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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donal_Creed
|
Donal Creed
|
["1 Political career","2 References"]
|
Irish politician (1924–2017)
Donal CreedMinister of State1982–1986Education1981–1982Environment1981HealthTeachta DálaIn officeJune 1981 – June 1989ConstituencyCork North-WestIn officeApril 1965 – June 1981ConstituencyCork MidMember of the European ParliamentIn officeMay 1973 – June 1977ConstituencyOireachtas Delegation
Personal detailsBorn(1924-09-07)7 September 1924Cork, IrelandDied23 November 2017(2017-11-23) (aged 93)Macroom, County Cork, IrelandPolitical partyFine GaelSpouse
Madeleine Kelleher (m. 1955)Children8, including Michael
Donal John Creed (7 September 1924 – 23 November 2017) was an Irish Fine Gael politician who served as a Minister of State from June 1981 to February 1982 and from December 1982 to February 1986. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) from 1965 to 1989. He was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for the Oireachtas from 1973 to 1977.
Political career
He first stood for Dáil Éireann at a by-election in March 1965 for the Cork Mid constituency, following the death of the Labour Party TD Dan Desmond. The by-election was won by Desmond's widow Eileen, but at the 1965 general election in April that year Creed won the fourth seat in the four-seat constituency.
Creed was re-elected at seven further general elections, moving in 1981 to the new Cork North-West constituency when Cork Mid was abolished in boundary changes. From 1973 to 1977, he served as one of Ireland's first Members of the European Parliament (MEP), before MEPs were directly elected. Creed served on three of the European Parliament's committees: Agriculture, Public Health and the Environment, Regional Policy and Transport. He was also Chair of Cork County Council from 1978 to 1979.
In Garret FitzGerald's first coalition government, Creed was appointed as Minister of State at the Department of Health from June to November 1981, and then as Minister of State at the Department of the Environment from November 1981 until the government was defeated in a budget vote in January 1982. Fianna Fáil was returned to power at the resulting February 1982 general election, but that government also was short-lived. When FitzGerald formed a second coalition government after another general election in November 1982, Creed was appointed Minister of State at the Department of Education on 16 December 1982. He held that post until he was dismissed from office as part of a reshuffle in February 1986.
He served as Chair of the Fine Gael parliamentary party from 1987 to 1989. He stepped down from the Dáil at the 1989 general election, when his son Michael Creed held the seat for Fine Gael.
References
^ a b "Donal Creed". Oireachtas Members Database. Archived from the original on 8 November 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2008.
^ a b "Cork Mid by-election, 10 March 1965". ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from the original on 14 February 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2008.
^ "Donal Creed". ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from the original on 16 June 2007. Retrieved 1 January 2008.
^ "Irish MEPs: 1973-1979". European Parliament information office in Ireland. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
^ "History of the Mayor". Cork County Council. Archived from the original on 18 December 2007. Retrieved 1 January 2008.
^ "Appointment of Ministers of State – Dáil Éireann (24th Dáil)". Houses of the Oireachtas. 16 December 1982. Archived from the original on 5 November 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
^ "Announcement by Taoiseach – Dáil Éireann (24th Dáil)". Houses of the Oireachtas. 18 February 1986. Archived from the original on 5 November 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
^ "History of Government: Twenty-Fourth Dáil". Department of the Taoiseach. Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 1 January 2008.
^ "Michael Creed". ElectionsIreland.org. Archived from the original on 4 September 2007. Retrieved 1 January 2008.
Party political offices
Preceded byKieran Crotty
Chair of the Fine Gael parliamentary party 1987–1989
Succeeded byTom Enright
vte « 1973 « MEPs for Ireland (1973–1977) » 1977–1979 »
Donal Creed (FG)
Thomas Dunne (FG)
Jim Gibbons (FF)
Michael Herbert (FF)
Liam Kavanagh (LAB)
Brian Lenihan (FF)
Gerry L'Estrange (FG)
Charles McDonald (FG)
Tom Nolan (FF)
Michael Yeats (FF)
vteTeachtaí Dála (TDs) for the Cork Mid constituencyThis table is transcluded from Cork Mid (Dáil constituency). (edit | history)
Dáil
Election
Deputy(Party)
Deputy(Party)
Deputy(Party)
Deputy(Party)
Deputy(Party)
17th
1961
Dan Desmond(Lab)
Seán McCarthy(FF)
Con Meaney(FF)
Denis J. O'Sullivan(FG)
4 seats1961–1977
1965 by-election
Eileen Desmond(Lab)
18th
1965
Flor Crowley(FF)
Thomas Meaney(FF)
Donal Creed(FG)
19th
1969
Philip Burton(FG)
Paddy Forde(FF)
1972 by-election
Gene Fitzgerald(FF)
20th
1973
Eileen Desmond(Lab)
21st
1977
Barry Cogan(FF)
22nd
1981
Constituency abolished. See Cork North-Central and Cork South-Central
vteTeachtaí Dála (TDs) for the Cork North-West constituencyThis table is transcluded from Cork North-West (Dáil constituency). (edit | history)
Dáil
Election
Deputy(Party)
Deputy(Party)
Deputy(Party)
22nd
1981
Thomas Meaney(FF)
Frank Crowley(FG)
Donal Creed(FG)
23rd
1982 (Feb)
24th
1982 (Nov)
Donal Moynihan(FF)
25th
1987
26th
1989
Laurence Kelly(FF)
Michael Creed(FG)
27th
1992
Donal Moynihan(FF)
28th
1997
Michael Moynihan(FF)
29th
2002
Gerard Murphy(FG)
30th
2007
Batt O'Keeffe(FF)
Michael Creed(FG)
31st
2011
Áine Collins(FG)
32nd
2016
Aindrias Moynihan(FF)
33rd
2020
|
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From 1973 to 1977, he served as one of Ireland's first Members of the European Parliament (MEP), before MEPs were directly elected. Creed served on three of the European Parliament's committees: Agriculture, Public Health and the Environment, Regional Policy and Transport.[4] He was also Chair of Cork County Council from 1978 to 1979.[5]In Garret FitzGerald's first coalition government, Creed was appointed as Minister of State at the Department of Health from June to November 1981, and then as Minister of State at the Department of the Environment from November 1981 until the government was defeated in a budget vote in January 1982. Fianna Fáil was returned to power at the resulting February 1982 general election, but that government also was short-lived. When FitzGerald formed a second coalition government after another general election in November 1982, Creed was appointed Minister of State at the Department of Education on 16 December 1982.[6] He held that post until he was dismissed from office as part of a reshuffle in February 1986.[7][8]He served as Chair of the Fine Gael parliamentary party from 1987 to 1989. He stepped down from the Dáil at the 1989 general election,[1] when his son Michael Creed held the seat for Fine Gael.[9]","title":"Political career"}]
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[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_College_Football_All-America_Team
|
2018 College Football All-America Team
|
["1 Offense","1.1 Quarterback","1.2 Running back","1.3 Wide receiver","1.4 Tight end","1.5 Offensive line","2 Defense","2.1 Defensive line","2.2 Linebacker","2.3 Defensive back","3 Special teams","3.1 Kicker","3.2 Punter","3.3 All-purpose / return specialist","4 See also","5 Footnotes","6 References"]
|
Official list of the best college football players of 2018
2018 College Football All-America Team
College Football All-America Team
2018 NCAA Division I FBS football season
← 2017 2019 →
The 2018 College Football All-America Team includes those players of American college football who have been honored by various selector organizations as the best players at their respective positions. The selector organizations award the "All-America" honor annually following the conclusion of the fall college football season. The original All-America team was the 1889 College Football All-America Team selected by Caspar Whitney and Walter Camp. The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, which is the National Collegiate Athletic Association's (NCAA) service bureau, compiled, in the 1950, the first list of All-Americans including first-team selections on teams created for a national audience that received national circulation with the intent of recognizing selections made from viewpoints that were nationwide. Since 1957, College Sports Information Directors of America (CoSIDA) has bestowed Academic All-American recognition on male and female athletes in Divisions I, II, and III of the NCAA as well as National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics athletes, including all NCAA championship sports.
The 2018 College Football All-America Team is composed of the following College Football All-American first teams chosen by the following selector organizations: Associated Press (AP), Football Writers Association of America (FWAA), American Football Coaches Association (AFCA), Walter Camp Foundation (WCFF), Sporting News (TSN, from its historic name of The Sporting News), Sports Illustrated (SI), USA Today (USAT) ESPN, CBS Sports (CBS), College Football News (CFN), Scout.com, Athlon Sports, and Fox Sports (FOX).
Currently, the NCAA compiles consensus all-America teams in the sports of Division I FBS football and Division I men's basketball using a point system computed from All-America teams named by coaches associations or media sources. Players are chosen against other players playing at their position only. To be selected a consensus All-American, players must be chosen to the first team on at least two of the five official selectors as recognized by the NCAA. Second- and third-team honors are used to break ties. Players named first-team by all five selectors are deemed unanimous All-Americans. Currently, the NCAA recognizes All-Americans selected by the AP, AFCA, FWAA, TSN, and the WCFF to determine consensus and unanimous All-Americans.
Twenty-seven players were recognized as consensus All-Americans for 2018, eight of them being unanimous. Unanimous selections are followed by an asterisk (*).
2018 Consensus All-Americans
Name
Position
Year
University
Tua Tagovailoa
Quarterback
Sophomore
Alabama
Darrell Henderson
Running Back
Junior
Memphis
Jonathan Taylor*
Running Back
Sophomore
Wisconsin
Andy Isabella
Wide Receiver
Senior
UMass
Jerry Jeudy
Wide Receiver
Sophomore
Alabama
Jace Sternberger
Tight End
Junior
Texas A&M
Garrett Bradbury
Center
Senior
NC State
Jonah Williams*
Offensive Line
Junior
Alabama
Ben Powers
Offensive Line
Senior
Oklahoma
Mitch Hyatt
Offensive Line
Senior
Clemson
Beau Benzschawel
Offensive Line
Senior
Wisconsin
Christian Wilkins*
Defensive Line
Senior
Clemson
Quinnen Williams*
Defensive Line
Junior
Alabama
Clelin Ferrell
Defensive Line
Senior
Clemson
Ed Oliver
Defensive Line
Junior
Houston
Josh Allen*
Linebacker
Senior
Kentucky
Devin Bush
Linebacker
Junior
Michigan
Devin White
Linebacker
Junior
LSU
Grant Delpit*
Defensive Back
Sophomore
LSU
Julian Love
Defensive Back
Junior
Notre Dame
Deandre Baker
Defensive Back
Senior
Georgia
Greedy Williams
Defensive Back
Sophomore
LSU
Deionte Thompson
Defensive Back
Junior
Alabama
Andre Szmyt*
Kicker
Freshman
Syracuse
Braden Mann*
Punter
Junior
Texas A&M
Rondale Moore
All-Purpose
Freshman
Purdue
Savon Scarver
All-Purpose
Sophomore
Utah State
Offense
Quarterback
Kyler Murray, Oklahoma (AP, FWAA, SI, USAT, CFN, ESPN, CBS)
Tua Tagovailoa, Alabama (AFCA, TSN, WCFF, Athlon)
Running back
Darrell Henderson, Memphis (AFCA, AP, FWAA, WCFF, SI, USAT, CFN, ESPN, CBS, Athlon)
Jonathan Taylor, Wisconsin (AFCA, AP, FWAA, TSN, WCFF, SI, USAT, CFN, CBS, Athlon)
Travis Etienne, Clemson (TSN, ESPN)
Wide receiver
Marquise Brown, Oklahoma (AP, SI, USAT, ESPN, CBS)
Andy Isabella, UMass (AFCA, FWAA, WCFF, USAT, CFN, Athlon)
Jerry Jeudy, Alabama (AFCA, AP, TSN, WCFF, SI, ESPN, CBS, Athlon)
Rondale Moore, Purdue (CFN)
Tylan Wallace, Oklahoma State (TSN, ESPN, Athlon)
Antoine Wesley, Texas Tech (FWAA)
Tight end
Jace Sternberger, Texas A&M (AP, FWAA, TSN, WCFF, SI, CFN, CBS, Athlon)
T. J. Hockenson, Iowa (AFCA, USAT)
Offensive line
Beau Benzschawel, Wisconsin (AFCA, AP, WCFF, SI, USAT, CFN, ESPN, CBS, Athlon)
Garrett Bradbury, North Carolina State (AFCA, AP, FWAA, WCFF, USAT, Athlon)
Michael Deiter, Wisconsin (FWAA)
Lamont Gaillard, Georgia (CFN)
Mitch Hyatt, Clemson (AFCA, AP, FWAA, WCFF, CFN, Athlon)
Michael Jordan, Ohio State (SI, CBS)
Sam Mustipher, Notre Dame (ESPN)
Ross Pierschbacher, Alabama (TSN)
Ben Powers, Oklahoma (AFCA, FWAA, TSN, WCFF, USAT, CFN)
Terrone Prescod, North Carolina State (TSN, ESPN)
Dalton Risner, Kansas State (TSN, USAT, ESPN, CBS, Athlon)
Dru Samia, Oklahoma (SI)
Bunchy Stallings, Kentucky (AP)
Andrew Thomas, Georgia (SI, CBS)
Jonah Williams, Alabama (AFCA, AP, FWAA, TSN, WCFF, SI, USAT, CFN, ESPN, CBS, Athlon)
Defense
Defensive line
Clelin Ferrell, Clemson (AFCA, AP, TSN, WCFF, SI, USAT, CFN, ESPN, CBS, Athlon)
Dre'Mont Jones, Ohio State (CFN)
Dexter Lawrence, Clemson (AFCA)
Ed Oliver, Houston (FWAA, WCFF, CBS)
Sutton Smith, Northern Illinois (AP, SI, USAT, CFN, ESPN, Athlon)
Montez Sweat, Mississippi State (FWAA, TSN)
Jerry Tillery, Notre Dame (SI, CBS)
Christian Wilkins, Clemson (AFCA, AP, FWAA, TSN, WCFF, USAT, ESPN, Athlon)
Quinnen Williams, Alabama (AFCA, AP, FWAA, TSN, WCFF, SI, USAT, CFN, ESPN, CBS, Athlon)
Linebacker
Josh Allen, Kentucky (AFCA, AP, FWAA, TSN, WCFF, SI, USAT, CFN, ESPN, CBS, Athlon)
Devin Bush, Michigan (AFCA, FWAA, TSN, WCFF, SI, USAT, CFN, CBS)
Devin White, LSU (AFCA, AP, TSN, WCFF, SI, USAT, CFN, ESPN, CBS, Athlon)
Ben Burr-Kirven, Washington (AP, FWAA, ESPN, Athlon)
Defensive back
Deandre Baker, Georgia (AFCA, AP, TSN, WCFF, SI, USAT, CFN, ESPN, CBS, Athlon)
Hamp Cheevers, Boston College (FWAA)
Grant Delpit, LSU (AFCA, AP, FWAA, TSN, WCFF, SI, CFN, CBS, Athlon)
Julian Love, Notre Dame (AP, FWAA, TSN, WCFF, SI, USAT, ESPN)
Byron Murphy, Washington (Athlon)
Taylor Rapp, Washington (USAT, ESPN)
Deionte Thompson, Alabama (AFCA, AP, TSN, SI, USAT, CFN, ESPN, CBS, Athlon)
Greedy Williams, LSU (AFCA, FWAA, WCFF, CFN, CBS)
Special teams
Kicker
Andre Szmyt, Syracuse (AFCA, AP, FWAA, TSN, WCFF, SI, USAT, ESPN, CBS)
Cole Tracy, LSU (CFN, Athlon)
Punter
Braden Mann, Texas A&M (AFCA, AP, FWAA, TSN, WCFF, SI, USAT, ESPN, CFN, CBS, Athlon)
All-purpose / return specialist
Greg Dortch, Wake Forest (FWAA, SI, CBS)
Mecole Hardman, Georgia (ESPN, Athlon)
Darrell Henderson, Memphis (TSN)
Rondale Moore, Purdue (AP, FWAA, SI, USAT, ESPN, CBS, Athlon)
Deebo Samuel, South Carolina (AFCA)
Savon Scarver, Utah State (FWAA, WCFF, CFN, CBS, Athlon)
Isaiah Wright, Temple (TSN)
See also
2018 All-ACC football team
2018 All-SEC football team
2018 All-Big Ten Conference football team
2018 All-Big 12 Conference football team
2018 All-Pac-12 Conference football team
Footnotes
^ The Michigan alumnus. University of Michigan Library. 2010. p. 495. ASIN B0037HO8MY.
^ Martin, John Stuart (October 1961). "Walter Camp and His Gridiron Game". American Heritage. 12 (6). Archived from the original on July 23, 2008. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
^ Newsome, Ron. "Amos Alonzo Stagg: Just Who Was This Guy, Anyway?". CBS Interactive/NCAA.org. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
^ "Football Award Winners". NCAA. Archived from the original on July 14, 2009. Retrieved October 17, 2011.
^ "2010-11 NCAA Statistics Policies(updated 9/15/2010)". National Collegiate Athletic Association. September 15, 2010. Archived from the original on January 3, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2011.
^ "Alabama's Tua Tagovailoa heads 2018 consensus All-America Team". December 13, 2018. Retrieved December 13, 2018.
^ "Football Award Winners" (PDF). NCAA. 2023. p. 17. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 26, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2024.
References
AP All-America Team
"2018 FWAA ALL-AMERICA TEAM UNVEILED". Football Writers Association of America. December 10, 2018. Archived from the original on December 21, 2018.
