks that are strung together, but about logical connections of tricks that lead to a story. The protagonists of this magic stage art were the German magician Fredo Marvelli, Punx (Magician), and Alexander Adrion. In the United States, they included Richard Hatch (Magician) and Max Maven. Mathemagic Mathemagic is a genre of stage magic that combines magic and mathematics. It is commonly used by children's magicians and mentalists. Corporate magic Corporate magic or trade show magic uses magic as a communication and sales tool, as opposed to just straightforward entertainment. Corporate magicians may come from a business background and typically present at meetings, conferences and product launches. They run workshops and can sometimes be found at trade shows, where their patter and illusions enhance an entertaining presentation of the products offered by their corporate sponsors. Pioneer performers in this arena include Eddie Tullock and Guy Bavli. Gospel magic Gospel magic uses magic to catechize and evangelize. Gospel magic was first used by St. John Bosco to interest children in 19th-century Turin, Italy to come back to school, to accept assistance and to attend church. The Jewish equivalent is termed Torah magic. Street magic Street magic is a form of street performing or busking that employs a hybrid of stage magic, platform, and close-up magic, usually performed 'in the round' or surrounded by the audience. Notable modern street magic performers include Jeff Sheridan, Gazzo, and Wittus Witt. Since the first David Blaine TV special Street Magic aired in 1997, the term "street magic" has also come to describe a style of 'guerilla' performance in which magicians approach and perform for unsuspecting members of the public on the street. Unlike traditional street magic, this style is almost purely designed for TV and gains its impact from the wild reactions of the public. Magicians of this type include David Blaine and Cyril Takayama. Bizarre magic Bizarre magic is a branch of stage magic that creates eerie effects through its use of narratives and esoteric imagery. The experience may be more akin to small, intimate theater or to a conventional magic show. Bizarre magic often uses horror, supernatural, and science fiction imagery in addition to the standard commercial magic approaches of comedy and wonder. Shock magic Shock magic is a genre of magic that shocks the audience. Sometimes referred to as "geek magic", it takes its roots from circus sideshows, in which 'freakish' performances were shown to audiences. Common shock magic or geek magic effects include eating razor blades, needle-through-arm, string through neck and pen-through-tongue. French comedy magician Éric Antoine Comedy magic Comedy magic is the use of magic in which is combined with stand-up comedy. Famous comedy magicians include The Amazing Johnathan, Holly Balay, Mac King, and Penn & Teller. Quick change magic Quick change magic is the use of magic which is combined with the very quick changing of costumes. Famous quick-change artists include Sos & Victoria Petrosyan. Camera magic Camera magic (or "video magic") is magic that is aimed at viewers watching broadcasts or recordings. It includes tricks based on the restricted viewing angles of cameras and clever editing. Camera magic often features paid extras posing as spectators who may even be assisting in the performance. Camera magic can be done live, such as Derren Brown's lottery prediction. Famous examples of camera magic include David Copperfield's Floating Over the Grand Canyon and many of Criss Angel's illusions. Classical magic Classical magic is a style of magic that conveys feelings of elegance and skill akin to prominent magicians of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Mechanical magic Ambigram Magic / Dream with a handheld pattern giving a reversed shadow by mirror symmetry. "It's all done with smoke and mirrors," as we say to explain something baffling. Mechanical magic is a form of stage magic in which the magician uses a variety of mechanical devices to perform acts that appear to be physically impossible. Examples include such things as a false-bottomed mortar in which the magician places an audience member's watch only to later produce several feet away inside a wooden frame. Mechanical magic requires a certain degree of sleight of hand and carefully functioning mechanisms and devices to be performed convincingly. This form of magic was popular around the turn of the 19th century—today, many of the original mechanisms used for this magic have become antique collector's pieces and may require significant and careful restoration to function. Categories of effects Magicians describe the type of tricks they perform in various ways. Opinions vary as to how to categorize a given effect, and disagreement as to what categories actually exist. For instance, some magicians consider "penetrations" a separate category, while others consider penetrations a form of restoration or teleportation. Some magicians today, such as Guy Hollingworth and Tom Stone have begun to challenge the notion that all magic effects fit into a limited number of categories. Among magicians who believe in a limited number of categories (such as Dariel Fitzkee, Harlan Tarbell, S.H. Sharpe), there has been disagreement as to how many different types of effects there are. Some of these are listed below. Production: The magician produces something from nothing—a rabbit from an empty hat, a fan of cards from thin air, a shower of coins from an empty bucket, a dove from a pan, or the magician himself or herself, appearing in a puff of smoke on an empty stage—all of these effects are productions. Vanish: The magician makes something disappear—a coin, a cage of doves, milk from a newspaper, an assistant from a cabinet, or even the Statue of Liberty. A vanish, being the reverse of a production, may use a similar technique in reverse. Transformation: The magician transforms something from one state into another—a silk handkerchief changes color, a lady turns into a tiger, an indifferent card changes to the spectator's chosen card. Transformation: Change of color Restoration: The magician destroys an object—a rope is cut, a newspaper is torn, a woman is cut in half, a borrowed watch is smashed to pieces—then restores it to its original state. Transposition: A transposition involves two or more objects. The magician will cause these objects to change places, as many times as he pleases, and in some cases, ends with a kicker by transforming the objects into something else. Teleportation: The magician causes something to move from one place to another—a borrowed ring is found inside a ball of wool, a canary inside a light bulb, an assistant from a cabinet to the back of the theatre, or a coin from one hand to the other. When two objects exchange places, it is called a transposition: a simultaneous, double transportation. A transportation can be seen as a combination of a vanish and a production. When performed by a mentalist it might be called teleportation. Escape: The magician (or less often, an assistant) is placed in a restraining device (i.e., handcuffs or a straitjacket) or a death trap, and escapes to safety. Examples include being put in a straitjacket and into an overflowing tank of water, and being tied up and placed in a car being sent through a car crusher. Levitation: The magician defies gravity, either by making something float in the air, or with the aid of another object (suspension)—a silver ball floats around a cloth, an assistant floats in mid-air, another is suspended from a broom, a scarf dances in a sealed bottle, the magician levitates his own body in midair. There are many popular ways to create this illusion, including Asrah levitation, Balducci levitation, invisible thread, and King levitation. The flying illusion has often been performed by David Copperfield. Harry Blackstone floated a light bulb over the heads of the public. Penetration: The magician makes a solid object pass through another—a set of steel rings link and unlink, a candle penetrates an arm, swords pass through an assistant in a basket, a salt shaker penetrates a tabletop, or a man walks through a mirror. Sometimes referred to as "solid-through-solid". Prediction: The magician accurately predicts the choice of a spectator or the outcome of an event—a newspaper headline, the total amount of loose change in the spectator's pocket, a picture drawn on a slate—under seemingly impossible circumstances. Many magic routines use combinations of effects. For example, in "cups and balls" a magician may use vanishes, productions, penetrations, teleportation and transformations as part of the one presentation. The methodology behind magic is often referred to as a science (often a branch of physics) while the performance aspect is more of an art form. Learning magic See also: List of magic publications A stage magician using a top hat as a prop Dedication to magic can teach confidence and creativity, as well as the work ethic associated with regular practice and the responsibility that comes with devotion to an art. The teaching of performance magic was once a secretive practice. Professional magicians were unwilling to share knowledge with anyone outside the profession to prevent the laity from learning their secrets. This often made it difficult for an interested apprentice to learn anything but the basics of magic. Some had strict rules against members discussing magic secrets with anyone but established magicians. From the 1584 publication of Reginald Scot's Discoverie of Witchcraft until the end of the 19th century, only a few books were available for magicians to learn the craft, whereas today mass-market books offer a myriad titles. Videos and DVDs are newer media, but many of the methods found in this format are readily found in previously published books. However, they can serve as a visual demonstration. Persons interested in learning to perform magic can join magic clubs. Here magicians, both seasoned and novitiate, can work together and help one another for mutual improvement, to learn new techniques, to discuss all aspects of magic, to perform for each other—sharing advice, encouragement, and criticism. Before a magician can join one of these clubs, they usually have to audition. The purpose is to show to the membership they are a magician and not just someone off the street wanting to discover magic secrets. The world's largest magic organization is the International Brotherhood of Magicians; it publishes a monthly journal, The Linking Ring. The oldest organization is the Society of American Magicians, which publishes the monthly magazine M-U-M and of which Houdini was a member and president for several years. In London, England, there is The Magic Circle, which houses the largest magic library in Europe. Also PSYCRETS—The British Society of Mystery Entertainers—caters specifically to mentalists, bizarrists, storytellers, readers, spiritualist performers, and other mystery entertainers. Davenport's Magic in London's The Strand was the world's oldest family-run magic shop. It is now closed. The Magic Castle in Hollywood, California, is home to the Academy of Magical Arts. Traditionally, magicians refuse to reveal the methods behind their tricks to the audience. Membership in professional magicians' organizations often requires a commitment never to reveal the secrets of magic to non-magicians. When Justin Flom in 2020 began disclosing how tricks worked in Facebook videos, other magicians publicly and privately criticized and ostracized him. Magic performances tend to fall into a few specialties or genres. Stage illusions use large-scale props and even large animals. Platform magic is performed for a medium to large audience. Close-up magic is performed with the audience close to the magician. Escapology involves escapes from confinement or restraints. Pickpocket magicians take audience members' wallets, wristwatches, belts, and ties. Mentalism creates the illusion that the magician can read minds. Comedy magic is the use of magic combined with stand-up comedy, an example being Penn & Teller. Some modern illusionists believe that it is unethical to give a performance that claims to be anything other than a clever and skillful deception. Others argue that they can claim that the effects are due to magic. These apparently irreconcilable differences of opinion have led to some conflicts among performers. Another issue is the use of deceptive practices for personal gain outside the venue of a magic performance. Examples include fraudulent mediums, con men and grifters who use deception for cheating at card games. Misuse of the term "magic" Some modern illusionists believe that it is unethical to give a performance that claims to be anything other than a clever and skillful deception. Most of these performers therefore eschew the term "magician" (which they view as making a claim to supernatural power) in favor of "illusionist" and similar descriptions; for example, the performer Jamy Ian Swiss makes these points by billing himself as an "honest liar". Alternatively, many performers say that magical acts, as a form of theatre, need no more of a disclaimer than any play or film; this policy was advocated by the magician and mentalist Joseph Dunninger, who stated "For those who believe, no explanation is necessary; for those who do not believe, no explanation will suffice." These apparently irreconcilable differences of opinion have led to some conflicts among performers. For example, more than thirty years after the illusionist Uri Geller made his first appearances on television in the 1970s to exhibit his self-proclaimed psychic ability to bend spoons, his actions still provoke controversy among some magic performers, because he claimed what he did was not an illusion. On the other hand, because Geller bent—and continues to bend—spoons within a performance context and has lectured at several magic conventions, the Dunninger quote may be said to apply. In 2016, self-proclaimed psychic The Amazing Kreskin was barred from sending fraudulent letters to solicit money from the elderly. "This settlement ends these efforts to cheat Iowa's most vulnerable people," stated Attorney General Tom Miller. "The letters were shamelessly predatory and manipulative, variously promising riches, protection from ill-health, and even personal friendship to each recipient – all to get the victim to send money." Less fraught with controversy, however, may be the use of deceptive practices by those who employ stage magic techniques for personal gain outside the venue of a magic performance. C. Alexander wrote about the trickery in con-men exploiting their sworn spiritual magic to rip off each client they swung in The Dr. Q. Book. However, a group of people believe Alexander to be a con-man too. Fraudulent mediums have long capitalized on the popular belief in paranormal phenomena to prey on the bereaved for financial gain. From the 1840s to the 1920s, during the greatest popularity of the spiritualism religious movement as well as public interest in séances, a number of fraudulent mediums used stage magic methods to perform illusions such as table-knocking, slate-writing, and telekinetic effects, which they attributed to the actions of ghosts or other spirits. The great escapologist and illusionist Harry Houdini devoted much of his time to exposing such fraudulent operators. Magician James Randi, magic duo Penn & Teller, and the mentalist Derren Brown have also devoted much time to investigating and debunking paranormal, occult, and supernatural claims. Fraudulent faith healers have also been shown to employ sleight of hand to give the appearance of removing chicken-giblet "tumors" from patients' abdomens. Con men and grifters too may use techniques of stage magic for fraudulent goals. Cheating at card games is an obvious example, and not a surprising one: one of the most respected textbooks of card techniques for magicians, The Expert at the Card Table by Erdnase, was primarily written as an instruction manual for card sharps. The card trick known as "Find the Lady" or "Three-card Monte" is an old favourite of street hustlers, who lure the victim into betting on what seems like a simple proposition: to identify, after a seemingly easy-to-track mixing sequence, which one of three face-down cards is the Queen. Another example is the shell game, in which a pea is hidden under one of three walnut shells, then shuffled around the table (or sidewalk) so slowly as to make the pea's position seemingly obvious. Although these are well known as frauds, people still lose money on them; a shell-game ring was broken up in Los Angeles as recently as December 2009. Researching magic Because of the secretive nature of magic, research can be a challenge. Many magic resources are privately held and most libraries only have small populist collections of magicana. However, organizations exist to band together independent collectors, writers, and researchers of magic history, including the Magic Collectors' Association, which publishes a quarterly magazine and hosts an annual convention; and the Conjuring Arts Research Center, which publishes a monthly newsletter and biannual magazine, and offers its members use of a searchable database of rare books and periodicals. Performance magic is particularly notable as a key area of popular culture from the mid-19th to mid-20th centuries. Many performances and performers can be followed through newspapers of the time. Many books have been written about magic tricks; so many are written every year that at least one magic author has suggested that more books are written about magic than any other performing art. Although the bulk of these books are not seen on the shelves of libraries or public bookstores, the serious student can find many titles through specialized stores catering to the needs of magic performers. Several notable public research collections on magic are the WG Alma Conjuring Collection at the State Library of Victoria; the R. B. Robbins Collection of Stage Magic and Conjuring at the State Library of NSW; the H. Adrian Smith Collection of Conjuring and Magicana at Brown University; and the Carl W. Jones Magic Collection, 1870s–1948 at Princeton University. 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Retrieved 17 March 2012. ^ "Magicians – Magic & magicians – Research Guides at State Library of Victoria". Guides.slv.vic.gov.au. 12 February 2012. Archived from the original on 26 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2012. ^ Bart King, The Pocket Guide to Magic, Gibbs Smith, 2009 ^ "Get started – Magic & magicians – Research Guides at State Library of Victoria". Guides.slv.vic.gov.au. 12 February 2012. Archived from the original on 6 April 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2012. ^ "Special collections | State Library of New South Wales". Sl.nsw.gov.au. 3 February 2010. Archived from the original on 22 April 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2012. ^ "John Hay Library: Collections". Brown.edu. Archived from the original on 30 December 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2012. ^ "Carl W. Jones Magic Collection, 1870s–1948: Finding Aid". Arks.princeton.edu. Retrieved 17 March 2012. Further reading Barrett, Caitlín E. "Plaster Perspectives on "Magical" Gems: Rethinking the Meaning of "Magic"". Cornell Collection of Antiquities. Cornell University Library. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015. Burlingame, H. J. (1895). History of Magic and Magicians. Charles L. Burlingame & Company. Christopher, Maurine; Christopher, Milbourne (1996). The Illustrated History of Magic. Heinemann. ISBN 0435070169. Christopher, Milbourne (1962). Panorama of Magic. Daniel, Noel; Caveney, Mike; Steinmeyer, Jim, eds. (2009). Magic 1400–1950s. Los Angeles: Taschen. ISBN 978-3836509770. Dunninger, Joseph. The Complete Encyclopedia of Magic. Nadis, Fred, ed. (2006). Wonder Shows: Performing Science, Magic, and Religion in America. Rutgers University Press. Frost, Thomas (1876). The Lives of the Conjurors. Tinsley Brothers. Hart, Martin T. (2014). We know how they did it!. Manipulatist Books Global. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help) Price, David (1985). Magic: A Pictorial History of Conjurers in the Theatre. Cornwall Books. Randi, James (1992). Conjuring: A Definitive History. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312086342. Stebbins, Robert A. (1993). Career, Culture and Social Psychology in a Variety Art: The Magician. Malabar, FL: Krieger. Hawk, Mike. The Illusionist. Tiverton, ON: IBM, 1999. 234–238. Print. (Hawk 234–238) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Magic (illusion). Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Conjuring". Boston Public Library. Magic posters State Library of Victoria (Australia). Magic and magicians Research Guide Science, Math and Magic Books From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress Magic Apparatus From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress vteMagic and illusionGeneral Assistants Clubs Conventions Exposure Stores Genres Bizarre Card (techniques) Cardistry (history) Children's Close-up magic Coin Escapology Gospel Mathemagic Mental Platform Séance Stage Street Tricks and techniques Levitation Equivocation Misdirection Sleight of hand Pepper's ghost Guidebooks The Discoverie of Witchcraft (1584) Modern Magic (1876) The Expert at the Card Table (1902) Tarbell Course (1928–) Thirteen Steps to Mentalism (1961) Mark Wilson's Complete Course In Magic (1975) Conjuring (1992) Periodicals Abracadabra Genii Hugard's Magic Monthly The Jinx The Linking Ring Magic Magigram Mahatma Smoke & Mirrors The Sphinx Lists Conjuring terms Films about magicians Magicians Museums Publications Timeline Tricks Related Indian magicians Midnight ghost show Authority control databases: National Spain Germany Israel United States Latvia Japan Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Illusionism (art)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusionism_(art)"},{"link_name":"The Illusionist (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Illusionist_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"illusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusion"},{"link_name":"close-up magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-up_magic"},{"link_name":"performing art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performing_art"},{"link_name":"entertained","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertained"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"paranormal magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)"},{"link_name":"supernatural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural"},{"link_name":"Jean-Eugène Robert-Houdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Eug%C3%A8ne_Robert-Houdin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"John Nevil Maskelyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nevil_Maskelyne"},{"link_name":"David Devant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Devant"},{"link_name":"Howard Thurston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Thurston"},{"link_name":"Harry Kellar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Kellar"},{"link_name":"Harry Houdini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Houdini"},{"link_name":"Broadway theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"vaudeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaudeville"},{"link_name":"music halls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_hall"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Georges Méliès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s"},{"link_name":"Gaston Velle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Velle"},{"link_name":"Walter R. Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_R._Booth"},{"link_name":"Orson Welles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles"},{"link_name":"filmmaking techniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_techniques"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"David Copperfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Copperfield_(illusionist)"},{"link_name":"Penn & Teller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_%26_Teller"},{"link_name":"Paul Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Daniels"},{"link_name":"Criss Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criss_Angel"},{"link_name":"David Blaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Blaine"},{"link_name":"Derren Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derren_Brown"},{"link_name":"Shin Lim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Lim"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"methods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_rights_to_magic_methods"},{"link_name":"effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_magic_tricks"},{"link_name":"training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Training"},{"link_name":"magic community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_magicians"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"sleight of hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleight_of_hand"},{"link_name":"misdirection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misdirection_(magic)"},{"link_name":"illusions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illusion"},{"link_name":"props","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trick_deck"},{"link_name":"psychological techniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"suggestion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suggestion"},{"link_name":"hypnosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypnosis"},{"link_name":"priming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priming_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"\"Illusionist\" redirects here. For the artistic tradition, see Illusionism (art). For other uses, see The Illusionist (disambiguation).Magic, which encompasses the subgenres of illusion, stage magic, and close-up magic, among others, is a performing art in which audiences are entertained by tricks, effects, or illusions of seemingly impossible feats, using natural means.[1][2] It is to be distinguished from paranormal magic which are effects claimed to be created through supernatural means. It is one of the oldest performing arts in the world.Modern entertainment magic, as pioneered by 19th-century magician Jean-Eugène Robert-Houdin, has become a popular theatrical art form.[3] In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, magicians such as John Nevil Maskelyne and David Devant, Howard Thurston, Harry Kellar, and Harry Houdini achieved widespread commercial success during what has become known as \"the Golden Age of Magic\", a period in which performance magic became a staple of Broadway theatre, vaudeville, and music halls.[4] Meanwhile, magicians such as Georges Méliès, Gaston Velle, Walter R. Booth, and Orson Welles introduced pioneering filmmaking techniques informed by their knowledge of magic.[5][6][7]Magic has retained its popularity into the 21st century by adapting to the mediums of television and the internet, with magicians such as David Copperfield, Penn & Teller, Paul Daniels, Criss Angel, David Blaine, Derren Brown, and Shin Lim modernizing the art form.[8] Through the use of social media, magicians can now reach a wider audience than ever before.Magicians are known for closely guarding the methods they use to achieve their effects, although they often share their techniques through both formal and informal training within the magic community.[9] Magicians use a variety of techniques, including sleight of hand, misdirection, optical and auditory illusions, and specially constructed props, as well as verbal and nonverbal psychological techniques such as suggestion, hypnosis, and priming.[10]","title":"Magic (illusion)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Blaine_performs_magic_for_Barack_Obama_at_the_White_House,_2016.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Penn_%26_Teller%27s_Walk_of_Fame_Star.jpg"},{"link_name":"Persians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire"},{"link_name":"magosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magi"},{"link_name":"The Discoverie of Witchcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Discoverie_of_Witchcraft"},{"link_name":"fairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair"},{"link_name":"Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Eug%C3%A8ne_Robert-Houdin"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-link.springer.com-11"},{"link_name":"John Henry Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Anderson"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_Magic-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"street magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_magic"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Trojan Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_Horse"},{"link_name":"entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment"},{"link_name":"money games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling"},{"link_name":"cults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Well known illusionist David Blaine performs magic for Barack Obama at the White House, 2016Penn & Teller's Walk of Fame Star. They are 21st century magicians.The term \"magic\" etymologically derives from the Greek word mageia (μαγεία). In ancient times, Greeks and Persians had been at war for centuries, and the Persian priests, called magosh in Persian, came to be known as magoi in Greek. Ritual acts of Persian priests came to be known as mageia, and then magika—which eventually came to mean any foreign, unorthodox, or illegitimate ritual practice. To the general public, successful acts of illusion could be perceived as if it were similar to a feat of magic supposed to have been able to be performed by the ancient magoi. The performance of tricks of illusion, or magical illusion, and the apparent workings and effects of such acts have often been referred to as \"magic\" and particularly as magic tricks.One of the earliest known books to explain magic secrets, The Discoverie of Witchcraft, was published in 1584. It was created by Reginald Scot to stop people from being killed for witchcraft. During the 17th century, many books were published that described magic tricks. Until the 18th century, magic shows were a common source of entertainment at fairs. The \"Father\" of modern entertainment magic was Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin, who had a magic theatre in Paris in 1845.[11] John Henry Anderson was pioneering the same transition in London in the 1840s. Towards the end of the 19th century, large magic shows permanently staged at big theatre venues became the norm.[12] As a form of entertainment, magic easily moved from theatrical venues to television magic specials.Performances that modern observers would recognize as conjuring have been practiced throughout history. For example, a trick with three cups and balls has been performed since 3 BC[13] and is still performed today on stage and in street magic shows. For many recorded centuries, magicians were associated with the devil and the occult. During the 19th and 20th centuries, many stage magicians even capitalized on this notion in their advertisements.[14] The same level of ingenuity that was used to produce famous ancient deceptions such as the Trojan Horse would also have been used for entertainment, or at least for cheating in money games. They were also used by the practitioners of various religions and cults from ancient times onwards to frighten uneducated people into obedience or turn them into adherents. However, the profession of the illusionist gained strength only in the 18th century, and has enjoyed several popular vogues since.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Magic Trick (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Trick_(film)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_the_Baptist_illusion.jpg"},{"link_name":"Reginald Scot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Scot"},{"link_name":"The Discoverie of Witchcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Discoverie_of_Witchcraft"},{"link_name":"decapitation illusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillotine_(magic_trick)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Reginald Scot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Scot"},{"link_name":"The Discoverie of Witchcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Discoverie_of_Witchcraft"},{"link_name":"sleight-of-hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleight-of-hand"},{"link_name":"witchcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"James I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fawkesshow.jpg"},{"link_name":"Isaac Fawkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Fawkes"},{"link_name":"fairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair"},{"link_name":"sword swallowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sword_swallowing"},{"link_name":"juggling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juggling"},{"link_name":"fire breathing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_breathing_(circus_act)"},{"link_name":"Isaac Fawkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Fawkes"},{"link_name":"King George II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Jacob Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"}],"sub_title":"Magic tricks","text":"\"Magic trick\" redirects here. For the 1953 film, see Magic Trick (film).Opinions vary among magicians on how to categorize a given effect, but a number of categories have been developed. Magicians may pull a rabbit from an empty hat, make something seem to disappear, or transform a red silk handkerchief into a green silk handkerchief. Magicians may also destroy something, like cutting a head off, and then \"restore\" it, make something appear to move from one place to another, or they may escape from a restraining device. Other illusions include making something appear to defy gravity, making a solid object appear to pass through another object, or appearing to predict the choice of a spectator. Many magic routines use combinations of effects.An illustration from Reginald Scot's The Discoverie of Witchcraft (1584), one of the earliest books on magic tricks, explaining how the \"Decollation of John Baptist\" decapitation illusion may be performedAmong the earliest books on the subject is Gantziony's work of 1489, Natural and Unnatural Magic, which describes and explains old-time tricks.