Walter Camp Football Foundation All-America Team
The Sporting News All-America Team
AFCA All-America Team
Sports Illustrated All-America Team
College Football News All-America Team
ESPN All-America Team
CBS Sports All-America Team
USA Today All-America Team
Athlon Sports All-America Team
vte2018 College Football All-America Team consensus selectionsOffense
QB Tua Tagovailoa
RB Darrell Henderson
RB Jonathan Taylor
WR Andy Isabella
WR Jerry Jeudy
OT Mitch Hyatt
OT Jonah Williams
OG Beau Benzschawel
OG Ben Powers
C Garrett Bradbury
TE Jace Sternberger
Defense
DE Clelin Ferrell
DT Ed Oliver
DT Christian Wilkins
DT Quinnen Williams
LB Josh Allen
LB Devin Bush
LB Devin White
CB Deandre Baker
CB Julian Love
CB Greedy Williams
S Grant Delpit
S Deionte Thompson
Special teams
P Braden Mann
PK Andre Szmyt
AP Rondale Moore
AP Savon Scarver
vteCollege Football All-America Teams
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
vte2018 NCAA Division I FBS football seasonConference seasons
American
ACC
Big 12
Big Ten
C-USA
MAC
Mountain West
Pac-12
SEC
Sun Belt
Inter-conference
Bowl games
Rankings
All-Americans2018 College Football All-America Team
|
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The selector organizations award the \"All-America\" honor annually following the conclusion of the fall college football season. The original All-America team was the 1889 College Football All-America Team selected by Caspar Whitney and Walter Camp.[1][2][3] The National Collegiate Athletic Bureau, which is the National Collegiate Athletic Association's (NCAA) service bureau, compiled, in the 1950, the first list of All-Americans including first-team selections on teams created for a national audience that received national circulation with the intent of recognizing selections made from viewpoints that were nationwide.[4] Since 1957, College Sports Information Directors of America (CoSIDA) has bestowed Academic All-American recognition on male and female athletes in Divisions I, II, and III of the NCAA as well as National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics athletes, including all NCAA championship sports.The 2018 College Football All-America Team is composed of the following College Football All-American first teams chosen by the following selector organizations: Associated Press (AP), Football Writers Association of America (FWAA), American Football Coaches Association (AFCA), Walter Camp Foundation (WCFF), Sporting News (TSN, from its historic name of The Sporting News), Sports Illustrated (SI), USA Today (USAT) ESPN, CBS Sports (CBS), College Football News (CFN), Scout.com, Athlon Sports, and Fox Sports (FOX).Currently, the NCAA compiles consensus all-America teams in the sports of Division I FBS football and Division I men's basketball using a point system computed from All-America teams named by coaches associations or media sources. Players are chosen against other players playing at their position only. To be selected a consensus All-American, players must be chosen to the first team on at least two of the five official selectors as recognized by the NCAA. Second- and third-team honors are used to break ties. Players named first-team by all five selectors are deemed unanimous All-Americans. Currently, the NCAA recognizes All-Americans selected by the AP, AFCA, FWAA, TSN, and the WCFF to determine consensus and unanimous All-Americans.[5]Twenty-seven players were recognized as consensus All-Americans for 2018, eight of them being unanimous. Unanimous selections are followed by an asterisk (*).[6]","title":"2018 College Football All-America Team"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Offense"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kyler Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyler_Murray"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Oklahoma_Sooners_football_team"},{"link_name":"Tua Tagovailoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tua_Tagovailoa"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team"}],"sub_title":"Quarterback","text":"Kyler Murray, Oklahoma (AP, FWAA, SI, USAT, CFN, ESPN, CBS)\nTua Tagovailoa, Alabama (AFCA, TSN, WCFF, Athlon)","title":"Offense"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darrell Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell_Henderson"},{"link_name":"Memphis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Memphis_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Taylor_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Wisconsin_Badgers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Travis Etienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Etienne"},{"link_name":"Clemson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Clemson_Tigers_football_team"}],"sub_title":"Running back","text":"Darrell Henderson, Memphis (AFCA, AP, FWAA, WCFF, SI, USAT, CFN, ESPN, CBS, Athlon)\nJonathan Taylor, Wisconsin (AFCA, AP, FWAA, TSN, WCFF, SI, USAT, CFN, CBS, Athlon)\nTravis Etienne, Clemson (TSN, ESPN)","title":"Offense"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marquise Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquise_Brown"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Oklahoma_Sooners_football_team"},{"link_name":"Andy Isabella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Isabella"},{"link_name":"UMass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_UMass_Minutemen_football_team"},{"link_name":"Jerry Jeudy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Jeudy"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team"},{"link_name":"Rondale Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rondale_Moore"},{"link_name":"Purdue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Purdue_Boilermakers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Tylan Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylan_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Oklahoma_State_Cowboys_football_team"},{"link_name":"Antoine Wesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Wesley"},{"link_name":"Texas Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Texas_Tech_Red_Raiders_football_team"}],"sub_title":"Wide receiver","text":"Marquise Brown, Oklahoma (AP, SI, USAT, ESPN, CBS)\nAndy Isabella, UMass (AFCA, FWAA, WCFF, USAT, CFN, Athlon)\nJerry Jeudy, Alabama (AFCA, AP, TSN, WCFF, SI, ESPN, CBS, Athlon)\nRondale Moore, Purdue (CFN)\nTylan Wallace, Oklahoma State (TSN, ESPN, Athlon)\nAntoine Wesley, Texas Tech (FWAA)","title":"Offense"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jace Sternberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jace_Sternberger"},{"link_name":"Texas A&M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Texas_A%26M_Aggies_football_team"},{"link_name":"T. 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Benzschawel, Wisconsin (AFCA, AP, WCFF, SI, USAT, CFN, ESPN, CBS, Athlon)\nGarrett Bradbury, North Carolina State (AFCA, AP, FWAA, WCFF, USAT, Athlon)\nMichael Deiter, Wisconsin (FWAA)\nLamont Gaillard, Georgia (CFN)\nMitch Hyatt, Clemson (AFCA, AP, FWAA, WCFF, CFN, Athlon)\nMichael Jordan, Ohio State (SI, CBS)\nSam Mustipher, Notre Dame (ESPN)\nRoss Pierschbacher, Alabama (TSN)\nBen Powers, Oklahoma (AFCA, FWAA, TSN, WCFF, USAT, CFN)\nTerrone Prescod, North Carolina State (TSN, ESPN)\nDalton Risner, Kansas State (TSN, USAT, ESPN, CBS, Athlon)\nDru Samia, Oklahoma (SI)\nBunchy Stallings, Kentucky (AP)\nAndrew Thomas, Georgia (SI, CBS)\nJonah Williams, Alabama (AFCA, AP, FWAA, TSN, WCFF, SI, USAT, CFN, ESPN, CBS, Athlon)","title":"Offense"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Defense"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clelin 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(AP, SI, USAT, CFN, ESPN, Athlon)\nMontez Sweat, Mississippi State (FWAA, TSN)\nJerry Tillery, Notre Dame (SI, CBS)\nChristian Wilkins, Clemson (AFCA, AP, FWAA, TSN, WCFF, USAT, ESPN, Athlon)\nQuinnen Williams, Alabama (AFCA, AP, FWAA, TSN, WCFF, SI, USAT, CFN, ESPN, CBS, Athlon)","title":"Defense"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Josh Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Allen_(linebacker)"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Kentucky_Wildcats_football_team"},{"link_name":"Devin Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devin_Bush_Jr."},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team"},{"link_name":"Devin White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devin_White"},{"link_name":"LSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_LSU_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ben Burr-Kirven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Burr-Kirven"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Washington_Huskies_football_team"}],"sub_title":"Linebacker","text":"Josh Allen, Kentucky (AFCA, AP, FWAA, TSN, WCFF, SI, USAT, CFN, ESPN, CBS, Athlon)\nDevin Bush, Michigan (AFCA, FWAA, TSN, WCFF, SI, USAT, CFN, CBS)\nDevin White, LSU (AFCA, AP, TSN, WCFF, SI, USAT, CFN, ESPN, CBS, Athlon)\nBen Burr-Kirven, Washington (AP, FWAA, ESPN, Athlon)","title":"Defense"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deandre Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deandre_Baker"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Georgia_Bulldogs_football_team"},{"link_name":"Hamp Cheevers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamp_Cheevers"},{"link_name":"Boston College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Boston_College_Eagles_football_team"},{"link_name":"Grant Delpit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Delpit"},{"link_name":"LSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_LSU_Tigers_football_team"},{"link_name":"Julian Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Love"},{"link_name":"Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Notre_Dame_Fighting_Irish_football_team"},{"link_name":"Byron Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Washington_Huskies_football_team"},{"link_name":"Taylor Rapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_Rapp"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Washington_Huskies_football_team"},{"link_name":"Deionte Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deionte_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Alabama_Crimson_Tide_football_team"},{"link_name":"Greedy Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greedy_Williams"},{"link_name":"LSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_LSU_Tigers_football_team"}],"sub_title":"Defensive back","text":"Deandre Baker, Georgia (AFCA, AP, TSN, WCFF, SI, USAT, CFN, ESPN, CBS, Athlon)\nHamp Cheevers, Boston College (FWAA)\nGrant Delpit, LSU (AFCA, AP, FWAA, TSN, WCFF, SI, CFN, CBS, Athlon)\nJulian Love, Notre Dame (AP, FWAA, TSN, WCFF, SI, USAT, ESPN)\nByron Murphy, Washington (Athlon)\nTaylor Rapp, Washington (USAT, ESPN)\nDeionte Thompson, Alabama (AFCA, AP, TSN, SI, USAT, CFN, ESPN, CBS, Athlon)\nGreedy Williams, LSU (AFCA, FWAA, WCFF, CFN, CBS)","title":"Defense"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Special teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andre Szmyt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Szmyt"},{"link_name":"Syracuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Syracuse_Orange_football_team"},{"link_name":"Cole Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Tracy"},{"link_name":"LSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_LSU_Tigers_football_team"}],"sub_title":"Kicker","text":"Andre Szmyt, Syracuse (AFCA, AP, FWAA, TSN, WCFF, SI, USAT, ESPN, CBS)\nCole Tracy, LSU (CFN, Athlon)","title":"Special teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Braden Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braden_Mann"},{"link_name":"Texas A&M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Texas_A%26M_Aggies_football_team"}],"sub_title":"Punter","text":"Braden Mann, Texas A&M (AFCA, AP, FWAA, TSN, WCFF, SI, USAT, ESPN, CFN, CBS, Athlon)","title":"Special teams"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greg Dortch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Dortch"},{"link_name":"Wake Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Wake_Forest_Demon_Deacons_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mecole 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original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncaa.org/wps/wcm/connect/public/ncaa/resources/stats/statistics+policies"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Alabama's Tua Tagovailoa heads 2018 consensus All-America Team\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sportingnews.com/ca/ncaa-football/news/alabamas-tua-tagovailoa-2018-consensus-all-american-team/u4gei2bnxvig1jmptsbwhsj97"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Football Award Winners\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//fs.ncaa.org.s3.amazonaws.com/Docs/stats/football_records/Awards.pdf"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20231226151159/http://fs.ncaa.org.s3.amazonaws.com/Docs/stats/football_records/Awards.pdf"}],"text":"^ The Michigan alumnus. University of Michigan Library. 2010. p. 495. ASIN B0037HO8MY.\n\n^ Martin, John Stuart (October 1961). \"Walter Camp and His Gridiron Game\". American Heritage. 12 (6). Archived from the original on July 23, 2008. Retrieved October 17, 2011.\n\n^ Newsome, Ron. \"Amos Alonzo Stagg: Just Who Was This Guy, Anyway?\". CBS Interactive/NCAA.org. Retrieved October 17, 2011.[dead link]\n\n^ \"Football Award Winners\". NCAA. Archived from the original on July 14, 2009. Retrieved October 17, 2011.\n\n^ \"2010-11 NCAA Statistics Policies(updated 9/15/2010)\". National Collegiate Athletic Association. September 15, 2010. Archived from the original on January 3, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2011.\n\n^ \"Alabama's Tua Tagovailoa heads 2018 consensus All-America Team\". December 13, 2018. Retrieved December 13, 2018.\n\n^ \"Football Award Winners\" (PDF). NCAA. 2023. p. 17. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 26, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2024.","title":"Footnotes"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"2018 All-ACC football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_All-ACC_football_team"},{"title":"2018 All-SEC football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_All-SEC_football_team"},{"title":"2018 All-Big Ten Conference football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_All-Big_Ten_Conference_football_team"},{"title":"2018 All-Big 12 Conference football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_All-Big_12_Conference_football_team"},{"title":"2018 All-Pac-12 Conference football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_All-Pac-12_Conference_football_team"}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Mebus
|
Scott Mebus
|
["1 Education","2 Work life","3 Published works","3.1 Adult books","3.2 Children's books","3.3 Short fiction","3.4 Musicals","4 References","5 External links"]
|
American writer
Scott MebusBorn (1974-11-28) November 28, 1974 (age 49)Middletown, New York, U.S.Occupation
Novelist
composer
playwright
theatrical producer
NationalityAmericanGenreComic novel, Urban Fantasy, Middle-gradeSubjectFictionSpouseKristina Grish (2007 - 2019)Websitewww.scottmebus.com
Scott Mebus (born November 28, 1974) is American novelist, composer and playwright. He has written two adult novels, Booty Nomad and The Big Happy, and the children's urban fantasy series "Gods of Manhattan." His first musical, Tarnish, played in the NY International Fringe Festival in 2001. His latest musical, No Sympathy For The Wolf, debuted at the 2018 NY International Fringe Festival. He also composed the theme song for the Discovery Channel Kids program, Outward Bound.
Education
Mebus attended Hackley School, graduating in 1992. He went on to receive a BA in English from Wesleyan University.
Work life
Mebus was a producer at MTV, working on such shows as The Tom Green Show, The Real World, and MTV Yoga before leaving to pursue his writing career.
Published works
Adult books
Booty Nomad (2004)
The Big Happy (2006)
Children's books
Gods of Manhattan (2008)
Spirits in the Park (2009)
The Sorcerer's Secret (2010)
Short fiction
Bull In The Heather in Noise edited by Peter Wild (2009)
Musicals
Tarnish (2001)
No Sympathy For The Wolf (2018)
References
^ Crosbie, Lynn (April 11, 2004). "Spare us the lads". Toronto Star. Retrieved November 28, 2009.
^ "The Big Happy by Scott Mebus". Marie Claire. May 31, 2006. Archived from the original on November 23, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2009.
^ "Book Notes". The Winchester Star. May 24, 2008. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2009.
^ Fringe Festival
^ Fringe Festival
^ Outward Bound Credits
^ Hackley E-Bulletin
^ "Kristina Grish, Scott Mebus". The New York Times. 20 May 2007.
^ Booty Description
^ "Sonic Youth as muse". 2 January 2009.
External links
Scott Mebus's Official Site
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Netherlands
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Crosbie, Lynn (April 11, 2004). \"Spare us the lads\". Toronto Star. Retrieved November 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Crosbie","url_text":"Crosbie, Lynn"},{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/617018641.html?dids=617018641:617018641&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Apr+11%2C+2004&author=Lynn+Crosbie&pub=Toronto+Star&desc=Spare+us+the+lads%3B+Aggressive+codas+to+a+distaff+discourse+that+has+dominated+pop+fiction+Honest+Dick+Lit%3F+No+woman+would+read+what+she+already+knows&pqatl=google","url_text":"\"Spare us the lads\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star","url_text":"Toronto Star"}]},{"reference":"\"The Big Happy by Scott Mebus\". Marie Claire. May 31, 2006. Archived from the original on November 23, 2010. Retrieved November 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101123171117/http://www.marieclaire.co.uk/reviews/books/162404/the-big-happy-by-scott-mebus.html","url_text":"\"The Big Happy by Scott Mebus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Claire","url_text":"Marie Claire"},{"url":"http://www.marieclaire.co.uk/reviews/books/162404/the-big-happy-by-scott-mebus.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Book Notes\". The Winchester Star. May 24, 2008. Archived from the original on November 8, 2012. Retrieved November 28, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121108070113/http://www.wickedlocal.com/winchester/fun/entertainment/books/x1875001076/Book-Notes-May-2008","url_text":"\"Book Notes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Winchester_Star","url_text":"The Winchester Star"},{"url":"http://www.wickedlocal.com/winchester/fun/entertainment/books/x1875001076/Book-Notes-May-2008","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kristina Grish, Scott Mebus\". The New York Times. 20 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/20/fashion/weddings/20grish.html","url_text":"\"Kristina Grish, Scott Mebus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sonic Youth as muse\". 2 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/music_blog/2009/01/sonic-youth-as.html","url_text":"\"Sonic Youth as muse\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Implant_(Seinfeld_episode)
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The Implant
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["1 Plot","2 Production","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Implant" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
19th episode of the 4th season of Seinfeld
"The Implant"Seinfeld episodeEpisode no.Season 4Episode 19Directed byTom CheronesWritten byPeter MehlmanProduction code419Original air dateFebruary 25, 1993 (1993-02-25)Guest appearances
Teri Hatcher as Sidra
Megan Mullally as Betsy
Tony Amendola as Rushdie
Carol Rosenthal as Ticket Clerk
Donald Bishop as Dr. Allenwood
Kieran Mulroney as Timmy
Episode chronology
← Previous"The Old Man"
Next →"The Junior Mint"
Seinfeld season 4List of episodes
"The Implant" is the 59th episode of the sitcom Seinfeld. It is the 19th episode of the fourth season, and first aired on February 25, 1993 on NBC. The title refers to Elaine's belief that Jerry's girlfriend has breast implants, which is shaken when she accidentally grabs her breasts in a sauna incident. In a secondary plotline, George goes to a funeral for his girlfriend's aunt in hopes that it will advance their relationship. This episode popularized the term "double dipping" entering the public lexicon.
Plot
Jerry dumps his girlfriend, Sidra, after Elaine convinces him that her breasts are probably the result of implants. Kramer claims a man at the health club who introduces himself as "Sal Bass" is actually author Salman Rushdie. Later, Elaine and Sidra are in a sauna together, and Elaine accidentally grabs onto Sidra's breasts to break her fall after tripping. Elaine goes to Jerry and admits that she now thinks that Sidra's breasts are real and "are spectacular." Jerry decides to take Sidra back, although she's having second thoughts even after Jerry makes comments referring to breasts. Later, Elaine (looking for Kramer) carelessly enters Jerry's apartment when Sidra is there, cluing in Sidra that the two of them are friends; this is made obvious when Kramer walks in and inadvertently blabs Jerry and Elaine having previously dated. Sidra dumps Jerry, thinking that he had Elaine deliberately feel her breasts in the sauna. Sidra spitefully tells Jerry as she leaves, "...And, by the way: they're real, and they're spectacular!..."
George accompanies his girlfriend, Betsy, to Detroit for her aunt's wake, hoping to accelerate their relationship by being supportive in the midst of her grief. He tries to get a copy of the death certificate of the aunt while he is there, so that he can get a 50% bereavement discount on the airfare. George gets into an argument at the funeral reception with Betsy's brother, Timmy, over the social acceptability of double-dipping a chip. It devolves into a disruptive fistfight, leading an upset Betsy to break up with him. George was not able to get a copy of the death certificate—instead, he shows an airline clerk a picture of him next to the casket, but the clerk does not consider this to be sufficient proof.
Production
During the taping, Larry David asked Teri Hatcher to add the line "And, by the way, they're real, and they're spectacular," which was not in the script.
Reception
The television show MythBusters tested the theory that double dipping was like "putting your whole mouth right in the dip" on the April 22, 2009 episode. The MythBusters found that double-dipping produced fewer microbes than putting all the dip in your mouth. Also, the number of microbes present was negligible compared to the amount found in a regular dip.
In Salman Rushdie's non-fiction book Joseph Anton: A Memoir, Rushdie recounts bumping into Jerry Seinfeld at a cocktail party where Seinfeld nervously asked his opinion of "The Implant" and "visibly relaxed" upon Rushdie's telling him "that he had thought the episode very funny."
References
^ "Seinfeld Season 4 Episodes". TV Guide. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
^ Daniel Kreps (5 July 2019). "Close Talkers and Double Dippers: 15 Phrases 'Seinfeld' Spawned". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
^ ""Double dipping" your chip: Dangerous or just…icky?". 4 August 2016.
^ Robinson, Joanna (July 8, 2014). "How Teri Hatcher Inspired Larry David to Come Up with Her Famous Seinfeld Line on the Spot". Vanity Fair. Retrieved February 25, 2022.
^ Rushdie, Salman (September 10, 2013). Joseph Anton: A Memoir. US: Random House Trade Paperbacks. p. 575. ISBN 978-0812982602.
External links
"The Implant" at IMDb
vteSeinfeld episodesSeason 1
"The Seinfeld Chronicles"
"The Stake Out"
"The Robbery"
"Male Unbonding"
"The Stock Tip"
Season 2
"The Ex-Girlfriend"
"The Pony Remark"
"The Jacket"
"The Phone Message"
"The Apartment"
"The Statue"
"The Revenge"
"The Heart Attack"
"The Deal"
"The Baby Shower"
"The Chinese Restaurant"
"The Busboy"
"The Bet" (unproduced)
Season 3
"The Note"
"The Truth"
"The Pen"
"The Dog"
"The Library"
"The Parking Garage"
"The Cafe"
"The Tape"
"The Nose Job"
"The Stranded"
"The Alternate Side"
"The Red Dot"
"The Subway"
"The Pez Dispenser"
"The Suicide"
"The Fix-Up"
"The Boyfriend"†
"The Limo"
"The Good Samaritan"
"The Letter"
"The Parking Space"
"The Keys"
Season 4
"The Trip"†
"The Pitch"
"The Ticket"
"The Wallet"
"The Watch"
"The Bubble Boy"
"The Cheever Letters"
"The Opera"
"The Virgin"
"The Contest"
"The Airport"
"The Pick"
"The Movie"
"The Visa"
"The Shoes"
"The Outing"
"The Old Man"
"The Implant"
"The Junior Mint"
"The Smelly Car"
"The Handicap Spot"
"The Pilot"†
Season 5
"The Mango"
"The Puffy Shirt"
"The Glasses"
"The Sniffing Accountant"
"The Bris"
"The Lip Reader"
"The Non-Fat Yogurt"
"The Barber"
"The Masseuse"
"The Cigar Store Indian"
"The Conversion"
"The Stall"
"The Dinner Party"
"The Marine Biologist"
"The Pie"
"The Stand In"
"The Wife"
"The Raincoats"†
"The Fire"
"The Hamptons"
"The Opposite"
Season 6
"The Chaperone"
"The Big Salad"
"The Pledge Drive"
"The Chinese Woman"
"The Couch"
"The Gymnast"
"The Soup"
"The Mom & Pop Store"
"The Secretary"
"The Race"
"The Switch"
"The Label Maker"
"The Scofflaw"
"The Highlights of 100"†
"The Beard"
"The Kiss Hello"
"The Doorman"
"The Jimmy"
"The Doodle"
"The Fusilli Jerry"
"The Diplomat's Club"
"The Face Painter"
"The Understudy"
Season 7
"The Engagement"
"The Postponement"
"The Maestro"
"The Wink"
"The Hot Tub"
"The Soup Nazi"
"The Secret Code"
"The Pool Guy"
"The Sponge"
"The Gum"
"The Rye"
"The Caddy"
"The Seven"
"The Cadillac"†
"The Shower Head"
"The Doll"
"The Friar's Club"
"The Wig Master"
"The Calzone"
"The Bottle Deposit"†
"The Wait Out"
"The Invitations"
Season 8
"The Foundation"
"The Soul Mate"
"The Bizarro Jerry"
"The Little Kicks"
"The Package"
"The Fatigues"
"The Checks"
"The Chicken Roaster"
"The Abstinence"
"The Andrea Doria"
"The Little Jerry"
"The Money"
"The Comeback"
"The Van Buren Boys"
"The Susie"
"The Pothole"
"The English Patient"
"The Nap"
"The Yada Yada"
"The Millennium"
"The Muffin Tops"
"The Summer of George"
Season 9
"The Butter Shave"
"The Voice"
"The Serenity Now"
"The Blood"
"The Junk Mail"
"The Merv Griffin Show"
"The Slicer"
"The Betrayal"
"The Apology"
"The Strike"
"The Dealership"
"The Reverse Peephole"
"The Cartoon"
"The Strongbox"
"The Wizard"
"The Burning"
"The Bookstore"
"The Frogger"
"The Maid"
"The Puerto Rican Day"
"The Chronicle"†
"The Finale"†
† Indicates two-part episode
|
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It is the 19th episode of the fourth season, and first aired on February 25, 1993 on NBC.[1] The title refers to Elaine's belief that Jerry's girlfriend has breast implants, which is shaken when she accidentally grabs her breasts in a sauna incident. In a secondary plotline, George goes to a funeral for his girlfriend's aunt in hopes that it will advance their relationship. This episode popularized the term \"double dipping\" entering the public lexicon.[2][3]","title":"The Implant"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Seinfeld_(character)"},{"link_name":"Elaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine_Benes"},{"link_name":"implants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_implant"},{"link_name":"Kramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmo_Kramer"},{"link_name":"Salman Rushdie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Rushdie"},{"link_name":"George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Costanza"},{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"bereavement discount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bereavement_flight"},{"link_name":"double-dipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/double-dip"}],"text":"Jerry dumps his girlfriend, Sidra, after Elaine convinces him that her breasts are probably the result of implants. Kramer claims a man at the health club who introduces himself as \"Sal Bass\" is actually author Salman Rushdie. Later, Elaine and Sidra are in a sauna together, and Elaine accidentally grabs onto Sidra's breasts to break her fall after tripping. Elaine goes to Jerry and admits that she now thinks that Sidra's breasts are real and \"are spectacular.\" Jerry decides to take Sidra back, although she's having second thoughts even after Jerry makes comments referring to breasts. Later, Elaine (looking for Kramer) carelessly enters Jerry's apartment when Sidra is there, cluing in Sidra that the two of them are friends; this is made obvious when Kramer walks in and inadvertently blabs Jerry and Elaine having previously dated. Sidra dumps Jerry, thinking that he had Elaine deliberately feel her breasts in the sauna. Sidra spitefully tells Jerry as she leaves, \"...And, by the way: they're real, and they're spectacular!...\"George accompanies his girlfriend, Betsy, to Detroit for her aunt's wake, hoping to accelerate their relationship by being supportive in the midst of her grief. He tries to get a copy of the death certificate of the aunt while he is there, so that he can get a 50% bereavement discount on the airfare. George gets into an argument at the funeral reception with Betsy's brother, Timmy, over the social acceptability of double-dipping a chip. It devolves into a disruptive fistfight, leading an upset Betsy to break up with him. George was not able to get a copy of the death certificate—instead, he shows an airline clerk a picture of him next to the casket, but the clerk does not consider this to be sufficient proof.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"During the taping, Larry David asked Teri Hatcher to add the line \"And, by the way, they're real, and they're spectacular,\" which was not in the script.[4]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MythBusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MythBusters"},{"link_name":"Salman Rushdie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Rushdie"},{"link_name":"Joseph Anton: A Memoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Anton:_A_Memoir"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The television show MythBusters tested the theory that double dipping was like \"putting your whole mouth right in the dip\" on the April 22, 2009 episode. The MythBusters found that double-dipping produced fewer microbes than putting all the dip in your mouth. Also, the number of microbes present was negligible compared to the amount found in a regular dip.In Salman Rushdie's non-fiction book Joseph Anton: A Memoir, Rushdie recounts bumping into Jerry Seinfeld at a cocktail party where Seinfeld nervously asked his opinion of \"The Implant\" and \"visibly relaxed\" upon Rushdie's telling him \"that he had thought the episode very funny.\"[5]","title":"Reception"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornus_(disambiguation)
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Cornus (disambiguation)
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["1 See also"]
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Cornus is a genus of woody plants in the family Cornaceae, commonly known as dogwoods.