[15] In 1584, Englishman Reginald Scot published The Discoverie of Witchcraft, part of which was devoted to debunking the claims that magicians used supernatural methods, and showing how their \"magic tricks\" were in reality accomplished. Among the tricks discussed were sleight-of-hand manipulations with rope, paper and coins. At the time, fear and belief in witchcraft was widespread and the book tried to demonstrate that these fears were misplaced.[16] Popular belief held that all obtainable copies were burned on the accession of James I in 1603.[17]During the 17th century, many similar books were published that described in detail the methods of a number of magic tricks, including The Art of Conjuring (1614) and The Anatomy of Legerdemain: The Art of Juggling (c. 1675).Advertisement for Isaac Fawkes' show from 1724 in which he boasts of the success of his performances for the King and Prince GeorgeUntil the 18th century, magic shows were a common source of entertainment at fairs, where itinerant performers would entertain the public with magic tricks, as well as the more traditional spectacles of sword swallowing, juggling and fire breathing. In the early 18th century, as belief in witchcraft was waning, the art became increasingly respectable and shows would be put on for rich private patrons. A notable figure in this transition was the English showman, Isaac Fawkes, who began to promote his act in advertisements from the 1720s—he even claimed to have performed for King George II. One of Fawkes' advertisements described his routine in some detail:He takes an empty bag, lays it on the Table and turns it several times inside out, then commands 100 Eggs out of it and several showers of real Gold and silver, then the Bag beginning to swell several sorts of wild fowl run out of it upon the Table. He throws up a Pack of Cards, and causes them to be living birds flying about the room. He causes living Beasts, Birds, and other Creatures to appear upon the Table. He blows the spots of the Cards off and on, and changes them to any pictures.[18]From 1756 to 1781, Jacob Philadelphia performed feats of magic, sometimes under the guise of scientific exhibitions, throughout Europe and in Russia.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roberthoudin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Eug%C3%A8ne_Robert-Houdin"},{"link_name":"Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Eug%C3%A8ne_Robert-Houdin"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-link.springer.com-11"},{"link_name":"John Henry Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Alexander Herrmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Herrmann"},{"link_name":"John Henry Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Anderson"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advertising"},{"link_name":"showmanship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showmanship_(performing)"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Nevil_Maskelyne.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Nevil Maskelyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nevil_Maskelyne"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_Magic-12"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"J N Maskelyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nevil_Maskelyne"},{"link_name":"Egyptian Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Hall"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Piccadilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piccadilly"},{"link_name":"William Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morton_(theatre_manager)"},{"link_name":"Oriental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalism"},{"link_name":"levitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levitation_(illusion)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawes_2-19"},{"link_name":"Alexander Herrmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Herrmann"},{"link_name":"Harry Houdini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Houdini"},{"link_name":"escapology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escapology"},{"link_name":"Houdini Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houdini_Museum"},{"link_name":"Scranton, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scranton,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"The Magic Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_Circle_(organisation)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Okito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okito"},{"link_name":"David Devant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Devant"},{"link_name":"Harry Blackstone Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Blackstone_Sr."},{"link_name":"Harry Blackstone Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Blackstone_Jr."},{"link_name":"Howard Thurston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Thurston"},{"link_name":"Theodore Annemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Annemann"},{"link_name":"Cardini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Valentine_Pitchford"},{"link_name":"Joseph Dunninger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Dunninger"},{"link_name":"Dai Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai_Vernon"},{"link_name":"Fred Culpitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Culpitt"},{"link_name":"Tommy Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Wonder_(magician)"},{"link_name":"Siegfried & Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_%26_Roy"},{"link_name":"Doug Henning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Henning"},{"link_name":"David Copperfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Copperfield_(illusionist)"},{"link_name":"Lance Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Burton"},{"link_name":"James Randi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Randi"},{"link_name":"Penn and Teller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_and_Teller"},{"link_name":"David Blaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Blaine"},{"link_name":"Criss Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criss_Angel"},{"link_name":"Derren Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derren_Brown"},{"link_name":"Dynamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamo_(magician)"},{"link_name":"Shin Lim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Lim"},{"link_name":"Jay & Joss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_%26_Joss"},{"link_name":"Hans Klok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Klok"},{"link_name":"Dell O'Dell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dell_O%27Dell"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Dietrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Dietrich"},{"link_name":"visual effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_effects"},{"link_name":"Pepper's Ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper%27s_Ghost"}],"sub_title":"Modern stage magic","text":"Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin, pioneer of modern magic entertainmentThe \"Father\" of modern entertainment magic was Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin, originally a clockmaker, who opened a magic theatre in Paris in 1845.[11] He transformed his art from one performed at fairs to a performance that the public paid to see at the theatre. His speciality was constructing mechanical automata that appeared to move and act as if alive. Many of Robert-Houdin's mechanisms for illusion were pirated by his assistant and ended up in the performances of his rivals, John Henry Anderson and Alexander Herrmann.John Henry Anderson was pioneering the same transition in London. In 1840 he opened the New Strand Theatre, where he performed as The Great Wizard of the North. His success came from advertising his shows and captivating his audience with expert showmanship. He became one of the earliest magicians to attain a high level of world renown. He opened a second theatre in Glasgow in 1845.John Nevil Maskelyne, a famous magician and illusionist of the late 19th century.Towards the end of the century, large magic shows permanently staged at big theatre venues became the norm.[12] The British performer J N Maskelyne and his partner Cooke were established at the Egyptian Hall in London's Piccadilly in 1873 by their manager William Morton, and continued there for 31 years. The show incorporated stage illusions and reinvented traditional tricks with exotic (often Oriental) imagery. The potential of the stage was exploited for hidden mechanisms and assistants, and the control it offers over the audience's point of view.\nMaskelyne and Cooke invented many of the illusions still performed today—one of his best-known being levitation.[19]The model for the look of a 'typical' magician—a man with wavy hair, a top hat, a goatee, and a tailcoat—was Alexander Herrmann (1844–1896), also known as Herrmann the Great. Herrmann was a French magician and was part of the Herrmann family name that is the \"first-family of magic\".The escapologist and magician Harry Houdini (1874–1926) took his stage name from Robert-Houdin and developed a range of stage magic tricks, many of them based on what became known after his death as escapology. Houdini was genuinely skilled in techniques such as lockpicking and escaping straitjackets, but also made full use of the range of conjuring techniques, including fake equipment and collusion with individuals in the audience. Houdini's show-business savvy was as great as his performance skill. There is a Houdini Museum dedicated to him in Scranton, Pennsylvania.The Magic Circle was formed in London in 1905 to promote and advance the art of stage magic.[20]As a form of entertainment, magic easily moved from theatrical venues to television specials, which opened up new opportunities for deceptions, and brought stage magic to huge audiences. Famous magicians of the 20th century included Okito, David Devant, Harry Blackstone Sr., Harry Blackstone Jr., Howard Thurston, Theodore Annemann, Cardini, Joseph Dunninger, Dai Vernon, Fred Culpitt, Tommy Wonder, Siegfried & Roy, and Doug Henning. Popular 20th- and 21st-century magicians include David Copperfield, Lance Burton, James Randi, Penn and Teller, David Blaine, Criss Angel, Derren Brown, Dynamo, Shin Lim, Jay & Joss & Hans Klok. Well-known women magicians include Dell O'Dell and Dorothy Dietrich. Most television magicians perform before a live audience, who provide the remote viewer with a reassurance that the illusions are not obtained with post-production visual effects.Many of the principles of stage magic are old. There is an expression, \"it's all done with smoke and mirrors\", used to explain something baffling, but effects seldom use mirrors today, due to the amount of installation work and transport difficulties. For example, the famous Pepper's Ghost, a stage illusion first used in 19th-century London, required a specially built theatre. Modern performers have vanished objects as large as the Taj Mahal, the Statue of Liberty, and a space shuttle, using other kinds of optical deceptions.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HOT_TRICK.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mind-reading-Russell-Morgan.jpeg"},{"link_name":"mentalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentalist"}],"text":"A magician, from the point of view of the audience, seemingly igniting fire out of nowhere from the palm, which can be deemed either stage or shock magic. It can even promote religion.Magic is often described according to various specialties or genres.A mentalist on stage in a mind-reading performance, 1900","title":"Types of magic performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stage illusions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_illusions"},{"link_name":"Harry Blackstone, Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Blackstone,_Sr."},{"link_name":"Howard Thurston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Thurston"},{"link_name":"Chung Ling Soo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chung_Ling_Soo"},{"link_name":"David Copperfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Copperfield_(illusionist)"},{"link_name":"Lance Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Burton"},{"link_name":"Silvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvan_(illusionist)"},{"link_name":"Siegfried & Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_%26_Roy"},{"link_name":"Harry Blackstone, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Blackstone,_Jr."}],"sub_title":"Stage illusions","text":"Stage illusions are performed for large audiences, typically within a theatre or auditorium. This type of magic is distinguished by large-scale props, the use of assistants and often exotic animals such as elephants and tigers. Famous stage illusionists, past and present, include Harry Blackstone, Sr., Howard Thurston, Chung Ling Soo, David Copperfield, Lance Burton, Silvan, Siegfried & Roy, and Harry Blackstone, Jr.","title":"Types of magic performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parlor magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlor_magic"},{"link_name":"Jeff McBride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_McBride"},{"link_name":"David Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Abbott_(magician)"},{"link_name":"Channing Pollock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channing_Pollock_(magician)"},{"link_name":"Black Herman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Herman"},{"link_name":"Fred Kaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Kaps"}],"sub_title":"Parlor magic","text":"Parlor magic is done for larger audiences than close-up magic (which is for a few people or even one person) and for smaller audiences than stage magic. In parlor magic, the performer is usually standing and on the same level as the audience, which may be seated on chairs or even on the floor. According to the Encyclopedia of Magic and Magicians by T.A. Waters, \"The phrase [parlor magic] is often used as a pejorative to imply that an effect under discussion is not suitable for professional performance.\" Also, many magicians consider the term \"parlor\" old fashioned and limiting, since this type of magic is often done in rooms much larger than the traditional parlor, or even outdoors. A better term for this branch of magic may be \"platform\", \"club\" or \"cabaret\". Examples of such magicians include Jeff McBride, David Abbott, Channing Pollock, Black Herman, and Fred Kaps.","title":"Types of magic performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Close-up magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-up_magic"},{"link_name":"cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playing_card"},{"link_name":"Card manipulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_manipulation"},{"link_name":"coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin"},{"link_name":"Coin magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin_magic"},{"link_name":"Ricky Jay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Jay"},{"link_name":"Mahdi Moudini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi_Moudini"},{"link_name":"Lee Asher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Asher"},{"link_name":"Dai Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dai_Vernon"},{"link_name":"Slydini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slydini"},{"link_name":"Max Malini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Malini"}],"sub_title":"Close-up magic","text":"Close-up magic (or table magic) is performed with the audience close to the magician, sometimes even one-on-one. It usually makes use of everyday items as props, such as cards (see Card manipulation), coins (see Coin magic), and seemingly 'impromptu' effects. This may be called \"table magic\", particularly when performed as dinner entertainment. Ricky Jay, Mahdi Moudini, and Lee Asher, following in the traditions of Dai Vernon, Slydini, and Max Malini, are considered among the foremost practitioners of close-up magic.","title":"Types of magic performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Escapology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escapology"},{"link_name":"Harry Houdini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Houdini"}],"sub_title":"Escapology","text":"Escapology is the branch of magic that deals with escapes from confinement or restraints. Harry Houdini is a well-known example of an escape artist or escapologist.","title":"Types of magic performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pickpocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickpocket"},{"link_name":"James Freedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Freedman_(pickpocket)"},{"link_name":"David Avadon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Avadon"},{"link_name":"Bob Arno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Arno"},{"link_name":"Apollo Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Robbins"}],"sub_title":"Pickpocket magic","text":"Pickpocket magicians use magic to misdirect members of the audience while removing wallets, belts, ties, and other personal effects. It can be presented on a stage, in a cabaret setting, before small close-up groups, or even for one spectator. Well-known pickpockets include James Freedman, David Avadon, Bob Arno, and Apollo Robbins.","title":"Types of magic performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mentalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentalism"},{"link_name":"Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_(magician)"},{"link_name":"The Zancigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Zancigs"},{"link_name":"Axel Hellstrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axel_Hellstrom"},{"link_name":"Dunninger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunninger"},{"link_name":"Kreskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreskin"},{"link_name":"Deddy Corbuzier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deddy_Corbuzier"},{"link_name":"Derren Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derren_Brown"},{"link_name":"Rich Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Ferguson_(magician)"},{"link_name":"Guy Bavli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Bavli"},{"link_name":"Banachek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banachek"},{"link_name":"Max Maven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Maven"},{"link_name":"Alain Nu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Nu"}],"sub_title":"Mentalism","text":"Mentalism creates the impression in the minds of the audience that the performer possesses special powers to read thoughts, predict events, control other minds, and similar feats. It can be presented on a stage, in a cabaret setting, before small close-up groups, or even for one spectator. Well-known mentalists of the past and present include Alexander, The Zancigs, Axel Hellstrom, Dunninger, Kreskin, Deddy Corbuzier, Derren Brown, Rich Ferguson, Guy Bavli, Banachek, Max Maven, and Alain Nu.","title":"Types of magic performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theatrical séances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatrical_s%C3%A9ances"},{"link_name":"James Randi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Randi"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Séances","text":"Theatrical séances simulate spiritualistic or mediumistic phenomena for theatrical effect. This genre of stage magic has been misused at times by charlatans pretending to actually be in contact with spirits or supernatural forces. For this reason, some well-known magicians such as James Randi[21][22] (AKA \"The Amazing Randi\") have made it their goal to debunk such paranormal phenomena and illustrate that any such effects may be achieved by natural or human means. Randi was the \"foremost skeptic\" in this regard in the United States.[23]","title":"Types of magic performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magicianatparty.jpg"},{"link_name":"Amateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur"},{"link_name":"Children's magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_magic"}],"sub_title":"Children's magic","text":"Amateur magician performing \"children's magic\" for a birthday party audienceChildren's magic is performed for an audience primarily composed of children. It is typically performed at birthday parties, preschools, elementary schools, Sunday schools, or libraries. This type of magic is usually comedic in nature and involves audience interaction as well as volunteer assistants.","title":"Types of magic performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Copperfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Copperfield_(illusionist)"},{"link_name":"Commodore 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64"},{"link_name":"Penn Jillette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Jillette"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 lockdowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_lockdowns"},{"link_name":"video conferencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelephony"},{"link_name":"Zoom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_(software)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"viral phenomenon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_phenomenon"},{"link_name":"Snopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snopes"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Wittus Witt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittus_Witt"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Online magic","text":"Online magic tricks were designed to function on a computer screen. The computer screen affords ways to incorporate magic from the magician's wand to the computer mouse. The use of computing technologies in performance can be traced back to a 1984 presentation by David Copperfield, who used a Commodore 64 to create a \"magic show\" for his audience. More recently, virtual performers have been experimenting with captivating digital animations and illusions that blur the lines between magic tricks and reality. In some cases, the computer essentially replaces the online magician.In a 2008 TED Talk, Penn Jillette discussed how technology will continue to play a role in magic by influencing media and communication. According to Jillette, magicians continue to innovate in not only digital communication but also live performances that utilize digital effects. The 2020 COVID-19 lockdowns ushered onto the world stage a surge of online magic shows. These shows are performed via video conferencing platforms such as Zoom.Some online magic tricks recreate traditional card tricks and require user participation, while others, like Plato's Cursed Triangle, are based on mathematical, geometrical, and/or optical illusions. One such online magic trick, called Esmeralda's Crystal Ball,[24] became a viral phenomenon that fooled so many computer users into believing that their computer had supernatural powers, that the fact-checking website Snopes dedicated a page to debunking the trick.[25]German magician Wittus Witt performed interactive magic tricks live on TV from 1993 to 1997. Viewers were able to call Wittus Witt live in the television studio and perform a magic trick with him directly. In total, Witt performed this special magic 87 times, every other week.[26]","title":"Types of magic performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fredo Marvelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fredo_Marvelli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Punx (Magician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punx_(Magician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alexander Adrion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Adrion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Richard Hatch (Magician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Hatch_(Magician)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Max Maven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Maven"}],"sub_title":"Theatre Magic-Art","text":"Theatre Magic describes a dramaturgically well thought-out performance that has been specially designed for the theater and theater-like situations. It is not about individual tricks that are strung together, but about logical connections of tricks that lead to a story. The protagonists of this magic stage art were the German magician Fredo Marvelli, Punx (Magician), and Alexander Adrion. In the United States, they included Richard Hatch (Magician) and Max Maven.","title":"Types of magic performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mathemagic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathemagician"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"children's magicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_magic"},{"link_name":"mentalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentalists"}],"sub_title":"Mathemagic","text":"Mathemagic is a genre of stage magic that combines magic and mathematics. It is commonly used by children's magicians and mentalists.","title":"Types of magic performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herz1991-27"},{"link_name":"Guy Bavli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Bavli"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Corporate magic","text":"Corporate magic or trade show magic uses magic as a communication and sales tool, as opposed to just straightforward entertainment. Corporate magicians may come from a business background and typically present at meetings, conferences and product launches. They run workshops and can sometimes be found at trade shows, where their patter and illusions enhance an entertaining presentation of the products offered by their corporate sponsors. Pioneer performers in this arena include Eddie Tullock[27] and Guy Bavli.[28][29]","title":"Types of magic performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gospel magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel_magic"},{"link_name":"St. John Bosco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John_Bosco"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"}],"sub_title":"Gospel magic","text":"Gospel magic uses magic to catechize and evangelize. Gospel magic was first used by St. John Bosco to interest children in 19th-century Turin, Italy to come back to school, to accept assistance and to attend church. The Jewish equivalent is termed Torah magic.","title":"Types of magic performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Street magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_magic"},{"link_name":"busking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busking"},{"link_name":"in the round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_in_the_round"},{"link_name":"Jeff Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Sheridan"},{"link_name":"Gazzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazzo_(magician)"},{"link_name":"Wittus Witt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittus_Witt"},{"link_name":"David Blaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Blaine"},{"link_name":"David Blaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Blaine"},{"link_name":"Cyril Takayama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Takayama"}],"sub_title":"Street magic","text":"Street magic is a form of street performing or busking that employs a hybrid of stage magic, platform, and close-up magic, usually performed 'in the round' or surrounded by the audience. Notable modern street magic performers include Jeff Sheridan, Gazzo, and Wittus Witt. Since the first David Blaine TV special Street Magic aired in 1997, the term \"street magic\" has also come to describe a style of 'guerilla' performance in which magicians approach and perform for unsuspecting members of the public on the street. Unlike traditional street magic, this style is almost purely designed for TV and gains its impact from the wild reactions of the public. Magicians of this type include David Blaine and Cyril Takayama.","title":"Types of magic performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Bizarre magic","text":"Bizarre magic is a branch of stage magic that creates eerie effects through its use of narratives and esoteric imagery.[30] The experience may be more akin to small, intimate theater or to a conventional magic show.[31] Bizarre magic often uses horror, supernatural, and science fiction imagery in addition to the standard commercial magic approaches of comedy and wonder.[32]","title":"Types of magic performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sideshows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideshow"},{"link_name":"needle-through-arm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needle-through-arm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eric_Antoine_-_2012-07-03_-_IMG_4940.jpg"},{"link_name":"Éric Antoine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ric_Antoine"}],"sub_title":"Shock magic","text":"Shock magic is a genre of magic that shocks the audience. Sometimes referred to as \"geek magic\", it takes its roots from circus sideshows, in which 'freakish' performances were shown to audiences. Common shock magic or geek magic effects include eating razor blades, needle-through-arm, string through neck and pen-through-tongue.French comedy magician Éric Antoine","title":"Types of magic performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Amazing Johnathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amazing_Johnathan"},{"link_name":"Holly Balay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Balay"},{"link_name":"Mac King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_King"},{"link_name":"Penn & Teller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_%26_Teller"}],"sub_title":"Comedy magic","text":"Comedy magic is the use of magic in which is combined with stand-up comedy. Famous comedy magicians include The Amazing Johnathan, Holly Balay, Mac King, and Penn & Teller.","title":"Types of magic performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Quick change magic","text":"Quick change magic is the use of magic which is combined with the very quick changing of costumes. Famous quick-change artists include Sos & Victoria Petrosyan.","title":"Types of magic performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Derren Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derren_Brown"},{"link_name":"Criss Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criss_Angel"}],"sub_title":"Camera magic","text":"Camera magic (or \"video magic\") is magic that is aimed at viewers watching broadcasts or recordings. It includes tricks based on the restricted viewing angles of cameras and clever editing. Camera magic often features paid extras posing as spectators who may even be assisting in the performance. Camera magic can be done live, such as Derren Brown's lottery prediction. Famous examples of camera magic include David Copperfield's Floating Over the Grand Canyon and many of Criss Angel's illusions.","title":"Types of magic performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Classical magic","text":"Classical magic is a style of magic that conveys feelings of elegance and skill akin to prominent magicians of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.","title":"Types of magic performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ambigram_Magic_Dream_-_mirror_symmetry_with_a_handheld_pattern_giving_a_reversed_shadow_on_a_blue_wall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ambigram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambigram"},{"link_name":"Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_magic"},{"link_name":"Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream"},{"link_name":"Mechanical magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_magic"},{"link_name":"mortar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Mechanical magic","text":"Ambigram Magic / Dream with a handheld pattern giving a reversed shadow by mirror symmetry. \"It's all done with smoke and mirrors,\" as we say to explain something baffling.Mechanical magic is a form of stage magic in which the magician uses a variety of mechanical devices to perform acts that appear to be physically impossible. Examples include such things as a false-bottomed mortar in which the magician places an audience member's watch only to later produce several feet away inside a wooden frame.