Cornus may also refer to:
Cornus, Aveyron, a commune in the 'Aveyron' département of France
Cornus, Sardinia, an archaeological site in Sardinia
Battle of Cornus (215 BC), a battle on Sardinia in the Second Punic War
Cornus mas, the Cornelian cherry, or dogwood cherry, a medium to large deciduous shrub
See also
Cornu (disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Cornus.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah_(video_game)
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Messiah (video game)
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["1 Plot","2 Gameplay","3 Development","4 Reception","5 Legacy","6 References","7 External links"]
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2000 video game
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Messiah" video game – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
2000 video gameMessiahNorth American cover artDeveloper(s)Shiny EntertainmentPublisher(s)Interplay EntertainmentProducer(s)Stuart RochDesigner(s)David PerryProgrammer(s)Michael Saxs PerssonComposer(s)Jesper KydPlatform(s)Microsoft WindowsReleaseNA: March 29, 2000EU: April 4, 2000UK: April 7, 2000Genre(s)Action-adventureMode(s)Single-player
Messiah is an action-adventure video game developed by Shiny Entertainment and published by Interplay. The game was promoted for its tessellation technology, which was claimed to drastically increase or reduce the number of polygons based on the speed of the system running the game. Messiah received a mixed response from reviewers.
Plot
The player controls Bob, a putto sent by God to remove the corruption and sin on Earth. The dictator of Earth, Father Prime, is conducting experiments into other dimensions on the dark side of the Moon. Soon after landing on Earth, Bob's existence is deemed illegal and he finds himself hunted by police, along with the military. Meanwhile, Father Prime's experiments succeed in bringing Satan into the mortal plane. After making his way through the cyberpunk city of Faktur, Bob confronts and defeats Father Prime. Bob is then asked to return by God, telling him that if humans are prepared to tamper with His creations, there is no place for Him on Earth and leave them to their own devices. Bob refuses, and this turns out to be a ruse by Satan to lead the cherub astray.
After making his way through the industrial parts of the city, Bob infiltrates a nuclear power station and transports himself to the facility on the dark side of the Moon, ultimately confronting and banishing Satan, which destroys the facility. Bob is then thrown onto a barren part of the Moon. Bob repeatedly requests God to take him home but is met with silence.
Gameplay
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The game is set sometime in the distant future. The environment is a comedic take on a cyberpunk city. The levels are large and relatively open in both the horizontal and vertical dimensions. The player, as Bob, is able to fly around at great heights, although his small wings can only carry him a limited distance from the ground, necessitating a combination of climbing and flying, and so the gameplay environment features a great deal of vertical movement and exploration.
While in his cherub form, Bob is defenseless and can very easily be killed; however, he may possess any biological lifeform by jumping into their body. The most common type of lifeform is human, and Bob will spend much of his time jumping from one to another. Other examples include rats, cyborgs and aliens. In more difficult levels, Bob can only possess another body when the target is oblivious to his presence, thus adding a stealth element to the game.
Once in control of a host, he can interact with the environment and non-player characters (NPCs) by using switches or weapons and fighting in unarmed combat. Some switches require a specific human host to activate (e.g. a scientist is required to access a secure laboratory area, or a radiation worker to handle live nuclear material); these form the basis for the game's puzzles. Other puzzles include using Bob's wings to access somewhere out of reach or too small for a host body to enter.
Most humans will ignore Bob, or be intrigued by him. The police and security force, however, will shoot on sight, as will the Chots - a separatist, cannibalistic humanoid race who regularly appear in street battles with the police in hopes of driving the Fathers out of power. As Bob progresses through the game, his reputation precedes him, and he is actively sought after by the police.
Development
Lead designer David Perry intended Messiah to be targeted towards adults, in contrast to Shiny's previous games such as Earthworm Jim, and predominantly towards males.
The development team heavily touted the game's tessellation technology, which they said could reduce or increase the number of polygons displayed in real time based on the hardware running the game, thereby maximizing the level of detail possible on any given hardware setup, stabilizing the frame rate, and enabling real-time interpolation and volumetric lighting. In a 1997 interview Perry said Shiny had filed for a patent on the technology.
The character models were built in 3D Studio. The game's characters were all animated using motion capture, with a person with dwarfism serving as the motion capture actor for Bob.
It was announced that Messiah would be released simultaneously for the PC and PlayStation in the second quarter of 1998, with another console port following as a launch title for the Dreamcast. However, the game would be delayed nearly two years, and neither a PlayStation version nor a Dreamcast version was ever released.
In February 1998, a couple years before Messiah was released, the Los Angeles Times reported a public outcry over the title. Perry explained, "It's crazy that all these people are already upset and they haven't even seen the game." Jeff Green of Computer Gaming World stated, "You can't use the word 'messiah' and not know you're going to tweak the sensibilities of the religious community." The developers received upset responses from many Christian organizations as well as consumers, including one that commented, "The word ‘messiah’ is such a powerful word, I just can’t ignore it or its connotations. I know there are a lot of things out there that already tarnish religious imagery. But I just can’t support a company that would throw around that word so lightly."
In August 1999, Interplay recorded several promotional commercials with Hank the Angry Drunken Dwarf from The Howard Stern Radio Show. Hank would don an angel costume and wandered the streets of various cities with a sign to publicly promote the game.
Part of the game's soundtrack was contributed by industrial metal band Fear Factory, and was later released as Messiah.
Reception
ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreGameRankings74%Review scoresPublicationScoreAllGameCNET Gamecenter7/10Computer Games Strategy PlusComputer Gaming WorldEdge7.5/10GameFan85%GameProGameRevolutionC+GameSpot6/10GameSpy91%IGN7.5/10Next GenerationPC Gamer (US)77%
The game received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings. The earliest review came from Edge, which gave it a score of seven out of ten, nearly two months before the game itself was released in North America, and over two months before its European release date. Computer Gaming World declared the title "truly repellent - I don't even like to think of the sort of sadist who would enjoy it." The review detailed that beside "a level of sexism that goes beyond the usual demeaning stereotypes" and "adolescent edginess" that "there's a general atmosphere of cruelty, of enjoying violence not for the adrenaline rush of the action or even for the fun of cartoonish bloodshed - but for the realistic pain it causes." Jim Preston of NextGen said, "If you can get past some technical glitches, awkward controls, and routine gameplay, Messiah will deliver – for a little while."
According to author Erik Bethke, Messiah was a commercial flop, with "fewer than 10,000 units sold in its first three months".
The game was nominated for GameSpot's 2000 "Most Disappointing Game" award, which went to Star Wars: Force Commander.
Legacy
Throughout the game, the main character makes a sound (referred to as "oof"), which has been used in the popular game Roblox as a sound effect for when a character dies. There was a subsequent legal dispute over the use of the "oof" sound, which led to a compensation agreement. On July 26, 2022, the sound was removed from Roblox and replaced with another.
References
^ Fudge, James (March 29, 2000). "Messiah Released". Computer Games Strategy Plus. Strategy Plus, Inc. Archived from the original on May 25, 2003. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
^ "UK Release Dates". Eurogamer. Archived from the original on August 19, 2000. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
^ a b c d "NG Alphas: Messiah". Next Generation. No. 33. Imagine Media. September 1997. pp. 56–62.
^ a b Huffstutter, P.J. (February 19, 1998). "Religious Groups Take Aim at Computer Game". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
^ Mowatt, Todd (July 11, 1997). "Perry Sees the Messiah ". GameSpot. Red Ventures. Archived from the original on December 2, 1998. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
^ a b "Messiah: The Second Coming of Perfect Polygons" (PDF). Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 99. Ziff Davis. October 1997. pp. 20, 22. Retrieved December 5, 2021.
^ a b Scary Larry (December 1997). "Rising Shiny". GamePro. No. 111. IDG. pp. 68–70. Retrieved December 5, 2021.
^ "Sega's Comeback: The Most Powerful System Ever Created?" (PDF). Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 100. Ziff Davis. November 1997. p. 22. Retrieved December 5, 2021.
^ "MarksFriggin.com - Stern Show News - Archive". www.marksfriggin.com.
^ a b "Messiah for PC". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on May 30, 2019. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
^ Kanarick, Mark. "Messiah - Review". AllGame. All Media Network. Archived from the original on November 14, 2014. Retrieved August 31, 2016.
^ Asher, Mark (April 21, 2000). "Messiah". Gamecenter. CNET. Archived from the original on August 16, 2000. Retrieved December 5, 2021.
^ Bauman, Steve (April 28, 2000). "Messiah". Computer Games Strategy Plus. Strategy Plus, Inc. Archived from the original on May 25, 2003. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
^ a b Ardai, Charles (July 2000). "God Awful (Messiah Review)" (PDF). Computer Gaming World. No. 192. Ziff Davis. pp. 80–82. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 7, 2016. Retrieved August 31, 2016.
^ a b Edge staff (February 2000). "Messiah" (PDF). Edge. No. 81. Future plc. pp. 78–79. Retrieved December 5, 2021.
^ Torres, Jasen (March 31, 2000). "REVIEW for Messiah". GameFan. Shinno Media. Archived from the original on May 10, 2000. Retrieved August 31, 2016.
^ Turner, Jay (April 10, 2000). "Messiah Review for PC on GamePro.com". GamePro. IDG. Archived from the original on February 12, 2005. Retrieved August 31, 2016.
^ Johnny B. (May 2000). "Messiah Review". GameRevolution. CraveOnline. Archived from the original on September 14, 2016. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
^ Wolpaw, Erik (April 7, 2000). "Messiah Review". GameSpot. Red Ventures. Archived from the original on March 12, 2016. Retrieved August 31, 2016.
^ Lally, Will (April 6, 2000). "Messiah". GameSpy. IGN Entertainment. Archived from the original on April 2, 2002. Retrieved August 31, 2016.
^ Lopez, Vincent (April 7, 2000). "Messiah". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved August 31, 2016.
^ a b Preston, Jim (June 2000). "Messiah". NextGen. No. 66. Imagine Media. p. 102. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
^ Poole, Stephen (July 2000). "Messiah". PC Gamer. Vol. 7, no. 7. Imagine Media. Archived from the original on March 15, 2006. Retrieved August 31, 2016.
^ Bethke, Erik (January 25, 2003). Game Development and Production. Wordware Publishing. p. 16. ISBN 1556229518.
^ GameSpot staff (2001). "Best and Worst of 2000 (Most Disappointing Game, Nominees)". GameSpot. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on February 4, 2001. Retrieved December 5, 2021.
^ Takahashi, Dean (November 10, 2020). "Tommy Tallarico settles copyright dispute with Roblox over 'oof' sound". VentureBeat. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
^ Wakefield, Jane (November 11, 2020). "Roblox game-makers must pay to die with an 'oof'". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved December 5, 2021.
^ "Roblox has removed its "oof" sound of death". Eurogamer.net. 2022-07-27. Retrieved 2022-07-27.
^ Marshall, Cass (2022-07-27). "Say goodbye to Roblox's iconic 'oof' sound effect". Polygon. Retrieved 2022-07-27.
^ "Oof, the iconic Roblox death noise has been replaced with a way uglier sound". MSN. Retrieved 2022-07-27.
External links
Official website at the Wayback Machine (archived June 18, 2000)
Messiah at MobyGames
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"action-adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action-adventure_game"},{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Shiny Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiny_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Interplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interplay_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"tessellation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessellation_(computer_graphics)"}],"text":"2000 video gameMessiah is an action-adventure video game developed by Shiny Entertainment and published by Interplay. The game was promoted for its tessellation technology, which was claimed to drastically increase or reduce the number of polygons based on the speed of the system running the game. Messiah received a mixed response from reviewers.","title":"Messiah (video game)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"putto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putto"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God"}],"text":"The player controls Bob, a putto sent by God to remove the corruption and sin on Earth. The dictator of Earth, Father Prime, is conducting experiments into other dimensions on the dark side of the Moon. Soon after landing on Earth, Bob's existence is deemed illegal and he finds himself hunted by police, along with the military. Meanwhile, Father Prime's experiments succeed in bringing Satan into the mortal plane. After making his way through the cyberpunk city of Faktur, Bob confronts and defeats Father Prime. Bob is then asked to return by God, telling him that if humans are prepared to tamper with His creations, there is no place for Him on Earth and leave them to their own devices. Bob refuses, and this turns out to be a ruse by Satan to lead the cherub astray.After making his way through the industrial parts of the city, Bob infiltrates a nuclear power station and transports himself to the facility on the dark side of the Moon, ultimately confronting and banishing Satan, which destroys the facility. Bob is then thrown onto a barren part of the Moon. Bob repeatedly requests God to take him home but is met with silence.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cyberpunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk"},{"link_name":"possess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_possession"},{"link_name":"cyborgs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborg"},{"link_name":"non-player characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-player_character"}],"text":"The game is set sometime in the distant future. The environment is a comedic take on a cyberpunk city. The levels are large and relatively open in both the horizontal and vertical dimensions. The player, as Bob, is able to fly around at great heights, although his small wings can only carry him a limited distance from the ground, necessitating a combination of climbing and flying, and so the gameplay environment features a great deal of vertical movement and exploration.While in his cherub form, Bob is defenseless and can very easily be killed; however, he may possess any biological lifeform by jumping into their body. The most common type of lifeform is human, and Bob will spend much of his time jumping from one to another. Other examples include rats, cyborgs and aliens. In more difficult levels, Bob can only possess another body when the target is oblivious to his presence, thus adding a stealth element to the game.Once in control of a host, he can interact with the environment and non-player characters (NPCs) by using switches or weapons and fighting in unarmed combat. Some switches require a specific human host to activate (e.g. a scientist is required to access a secure laboratory area, or a radiation worker to handle live nuclear material); these form the basis for the game's puzzles. Other puzzles include using Bob's wings to access somewhere out of reach or too small for a host body to enter.Most humans will ignore Bob, or be intrigued by him. The police and security force, however, will shoot on sight, as will the Chots - a separatist, cannibalistic humanoid race who regularly appear in street battles with the police in hopes of driving the Fathers out of power. As Bob progresses through the game, his reputation precedes him, and he is actively sought after by the police.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Perry_(game_developer)"},{"link_name":"Earthworm Jim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthworm_Jim_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGen33-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAtimesAim-4"},{"link_name":"frame rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_rate"},{"link_name":"interpolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_interpolation"},{"link_name":"volumetric lighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_lighting"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGen33-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EGM99-6"},{"link_name":"patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GPro111-7"},{"link_name":"3D Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodesk_3ds_Max"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGen33-3"},{"link_name":"motion capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_capture"},{"link_name":"dwarfism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarfism"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGen33-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EGM99-6"},{"link_name":"PlayStation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_(console)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GPro111-7"},{"link_name":"launch title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_title"},{"link_name":"Dreamcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamcast"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"Computer Gaming World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gaming_World"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAtimesAim-4"},{"link_name":"Hank the Angry Drunken Dwarf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_the_Angry_Drunken_Dwarf"},{"link_name":"The Howard Stern Radio Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Howard_Stern_Radio_Show"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"industrial metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_metal"},{"link_name":"Fear Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_Factory"},{"link_name":"Messiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah_(Fear_Factory_album)"}],"text":"Lead designer David Perry intended Messiah to be targeted towards adults, in contrast to Shiny's previous games such as Earthworm Jim,[3] and predominantly towards males.[4]The development team heavily touted the game's tessellation technology, which they said could reduce or increase the number of polygons displayed in real time based on the hardware running the game, thereby maximizing the level of detail possible on any given hardware setup, stabilizing the frame rate, and enabling real-time interpolation and volumetric lighting.[3][5][6] In a 1997 interview Perry said Shiny had filed for a patent on the technology.[7]The character models were built in 3D Studio.[3] The game's characters were all animated using motion capture, with a person with dwarfism serving as the motion capture actor for Bob.[3][6]It was announced that Messiah would be released simultaneously for the PC and PlayStation in the second quarter of 1998,[7] with another console port following as a launch title for the Dreamcast.[8] However, the game would be delayed nearly two years, and neither a PlayStation version nor a Dreamcast version was ever released.In February 1998, a couple years before Messiah was released, the Los Angeles Times reported a public outcry over the title. Perry explained, \"It's crazy that all these people are already upset and they haven't even seen the game.\" Jeff Green of Computer Gaming World stated, \"You can't use the word 'messiah' and not know you're going to tweak the sensibilities of the religious community.\" The developers received upset responses from many Christian organizations as well as consumers, including one that commented, \"The word ‘messiah’ is such a powerful word, I just can’t ignore it or its connotations. I know there are a lot of things out there that already tarnish religious imagery. But I just can’t support a company that would throw around that word so lightly.\"[4]In August 1999, Interplay recorded several promotional commercials with Hank the Angry Drunken Dwarf from The Howard Stern Radio Show. Hank would don an angel costume and wandered the streets of various cities with a sign to publicly promote the game.[9]Part of the game's soundtrack was contributed by industrial metal band Fear Factory, and was later released as Messiah.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR-10"},{"link_name":"AllGame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllGame"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"CNET Gamecenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNET_Gamecenter"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Computer Games Strategy Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Games_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Computer Gaming World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gaming_World"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CGW-14"},{"link_name":"Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edge-15"},{"link_name":"GameFan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameFan"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"GameRevolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRevolution"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"GameSpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Next Generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGen-22"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer (US)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"review aggregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR-10"},{"link_name":"Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Edge-15"},{"link_name":"Computer Gaming World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gaming_World"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CGW-14"},{"link_name":"NextGen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGen-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"Star Wars: Force Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Wars:_Force_Commander"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreGameRankings74%[10]Review scoresPublicationScoreAllGame[11]CNET Gamecenter7/10[12]Computer Games Strategy Plus[13]Computer Gaming World[14]Edge7.5/10[15]GameFan85%[16]GamePro[17]GameRevolutionC+[18]GameSpot6/10[19]GameSpy91%[20]IGN7.5/10[21]Next Generation[22]PC Gamer (US)77%[23]The game received \"average\" reviews according to the review aggregation website GameRankings.[10] The earliest review came from Edge, which gave it a score of seven out of ten, nearly two months before the game itself was released in North America, and over two months before its European release date.[15] Computer Gaming World declared the title \"truly repellent - I don't even like to think of the sort of sadist who would enjoy it.\" The review detailed that beside \"a level of sexism that goes beyond the usual demeaning stereotypes\" and \"adolescent edginess\" that \"there's a general atmosphere of cruelty, of enjoying violence not for the adrenaline rush of the action or even for the fun of cartoonish bloodshed - but for the realistic pain it causes.\"[14] Jim Preston of NextGen said, \"If you can get past some technical glitches, awkward controls, and routine gameplay, Messiah will deliver – for a little while.\"[22]According to author Erik Bethke, Messiah was a commercial flop, with \"fewer than 10,000 units sold in its first three months\".[24]The game was nominated for GameSpot's 2000 \"Most Disappointing Game\" award, which went to Star Wars: Force Commander.[25]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roblox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roblox"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"oof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roblox#%22Oof%22_sound_effect"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Throughout the game, the main character makes a sound (referred to as \"oof\"), which has been used in the popular game Roblox as a sound effect for when a character dies.[26] There was a subsequent legal dispute[27] over the use of the \"oof\" sound, which led to a compensation agreement. On July 26, 2022, the sound was removed from Roblox and replaced with another.[28][29][30]","title":"Legacy"}]
|
[]
| null |
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Imagine Media. September 1997. pp. 56–62.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/NEXT_Generation_33/page/n58","url_text":"\"NG Alphas: Messiah\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)","url_text":"Next Generation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_US","url_text":"Imagine Media"}]},{"reference":"Huffstutter, P.J. (February 19, 1998). \"Religious Groups Take Aim at Computer Game\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-feb-19-fi-20606-story.html","url_text":"\"Religious Groups Take Aim at Computer Game\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Mowatt, Todd (July 11, 1997). \"Perry Sees the Messiah [date mislabeled as \"April 26, 2000\"]\". GameSpot. Red Ventures. Archived from the original on December 2, 1998. Retrieved July 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/articles/perry-sees-the-messiah/1100-2466967/","url_text":"\"Perry Sees the Messiah [date mislabeled as \"April 26, 2000\"]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Ventures","url_text":"Red Ventures"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19981202135546/http://headline.gamespot.com/news/97_07/11_messiah/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Messiah: The Second Coming of Perfect Polygons\" (PDF). Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 99. Ziff Davis. October 1997. pp. 20, 22. Retrieved December 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://retrocdn.net/images/6/6b/EGM_US_099.pdf","url_text":"\"Messiah: The Second Coming of Perfect Polygons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly","url_text":"Electronic Gaming Monthly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziff_Davis","url_text":"Ziff Davis"}]},{"reference":"Scary Larry (December 1997). \"Rising Shiny\". GamePro. No. 111. IDG. pp. 68–70. Retrieved December 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/GamePro_Issue_111_Volume_09_Number_12_1997-12_IDG_Publishing_US/page/n69/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Rising Shiny\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro","url_text":"GamePro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Data_Group","url_text":"IDG"}]},{"reference":"\"Sega's Comeback: The Most Powerful System Ever Created?\" (PDF). Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 100. Ziff Davis. November 1997. p. 22. 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All Media Network. Archived from the original on November 14, 2014. Retrieved August 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141114170454/http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=18416&tab=review","url_text":"\"Messiah - Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllGame","url_text":"AllGame"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Media_Network","url_text":"All Media Network"},{"url":"http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=18416&tab=review","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Asher, Mark (April 21, 2000). \"Messiah\". Gamecenter. CNET. Archived from the original on August 16, 2000. 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Retrieved July 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamerevolution.com/review/32771-messiah-review","url_text":"\"Messiah Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRevolution","url_text":"GameRevolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CraveOnline","url_text":"CraveOnline"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160914164529/http://www.gamerevolution.com/review/messiah","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wolpaw, Erik (April 7, 2000). \"Messiah Review\". GameSpot. Red Ventures. Archived from the original on March 12, 2016. Retrieved August 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/messiah-review/1900-2558919/","url_text":"\"Messiah Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160312215650/https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/messiah-review/1900-2558919/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lally, Will (April 6, 2000). \"Messiah\". GameSpy. IGN Entertainment. Archived from the original on April 2, 2002. Retrieved August 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020402145125/http://www.gamespy.com/legacy/reviews/messiah_a.shtm","url_text":"\"Messiah\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy","url_text":"GameSpy"},{"url":"http://www.gamespy.com/legacy/reviews/messiah_a.shtm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lopez, Vincent (April 7, 2000). \"Messiah\". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on September 21, 2016. Retrieved August 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2000/04/08/messiah","url_text":"\"Messiah\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160921030436/https://www.ign.com/articles/2000/04/08/messiah","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Preston, Jim (June 2000). \"Messiah\". NextGen. No. 66. Imagine Media. p. 102. Retrieved July 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/NextGen66Jun2000/page/n103/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Messiah\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_(magazine)","url_text":"NextGen"}]},{"reference":"Poole, Stephen (July 2000). \"Messiah\". PC Gamer. Vol. 7, no. 7. Imagine Media. Archived from the original on March 15, 2006. Retrieved August 31, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060315142105/http://www.pcgamer.com/archives/2005/07/messiah.html","url_text":"\"Messiah\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer","url_text":"PC Gamer"},{"url":"http://www.pcgamer.com/archives/2005/07/messiah.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bethke, Erik (January 25, 2003). Game Development and Production. Wordware Publishing. p. 16. ISBN 1556229518.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1556229518","url_text":"1556229518"}]},{"reference":"GameSpot staff (2001). \"Best and Worst of 2000 (Most Disappointing Game, Nominees)\". GameSpot. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on February 4, 2001. Retrieved December 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010204222400/http://www.zdnet.com/gamespot/features/pc/bestof_2000/p4_01.html","url_text":"\"Best and Worst of 2000 (Most Disappointing Game, Nominees)\""},{"url":"https://www.zdnet.com/gamespot/features/pc/bestof_2000/p4_01.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Takahashi, Dean (November 10, 2020). \"Tommy Tallarico settles copyright dispute with Roblox over 'oof' sound\". VentureBeat. Retrieved November 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://venturebeat.com/2020/11/10/tommy-tallarico-settles-copyright-dispute-with-roblox-over-oof-sound/","url_text":"\"Tommy Tallarico settles copyright dispute with Roblox over 'oof' sound\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VentureBeat","url_text":"VentureBeat"}]},{"reference":"Wakefield, Jane (November 11, 2020). \"Roblox game-makers must pay to die with an 'oof'\". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved December 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-54902039","url_text":"\"Roblox game-makers must pay to die with an 'oof'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"}]},{"reference":"\"Roblox has removed its \"oof\" sound of death\". Eurogamer.net. 2022-07-27. Retrieved 2022-07-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/roblox-has-removed-its-oof-sound-of-death","url_text":"\"Roblox has removed its \"oof\" sound of death\""}]},{"reference":"Marshall, Cass (2022-07-27). \"Say goodbye to Roblox's iconic 'oof' sound effect\". Polygon. Retrieved 2022-07-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.polygon.com/23280931/roblox-oof-sound-effect-replaced-copyright-licensing","url_text":"\"Say goodbye to Roblox's iconic 'oof' sound effect\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oof, the iconic Roblox death noise has been replaced with a way uglier sound\". MSN. Retrieved 2022-07-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.msn.com/en-us/music/news/oof-the-iconic-roblox-death-noise-has-been-replaced-with-a-way-uglier-sound/ar-AA101Hyz","url_text":"\"Oof, the iconic Roblox death noise has been replaced with a way uglier sound\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry_chart
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Family tree
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["1 Representations of family history","2 Common formats","2.1 Ahnentafel","2.2 Fan chart","3 Graph theory","4 Notable examples","4.1 Africa","4.2 The Americas","4.3 East Asia","4.4 Europe and West Asia","4.5 Elsewhere","4.6 Global","5 Other uses","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Chart representing family relationships in a conventional tree structure
For other uses, see Family tree (disambiguation).
Example of a family tree. Reading left to right Lucas Grey is the father of three children, the grandfather of five grandchildren and the great-grandfather of three siblings Joseph, John and Laura Wetter.
Family tree showing the relationship of each person to the orange person, including cousins and gene share
A family tree, also called a genealogy or a pedigree chart, is a chart representing family relationships in a conventional tree structure. More detailed family trees, used in medicine and social work, are known as genograms.
Representations of family history
Three generations of ancestors (born from 1824 to 1916) placed on a Swedish kurbits tree
Genealogical data can be represented in several formats, for example, as a pedigree or ancestry chart. Family trees are often presented with the oldest generations at the top of the tree and the younger generations at the bottom. An ancestry chart, which is a tree showing the ancestors of an individual and not all members of a family, will more closely resemble a tree in shape, being wider at the top than at the bottom. In some ancestry charts, an individual appears on the left and his or her ancestors appear to the right. Conversely, a descendant chart, which depicts all the descendants of an individual, will be narrowest at the top. Beyond these formats, some family trees might include all members of a particular surname (e.g., male-line descendants). Yet another approach is to include all holders of a certain office, such as the Kings of Germany, which represents the reliance on marriage to link dynasties together.
The passage of time can also be included to illustrate ancestry and descent. A time scale is often used, expanding radially across the center, divided into decades. Children of the parent form branches around the center and their names are plotted in their birth year on the time scale. Spouses' names join children's names and nuclear families of parents and children branch off to grandchildren, and so on. Great-grandparents are often in the center to portray four or five generations, which reflect the natural growth pattern of a tree as seen from the top but sometimes there can be great great grandparents or more. In a descendant tree, living relatives are common on the outer branches and contemporary cousins appear adjacent to each other. Privacy should be considered when preparing a living family tree.
The image of the tree probably originated with that of the Tree of Jesse in medieval art, used to illustrate the Genealogy of Christ in terms of a prophecy of Isaiah (Isaiah 11:1). Possibly the first non-biblical use, and the first to show full family relationships rather than a purely patrilineal scheme, was that involving family trees of the classical gods in Boccaccio's Genealogia Deorum Gentilium ("On the Genealogy of the Gods of the Gentiles"), whose first version dates to 1360.
Common formats
In addition to familiar representations of family history and genealogy as a tree structure, there are other notable systems used to illustrate and document ancestry and descent.
Ahnentafel
Main article: Ahnentafel
An ahnentafel family tree displaying an ancestor chart of Sigmund Christoph, Graf von Zeil und Trauchburg
An Ahnentafel (German for "ancestor table") is a genealogical numbering system for listing a person's direct ancestors in a fixed sequence of ascent:
Subject (or proband)
Father
Mother
Paternal grandfather
Paternal grandmother
Maternal grandfather
Maternal grandmother
and so on, back through the generations. Apart from the subject or proband, who can be male or female, all even-numbered persons are male, and all odd-numbered persons are female. In this scheme, the number of any person's father is double the person's number, and a person's mother is double the person's number plus one. This system can also be displayed as a tree:
An ahnentafel family tree, showing three generations of the Kennedy family
4. Paternal grandfather 2. Father 5. Paternal grandmother 1 Subject (or proband) 6. Maternal grandfather 3. Mother 7. Maternal grandmother
Fan chart
Screenshot of Gramps (v. 5.0.1) displaying a fan chart and the given name cloud gramplet on the bottom
A fan chart features a half circle chart with concentric rings: the subject is the inner circle, the second circle is divided in two (each side is one parent), the third circle is divided in four, and so forth. Fan charts depict paternal and maternal ancestors.
Graph theory
While family trees are depicted as trees, family relations do not in general form a tree in the strict sense used in graph theory, since distant relatives can mate. Therefore, a person can have a common ancestor on both their mother's and father's side. However, because a parent must be born before their child, an individual cannot be their own ancestor, and thus there are no loops. In this regard, ancestry forms a directed acyclic graph. Nevertheless, graphs depicting matrilineal descent (mother-daughter relationships) and patrilineal descent (father-son relationships) do form trees. Assuming no common ancestor, an ancestry chart is a perfect binary tree, as each person has exactly one mother and one father; these thus have a regular structure. A Descendant chart, on the other hand, does not, in general, have a regular structure, as a person can have any number of children or none at all.
Notable examples
Family trees are an age-old phenomenon. This example dates from the sixteenth century.
Family trees have been used to document family histories across time and cultures throughout the world.
Africa
In Africa, the ruling dynasty of Ethiopia claimed descent from King Solomon via the Queen of Sheba. Through this claim, the family traced their descent back to the House of David.
The genealogy of Ancient Egyptian ruling dynasties was recorded from the beginnings of the Pharaonic era c. 3000 BC to the end of the Ptolomaic Kingdom; although this is not a record of one continuously-linked family lineage, and surviving records are incomplete.
Elsewhere in Africa, oral traditions of genealogical recording predominate. Members of the Keita dynasty of Mali, for example, have had their pedigrees sung by griots during annual ceremonies since the 14th century. Meanwhile, in Nigeria, many ruling clans—most notably those descended from Oduduwa—claim descent from the legendary King Kisra. Here too, pedigrees are recited by griots attached to the royal courts.
The Americas
In some pre-contact Native American civilizations, genealogical records of ruling and priestly families were kept, some of which extended over several centuries or longer.
East Asia
There are extensive genealogies for the ruling dynasties of China, but these do not form a single, unified family tree. Additionally, it is unclear at which point(s) the most ancient historical figures named become mythological.
In Japan, the ancestry of the Imperial Family is traced back to the mythological origins of Japan. The connection to persons from the established historical record only begins in the mid-first millennium AD.
The longest family tree in the world is that of the Chinese philosopher and educator Confucius (551–479 BC), who is descended from King Tang (1675–1646 BC). The tree spans more than 80 generations from him and includes more than 2 million members. An international effort involving more than 450 branches around the world was started in 1998 to retrace and revise this family tree. A new edition of the Confucius genealogy was printed in September 2009 by the Confucius Genealogy Compilation Committee, to coincide with the 2560th anniversary of the birth of the Chinese thinker. This latest edition was expected to include some 1.3 million living members who are scattered around the world today.
Europe and West Asia
Before the Dark Ages, in the Greco-Roman world, some reliable pedigrees dated back perhaps at least as far as the first half of the first millennium BC; with claimed or mythological origins reaching back further. Roman clan and family lineages played an important part in the structure of their society and were the basis of their intricate system of personal names. However, there was a break in the continuity of record-keeping at the end of Classical Antiquity. Records of the lines of succession of the Popes and the Eastern Roman Emperors through this transitional period have survived, but these are not continuous genealogical histories of single families. Refer to descent from antiquity.
Many noble and aristocratic families of European and West Asian origin can reliably trace their ancestry back as far as the mid to late first millennium AD; some claiming undocumented descent from Classical Antiquity or mythological ancestors. In Europe, for example, the pedigree of Niall Noígíallach would be a contender for the longest, through Conn of the Hundred Battles (fl. 123 AD); in the legendary history of Ireland, he is further descended from Breogán, and ultimately from Adam, through the sons of Noah.
Another very old and extensive tree is that of the Lurie lineage—which includes Sigmund Freud and Martin Buber—and traces back to Lurie, a 13th-century rabbi in Brest-Litovsk, and from there to Rashi and purportedly back to the legendary King David, as documented by Neil Rosenstein in his book The Lurie Legacy. The 1999 edition of the Guinness Book of Records recorded the Lurie family in the "longest lineage" category as one of the oldest-known living families in the world today.
Family trees and representations of lineages are also important in religious traditions. The biblical genealogies of Jesus also claim descent from the House of David, covering a period of approximately 1000 years. In the Torah and Old Testament, genealogies are provided for many biblical persons, including a record of the descendants of Adam. Also according to the Torah, the Kohanim are descended from Aaron. Genetic testing performed at the Technion has shown that most modern Kohanim share common Y-chromosome origins, although there is no complete family tree of the Kohanim. In the Islamic world, claimed descent from Muhammad greatly enhanced the status of political and religious leaders; new dynasties often used claims of such descent to help establish their legitimacy.
Elsewhere
Elsewhere, in many human cultures, clan and tribal associations are based on claims of common ancestry, although detailed documentation of those origins is often very limited.
Global
Forms of family trees are also used in genetic genealogy. In 2022, scientists reported the largest detailed human genetic genealogy, that unifies human genomes from many sources for insights about human history, ancestry and evolution and demonstrates a novel computational method for estimating how human DNA is related via a series of 13 million linked trees along the genome, a tree-sequence, which has been described as the largest "human family tree".
Other uses
The author Pete Frame is notable for having produced "family trees" of rock bands. In this instance, the entries represent a membership of certain groups, and personnel changes within them, rather than family relationships. Several books have been produced with his family trees, which in turn have led to a BBC television series about them, including interviews from the bands depicted in the trees.
Another common use is in the creation of episcopal trees in Christian traditions that believe in apostolic succession. In this case, the connection is not made through blood, but through the order of succession of bishops.
See also
GEDCOM
Genealogical numbering systems
Genealogy software
Genogram
List of family trees
Pedigree chart
Tree of life (biology)
WikiTree
References
^ GRENSTAM pp. 490-491
^ Simon Julian Gilmour (2000) Daz Sint Noch Ungelogeniu Wort: A Literary and Linguistic Commentary on the Gurnemanz Episode in Book III of Wolfram's Parzival. Universitätsverlag Winter, 2000. p.64
^ Boccaccio, Giovanni (14 October 2020). The decameron. W. W. Norton, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-393-42788-2. OCLC 1155486357.
^ "Stambomen van de families de Cordes, de Langhe, Bouckaert, Berquyn en Steelant ". lib.ugent.be. Retrieved 2020-08-27.
^ "What Is A Griot And Why Are They Important". theculturetrip.com. 24 May 2018.
^ Confucius family tree has two million members from China Daily, unknown date, updated February 16, 2008
^ Neil Rosenstein, Ranan R. Lurie. The Lurie Legacy: The House of Davidic Royal Descent. ISBN 978-1-886223-17-2.
^ Bill Gladstone (October 24, 2004). "The oldest family in the world". JTA.
^ Guy, Jack. "DNA reveals biggest-ever human family tree, dating back 100,000 years". CNN. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
^ Wong, Yan; Wohns, Anthony Wilder. "We're analysing DNA from ancient and modern humans to create a 'family tree of everyone'". Retrieved 21 March 2022.
^ Wohns, Anthony Wilder; Wong, Yan; Jeffery, Ben; Akbari, Ali; Mallick, Swapan; Pinhasi, Ron; Patterson, Nick; Reich, David; Kelleher, Jerome; McVean, Gil (25 February 2022). "A unified genealogy of modern and ancient genomes". Science. 375 (6583): eabi8264. bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.02.16.431497v2. doi:10.1126/science.abi8264. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 10027547. PMID 35201891. S2CID 247106458.
^ Amazon – Even More Rock Family trees. ASIN 1844490076.
^ "BBC Four : Rock Family Trees". Retrieved 20 September 2012.
External links
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See also
Family tree
Ahnentafel
genealogical numbering systems
Quarters of nobility
seize quartiers
Royal descent
vteReligious family treesAbrahamicBiblicalBook of Genesis
Descendants of Noah
Abraham's family tree
IndividualgenealogiesAdam & EveChildren
Cain
Abel
Seth
CainDescendants
Enoch
Lamech
Jabal
Jubal
Tubal-cain
Naamah
SethDescendants
Enos
Kenan
Mahalalel
Jared
Enoch
Methuselah
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Noah
NoahChildren
Shem
image
Ham
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TerahParents
Nahor
Children
Abraham
Sarah
Nahor
Haran
HaranChildren
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Iscah
Milcah
JacobParents
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Rebecca
Siblings
Esau
Wives
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Children
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LeviDescendants
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Jochebed
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MosesParents
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Jochebed
Wife
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Others
Bethuel
son: Laban
Ishmael
Book of Ruth
Naomi to David
Books of Kings
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New Testament
Genealogy of Jesus
IslamicBefore Ibrahim
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Family of Nuh
Ibrahim
Family tree of Ibrahim (Ibrahim, Hajar, Sarah, Ismail, Ishaq, Ya'qub)
Musa and HarunParents
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Siblings
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Wife
Safura (wife of Musa), Shuaib (father-in-law of Musa), Alishaba (wife of Harun)
House of Daud
Aal Daud (Daud, Bathsheba, Sulayman)
Al Imran (Imran, Maryam, Isa)
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Family tree of Muhammad
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Fourteen Infallibles)
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vteFamily
History
Household
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Parent
mother
father
Child
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Inheritance
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Progenitor
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Family trees
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Genogram
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Relationships
Agape (parental love)
Eros (marital love)
Philia (brotherly love)
Storge (familial love)
Filial piety
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Holidays
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U.S.
Father's Day
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Related
Single parent
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Family tree (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Family_tree.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CousinTree_kinship.svg"},{"link_name":"genealogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogy"},{"link_name":"pedigree chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedigree_chart"},{"link_name":"tree structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_structure"},{"link_name":"genograms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genogram"}],"text":"For other uses, see Family tree (disambiguation).Example of a family tree. Reading left to right Lucas Grey is the father of three children, the grandfather of five grandchildren and the great-grandfather of three siblings Joseph, John and Laura Wetter.Family tree showing the relationship of each person to the orange person, including cousins and gene shareA family tree, also called a genealogy or a pedigree chart, is a chart representing family relationships in a conventional tree structure. More detailed family trees, used in medicine and social work, are known as genograms.","title":"Family tree"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emma_%26_Carl_J._Sandberg_family_tree.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"kurbits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurbits"},{"link_name":"pedigree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedigree_chart"},{"link_name":"Kings of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_of_Germany_family_tree"},{"link_name":"marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_intermarriage"},{"link_name":"dynasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynasty"},{"link_name":"nuclear families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_family"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tree of Jesse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_Jesse"},{"link_name":"medieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Genealogy of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogy_of_Christ"},{"link_name":"Isaiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah"},{"link_name":"patrilineal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrilineality"},{"link_name":"Boccaccio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boccaccio"},{"link_name":"Genealogia Deorum Gentilium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogia_Deorum_Gentilium"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Three generations of ancestors (born from 1824 to 1916)[1] placed on a Swedish kurbits treeGenealogical data can be represented in several formats, for example, as a pedigree or ancestry chart. Family trees are often presented with the oldest generations at the top of the tree and the younger generations at the bottom. An ancestry chart, which is a tree showing the ancestors of an individual and not all members of a family, will more closely resemble a tree in shape, being wider at the top than at the bottom. In some ancestry charts, an individual appears on the left and his or her ancestors appear to the right. Conversely, a descendant chart, which depicts all the descendants of an individual, will be narrowest at the top. Beyond these formats, some family trees might include all members of a particular surname (e.g., male-line descendants). Yet another approach is to include all holders of a certain office, such as the Kings of Germany, which represents the reliance on marriage to link dynasties together.The passage of time can also be included to illustrate ancestry and descent. A time scale is often used, expanding radially across the center, divided into decades. Children of the parent form branches around the center and their names are plotted in their birth year on the time scale. Spouses' names join children's names and nuclear families of parents and children branch off to grandchildren, and so on. Great-grandparents are often in the center to portray four or five generations, which reflect the natural growth pattern of a tree as seen from the top but sometimes there can be great great grandparents or more. In a descendant tree, living relatives are common on the outer branches and contemporary cousins appear adjacent to each other. Privacy should be considered when preparing a living family tree.[citation needed]The image of the tree probably originated with that of the Tree of Jesse in medieval art,[2] used to illustrate the Genealogy of Christ in terms of a prophecy of Isaiah (Isaiah 11:1). Possibly the first non-biblical use, and the first to show full family relationships rather than a purely patrilineal scheme, was that involving family trees of the classical gods in Boccaccio's Genealogia Deorum Gentilium (\"On the Genealogy of the Gods of the Gentiles\"), whose first version dates to 1360.[3]","title":"Representations of family history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"notable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notable"}],"text":"In addition to familiar representations of family history and genealogy as a tree structure, there are other notable systems used to illustrate and document ancestry and descent.","title":"Common formats"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waldburg_Ahnentafel.jpg"},{"link_name":"ahnentafel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahnentafel"},{"link_name":"Sigmund Christoph, Graf von Zeil und Trauchburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Christoph_von_Waldburg-Zeil-Trauchburg"},{"link_name":"Ahnentafel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahnentafel"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"genealogical numbering system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogical_numbering_system"},{"link_name":"proband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proband"},{"link_name":"proband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proband"},{"link_name":"scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_model"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Family_Tree_Sample.jpg"},{"link_name":"ahnentafel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahnentafel"},{"link_name":"Kennedy family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_family"},{"link_name":"proband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proband"}],"sub_title":"Ahnentafel","text":"An ahnentafel family tree displaying an ancestor chart of Sigmund Christoph, Graf von Zeil und TrauchburgAn Ahnentafel (German for \"ancestor table\") is a genealogical numbering system for listing a person's direct ancestors in a fixed sequence of ascent:Subject (or proband)\nFather\nMother\nPaternal grandfather\nPaternal grandmother\nMaternal grandfather\nMaternal grandmotherand so on, back through the generations. Apart from the subject or proband, who can be male or female, all even-numbered persons are male, and all odd-numbered persons are female. In this scheme, the number of any person's father is double the person's number, and a person's mother is double the person's number plus one. This system can also be displayed as a tree:An ahnentafel family tree, showing three generations of the Kennedy family4. Paternal grandfather 2. Father 5. Paternal grandmother 1 Subject (or proband) 6. Maternal grandfather 3. Mother 7. Maternal grandmother","title":"Common formats"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fan-chart-example-gramps5.0.1win10.png"},{"link_name":"Gramps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramps_(software)"}],"sub_title":"Fan chart","text":"Screenshot of Gramps (v. 5.0.1) displaying a fan chart and the given name cloud gramplet on the bottomA fan chart features a half circle chart with concentric rings: the subject is the inner circle, the second circle is divided in two (each side is one parent), the third circle is divided in four, and so forth. Fan charts depict paternal and maternal ancestors.","title":"Common formats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_(graph_theory)"},{"link_name":"graph theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory"},{"link_name":"directed acyclic graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed_acyclic_graph"},{"link_name":"matrilineal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrilineal"},{"link_name":"patrilineal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrilineal"},{"link_name":"perfect binary tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_binary_tree"}],"text":"While family trees are depicted as trees, family relations do not in general form a tree in the strict sense used in graph theory, since distant relatives can mate. Therefore, a person can have a common ancestor on both their mother's and father's side. However, because a parent must be born before their child, an individual cannot be their own ancestor, and thus there are no loops. In this regard, ancestry forms a directed acyclic graph. Nevertheless, graphs depicting matrilineal descent (mother-daughter relationships) and patrilineal descent (father-son relationships) do form trees. Assuming no common ancestor, an ancestry chart is a perfect binary tree, as each person has exactly one mother and one father; these thus have a regular structure. A Descendant chart, on the other hand, does not, in general, have a regular structure, as a person can have any number of children or none at all.","title":"Graph theory"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archive-ugent-be-91DB5610-F70D-11DF-AECD-543B9BE017E0_DS-52.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Family trees are an age-old phenomenon. This example dates from the sixteenth century.[4]Family trees have been used to document family histories across time and cultures throughout the world.","title":"Notable examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ruling dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomonic_dynasty"},{"link_name":"King Solomon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Solomon"},{"link_name":"Queen of Sheba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba"},{"link_name":"House of David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidic_line"},{"link_name":"Ancient Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Ptolomaic Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolomaic_dynasty"},{"link_name":"oral traditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_traditions"},{"link_name":"Keita dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keita_dynasty"},{"link_name":"griots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griot"},{"link_name":"Oduduwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oduduwa"},{"link_name":"King Kisra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisra_legend"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Africa","text":"In Africa, the ruling dynasty of Ethiopia claimed descent from King Solomon via the Queen of Sheba. Through this claim, the family traced their descent back to the House of David.The genealogy of Ancient Egyptian ruling dynasties was recorded from the beginnings of the Pharaonic era c. 3000 BC to the end of the Ptolomaic Kingdom; although this is not a record of one continuously-linked family lineage, and surviving records are incomplete.Elsewhere in Africa, oral traditions of genealogical recording predominate. Members of the Keita dynasty of Mali, for example, have had their pedigrees sung by griots during annual ceremonies since the 14th century. Meanwhile, in Nigeria, many ruling clans—most notably those descended from Oduduwa—claim descent from the legendary King Kisra. Here too, pedigrees are recited by griots attached to the royal courts.[5]","title":"Notable examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Native American civilizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_civilizations"}],"sub_title":"The Americas","text":"In some pre-contact Native American civilizations, genealogical records of ruling and priestly families were kept, some of which extended over several centuries or longer.","title":"Notable examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Imperial Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_family_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"longest family tree in the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_Confucius_in_the_main_line_of_descent"},{"link_name":"Confucius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius"},{"link_name":"King Tang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_of_Shang"},{"link_name":"Confucius Genealogy Compilation Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius_Genealogy_Compilation_Committee"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"East Asia","text":"There are extensive genealogies for the ruling dynasties of China, but these do not form a single, unified family tree. Additionally, it is unclear at which point(s) the most ancient historical figures named become mythological.In Japan, the ancestry of the Imperial Family is traced back to the mythological origins of Japan. The connection to persons from the established historical record only begins in the mid-first millennium AD.The longest family tree in the world is that of the Chinese philosopher and educator Confucius (551–479 BC), who is descended from King Tang (1675–1646 BC). The tree spans more than 80 generations from him and includes more than 2 million members. An international effort involving more than 450 branches around the world was started in 1998 to retrace and revise this family tree. A new edition of the Confucius genealogy was printed in September 2009 by the Confucius Genealogy Compilation Committee, to coincide with the 2560th anniversary of the birth of the Chinese thinker. This latest edition was expected to include some 1.3 million living members who are scattered around the world today.