[33] Mechanical magic requires a certain degree of sleight of hand and carefully functioning mechanisms and devices to be performed convincingly. This form of magic was popular around the turn of the 19th century—today, many of the original mechanisms used for this magic have become antique collector's pieces and may require significant and careful restoration to function.","title":"Types of magic performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guy Hollingworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Hollingworth"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Tom Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Stone_(magician)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Dariel Fitzkee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dariel_Fitzkee"},{"link_name":"Harlan Tarbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_Tarbell"},{"link_name":"dove from a pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dove_pan"},{"link_name":"Statue of Liberty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanishing_the_Statue_of_Liberty"},{"link_name":"tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger"},{"link_name":"woman is cut in half","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawing_a_woman_in_half"},{"link_name":"handcuffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handcuffs"},{"link_name":"straitjacket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straitjacket"},{"link_name":"Levitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levitation_(illusion)"},{"link_name":"Asrah levitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asrah_levitation"},{"link_name":"Balducci levitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balducci_levitation"},{"link_name":"invisible thread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invisible_thread"},{"link_name":"King levitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_levitation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"flying illusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Copperfield%27s_flying_illusion"},{"link_name":"David Copperfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Copperfield_(illusionist)"},{"link_name":"Harry Blackstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Blackstone,_Sr."},{"link_name":"cups and balls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cups_and_balls"}],"text":"Magicians describe the type of tricks they perform in various ways. Opinions vary as to how to categorize a given effect, and disagreement as to what categories actually exist. For instance, some magicians consider \"penetrations\" a separate category, while others consider penetrations a form of restoration or teleportation. Some magicians today, such as Guy Hollingworth[34] and Tom Stone[35] have begun to challenge the notion that all magic effects fit into a limited number of categories. Among magicians who believe in a limited number of categories (such as Dariel Fitzkee, Harlan Tarbell, S.H. Sharpe), there has been disagreement as to how many different types of effects there are. Some of these are listed below.Production: The magician produces something from nothing—a rabbit from an empty hat, a fan of cards from thin air, a shower of coins from an empty bucket, a dove from a pan, or the magician himself or herself, appearing in a puff of smoke on an empty stage—all of these effects are productions.\nVanish: The magician makes something disappear—a coin, a cage of doves, milk from a newspaper, an assistant from a cabinet, or even the Statue of Liberty. A vanish, being the reverse of a production, may use a similar technique in reverse.\nTransformation: The magician transforms something from one state into another—a silk handkerchief changes color, a lady turns into a tiger, an indifferent card changes to the spectator's chosen card. Transformation: Change of color\nRestoration: The magician destroys an object—a rope is cut, a newspaper is torn, a woman is cut in half, a borrowed watch is smashed to pieces—then restores it to its original state.\nTransposition: A transposition involves two or more objects. The magician will cause these objects to change places, as many times as he pleases, and in some cases, ends with a kicker by transforming the objects into something else.\nTeleportation: The magician causes something to move from one place to another—a borrowed ring is found inside a ball of wool, a canary inside a light bulb, an assistant from a cabinet to the back of the theatre, or a coin from one hand to the other. When two objects exchange places, it is called a transposition: a simultaneous, double transportation. A transportation can be seen as a combination of a vanish and a production. When performed by a mentalist it might be called teleportation.\nEscape: The magician (or less often, an assistant) is placed in a restraining device (i.e., handcuffs or a straitjacket) or a death trap, and escapes to safety. Examples include being put in a straitjacket and into an overflowing tank of water, and being tied up and placed in a car being sent through a car crusher.\nLevitation: The magician defies gravity, either by making something float in the air, or with the aid of another object (suspension)—a silver ball floats around a cloth, an assistant floats in mid-air, another is suspended from a broom, a scarf dances in a sealed bottle, the magician levitates his own body in midair. There are many popular ways to create this illusion, including Asrah levitation, Balducci levitation, invisible thread, and King levitation.[citation needed] The flying illusion has often been performed by David Copperfield. Harry Blackstone floated a light bulb over the heads of the public.\nPenetration: The magician makes a solid object pass through another—a set of steel rings link and unlink, a candle penetrates an arm, swords pass through an assistant in a basket, a salt shaker penetrates a tabletop, or a man walks through a mirror. Sometimes referred to as \"solid-through-solid\".\nPrediction: The magician accurately predicts the choice of a spectator or the outcome of an event—a newspaper headline, the total amount of loose change in the spectator's pocket, a picture drawn on a slate—under seemingly impossible circumstances.Many magic routines use combinations of effects. For example, in \"cups and balls\" a magician may use vanishes, productions, penetrations, teleportation and transformations as part of the one presentation.The methodology behind magic is often referred to as a science (often a branch of physics) while the performance aspect is more of an art form.","title":"Categories of effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of magic publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_magic_publications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Magic.jpg"},{"link_name":"top hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_hat"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Reginald Scot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Scot"},{"link_name":"Discoverie of Witchcraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discoverie_of_Witchcraft"},{"link_name":"magic clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_club"},{"link_name":"International Brotherhood of Magicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Magicians"},{"link_name":"The Linking Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Linking_Ring"},{"link_name":"Society of American Magicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_American_Magicians"},{"link_name":"M-U-M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-U-M"},{"link_name":"Houdini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houdini"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"The Magic Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_Circle_(organisation)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"The Strand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand,_London"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Magic Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_Castle"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Academy of Magical Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Magical_Arts"},{"link_name":"Justin Flom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Flom"},{"link_name":"Facebook videos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook_videos"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mears20220728-42"},{"link_name":"Stage illusions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_illusions"},{"link_name":"Platform magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_magic"},{"link_name":"Close-up magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-up_magic"},{"link_name":"Escapology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escapology"},{"link_name":"Pickpocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickpocket"},{"link_name":"Mentalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentalism"},{"link_name":"Penn & Teller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_%26_Teller"},{"link_name":"con men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_trick"},{"link_name":"card games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_game"}],"text":"See also: List of magic publicationsA stage magician using a top hat as a propDedication to magic can teach confidence and creativity, as well as the work ethic associated with regular practice and the responsibility that comes with devotion to an art.[36]\nThe teaching of performance magic was once a secretive practice.[37] Professional magicians were unwilling to share knowledge with anyone outside the profession to prevent the laity from learning their secrets.[38] This often made it difficult for an interested apprentice to learn anything but the basics of magic. Some had strict rules against members discussing magic secrets with anyone but established magicians.From the 1584 publication of Reginald Scot's Discoverie of Witchcraft until the end of the 19th century, only a few books were available for magicians to learn the craft, whereas today mass-market books offer a myriad titles. Videos and DVDs are newer media, but many of the methods found in this format are readily found in previously published books. However, they can serve as a visual demonstration.Persons interested in learning to perform magic can join magic clubs. Here magicians, both seasoned and novitiate, can work together and help one another for mutual improvement, to learn new techniques, to discuss all aspects of magic, to perform for each other—sharing advice, encouragement, and criticism. Before a magician can join one of these clubs, they usually have to audition. The purpose is to show to the membership they are a magician and not just someone off the street wanting to discover magic secrets.The world's largest magic organization is the International Brotherhood of Magicians; it publishes a monthly journal, The Linking Ring. The oldest organization is the Society of American Magicians, which publishes the monthly magazine M-U-M and of which Houdini was a member and president for several years. In London, England, there is The Magic Circle, which houses the largest magic library in Europe. Also PSYCRETS—The British Society of Mystery Entertainers[39]—caters specifically to mentalists, bizarrists, storytellers, readers, spiritualist performers, and other mystery entertainers. Davenport's Magic[40] in London's The Strand was the world's oldest family-run magic shop.[41] It is now closed. The Magic Castle in Hollywood, California, is home to the Academy of Magical Arts.Traditionally, magicians refuse to reveal the methods behind their tricks to the audience. Membership in professional magicians' organizations often requires a commitment never to reveal the secrets of magic to non-magicians. When Justin Flom in 2020 began disclosing how tricks worked in Facebook videos, other magicians publicly and privately criticized and ostracized him.[42]Magic performances tend to fall into a few specialties or genres. Stage illusions use large-scale props and even large animals. Platform magic is performed for a medium to large audience. Close-up magic is performed with the audience close to the magician. Escapology involves escapes from confinement or restraints. Pickpocket magicians take audience members' wallets, wristwatches, belts, and ties.\nMentalism creates the illusion that the magician can read minds. Comedy magic is the use of magic combined with stand-up comedy, an example being Penn & Teller. Some modern illusionists believe that it is unethical to give a performance that claims to be anything other than a clever and skillful deception. Others argue that they can claim that the effects are due to magic. These apparently irreconcilable differences of opinion have led to some conflicts among performers. Another issue is the use of deceptive practices for personal gain outside the venue of a magic performance. Examples include fraudulent mediums, con men and grifters who use deception for cheating at card games.","title":"Learning magic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jamy Ian Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamy_Ian_Swiss"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Joseph Dunninger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Dunninger"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Uri Geller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uri_Geller"},{"link_name":"magic conventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_convention"},{"link_name":"The Amazing Kreskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreskin"},{"link_name":"Attorney General Tom Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Miller_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_the_man_who_knows_LCCN2014636877.jpg"},{"link_name":"C. Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_(magician)"},{"link_name":"spiritual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)"},{"link_name":"paranormal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal"},{"link_name":"spiritualism religious movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualism_(religious_movement)"},{"link_name":"séances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9ance"},{"link_name":"telekinetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telekinesis"},{"link_name":"ghosts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghosts"},{"link_name":"Harry Houdini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Houdini"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"James Randi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Randi"},{"link_name":"Penn & Teller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_and_Teller"},{"link_name":"Derren Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derren_Brown"},{"link_name":"occult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occult"},{"link_name":"supernatural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"faith healers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_healers"},{"link_name":"sleight of hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleight_of_hand"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Con men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_trick"},{"link_name":"card games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_game"},{"link_name":"card sharps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_sharp"},{"link_name":"Three-card Monte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-card_Monte"},{"link_name":"shell game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_game"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"Some modern illusionists believe that it is unethical to give a performance that claims to be anything other than a clever and skillful deception. Most of these performers therefore eschew the term \"magician\" (which they view as making a claim to supernatural power) in favor of \"illusionist\" and similar descriptions; for example, the performer Jamy Ian Swiss makes these points by billing himself as an \"honest liar\".[43] Alternatively, many performers say that magical acts, as a form of theatre, need no more of a disclaimer than any play or film; this policy was advocated by the magician and mentalist Joseph Dunninger, who stated \"For those who believe, no explanation is necessary; for those who do not believe, no explanation will suffice.\"[44]These apparently irreconcilable differences of opinion have led to some conflicts among performers. For example, more than thirty years after the illusionist Uri Geller made his first appearances on television in the 1970s to exhibit his self-proclaimed psychic ability to bend spoons, his actions still provoke controversy among some magic performers, because he claimed what he did was not an illusion. On the other hand, because Geller bent—and continues to bend—spoons within a performance context and has lectured at several magic conventions, the Dunninger quote may be said to apply.In 2016, self-proclaimed psychic The Amazing Kreskin was barred from sending fraudulent letters to solicit money from the elderly. \"This settlement ends these efforts to cheat Iowa's most vulnerable people,\" stated Attorney General Tom Miller. \"The letters were shamelessly predatory and manipulative, variously promising riches, protection from ill-health, and even personal friendship to each recipient – all to get the victim to send money.\"[45]Less fraught with controversy, however, may be the use of deceptive practices by those who employ stage magic techniques for personal gain outside the venue of a magic performance.C. Alexander wrote about the trickery in con-men exploiting their sworn spiritual magic to rip off each client they swung in The Dr. Q. Book. However, a group of people believe Alexander to be a con-man too.Fraudulent mediums have long capitalized on the popular belief in paranormal phenomena to prey on the bereaved for financial gain. From the 1840s to the 1920s, during the greatest popularity of the spiritualism religious movement as well as public interest in séances, a number of fraudulent mediums used stage magic methods to perform illusions such as table-knocking, slate-writing, and telekinetic effects, which they attributed to the actions of ghosts or other spirits. The great escapologist and illusionist Harry Houdini devoted much of his time to exposing such fraudulent operators.[46] Magician James Randi, magic duo Penn & Teller, and the mentalist Derren Brown have also devoted much time to investigating and debunking paranormal, occult, and supernatural claims.[47][48]Fraudulent faith healers have also been shown to employ sleight of hand to give the appearance of removing chicken-giblet \"tumors\" from patients' abdomens.[49]Con men and grifters too may use techniques of stage magic for fraudulent goals. Cheating at card games is an obvious example, and not a surprising one: one of the most respected textbooks of card techniques for magicians, The Expert at the Card Table by Erdnase, was primarily written as an instruction manual for card sharps. The card trick known as \"Find the Lady\" or \"Three-card Monte\" is an old favourite of street hustlers, who lure the victim into betting on what seems like a simple proposition: to identify, after a seemingly easy-to-track mixing sequence, which one of three face-down cards is the Queen. Another example is the shell game, in which a pea is hidden under one of three walnut shells, then shuffled around the table (or sidewalk) so slowly as to make the pea's position seemingly obvious. Although these are well known as frauds, people still lose money on them; a shell-game ring was broken up in Los Angeles as recently as December 2009.[50]","title":"Misuse of the term \"magic\""},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Conjuring Arts Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjuring_Arts_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"text":"Because of the secretive nature of magic, research can be a challenge.[51] Many magic resources are privately held and most libraries only have small populist collections of magicana. However, organizations exist to band together independent collectors, writers, and researchers of magic history, including the Magic Collectors' Association,[52] which publishes a quarterly magazine and hosts an annual convention; and the Conjuring Arts Research Center,[53] which publishes a monthly newsletter and biannual magazine, and offers its members use of a searchable database of rare books and periodicals.Performance magic is particularly notable as a key area of popular culture from the mid-19th to mid-20th centuries. Many performances and performers can be followed through newspapers[54] of the time.Many books have been written about magic tricks; so many are written every year that at least one magic author[55] has suggested that more books are written about magic than any other performing art. Although the bulk of these books are not seen on the shelves of libraries or public bookstores, the serious student can find many titles through specialized stores catering to the needs of magic performers.Several notable public research collections on magic are the WG Alma Conjuring Collection[56] at the State Library of Victoria; the R. B. Robbins Collection of Stage Magic and Conjuring[57] at the State Library of NSW; the H. Adrian Smith Collection of Conjuring and Magicana[58] at Brown University; and the Carl W. Jones Magic Collection, 1870s–1948[59] at Princeton University.","title":"Researching magic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Plaster Perspectives on \"Magical\" Gems: Rethinking the Meaning of \"Magic\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150526164252/https://antiquities.library.cornell.edu/gems/plaster-perspectives-on-magical-gems"},{"link_name":"Cornell University Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University_Library"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//antiquities.library.cornell.edu/gems/plaster-perspectives-on-magical-gems"},{"link_name":"Burlingame, H. J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._J._Burlingame"},{"link_name":"History of Magic and Magicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/HistoryOfMagicAndMagicians"},{"link_name":"Christopher, Milbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milbourne_Christopher"},{"link_name":"The Illustrated History of Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/illustratedhisto00chri"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0435070169","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0435070169"},{"link_name":"Christopher, Milbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milbourne_Christopher"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3836509770","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3836509770"},{"link_name":"Dunninger, Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Dunninger"},{"link_name":"Wonder Shows: Performing Science, Magic, and Religion in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;cc=acls;view=toc;idno=heb90024.0001.001"},{"link_name":"Frost, Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Frost_(writer)"},{"link_name":"The Lives of the Conjurors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/livesconjurors01frosgoog"},{"link_name":"We know how they did it!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thepiddingtons.com"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored"},{"link_name":"Randi, James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Randi"},{"link_name":"Conjuring: A Definitive History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjuring_(book)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0312086342","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312086342"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"text":"Barrett, Caitlín E. \"Plaster Perspectives on \"Magical\" Gems: Rethinking the Meaning of \"Magic\"\". Cornell Collection of Antiquities. Cornell University Library. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 24 August 2015.\nBurlingame, H. J. (1895). History of Magic and Magicians. Charles L. Burlingame & Company.\nChristopher, Maurine; Christopher, Milbourne (1996). The Illustrated History of Magic. Heinemann. ISBN 0435070169.\nChristopher, Milbourne (1962). Panorama of Magic.\nDaniel, Noel; Caveney, Mike; Steinmeyer, Jim, eds. (2009). Magic 1400–1950s. Los Angeles: Taschen. ISBN 978-3836509770.\nDunninger, Joseph. The Complete Encyclopedia of Magic.\nNadis, Fred, ed. (2006). Wonder Shows: Performing Science, Magic, and Religion in America. Rutgers University Press.\nFrost, Thomas (1876). The Lives of the Conjurors. Tinsley Brothers.\nHart, Martin T. (2014). We know how they did it!. Manipulatist Books Global. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)\nPrice, David (1985). Magic: A Pictorial History of Conjurers in the Theatre. Cornwall Books.\nRandi, James (1992). Conjuring: A Definitive History. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312086342.\nStebbins, Robert A. (1993). Career, Culture and Social Psychology in a Variety Art: The Magician. Malabar, FL: Krieger.\nHawk, Mike. The Illusionist. Tiverton, ON: IBM, 1999. 234–238. Print. (Hawk 234–238)[ISBN missing]","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Well known illusionist David Blaine performs magic for Barack Obama at the White House, 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/David_Blaine_performs_magic_for_Barack_Obama_at_the_White_House%2C_2016.jpg/220px-David_Blaine_performs_magic_for_Barack_Obama_at_the_White_House%2C_2016.jpg"},{"image_text":"Penn & Teller's Walk of Fame Star. They are 21st century magicians.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Penn_%26_Teller%27s_Walk_of_Fame_Star.jpg/220px-Penn_%26_Teller%27s_Walk_of_Fame_Star.jpg"},{"image_text":"An illustration from Reginald Scot's The Discoverie of Witchcraft (1584), one of the earliest books on magic tricks, explaining how the \"Decollation of John Baptist\" decapitation illusion may be performed","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/John_the_Baptist_illusion.jpg/220px-John_the_Baptist_illusion.jpg"},{"image_text":"Advertisement for Isaac Fawkes' show from 1724 in which he boasts of the success of his performances for the King and Prince George","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fawkesshow.jpg/220px-Fawkesshow.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jean Eugène Robert-Houdin, pioneer of modern magic entertainment","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Roberthoudin.jpg/170px-Roberthoudin.jpg"},{"image_text":"John Nevil Maskelyne, a famous magician and illusionist of the late 19th century.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/John_Nevil_Maskelyne.jpg/170px-John_Nevil_Maskelyne.jpg"},{"image_text":"A magician, from the point of view of the audience, seemingly igniting fire out of nowhere from the palm, which can be deemed either stage or shock magic. It can even promote religion.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/HOT_TRICK.jpg/170px-HOT_TRICK.jpg"},{"image_text":"A mentalist on stage in a mind-reading performance, 1900","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Mind-reading-Russell-Morgan.jpeg/170px-Mind-reading-Russell-Morgan.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Amateur magician performing \"children's magic\" for a birthday party audience","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Magicianatparty.jpg/170px-Magicianatparty.jpg"},{"image_text":"French comedy magician Éric Antoine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Eric_Antoine_-_2012-07-03_-_IMG_4940.jpg/220px-Eric_Antoine_-_2012-07-03_-_IMG_4940.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ambigram Magic / Dream with a handheld pattern giving a reversed shadow by mirror symmetry. \"It's all done with smoke and mirrors,\" as we say to explain something baffling.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Ambigram_Magic_Dream_-_mirror_symmetry_with_a_handheld_pattern_giving_a_reversed_shadow_on_a_blue_wall.jpg/220px-Ambigram_Magic_Dream_-_mirror_symmetry_with_a_handheld_pattern_giving_a_reversed_shadow_on_a_blue_wall.jpg"},{"image_text":"Transformation: Change of color"},{"image_text":"A stage magician using a top hat as a prop","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/King_Magic.jpg/170px-King_Magic.jpg"},{"image_text":"C. Alexander wrote about the trickery in con-men exploiting their sworn spiritual magic to rip off each client they swung in The Dr. Q. Book. However, a group of people believe Alexander to be a con-man too.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Alexander_the_man_who_knows_LCCN2014636877.jpg/220px-Alexander_the_man_who_knows_LCCN2014636877.jpg"}]
[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_package_graphics.png"},{"title":"Arts portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Arts"},{"title":"Exposure (magic)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_(magic)"},{"title":"Intellectual rights to magic methods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_rights_to_magic_methods"},{"title":"List of magicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_magicians"}]
[{"reference":"Recognizing magic as a rare and valuable art form and national treasure (H.Res 642). March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/house-resolution/642/text","url_text":"Recognizing magic as a rare and valuable art form and national treasure"}]},{"reference":"Steinmeyer, Jim (2003). Hiding the Elephant. Da Capo Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Gress, Jon (2015). Visual Effects and Compositing. San Francisco: New Riders. p. 23. ISBN 9780133807240. Retrieved 21 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9XrjBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA23","url_text":"Visual Effects and Compositing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780133807240","url_text":"9780133807240"}]},{"reference":"Chambers, Colin (2002). Continuum Companion to Twentieth Century Theatre. Continuum. p. 471.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Rissanen, Olli; Pitkänen, Petteri; Juvonen, Antti; Kuhn, Gustav; Hakkarainen, Kai (2014). \"Expertise among professional magicians: an interview study\". Frontiers in Psychology. 5. Finland: 1484. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01484. PMC 4274899. PMID 25566156.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4274899","url_text":"\"Expertise among professional magicians: an interview study\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2014.01484","url_text":"10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01484"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4274899","url_text":"4274899"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25566156","url_text":"25566156"}]},{"reference":"Pailhès, Alice; Gustav, Kuhn (2020). \"Influencing choices with conversational primes: How a magic trick unconsciously influences card choices\". Psychological and Cognitive Sciences. 117 (30): 17675–17679. Bibcode:2020PNAS..11717675P. doi:10.1073/pnas.2000682117. PMC 7395500. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Export_Processing_Zone_Authority
Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority
["1 Export processing zones","2 Newly established and proposed economic zone","3 Non-government economic zone","4 Science and technology based economic zone","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority (BEPZA)Agency overviewJurisdictionGovernment of BangladeshHeadquartersBEPZA Complex, House no- 19/D, Rd No. 6, Green Rd, Dhaka 1205Agency executivesSheikh Hasina (Prime Minister of Bangladesh), Governing ChairmanMajor General Abul Kalam Mohammad Ziaur Rahman, ndc, psc, Executive ChairmanParent departmentPrime Minister's OfficeWebsitewww.bepza.gov.bd The Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority (BEPZA) (Bengali: বাংলাদেশ রপ্তানী প্রক্রিয়াকরণ এলাকা কর্তৃপক্ষ) is an agency of the Government of Bangladesh and is administered under the jurisdiction of the Prime Minister's Office. Its objective is to manage the various export processing zones in Bangladesh. BEPZA currently oversees the operations of eight export processing zones (EPZ). A ninth zone is scheduled to open in the future. Recently government has announced that in 15 years 100 new EPZ and SEZ will be established. Major General Abul Kalam Mohammad Ziaur Rahman, ndc, psc is the current Executive Chairman of BEPZA. The Government provides numerous incentives for investors for opening factories in EPZs. For example, new factories enjoy tax holidays for 5 years. Also, labour unions and other activities that are often viewed detrimental to productivity, are banned inside the EPZs. In order to stimulate rapid economic growth of the country, particularly through industrialization, the government has adopted an 'Open Door Policy' to attract foreign investment to Bangladesh. The BEPZA is the official organ of the government to promote, attract and facilitate foreign investment in the EPZs. Besides, BEPZA as the competent Authority performs inspection & supervision of the compliances of the enterprises related to social & environmental issues, safety & security at work place in order to maintain harmonious labour-management & industrial relations in EPZs. The primary objective of an EPZ is to provide special areas where potential investors would find a congenial investment climate free from cumbersome procedures. Bangladesh's export revenue in FY23 is $55.55 billion, the highest amount ever. Export processing zones Below is the list of export processing zones run by BEPZA: Adamjee Export Processing Zone, Siddhirganj, Narayanganj Chittagong Export Processing Zone, South Halishahar, Chittagong Cumilla Export Processing Zone, Cumilla Dhaka Export Processing Zone, Savar, Dhaka Ishwardi Export Processing Zone, Ishwardi, Pabna Karnaphuli Export Processing Zone, North Patenga, Chittagong Mongla Export Processing Zone, Mongla, Bagerhat Uttara Export Processing Zone, Nilphamari BEPZA Economic Zone , Mirsharai, Chittagong Newly established and proposed economic zone Recently Government has approved 37 new Economic zones, which consists governmental, non-governmental and Specialized Economic zone. Bangladesh government also announced 50pc tax relief in Hi-Tech parks, Economic Zones. Lakshmipur Special Economic Zone - LSEZ (Announced By PM Sheikh Hasina In 2017) Patuakhali Economic Zone (EPZ) - (Under construction) Sirajgong Economic Zone (Under construction) Bagerhat Economic Zone (Under construction) Mirsarai Economic Zone, Chittagong (Under construction) Anowara (Gohira) Economic Zone, Chittagong (Under construction) Srihotto Economic Zone, Maulavibazar (Under construction) Sripur Economic Zone (Japanese Economic Zone),Gazipur (Under construction) Sabrang Special Economic Zone (Under construction) Agailjhara Economic Zone, Barisal (Under construction) Anowara Economic Zone-2, Chittagong (Under construction) named as Canadian EPZ Jamalpur Economic Zone (Approved) Gaibandha Export Processing Zone (Under construction) Rangpur Export Processing Zone (Under construction) Narayangonj Economic Zone (Under construction) Narayangonj Economic Zone-2 (Under construction) Ashuganj Economic Zone (Under construction) Kushtia Economic Zone (Under construction) Panchagar Economic Zone (Under construction) Nilphamari Economic Zone (Under construction) Narshingdi Economic Zone (Under construction) Manikganj Economic Zone (Under construction) Dohar Economic Zone, Dhaka (Under construction) Habiganj Economic Zone (Under construction) Shariatpur Economic Zone (Under construction) Jaliardip Economic Zone, Teknaf-Cox's bazzar (Under construction) Natore Economic Zone (Under construction) Maheskhali Economic Zone-1 (Under construction) Maheskhali Economic Zone-2 (Under construction) Maheskhali Economic Zone-3 (Under construction) Cox'sbazar Free trade Zone (Maheskhali)(Under construction) Shariatpur Economic Zone-2 (Under construction) Non-government economic zone Government also encouraged building of private economic zone. Some are under construction and some are operational. Meghna Industrial Economic Zone (Under Construction) Meghna Economic Zone (Under Construction) Fomcom non-governmental Economic Zone (Proposed) A.K.Khan non-governmental Economic Zone (operational) Abdul Monem Economic Zone (operational) Comilla Economic Zone (operational) Garments industrial park (operational) Sonargaon Economic Zone (operational) PowerPac Economic Zone (Mongla) Science and technology based economic zone Bangladesh government Establishing Science and technology based Economic zone to attract foreign FDI. Some projects like Kaliakoir high tech park helped by World bank and DFID. Janata tower Software Park (Completed) Jessore Software Technology Park (under construction) Kaliakoir high tech park (Block development ongoing) Keranigonj Special IT Economic Zone, Dhaka (Under construction) Dhaka high tech park (proposed) Khulna high tech park (proposed) Rajhshahi high tech park (Land acquiring) Sylhet Electronic City (Under Construction) Sylhet high tech park (Land acquiring) Chittagong high tech park (Land acquiring) CUET IT business incubator centre, Chittagong (under construction) Rangpur high tech park (Land acquiring) Barisal high tech park (Land acquiring) Mohakhali IT Village (Land acquiring) See also Special economic zone References ^ a b "Meghna Group to build two economic zones". The Daily Star. 12 May 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2016. ^ "Bangladesh earns $55.55b in export receipts in FY23, the highest-ever". The Daily Star. 3 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023. ^ "Profile of Mirsharai Economic Zone". Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019. ^ "50pc tax relief in Hi-Tech parks, Economic Zones". Risingbd. Retrieved 1 December 2015. ^ "Sonargaon Economic Zone gets pre-qualification licence". Dhaka Tribune. 25 August 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016. ^ Hi-Tech Park Bangladesh. "Hi-Tech Park Authority". htpbd.org.bd. Archived from the original on 8 November 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015. ^ "Bangladesh Hi-Tech Park Authority- – বাংলাদেশ হাই-টেক পার্ক কর্তৃপক্ষ-". htpbd.org.bd. Archived from the original on 13 November 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015. External links Official Site http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2009/10/23/news0507.htm Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany
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Its objective is to manage the various export processing zones in Bangladesh. BEPZA currently oversees the operations of eight export processing zones (EPZ). A ninth zone is scheduled to open in the future. Recently government has announced that in 15 years 100 new EPZ and SEZ will be established.[1] Major General Abul Kalam Mohammad Ziaur Rahman, ndc, psc is the current Executive Chairman of BEPZA.\nThe Government provides numerous incentives for investors for opening factories in EPZs. For example, new factories enjoy tax holidays for 5 years. Also, labour unions and other activities that are often viewed detrimental to productivity, are banned inside the EPZs. In order to stimulate rapid economic growth of the country, particularly through industrialization, the government has adopted an 'Open Door Policy' to attract foreign investment to Bangladesh. The BEPZA is the official organ of the government to promote, attract and facilitate foreign investment in the EPZs. Besides, BEPZA as the competent Authority performs inspection & supervision of the compliances of the enterprises related to social & environmental issues, safety & security at work place in order to maintain harmonious labour-management & industrial relations in EPZs. The primary objective of an EPZ is to provide special areas where potential investors would find a congenial investment climate free from cumbersome procedures. Bangladesh's export revenue in FY23 is $55.55 billion, the highest amount ever.[2]","title":"Bangladesh Export Processing Zone Authority"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adamjee Export Processing Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adamjee_Export_Processing_Zone"},{"link_name":"Narayanganj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayanganj"},{"link_name":"Chittagong Export Processing Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong_Export_Processing_Zone"},{"link_name":"South Halishahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halishahar"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"},{"link_name":"Cumilla Export Processing Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cumilla_Export_Processing_Zone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cumilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumilla"},{"link_name":"Dhaka Export Processing Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhaka_Export_Processing_Zone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Savar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savar_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Ishwardi Export Processing Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ishwardi_Export_Processing_Zone&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ishwardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishwardi_Upazila"},{"link_name":"Pabna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pabna_District"},{"link_name":"Karnaphuli Export Processing Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnaphuli_Export_Processing_Zone"},{"link_name":"North Patenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patenga"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"},{"link_name":"Mongla Export Processing Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongla_Export_Processing_Zone"},{"link_name":"Mongla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Mongla"},{"link_name":"Bagerhat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagerhat_District"},{"link_name":"Uttara Export Processing Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttara_Export_Processing_Zone"},{"link_name":"Nilphamari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilphamari"},{"link_name":"BEPZA Economic Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirsarai_Economic_Zone"},{"link_name":"Mirsharai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirsharai"},{"link_name":"Chittagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Below is the list of export processing zones run by BEPZA:Adamjee Export Processing Zone, Siddhirganj, Narayanganj\nChittagong Export Processing Zone, South Halishahar, Chittagong\nCumilla Export Processing Zone, Cumilla\nDhaka Export Processing Zone, Savar, Dhaka\nIshwardi Export Processing Zone, Ishwardi, Pabna\nKarnaphuli Export Processing Zone, North Patenga, Chittagong\nMongla Export Processing Zone, Mongla, Bagerhat\nUttara Export Processing Zone, Nilphamari\nBEPZA Economic Zone , Mirsharai, Chittagong[3]","title":"Export processing zones"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mirsarai Economic Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirsarai_Economic_Zone"}],"text":"Recently Government has approved 37 new Economic zones, which consists governmental, non-governmental and Specialized Economic zone. Bangladesh government also announced 50pc tax relief in Hi-Tech parks, Economic Zones.[4]Lakshmipur Special Economic Zone - LSEZ (Announced By PM Sheikh Hasina In 2017)\nPatuakhali Economic Zone (EPZ) - (Under construction)\nSirajgong Economic Zone (Under construction)\nBagerhat Economic Zone (Under construction)\nMirsarai Economic Zone, Chittagong (Under construction)\nAnowara (Gohira) Economic Zone, Chittagong (Under construction)\nSrihotto Economic Zone, Maulavibazar (Under construction)\nSripur Economic Zone (Japanese Economic Zone),Gazipur (Under construction)\nSabrang Special Economic Zone (Under construction)\nAgailjhara Economic Zone, Barisal (Under construction)\nAnowara Economic Zone-2, Chittagong (Under construction) named as Canadian EPZ\nJamalpur Economic Zone (Approved)\nGaibandha Export Processing Zone (Under construction)\nRangpur Export Processing Zone (Under construction)\nNarayangonj Economic Zone (Under construction)\nNarayangonj Economic Zone-2 (Under construction)\nAshuganj Economic Zone (Under construction)\nKushtia Economic Zone (Under construction)\nPanchagar Economic Zone (Under construction)\nNilphamari Economic Zone (Under construction)\nNarshingdi Economic Zone (Under construction)\nManikganj Economic Zone (Under construction)\nDohar Economic Zone, Dhaka (Under construction)\nHabiganj Economic Zone (Under construction)\nShariatpur Economic Zone (Under construction)\nJaliardip Economic Zone, Teknaf-Cox's bazzar (Under construction)\nNatore Economic Zone (Under construction)\nMaheskhali Economic Zone-1 (Under construction)\nMaheskhali Economic Zone-2 (Under construction)\nMaheskhali Economic Zone-3 (Under construction)\nCox'sbazar Free trade Zone (Maheskhali)(Under construction)\nShariatpur Economic Zone-2 (Under construction)","title":"Newly established and proposed economic zone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thedailystar.net-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"PowerPac Economic Zone (Mongla)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerpac_economic_zone_(mongla)"}],"text":"Government also encouraged building of private economic zone. Some are under construction and some are operational.[1]Meghna Industrial Economic Zone (Under Construction)\nMeghna Economic Zone (Under Construction)\nFomcom non-governmental Economic Zone (Proposed)\nA.K.Khan non-governmental Economic Zone (operational)\nAbdul Monem Economic Zone (operational)\nComilla Economic Zone (operational)\nGarments industrial park (operational)\nSonargaon Economic Zone (operational)[5]\nPowerPac Economic Zone (Mongla)","title":"Non-government economic zone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Bangladesh government Establishing Science and technology based Economic zone to attract foreign FDI. Some projects like Kaliakoir high tech park helped by World bank and DFID.[6][7]Janata tower Software Park (Completed)\nJessore Software Technology Park (under construction)\nKaliakoir high tech park (Block development ongoing)\nKeranigonj Special IT Economic Zone, Dhaka (Under construction)\nDhaka high tech park (proposed)\nKhulna high tech park (proposed)\nRajhshahi high tech park (Land acquiring)\nSylhet Electronic City (Under Construction)\nSylhet high tech park (Land acquiring)\nChittagong high tech park (Land acquiring)\nCUET IT business incubator centre, Chittagong (under construction)\nRangpur high tech park (Land acquiring)\nBarisal high tech park (Land acquiring)\nMohakhali IT Village (Land acquiring)","title":"Science and technology based economic zone"}]
[]
[{"title":"Special economic zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_economic_zone"}]
[{"reference":"\"Meghna Group to build two economic zones\". The Daily Star. 12 May 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thedailystar.net/business/meghna-group-build-two-economic-zones-81738","url_text":"\"Meghna Group to build two economic zones\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bangladesh earns $55.55b in export receipts in FY23, the highest-ever\". The Daily Star. 3 July 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thedailystar.net/business/economy/news/bangladesh-earns-5555b-export-receipts-fy23-the-highest-ever-3359986","url_text":"\"Bangladesh earns $55.55b in export receipts in FY23, the highest-ever\""}]},{"reference":"\"Profile of Mirsharai Economic Zone\". Archived from the original on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 18 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191210204651/http://www.bepza.gov.bd/Pages/epzdetails/mirsharai","url_text":"\"Profile of Mirsharai Economic Zone\""},{"url":"http://bepza.gov.bd/Pages/epzdetails/mirsharai","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"50pc tax relief in Hi-Tech parks, Economic Zones\". Risingbd. Retrieved 1 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.risingbd.com/english/50pc-tax-relief-in-hi-tech-parks-economic-zones/28751","url_text":"\"50pc tax relief in Hi-Tech parks, Economic Zones\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sonargaon Economic Zone gets pre-qualification licence\". Dhaka Tribune. 25 August 2016. Retrieved 1 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dhakatribune.com/business/2016/08/25/sonargaon-economic-zone-gets-pre-qualification-licence/","url_text":"\"Sonargaon Economic Zone gets pre-qualification licence\""}]},{"reference":"Hi-Tech Park Bangladesh. \"Hi-Tech Park Authority\". htpbd.org.bd. Archived from the original on 8 November 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151108073444/http://sdkhtp.htpbd.org.bd/","url_text":"\"Hi-Tech Park Authority\""},{"url":"http://sdkhtp.htpbd.org.bd/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bangladesh Hi-Tech Park Authority- – বাংলাদেশ হাই-টেক পার্ক কর্তৃপক্ষ-\". htpbd.org.bd. Archived from the original on 13 November 2015. Retrieved 1 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151113134939/http://www.htpbd.org.bd/","url_text":"\"Bangladesh Hi-Tech Park Authority- – বাংলাদেশ হাই-টেক পার্ক কর্তৃপক্ষ-\""},{"url":"http://www.htpbd.org.bd/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.bepza.gov.bd/","external_links_name":"www.bepza.gov.bd"},{"Link":"http://www.thedailystar.net/business/meghna-group-build-two-economic-zones-81738","external_links_name":"\"Meghna Group to build two economic zones\""},{"Link":"https://www.thedailystar.net/business/economy/news/bangladesh-earns-5555b-export-receipts-fy23-the-highest-ever-3359986","external_links_name":"\"Bangladesh earns $55.55b in export receipts in FY23, the highest-ever\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191210204651/http://www.bepza.gov.bd/Pages/epzdetails/mirsharai","external_links_name":"\"Profile of Mirsharai Economic Zone\""},{"Link":"http://bepza.gov.bd/Pages/epzdetails/mirsharai","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.risingbd.com/english/50pc-tax-relief-in-hi-tech-parks-economic-zones/28751","external_links_name":"\"50pc tax relief in Hi-Tech parks, Economic Zones\""},{"Link":"http://www.dhakatribune.com/business/2016/08/25/sonargaon-economic-zone-gets-pre-qualification-licence/","external_links_name":"\"Sonargaon Economic Zone gets pre-qualification licence\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151108073444/http://sdkhtp.htpbd.org.bd/","external_links_name":"\"Hi-Tech Park Authority\""},{"Link":"http://sdkhtp.htpbd.org.bd/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151113134939/http://www.htpbd.org.bd/","external_links_name":"\"Bangladesh Hi-Tech Park Authority- – বাংলাদেশ হাই-টেক পার্ক কর্তৃপক্ষ-\""},{"Link":"http://www.htpbd.org.bd/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bepza.gov.bd/","external_links_name":"Official Site"},{"Link":"http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2009/10/23/news0507.htm","external_links_name":"http://nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2009/10/23/news0507.htm"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/149787193","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/5239792-0","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyville_Records_(George_Wein%27s)
Storyville Records (George Wein's)
["1 References"]
Storyville RecordsFounded1950 (1950)FounderGeorge WeinGenreJazzCountry of originU.S.LocationBoston Storyville Records was a jazz record company and label founded by George Wein in Boston in the 1950s. It is not related to the Danish record label of the same name. References birkajazz.com "Various US labels, Part 3" Authority control databases MusicBrainz label This article about a United States record label is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"George Wein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wein"},{"link_name":"Danish record label of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyville_Records"}],"text":"Storyville Records was a jazz record company and label founded by George Wein in Boston in the 1950s. It is not related to the Danish record label of the same name.","title":"Storyville Records (George Wein's)"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.birkajazz.com/archive/variousUS_3.htm","external_links_name":"birkajazz.com \"Various US labels, Part 3\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/label/85f1e2c6-4391-41f1-a00e-0aa3b9a9bedc","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz label"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storyville_Records_(George_Wein%27s)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Highway_287_(Colorado)
U.S. Route 287
["1 Route description","1.1 Texas","1.2 Oklahoma","1.3 Colorado","1.4 Wyoming","1.5 Montana","2 History","3 Future","4 Major intersections","5 References","6 External links"]
U.S. Highway in the United States U.S. Route 287US 287 highlighted in redRoute informationAuxiliary route of US 87Length1,791 mi (2,882 km)Existed1935–presentMajor junctionsSouth end US 69 / US 96 / SH 87 in Port Arthur, TXMajor intersections I-45 at Ennis, TX I-35E at Waxahachie, TX I-20 at Arlington, TX I-30 at Fort Worth, TX I-40 / US 87 at Amarillo, TX I-70 at Limon, CO I-25 / US 87 at Denver, CO I-80 at Laramie, WY I-90 at Three Forks, MT I-15 at Helena, MT North end US 89 in Choteau, MT LocationCountryUnited StatesStatesTexas, Oklahoma, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana Highway system United States Numbered Highway System List Special Divided U.S. Route 287 (US 287) is a north–south (physically northwest–southeast) United States highway. At 1,791 miles (2,882 km) long, it is the second longest three-digit U.S. Route, behind US 281. It serves as the major truck route between Dallas-Fort Worth and Amarillo, Texas, and between Fort Collins, Colorado, and Laramie, Wyoming. The highway is broken into two segments by Yellowstone National Park, where unnumbered park roads serve as a connector. The highway's northern terminus is in Choteau, Montana, 100 miles (160 km) south of the Canadian border, at an intersection with US 89. Its southern terminus (as well as those of US 69 and US 96) is in Port Arthur, Texas at an intersection with State Highway 87 (SH 87), five miles (8 km) up the Sabine River from the Gulf of Mexico. It intersects its parent route US 87 twice, overlapping it from Amarillo to Dumas, Texas, and then crossing it in Denver, Colorado. US 287 is the shortest route between Denver and Dallas-Fort Worth. Route description Texas Main article: U.S. Route 287 in Texas US 287 originates at its southern terminus in Port Arthur as a branch of SH 87. From Port Arthur, US 287 runs concurrently with US 69 and US 96 to Lumberton, where US 96 diverges to the northeast and the co-signed US 287/US 69 continues northwesterly until US 287 and US 69 diverge in Woodville. Continuing northwesterly, US 287 merges with Interstate 45 (I-45) in Corsicana and follows the Interstate to Ennis, where it branches off and continues through Waxahachie, crossing I-35E and continuing north through Tarrant County, where it encounters and briefly merges with three different Interstates (I-820, I-20, and I-35W). From Fort Worth, US 287 continues north to Wichita Falls and continues just south of the Oklahoma border before entering the Texas Panhandle. A section of US 287, between Midlothian and Waxahachie, was dedicated as the Chris Kyle Memorial Highway, in honor of fallen SEAL Chris Kyle, whose hometown was Midlothian. The highway continues through Amarillo, where it intersects I-40, and then runs north to Kerrick and crosses into neighboring Oklahoma. Oklahoma Main article: U.S. Route 287 in Oklahoma In Oklahoma, US 287 remains within Cimarron County, located at the end of the Panhandle. After crossing the state line north of Kerrick, Texas, the highway intersects SH 171 at its southern terminus. US 287 continues northwesterly, crossing the Beaver River, toward Boise City, the county seat. On the east side of town, the highway formerly ran concurrently with US 56, US 64, US 412, and SH 3. These five highways then entered the traffic circle in downtown Boise City. US 287 emerged from the north side of the circle, as well as US 385 and SH 3. Now US 287 bypasses town to the east. These three highways (US 287, US 385, SH 3) head north to the Colorado state line. SH 3 ends there, while US 287 and US 385 continue onward into Colorado. Colorado Main article: U.S. Route 287 in Colorado View south along US 287 in Larimer County, Colorado From Oklahoma, US 287 and US 385 enter into a very rural part of Colorado. They continue in a north/northwest direction through the state. The two highways pass through the town of Campo, and make an interchange with US 160 on the outskirts of Springfield. In Lamar and Carlton, the highways make an interchange with US 50. Here US 385 heads east on US 50, and US 287/US 50 continue to the north. Just outside the town the highways make a sharp turn toward the west, and the road heading north is SH 196. South of Wiley, US 50 heads west, while US 287 turns north toward Wiley. East of Eads, US 287 turns toward the west again, briefly merging with SH 96. In Eads, SH 96 continues toward the west, while US 287 turns toward the north. Near Kit Carson, US 287 again turns toward the west and merges with US 40. Near Limon, the two highways make two interchanges with I-70 before passing through Limon. Then the two highways merge with I-70. Near the outskirts of Denver US 36 merges with the group of highways making the road, I-70/US 287/US 36/US 40. Just past E-470, I-70 and US 36 split to follow a more northerly course, while US 287 and US 40 continue west into Downtown Denver on Colfax Avenue. The I-25, US 6, US 87, and US 85 interchange marks US 287's second junction with its parent route, US 87; the other is in Texas. Shortly thereafter, at a cloverleaf interchange with Federal Boulevard, SH 88 runs south, US 40 continues west on Colfax, and US 287 turns toward the north on Federal Boulevard. After crossing US 36 (Denver–Boulder Turnpike), US 287 turns west onto 120th Avenue where it overlaps SH 128. Just before meeting US 36 again in Broomfield, US 287 bends back to the north, leaving SH 128 which continues west through an interchange with SH 121 and US 36. At Baseline Road in Lafayette, SH 7 joins US 287 for about a mile, before SH 7 splits to the west on Arapahoe Avenue towards Boulder. It intersects SH 119 as it enters Longmont on Main Street, and then it intersects SH 66 at the north edge of town. In 2021 the Colorado State Senate Joint Resolution 21-018 designated the section of U.S. 287 between SH 66 in Longmont and SH 402 in Loveland as the SPC Gabriel David Conde Memorial highway. Gabriel Conde was a Berthoud High School graduate and a student at the Colorado School of Mines who joined the U.S. Army in 2015. He was killed in action in Afghanistan in April 2018. The road bypasses Berthoud en route to Loveland, where US 287 splits into the pair of one-way streets Lincoln Avenue (northbound) and Cleveland Avenue (southbound). It then divides the Loveland cemetery. This is the only cemetery in the US with a US Highway dividing it. Continuing north, US 287 passes through Fort Collins on College Avenue, merging with SH 14 at Jefferson Street. On the edge of the mountains at Ted's Place, SH 14 splits and heads west into Poudre Canyon, while US 287 continues north into Wyoming. The section of US 287 between Fort Collins and Laramie, Wyoming, carries very heavy truck traffic and is regarded as quite dangerous. A 2023 Colorado Department of Transportation report found the highway has above-average crash rates, making the highway a good candidate for more safety improvements. The 30-mile section from north of Fort Collins to the Wyoming line has had 570 crashes, including 15 fatal wrecks since 2019, and at least 15 students from the University of Wyoming in Laramie have died on the road since 2000. Wyoming KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/U.S. Route 287 in WyomingKML is not from Wikidata US 287 enters Wyoming through a pass between the Laramie Mountains to the east and the Medicine Bow Mountains to the west. In Laramie, US 287 crosses I-80 and merges with US 30 and the two highways continue to head north. After passing Medicine Bow, these highways turn west-southwest and return to I-80 near Walcott, where they merge with the interstate west until Rawlins. US 287 branches off from I-80 and US 30 and heads into the town. US 287 merges with Wyoming Highway 76 (WYO 76), WYO 82, and WYO 30 for a short distance just outside Rawlins, though WYO 76 ends when US 287 branches to the northwest as a stand-alone highway. It is also possible to take Business US 287 (WYO 80, WYO 30) into Rawlins. In Downtown Rawlins, WYO 80 and WYO 30 head toward the west while Business US 287 heads to the north, merging with WYO 789 where WYO 30 and WYO 80 split off the highway. A short while later Business US 287 and WYO 789 merge with mainline US 287, which made a detour around the city. US 287 and WYO 789 stay merged all the way to Lander, where WYO 789 heads toward the northeast and US 287 heads toward the northwest. US 287 merges with US 26 in the very mountainous terrain of West Central Wyoming, and the two highways head west. The highways enter Grand Teton National Park. In Moran, US 287 and US 26 meet US 191 and US 89. US 26 heads south merging with US 191 and US 89. US 287 heads north merging with US 191 and US 89, passing through the John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway before ending at the South Entrance of Yellowstone National Park. While US 287 and other U.S. Routes are officially discontinuous through the park, some commercially produced maps show these highways running inside Yellowstone National Park itself along its unnumbered roads and across the Wyoming–Montana state line. Montana Main article: U.S. Route 287 in Montana US 287 north of Yellowstone National Park US 287 in Montana begins at the West Entrance of Yellowstone National Park in West Yellowstone, terminating a concurrency with US 20. US 287 and US 191 split north of the town. US 287 heads toward the northwest, merging with Montana Highway 2 (MT 2) north of Sappington, and running northeast. At I-90, MT 2 ends and US 287 continues to head north. In Townsend, US 287 merges with US 12 and the two highways continue north. At I-15 (near Helena), US 287 continues north on I-15 and US 12 heads west through downtown Helena. Northeast of Wolf Creek, US 287 and I-15 split with US 287 heading northwest and I-15 heading northeast. US 287 ends at US 89 in Choteau. History This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2015) This section relies largely or entirely upon a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources at this section. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) When US 287 was first commissioned in 1939, it extended only from the south entrance of Yellowstone National Park to Denver, Colorado. The route was extended southward to the Gulf Coast at Port Arthur, Texas in 1940, and northward into Montana to US 89 at Choteau, Montana in 1965. US 89 continues north of Choteau into Alberta as Highway 2 through the major cities of Calgary and Edmonton, connecting with a Canadian link to the Alaska Highway in the latter. Included in the route of US 287 is former US 370, which was commissioned in 1926 and connected Amarillo to Bowie, traveling concurrently with US 70 between Vernon and Wichita Falls, Texas. The Canada to Gulf Highway Association, which later became the U.S. Highway 287 Association, was active from the 1910s until the 1970s to promote US 287 as a popular tourist route, and was composed of members from businesses and organizations in cities along the route. The Wyoming state transportation department started widening US 287 in 2009. Future In 2017, House Bill 2026 (HB 2026) was filed in the Texas Legislature to provide funding for a study on upgrading US 287 in Texas to an Interstate highway, with the eventual goal of designating US 287 as an Interstate from Beaumont, Texas, to the Canadian border in Montana. HB 2026 later died in committee. On April 22, 2021, the Oklahoma House of Representatives passed a Bill that would rename the part of the Highway in the State after the 45th U.S. President Donald Trump. As of April, 2021 it was in discussion in the State Senate. Major intersections Southern segment Texas SH 87 in Port Arthur US 69 / US 96 in Port Arthur. US 69/US 287 travels concurrently to Woodville. US 96/US 287 travels concurrently to south of Lumberton. I-10 in Beaumont. The highways travel concurrently through Beaumont. US 90 in Beaumont US 190 in Woodville Future I-69 / US 59 in Corrigan US 84 in Palestine. The highways travel concurrently through Palestine. US 79 in Palestine I-45 in Corsicana. The highways travel concurrently to Ennis. US 77 in Waxahachie I-35E in Waxahachie US 67 in Midlothian I-20 in Arlington. The highways travel concurrently to Fort Worth. I-20 / I-820 in Fort Worth. I-820/US 287 travels concurrently through Fort Worth. I-30 in Fort Worth I-35W / US 377 in Fort Worth. The highways travel concurrently through Fort Worth. I-820 in Fort Worth I-35W / US 81 in Fort Worth. US 81/US 287 travels concurrently to Bowie. US 380 in Decatur US 82 west of Henrietta. The highways travel concurrently to Wichita Falls. US 281 in Wichita Falls. The highways travel concurrently through Wichita Falls. US 82 / US 277 in Wichita Falls. US 277/US 287 travels concurrently through Wichita Falls. I-44 in Wichita Falls. The highways travel concurrently through Wichita Falls. US 70 / US 183 in Oklaunion. The highways travel concurrently to Vernon. US 183 / US 283 in Vernon US 62 / US 83 in Childress I-40 in Amarillo. The highways travel concurrently through Amarillo. I-27 / I-40 / US 60 in Amarillo. US 60/US 287 travels concurrently through Amarillo. US 87 in Amarillo. The highways travel concurrently to Dumas. US 54 in Stratford Oklahoma US 56 / US 64 / US 412 east of Boise City US 385 north of Boise City. The highways travel concurrently to Lamar, Colorado. Colorado US 160 south of Springfield US 50 / US 385 in Lamar. US 50/US 287 travels concurrently to south of Wiley. US 40 east of Kit Carson. The highways travel concurrently to Denver. I-70 / US 24 east-southeast of Limon. US 24/US 287 travels concurrently to west of Limon. I-70 in Limon I-70 in Limon. The highways travel concurrently to Aurora. US 36 in Byers. The highways travel concurrently to Aurora. I-225 in Aurora I-25 / US 6 / US 85 / US 87 in Denver I-70 in Denver I-76 in Berkley US 36 in Westminster US 34 in Loveland Wyoming I-80 in Laramie US 30 in Laramie. The highways travel concurrently to east of Rawlins. I-80 south-southeast of Walcott. The highways travel concurrently to east of Rawlins. US 26 west-northwest of Morton. The highways travel concurrently to Moran. US 26 / US 89 / US 191 in Moran. US 89/US 191/US 287 travels concurrently to the South Entrance to Yellowstone National Park. Yellowstone National Park segment (unofficial designation) US 89 travels concurrently from the park's South Entrance to north-northwest of West Thumb. US 191 travels concurrently from the park's South Entrance to the park's West Entrance. US 14 / US 16 / US 20 in West Thumb. US 20/US 191 travels concurrently to the park's West Entrance. Northern segment Montana US 20 / US 191 from the West Entrance to Yellowstone National Park; the highways travel concurrently to West Yellowstone. I-90 northwest of Three Forks US 12 in Townsend. The highways travel concurrently to Helena. I-15 / US 12 in Helena. I-15/US 287 travels concurrently to northeast of Wolf Creek. US 89 in Choteau References ^ "Portion of Highway 287 to be renamed in honor of Berthoud's Gabe Conde". Berthoud_Weekly_Surveyor. May 12, 2021. Retrieved November 14, 2022. ^ "SPC Gabriel David Conde Memorial Highway" (PDF). Colorado_Senate. June 2, 2021. Retrieved November 14, 2022. ^ "Stretch of U.S. 287 from Loveland to Longmont dedicated to fallen soldier Gabriel Conde". Reporter-Herald. September 23, 2022. Retrieved November 14, 2022. ^ "U.S. soldier killed Monday in Afghanistan identified as Loveland man". The_Denver_Post. May 1, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2022. ^ a b "Wyo begins widening 287". Casper Star-Tribune. Associated Press. April 19, 2009. Retrieved August 22, 2016. ^ "3 Wyoming swimmers killed in crash in Colorado". ESPN.com. 2024-02-23. Retrieved 2024-05-23. ^ a b "85(R) History for HB 2026". Texas Legislature Online. Texas Legislature. n.d. Retrieved September 16, 2019. ^ Sakelaris, Nicholas (February 13, 2017). "Market Street, restaurants eye spot next to Mansfield High". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Retrieved September 16, 2019. ^ "Oklahoma House passes bill that would name highway after former President Donald Trump". 23 April 2021. ^ Rand McNally (2014). The Road Atlas (Walmart ed.). Chicago: Rand McNally. pp. 21, 60, 82, 98, 100–101, 116. ISBN 978-0-528-00771-2. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to U.S. Route 287. KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/U.S. Route 287KML is not from Wikidata Endpoints of US Highway 287 Browse numbered routes ← WYO 273WY→ WYO 290 ← MT 287MT→ US 310