[6]","title":"Notable examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dark Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)"},{"link_name":"Greco-Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Roman"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_rome"},{"link_name":"Classical Antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_Antiquity"},{"link_name":"Popes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"descent from antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descent_from_antiquity"},{"link_name":"Niall Noígíallach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niall_No%C3%ADg%C3%ADallach"},{"link_name":"Conn of the Hundred Battles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conn_of_the_Hundred_Battles"},{"link_name":"fl.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floruit"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Breogán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breog%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Lurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lurie"},{"link_name":"Sigmund Freud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud"},{"link_name":"Martin Buber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Buber"},{"link_name":"Rashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashi"},{"link_name":"King David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_David"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Guinness Book of Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_Records"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kohanim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohanim"},{"link_name":"Aaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron"},{"link_name":"Genetic testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_testing"},{"link_name":"Technion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technion"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"}],"sub_title":"Europe and West Asia","text":"Before the Dark Ages, in the Greco-Roman world, some reliable pedigrees dated back perhaps at least as far as the first half of the first millennium BC; with claimed or mythological origins reaching back further. Roman clan and family lineages played an important part in the structure of their society and were the basis of their intricate system of personal names. However, there was a break in the continuity of record-keeping at the end of Classical Antiquity. Records of the lines of succession of the Popes and the Eastern Roman Emperors through this transitional period have survived, but these are not continuous genealogical histories of single families. Refer to descent from antiquity.Many noble and aristocratic families of European and West Asian origin can reliably trace their ancestry back as far as the mid to late first millennium AD; some claiming undocumented descent from Classical Antiquity or mythological ancestors. In Europe, for example, the pedigree of Niall Noígíallach would be a contender for the longest, through Conn of the Hundred Battles (fl. 123 AD)[citation needed]; in the legendary history of Ireland, he is further descended from Breogán, and ultimately from Adam, through the sons of Noah.Another very old and extensive tree is that of the Lurie lineage—which includes Sigmund Freud and Martin Buber—and traces back to Lurie, a 13th-century rabbi in Brest-Litovsk, and from there to Rashi and purportedly back to the legendary King David, as documented by Neil Rosenstein in his book The Lurie Legacy.[7] The 1999 edition of the Guinness Book of Records recorded the Lurie family in the \"longest lineage\" category as one of the oldest-known living families in the world today.[8]Family trees and representations of lineages are also important in religious traditions. The biblical genealogies of Jesus also claim descent from the House of David, covering a period of approximately 1000 years. In the Torah and Old Testament, genealogies are provided for many biblical persons, including a record of the descendants of Adam. Also according to the Torah, the Kohanim are descended from Aaron. Genetic testing performed at the Technion has shown that most modern Kohanim share common Y-chromosome origins, although there is no complete family tree of the Kohanim. In the Islamic world, claimed descent from Muhammad greatly enhanced the status of political and religious leaders; new dynasties often used claims of such descent to help establish their legitimacy.","title":"Notable examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan"},{"link_name":"tribal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal"}],"sub_title":"Elsewhere","text":"Elsewhere, in many human cultures, clan and tribal associations are based on claims of common ancestry, although detailed documentation of those origins is often very limited.","title":"Notable examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genetic genealogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_genealogy"},{"link_name":"about human history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history#See_also"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Global","text":"Forms of family trees are also used in genetic genealogy. In 2022, scientists reported the largest detailed human genetic genealogy, that unifies human genomes from many sources for insights about human history, ancestry and evolution and demonstrates a novel computational method for estimating how human DNA is related via a series of 13 million linked trees along the genome, a tree-sequence,[clarification needed] which has been described as the largest \"human family tree\".[9][10][11]","title":"Notable examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pete Frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Frame"},{"link_name":"rock bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_band"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"episcopal trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_episcopate"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian"},{"link_name":"apostolic succession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_succession"}],"text":"The author Pete Frame is notable for having produced \"family trees\" of rock bands. In this instance, the entries represent a membership of certain groups, and personnel changes within them, rather than family relationships. Several books have been produced with his family trees,[12] which in turn have led to a BBC television series about them, including interviews from the bands depicted in the trees.[13]Another common use is in the creation of episcopal trees in Christian traditions that believe in apostolic succession. In this case, the connection is not made through blood, but through the order of succession of bishops.","title":"Other uses"}]
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[{"image_text":"Example of a family tree. Reading left to right Lucas Grey is the father of three children, the grandfather of five grandchildren and the great-grandfather of three siblings Joseph, John and Laura Wetter.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Family_tree.svg/220px-Family_tree.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Family tree showing the relationship of each person to the orange person, including cousins and gene share","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/CousinTree_kinship.svg/220px-CousinTree_kinship.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Three generations of ancestors (born from 1824 to 1916)[1] placed on a Swedish kurbits tree","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Emma_%26_Carl_J._Sandberg_family_tree.jpg/220px-Emma_%26_Carl_J._Sandberg_family_tree.jpg"},{"image_text":"An ahnentafel family tree displaying an ancestor chart of Sigmund Christoph, Graf von Zeil und Trauchburg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Waldburg_Ahnentafel.jpg/220px-Waldburg_Ahnentafel.jpg"},{"image_text":"An ahnentafel family tree, showing three generations of the Kennedy family","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Family_Tree_Sample.jpg/220px-Family_Tree_Sample.jpg"},{"image_text":"Screenshot of Gramps (v. 5.0.1) displaying a fan chart and the given name cloud gramplet on the bottom","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Fan-chart-example-gramps5.0.1win10.png/220px-Fan-chart-example-gramps5.0.1win10.png"},{"image_text":"Family trees are an age-old phenomenon. This example dates from the sixteenth century.[4]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Archive-ugent-be-91DB5610-F70D-11DF-AECD-543B9BE017E0_DS-52.jpg/361px-Archive-ugent-be-91DB5610-F70D-11DF-AECD-543B9BE017E0_DS-52.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"GEDCOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GEDCOM"},{"title":"Genealogical numbering systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogical_numbering_systems"},{"title":"Genealogy software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genealogy_software"},{"title":"Genogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genogram"},{"title":"List of family trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_family_trees"},{"title":"Pedigree chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedigree_chart"},{"title":"Tree of life (biology)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biology)"},{"title":"WikiTree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiTree"}]
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[{"reference":"Boccaccio, Giovanni (14 October 2020). The decameron. W. W. Norton, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-393-42788-2. OCLC 1155486357.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/1155486357","url_text":"The decameron"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-42788-2","url_text":"978-0-393-42788-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1155486357","url_text":"1155486357"}]},{"reference":"\"Stambomen van de families de Cordes, de Langhe, Bouckaert, Berquyn en Steelant [manuscript]\". lib.ugent.be. Retrieved 2020-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://lib.ugent.be/viewer/archive.ugent.be:91DB5610-F70D-11DF-AECD-543B9BE017E0#?c=&m=&s=&cv=23&xywh=-5,0,7683,4289","url_text":"\"Stambomen van de families de Cordes, de Langhe, Bouckaert, Berquyn en Steelant [manuscript]\""}]},{"reference":"\"What Is A Griot And Why Are They Important\". theculturetrip.com. 24 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://theculturetrip.com/africa/mali/articles/what-is-a-griot-and-why-are-they-important/","url_text":"\"What Is A Griot And Why Are They Important\""}]},{"reference":"Neil Rosenstein, Ranan R. Lurie. The Lurie Legacy: The House of Davidic Royal Descent. ISBN 978-1-886223-17-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-886223-17-2","url_text":"978-1-886223-17-2"}]},{"reference":"Bill Gladstone (October 24, 2004). \"The oldest family in the world\". JTA.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jta.org/2004/10/24/life-religion/features/the-oldest-family-in-the-world","url_text":"\"The oldest family in the world\""}]},{"reference":"Guy, Jack. \"DNA reveals biggest-ever human family tree, dating back 100,000 years\". CNN. Retrieved 10 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://edition.cnn.com/2022/02/24/world/unified-human-genome-scli-intl-scn-gbr/index.html","url_text":"\"DNA reveals biggest-ever human family tree, dating back 100,000 years\""}]},{"reference":"Wong, Yan; Wohns, Anthony Wilder. \"We're analysing DNA from ancient and modern humans to create a 'family tree of everyone'\". Retrieved 21 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://phys.org/news/2022-02-analysing-dna-ancient-modern-humans.html","url_text":"\"We're analysing DNA from ancient and modern humans to create a 'family tree of everyone'\""}]},{"reference":"Wohns, Anthony Wilder; Wong, Yan; Jeffery, Ben; Akbari, Ali; Mallick, Swapan; Pinhasi, Ron; Patterson, Nick; Reich, David; Kelleher, Jerome; McVean, Gil (25 February 2022). \"A unified genealogy of modern and ancient genomes\". Science. 375 (6583): eabi8264. bioRxiv 10.1101/2021.02.16.431497v2. doi:10.1126/science.abi8264. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 10027547. PMID 35201891. S2CID 247106458.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10027547","url_text":"\"A unified genealogy of modern and ancient genomes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioRxiv_(identifier)","url_text":"bioRxiv"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2F2021.02.16.431497v2","url_text":"10.1101/2021.02.16.431497v2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.abi8264","url_text":"10.1126/science.abi8264"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075","url_text":"0036-8075"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10027547","url_text":"10027547"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35201891","url_text":"35201891"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247106458","url_text":"247106458"}]},{"reference":"Amazon – Even More Rock Family trees. ASIN 1844490076.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1844490076","url_text":"1844490076"}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Four : Rock Family Trees\". Retrieved 20 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0070y2d","url_text":"\"BBC Four : Rock Family Trees\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_Bar_Association
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Rhode Island Bar Association
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["1 Organization","2 Governance and structure","3 Bar exam","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Bar Association
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Rhode Island Bar AssociationFormation1898TypeLegal SocietyHeadquartersProvidence, Rhode IslandLocationUnited StatesMembership 6,000+Websitehttp://www.ribar.com
Rhode Island Bar Association building
The Rhode Island Bar Association (RIBAR or RIBA) is the unified (mandatory) bar association of the U.S. state of Rhode Island.
Organization
Founded in 1898, the Rhode Island Bar Association is a unified bar association with over 6,000 attorney members licensed to practice in Rhode Island. Bar association membership and dues are mandatory, and bar association dues are in addition to licensing fees charged by the Rhode Island Supreme Court. The objectives of the Rhode Island Bar Association are to uphold and defend the Constitution and laws of the United States and the Constitution and laws of Rhode Island and to maintain representative, democratic government; to advance the science of jurisprudence; to promote the administration of justice; to uphold the honor and dignity of the process of law; to apply its knowledge and experience in the field of the law to the promotion of the public good; to encourage and cultivate social intercourse among the members of the Rhode Island Bar; and to cooperate with the American Bar Association, other national, regional and state bar associations and the local bar associations in the State of Rhode Island. The Rhode Island Bar Association's website at www.ribar.com serves as a source of information and provides contact information for its attorney members, as well as for members of the public. On the Bar's website, For Attorneys highlights the Bar's many programs including: Continuing Legal Education (CLE) seminars, Lawyer Referral Service (LRS), Bar Committees and membership benefits. Members Only, provides a wealth of Bar members services including CASEMAKER, the 24/7, online, law library and OAR, the Bar's attorney-to-attorney information resource center. Attorney Directory includes all registered members’ contact information, and is accessible to all visitors to the Bar's website. For the Public contains valuable information to help choose a lawyer and find guidance on a range of legal issues, as well as law related education programs. Rhode Island Bar Foundation provides information about Interest on Lawyers Trust Accounts (IOLTA) and the Bar's Law School Scholarship Program.
Governance and structure
A bar president, who serves a one-year term from July 1 through June 30, three officers of the bar, an elected house of delegates, which meets quarterly, and an executive committee, which meets monthly, govern the association. The association holds an annual meeting in June. In fulfilling its stated purposes, the bar's programs and activities are designed to serve the needs and interests of the membership, the public and the administration of justice. Standing and special committees direct much of the programming of the Rhode Island Bar Association. Standing committees are created by the bylaws for the investigation and study of matters relating to the accomplishment of the general purposes, and business of the association. Committee members are appointed by the incoming bar president and serve for one-year terms, which may be renewed. The bar's governance and bylaws may be accessed here:
https://www.ribar.com/About%20the%20Bar%20Association/GovernanceAndByLaws.aspx
2023–2024 Rhode Island Bar Association officers
Nicole J. Benjamin, Esq., president
Christopher S. Gontarz, Esq., president-elect
Patrick A. Guida, Esq., treasurer
Dana M. Horton, Esq., secretary
The Rhode Island Bar Association is headquartered at the Rhode Island Law Center, 41 Sharpe Drive, Cranston, RI 02920. The center provides a venue for a number of association services, activities and meetings, houses the bar staff, and available to members for meetings. Office hours are 8:30 am to 5:30 pm, weekdays. The Rhode Island Bar Association publishes the Rhode Island Bar Journal, a bi-monthly news magazine featuring articles and important information for members and those interested in Rhode Island law. Articles on current legal issues and news about the association are in the journal and available on the web site.
Bar exam
All attorneys licensed to practice in the state belong to the Rhode Island Bar Association after passing the bar examination. As of 2012, the bar exam in Rhode Island tests knowledge of the common law through the Multistate Bar Exam and Multistate Essay Exam, and the exam tests Rhode Island law on the state essay portion. The exam also includes a practical component, the Multistate Performance Test. Applicants must also pass the MPRE ethics exam, pass a background check, and pay all necessary fees.
See also
Rhode Island Supreme Court
References
vteState bar associationsUnified state bars
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External links
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Bar association membership and dues are mandatory, and bar association dues are in addition to licensing fees charged by the Rhode Island Supreme Court. The objectives of the Rhode Island Bar Association are to uphold and defend the Constitution and laws of the United States and the Constitution and laws of Rhode Island and to maintain representative, democratic government; to advance the science of jurisprudence; to promote the administration of justice; to uphold the honor and dignity of the process of law; to apply its knowledge and experience in the field of the law to the promotion of the public good; to encourage and cultivate social intercourse among the members of the Rhode Island Bar; and to cooperate with the American Bar Association, other national, regional and state bar associations and the local bar associations in the State of Rhode Island. The Rhode Island Bar Association's website at www.ribar.com serves as a source of information and provides contact information for its attorney members, as well as for members of the public. On the Bar's website, For Attorneys highlights the Bar's many programs including: Continuing Legal Education (CLE) seminars, Lawyer Referral Service (LRS), Bar Committees and membership benefits. Members Only, provides a wealth of Bar members services including CASEMAKER, the 24/7, online, law library and OAR, the Bar's attorney-to-attorney information resource center. Attorney Directory includes all registered members’ contact information, and is accessible to all visitors to the Bar's website. For the Public contains valuable information to help choose a lawyer and find guidance on a range of legal issues, as well as law related education programs. Rhode Island Bar Foundation provides information about Interest on Lawyers Trust Accounts (IOLTA) and the Bar's Law School Scholarship Program.","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"https://www.ribar.com/About%20the%20Bar%20Association/GovernanceAndByLaws.aspx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ribar.com/About%20the%20Bar%20Association/GovernanceAndByLaws.aspx"}],"text":"A bar president, who serves a one-year term from July 1 through June 30, three officers of the bar, an elected house of delegates, which meets quarterly, and an executive committee, which meets monthly, govern the association. The association holds an annual meeting in June. In fulfilling its stated purposes, the bar's programs and activities are designed to serve the needs and interests of the membership, the public and the administration of justice. Standing and special committees direct much of the programming of the Rhode Island Bar Association. Standing committees are created by the bylaws for the investigation and study of matters relating to the accomplishment of the general purposes, and business of the association. Committee members are appointed by the incoming bar president and serve for one-year terms, which may be renewed. The bar's governance and bylaws may be accessed here:\nhttps://www.ribar.com/About%20the%20Bar%20Association/GovernanceAndByLaws.aspx2023–2024 Rhode Island Bar Association officersNicole J. Benjamin, Esq., president\nChristopher S. Gontarz, Esq., president-elect\nPatrick A. Guida, Esq., treasurer\nDana M. Horton, Esq., secretaryThe Rhode Island Bar Association is headquartered at the Rhode Island Law Center, 41 Sharpe Drive, Cranston, RI 02920. The center provides a venue for a number of association services, activities and meetings, houses the bar staff, and available to members for meetings. Office hours are 8:30 am to 5:30 pm, weekdays. The Rhode Island Bar Association publishes the Rhode Island Bar Journal, a bi-monthly news magazine featuring articles and important information for members and those interested in Rhode Island law. Articles on current legal issues and news about the association are in the journal and available on the web site.","title":"Governance and structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bar examination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_examination"},{"link_name":"bar exam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_exam"},{"link_name":"Multistate Bar Exam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multistate_Bar_Exam"},{"link_name":"Multistate Essay Exam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multistate_Essay_Exam"},{"link_name":"Multistate Performance Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multistate_Performance_Test"},{"link_name":"MPRE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPRE"},{"link_name":"background check","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Background_check"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.courts.ri.gov"}],"text":"All attorneys licensed to practice in the state belong to the Rhode Island Bar Association after passing the bar examination. As of 2012, the bar exam in Rhode Island tests knowledge of the common law through the Multistate Bar Exam and Multistate Essay Exam, and the exam tests Rhode Island law on the state essay portion. The exam also includes a practical component, the Multistate Performance Test. Applicants must also pass the MPRE ethics exam, pass a background check, and pay all necessary fees.[1]","title":"Bar exam"}]
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[{"title":"Rhode Island Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_Supreme_Court"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Cheng_Han
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Tan Cheng Han
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Singaporean lawyer and legal academic
Tan Cheng HanSC陈清汉NationalitySingaporeanOccupation(s)lawyer, legal academicKnown forDean of the National University of Singapore Faculty of LawAcademic backgroundEducationBachelor of Laws Master of LawsAlma materNational University of Singapore University of Cambridge
In this Chinese name, the family name is Tan (陈).
Tan Cheng HanSimplified Chinese陈清汉TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinChén Qīng Hàn
Tan Cheng Han SC is a Singaporean lawyer and legal academic. Until 2012, he was the dean of the National University of Singapore Faculty of Law, where he taught contract law and company Law and directed the EW Barker Centre for Law & Business. From 2019 to 2022, he was the dean of the City University of Hong Kong School of Law and the chair professor of commercial law. He was also a consultant at TSMP Law Corporation. In August 2012, he was appointed the inaugural chairman of Singapore's new Media Literacy Council.
Tan graduated with a Bachelor of Laws in 1987 and then obtained his Master of Laws from the University of Cambridge in 1990. He also practices as an advocate specialising in complicated commercial disputes and is a member of the Singapore International Arbitration Centre's Regional Panel of Arbitrators. Tan was appointed Senior Counsel in 2004 at the age of 39, and together with fellow Andrew Phang, became the first academics to be so appointed. Prior to joining NUS in 1996, Tan was a partner in Drew & Napier's litigation department.
Tan's current public appointments include the following:
Chairman of the Singapore Media Literacy Council
Chairman of the Advisory Committee on Move-On and Filming Orders
President of the Singapore Tae Kwon-do Federation
Commissioner of the Competition Commission of Singapore
Member of the Appeal Advisory Panel to the Singapore Minister for Finance
Member of the Military Court of Appeal in Singapore
Member of the Governing Board of the International Association of Law Schools
Chairperson of the Singapore Exchange Regulation
In 2004, Tan was one of three Singaporeans who were chosen out of a pool of 8,000 candidates worldwide to be part of The Forum of Young Global Leaders, a forum which was created by Klaus Schwab, executive chairman of the World Economic Forum. In 2005, Tan was also named by the Straits Times as one of "50 young Singaporeans to watch".
In August 2006, Tan was appointed to the Subordinate Courts' Bench as a new specialist judge to preside over the Informatics case. He was also awarded the Public Administration Medal (Silver) at Singapore's 41st National Day celebrations.
In October 2023, Tan joined WongPartnership as a senior consultant. The firm stated that Tan will not be involved in any Singapore Exchange matters in his role with the law firm.
References
^ "New Council to oversee cyber wellness, media literacy initiatives". Archived from the original on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 10 January 2013.
^ Li Xueying (4 January 2004). "Two law dons appointed as senior counsel" (PDF). The Straits Times. p. 5. Archived from the original (reprint) on 9 January 2007.
^ Official profile Archived 2 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Cheng Han Tan, SC*". Singapore International Arbitration Centre. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
^ Boon, Rachael (6 April 2017). "SGX sets up new regulatory unit with Tan Cheng Han as chairman". The Straits Times. ISSN 0585-3923. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
^ Chang Ai Lien (12 February 2005). "Three S'poreans picked for young global leaders' forum" (PDF). The Straits Times. pp. H11. Archived from the original (reprint) on 16 June 2007.