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_highway"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"US 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281"},{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"},{"link_name":"Fort Worth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Amarillo, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Fort Collins, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Collins,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Laramie, Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laramie,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Yellowstone National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Choteau, Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choteau,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Canadian border","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border"},{"link_name":"US 89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_89"},{"link_name":"US 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_69"},{"link_name":"US 96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_96"},{"link_name":"Port Arthur, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Texas"},{"link_name":"State Highway 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_87"},{"link_name":"Sabine River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine_River_(Texas-Louisiana)"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87"},{"link_name":"Amarillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Dumas, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumas,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Denver, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver,_Colorado"}],"text":"U.S. Route 287 (US 287) is a north–south (physically northwest–southeast) United States highway. At 1,791 miles (2,882 km) long,[citation needed] it is the second longest three-digit U.S. Route, behind US 281. It serves as the major truck route between Dallas-Fort Worth and Amarillo, Texas, and between Fort Collins, Colorado, and Laramie, Wyoming. The highway is broken into two segments by Yellowstone National Park, where unnumbered park roads serve as a connector.The highway's northern terminus is in Choteau, Montana, 100 miles (160 km) south of the Canadian border, at an intersection with US 89. Its southern terminus (as well as those of US 69 and US 96) is in Port Arthur, Texas at an intersection with State Highway 87 (SH 87), five miles (8 km) up the Sabine River from the Gulf of Mexico. It intersects its parent route US 87 twice, overlapping it from Amarillo to Dumas, Texas, and then crossing it in Denver, Colorado.US 287 is the shortest route between Denver and Dallas-Fort Worth.","title":"U.S. Route 287"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Port Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Texas"},{"link_name":"SH 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_87"},{"link_name":"runs concurrently","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"US 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_69"},{"link_name":"US 96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_96"},{"link_name":"Lumberton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumberton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Woodville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Interstate 45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_45"},{"link_name":"Corsicana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsicana,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Ennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennis,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Waxahachie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxahachie,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-35E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35E_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Tarrant County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarrant_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-820","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_820_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20"},{"link_name":"I-35W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35W_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Fort Worth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wichita Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita_Falls,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Texas Panhandle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Panhandle"},{"link_name":"Midlothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlothian,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Waxahachie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxahachie,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Chris Kyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Kyle"},{"link_name":"Amarillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40"},{"link_name":"Kerrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrick,_Texas"}],"sub_title":"Texas","text":"US 287 originates at its southern terminus in Port Arthur as a branch of SH 87. From Port Arthur, US 287 runs concurrently with US 69 and US 96 to Lumberton, where US 96 diverges to the northeast and the co-signed US 287/US 69 continues northwesterly until US 287 and US 69 diverge in Woodville. Continuing northwesterly, US 287 merges with Interstate 45 (I-45) in Corsicana and follows the Interstate to Ennis, where it branches off and continues through Waxahachie, crossing I-35E and continuing north through Tarrant County, where it encounters and briefly merges with three different Interstates (I-820, I-20, and I-35W). From Fort Worth, US 287 continues north to Wichita Falls and continues just south of the Oklahoma border before entering the Texas Panhandle. A section of US 287, between Midlothian and Waxahachie, was dedicated as the Chris Kyle Memorial Highway, in honor of fallen SEAL Chris Kyle, whose hometown was Midlothian.The highway continues through Amarillo, where it intersects I-40, and then runs north to Kerrick and crosses into neighboring Oklahoma.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cimarron County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimarron_County,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Panhandle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Panhandle"},{"link_name":"SH 171","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Highway_171"},{"link_name":"Beaver River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_River_(Oklahoma)"},{"link_name":"Boise City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise_City,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"US 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_56"},{"link_name":"US 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_64"},{"link_name":"US 412","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_412"},{"link_name":"SH 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Highway_3"},{"link_name":"US 385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_385"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado"}],"sub_title":"Oklahoma","text":"In Oklahoma, US 287 remains within Cimarron County, located at the end of the Panhandle. After crossing the state line north of Kerrick, Texas, the highway intersects SH 171 at its southern terminus. US 287 continues northwesterly, crossing the Beaver River, toward Boise City, the county seat. On the east side of town, the highway formerly ran concurrently with US 56, US 64, US 412, and SH 3. These five highways then entered the traffic circle in downtown Boise City. US 287 emerged from the north side of the circle, as well as US 385 and SH 3. Now US 287 bypasses town to the east. These three highways (US 287, US 385, SH 3) head north to the Colorado state line. SH 3 ends there, while US 287 and US 385 continue onward into Colorado.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DSCN0605_287and14_e_600.jpg"},{"link_name":"Campo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campo,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Lamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Carlton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"SH 196","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Highway_196"},{"link_name":"Wiley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Eads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eads,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"SH 96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Highway_96"},{"link_name":"Kit Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit_Carson,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"I-70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_70"},{"link_name":"Limon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limon,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"E-470","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-470"},{"link_name":"Colfax Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colfax_Avenue"},{"link_name":"cloverleaf interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloverleaf_interchange"},{"link_name":"SH 88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Highway_88"},{"link_name":"SH 128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Highway_128"},{"link_name":"Broomfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broomfield,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"SH 121","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Highway_121"},{"link_name":"Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"SH 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Highway_7"},{"link_name":"Boulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"SH 119","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Highway_119"},{"link_name":"Longmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longmont,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"SH 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Highway_66"},{"link_name":"SH 66","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Highway_66"},{"link_name":"Longmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longmont,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"SH 402","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Highway_402"},{"link_name":"Loveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loveland,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"SPC Gabriel David Conde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SPC_Gabriel_David_Conde&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-co287memhwyann-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-co287sjr21-018-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-co287memhwyded-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gabeconde_kia-4"},{"link_name":"Berthoud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthoud,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Loveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loveland,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Fort Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Collins,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"SH 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_State_Highway_14"},{"link_name":"Ted's Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teds_Place,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Poudre Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poudre_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Laramie, Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laramie,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wy287-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Colorado","text":"View south along US 287 in Larimer County, ColoradoFrom Oklahoma, US 287 and US 385 enter into a very rural part of Colorado. They continue in a north/northwest direction through the state. The two highways pass through the town of Campo, and make an interchange with US 160 on the outskirts of Springfield. In Lamar and Carlton, the highways make an interchange with US 50. Here US 385 heads east on US 50, and US 287/US 50 continue to the north. Just outside the town the highways make a sharp turn toward the west, and the road heading north is SH 196. South of Wiley, US 50 heads west, while US 287 turns north toward Wiley. East of Eads, US 287 turns toward the west again, briefly merging with SH 96. In Eads, SH 96 continues toward the west, while US 287 turns toward the north. Near Kit Carson, US 287 again turns toward the west and merges with US 40. Near Limon, the two highways make two interchanges with I-70 before passing through Limon. Then the two highways merge with I-70. Near the outskirts of Denver US 36 merges with the group of highways making the road, I-70/US 287/US 36/US 40.Just past E-470, I-70 and US 36 split to follow a more northerly course, while US 287 and US 40 continue west into Downtown Denver on Colfax Avenue. The I-25, US 6, US 87, and US 85 interchange marks US 287's second junction with its parent route, US 87; the other is in Texas. Shortly thereafter, at a cloverleaf interchange with Federal Boulevard, SH 88 runs south, US 40 continues west on Colfax, and US 287 turns toward the north on Federal Boulevard. After crossing US 36 (Denver–Boulder Turnpike), US 287 turns west onto 120th Avenue where it overlaps SH 128. Just before meeting US 36 again in Broomfield, US 287 bends back to the north, leaving SH 128 which continues west through an interchange with SH 121 and US 36. At Baseline Road in Lafayette, SH 7 joins US 287 for about a mile, before SH 7 splits to the west on Arapahoe Avenue towards Boulder. It intersects SH 119 as it enters Longmont on Main Street, and then it intersects SH 66 at the north edge of town. In 2021 the Colorado State Senate Joint Resolution 21-018 designated the section of U.S. 287 between SH 66 in Longmont and SH 402 in Loveland as the SPC Gabriel David Conde Memorial highway.[1][2][3] Gabriel Conde was a Berthoud High School graduate and a student at the Colorado School of Mines who joined the U.S. Army in 2015. He was killed in action in Afghanistan in April 2018.[4] The road bypasses Berthoud en route to Loveland, where US 287 splits into the pair of one-way streets Lincoln Avenue (northbound) and Cleveland Avenue (southbound). It then divides the Loveland cemetery. This is the only cemetery in the US with a US Highway dividing it.[citation needed] Continuing north, US 287 passes through Fort Collins on College Avenue, merging with SH 14 at Jefferson Street. On the edge of the mountains at Ted's Place, SH 14 splits and heads west into Poudre Canyon, while US 287 continues north into Wyoming.The section of US 287 between Fort Collins and Laramie, Wyoming, carries very heavy truck traffic and is regarded as quite dangerous.[5] A 2023 Colorado Department of Transportation report found the highway has above-average crash rates, making the highway a good candidate for more safety improvements. The 30-mile section from north of Fort Collins to the Wyoming line has had 570 crashes, including 15 fatal wrecks since 2019, and at least 15 students from the University of Wyoming in Laramie have died on the road since 2000.[6]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KML file","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/U.S._Route_287_in_Wyoming&action=raw"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/U.S._Route_287_in_Wyoming&action=edit"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Attached_KML"},{"link_name":"Template:Attached KML/U.S. Route 287 in Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Attached_KML/U.S._Route_287_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Laramie Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laramie_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Medicine Bow Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_Bow_Mountains"},{"link_name":"I-80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_80"},{"link_name":"Medicine Bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine_Bow,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Walcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walcott,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Rawlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawlins,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Wyoming Highway 76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Highway_76"},{"link_name":"WYO 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Highway_80"},{"link_name":"WYO 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Highway_30"},{"link_name":"WYO 789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming_Highway_789"},{"link_name":"Lander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lander,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Grand Teton National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Teton_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moran,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller_Jr._Memorial_Parkway"},{"link_name":"Yellowstone National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park"}],"sub_title":"Wyoming","text":"KML file (edit • help)Template:Attached KML/U.S. Route 287 in WyomingKML is not from WikidataUS 287 enters Wyoming through a pass between the Laramie Mountains to the east and the Medicine Bow Mountains to the west. In Laramie, US 287 crosses I-80 and merges with US 30 and the two highways continue to head north. After passing Medicine Bow, these highways turn west-southwest and return to I-80 near Walcott, where they merge with the interstate west until Rawlins. US 287 branches off from I-80 and US 30 and heads into the town. US 287 merges with Wyoming Highway 76 (WYO 76), WYO 82, and WYO 30 for a short distance just outside Rawlins, though WYO 76 ends when US 287 branches to the northwest as a stand-alone highway. It is also possible to take Business US 287 (WYO 80, WYO 30) into Rawlins. In Downtown Rawlins, WYO 80 and WYO 30 head toward the west while Business US 287 heads to the north, merging with WYO 789 where WYO 30 and WYO 80 split off the highway. A short while later Business US 287 and WYO 789 merge with mainline US 287, which made a detour around the city. US 287 and WYO 789 stay merged all the way to Lander, where WYO 789 heads toward the northeast and US 287 heads toward the northwest. US 287 merges with US 26 in the very mountainous terrain of West Central Wyoming, and the two highways head west. The highways enter Grand Teton National Park. In Moran, US 287 and US 26 meet US 191 and US 89. US 26 heads south merging with US 191 and US 89. US 287 heads north merging with US 191 and US 89, passing through the John D. Rockefeller Jr. Memorial Parkway before ending at the South Entrance of Yellowstone National Park. While US 287 and other U.S. Routes are officially discontinuous through the park, some commercially produced maps show these highways running inside Yellowstone National Park itself along its unnumbered roads and across the Wyoming–Montana state line.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_287_MT_rock.jpg"},{"link_name":"West Yellowstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yellowstone,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Montana Highway 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_Highway_2"},{"link_name":"Sappington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sappington,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Townsend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsend,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Wolf Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Creek,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Choteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choteau,_Montana"}],"sub_title":"Montana","text":"US 287 north of Yellowstone National ParkUS 287 in Montana begins at the West Entrance of Yellowstone National Park in West Yellowstone, terminating a concurrency with US 20. US 287 and US 191 split north of the town. US 287 heads toward the northwest, merging with Montana Highway 2 (MT 2) north of Sappington, and running northeast. At I-90, MT 2 ends and US 287 continues to head north. In Townsend, US 287 merges with US 12 and the two highways continue north. At I-15 (near Helena), US 287 continues north on I-15 and US 12 heads west through downtown Helena. Northeast of Wolf Creek, US 287 and I-15 split with US 287 heading northwest and I-15 heading northeast. US 287 ends at US 89 in Choteau.","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yellowstone National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Denver, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"Gulf Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Port Arthur, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_89"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"Highway 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta_Highway_2"},{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary,_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton,_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Alaska Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_Highway"},{"link_name":"US 370","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_370"},{"link_name":"Amarillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowie,_Texas"},{"link_name":"concurrently","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"US 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_70"},{"link_name":"Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wichita Falls, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita_Falls,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Canada to Gulf Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_to_Gulf_Highway"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wy287-5"}],"text":"When US 287 was first commissioned in 1939, it extended only from the south entrance of Yellowstone National Park to Denver, Colorado. The route was extended southward to the Gulf Coast at Port Arthur, Texas in 1940, and northward into Montana to US 89 at Choteau, Montana in 1965. US 89 continues north of Choteau into Alberta as Highway 2 through the major cities of Calgary and Edmonton, connecting with a Canadian link to the Alaska Highway in the latter.Included in the route of US 287 is former US 370, which was commissioned in 1926 and connected Amarillo to Bowie, traveling concurrently with US 70 between Vernon and Wichita Falls, Texas.The Canada to Gulf Highway Association, which later became the U.S. Highway 287 Association, was active from the 1910s until the 1970s to promote US 287 as a popular tourist route, and was composed of members from businesses and organizations in cities along the route.The Wyoming state transportation department started widening US 287 in 2009.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Texas_Legis_2017_HB_2026-7"},{"link_name":"Texas Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Beaumont, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumont,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Texas_Legis_2017_HB_2026-7"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"In 2017, House Bill 2026 (HB 2026)[7] was filed in the Texas Legislature to provide funding for a study on upgrading US 287 in Texas to an Interstate highway, with the eventual goal of designating US 287 as an Interstate from Beaumont, Texas, to the Canadian border in Montana.[8] HB 2026 later died in committee.[7]On April 22, 2021, the Oklahoma House of Representatives passed a Bill that would rename the part of the Highway in the State after the 45th U.S. President Donald Trump. As of April, 2021 it was in discussion in the State Senate.[9]","title":"Future"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SH 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_State_Highway_87"},{"link_name":"Port Arthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Arthur,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_69"},{"link_name":"US 96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_96"},{"link_name":"Woodville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Lumberton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumberton,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_10"},{"link_name":"Beaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumont,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_90"},{"link_name":"US 190","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_190"},{"link_name":"Future I-69","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_69_Future"},{"link_name":"US 59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_59"},{"link_name":"Corrigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrigan,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_84"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 79","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_79"},{"link_name":"I-45","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_45"},{"link_name":"Corsicana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsicana,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Ennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennis,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 77","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_77"},{"link_name":"Waxahachie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waxahachie,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-35E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35E_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"US 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_67"},{"link_name":"Midlothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlothian,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20"},{"link_name":"Arlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Fort Worth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_20"},{"link_name":"I-820","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_820"},{"link_name":"I-30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_30"},{"link_name":"I-35W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35W_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"US 377","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_377"},{"link_name":"I-820","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_820"},{"link_name":"I-35W","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35W_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"US 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_81"},{"link_name":"Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowie,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 380","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_380"},{"link_name":"Decatur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decatur,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82"},{"link_name":"Henrietta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrietta,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Wichita Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wichita_Falls,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_281"},{"link_name":"US 82","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_82"},{"link_name":"US 277","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_277"},{"link_name":"I-44","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_44"},{"link_name":"US 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_70"},{"link_name":"US 183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_183"},{"link_name":"Oklaunion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklaunion,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 183","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_183"},{"link_name":"US 283","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_283"},{"link_name":"US 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_62"},{"link_name":"US 83","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_83"},{"link_name":"Childress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childress,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40"},{"link_name":"Amarillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarillo,_Texas"},{"link_name":"I-27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_27"},{"link_name":"I-40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_40"},{"link_name":"US 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87"},{"link_name":"Dumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumas,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_54"},{"link_name":"Stratford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratford,_Texas"},{"link_name":"US 56","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_56"},{"link_name":"US 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_64"},{"link_name":"US 412","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_412"},{"link_name":"Boise City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise_City,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"US 385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_385"},{"link_name":"Lamar, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"US 160","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_160"},{"link_name":"Springfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"US 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_50"},{"link_name":"US 385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_385"},{"link_name":"Wiley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiley,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"US 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_40"},{"link_name":"Kit Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit_Carson,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"I-70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_70"},{"link_name":"US 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_24"},{"link_name":"Limon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limon,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"I-70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_70"},{"link_name":"I-70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_70"},{"link_name":"Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"US 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_36"},{"link_name":"Byers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byers,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"I-225","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_225"},{"link_name":"I-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_25"},{"link_name":"US 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_6"},{"link_name":"US 85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_85"},{"link_name":"US 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_87"},{"link_name":"I-70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_70"},{"link_name":"I-76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_76_(Colorado%E2%80%93Nebraska)"},{"link_name":"Berkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkley,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"US 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_36"},{"link_name":"Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"US 34","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_34"},{"link_name":"Loveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loveland,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"I-80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_80"},{"link_name":"Laramie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laramie,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"US 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_30"},{"link_name":"I-80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_80"},{"link_name":"Walcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walcott,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Rawlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawlins,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"US 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_26"},{"link_name":"Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moran,_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"US 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_26"},{"link_name":"US 89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_89"},{"link_name":"US 191","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_191"},{"link_name":"Yellowstone National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park"},{"link_name":"US 89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_89"},{"link_name":"West Thumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Village"},{"link_name":"US 191","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_191"},{"link_name":"US 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_14"},{"link_name":"US 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_16"},{"link_name":"US 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_20"},{"link_name":"US 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_20"},{"link_name":"US 191","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_191"},{"link_name":"West Yellowstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yellowstone,_Montana"},{"link_name":"I-90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_90"},{"link_name":"Three Forks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Forks,_Gallatin_County,_Montana"},{"link_name":"US 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_12"},{"link_name":"Townsend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townsend,_Montana"},{"link_name":"Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena,_Montana"},{"link_name":"I-15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_15"},{"link_name":"US 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_12"},{"link_name":"Wolf Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Creek,_Montana"},{"link_name":"US 89","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_89"},{"link_name":"Choteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choteau,_Montana"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-randmcnally-10"}],"text":"Southern segmentTexas\n SH 87 in Port Arthur\n US 69 / US 96 in Port Arthur. US 69/US 287 travels concurrently to Woodville. US 96/US 287 travels concurrently to south of Lumberton.\n I-10 in Beaumont. The highways travel concurrently through Beaumont.\n US 90 in Beaumont\n US 190 in Woodville\n Future I-69 / US 59 in Corrigan\n US 84 in Palestine. The highways travel concurrently through Palestine.\n US 79 in Palestine\n I-45 in Corsicana. The highways travel concurrently to Ennis.\n US 77 in Waxahachie\n I-35E in Waxahachie\n US 67 in Midlothian\n I-20 in Arlington. The highways travel concurrently to Fort Worth.\n I-20 / I-820 in Fort Worth. I-820/US 287 travels concurrently through Fort Worth.\n I-30 in Fort Worth\n I-35W / US 377 in Fort Worth. The highways travel concurrently through Fort Worth.\n I-820 in Fort Worth\n I-35W / US 81 in Fort Worth. US 81/US 287 travels concurrently to Bowie.\n US 380 in Decatur\n US 82 west of Henrietta. The highways travel concurrently to Wichita Falls.\n US 281 in Wichita Falls. The highways travel concurrently through Wichita Falls.\n US 82 / US 277 in Wichita Falls. US 277/US 287 travels concurrently through Wichita Falls.\n I-44 in Wichita Falls. The highways travel concurrently through Wichita Falls.\n US 70 / US 183 in Oklaunion. The highways travel concurrently to Vernon.\n US 183 / US 283 in Vernon\n US 62 / US 83 in Childress\n I-40 in Amarillo. The highways travel concurrently through Amarillo.\n I-27 / I-40 / US 60 in Amarillo. US 60/US 287 travels concurrently through Amarillo.\n US 87 in Amarillo. The highways travel concurrently to Dumas.\n US 54 in Stratford\nOklahoma\n US 56 / US 64 / US 412 east of Boise City\n US 385 north of Boise City. The highways travel concurrently to Lamar, Colorado.\nColorado\n US 160 south of Springfield\n US 50 / US 385 in Lamar. US 50/US 287 travels concurrently to south of Wiley.\n US 40 east of Kit Carson. The highways travel concurrently to Denver.\n I-70 / US 24 east-southeast of Limon. US 24/US 287 travels concurrently to west of Limon.\n I-70 in Limon\n I-70 in Limon. The highways travel concurrently to Aurora.\n US 36 in Byers. The highways travel concurrently to Aurora.\n I-225 in Aurora\n I-25 / US 6 / US 85 / US 87 in Denver\n I-70 in Denver\n I-76 in Berkley\n US 36 in Westminster\n US 34 in Loveland\nWyoming\n I-80 in Laramie\n US 30 in Laramie. The highways travel concurrently to east of Rawlins.\n I-80 south-southeast of Walcott. The highways travel concurrently to east of Rawlins.\n US 26 west-northwest of Morton. The highways travel concurrently to Moran.\n US 26 / US 89 / US 191 in Moran. US 89/US 191/US 287 travels concurrently to the South Entrance to Yellowstone National Park.Yellowstone National Park segment (unofficial designation)\n\n US 89 travels concurrently from the park's South Entrance to north-northwest of West Thumb.\n US 191 travels concurrently from the park's South Entrance to the park's West Entrance.\n US 14 / US 16 / US 20 in West Thumb. US 20/US 191 travels concurrently to the park's West Entrance.Northern segment\n\nMontana\n US 20 / US 191 from the West Entrance to Yellowstone National Park; the highways travel concurrently to West Yellowstone.\n I-90 northwest of Three Forks\n US 12 in Townsend. The highways travel concurrently to Helena.\n I-15 / US 12 in Helena. I-15/US 287 travels concurrently to northeast of Wolf Creek.\n US 89 in Choteau[10]","title":"Major intersections"}]
[{"image_text":"View south along US 287 in Larimer County, Colorado","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/DSCN0605_287and14_e_600.jpg/220px-DSCN0605_287and14_e_600.jpg"},{"image_text":"US 287 north of Yellowstone National Park","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/US_287_MT_rock.jpg/220px-US_287_MT_rock.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Portion of Highway 287 to be renamed in honor of Berthoud's Gabe Conde\". Berthoud_Weekly_Surveyor. May 12, 2021. Retrieved November 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://berthoudsurveyor.com/portion-of-highway-287-to-be-renamed-in-honor-of-berthouds-gabe-conde/","url_text":"\"Portion of Highway 287 to be renamed in honor of Berthoud's Gabe Conde\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berthoud_Weekly_Surveyor&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Berthoud_Weekly_Surveyor"}]},{"reference":"\"SPC Gabriel David Conde Memorial Highway\" (PDF). Colorado_Senate. June 2, 2021. Retrieved November 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://leg.colorado.gov/sites/default/files/2021a_sjr018_signed.pdf","url_text":"\"SPC Gabriel David Conde Memorial Highway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Senate","url_text":"Colorado_Senate"}]},{"reference":"\"Stretch of U.S. 287 from Loveland to Longmont dedicated to fallen soldier Gabriel Conde\". Reporter-Herald. September 23, 2022. Retrieved November 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reporterherald.com/2022/09/23/stretch-of-u-s-287-from-loveland-to-longmont-dedicated-to-fallen-green-beret-gabriel-conde/","url_text":"\"Stretch of U.S. 287 from Loveland to Longmont dedicated to fallen soldier Gabriel Conde\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reporter-Herald","url_text":"Reporter-Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. soldier killed Monday in Afghanistan identified as Loveland man\". The_Denver_Post. May 1, 2018. Retrieved November 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.denverpost.com/2018/05/01/gabriel-conde-loveland-afghanistan//","url_text":"\"U.S. soldier killed Monday in Afghanistan identified as Loveland man\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Denver_Post","url_text":"The_Denver_Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Wyo begins widening 287\". Casper Star-Tribune. Associated Press. April 19, 2009. Retrieved August 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://trib.com/news/state-and-regional/wyo-begins-widening/article_adb6903c-e8fb-5759-915d-2cd9a4dcb1fd.html","url_text":"\"Wyo begins widening 287\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casper_Star-Tribune","url_text":"Casper Star-Tribune"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"3 Wyoming swimmers killed in crash in Colorado\". ESPN.com. 2024-02-23. Retrieved 2024-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/college-sports/story/_/id/39583490/3-university-wyoming-swimmers-killed-crash-colorado","url_text":"\"3 Wyoming swimmers killed in crash in Colorado\""}]},{"reference":"\"85(R) History for HB 2026\". Texas Legislature Online. Texas Legislature. n.d. Retrieved September 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=85R&Bill=HB2026","url_text":"\"85(R) History for HB 2026\""}]},{"reference":"Sakelaris, Nicholas (February 13, 2017). \"Market Street, restaurants eye spot next to Mansfield High\". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Retrieved September 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.star-telegram.com/news/local/community/mansfield-news-mirror/mnm-news/article132564599.html","url_text":"\"Market Street, restaurants eye spot next to Mansfield High\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth_Star-Telegram","url_text":"Fort Worth Star-Telegram"}]},{"reference":"\"Oklahoma House passes bill that would name highway after former President Donald Trump\". 23 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.koco.com/amp/article/oklahoma-lawmakers-propose-naming-highway-after-former-president-donald-trump/36202002","url_text":"\"Oklahoma House passes bill that would name highway after former President Donald Trump\""}]},{"reference":"Rand McNally (2014). The Road Atlas (Walmart ed.). Chicago: Rand McNally. pp. 21, 60, 82, 98, 100–101, 116. ISBN 978-0-528-00771-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-528-00771-2","url_text":"978-0-528-00771-2"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costin_Miereanu
Costin Miereanu
["1 Biography","2 Works","3 References"]
French composer and musicologist This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Costin Miereanu" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Costin Miereanu (born 27 February 1943) is a French composer and musicologist of Romanian birth. Biography Miereanu was born in Bucharest and studied at the Music Academy there from 1960 to 1966 with Alfred Mendelsohn, Tiberiu Ola, Ștefan Niculescu, Dan Constantinescu, Myriam Marbe, Aurel Stroe, Anton Vieru, and Octavian Lazăr Cosma, and later at the École des Hautes Études et Sciences Sociales, at the Schola Cantorum, and at Paris 8 University Vincennes-Saint-Denis, where he was awarded first prizes in writing, analysis, music history, esthetics, orchestration, and composition) and earned a Doctor of Letters and a Doctor of Musical Semiotics. Between 1967 and 1969, he was a student of Karlheinz Stockhausen, György Ligeti, and Ehrhard Karkoschka at the Internationale Ferienkurse für neue Musik in Darmstadt. In 1977, he became a French citizen. Since 1981, he has been Professor of Philosophy, Aesthetics, and the Science of Art at the Sorbonne. Miereanu evolved his compositional style featuring a sensuous sonic fabric by combining of Erik Satie's techniques with an abstraction of Romanian traditional music. Many of his complex and often virtuoso works include visual components. Miereanu has composed aleatoric works, compositions in the style of musique concrète, music for orchestra and chamber orchestra, often using pre-recorded tape material, as well as music for theatre. He was awarded the prize of the European Cultural Foundation 1967, the Prix Enescu (1974), and the Prix de la Partition Pédagogique of the French Composers’ Association (SACEM). Portions translated from the German and French Wikipedias Works Monostructure I, for two orchestras Monostructure II, for strings, brass, and tape Das Ende krönt das Werk, for piano and six instrumental groups In der Nacht der Zeiten, aleatoric music for instruments and tape Couleurs du temps I, for string orchestra Couleurs du tempsII for string quartet and tape (1968) Monostructures I, for brass and strings (1966) Couleurs du temps III for double string quartet and double bass Finis coronat opus, for piano and six instrumental groups (1966) Espaces II for twenty stringed instruments, piano, and tape (1967–69) Espace dernier, aleatoric music for choir, six instrumental groups, and tape (1966–69) Rosario, for large orchestra (1973–76) Domingo, for vocal quintet and variable instruments (1974) Planetarium, for two flutes, trombone, and two percussionists (1975) Raum jenseits von gestern, aleatoric music for chamber orchestra L'Avenir est dans les œufs, opera (1980) Le jardin de sécrets, for soprano, alto flute or viola, bass clarinet, trombone, piano, and accordion or electric organ (1980) Cuivres célestes, for brass quintet, two percussionists, and strings (1981) Labyrinthes d’Adrien, for soprano and ensemble (1981) Miroirs célestes, for orchestra (1981–83) Kammerkonzert, for saxophone and nine instruments (1985) Doppel(kammer)konzert, for saxophone, percussion, and chamber orchestra (1985) D’un régard moiré, for woodwind quartet, string trio, double bass, piano, and percussion (1988) Sextuplum, for six percussionists (1988–89) Ricochets, saxophone(s), electric guitar, bass guitar, synthesizer, and percussion (1989) D’un source oubliée, for harpsichord and string sextet (1989) Un temps sans mémoire, for orchestra (1989–92) Immersion, for saxophone(s) and tape (1990) La Porte du paradis, lyric fantasie (1991) De humani corporis fabbrica, ballet (1992) Les miroirs invisibles, for string sextet (1992) Vol du temps, canticum sacrum in memoriam Jean-Pierre Ouvrard, for mixed choir a cappella, or mixed choir and three percussionists (1993) Solo III, for solo violin (1995) Solo IV, rythmodies, for amplified basson (1995) Solo V, for oboe, or cor anglais, or baritone oboe (1995) Solo VI, for solo cello (1995) Solo VII, for solo viola (1995) Orison, ballet (1999) Symphony No. 3 "Blick auf die Frühe" (2001) References ^ a b Cosma, Octavian (2001). "Miereanu, Costin". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan. ISBN 9780195170672. vteGaudeamus International Composers Award1957–69 Peter Schat (1957) Otto Ketting (1958) Louis Andriessen (1959) Lars Johan Werle (1960) Misha Mengelberg, Per Nørgård, and Enrique Raxach (1961) Pauline Oliveros (1962) Arne Mellnäs (1963) Ib Nørholm (1964) Joep Straesser and Mario Bertoncini (1965) Alfred Janson and Ton Bruynèl (1966) Hans-Joachim Hespos, Costin Miereanu, Maurice Benhamou, Jean-Yves Bosseur, Tona Scherchen, and Ralph Lundsten – Leo Nilson (1967) Vinko Globokar (1968) Jos Kunst (1969) 1970–89 Jan Vriend (1970) John McGuire (1971) Daniel Lentz (1972) Maurice Weddington (1973) Christian Dethleffsen (1974) Robert Saxton (1975) Fabio Vacchi (1976) Șerban Nichifor (1977) Stefan Dragostinov (1978) Mauro Cardi (1984) Unsuk Chin (1985) Uros Rojko (1986) Karen Tanaka (1987) Michael Jarrell (1988) Richard Barrett (1989) 1990s Claus-Steffen Mahnkopf and Paolo Aralla (1990) Asbjørn Schaathun (1991) Jörg Birkenkötter (1992) David del Puerto (1993) Richard Ayres (1994) Michael Oesterle and Jesus Torres (1995) Régis Campo (1996) Hang Zou (1997) Kumiko Omura and Geoff Hannan (1998) Michel van der Aa (1999) 2000s Yannis Kyriakides (2000) Palle Dahlstedt and Takuya Imahori (2001) Valerio Murat (2002) Dmitri Kourliandski (2003) Sampo Haapamäki (2004) Oscar Bianchi (2005) Lefteris Papadimitriou and Gabriel Paiuk (2006) Christopher Trapani (2007) Huck Hodge (2008) Ted Hearne (2009) 2010s Marko Nikodijević (2010) Yoshiaki Onishi (2011) Konstantin Heuer (2012) Tobias Klich (2013) Anna Korsun (2014) Alexander Khubeev (2015) Anthony Vine (2016) Aart Strootman (2017) Sebastian Hilli (2018) Kelley Sheehan (2019) 2020s Annika Socolofsky (2021) Rohan Chander (2022) Zara Ali (2023) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Netherlands Poland Artists BRAHMS MusicBrainz Other IdRef
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Between 1967 and 1969, he was a student of Karlheinz Stockhausen, György Ligeti, and Ehrhard Karkoschka at the Internationale Ferienkurse für neue Musik in Darmstadt.[1] In 1977, he became a French citizen. Since 1981, he has been Professor of Philosophy, Aesthetics, and the Science of Art at the Sorbonne.Miereanu evolved his compositional style featuring a sensuous sonic fabric by combining of Erik Satie's techniques with an abstraction of Romanian traditional music.[1] Many of his complex and often virtuoso works include visual components. Miereanu has composed aleatoric works, compositions in the style of musique concrète, music for orchestra and chamber orchestra, often using pre-recorded tape material, as well as music for theatre. He was awarded the prize of the European Cultural Foundation 1967, the Prix Enescu (1974), and the Prix de la Partition Pédagogique of the French Composers’ Association (SACEM).Portions translated from the German and French Wikipedias","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Ouvrard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Ouvrard"}],"text":"Monostructure I, for two orchestras\nMonostructure II, for strings, brass, and tape\nDas Ende krönt das Werk, for piano and six instrumental groups\nIn der Nacht der Zeiten, aleatoric music for instruments and tape\nCouleurs du temps I, for string orchestra\nCouleurs du tempsII for string quartet and tape (1968)\nMonostructures I, for brass and strings (1966)\nCouleurs du temps III for double string quartet and double bass\nFinis coronat opus, for piano and six instrumental groups (1966)\nEspaces II for twenty stringed instruments, piano, and tape (1967–69)\nEspace dernier, aleatoric music for choir, six instrumental groups, and tape (1966–69)\nRosario, for large orchestra (1973–76)\nDomingo, for vocal quintet and variable instruments (1974)\nPlanetarium, for two flutes, trombone, and two percussionists (1975)\nRaum jenseits von gestern, aleatoric music for chamber orchestra\nL'Avenir est dans les œufs, opera (1980)\nLe jardin de sécrets, for soprano, alto flute or viola, bass clarinet, trombone, piano, and accordion or electric organ (1980)\nCuivres célestes, for brass quintet, two percussionists, and strings (1981)\nLabyrinthes d’Adrien, for soprano and ensemble (1981)\nMiroirs célestes, for orchestra (1981–83)\nKammerkonzert, for saxophone and nine instruments (1985)\nDoppel(kammer)konzert, for saxophone, percussion, and chamber orchestra (1985)\nD’un régard moiré, for woodwind quartet, string trio, double bass, piano, and percussion (1988)\nSextuplum, for six percussionists (1988–89)\nRicochets, saxophone(s), electric guitar, bass guitar, synthesizer, and percussion (1989)\nD’un source oubliée, for harpsichord and string sextet (1989)\nUn temps sans mémoire, for orchestra (1989–92)\nImmersion, for saxophone(s) and tape (1990)\nLa Porte du paradis, lyric fantasie (1991)\nDe humani corporis fabbrica, ballet (1992)\nLes miroirs invisibles, for string sextet (1992)\nVol du temps, canticum sacrum in memoriam Jean-Pierre Ouvrard, for mixed choir a cappella, or mixed choir and three percussionists (1993)\nSolo III, for solo violin (1995)\nSolo IV, rythmodies, for amplified basson (1995)\nSolo V, for oboe, or cor anglais, or baritone oboe (1995)\nSolo VI, for solo cello (1995)\nSolo VII, for solo viola (1995)\nOrison, ballet (1999)\nSymphony No. 3 \"Blick auf die Frühe\" (2001)","title":"Works"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Mottet
Marvin Mottet
["1 Biography","1.1 Early life and education","1.2 Social Action","1.3 Pastor","1.4 Later life and death","2 See also","3 References"]
Catholic priest of the Diocese of Davenport and social justice advocate Rev. Msgr.Marvin MottetChurchRoman Catholic ChurchDioceseDavenportOrdersOrdinationJune 2, 1956by Ralph Leo HayesPersonal detailsBornMay 31, 1930Ottumwa, IowaDiedSeptember 16, 2016 (aged 86)Davenport, IowaPrevious post(s)National Director of the Catholic Campaign for Human DevelopmentAlma materSt. Ambrose CollegeMt. St. Bernard SeminaryUniversity of Iowa Marvin Alfred Mottet (May 31, 1930 – September 16, 2016) was a 20th and 21st century Roman Catholic priest in the Diocese of Davenport in the US state of Iowa. He was a noted advocate of social justice causes. Biography Early life and education Marvin Alfred Mottet was born and raised on a farm near Ottumwa, Iowa. Because his childhood paralleled the Great Depression he grew up in poverty. But because his family lived on a farm they were never hungry and they were able to pay their bills with milk by using the bartering system. He also witnessed how his father always helped neighbors and friends. He received his bachelor's degree from St. Ambrose College in Davenport, Iowa. While at St. Ambrose he was influenced by his professors, Fathers Bernard Kamerick, Edward and William O'Connor, Charles Griffith and Urban Ruhl, who fostered the lay apostolate, taught classes on labor relations, Papal social encyclicals and walked picket lines. Father Cletus Madsen introduced him to the liturgical renewal movement. He studied for the priesthood at Mount St. Bernard Seminary in Dubuque, Iowa and was ordained a priest at Sacred Heart Cathedral by Bishop Ralph Hayes on June 2, 1956. He also studied at the Center for Intercultural Formation in Cuernavaca, Mexico, the University of Notre Dame, and the Dominican House of Studies in River Forest, Illinois. Social Action Mottet was assigned to the teaching faculty at St. Ambrose Academy in Davenport, and then to Assumption High School when it opened in 1958. He helped to form the Catholic Interracial Council (CIC) in 1957, and brought his students into contact with the racial problems that existed in Davenport. In 1963 he attended the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, and the CIC created the Pacem in Terris Peace and Freedom Award. He also organized the Young Catholic Students organization at Assumption. The program grew to include 400 students across the diocese from Notre Dame High School in Burlington, Hayes Catholic in Muscatine, and Aquinas in Fort Madison. In 1967 Bishop Gerald O'Keefe sent Mottet to earn a master's degree in social work at the University of Iowa. In 1969 he started the Office of Social Action, one of the first in the United States. The operating philosophy of the new office was an emphasis on systemic change for a more just society rather than simply providing direct service to clients. During this time Catholic Charities, which had been a part of the diocese since 1929, was merged with a local social service agency. He was involved with organizations such as Project Renewal, working with migrant workers and the Catholic Worker Movement. The diocese began a resettlement program for Vietnamese refugees after the fall of Saigon in 1975. He also served as the director of the diocesan Rural Life Department during his years in the Social Action department. Mottet developed the "Two Feet of Christian Service" philosophy of social action: direct service that is accompanied by societal change. He used an outline of a pair of shoes to illustrate his point. It became a symbol that was used by many different dioceses and organizations around the world. He helped develop the Catholic Campaign for Human Development on both the national and diocesan level. The organization is a domestic antipoverty and social justice program of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. In 1978 Mottet became the national director for the Campaign for Human Development in Washington, DC, the word "Catholic" was added to the organizations title at a later date. He stayed in the post until 1985, when he returned to Davenport and was assigned as parochial vicar at Sacred Heart Cathedral. Pastor A year after returning to Davenport he replaced Msgr. Sebastian Menke as the rector and pastor of the cathedral parish. He continued working with social justice organizations such as Project Renewal, the East Side Davenport Development Groups, Quad-City Interfaith, Interfaith Housing Corp. and Legal Aid. During his time as pastor the cathedral church was extensively renovated in the early 1990s. The parochial school also became a concern. In the 1990s it merged with St. Alphonsus School in the west end to form John Paul Academy. That merger came to an end, but the school situation did not improve and in 2004 Sacred Heart, St. Alphonsus and Holy Family Schools formed All Saints School at Holy Family. In 2001 Pope John Paul II bestowed a Papal honor upon him with the title Reverend Monsignor. In 2005 he retired to St. Vincent Center in Davenport. Later life and death Msgr. Mottet's grave Msgr. Mottet remained active in his retirement. He chaired the diocesan Catholic Campaign for Human Development and continued to assist social service agencies. He marched in a rally in Postville, Iowa to support the immigrants who worked there without legal permission and were effected by an immigration raid on the meatpacking plant. Mottet was honored with the Pacem in Terris Award in 2008, and the Servant of Justice Award from the Roundtable Association of Catholic Diocesan Social Action in 2012. He also continued to advocate for social justice issues. Mottet was involved in Charismatic Renewal and healing ministries, which were a part of his ministry before his retirement. The Davenport Civil Rights Commission named the Marvin Mottet Award for Clergy and Community Service in his honor. As his health declined, Mottet moved to the Kahl Home in Davenport. In June 2016 Msgr. Mottet celebrated his 60th anniversary of ordination. He died three months later at the age of 86 on September 16 at the Kahl Home. His funeral was held at Sacred Heart Cathedral on September 21, 2016, and he was buried in Mount Calvary Cemetery in Davenport. See also Portals: Biography Christianity Iowa References ^ Linda Cook (November 17, 2013). "Longtime Catholic priest, activist honored for lifetime work". Quad-City Times. Davenport. ^ Schmidt, Madeleine M. (1981). Seasons of Growth: History of the Diocese of Davenport. Davenport, Iowa: Diocese of Davenport. p. 279. ^ "Obituary". Quad-City Times. Davenport. September 18, 2016. Retrieved 2016-09-18. ^ a b c Thomas Geyer; Brian Wellner (September 16, 2016). "Monsignor Mottet passes away". Quad-City Times. Davenport. Retrieved 2016-09-18. ^ Times Staff (October 16, 2008). "A life of justice: Mottet earns award he helped create in 1963". Quad-City Times. Davenport. Retrieved 2010-07-15. ^ a b c "Pacem in Terris Peace and Freedom Award (program booklet)" (PDF). Diocese of Davenport. Retrieved 2010-03-31. ^ Schmidt, 284 ^ a b Catholic News Service (September 19, 2016). "Longtime social justice leader Msgr. Marvin Mottet dies at age 86". National Catholic Reporter. Kansas City, Missouri. Retrieved 2016-09-19. ^ St. Alphonsus Parish, Davenport, Iowa 100th Anniversary 1908-2008. Davenport, Iowa: St. Alphonsus Parish. 2008. ^ Deirdre Cox Baker (September 5, 2008). "Mottet to be recognized for activism". Quad-City Times. Davenport. Retrieved 2010-07-15. ^ Marvin Mottet (February 27, 2010). "Campaign attacks social justice". Quad-City Times. Davenport. Retrieved 2010-07-15. ^ Deirdre Cox Baker (September 21, 2016). "Mottet, social justice giant, saluted at Mass". Quad-City Times. Davenport. Retrieved 2016-09-21. vtePacem in Terris Peace and Freedom Award laureates1960s 1964: John Howard Griffin / John F. Kennedy 1965: Martin Luther King Jr. 1966: R. Sargent Shriver 1967: A. Philip Randolph 1968: James Groppi 1969: Saul Alinsky 1970s 1971: Dorothy Day 1974: Harold Hughes 1975: Hélder Câmara 1976: Mother Teresa 1979: Thomas Gumbleton 1980s 1980: Crystal Lee Sutton / Ernest Leo Unterkoefler 1982: George F. Kennan 1983: Helen Caldicott 1985: Joseph Bernardin 1986: Maurice John Dingman 1987: Desmond Tutu 1989: Eileen Egan 1990s 1990: Mairead Maguire 1991: María Julia Hernández 1992: César Chávez 1993: Daniel Berrigan 1995: Jim Wallis 1996: Samuel Ruiz 1997: Jim and Shelley Douglass 2000s 2000: George G. Higgins 2001: Lech Wałęsa 2002: Gwen Hennessey / Dorothy Hennessey 2004: Arthur Simon 2005: Donald Mosley 2007: Salim Ghazal 2008: Marvin Mottet 2009: Hildegard Goss-Mayr 2010s 2010: John Dear 2011: Álvaro Leonel Ramazzini Imeri 2012: Kim Bobo 2013: Jean Vanier 2014: Simone Campbell 2015: Thích Nhất Hạnh 2016: Gustavo Gutiérrez 2017: Widad Akreyi 2019: Dalai Lama 2019: Munib Younan 2020s 2022: Norma Pimentel vteRoman Catholic Diocese of DavenportBishops Ordinaries John McMullen Henry Cosgrove James J. Davis Henry P. Rohlman Ralph L. Hayes Gerald F. O’Keefe William E. Franklin Martin J. Amos Thomas R. Zinkula Auxiliary Edward Howard Churches List List of churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Davenport Cathedral Sacred Heart Cathedral Parishes Church of St. John the Baptist, Burlington St. Paul's Church, Burlington St. Anthony’s Church, Davenport Holy Family Parish, Fort Madison St. Patrick's Church, Georgetown St. Mary’s Church, Iowa City St. Patrick's Church, Iowa City Church of All Saints, Keokuk St. Mary's Church, Nichols St. Mary of the Visitation Church, Ottumwa St. Mary's Church, Riverside Former parishes St. Joseph's Church, Bauer Saints Peter and Paul Church, Clear Creek St. Boniface Church, Clinton St. Irenaeus Church, Clinton St. Joseph's Church, Davenport St. Mary’s Church, Davenport St. Joseph's Church, Fort Madison St. Michael's Church, Holbrook Saints Peter and Paul Church, Solon Education Higher education St. Ambrose University High schools Assumption High School, Davenport Holy Trinity Catholic Schools (HS), Fort Madison Notre Dame High School, Burlington Prince of Peace Preparatory, Clinton Regina High School, Iowa City Former Aquinas Schools, Fort Madison Cardinal Stritch High School, Keokuk Immaculate Conception Academy, Davenport Marquette Catholic Schools (HS), West Point Marycrest College St. Mary’s Academy Priests William Lawrence Adrian John George Alleman Ambrose Burke Edward Catich William J. Collins Martin Cone Maurice John Dingman John Flannagan Robert Dwayne Gruss William Hannon Ulrich Hauber Cletus Madsen Carl Meinberg Sebastian Menke Marvin Mottet J. A. M. Pelamourgues Aloysius Schulte William Shannahan Lawrence Donald Soens Miscellany Ambrose Hall Henry Kahl House Antoine LeClaire House F.H. Miller House Regina Coeli Monastery Mount Calvary Cemetery, Davenport St. Joseph Hospital, Ottumwa Old St. Mary's Rectory, Iowa City St. Thomas More Parish Center Pacem in Terris Award Selma Schricker House Catholicism portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Davenport"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"social justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_justice"}],"text":"Marvin Alfred Mottet (May 31, 1930 – September 16, 2016) was a 20th and 21st century Roman Catholic priest in the Diocese of Davenport in the US state of Iowa. He was a noted advocate of social justice causes.","title":"Marvin Mottet"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ottumwa, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottumwa,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"bartering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cook-1"},{"link_name":"bachelor's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"St. Ambrose College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Ambrose_University"},{"link_name":"Davenport, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Cletus Madsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cletus_Madsen"},{"link_name":"liturgical renewal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liturgical_renewal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-2"},{"link_name":"Dubuque, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubuque,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Sacred Heart Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Cathedral_(Davenport,_Iowa)"},{"link_name":"Ralph Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Leo_Hayes"},{"link_name":"Cuernavaca, Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuernavaca,_Mexico"},{"link_name":"University of Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame"},{"link_name":"River Forest, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Forest,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-3"}],"sub_title":"Early life and education","text":"Marvin Alfred Mottet was born and raised on a farm near Ottumwa, Iowa. Because his childhood paralleled the Great Depression he grew up in poverty. But because his family lived on a farm they were never hungry and they were able to pay their bills with milk by using the bartering system.[1] He also witnessed how his father always helped neighbors and friends. He received his bachelor's degree from St. Ambrose College in Davenport, Iowa. While at St. Ambrose he was influenced by his professors, Fathers Bernard Kamerick, Edward and William O'Connor, Charles Griffith and Urban Ruhl, who fostered the lay apostolate, taught classes on labor relations, Papal social encyclicals and walked picket lines. Father Cletus Madsen introduced him to the liturgical renewal movement.[2] He studied for the priesthood at Mount St. Bernard Seminary in Dubuque, Iowa and was ordained a priest at Sacred Heart Cathedral by Bishop Ralph Hayes on June 2, 1956. He also studied at the Center for Intercultural Formation in Cuernavaca, Mexico, the University of Notre Dame, and the Dominican House of Studies in River Forest, Illinois.