^ Laurel Teo; Azrin Asmani; Rebecca Lee (6 November 2004). "50 young Singaporeans to watch" (PDF). The Straits Times. p. S1. Archived from the original (reprint) on 16 June 2007.
^ a b NUS: Faculty of Law - News Archived 9 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine, 23 August 2006.
^ "Channelnewsasia.com - Missing lawyer, who disappeared in 2003, found in Germany". Archived from the original on 1 October 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2009.
^ Zhu, Michelle (4 October 2023). "SGX RegCo chair Tan Cheng Han joins WongPartnership as senior consultant". www.businesstimes.com.sg. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
External links
vteNUS Faculty of LawDeans
Lionel Astor Sheridan
Chua Boon Lan
Harry E. Groves
Leslie C. Green
James Louis Montrose
Geoffrey W. Bartholomew
Thio Su Mien
Tommy Koh
S. Jayakumar
Tan Sook Yee
Tan Lee Meng
Chin Tet Yung
Tan Cheng Han
Simon Chesterman
Faculty
Simon Chesterman
Chin Tet Yung
Ho Peng Kee
S. Jayakumar
Tommy Koh
Muthucumaraswamy Sornarajah
David Tan
Tan Cheng Han
Tan Yock Lin
Simon Tay
Thio Li-ann
Eleanor Wong
Walter Woon
Publications
Singapore Journal of Legal Studies
Asian Journal of Comparative Law
Asian Journal of International Law
Related
National University of Singapore
SUSS School of Law
Yong Pung How School of Law
vteLegal profession in SingaporeExecutive officersFormer Ministers for Law
E. W. Barker
S. Jayakumar
Minister for Law
K. Shanmugam
Former Attorneys-General
Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim
Tan Boon Teik
Chan Sek Keong
Chao Hick Tin
Walter Woon
Koh Juat Jong (acting)
Sundaresh Menon
Steven Chong
V. K. Rajah
Attorney-General
Lucien Wong
Judicial officersFormer Chief Justices
Wee Chong Jin
Yong Pung How
Chan Sek Keong
Chief Justice
Sundaresh Menon
Judges of Appeal
Belinda Ang
Steven Chong
Tay Yong Kwang
Judges of the Supreme Court
Aedit Abdullah
Chan Seng Onn
Mavis Chionh
Choo Han Teck
Chua Lee Meng
Vinodh Coomaraswamy
Dedar Singh Gill
Goh Yihan
Hoo Sheau Peng
Vincent Hoong
Philip Jeyaretnam
Kwek Mean Luck
Lee Seiu Kin
Audrey Lim
Andre Maniam
S. Mohan
Hri Kumar Nair
Debbie Ong
Pang Khang Chau
Andrew Phang
Judith Prakash
Kannan Ramesh
See Kee Oon
Tan Siong Thye
Teh Hwee Hwee
Valerie Thean
Woo Bih Li
Judicial Commissioners
Christopher Tan
Kristy Tan
Alex Wong
Notable former judges
Abdul Wahab Ghows
J. W. D. Ambrose
Andrew Ang
Ang Cheng Hock
Murray Buttrose
F. A. Chua
Punch Coomaraswamy
D. C. D'Cotta
Goh Joon Seng
Joseph Grimberg
Kan Ting Chiu
M. Karthigesu
Warren Khoo
T. Kulasekaram
Lai Kew Chai
Lai Siu Chiu
Quentin Loh
Philip Pillai
A. P. Rajah
S. Rajendran
Bala Reddy
M. P. H. Rubin
G. P. Selvam
Choor Singh
T. S. Sinnathuray
Tan Ah Tah
Tan Lee Meng
Tan Puay Boon
Tan Teow Yeow
L. P. Thean
George Wei
A. V. Winslow
Notable lawyers
Ahmad Nizam Abbas
Subhas Anandan
Lawrence Ang
Anil Balchandani
Cavinder Bull
Harry Elias
N. Ganesan
Hugh Hickling
Michael Hwang
Jane Ittogi
Glenn Knight
Koh Eng Tian
Kwa Geok Choo
John Laycock
Lim Suet Fern
Peter Low
William Napier
Noor Mohamed Marican
Quek Mong Hua
K. S. Rajah
M Ravi
Francis Seow
Edmund Sim
Davinder Singh
Song Ong Siang
Rajesh Sreenivasan
Adrian Tan
Tan Choo Leng
Josephus Tan
Roger Tan
Tang Fong Har
Teo Soon Kim
Thio Shen Yi
Eugene Thuraisingam
Robert Carr Woods
Lionel Yee
Stephanie Yuen-Thio
Notable academics
Simon Chesterman
Leslie Chew
Leslie C. Green
Harry E. Groves
Tommy Koh
Lionel A. Sheridan
Muthucumaraswamy Sornarajah
Tan Cheng Han
David Tan
Eugene Tan
Tan Yock Lin
Simon Tay
Thio Li-ann
Thio Su Mien
Eleanor Wong
Politicians with legal backgrounds
Amrin Amin
Chen Show Mao
Chia Yong Yong
Chiam See Tong
Chin Tet Yung
Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss
Christopher de Souza
He Ting Ru
Ho Peng Kee
J. B. Jeyaretnam
Desmond Lee
Ellen Lee
Lee Kuan Yew
Lim Biow Chuan
Sylvia Lim
Lim Tean
Ling How Doong
David Marshall
Nadia Ahmad Samdin
Vikram Nair
Ong Kian Min
Michael Palmer
Murali Pillai
Indranee Rajah
Sin Boon Ann
Pritam Singh
Hany Soh
Tan Chye Cheng
Dennis Tan
Tang Liang Hong
Patrick Tay
Edwin Tong
Sandrasegaran Woodhull
Alvin Yeo
Charles Yeo
Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim
Major law firms
Allen & Gledhill
Allen & Overy
Ashurst
Clifford Chance
Clyde & Co
CNPLaw
Donaldson & Burkinshaw
Drew & Napier
Harry Elias
Hill Dickinson
Khattar Wong
Lee & Lee
Morgan Lewis Stamford
Rajah & Tann
Rodyk & Davidson
Shook Lin & Bok
Spruson & Ferguson
TSMP Law Corporation
WongPartnership
Law schools
NUS Faculty of Law
SUSS School of Law
Yong Pung How School of Law
Legal organisations
Law Society of Singapore
Singapore Academy of Law
|
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Until 2012, he was the dean of the National University of Singapore Faculty of Law, where he taught contract law and company Law and directed the EW Barker Centre for Law & Business. From 2019 to 2022, he was the dean of the City University of Hong Kong School of Law and the chair professor of commercial law. He was also a consultant at TSMP Law Corporation. In August 2012, he was appointed the inaugural chairman of Singapore's new Media Literacy Council.[1]Tan graduated with a Bachelor of Laws in 1987 and then obtained his Master of Laws from the University of Cambridge in 1990. He also practices as an advocate specialising in complicated commercial disputes and is a member of the Singapore International Arbitration Centre's Regional Panel of Arbitrators. Tan was appointed Senior Counsel in 2004 at the age of 39, and together with fellow Andrew Phang, became the first academics to be so appointed.[2] Prior to joining NUS in 1996, Tan was a partner in Drew & Napier's litigation department.Tan's current public appointments include the following:Chairman of the Singapore Media Literacy Council\nChairman of the Advisory Committee on Move-On and Filming Orders\nPresident of the Singapore Tae Kwon-do Federation\nCommissioner of the Competition Commission of Singapore\nMember of the Appeal Advisory Panel to the Singapore Minister for Finance\nMember of the Military Court of Appeal in Singapore\nMember of the Governing Board of the International Association of Law Schools[3][4]\nChairperson of the Singapore Exchange Regulation[5]In 2004, Tan was one of three Singaporeans who were chosen out of a pool of 8,000 candidates worldwide to be part of The Forum of Young Global Leaders, a forum which was created by Klaus Schwab, executive chairman of the World Economic Forum.[6] In 2005, Tan was also named by the Straits Times as one of \"50 young Singaporeans to watch\".[7]In August 2006, Tan was appointed to the Subordinate Courts' Bench as a new specialist judge to preside over the Informatics case.[8] He was also awarded the Public Administration Medal (Silver) at Singapore's 41st National Day celebrations.[8][9]In October 2023, Tan joined WongPartnership as a senior consultant. The firm stated that Tan will not be involved in any Singapore Exchange matters in his role with the law firm.[10]","title":"Tan Cheng Han"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Emerson
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David Emerson
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["1 Early life and business career","2 Election history","3 Crossing the floor","3.1 Controversy","4 Resolution of softwood lumber issue","5 Foreign Affairs ministry","6 Retirement","7 References","8 External links"]
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Canadian businessman and politician
For the Australian cricketer, see David Emerson (cricketer).
The HonourableDavid EmersonPC OBC PhDMinister of Foreign AffairsIn officeMay 26, 2008 – October 20, 2008Prime MinisterStephen HarperPreceded byMaxime BernierSucceeded byLawrence CannonMinister of International TradeIn officeFebruary 6, 2006 – June 24, 2008Prime MinisterStephen HarperPreceded byJim PetersonSucceeded byMichael FortierMinister for the Pacific Gateway and the Vancouver-Whistler OlympicsIn officeFebruary 6, 2006 – June 25, 2008Prime MinisterStephen HarperPreceded byOffice EstablishedSucceeded byOffice AbolishedMinister of IndustryIn officeJuly 20, 2004 – February 6, 2006Prime MinisterPaul MartinPreceded byLucienne RobillardSucceeded byMaxime BernierMember of Parliamentfor Vancouver KingswayIn officeJune 28, 2004 – October 14, 2008Preceded bySophia LeungSucceeded byDon Davies
Personal detailsBornDavid Lee Emerson (1945-09-17) September 17, 1945 (age 78)Montreal, QuebecPolitical partyConservativeOther politicalaffiliationsLiberal (2004-2006)SpouseTheresa Yuek-Si TangResidence(s)Vancouver, British ColumbiaProfessionEconomist, financial executive, politicianPortfolioMinister of Foreign Affairs
David Lee Emerson, PC OBC (born September 17, 1945) is a Canadian politician, financial executive, and economist. He was formerly the Member of Parliament for the riding of Vancouver Kingsway. He was first elected as a Liberal and served as Minister of Industry under Prime Minister Paul Martin. After controversially crossing the floor to join Stephen Harper's Conservatives, he served as Minister of International Trade and Minister for the Pacific Gateway and the Vancouver-Whistler Olympics, followed by Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Early life and business career
Emerson was born in Montreal, Quebec. He attended the University of Alberta and obtained his Bachelor of Economics degree in 1968 and his Master of Economics degree in 1970. He then went on to Queen's University where he received his Ph.D in economics.
In 1975, after working as a researcher for the Economic Council of Canada, Emerson moved to British Columbia and joined the public service. In 1984, he became deputy minister of finance.
In 1986, Emerson was appointed president and chief executive officer of the Western & Pacific Bank of Canada. He transformed it into the Western Bank of Canada — the only regional bank to survive and prosper. Four years later, he returned as deputy minister of finance and was quickly promoted to deputy minister to the premier and president of the British Columbia Trade Development Corporation.
From 1992 to 1997, Emerson was president and chief executive officer of the newly created Vancouver International Airport Authority.
In 1998, Emerson was appointed president and chief executive officer of Canfor Corporation, a leading integrated forest products company and Canada's largest producer of softwood lumber. With 8,100 workers and annual revenues of $3.2 billion servicing 10% of the U.S. market, Canfor operates pulp and paper mills as well as 19 sawmills across British Columbia, two in Alberta and one in Quebec. Despite US duties and a higher Canadian dollar, Emerson managed to increase profits and raise share prices through a major acquisition deal and efficiency upgrades, which increased capacity by 30% while reducing production costs by 24%.
In 2008, Emerson joined private equity firm CAI Capital Management as a senior advisor.
Emerson's directorships included: Terasen Inc; Royal & Sun Alliance Insurance Company of Canada; vice-chairman of the Canadian Council of Chief Executives; Chair, British Columbia Ferry Services Inc.; and chairman and director of Genus Resource Management Technologies Inc.
Election history
Bypassing the nomination process, Paul Martin appointed David Emerson as the Liberal candidate in Vancouver Kingsway for the 2004 election. In the general election, he narrowly defeated Ian Waddell of the New Democratic Party (NDP) by 1,351 votes. Waddell had previously represented Vancouver Kingsway from 1979 until 1988, when the riding was abolished and Waddell transferred to Port Moody—Coquitlam.
The 2006 election saw a rematch between Emerson and Waddell. This time, Emerson won handily, defeating Waddell by nearly 10 points as the Liberals nearly swept Vancouver.
Emerson attracted some media attention in December 2005 with a comment that NDP leader Jack Layton had a "boiled dog's head smile". While the term is translated from the common and mild Cantonese insult "烚熟狗頭", Emerson said that he believed it to be a humorous phrase indicating a person with an "overextended grin". Emerson said that his wife, a Cantonese speaker, used the phrase to describe him when he posed for pictures.
Crossing the floor
At some point between election day and the day Stephen Harper was due to be sworn in as prime minister, Emerson accepted an offer from Harper to cross the floor and become Minister of International Trade in Harper's new Conservative minority government. According to Emerson, British Columbia Conservative campaign coordinator John Reynolds called him the day after the election to ask if he was interested in having a conversation with Harper.
Gaining regional representation in Cabinet from key metropolitan areas, such as Vancouver, according to Harper, was key to the decision in asking Emerson to cross the floor. Indeed, 2006 marked the first time in decades that a centre-right party had been completely shut out in Vancouver. However, Emerson's Conservative opponent, Kanman Wong, claimed on February 10, 2006, that Emerson was seriously considering crossing the floor during the run-up to the election. Wong added that he would have stood down in Emerson's favour had he done so.
In any case, Emerson's decision was kept secret from his Liberal colleagues, the press, and even most Conservatives until February 6, 2006, when he arrived at Rideau Hall, the official residence of the Governor General, for the swearing-in of the new government. In addition to his International Trade portfolio, Emerson was given responsibility for the Pacific Gateway and the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics, areas of particular importance to the riding of Vancouver-Kingsway and in general, the Greater Vancouver area. He was ranked third in Cabinet in the order of precedence, behind Harper and House Leader Rob Nicholson, by virtue of his appointment to the Privy Council in 2004.
Emerson had given no public indication that he was thinking of leaving the Liberal Party during the election campaign, Wong's remarks notwithstanding. As a Cabinet minister he had been featured prominently in Liberal TV ads in British Columbia promoting that party as the best choice for voters. He launched several blistering attacks against Harper and the Conservatives during the campaign, including one assertion that under a Harper government, "the strong survive and the weak die". On election night, he told supporters that he wanted to be "Stephen Harper's worst nightmare." In an interview with CTV after being sworn in, he clarified to reporters about the heated partisan rhetoric used during the campaign. Emerson told CTV that he runs his riding office on a nonpartisan basis, and that his first priority was the interests of the people of Vancouver Kingsway.
Controversy
Part of the Emerson controversy stems from Vancouver Kingsway's voting history. The riding has long been one of the more left-leaning ones in Vancouver; most election battles take place between the Liberals and NDP. Vancouver Kingsway previously existed from 1953 to 1988 and elected a Progressive Conservative candidate only once, during the 1958 Tory landslide. It has not elected a Conservative or any member of its predecessor parties—the PCs, the Reform Party of Canada or the Canadian Alliance—since its recreation in 1997. The Conservative candidate in 2006, Wong, finished a distant third with only 8,700 votes—12,000 votes behind Emerson and 7,000 behind Waddell—and 19% of the total vote. In the 2004 election, the Conservative candidate, Jesse Johl, finished with 16.5% of the vote. Both totals were far less than the combined PC/Canadian Alliance vote of 34.4% in 2000. The NDP's vote share of less than 16% in that 2000 election jumped to more than 37% when Emerson first ran in 2004.
Liberal MP and former Minister of Health, Ujjal Dosanjh noted that a poll held prior to the election showed less than 20 per cent of residents in the riding knew Emerson by name, lending credence to the assertions that the Liberal banner played a large part in his election and re-election.
Liberal National President Mike Eizenga said that Emerson knew "if he was running in that riding as a Conservative, he wouldn't have a chance" and has demanded his resignation. Democracy Watch, a nonpartisan ethics watchdog, said it planned to complain to the Ethics Commissioner since Emerson was still technically a Liberal minister when he accepted Harper's offer. The group claimed that Emerson's switch violated the federal ethics code and post-employment regulations for officeholders. NDP MP Peter Julian has also called for an inquiry, claiming that the additional benefits Emerson received as a member compared to those he would have received as an opposition MP carry at least the appearance that Emerson acted in his own private interest.
Bill Graham, acting parliamentary leader of the Liberal Party and Leader of the Opposition, called Emerson's behaviour cynical and claimed his actions diminished "the faith of citizens in a system under which we have to govern." Martin, who left on a vacation to Europe shortly after resigning as prime minister, was "astonished" by Emerson's defection and criticized both Emerson and Harper for avoiding "an appropriate level of scrutiny on this matter -- a decision that I believe robs Canadians and the people of Vancouver Kingsway of a deserved explanation".
Criticism also came from Emerson's fellow Conservatives. Garth Turner, a Conservative MP from Ontario said that "anyone who crosses the floor ultimately should go back to the people for ratification and I stick by it and hopefully in this case that will happen ..." Turner later stated his belief that his criticism "seriously limited" his future in the party. Subsequently, he was eventually kicked out of the Conservative caucus and crossed the floor to sit as a Liberal for which he was also criticized. Myron Thompson of Alberta has also called for Emerson to step down and run in a by-election.
However, MacKay told CTV's Mike Duffy Live that Emerson wanted to continue and finish the work he already started as Minister of Industry under Martin on a multibillion-dollar softwood lumber deal with the United States—a deal that could potentially bring a huge windfall to Canada and particularly Emerson's major lumber producing province, British Columbia.
MacKay later also said that there was no comparison between Emerson's switch and that of Belinda Stronach. Reynolds also defended Emerson's switch, saying that Vancouver Kingsway got the better end of the bargain since "instead of having someone in opposition, they have someone who is a cabinet minister of a new government." As Minister of International Trade, Emerson will have key influence on matters relevant to constituents of Vancouver-Kingsway particularly as The Greater Vancouver Area prepares for the 2010 Olympics. The defection also has the support of Vancouver Mayor Sam Sullivan, British Columbia Premier Gordon Campbell, the Vancouver Board of Trade, former Prime Minister Kim Campbell, as well as several prominent businessmen in Vancouver.
In a letter dated Monday February 6, the Vancouver Kingsway Liberal riding association requested that Emerson repay $97,000 spent during his re-election campaign. Emerson has stated that he does not intend to repay any expenses, arguing that he has raised large sums for the Liberal party from his corporate connections. On February 8, 2006, Emerson described Liberal attacks on his defection as a sign of "deep sickness" and said that his children were being treated with hostility at school because of his defection. Harper called the attacks on Emerson "superficial", the switch was made "in the best interests of not just British Columbia but good government". Emerson has given some thought to resigning over the furore, but told CBC News in Vancouver on February 10 that he would not resign or run in a byelection. Aside from that appearance, Emerson cancelled a telephone press conference on February 9 due to traffic.
The furore has reinvigorated support for legislation requiring MPs who switch parties to step down and run for their own vacancy in a by-election. NDP MP Peter Stoffer announced on February 13 that he would reintroduce a private member's bill making such a provision. Turner plans to introduce a similar bill, despite pressure from his party to back off. Speaking on Vancouver radio station CKNW, Emerson said he would be glad to discuss the bill in Parliament: "I'll participate in that debate, I may even vote for it, and I will certainly abide by it." Stoffer's earlier floor-crossing bill (C-251) was defeated during the last Canadian Parliament. Emerson has vowed to resign only if such a law were passed retroactively or if the ethics commissioner found him to be at fault.
A crowd of over 700 gathered at an NDP-organized protest rally in Emerson's riding on Saturday February 11. Another smaller rally took place at Emerson's riding office the next day. On April 2, a crowd, variously estimated between 1000 and 1200 participated in a Walk for Democracy organized by a group calling themselves Real Democracy. At times the tightly packed crowd stretched out over five blocks along one lane of Kingsway as the march proceeded along the 2 kilometre route past Emerson's constituency office to the rally. The next day, another group flew an airplane over Canada's parliament asking the Member of Parliament to "call home". This was in reference to the fact that David Emerson had remained low key and made few public appearances in the riding for the months of February and March.
According to an online poll from The Globe and Mail, 77% of respondents wanted Emerson to step down and run in a by-election. A similar online poll conducted by Maclean's magazine showed 66% wanted Emerson to run in a by-election. Ipsos Reid in mid-February 2006 conducted a poll of British Columbians and found that even in staunchly Conservative areas of the province, respondents were 75% in favour of a by-election being called.
On March 3, 2006, Ethics Commissioner Bernard Shapiro announced that he was launching a preliminary inquiry into conflict-of-interest allegations against Emerson and Harper. Shapiro says he will look into what influence may have been wielded in the decision by Emerson to cross the floor. On March 20, 2006, Shapiro stated that he was "satisfied that no special inducement was offered by Mr. Harper to convince Mr. Emerson to join his cabinet and his party". He found no wrongdoing on Emerson's part and recommended a parliamentary debate on floor crossing.
Resolution of softwood lumber issue
On April 27, 2006, Prime Minister Harper announced that Canada had reached an agreement with the United States on softwood lumber. Working closely with Minister Emerson and Canadian ambassador to the U.S. Michael Wilson, this landmark agreement resolved a dispute disrupting Canada–U.S. relations since 1982 when U.S. lumber producers first petitioned against Canadian softwood lumber imports under U.S. countervailing duty law. Previous Liberal governments had enacted two five-year deals, the last one expiring March 31, 2001. Since then, Canada had been locked in costly domestic and international litigation as U.S. lumber companies charged Canada with dumping subsidized lumber into the U.S. market.
The softwood lumber deal ensured no quotas or tariffs at current lumber prices, repayment of at least $4 billion in unfairly collected duties to lumber companies, and provincial and regional flexibility depending on operating conditions. "Canada’s bargaining position was strong; our conditions were clear; and this agreement delivers", said the prime minister. "It’s a good deal that resolves this long-standing dispute and allows us to move on." The deal also received support from Canada's three major softwood producing provinces, British Columbia, Quebec and Ontario.
Following the initial announcement, the province of British Columbia expressed dissatisfaction with the agreement's details. Claiming industry support, B.C.'s forestry minister, Rich Coleman, threatened to "derail the deal" if the provincial government's concerns were not met. Under contention were several details, including an "opt-out" clause (allowing either Canadian or U.S. governments to back out of the deal after 23 months).