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Assumption High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_High_School_(Davenport,_Iowa)"},{"link_name":"March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geyer-4"},{"link_name":"Pacem in Terris Peace and Freedom Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacem_in_Terris_Award"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times-5"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notre_Dame_High_School_(Burlington,_Iowa)"},{"link_name":"Burlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Muscatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscatine,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Fort Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Madison,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Gerald O'Keefe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Francis_O%27Keefe"},{"link_name":"master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"social work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_work"},{"link_name":"University of Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pacem-6"},{"link_name":"Catholic Charities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Charities"},{"link_name":"migrant workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_workers"},{"link_name":"Catholic Worker Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Worker_Movement"},{"link_name":"fall of Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pacem-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNS-8"},{"link_name":"Catholic Campaign for Human Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Campaign_for_Human_Development"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pacem-6"},{"link_name":"United States Conference of Catholic Bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops"},{"link_name":"Washington, DC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_DC"},{"link_name":"parochial vicar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parochial_vicar"}],"sub_title":"Social Action","text":"Mottet was assigned to the teaching faculty at St. Ambrose Academy in Davenport, and then to Assumption High School when it opened in 1958. He helped to form the Catholic Interracial Council (CIC) in 1957, and brought his students into contact with the racial problems that existed in Davenport. In 1963 he attended the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom,[4] and the CIC created the Pacem in Terris Peace and Freedom Award.[5] He also organized the Young Catholic Students organization at Assumption. The program grew to include 400 students across the diocese from Notre Dame High School in Burlington, Hayes Catholic in Muscatine, and Aquinas in Fort Madison.In 1967 Bishop Gerald O'Keefe sent Mottet to earn a master's degree in social work at the University of Iowa. In 1969 he started the Office of Social Action, one of the first in the United States.[6] The operating philosophy of the new office was an emphasis on systemic change for a more just society rather than simply providing direct service to clients. During this time Catholic Charities, which had been a part of the diocese since 1929, was merged with a local social service agency. He was involved with organizations such as Project Renewal, working with migrant workers and the Catholic Worker Movement. The diocese began a resettlement program for Vietnamese refugees after the fall of Saigon in 1975. He also served as the director of the diocesan Rural Life Department during his years in the Social Action department.Mottet developed the \"Two Feet of Christian Service\" philosophy of social action: direct service that is accompanied by societal change.[6][7] He used an outline of a pair of shoes to illustrate his point. It became a symbol that was used by many different dioceses and organizations around the world.[8] He helped develop the Catholic Campaign for Human Development on both the national and diocesan level.[6] The organization is a domestic antipoverty and social justice program of the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. In 1978 Mottet became the national director for the Campaign for Human Development in Washington, DC, the word \"Catholic\" was added to the organizations title at a later date. He stayed in the post until 1985, when he returned to Davenport and was assigned as parochial vicar at Sacred Heart Cathedral.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sebastian Menke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Menke"},{"link_name":"rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"pastor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastor"},{"link_name":"parochial school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parochial_school"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-9"},{"link_name":"John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Monsignor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsignor"}],"sub_title":"Pastor","text":"A year after returning to Davenport he replaced Msgr. Sebastian Menke as the rector and pastor of the cathedral parish. He continued working with social justice organizations such as Project Renewal, the East Side Davenport Development Groups, Quad-City Interfaith, Interfaith Housing Corp. and Legal Aid. During his time as pastor the cathedral church was extensively renovated in the early 1990s. The parochial school also became a concern. In the 1990s it merged with St. Alphonsus School in the west end to form John Paul Academy. That merger came to an end, but the school situation did not improve and in 2004 Sacred Heart, St. Alphonsus and Holy Family Schools formed All Saints School at Holy Family.[9] In 2001 Pope John Paul II bestowed a Papal honor upon him with the title Reverend Monsignor. In 2005 he retired to St. Vincent Center in Davenport.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marvin_Mottet_grave.jpg"},{"link_name":"Postville, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postville,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Pacem in Terris Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacem_in_Terris_Award"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baker1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mottet-11"},{"link_name":"Charismatic Renewal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charismatic_Movement"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNS-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geyer-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geyer-4"},{"link_name":"Mount Calvary Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Calvary_Cemetery_(Davenport,_Iowa)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baker2-12"}],"sub_title":"Later life and death","text":"Msgr. Mottet's graveMsgr. Mottet remained active in his retirement. He chaired the diocesan Catholic Campaign for Human Development and continued to assist social service agencies. He marched in a rally in Postville, Iowa to support the immigrants who worked there without legal permission and were effected by an immigration raid on the meatpacking plant. Mottet was honored with the Pacem in Terris Award in 2008,[10] and the Servant of Justice Award from the Roundtable Association of Catholic Diocesan Social Action in 2012. He also continued to advocate for social justice issues.[11] Mottet was involved in Charismatic Renewal and healing ministries, which were a part of his ministry before his retirement.[8] The Davenport Civil Rights Commission named the Marvin Mottet Award for Clergy and Community Service in his honor.[4]As his health declined, Mottet moved to the Kahl Home in Davenport. In June 2016 Msgr. Mottet celebrated his 60th anniversary of ordination. He died three months later at the age of 86 on September 16 at the Kahl Home.[4] His funeral was held at Sacred Heart Cathedral on September 21, 2016, and he was buried in Mount Calvary Cemetery in Davenport.[12]","title":"Biography"}]
[{"image_text":"Msgr. Mottet's grave","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Marvin_Mottet_grave.jpg/220px-Marvin_Mottet_grave.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Davenport.png/100px-Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Davenport.png"}]
[{"title":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"title":"Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"title":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"title":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iowa"}]
[{"reference":"Linda Cook (November 17, 2013). \"Longtime Catholic priest, activist honored for lifetime work\". Quad-City Times. Davenport.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad-City_Times","url_text":"Quad-City Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa","url_text":"Davenport"}]},{"reference":"Schmidt, Madeleine M. (1981). Seasons of Growth: History of the Diocese of Davenport. Davenport, Iowa: Diocese of Davenport. p. 279.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Obituary\". Quad-City Times. Davenport. September 18, 2016. Retrieved 2016-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://qctimes.com/news/local/obituaries/msgr-marvin-mottet/article_75771a7b-4df5-58b0-a2ef-bd74670cfc8d.html","url_text":"\"Obituary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad-City_Times","url_text":"Quad-City Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa","url_text":"Davenport"}]},{"reference":"Thomas Geyer; Brian Wellner (September 16, 2016). \"Monsignor Mottet passes away\". Quad-City Times. Davenport. Retrieved 2016-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://qctimes.com/news/local/monsignor-mottet-passes-away/article_05e51035-03d8-56e4-b45b-e8c073fe6cd6.html","url_text":"\"Monsignor Mottet passes away\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad-City_Times","url_text":"Quad-City Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa","url_text":"Davenport"}]},{"reference":"Times Staff (October 16, 2008). \"A life of justice: Mottet earns award he helped create in 1963\". Quad-City Times. Davenport. Retrieved 2010-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://qctimes.com/news/opinion/editorial/article_73d0213a-c494-5d41-bb53-5e528204cd12.html","url_text":"\"A life of justice: Mottet earns award he helped create in 1963\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad-City_Times","url_text":"Quad-City Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa","url_text":"Davenport"}]},{"reference":"\"Pacem in Terris Peace and Freedom Award (program booklet)\" (PDF). Diocese of Davenport. Retrieved 2010-03-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.davenportdiocese.org/documents/2016/7/PaceminTerris%20Program2008.pdf","url_text":"\"Pacem in Terris Peace and Freedom Award (program booklet)\""}]},{"reference":"Catholic News Service (September 19, 2016). \"Longtime social justice leader Msgr. Marvin Mottet dies at age 86\". National Catholic Reporter. Kansas City, Missouri. Retrieved 2016-09-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncronline.org/news/justice/longtime-social-justice-leader-msgr-marvin-mottet-dies-age-86","url_text":"\"Longtime social justice leader Msgr. Marvin Mottet dies at age 86\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Catholic_Reporter","url_text":"National Catholic Reporter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri","url_text":"Kansas City, Missouri"}]},{"reference":"St. Alphonsus Parish, Davenport, Iowa 100th Anniversary 1908-2008. Davenport, Iowa: St. Alphonsus Parish. 2008.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Deirdre Cox Baker (September 5, 2008). \"Mottet to be recognized for activism\". Quad-City Times. Davenport. Retrieved 2010-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://qctimes.com/news/local/article_17c6393d-309a-5cca-ab10-c289c68565ac.html","url_text":"\"Mottet to be recognized for activism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad-City_Times","url_text":"Quad-City Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa","url_text":"Davenport"}]},{"reference":"Marvin Mottet (February 27, 2010). \"Campaign attacks social justice\". Quad-City Times. Davenport. Retrieved 2010-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://qctimes.com/news/opinion/mailbag/article_5a54a906-2366-11df-9a7f-001cc4c03286.html","url_text":"\"Campaign attacks social justice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad-City_Times","url_text":"Quad-City Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa","url_text":"Davenport"}]},{"reference":"Deirdre Cox Baker (September 21, 2016). \"Mottet, social justice giant, saluted at Mass\". Quad-City Times. Davenport. Retrieved 2016-09-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://qctimes.com/news/local/mottet-social-justice-giant-saluted-at-mass/article_fc0e6ad6-4862-5446-9093-20f9ad661309.html","url_text":"\"Mottet, social justice giant, saluted at Mass\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad-City_Times","url_text":"Quad-City Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa","url_text":"Davenport"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_(Skins)
Emily (Skins)
["1 Plot","2 Production","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
2nd episode of the 4th season of Skins "Emily"Skins episodeEpisode no.Season 4Episode 2Directed byPhilippa LangdaleWritten byEd HimeOriginal air date4 February 2010 (2010-02-04)Guest appearances Giles Thomas as Doug Ian "H" Watkins as Graham Pauline Quirke as DS Blunt Redd Smith as James Fitch John Bishop as Rob Fitch Ronni Ancona as Jenna Fitch Richard Southgate as Matt Moore Episode chronology ← Previous"Thomas" Next →"Cook" List of episodes "Emily" is the second episode of the fourth series of the British teen drama Skins, and 31st overall. It first aired on 4 February 2010 on E4 in both Ireland and the United Kingdom. The episode was written by Ed Hime, and was directed by Philippa Langdale. The episode focuses on the character of Emily Fitch (Kathryn Prescott), her continuing romantic relationship with girlfriend Naomi Campbell (Lily Loveless) as well as family problems with her mother Jenna Fitch. Emily decides to investigate the suicide of Sophia Moore, the girl who killed herself in the first episode, suspecting Naomi cheated on her with Sophia. Plot This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (November 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The episode begins with Emily in Naomi's house, looking at her girlfriend's pictures. A package arrives containing a pair of goggles that Naomi has bought for Emily, telling her not to ever forget that she loves her. The couple uses Emily's moped and visits the Fitch house, where Rob Fitch is cleaning out the garage. Emily talks to her mother, Jenna Fitch who insist they have a conversation about Emily's future. Emily brushes her off, and rides off to Roundview college with Naomi. The police turn up and they are both called in to be interviewed. Their names were listed by the family as close friends of Sophia's, even though they'd never met her. Emily learns that Naomi was dealing powder with Cook the night of the suicide and sold some to Sophia to pay for the motorbike goggles she bought her. Effy returns to college and lets Freddie know he's the one she's been thinking about all summer. Behind Naomi's back, Emily visits Sophia's family to find out more about the dead girl. She discovers that the Sophia claimed to be best friends with Naomi and Emily. While looking around Sophia's bedroom Emily discovers that Sophia was gay and she finds and takes a wooden box and a university prospectus with a key inside. She leaves and later, when flicking through the prospectus, she finds a photo of Sophia laughing with Naomi. She realises that Naomi did in fact know the dead girl and suspects that she might have cheated on her with Sophia. Emily interrupts Naomi's class by slamming a picture of Sophia and Naomi taken at the University Open Day, making the latter walk out of class. The two argue about lying and Naomi admits that she indeed met Sophia at a University open day which she was attending behind Emily's back. She insists they just talked and that nothing had happened between them. Still a bit doubtful, Emily tells her about they key she found and Naomi believes it is for Sophia's locker at the army base. They go to the army base and open it and inside they find a shrine to Naomi. They discover that Sophia was infatuated with Naomi and Emily makes up with her, having sex with Naomi in an army storage closet. Later, Emily has a falling out with her mother and decides to move out. Katie begs her to stay but Emily still leaves. Emily moves in with Naomi and they seem to have put everything behind them. However, when they go to a party later on, Emily becomes suspicious again when Naomi starts talking to other girls. Cook sees Effy and Freddie kissing at the party and takes his anger out on a fellow party-goer and ends up headbutting JJ also. At dawn, Emily takes Sophia's wooden box and goes back to the club where Sophia died to meet Sophia's brother, Matt, to open up the box. Emily believes the box contains evidence that proves Naomi's affair with Sophia. Soon after Matt arrives, Naomi turns up and asks Emily to forget all about Sophia and Emily tells her that she can't leave it. Matt runs to the roof and Emily follows him. Up on the roof they open the box and find Sophia's sketchbook. Through Sophia's drawings that depict her one-day affair with Naomi, Emily finds out that Naomi did in fact cheat on her. A distraught Emily leaves the roof with Naomi crying and calling after her. Emily returns home and tearfully tells her father that Naomi had cheated on her. As he consoles her, Rob tells her that he once cheated on Jenna, and that she should not worry as it gets better after its worse. Emily goes back to Naomi's house, reading a note on the front door saying, "I'll do anything". The episode ends with Emily walking through the front door, seemingly following her father's advice. Production Lily Loveless and Kathryn Prescott have hinted in interviews that series 4 was about their characters "being a fully fledged couple" with Loveless saying the previous series was just "the chase". Prescott said that viewers were left with the impression of them "living happily ever after" but this series had Naomi "clearly messing around in that happy summer". After reading the script, Loveless felt "very sad that Naomi cheated". Prescott commented that she "thought Naomi was a bitch" for cheating, pointing out costar Loveless would agree as well. Loveless commented that she thought Naomi "cheated as a way of escapism" as she was not the kind of person who has relationships. Director Philippa Langdale told Loveless and Prescott to not look into the locker containing Sophia's shrine to Naomi before filming as to get the full effect of being "properly weirded out" on the first take. When the locker opened on the first take, Loveless wanted to laugh "because it was so mental." Ed Hime, who wrote the episode, commented that during the airing of series 3, he wanted "to write for Emily.....and then watched Naomily become a bona-fide phenomenon". He "thought of all the assembled Naomily fans, who had invested so much love and hope in them felt a paralysing mixture of fear, duty, and a desperate need to impress." As such, Ed Hime "wanted to write about the dark side of Naomily" and "what happens after you've got the girl and walked off into the sunset?" He cast Emily as "the intrepid detective", citing Emily's traits - "her purity, intelligence, bravery and tenacity" are "traits that make a great private eye." This episode used an illustrator to tell the story of Naomi's affair through Sophia's sketchbook. Company Pictures hired Lydia Starkey, who commented she "stylised visual language to suit Sophia's character and emotional situation." Reception According to early reports, "Emily" drew 962,000 viewers, maintaining strong ratings from the previous week. The Broadcasters' Audience Research Board reported that "Emily" was E4's 2nd most watched show of the week with 1,025,000 viewers. References ^ Skins, retrieved 17 June 2019 ^ Making of Episode 2 Archived August 3, 2010, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Making of Episode 2 Archived August 3, 2010, at the Wayback Machine". e4. Retrieved November 11, 2015 ^ "Writers Blog Episode 2 Archived 28 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine". e4. Retrieved November 11, 2015 ^ "Sophia's Drawings". E4. Retrieved 11, 2015 ^ "'Skins' maintains strong ratings". Digital Spy. 5 February 2010. Retrieved 11 November 2015. ^ "Top 10 Programmes - BARB". www.barb.co.uk. Retrieved 11 November 2015. External links "Emily" at IMDb vteSkinsEpisodesSeries 1 "Tony" "Jal" "Sid" "Maxxie and Anwar" "Effy" "Everyone" Series 2 "Tony" Series 3 "Pandora" "Naomi" "JJ" "Katie and Emily" Series 4 "Emily" "Everyone" Series 5 "Franky" "Rich" "Mini" "Liv" "Nick" "Alo" "Grace" "Everyone" Series 6 "Everyone" "Rich" "Franky" "Mini" "Nick" "Alo" "Liv" "Mini and Franky" "Finale" Series 7 "Skins Fire" "Skins Pure" "Skins Rise" CharactersFirst generation Tony Stonem Michelle Richardson Sid Jenkins Cassie Ainsworth Chris Miles Jal Fazer Maxxie Oliver Anwar Kharral Lucy "Sketch" Second generation Effy Stonem Pandora Moon Thomas Tomone James Cook Freddie McClair JJ Jones Naomi Campbell Katie Fitch Emily Fitch Third generation Franky Fitzgerald Alo Creevey Rich Hardbeck Mini McGuinness Liv Malone Grace Blood Nick Levan Matty Levan See also Recurring characters U.S. version Category
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It first aired on 4 February 2010 on E4 in both Ireland and the United Kingdom. The episode was written by Ed Hime, and was directed by Philippa Langdale. The episode focuses on the character of Emily Fitch (Kathryn Prescott), her continuing romantic relationship with girlfriend Naomi Campbell (Lily Loveless) as well as family problems with her mother Jenna Fitch. Emily decides to investigate the suicide of Sophia Moore, the girl who killed herself in the first episode, suspecting Naomi cheated on her with Sophia.","title":"Emily (Skins)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"moped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moped"},{"link_name":"powder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDMA"}],"text":"The episode begins with Emily in Naomi's house, looking at her girlfriend's pictures. A package arrives containing a pair of goggles that Naomi has bought for Emily, telling her not to ever forget that she loves her. The couple uses Emily's moped and visits the Fitch house, where Rob Fitch is cleaning out the garage. Emily talks to her mother, Jenna Fitch who insist they have a conversation about Emily's future. Emily brushes her off, and rides off to Roundview college with Naomi.The police turn up and they are both called in to be interviewed. Their names were listed by the family as close friends of Sophia's, even though they'd never met her. Emily learns that Naomi was dealing powder with Cook the night of the suicide and sold some to Sophia to pay for the motorbike goggles she bought her. Effy returns to college and lets Freddie know he's the one she's been thinking about all summer.Behind Naomi's back, Emily visits Sophia's family to find out more about the dead girl. She discovers that the Sophia claimed to be best friends with Naomi and Emily. While looking around Sophia's bedroom Emily discovers that Sophia was gay and she finds and takes a wooden box and a university prospectus with a key inside. She leaves and later, when flicking through the prospectus, she finds a photo of Sophia laughing with Naomi. She realises that Naomi did in fact know the dead girl and suspects that she might have cheated on her with Sophia.Emily interrupts Naomi's class by slamming a picture of Sophia and Naomi taken at the University Open Day, making the latter walk out of class. The two argue about lying and Naomi admits that she indeed met Sophia at a University open day which she was attending behind Emily's back. She insists they just talked and that nothing had happened between them. Still a bit doubtful, Emily tells her about they key she found and Naomi believes it is for Sophia's locker at the army base. They go to the army base and open it and inside they find a shrine to Naomi. They discover that Sophia was infatuated with Naomi and Emily makes up with her, having sex with Naomi in an army storage closet.Later, Emily has a falling out with her mother and decides to move out. Katie begs her to stay but Emily still leaves. Emily moves in with Naomi and they seem to have put everything behind them. However, when they go to a party later on, Emily becomes suspicious again when Naomi starts talking to other girls. Cook sees Effy and Freddie kissing at the party and takes his anger out on a fellow party-goer and ends up headbutting JJ also.At dawn, Emily takes Sophia's wooden box and goes back to the club where Sophia died to meet Sophia's brother, Matt, to open up the box. Emily believes the box contains evidence that proves Naomi's affair with Sophia. Soon after Matt arrives, Naomi turns up and asks Emily to forget all about Sophia and Emily tells her that she can't leave it. Matt runs to the roof and Emily follows him. Up on the roof they open the box and find Sophia's sketchbook. Through Sophia's drawings that depict her one-day affair with Naomi, Emily finds out that Naomi did in fact cheat on her. A distraught Emily leaves the roof with Naomi crying and calling after her.Emily returns home and tearfully tells her father that Naomi had cheated on her. As he consoles her, Rob tells her that he once cheated on Jenna, and that she should not worry as it gets better after its worse. Emily goes back to Naomi's house, reading a note on the front door saying, \"I'll do anything\". The episode ends with Emily walking through the front door, seemingly following her father's advice.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"living happily ever after","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_and_Emily"},{"link_name":"escapism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escapism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Lily Loveless and Kathryn Prescott have hinted in interviews that series 4 was about their characters \"being a fully fledged couple\" with Loveless saying the previous series was just \"the chase\". Prescott said that viewers were left with the impression of them \"living happily ever after\" but this series had Naomi \"clearly messing around in that happy summer\". After reading the script, Loveless felt \"very sad that Naomi cheated\". Prescott commented that she \"thought Naomi was a bitch\" for cheating, pointing out costar Loveless would agree as well. Loveless commented that she thought Naomi \"cheated as a way of escapism\" as she was not the kind of person who has relationships.[2]Director Philippa Langdale told Loveless and Prescott to not look into the locker containing Sophia's shrine to Naomi before filming as to get the full effect of being \"properly weirded out\" on the first take. When the locker opened on the first take, Loveless wanted to laugh \"because it was so mental.\"[3]Ed Hime, who wrote the episode, commented that during the airing of series 3, he wanted \"to write for Emily.....and then watched Naomily become a bona-fide phenomenon\". He \"thought of all the assembled Naomily fans, who had invested so much love and hope in them [and] felt a paralysing mixture of fear, duty, and a desperate need to impress.\" As such, Ed Hime \"wanted to write about the dark side of Naomily\" and \"what happens after you've got the girl and walked off into the sunset?\" He cast Emily as \"the intrepid detective\", citing Emily's traits - \"her purity, intelligence, bravery and tenacity\" are \"traits that make a great private eye.\"[4]This episode used an illustrator to tell the story of Naomi's affair through Sophia's sketchbook. Company Pictures hired Lydia Starkey, who commented she \"stylised [her] visual language to suit Sophia's character and emotional situation.\"[5]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Broadcasters' Audience Research Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcasters%27_Audience_Research_Board"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"According to early reports, \"Emily\" drew 962,000 viewers, maintaining strong ratings from the previous week.[6] The Broadcasters' Audience Research Board reported that \"Emily\" was E4's 2nd most watched show of the week[7] with 1,025,000 viewers.","title":"Reception"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Wahiawa
Operation Wahiawa
["1 Prelude","2 Operation","3 Aftermath","4 References"]
Part of the Vietnam War (1966) Operation WahiawaPart of Vietnam WarUH-1D helicopters airlift members of the 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry Regiment from the Filhol Rubber Plantation during the operationDate16–30 May 1966LocationHậu Nghĩa Province (now in Binh Duong Province), South VietnamResult U.S. claims operational successBelligerents  United States Viet CongCommanders and leaders MGen Frederick C. Weyand Units involved 25th Infantry Division 1st Battalion, 165A RegimentCasualties and losses US body count: 157 killedvteMilitary engagements during the Vietnam WarGuerrilla phase Laos Biên Hòa Đồng Khởi Chopper Palace Bombing Sunrise Shufly Ấp Bắc Go Cong Hiep Hoa 34A Long Dinh Kien Long Quyet Thang 202 USNS Card Nam Dong An Lao Binh Gia Camp Holloway Dương Liễu – Nhông Pass Qui Nhơn Ka Nak Sông Bé Ba Gia Dong Xoai American intervention 1965 Starlite Piranha An Ninh Plei Me Hump Gang Toi 1st Bau Bang Ia Drang Bushmaster II Harvest Moon 1966 Marauder Crimp Van Buren Masher/White Wing Double Eagle Mastiff Suoi Bong Trang New York Harrison Cocoa Beach Utah Silver City A Sau Oregon Texas Lincoln Fillmore Jackstay Buddhist Uprising Xa Cam My Georgia Birmingham Davy Crockett Austin IV Paul Revere Crazy Horse El Paso Hardihood Wahiawa Lam Son II Hawthorne Hill 488 Nathan Hale Jay Macon Hastings Minh Thanh Road John Paul Jones Prairie Colorado Duc Co Long Tan SS Baton Rouge Victory Amarillo Byrd Sunset Beach Seward Thayer, Irving and Thayer II Attleboro Deckhouse IV Shenandoah Atlanta Paul Revere IV Geronimo Tan Son Nhut airbase Fairfax Firebase Bird 1967 Deckhouse V Cedar Falls Desoto Gadsden Sam Houston Pershing Enterprise Tra Binh Dong Bribie Junction City (1st Prek Klok 2nd Prek Klok Ap Gu Suoi Tre 2nd Bàu Bàng) Francis Marion Lejeune Union Baker Manhattan The Hill Fights Beaver Cage Con Thien/DMZ Hickory Prairie II Prairie III Prairie IV Buffalo Kentucky Kingfisher Crockett Malheur I and Malheur II Kole Kole Barking Sands Union II Dragnet Akron Billings Concordia The Slopes Hong Kil Dong Diamond Head Coronado Coronado II Hood River Suoi Chau Pha Benton Coronado IV Swift Dragon Fire Wheeler/Wallowa Coronado V Kunia Bolling Medina Shenandoah II Ong Thanh 1st Loc Ninh MacArthur Dak To Osceola Lancaster Coronado IX Neosho Santa Fe Essex Kien Giang 9-1 Napoleon Phoenix Manchester Saratoga Yellowstone Muscatine Badger Tooth Auburn Tet Offensive and aftermath New Year's Day battle of 1968 McLain Khe Sanh Ban Houei Sane Lang Vei Coronado X Tet Offensive Da Nang US Embassy Cholon and Phu Tho Racetrack Tan Son Nhut Air Base Joint General Staff Compound Bien Hoa and Long Binh Hue Quảng Trị Bến Tre Coburg Lo Giang Hop Tac I Coronado XI Houston Patrick Tam Kỳ Truong Cong Dinh Lima Site 85 Quyet Thang My Lai Massacre Walker Carentan Pegasus Cochise Green Toan Thang I Burlington Trail Scotland II Delaware Allen Brook May Offensive Dai Do West Saigon Landing Zone Center An Bao South Saigon Concordia Square Kham Duc Coral–Balmoral Jeb Stuart III Nevada Eagle Mameluke Thrust Toan Thang II Robin Binh An Thor Pocahontas Forest Quyet Chien Somerset Plain Phase III Offensive Duc Lap Champaign Grove Vinh Loc Thượng Đức Maui Peak Henderson Hill Sheridan Sabre Meade River Hat Dich Speedy Express Taylor Common Fayette Canyon Vietnamization 1969–1971 DMZ Campaign (1969–1971) Bold Mariner Dewey Canyon Toan Thang III 2nd Tet Iron Mountain Massachusetts Striker Wayne Grey Purple Martin Ben Het Maine Crag Atlas Wedge Frederick Hill Geneva Park Montana Mauler Oklahoma Hills Washington Green Virginia Ridge Apache Snow Hamburger Hill Lamar Plain Pipestone Canyon Binh Ba Montgomery Rendezvous Utah Mesa Campbell Streamer Idaho Canyon Nantucket Beach Fulton Square LZ Kate Toan Thang IV Randolph Glen Green River Texas Star FSB Ripcord Cambodian campaign Pennsylvania Square Clinch Valley Elk Canyon Pickens Forest Wolfe Mountain Chicago Peak Firebase O'Reilly Chenla I Imperial Lake Jefferson Glenn Tailwind Son Tay Raid Cuu Long 44-02 Toan Thang 1/71 Snuol Lam Son 719 Finney Hill Middlesex Peak FSB Mary Ann Caroline Hill Long Khánh Chenla II Nui Le 1972 Easter Offensive Cambodia and Mekong Delta 1st Quang Trị Loc Ninh An Lộc Mỹ Chánh Line Kontum Thunderhead 2nd Quang Trị The Vinh wiretap Post-Paris Peace Accords (1973–1974) War of the flags Cửa Việt Hồng Ngự Tong Le Chon Trung Nghia Ap Da Bien Quang Duc Tri Phap Svay Rieng Iron Triangle Duc Duc Thượng Đức Phú Lộc Phước Long Spring 1975 Ban Me Thuot Hue–Da Nang Phan Rang Xuân Lộc Fall of Phnom Penh Fall of Saigon Mayaguez incident Air operations Farm Gate Chopper Ranch Hand Pierce Arrow Barrel Roll Pony Express Flaming Dart Iron Hand Rolling Thunder Steel Tiger Arc Light Combat Skyspot Tiger Hound Shed Light Thanh Hoa Bolo Popeye Yen Vien Niagara Igloo White Commando Hunt Giant Lance Menu Patio Freedom Deal Proud Deep Alpha Linebacker I Enhance Plus Linebacker II Homecoming Tan Son Nhut Air Base Babylift New Life Eagle Pull Frequent Wind Naval operations Yankee & Dixie stations Gulf of Tonkin Market Time Vung Ro Bay Game Warden Double Eagle Stable Door PIRAZ Sea Dragon Deckhouse Five Bo De River, Nha Trang, Tha Cau River Sealords Đồng Hới Pocket Money Custom Tailor End Sweep Paracel Islands East Sea Lists of allied operations 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973–74 1975 Operation Wahiawa was an operation conducted by the 25th Infantry Division in Hậu Nghĩa Province, lasting from 16 to 30 May 1966. Prelude U.S. intelligence indicated that the Viet Cong (VC) 1st Battalion, 165A Regiment and its headquarters and supply depots were located in the Filhol Plantation, the Ho Bo Woods and the Boi Loi Woods (now in Binh Duong Province). Operation Men of "B" Company, 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry, search for VC, 20 May 1966 Due to the proximity of the operational area to the 25th Division's Củ Chi Base Camp, Division commander BG Frederick C. Weyand committed the entire division to the operation. The division's sweeps encountered sporadic resistance and uncovered numerous supply caches. Aftermath Operation Wahiawa officially concluded on 30 May, the US had claimed VC losses were 157 killed. References  This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army Center of Military History. ^ a b c d Carland, John (1999). Combat Operations: Stemming the Tide, May 1965 to October 1966. Government Printing Office. p. 343. ISBN 9780160873102.