A number of analysts described the deal as a shameful capitulation of Canadian interests. The deal included language requiring all Canadian companies to drop legal actions against the U.S. government.
On September 12, 2006, Emerson and U.S Trade Representative Susan Schwab officially signed the deal in Ottawa.
The softwood lumber deal was passed on December 6, 2006, and received Royal Assent on December 12, 2006.
Foreign Affairs ministry
On May 26, 2008, Emerson was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs following the resignation of Maxime Bernier, though it was reported at the time that Emerson's appointment to the position would be brief. In a cabinet shuffle on June 25, 2008, Prime Minister Harper finalized Emerson's position as Minister of Foreign Affairs.
Retirement
On September 2, 2008, it was reported that Emerson would not run in the 2008 federal election, citing the lengthy commute from Vancouver to Ottawa as the reason.
In 2009, he was named co-chair (with Paul Tellier) of the Prime Minister's Advisory Committee on the Public Service. He also became a member of the International Advisory Council of the Chinese sovereign wealth fund China Investment Corporation.
References
^ a b c d e f g h Woods, Allan; MacCharles, Tonda (June 26, 2008). "PM stresses experience in shuffle". The Toronto Star.
^ "Ovr / Ros". Elections Canada. Retrieved April 16, 2010.
^ "NDP slams Liberal attack on Layton's smile". CBC News. December 29, 2005. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
^ "24 Hours Vancouver - News: Tory had plan to assist Emerson". Vancouver.24hrs.ca. February 21, 2006. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved April 16, 2010.
^ "The Ministry". Parl.gc.ca. Archived from the original on April 4, 2005. Retrieved April 16, 2010.
^ "Former Liberal David Emerson defects to Tories". CTV.ca. February 6, 2006. Archived from the original on February 20, 2006. Retrieved April 16, 2010.
^ "The Toronto Star - Breaking News, Toronto News, Ontario News, Canada News". The Star. Toronto.
^ "NDP wants inquiry into Emerson's floor-crossing". CTV.ca. Archived from the original on February 20, 2006. Retrieved April 16, 2010.
^ "Emerson denies stalling on softwood solution". CTV.ca. February 10, 2006. Archived from the original on February 20, 2006. Retrieved April 16, 2010.
^ "MP's career 'limited' for criticising turncoat". CTV.ca. February 10, 2006. Archived from the original on April 2, 2007. Retrieved April 16, 2010.
^ "Vancouver Liberals want Emerson to repay $97,000". CTV.ca. February 8, 2006. Archived from the original on February 20, 2006. Retrieved April 16, 2010.
^ "Vancouver Liberals want Emerson to repay $97,000". CBC News. February 8, 2006. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
^ "'I won't quit' embattled Emerson tells CBC". CBC News. February 11, 2006. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
^ "Emerson says he might support floor-crossing law". CTV.ca. Retrieved April 16, 2010.
^ "How'd They Vote? :: Bill C-251, Second Reading". Howdtheyvote.ca. November 23, 2005. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved April 16, 2010.
^ Vancouver, The (February 13, 2006). "Calls grow for Emerson to step down". Canada.com. Archived from the original on April 6, 2012. Retrieved April 16, 2010.
^ "Harper to be investigated by ethics commissioner". CTV.ca. March 3, 2006. Archived from the original on August 20, 2007. Retrieved April 16, 2010.
^ "Harper 'loath' to co-operate with ethics commissioner". CBC News. March 3, 2006. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
^ "No rules broken in Emerson affair: watchdog". CBC News. March 20, 2006. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
^ "Prime Minister of Canada: Prime Minister announces Canada and U.S. reach softwood deal". Pm.gc.ca. Archived from the original on March 22, 2010. Retrieved April 16, 2010.
^ "B.C. warns it won't co-operate unless softwood lumber deal is amended". July 5, 2006. Archived from the original on July 15, 2006. Retrieved July 9, 2006.
^ "Trade truce faces trouble, industry warns". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. July 7, 2006. Retrieved April 3, 2024.
^ "National". Toronto: globeandmail.com. Retrieved April 16, 2010.
^ "Emerson and U.S. counterpart ink softwood deal". CTV.ca. September 12, 2006. Archived from the original on September 1, 2009. Retrieved April 16, 2010.
^ "Bernier quits cabinet post over security breach". CBC News. May 26, 2008. Retrieved April 15, 2014.
^ The Globe and Mail, June 25, 2008, p. A1.
^ "Emerson, Hearn will not seek re-election - CTV News". CTV News. September 2, 2008. Archived from the original on January 6, 2009. Retrieved April 16, 2010.
^ "China Investment Corporation". China-inv.cn. Archived from the original on March 23, 2010. Retrieved April 16, 2010.
External links
DavidEmersonLegal.com - Legal issues arising from David Emerson's 2006 change of political party
Profile
Softwood Lumber Deal
David Emerson – Parliament of Canada biography
28th Ministry – Cabinet of Stephen Harper
Cabinet posts (2)
Predecessor
Office
Successor
Maxime Bernier
Minister of Foreign Affairs2008
Lawrence Cannon
Jim Peterson
Minister of International Trade2006–2008
Michael Fortier
27th Ministry – Cabinet of Paul Martin
Cabinet post (1)
Predecessor
Office
Successor
Lucienne Robillard
Minister of Industry2004–2006
Maxime Bernier
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Jean-Luc Pépin
Alastair William Gillespie
Donald Campbell Jamieson
Joseph Jacques Jean Chrétien
John Henry Horner
Robert de Cotret
Herbert Eser Gray
Edward Lumley
Minister of State for International Trade (1979–80)
Michael Wilson
Minister of State (Trade) (1980–82)
Edward Lumley
Ministers of State (International Trade) (1982–83)
Edward Lumley
Gerald Regan
Ministers of International Trade (1983–2018)
Gerald Regan
Francis Fox
James Francis Kelleher
Patricia Carney
John Carnell Crosbie
Michael Wilson
Thomas Hockin
Roy MacLaren
Art Eggleton
Sergio Marchi
Pierre Pettigrew
Jim Peterson
David Emerson
Michael Fortier
Stockwell Day
Peter Van Loan
Ed Fast
Chrystia Freeland
François-Philippe Champagne
Minister of International Trade Diversification (2018–)
Jim Carr
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Emerson (cricketer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Emerson_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada"},{"link_name":"OBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"riding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Kingsway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Kingsway"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Minister of Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Industry_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Paul Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Martin"},{"link_name":"Stephen Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Harper"},{"link_name":"Conservatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Minister of International Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_International_Trade_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Minister of Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)"}],"text":"For the Australian cricketer, see David Emerson (cricketer).David Lee Emerson, PC OBC (born September 17, 1945) is a Canadian politician, financial executive, and economist. He was formerly the Member of Parliament for the riding of Vancouver Kingsway. He was first elected as a Liberal and served as Minister of Industry under Prime Minister Paul Martin. After controversially crossing the floor to join Stephen Harper's Conservatives, he served as Minister of International Trade and Minister for the Pacific Gateway and the Vancouver-Whistler Olympics, followed by Minister of Foreign Affairs.","title":"David Emerson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"University of Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alberta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TO-1"},{"link_name":"Queen's University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_University,_Canada"},{"link_name":"Ph.D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TO-1"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TO-1"},{"link_name":"Western & Pacific Bank of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_%26_Pacific_Bank_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TO-1"},{"link_name":"Western Bank of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Western_Bank"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TO-1"},{"link_name":"British Columbia Trade Development Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Columbia_Trade_Development_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TO-1"},{"link_name":"Vancouver International Airport Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_International_Airport#Vancouver_International_Airport_Authority"},{"link_name":"Canfor Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canfor_Corporation"},{"link_name":"forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest"},{"link_name":"softwood lumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwood_lumber"},{"link_name":"pulp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wood_pulp"},{"link_name":"paper mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_mill"},{"link_name":"sawmills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawmill"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Canadian dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_dollar"},{"link_name":"acquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takeover"},{"link_name":"Terasen Inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terasen_Inc"},{"link_name":"Royal & Sun Alliance Insurance Company of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_%26_SunAlliance"},{"link_name":"British Columbia Ferry Services Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Ferries"}],"text":"Emerson was born in Montreal, Quebec. He attended the University of Alberta and obtained his Bachelor of Economics degree in 1968 and his Master of Economics degree in 1970.[1] He then went on to Queen's University where he received his Ph.D in economics.[1]In 1975, after working as a researcher for the Economic Council of Canada, Emerson moved to British Columbia and joined the public service. In 1984, he became deputy minister of finance.[1]In 1986, Emerson was appointed president and chief executive officer of the Western & Pacific Bank of Canada.[1] He transformed it into the Western Bank of Canada — the only regional bank to survive and prosper. Four years later, he returned as deputy minister of finance[1] and was quickly promoted to deputy minister to the premier and president of the British Columbia Trade Development Corporation.[1]From 1992 to 1997, Emerson was president and chief executive officer of the newly created Vancouver International Airport Authority.In 1998, Emerson was appointed president and chief executive officer of Canfor Corporation, a leading integrated forest products company and Canada's largest producer of softwood lumber. With 8,100 workers and annual revenues of $3.2 billion servicing 10% of the U.S. market, Canfor operates pulp and paper mills as well as 19 sawmills across British Columbia, two in Alberta and one in Quebec. Despite US duties and a higher Canadian dollar, Emerson managed to increase profits and raise share prices through a major acquisition deal and efficiency upgrades, which increased capacity by 30% while reducing production costs by 24%.In 2008, Emerson joined private equity firm CAI Capital Management as a senior advisor.Emerson's directorships included: Terasen Inc; Royal & Sun Alliance Insurance Company of Canada; vice-chairman of the Canadian Council of Chief Executives; Chair, British Columbia Ferry Services Inc.; and chairman and director of Genus Resource Management Technologies Inc.","title":"Early life and business career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Martin"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Kingsway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Kingsway"},{"link_name":"2004 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Ian Waddell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Waddell"},{"link_name":"New Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Port Moody—Coquitlam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Moody%E2%80%94Coquitlam_(federal_electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"2006 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TO-1"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Jack Layton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Layton"},{"link_name":"Cantonese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Bypassing the nomination process, Paul Martin appointed David Emerson as the Liberal candidate in Vancouver Kingsway for the 2004 election. In the general election, he narrowly defeated Ian Waddell of the New Democratic Party (NDP) by 1,351 votes.[2] Waddell had previously represented Vancouver Kingsway from 1979 until 1988, when the riding was abolished and Waddell transferred to Port Moody—Coquitlam.The 2006 election saw a rematch between Emerson and Waddell. This time, Emerson won[1] handily, defeating Waddell by nearly 10 points as the Liberals nearly swept Vancouver.Emerson attracted some media attention in December 2005 with a comment that NDP leader Jack Layton had a \"boiled dog's head smile\". While the term is translated from the common and mild Cantonese insult \"烚熟狗頭\", Emerson said that he believed it to be a humorous phrase indicating a person with an \"overextended grin\". Emerson said that his wife, a Cantonese speaker, used the phrase to describe him when he posed for pictures.[3]","title":"Election history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stephen Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Harper"},{"link_name":"cross the floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_the_floor"},{"link_name":"Minister of International Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_International_Trade"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"minority government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/39th_Canadian_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TO-1"},{"link_name":"John Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Reynolds_(Canadian_politician)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/28th_Canadian_Ministry"},{"link_name":"Kanman Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanman_Wong&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Rideau Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rideau_Hall"},{"link_name":"Governor General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Vancouver_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"order of precedence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence"},{"link_name":"House Leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Government_in_the_House_of_Commons_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Rob Nicholson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Nicholson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"CTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CTV_Television_Network"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"At some point between election day and the day Stephen Harper was due to be sworn in as prime minister, Emerson accepted an offer from Harper to cross the floor and become Minister of International Trade in Harper's new Conservative minority government.[1] According to Emerson, British Columbia Conservative campaign coordinator John Reynolds called him the day after the election to ask if he was interested in having a conversation with Harper.[citation needed]Gaining regional representation in Cabinet from key metropolitan areas, such as Vancouver, according to Harper, was key to the decision in asking Emerson to cross the floor. Indeed, 2006 marked the first time in decades that a centre-right party had been completely shut out in Vancouver. However, Emerson's Conservative opponent, Kanman Wong, claimed on February 10, 2006, that Emerson was seriously considering crossing the floor during the run-up to the election. Wong added that he would have stood down in Emerson's favour had he done so.[4]In any case, Emerson's decision was kept secret from his Liberal colleagues, the press, and even most Conservatives until February 6, 2006, when he arrived at Rideau Hall, the official residence of the Governor General, for the swearing-in of the new government. In addition to his International Trade portfolio, Emerson was given responsibility for the Pacific Gateway and the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics, areas of particular importance to the riding of Vancouver-Kingsway and in general, the Greater Vancouver area. He was ranked third in Cabinet in the order of precedence, behind Harper and House Leader Rob Nicholson, by virtue of his appointment to the Privy Council in 2004.[5]Emerson had given no public indication that he was thinking of leaving the Liberal Party during the election campaign, Wong's remarks notwithstanding. As a Cabinet minister he had been featured prominently in Liberal TV ads in British Columbia promoting that party as the best choice for voters. He launched several blistering attacks against Harper and the Conservatives during the campaign, including one assertion that under a Harper government, \"the strong [would] survive and the weak die\". On election night, he told supporters that he wanted to be \"Stephen Harper's worst nightmare.\" In an interview with CTV after being sworn in, he clarified to reporters about the heated partisan rhetoric used during the campaign. Emerson told CTV that he runs his riding office on a nonpartisan basis, and that his first priority was the interests of the people of Vancouver Kingsway.[6]","title":"Crossing the floor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Progressive Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Conservative_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"1958 Tory landslide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Reform Party of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Canadian Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Alliance"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Minister of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Health_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Ujjal Dosanjh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujjal_Dosanjh"},{"link_name":"Mike Eizenga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Eizenga"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Peter Julian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Julian"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bill Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Graham_(Canadian_politician)"},{"link_name":"Leader of the Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Kingsway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Kingsway"},{"link_name":"Garth Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garth_Turner"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Myron Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myron_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Mike Duffy Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Duffy_Live"},{"link_name":"softwood lumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softwood_lumber"},{"link_name":"Belinda Stronach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belinda_Stronach"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Sam Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"British Columbia Premier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Gordon Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Kim Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Campbell"},{"link_name":"riding association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riding_association"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Peter Stoffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Stoffer"},{"link_name":"private member's bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_member%27s_bill"},{"link_name":"CKNW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKNW"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Walk for Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walk_for_Democracy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Real Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Democracy"},{"link_name":"The Globe and Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail"},{"link_name":"Maclean's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclean%27s"},{"link_name":"Bernard Shapiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Shapiro"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Controversy","text":"Part of the Emerson controversy stems from Vancouver Kingsway's voting history. The riding has long been one of the more left-leaning ones in Vancouver; most election battles take place between the Liberals and NDP. Vancouver Kingsway previously existed from 1953 to 1988 and elected a Progressive Conservative candidate only once, during the 1958 Tory landslide. It has not elected a Conservative or any member of its predecessor parties—the PCs, the Reform Party of Canada or the Canadian Alliance—since its recreation in 1997. The Conservative candidate in 2006, Wong, finished a distant third with only 8,700 votes—12,000 votes behind Emerson and 7,000 behind Waddell—and 19% of the total vote. In the 2004 election, the Conservative candidate, Jesse Johl, finished with 16.5% of the vote. Both totals were far less than the combined PC/Canadian Alliance vote of 34.4% in 2000. The NDP's vote share of less than 16% in that 2000 election jumped to more than 37% when Emerson first ran in 2004.Liberal MP and former Minister of Health, Ujjal Dosanjh noted that a poll held prior to the election showed less than 20 per cent of residents in the riding knew Emerson by name, lending credence to the assertions that the Liberal banner played a large part in his election and re-election.Liberal National President Mike Eizenga said that Emerson knew \"if he was running in that riding as a Conservative, he wouldn't have a chance\" and has demanded his resignation.[7] Democracy Watch, a nonpartisan ethics watchdog, said it planned to complain to the Ethics Commissioner since Emerson was still technically a Liberal minister when he accepted Harper's offer. The group claimed that Emerson's switch violated the federal ethics code and post-employment regulations for officeholders. NDP MP Peter Julian has also called for an inquiry, claiming that the additional benefits Emerson received as a member compared to those he would have received as an opposition MP carry at least the appearance that Emerson acted in his own private interest.[8]Bill Graham, acting parliamentary leader of the Liberal Party and Leader of the Opposition, called Emerson's behaviour cynical and claimed his actions diminished \"the faith of citizens in a system under which we have to govern.\" Martin, who left on a vacation to Europe shortly after resigning as prime minister, was \"astonished\" by Emerson's defection and criticized both Emerson and Harper for avoiding \"an appropriate level of scrutiny on this matter -- a decision that I believe robs Canadians and the people of Vancouver Kingsway of a deserved explanation\".Criticism also came from Emerson's fellow Conservatives. Garth Turner, a Conservative MP from Ontario said that \"anyone who crosses the floor ultimately should go back to the people for ratification and I stick by it and hopefully in this case that will happen ...\"[9] Turner later stated his belief that his criticism \"seriously limited\" his future in the party. Subsequently, he was eventually kicked out of the Conservative caucus and crossed the floor to sit as a Liberal for which he was also criticized. Myron Thompson of Alberta has also called for Emerson to step down and run in a by-election.[10]However, MacKay told CTV's Mike Duffy Live that Emerson wanted to continue and finish the work he already started as Minister of Industry under Martin on a multibillion-dollar softwood lumber deal with the United States—a deal that could potentially bring a huge windfall to Canada and particularly Emerson's major lumber producing province, British Columbia.MacKay later also said that there was no comparison between Emerson's switch and that of Belinda Stronach. Reynolds also defended Emerson's switch, saying that Vancouver Kingsway got the better end of the bargain since \"instead of having someone in opposition, they have someone who is a cabinet minister of a new government.\" As Minister of International Trade, Emerson will have key influence on matters relevant to constituents of Vancouver-Kingsway particularly as The Greater Vancouver Area prepares for the 2010 Olympics. The defection also has the support of Vancouver Mayor Sam Sullivan, British Columbia Premier Gordon Campbell, the Vancouver Board of Trade, former Prime Minister Kim Campbell, as well as several prominent businessmen in Vancouver.In a letter dated Monday February 6, the Vancouver Kingsway Liberal riding association requested that Emerson repay $97,000 spent during his re-election campaign.[11] Emerson has stated that he does not intend to repay any expenses, arguing that he has raised large sums for the Liberal party from his corporate connections. On February 8, 2006, Emerson described Liberal attacks on his defection as a sign of \"deep sickness\" and said that his children were being treated with hostility at school because of his defection.[12] Harper called the attacks on Emerson \"superficial\", the switch was made \"in the best interests of not just British Columbia but good government\". Emerson has given some thought to resigning over the furore, but told CBC News in Vancouver on February 10 that he would not resign or run in a byelection.[13] Aside from that appearance, Emerson cancelled a telephone press conference on February 9 due to traffic.The furore has reinvigorated support for legislation requiring MPs who switch parties to step down and run for their own vacancy in a by-election. NDP MP Peter Stoffer announced on February 13 that he would reintroduce a private member's bill making such a provision. Turner plans to introduce a similar bill, despite pressure from his party to back off. Speaking on Vancouver radio station CKNW, Emerson said he would be glad to discuss the bill in Parliament: \"I'll participate in that debate, I may even vote for it, and I will certainly abide by it.\" [14] Stoffer's earlier floor-crossing bill (C-251) was defeated during the last Canadian Parliament.[15] Emerson has vowed to resign only if such a law were passed retroactively or if the ethics commissioner found him to be at fault.A crowd of over 700[16] gathered at an NDP-organized protest rally in Emerson's riding on Saturday February 11. Another smaller rally took place at Emerson's riding office the next day. On April 2, a crowd, variously estimated between 1000 and 1200 participated in a Walk for Democracy organized by a group calling themselves Real Democracy. At times the tightly packed crowd stretched out over five blocks along one lane of Kingsway as the march proceeded along the 2 kilometre route past Emerson's constituency office to the rally. The next day, another group flew an airplane over Canada's parliament asking the Member of Parliament to \"call home\". This was in reference to the fact that David Emerson had remained low key and made few public appearances in the riding for the months of February and March.According to an online poll from The Globe and Mail, 77% of respondents wanted Emerson to step down and run in a by-election. A similar online poll conducted by Maclean's magazine showed 66% wanted Emerson to run in a by-election. Ipsos Reid in mid-February 2006 conducted a poll of British Columbians and found that even in staunchly Conservative areas of the province, respondents were 75% in favour of a by-election being called.On March 3, 2006, Ethics Commissioner Bernard Shapiro announced that he was launching a preliminary inquiry into conflict-of-interest allegations against Emerson and Harper. Shapiro says he will look into what influence may have been wielded in the decision by Emerson to cross the floor.[17][18] On March 20, 2006, Shapiro stated that he was \"satisfied that no special inducement was offered by Mr. Harper to convince Mr. Emerson to join his cabinet and his party\". He found no wrongdoing on Emerson's part and recommended a parliamentary debate on floor crossing.[19]","title":"Crossing the floor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"softwood lumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States-Canada_softwood_lumber_dispute"},{"link_name":"ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassador"},{"link_name":"Michael Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Wilson_(Canadian_politician)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Susan Schwab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Schwab"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"On April 27, 2006, Prime Minister Harper announced that Canada had reached an agreement with the United States on softwood lumber. Working closely with Minister Emerson and Canadian ambassador to the U.S. Michael Wilson, this landmark agreement resolved a dispute disrupting Canada–U.S. relations since 1982 when U.S. lumber producers first petitioned against Canadian softwood lumber imports under U.S. countervailing duty law. Previous Liberal governments had enacted two five-year deals, the last one expiring March 31, 2001. Since then, Canada had been locked in costly domestic and international litigation as U.S. lumber companies charged Canada with dumping subsidized lumber into the U.S. market.The softwood lumber deal ensured no quotas or tariffs at current lumber prices, repayment of at least $4 billion in unfairly collected duties to lumber companies, and provincial and regional flexibility depending on operating conditions. \"Canada’s bargaining position was strong; our conditions were clear; and this agreement delivers\", said the prime minister. \"It’s a good deal that resolves this long-standing dispute and allows us to move on.\" The deal also received support from Canada's three major softwood producing provinces, British Columbia, Quebec and Ontario.[20]Following the initial announcement, the province of British Columbia expressed dissatisfaction with the agreement's details.[21] Claiming industry support, B.C.'s forestry minister, Rich Coleman, threatened to \"derail the deal\" if the provincial government's concerns were not met. Under contention were several details, including an \"opt-out\" clause (allowing either Canadian or U.S. governments to back out of the deal after 23 months).[22]A number of analysts described the deal as a shameful capitulation of Canadian interests. The deal included language requiring all Canadian companies to drop legal actions against the U.S. government.[23]On September 12, 2006, Emerson and U.S Trade Representative Susan Schwab officially signed the deal in Ottawa.[24]The softwood lumber deal was passed on December 6, 2006, and received Royal Assent on December 12, 2006.","title":"Resolution of softwood lumber issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minister of Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Maxime Bernier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxime_Bernier"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"On May 26, 2008, Emerson was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs following the resignation of Maxime Bernier, though it was reported at the time that Emerson's appointment to the position would be brief.[25] In a cabinet shuffle on June 25, 2008, Prime Minister Harper finalized Emerson's position as Minister of Foreign Affairs.[26]","title":"Foreign Affairs ministry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2008 federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"named co-chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100331113347/http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=2609"},{"link_name":"Paul Tellier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Tellier"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister's Advisory Committee on the Public Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/index.asp?lang=eng&Page=secretariats&Sub=spsp-psps&Doc=psr-rfp/pmac-ccfp/index-eng.htm"},{"link_name":"sovereign wealth fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_wealth_fund"},{"link_name":"China Investment Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Investment_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"On September 2, 2008, it was reported that Emerson would not run in the 2008 federal election, citing the lengthy commute from Vancouver to Ottawa as the reason.[27]In 2009, he was named co-chair (with Paul Tellier) of the Prime Minister's Advisory Committee on the Public Service. He also became a member of the International Advisory Council of the Chinese sovereign wealth fund China Investment Corporation.[28]","title":"Retirement"}]