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Sabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sheridan_Sabre"},{"link_name":"Meade River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Meade_River"},{"link_name":"Hat Dich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hat_Dich"},{"link_name":"Speedy Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Speedy_Express"},{"link_name":"Taylor Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Taylor_Common"},{"link_name":"Fayette Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Fayette_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Vietnamization 1969–1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamization"},{"link_name":"DMZ Campaign (1969–1971)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMZ_Campaign_(1969%E2%80%931971)"},{"link_name":"Bold Mariner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bold_Mariner"},{"link_name":"Dewey Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dewey_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Toan Thang III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Toan_Thang_III"},{"link_name":"2nd Tet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tet_1969"},{"link_name":"Iron Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Iron_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Striker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Massachusetts_Striker"},{"link_name":"Wayne Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Wayne_Grey"},{"link_name":"Purple Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Purple_Martin"},{"link_name":"Ben Het","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ben_Het"},{"link_name":"Maine Crag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Maine_Crag"},{"link_name":"Atlas Wedge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Atlas_Wedge"},{"link_name":"Frederick Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Frederick_Hill"},{"link_name":"Geneva Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Geneva_Park"},{"link_name":"Montana Mauler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Montana_Mauler"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Oklahoma_Hills"},{"link_name":"Washington Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Washington_Green"},{"link_name":"Virginia Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Virginia_Ridge"},{"link_name":"Apache Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Apache_Snow"},{"link_name":"Hamburger Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hamburger_Hill"},{"link_name":"Lamar Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Lamar_Plain"},{"link_name":"Pipestone Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pipestone_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Binh Ba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Binh_Ba"},{"link_name":"Montgomery Rendezvous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Montgomery_Rendezvous"},{"link_name":"Utah Mesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Utah_Mesa"},{"link_name":"Campbell Streamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Campbell_Streamer"},{"link_name":"Idaho Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Idaho_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Nantucket Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Nantucket_Beach"},{"link_name":"Fulton Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Fulton_Square"},{"link_name":"LZ Kate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Zone_Kate#History"},{"link_name":"Toan Thang IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Toan_Thang_IV"},{"link_name":"Randolph Glen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Randolph_Glen"},{"link_name":"Green River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Green_River"},{"link_name":"Texas Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Texas_Star"},{"link_name":"FSB Ripcord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fire_Support_Base_Ripcord"},{"link_name":"Cambodian campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodian_campaign"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pennsylvania_Square"},{"link_name":"Clinch Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Clinch_Valley"},{"link_name":"Elk Canyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Elk_Canyon"},{"link_name":"Pickens Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pickens_Forest"},{"link_name":"Wolfe Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Wolfe_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Chicago Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Chicago_Peak"},{"link_name":"Firebase O'Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firebase_O%27Reilly"},{"link_name":"Chenla I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Chenla_I"},{"link_name":"Imperial Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Imperial_Lake"},{"link_name":"Jefferson Glenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Jefferson_Glenn"},{"link_name":"Tailwind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tailwind"},{"link_name":"Son Tay Raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Cuu Long 44-02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Cuu_Long_44-02"},{"link_name":"Toan Thang 1/71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Toan_Thang_1/71"},{"link_name":"Snuol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Snuol"},{"link_name":"Lam Son 719","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Lam_Son_719"},{"link_name":"Finney Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Finney_Hill"},{"link_name":"Middlesex Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Middlesex_Peak"},{"link_name":"FSB Mary Ann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_FSB_Mary_Ann"},{"link_name":"Caroline Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Caroline_Hill"},{"link_name":"Long Khánh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Kh%C3%A1nh"},{"link_name":"Chenla II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Chenla_II"},{"link_name":"Nui Le","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nui_Le"},{"link_name":"Easter Offensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Offensive"},{"link_name":"Cambodia and Mekong Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Offensive_in_southern_Cambodia_and_the_Mekong_Delta"},{"link_name":"1st Quang Trị","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Tr%E1%BB%8B"},{"link_name":"Loc Ninh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Loc_Ninh"},{"link_name":"An Lộc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_An_L%E1%BB%99c"},{"link_name":"Mỹ Chánh Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_M%E1%BB%B9_Ch%C3%A1nh_Line"},{"link_name":"Kontum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kontum"},{"link_name":"Thunderhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Thunderhead"},{"link_name":"2nd Quang Trị","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Tr%E1%BB%8B"},{"link_name":"The Vinh wiretap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vinh_wiretap"},{"link_name":"Paris Peace Accords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords"},{"link_name":"War of the flags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_flags"},{"link_name":"Cửa Việt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_C%E1%BB%ADa_Vi%E1%BB%87t"},{"link_name":"Hồng Ngự","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_H%E1%BB%93ng_Ng%E1%BB%B1"},{"link_name":"Tong Le Chon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tong_Le_Chon"},{"link_name":"Trung Nghia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trung_Nghia"},{"link_name":"Ap Da Bien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ap_Da_Bien"},{"link_name":"Quang Duc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Quang_Duc"},{"link_name":"Tri Phap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tri_Phap"},{"link_name":"Svay Rieng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Svay_Rieng"},{"link_name":"Iron Triangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Iron_Triangle"},{"link_name":"Duc Duc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Duc_Duc"},{"link_name":"Thượng Đức","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_(1974)"},{"link_name":"Phú Lộc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ph%C3%BA_L%E1%BB%99c"},{"link_name":"Phước Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Long"},{"link_name":"Spring 1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_spring_offensive"},{"link_name":"Ban Me Thuot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ban_Me_Thuot"},{"link_name":"Hue–Da Nang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hue%E2%80%93Da_Nang_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Phan Rang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phan_Rang_Air_Base#Capture_of_Phan_Rang_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Xuân Lộc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Xu%C3%A2n_L%E1%BB%99c"},{"link_name":"Fall of Phnom Penh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Phnom_Penh"},{"link_name":"Fall of Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon"},{"link_name":"Mayaguez incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayaguez_incident"},{"link_name":"Air operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_warfare#Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Farm Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Farm_Gate"},{"link_name":"Chopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Chopper_(Vietnam)"},{"link_name":"Ranch Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ranch_Hand"},{"link_name":"Pierce Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pierce_Arrow"},{"link_name":"Barrel Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Barrel_Roll"},{"link_name":"Pony Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pony_Express"},{"link_name":"Flaming Dart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Flaming_Dart"},{"link_name":"Iron Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Iron_Hand"},{"link_name":"Rolling Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Rolling_Thunder"},{"link_name":"Steel Tiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Steel_Tiger"},{"link_name":"Arc Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Arc_Light"},{"link_name":"Combat Skyspot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Skyspot"},{"link_name":"Tiger Hound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tiger_Hound"},{"link_name":"Shed Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Shed_Light"},{"link_name":"Thanh Hoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanh_H%C3%B3a_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Bolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bolo"},{"link_name":"Popeye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Popeye"},{"link_name":"Yen Vien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_23_August_1967"},{"link_name":"Niagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Niagara"},{"link_name":"Igloo White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Igloo_White"},{"link_name":"Commando Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Commando_Hunt"},{"link_name":"Giant Lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Giant_Lance"},{"link_name":"Menu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Menu"},{"link_name":"Patio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Patio"},{"link_name":"Freedom Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Freedom_Deal"},{"link_name":"Proud Deep Alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Proud_Deep_Alpha"},{"link_name":"Linebacker I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Linebacker"},{"link_name":"Enhance Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Enhance_Plus"},{"link_name":"Linebacker II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Linebacker_II"},{"link_name":"Homecoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Homecoming"},{"link_name":"Tan Son Nhut Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Tan_Son_Nhut_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Babylift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Babylift"},{"link_name":"New Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_New_Life"},{"link_name":"Eagle Pull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Eagle_Pull"},{"link_name":"Frequent Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Frequent_Wind"},{"link_name":"Naval operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_warfare"},{"link_name":"Yankee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankee_Station"},{"link_name":"Dixie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Station"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Tonkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident"},{"link_name":"Market Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Market_Time"},{"link_name":"Vung Ro Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%A9ng_R%C3%B4_Bay_incident"},{"link_name":"Game Warden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Game_Warden"},{"link_name":"Double Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Double_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Stable Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Stable_Door"},{"link_name":"PIRAZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIRAZ"},{"link_name":"Sea Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sea_Dragon_(Vietnam_War)"},{"link_name":"Deckhouse Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Deckhouse_Five"},{"link_name":"Bo De River, Nha Trang, Tha Cau River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_1_March_1968"},{"link_name":"Sealords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Sealords"},{"link_name":"Đồng Hới","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_H%E1%BB%9Bi"},{"link_name":"Pocket Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Pocket_Money"},{"link_name":"Custom Tailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Custom_Tailor"},{"link_name":"End Sweep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_End_Sweep"},{"link_name":"Paracel Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Paracel_Islands"},{"link_name":"East Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Sea_Campaign"},{"link_name":"Lists of allied operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1964)"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1965)"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1966)"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1967)"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1968)"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1969)"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1970)"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1971)"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1972)"},{"link_name":"1973–74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1973%E2%80%9374)"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_allied_military_operations_of_the_Vietnam_War_(1975)"},{"link_name":"25th Infantry Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/25th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)#Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Hậu Nghĩa Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BA%ADu_Ngh%C4%A9a_Province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carland-1"}],"text":"Operation WahiawaPart of Vietnam WarUH-1D helicopters airlift members of the 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry Regiment from the Filhol Rubber Plantation during the operationDate16–30 May 1966LocationHậu Nghĩa Province (now in Binh Duong Province), South VietnamResult\nU.S. claims operational successBelligerents\n United States\n Viet CongCommanders and leaders\nMGen Frederick C. Weyand\nUnits involved\n25th Infantry Division\n1st Battalion, 165A RegimentCasualties and losses\n\nUS body count: 157 killedvteMilitary engagements during the Vietnam WarGuerrilla phase\nLaos\nBiên Hòa\nĐồng Khởi\nChopper\nPalace Bombing\nSunrise\nShufly\nẤp Bắc\nGo Cong\nHiep Hoa\n34A\nLong Dinh\nKien Long\nQuyet Thang 202\nUSNS Card\nNam Dong\nAn Lao\nBinh Gia\nCamp Holloway\nDương Liễu – Nhông Pass\nQui Nhơn\nKa Nak\nSông Bé\nBa Gia\nDong Xoai\nAmerican intervention\n1965\n\nStarlite\nPiranha\nAn Ninh\nPlei Me\nHump\nGang Toi\n1st Bau Bang\nIa Drang\nBushmaster II\nHarvest Moon\n1966\n\nMarauder\nCrimp\nVan Buren\nMasher/White Wing\nDouble Eagle\nMastiff\nSuoi Bong Trang\nNew York\nHarrison\nCocoa Beach\nUtah\nSilver City\nA Sau\nOregon\nTexas\nLincoln\nFillmore\nJackstay\nBuddhist Uprising\nXa Cam My\nGeorgia\nBirmingham\nDavy Crockett\nAustin IV\nPaul Revere\nCrazy Horse\nEl Paso\nHardihood\nWahiawa\nLam Son II\nHawthorne\nHill 488\nNathan Hale\nJay\nMacon\nHastings\nMinh Thanh Road\nJohn Paul Jones\nPrairie\nColorado\nDuc Co\nLong Tan\nSS Baton Rouge Victory\nAmarillo\nByrd\nSunset Beach\nSeward\nThayer, Irving and Thayer II\nAttleboro\nDeckhouse IV\nShenandoah\nAtlanta\nPaul Revere IV\nGeronimo\nTan Son Nhut airbase\nFairfax\nFirebase Bird\n1967\n\nDeckhouse V\nCedar Falls\nDesoto\nGadsden\nSam Houston\nPershing\nEnterprise\nTra Binh Dong\nBribie\nJunction City (1st Prek Klok\n2nd Prek Klok\nAp Gu\nSuoi Tre\n2nd Bàu Bàng)\nFrancis Marion\nLejeune\nUnion\nBaker\nManhattan\nThe Hill Fights\nBeaver Cage\nCon Thien/DMZ\nHickory\nPrairie II\nPrairie III\nPrairie IV\nBuffalo\nKentucky\nKingfisher\nCrockett\nMalheur I and Malheur II\nKole Kole\nBarking Sands\nUnion II\nDragnet\nAkron\nBillings\nConcordia\nThe Slopes\nHong Kil Dong\nDiamond Head\nCoronado\nCoronado II\nHood River\nSuoi Chau Pha\nBenton\nCoronado IV\nSwift\nDragon Fire\nWheeler/Wallowa\nCoronado V\nKunia\nBolling\nMedina\nShenandoah II\nOng Thanh\n1st Loc Ninh\nMacArthur\nDak To\nOsceola\nLancaster\nCoronado IX\nNeosho\nSanta Fe\nEssex\nKien Giang 9-1\nNapoleon\nPhoenix\nManchester\nSaratoga\nYellowstone\nMuscatine\nBadger Tooth\nAuburn\nTet Offensive and aftermath\n\nNew Year's Day battle of 1968\nMcLain\nKhe Sanh\nBan Houei Sane\nLang Vei\nCoronado X\nTet Offensive\nDa Nang\nUS Embassy\nCholon and Phu Tho Racetrack\nTan Son Nhut Air Base\nJoint General Staff Compound\nBien Hoa and Long Binh\nHue\nQuảng Trị\nBến Tre\nCoburg\nLo Giang\nHop Tac I\nCoronado XI\nHouston\nPatrick\nTam Kỳ\nTruong Cong Dinh\nLima Site 85\nQuyet Thang\nMy Lai Massacre\nWalker\nCarentan\nPegasus\nCochise Green\nToan Thang I\nBurlington Trail\nScotland II\nDelaware\nAllen Brook\nMay Offensive\nDai Do\nWest Saigon\nLanding Zone Center\nAn Bao\nSouth Saigon\nConcordia Square\nKham Duc\nCoral–Balmoral\nJeb Stuart III\nNevada Eagle\nMameluke Thrust\nToan Thang II\nRobin\nBinh An\nThor\nPocahontas Forest\nQuyet Chien\nSomerset Plain\nPhase III Offensive\nDuc Lap\nChampaign Grove\nVinh Loc\nThượng Đức\nMaui Peak\nHenderson Hill\nSheridan Sabre\nMeade River\nHat Dich\nSpeedy Express\nTaylor Common\nFayette Canyon\nVietnamization 1969–1971\n\nDMZ Campaign (1969–1971)\nBold Mariner\nDewey Canyon\nToan Thang III\n2nd Tet\nIron Mountain\nMassachusetts Striker\nWayne Grey\nPurple Martin\nBen Het\nMaine Crag\nAtlas Wedge\nFrederick Hill\nGeneva Park\nMontana Mauler\nOklahoma Hills\nWashington Green\nVirginia Ridge\nApache Snow\nHamburger Hill\nLamar Plain\nPipestone Canyon\nBinh Ba\nMontgomery Rendezvous\nUtah Mesa\nCampbell Streamer\nIdaho Canyon\nNantucket Beach\nFulton Square\nLZ Kate\nToan Thang IV\nRandolph Glen\nGreen River\nTexas Star\nFSB Ripcord\nCambodian campaign\nPennsylvania Square\nClinch Valley\nElk Canyon\nPickens Forest\nWolfe Mountain\nChicago Peak\nFirebase O'Reilly\nChenla I\nImperial Lake\nJefferson Glenn\nTailwind\nSon Tay Raid\nCuu Long 44-02\nToan Thang 1/71\nSnuol\nLam Son 719\nFinney Hill\nMiddlesex Peak\nFSB Mary Ann\nCaroline Hill\nLong Khánh\nChenla II\nNui Le\n1972\n\nEaster Offensive\nCambodia and Mekong Delta\n1st Quang Trị\nLoc Ninh\nAn Lộc\nMỹ Chánh Line\nKontum\nThunderhead\n2nd Quang Trị\nThe Vinh wiretap\nPost-Paris Peace Accords (1973–1974)\n\nWar of the flags\nCửa Việt\nHồng Ngự\nTong Le Chon\nTrung Nghia\nAp Da Bien\nQuang Duc\nTri Phap\nSvay Rieng\nIron Triangle\nDuc Duc\nThượng Đức\nPhú Lộc\nPhước Long\nSpring 1975\n\nBan Me Thuot\nHue–Da Nang\nPhan Rang\nXuân Lộc\nFall of Phnom Penh\nFall of Saigon\nMayaguez incident\nAir operations\n\nFarm Gate\nChopper\nRanch Hand\nPierce Arrow\nBarrel Roll\nPony Express\nFlaming Dart\nIron Hand\nRolling Thunder\nSteel Tiger\nArc Light\nCombat Skyspot\nTiger Hound\nShed Light\nThanh Hoa\nBolo\nPopeye\nYen Vien\nNiagara\nIgloo White\nCommando Hunt\nGiant Lance\nMenu\nPatio\nFreedom Deal\nProud Deep Alpha\nLinebacker I\nEnhance Plus\nLinebacker II\nHomecoming\nTan Son Nhut Air Base\nBabylift\nNew Life\nEagle Pull\nFrequent Wind\nNaval operations\n\nYankee & Dixie stations\nGulf of Tonkin\nMarket Time\nVung Ro Bay\nGame Warden\nDouble Eagle\nStable Door\nPIRAZ\nSea Dragon\nDeckhouse Five\nBo De River, Nha Trang, Tha Cau River\nSealords\nĐồng Hới\nPocket Money\nCustom Tailor\nEnd Sweep\nParacel Islands\nEast Sea\nLists of allied operations\n\n1964\n1965\n1966\n1967\n1968\n1969\n1970\n1971\n1972\n1973–74\n1975Operation Wahiawa was an operation conducted by the 25th Infantry Division in Hậu Nghĩa Province, lasting from 16 to 30 May 1966.[1]","title":"Operation Wahiawa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Viet Cong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viet_Cong"},{"link_name":"Ho Bo Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Bo_Woods"},{"link_name":"Boi Loi Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boi_Loi_Woods"},{"link_name":"Binh Duong Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binh_Duong_Province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carland-1"}],"text":"U.S. intelligence indicated that the Viet Cong (VC) 1st Battalion, 165A Regiment and its headquarters and supply depots were located in the Filhol Plantation, the Ho Bo Woods and the Boi Loi Woods (now in Binh Duong Province).[1]","title":"Prelude"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Operation_Wahiawa,_20_May_1966.jpg"},{"link_name":"Củ Chi Base Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%A7_Chi_Base_Camp"},{"link_name":"Frederick C. Weyand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_C._Weyand"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carland-1"}],"text":"Men of \"B\" Company, 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry, search for VC, 20 May 1966Due to the proximity of the operational area to the 25th Division's Củ Chi Base Camp, Division commander BG Frederick C. Weyand committed the entire division to the operation. The division's sweeps encountered sporadic resistance and uncovered numerous supply caches.[1]","title":"Operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carland-1"}],"text":"Operation Wahiawa officially concluded on 30 May, the US had claimed VC losses were 157 killed.[1]","title":"Aftermath"}]
[{"image_text":"Men of \"B\" Company, 2nd Battalion, 14th Infantry, search for VC, 20 May 1966","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Operation_Wahiawa%2C_20_May_1966.jpg/220px-Operation_Wahiawa%2C_20_May_1966.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Carland, John (1999). Combat Operations: Stemming the Tide, May 1965 to October 1966. Government Printing Office. p. 343. ISBN 9780160873102.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780160873102","url_text":"9780160873102"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://history.army.mil/sec-priv.htm","external_links_name":"public domain material"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hecates_Tholus
Hecates Tholus
["1 Origin of name","2 Observation history","3 Formation","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 32°07′N 150°14′E / 32.12°N 150.24°E / 32.12; 150.24Martian volcano Hecates Tholus2001 Mars Odyssey THEMIS daytime infrared image mosaicCoordinates32°07′N 150°14′E / 32.12°N 150.24°E / 32.12; 150.24EponymHecate Hecates Tholus is a Martian volcano, notable for results from the European Space Agency's Mars Express mission which indicate a major eruption took place 350 million years ago. The eruption created a caldera 10 km in diameter on the volcano's western flank. The volcano is at location 32.12°N 150.24°E, in the volcanic province Elysium, and has a diameter of 182 km. It is the northernmost of the Elysium volcanoes; the others are Elysium Mons and Albor Tholus. Hecates Tholus is in the Cebrenia quadrangle. Origin of name In planetary nomenclature, a "tholus" is a "small domical mountain or hill". Hecates is named after Hecate, the goddess of the ghost-world, nightly events, and sorcery. Observation history Hecates Tholus was first named in 1973. In 2004, ESA's High Resolution Stereo Camera and NASA's Thermal Emission Imaging System both took pictures of the region from orbit. These observations showed that this region was more complex than previously assumed, and multiple papers were published using the new data. Formation The eruption which formed the caldera of Hecates Tholus took place 350 million years ago. However, the volcano itself dates back to the Hesperian period of Mars' history, and is at least 3.8 billion years old. Volcanic activity lasted until at least 335 million years ago, and potentially as recent as 100 million years ago. There are at least 5 concentric calderas at the summit; there is some disagreement about the ages of the calderas, most notably the fourth and fifth calderas for which age estimations differ by a factor of ten when one chooses whether or not to factor external lava flows into the age estimation process. It has been suggested that glacial deposits later partly filled the caldera and an adjacent depression. Crater counts indicate this happened as recently as 5 to 20 million years ago, and potentially as recently as 440,000 years ago. Glacial events have been occurring since as far back as 1.4 billion years ago. The valleys of Hecates Tholus are expected to have been formed by meltwater from these glaciers. However climate models show that ice is not stable at Hecates Tholus today, pointing to climate change since the glaciers were active. It has been shown that the age of the glaciers correspond to a period of increased obliquity of Mars' rotational axis. The western flank is expected to have been resurfaced in the Late Amazonian period, due to its lack of craters relative to the rest of the volcano. While craters are useful in dating Martian volcanos, it has proven difficult to apply this method too Hecates Tholus. Gallery Hecates Tholus topography. Hecates Tholus ridges, as seen by HiRISE. Ridges are to the west-northwest of Hecates Tholus. It has been proposed that this region was affected by a volcanic eruption that occurred under a 200 meter-thick ice sheet. Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera image. See also Climate of Mars Geography of Mars Geology of Mars HiRISE List of mountains on Mars by height Volcanoes on Mars Volcanology of Mars References ^ a b Brož, Petr; Bernhardt, Hannes; Conway, Susan J.; Parekh, Rutu (2021-01-01). "An overview of explosive volcanism on Mars". Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 409: 107125. Bibcode:2021JVGR..40907125B. doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2020.107125. ISSN 0377-0273. ^ "Elysium Mons Volcanic Region". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Retrieved 2021-02-26. ^ Blunck, J. 1982. Mars and its Satellites. Exposition Press. Smithtown, N.Y. ^ "Hecates Tholus". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. October 1, 2006. Retrieved June 14, 2021. ^ "Hecates Tholus volcano in 3D". www.esa.int. Retrieved 2021-06-14. ^ a b "Hecate Tholus". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Retrieved 2021-06-14. ^ Mouginis-Mark, Peter J.; Christensen, Philip R. (2005). "New observations of volcanic features on Mars from the THEMIS instrument". Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets. 110 (E8). Bibcode:2005JGRE..110.8007M. doi:10.1029/2005JE002421. ISSN 2156-2202. ^ a b c d Huber, Ernst; et al. (17 March 2005). "Discovery of a flank caldera and very young glacial activity at Hecates Tholus". Nature. 434 (7031): 356–361. Bibcode:2005Natur.434..356H. doi:10.1038/nature03423. PMID 15772654. S2CID 4427179. ^ Fassett, C. I.; Head, J. W. (December 2006). "Hesperian-aged Valleys on Martian Volcanoes: Snowmelt, Drainage, and Erosion on Ceraunius Tholus". AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. 2006: P13D–03. Bibcode:2006AGUFM.P13D..03F. ^ a b c De Pablo, M.A.; Michael, G.G.; Centeno, J.D. (2013-09-01). "Age and evolution of the lower NW flank of the Hecates Tholus volcano, Mars, based on crater size–frequency distribution on CTX images". Icarus. 226 (1): 455–469. Bibcode:2013Icar..226..455D. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2013.05.012. ISSN 0019-1035. ^ a b Robbins, Stuart J.; Achille, Gaetano Di; Hynek, Brian M. (2011-02-01). "The volcanic history of Mars: High-resolution crater-based studies of the calderas of 20 volcanoes". Icarus. 211 (2): 1179–1203. Bibcode:2011Icar..211.1179R. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.11.012. ISSN 0019-1035. ^ Fassett, Caleb I.; Head, Iii, James W. (2006-04-01). "Valleys on Hecates Tholus, Mars: origin by basal melting of summit snowpack". Planetary and Space Science. 54 (4): 370–378. Bibcode:2006P&SS...54..370F. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2005.12.011. ISSN 0032-0633. ^ Mougins-Mark, P., L. Wilson. 2016. Possible sub-glacial eruptions in the Galaxias Quadrangle, Mars. 267, 68-85. External links Google Mars - zoomable map centered on Hecates Tholus "Hecates Tholus". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program. 3-D view of Hecates Tholus from Mars Express Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hecates Tholus. vteMarsOutline of MarsGeographyAtmosphere Circulation Climate Dust devil tracks Methane Regions Arabia Terra Cerberus (Mars) Cydonia Eridania Lake Iani Chaos Olympia Undae Planum Australe Planum Boreum Quadrangles Sinus Meridiani Tempe Terra Terra Cimmeria Terra Sabaea Tharsis Undae Ultimi Scopuli Vastitas Borealis Physicalfeatures "Canals" (list) Canyons Catenae Chaos terrain Craters Fossae Gullies Mensae Labyrinthi Mountains by height Observed rocks Outflow channels Plains Valley network Valleys Gravity Geology Brain terrain Carbonates Chaos terrain Color Composition Concentric crater fill Dark slope streak Dichotomy Fretted terrain Geysers Glaciers Groundwater Gullies Lakes Lava tubes Lobate debris apron Marsquake Meteorites on Earth on Mars Mud cracks North Polar Basin Ocean hypothesis Ore resources Polar caps polar wander Recurring slope lineae (RSL) Ring mold craters Rootless cones Seasonal flows Soil Spherules Surface "Swiss cheese" feature Terrain softening Tharsis bulge Volcanism Water Yardangs History Amazonian Hesperian Noachian Observation history Classical albedo features AstronomyMoons Phobos Stickney crater Monolith Deimos Swift crater Voltaire crater Transits Solar eclipses on Mars Satellite transits Phobos Deimos Planetary transits Earth Mercury Asteroids Impacts Mars-crossers 2007 WD5 Trojans 5261 Eureka 1998 VF31 1999 UJ7 2007 NS2 Comets C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) General Orbit ExplorationConcepts Flyby Orbiter Landing Rover Sample return Human mission Permanent settlement Colonization Terraforming Missions List of missions to Mars Advocacy The Mars Project The Case for Mars Inspiration Mars Foundation Mars Institute Mars Society Mars race Related Artificial objects on Mars Memorials on Mars Fiction List of films set on Mars Martian scientist Mythology Flag of Mars Life on Mars Sub-Earth Timekeeping on Mars Sol (day on Mars) Darian calendar   Category   Solar System portal Portal: Solar System
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"link_name":"volcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano"},{"link_name":"European Space Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency"},{"link_name":"Mars Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express"},{"link_name":"caldera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caldera"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"Elysium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elysium_(volcanic_province)"},{"link_name":"Elysium Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elysium_Mons"},{"link_name":"Albor Tholus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albor_Tholus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Cebrenia quadrangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebrenia_quadrangle"}],"text":"Martian volcanoHecates Tholus is a Martian volcano, notable for results from the European Space Agency's Mars Express mission which indicate a major eruption took place 350 million years ago. The eruption created a caldera 10 km in diameter on the volcano's western flank.[1]The volcano is at location 32.12°N 150.24°E, in the volcanic province Elysium, and has a diameter of 182 km. It is the northernmost of the Elysium volcanoes; the others are Elysium Mons and Albor Tholus.[2] Hecates Tholus is in the Cebrenia quadrangle.","title":"Hecates Tholus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"planetary nomenclature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_nomenclature"},{"link_name":"tholus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tholus"},{"link_name":"Hecate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hecate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In planetary nomenclature, a \"tholus\" is a \"small domical mountain or hill\". Hecates is named after Hecate, the goddess of the ghost-world, nightly events, and sorcery.[3]","title":"Origin of name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"High Resolution Stereo Camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Resolution_Stereo_Camera"},{"link_name":"Thermal Emission Imaging System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_Emission_Imaging_System"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"text":"Hecates Tholus was first named in 1973.[4] In 2004, ESA's High Resolution Stereo Camera and NASA's Thermal Emission Imaging System both took pictures of the region from orbit.[5][6] These observations showed that this region was more complex than previously assumed, and multiple papers were published using the new data.[7][6][8]","title":"Observation history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Hesperian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperian"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"obliquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obliquity"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Late Amazonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazonian_(Mars)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"}],"text":"The eruption which formed the caldera of Hecates Tholus took place 350 million years ago.[8] However, the volcano itself dates back to the Hesperian period of Mars' history,[9] and is at least 3.8 billion years old.[10] Volcanic activity lasted until at least 335 million years ago,[10] and potentially as recent as 100 million years ago. There are at least 5 concentric calderas at the summit; there is some disagreement about the ages of the calderas, most notably the fourth and fifth calderas for which age estimations differ by a factor of ten when one chooses whether or not to factor external lava flows into the age estimation process.[11]It has been suggested that glacial deposits later partly filled the caldera and an adjacent depression. Crater counts indicate this happened as recently as 5 to 20 million years ago,[8] and potentially as recently as 440,000 years ago. Glacial events have been occurring since as far back as 1.4 billion years ago.[10] The valleys of Hecates Tholus are expected to have been formed by meltwater from these glaciers.[12] However climate models show that ice is not stable at Hecates Tholus today, pointing to climate change since the glaciers were active. It has been shown that the age of the glaciers correspond to a period of increased obliquity of Mars' rotational axis.[8]The western flank is expected to have been resurfaced in the Late Amazonian period, due to its lack of craters relative to the rest of the volcano.[1] While craters are useful in dating Martian volcanos, it has proven difficult to apply this method too Hecates Tholus.[11]","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MOLA_hecates_tholus.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hecates_Tholus_Ridges.JPG"},{"link_name":"HiRISE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HiRISE"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hecates_Tholus.gif"},{"link_name":"Mars Global Surveyor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor"},{"link_name":"Mars Orbiter Camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Orbiter_Camera"}],"text":"Hecates Tholus topography.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHecates Tholus ridges, as seen by HiRISE. Ridges are to the west-northwest of Hecates Tholus. It has been proposed that this region was affected by a volcanic eruption that occurred under a 200 meter-thick ice sheet.[13]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera image.","title":"Gallery"}]
[]
[{"title":"Climate of Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Mars"},{"title":"Geography of Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Mars"},{"title":"Geology of Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Mars"},{"title":"HiRISE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HiRISE"},{"title":"List of mountains on Mars by height","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_Mars_by_height"},{"title":"Volcanoes on Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanoes_on_Mars"},{"title":"Volcanology of Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanology_of_Mars"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election_Day_(1929_film)
Election Day (1929 film)
["1 Cast","1.1 The Gang","1.2 Additional cast","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
1929 film Election DayTitle cardDirected byAnthony MackWritten byAnthony MackH. M. WalkerProduced byRobert F. McGowanHal RoachStarringJoe CobbJackie CondonAllen HoskinsMary Ann JacksonBobby HutchinsJay R. SmithHarry SpearPete the PupCinematographyArt LloydEdited byRichard C. CurrierDistributed byMetro-Goldwyn-MayerRelease date January 12, 1929 (1929-01-12) Running time20:02CountryUnited StatesLanguagesSilentEnglish intertitles Election Day is a 1929 Our Gang short silent comedy film directed by Anthony Mack. It was the 81st Our Gang short to be released. Cast The Gang Joe Cobb as Joe Cobb Jackie Condon as Jackie Allen Hoskins as Farina Bobby Hutchins as Wheezer Mary Ann Jackson as Mary Ann Jay R. Smith as Jay R. Harry Spear as Harry Paralee Coleman as Pleurisy Pete the Pup as himself Additional cast Louise Beavers as Farina's mother Ed Brandenburg as man who slips on banana / Gangster Baldwin Cooke as Gangster Dick Gilbert as Gangster Jack Hill as Gangster Ham Kinsey as man about town Gene Morgan as Officer Clarence Muse as Farina's father Retta Palmer as Lady in town See also Our Gang filmography References ^ "Silent Era: Election Day". silentera. Retrieved September 14, 2008. ^ Genzlinger, Neil (2011). "New York Times: Election Day". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved September 14, 2008. ^ Maltin, Leonard; Bann, Richard W. (1977). Our Gang: The Life and Times of the Little Rascals. Crown Publishers. pp. 92–93. ISBN 978-0-517-52675-0. Retrieved March 3, 2024. External links Election Day at IMDb This article about a silent comedy film from the 1920s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a short silent comedy film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Our Gang filmography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Gang_filmography"}]
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