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[{"reference":"Woods, Allan; MacCharles, Tonda (June 26, 2008). \"PM stresses experience in shuffle\". The Toronto Star.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ovr / Ros\". Elections Canada. Retrieved April 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elections.ca/scripts/OVR2004/default.html","url_text":"\"Ovr / Ros\""}]},{"reference":"\"NDP slams Liberal attack on Layton's smile\". CBC News. December 29, 2005. Retrieved April 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ndp-slams-liberal-attack-on-layton-s-smile-1.533155","url_text":"\"NDP slams Liberal attack on Layton's smile\""}]},{"reference":"\"24 Hours Vancouver - News: Tory had plan to assist Emerson\". Vancouver.24hrs.ca. February 21, 2006. Archived from the original on July 16, 2012. Retrieved April 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120716230113/http://vancouver.24hrs.ca/News/2006/02/10/1434834-sun.html","url_text":"\"24 Hours Vancouver - News: Tory had plan to assist Emerson\""},{"url":"http://vancouver.24hrs.ca/News/2006/02/10/1434834-sun.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Ministry\". Parl.gc.ca. Archived from the original on April 4, 2005. Retrieved April 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050404131245/http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/people/key/curmin.asp?lang=E¶m=P","url_text":"\"The Ministry\""},{"url":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/people/key/curmin.asp?lang=E¶m=P","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Former Liberal David Emerson defects to Tories\". CTV.ca. February 6, 2006. Archived from the original on February 20, 2006. Retrieved April 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060220113604/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060206/emerson_defection_060206","url_text":"\"Former Liberal David Emerson defects to Tories\""},{"url":"http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060206/emerson_defection_060206","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Toronto Star - Breaking News, Toronto News, Ontario News, Canada News\". The Star. Toronto.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar/Layout/Article_Type1&c=Article&cid=1139439013287&call_pageid=968332188774&col=968350116467","url_text":"\"The Toronto Star - Breaking News, Toronto News, Ontario News, Canada News\""}]},{"reference":"\"NDP wants inquiry into Emerson's floor-crossing\". CTV.ca. Archived from the original on February 20, 2006. Retrieved April 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060220114633/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060210/ndp_emerson_060210/20060210","url_text":"\"NDP wants inquiry into Emerson's floor-crossing\""},{"url":"http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060210/ndp_emerson_060210/20060210","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Emerson denies stalling on softwood solution\". CTV.ca. February 10, 2006. Archived from the original on February 20, 2006. Retrieved April 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060220124416/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060209/emerson_softwood_allegations_060209/20060209","url_text":"\"Emerson denies stalling on softwood solution\""},{"url":"http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060209/emerson_softwood_allegations_060209/20060209","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MP's career 'limited' for criticising turncoat\". CTV.ca. February 10, 2006. Archived from the original on April 2, 2007. Retrieved April 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070402065549/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060210/emerson_turner_060210/20060210","url_text":"\"MP's career 'limited' for criticising turncoat\""},{"url":"http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060210/emerson_turner_060210/20060210","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Vancouver Liberals want Emerson to repay $97,000\". CTV.ca. February 8, 2006. Archived from the original on February 20, 2006. Retrieved April 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060220120242/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060207/emerson_riding_060207/20060208","url_text":"\"Vancouver Liberals want Emerson to repay $97,000\""},{"url":"http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060207/emerson_riding_060207/20060208","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Vancouver Liberals want Emerson to repay $97,000\". CBC News. February 8, 2006. Retrieved April 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/vancouver-liberals-want-emerson-to-repay-97-000-1.600600","url_text":"\"Vancouver Liberals want Emerson to repay $97,000\""}]},{"reference":"\"'I won't quit' embattled Emerson tells CBC\". CBC News. February 11, 2006. Retrieved April 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/i-won-t-quit-embattled-emerson-tells-cbc-1.578982","url_text":"\"'I won't quit' embattled Emerson tells CBC\""}]},{"reference":"\"Emerson says he might support floor-crossing law\". CTV.ca. Retrieved April 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060213/emerson_crossing_060213/20060214","url_text":"\"Emerson says he might support floor-crossing law\""}]},{"reference":"\"How'd They Vote? :: Bill C-251, Second Reading\". Howdtheyvote.ca. November 23, 2005. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved April 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706183251/http://howdtheyvote.ca/vote.php?id=241","url_text":"\"How'd They Vote? :: Bill C-251, Second Reading\""},{"url":"http://www.howdtheyvote.ca/vote.php?id=241","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Vancouver, The (February 13, 2006). \"Calls grow for Emerson to step down\". Canada.com. Archived from the original on April 6, 2012. Retrieved April 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120406102919/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=1e797bd2-4ad0-4830-820a-8fd7bd88f098&k=71383","url_text":"\"Calls grow for Emerson to step down\""},{"url":"http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=1e797bd2-4ad0-4830-820a-8fd7bd88f098&k=71383","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Harper to be investigated by ethics commissioner\". CTV.ca. March 3, 2006. Archived from the original on August 20, 2007. Retrieved April 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070820063514/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060301/emerson_election_060303/20060303?hub=TopStories","url_text":"\"Harper to be investigated by ethics commissioner\""},{"url":"http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060301/emerson_election_060303/20060303?hub=TopStories","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Harper 'loath' to co-operate with ethics commissioner\". CBC News. March 3, 2006. Retrieved April 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/harper-loath-to-co-operate-with-ethics-commissioner-1.601717","url_text":"\"Harper 'loath' to co-operate with ethics commissioner\""}]},{"reference":"\"No rules broken in Emerson affair: watchdog\". CBC News. March 20, 2006. Retrieved April 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/no-rules-broken-in-emerson-affair-watchdog-1.587184","url_text":"\"No rules broken in Emerson affair: watchdog\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prime Minister of Canada: Prime Minister announces Canada and U.S. reach softwood deal\". Pm.gc.ca. Archived from the original on March 22, 2010. Retrieved April 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100322121632/http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=1141","url_text":"\"Prime Minister of Canada: Prime Minister announces Canada and U.S. reach softwood deal\""},{"url":"http://pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=1141","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"B.C. warns it won't co-operate unless softwood lumber deal is amended\". July 5, 2006. Archived from the original on July 15, 2006. Retrieved July 9, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060715063946/http://www.cbc.ca/cp/business/060705/b070572.html","url_text":"\"B.C. warns it won't co-operate unless softwood lumber deal is amended\""},{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/cp/business/060705/b070572.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Trade truce faces trouble, industry warns\". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. July 7, 2006. Retrieved April 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://cscb.ca/article/trade-truce-faces-trouble-industry-warns","url_text":"\"Trade truce faces trouble, industry warns\""}]},{"reference":"\"National\". Toronto: globeandmail.com. Retrieved April 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060706.wxsoftwood06/BNStory/National/home","url_text":"\"National\""}]},{"reference":"\"Emerson and U.S. counterpart ink softwood deal\". CTV.ca. September 12, 2006. Archived from the original on September 1, 2009. Retrieved April 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090901085734/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060911/softwood_deal_060912/20060912","url_text":"\"Emerson and U.S. counterpart ink softwood deal\""},{"url":"http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060911/softwood_deal_060912/20060912","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bernier quits cabinet post over security breach\". CBC News. May 26, 2008. Retrieved April 15, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/bernier-quits-cabinet-post-over-security-breach-1.723124","url_text":"\"Bernier quits cabinet post over security breach\""}]},{"reference":"\"Emerson, Hearn will not seek re-election - CTV News\". CTV News. September 2, 2008. Archived from the original on January 6, 2009. Retrieved April 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ctvnews.ca/emerson-hearn-will-not-seek-re-election-1.320994","url_text":"\"Emerson, Hearn will not seek re-election - CTV News\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090106195532/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20080902/emerson_election_080902/20080902?hub=TopStories","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"China Investment Corporation\". China-inv.cn. Archived from the original on March 23, 2010. Retrieved April 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100323220717/http://www.china-inv.cn/cicen/governance/management_international.html","url_text":"\"China Investment Corporation\""},{"url":"http://www.china-inv.cn/cicen/governance/management_international.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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:: Bill C-251, Second Reading\""},{"Link":"http://www.howdtheyvote.ca/vote.php?id=241","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120406102919/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=1e797bd2-4ad0-4830-820a-8fd7bd88f098&k=71383","external_links_name":"\"Calls grow for Emerson to step down\""},{"Link":"http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=1e797bd2-4ad0-4830-820a-8fd7bd88f098&k=71383","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070820063514/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060301/emerson_election_060303/20060303?hub=TopStories","external_links_name":"\"Harper to be investigated by ethics commissioner\""},{"Link":"http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060301/emerson_election_060303/20060303?hub=TopStories","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/harper-loath-to-co-operate-with-ethics-commissioner-1.601717","external_links_name":"\"Harper 'loath' to co-operate with ethics commissioner\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/no-rules-broken-in-emerson-affair-watchdog-1.587184","external_links_name":"\"No rules broken in Emerson affair: watchdog\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100322121632/http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=1141","external_links_name":"\"Prime Minister of Canada: Prime Minister announces Canada and U.S. reach softwood deal\""},{"Link":"http://pm.gc.ca/eng/media.asp?id=1141","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060715063946/http://www.cbc.ca/cp/business/060705/b070572.html","external_links_name":"\"B.C. warns it won't co-operate unless softwood lumber deal is amended\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/cp/business/060705/b070572.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://cscb.ca/article/trade-truce-faces-trouble-industry-warns","external_links_name":"\"Trade truce faces trouble, industry warns\""},{"Link":"https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060706.wxsoftwood06/BNStory/National/home","external_links_name":"\"National\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090901085734/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060911/softwood_deal_060912/20060912","external_links_name":"\"Emerson and U.S. counterpart ink softwood deal\""},{"Link":"http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060911/softwood_deal_060912/20060912","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/bernier-quits-cabinet-post-over-security-breach-1.723124","external_links_name":"\"Bernier quits cabinet post over security breach\""},{"Link":"http://www.ctvnews.ca/emerson-hearn-will-not-seek-re-election-1.320994","external_links_name":"\"Emerson, Hearn will not seek re-election - CTV News\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090106195532/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20080902/emerson_election_080902/20080902?hub=TopStories","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100323220717/http://www.china-inv.cn/cicen/governance/management_international.html","external_links_name":"\"China Investment Corporation\""},{"Link":"http://www.china-inv.cn/cicen/governance/management_international.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.davidemersonlegal.com/","external_links_name":"DavidEmersonLegal.com - Legal issues arising from David Emerson's 2006 change of political party"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060521191535/http://w01.international.gc.ca/MinPub/Minister.asp?ID=140&Language=E","external_links_name":"Profile"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060504141454/http://w01.international.gc.ca/minpub/Publication.asp?publication_id=383934&Language=E","external_links_name":"Softwood Lumber Deal"},{"Link":"https://lop.parl.ca/sites/ParlInfo/default/en_CA/People/Profile?personId=17044","external_links_name":"David Emerson – Parliament of Canada biography"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000079339904","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/120993278","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJh4rdkb7Rv9G9CTqbjDMP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85037715","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/079989136","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_W_Series_Budapest_round
|
2021 Budapest W Series round
|
["1 Report","1.1 Background","1.2 Race","2 Classification","2.1 Practice","2.2 Qualifying","2.3 Race","3 Championship standings","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
|
2021 W Series Budapest round
Event 4 of 7 of the 2021 W Series
Race detailsDate
31 July 2021 (2021-07-31)Official name
2021 W Series Budapest roundLocation
Hungaroring, Mogyoród, Pest County, BudapestCourse
Permanent circuitCourse length
4.381 km (2.722 miles)Distance
19 laps, 83.239 km (51.718 miles)Pole positionDriver
Jamie Chadwick
Veloce RacingTime
1:42.735Fastest lapDriver
Jamie Chadwick
Veloce RacingTime
1:43.611PodiumFirst
Jamie Chadwick
Veloce RacingSecond
Alice Powell
Racing XThird
Nerea Martí
W Series AcademyMotor car race
The 2021 W Series Budapest round was the fourth round of seven in the 2021 W Series, and took place at the Hungaroring in Budapest on 31 July 2021. The event was an undercard to the 2021 Formula One World Championship round at the same circuit.
Report
Background
Caitlin Wood replaced Abbi Pulling in the Puma W Series Team.
Alice Powell led the championship on 54 points, 6 points ahead of Jamie Chadwick.
Race
Chadwick stormed away from pole position to take a commanding lead into the first corner, while Irina Sidorkova hung around the outside of Beitske Visser to take fourth. Further back, Ayla Ågren and Fabienne Wohlwend ran wide – the Norwegian slowed suddenly and caused Wohlwend to hit the back of her car, launch into the air and broke her front wing in the process, requiring a pit-stop.
Chadwick and Powell began to sprint away from Nerea Martí in third by around a second a lap, as Sidorkova and Visser began battling over fourth. Other battles in the field included Marta García and Emma Kimiläinen for sixth, as well as Belén García and a slow-starting Bruna Tomaselli for eighth. Sabré Cook meanwhile had made up five places from the start but began to fall back through the field as Miki Koyama overtook her for 13th, not helped by her side mirrors bending from an impact with a kerb. A bad day was made worse for the Bunker team when Wohlwend, who was suffering from further damage after the first lap incident, went a lap down after her pit-stop and then chose to retire the car after half-distance.
Marta García had begun to pull away from Kimiläinen but a mistake from the Spaniard saw her run wide at turn 11, allowing the Écurie W driver to draw alongside and overtake into turn 13. Another driver making moves was Koyama, who closed on the back of Abbie Eaton quicker than she was expecting – light front to rear contact was made at turn 2, before the Japanese driver also braved it around the outside of turn 3 to pass The Grand Tour test driver for 12th.
Chadwick eased to victory with a ten-second gap to title rival Powell in second. Martí scored her first podium and the second for the Academy team, team-mate Sidorkova holding out Visser and coming in 5 seconds behind Martí. Series returnee Caitlin Wood started and finished 17th after some mechanical issues on the rear end of her car led to misaligned tracking.
Classification
Practice
Session
No.
Driver
Team
Time
Source
Practice 1
55
Jamie Chadwick
Veloce Racing
1:43.317
Qualifying
Pos.
No.
Driver
Team
Time/Gap
1
55
Jamie Chadwick
Veloce Racing
1:42.735
2
27
Alice Powell
Racing X
+0.269
3
32
Nerea Martí
W Series Academy
+0.307
4
95
Beitske Visser
M. Forbes Motorsport
+0.445
5
51
Irina Sidorkova
W Series Academy
+0.644
6
97
Bruna Tomaselli
Veloce Racing
+0.875
7
19
Marta García
Puma W Series Team
+1.055
8
7
Emma Kimiläinen
Écurie W
+1.129
9
22
Belén García
Scuderia W
+1.163
10
21
Jessica Hawkins
Racing X
+1.173
11
11
Vittoria Piria
Sirin Racing
+1.474
12
17
Ayla Ågren
M. Forbes Motorsport
+1.573
13
5
Fabienne Wohlwend
Bunker Racing
+1.607
14
44
Abbie Eaton
Écurie W
+1.846
15
54
Miki Koyama
Sirin Racing
+2.101
16
26
Sarah Moore
Scuderia W
+2.134
17
20
Caitlin Wood
Puma W Series Team
+2.336
18
37
Sabré Cook
Bunker Racing
+2.687
Source:
Race
Pos.
No.
Driver
Team
Laps
Time/Retired
Grid
Pts
1
55
Jamie Chadwick
Veloce Racing
19
32:59.370
1
25
2
27
Alice Powell
Racing X
19
+10.237
2
18
3
32
Nerea Martí
W Series Academy
19
+15.395
3
15
4
51
Irina Sidorkova
W Series Academy
19
+20.931
5
12
5
95
Beitske Visser
M. Forbes Motorsport
19
+21.618
4
10
6
7
Emma Kimiläinen
Écurie W
19
+26.423
8
8
7
19
Marta García
Puma W Series Team
19
+28.706
7
6
8
22
Belén García
Scuderia W
19
+30.790
9
4
9
97
Bruna Tomaselli
Veloce Racing
19
+31.172
6
2
10
21
Jessica Hawkins
Racing X
19
+37.368
10
1
11
17
Ayla Ågren
M. Forbes Motorsport
19
+38.356
12
12
54
Miki Koyama
Sirin Racing
19
+42.047
15
13
44
Abbie Eaton
Écurie W
19
+47.892
14
14
37
Sabré Cook
Bunker Racing
19
+48.615
18
15
26
Sarah Moore
Scuderia W
19
+49.265
16
16
11
Vittoria Piria
Sirin Racing
19
+50.722
11
17
20
Caitlin Wood
Puma W Series Team
19
+51.506
17
DNF
5
Fabienne Wohlwend
Bunker Racing
9
Collision damage
13
Fastest lap set by Jamie Chadwick: 1:43.611
Source:
Championship standings
Pos.
Driver
Pts
Gap
1
Jamie Chadwick
73
2
Alice Powell
72
-1
3
Nerea Martí
37
-36
4
Sarah Moore
36
-37
5
Emma Kimiläinen
35
-38
See also
2021 Hungarian Grand Prix
Notes
^ Wohlwend races with a Swiss licence however is a Liechtenstein citizen and passport holder.
References
^ "HUNGARY RACE REPORT". W Series. Retrieved 31 July 2021.
^ "W Series to support F1 in 2021 and beyond". ESPN.com. 12 November 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
^ "CAITLIN HUNGRY FOR W SERIES COMEBACK IN BUDAPEST". W Series. Retrieved 27 July 2021.
^ "W Series 2021 Budapest Classification – Practice". Motorsport Stats. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
^ "Fabienne: Ein Podium für die Nachbarn". Autosprint.ch (in German). 27 June 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
^ "FIA International Sporting Code" (PDF). Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 13 October 2013. p. 34. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 January 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2015. 9.5.2 All Drivers, irrespective of the nationality of their Licence, participating in any FIA World Championship Competition, shall retain the nationality of their passport in all official documents, publications and prize‐giving ceremonies.
^ "W Series 2021 Budapest Classification – Qualifying". Motorsport Stats. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
^ "W Series 2021 Budapest Classification – Race". Motorsport Stats. Retrieved 20 January 2022.
External links
Official website Archived 14 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine
Race replay
Previous race:2021 W Series Silverstone round
W Series2021 season
Next race:2021 W Series Spa-Francorchamps round
vteW Series races by season2019
HOC
ZOL
MIS
NRM
ASN
BRH
2021
SPI1
SPI2
SIL
BUD
SPA
ZAN
AUS
2022
MIA
BCN
SIL
LEC
BUD
SIN
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 W Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_W_Series"},{"link_name":"Hungaroring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungaroring"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2021 Formula One World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Formula_One_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Motor car raceThe 2021 W Series Budapest round was the fourth round of seven in the 2021 W Series, and took place at the Hungaroring in Budapest on 31 July 2021.[1] The event was an undercard to the 2021 Formula One World Championship round at the same circuit.[2]","title":"2021 Budapest W Series round"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caitlin Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caitlin_Wood"},{"link_name":"Abbi Pulling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbi_Pulling"},{"link_name":"Puma W Series Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puma_(brand)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Alice Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Powell"},{"link_name":"Jamie Chadwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Chadwick"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"Caitlin Wood replaced Abbi Pulling in the Puma W Series Team.[3]Alice Powell led the championship on 54 points, 6 points ahead of Jamie Chadwick.","title":"Report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irina Sidorkova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irina_Sidorkova"},{"link_name":"Beitske Visser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beitske_Visser"},{"link_name":"Ayla Ågren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayla_%C3%85gren"},{"link_name":"Fabienne Wohlwend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabienne_Wohlwend"},{"link_name":"Nerea Martí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerea_Mart%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Marta García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marta_Garc%C3%ADa_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Emma Kimiläinen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Kimil%C3%A4inen"},{"link_name":"Belén García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A9n_Garc%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Bruna Tomaselli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruna_Tomaselli"},{"link_name":"Sabré Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabr%C3%A9_Cook"},{"link_name":"Miki Koyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miki_Koyama"},{"link_name":"Abbie Eaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbie_Eaton"},{"link_name":"The Grand Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grand_Tour"}],"sub_title":"Race","text":"Chadwick stormed away from pole position to take a commanding lead into the first corner, while Irina Sidorkova hung around the outside of Beitske Visser to take fourth. Further back, Ayla Ågren and Fabienne Wohlwend ran wide – the Norwegian slowed suddenly and caused Wohlwend to hit the back of her car, launch into the air and broke her front wing in the process, requiring a pit-stop.Chadwick and Powell began to sprint away from Nerea Martí in third by around a second a lap, as Sidorkova and Visser began battling over fourth. Other battles in the field included Marta García and Emma Kimiläinen for sixth, as well as Belén García and a slow-starting Bruna Tomaselli for eighth. Sabré Cook meanwhile had made up five places from the start but began to fall back through the field as Miki Koyama overtook her for 13th, not helped by her side mirrors bending from an impact with a kerb. A bad day was made worse for the Bunker team when Wohlwend, who was suffering from further damage after the first lap incident, went a lap down after her pit-stop and then chose to retire the car after half-distance.Marta García had begun to pull away from Kimiläinen but a mistake from the Spaniard saw her run wide at turn 11, allowing the Écurie W driver to draw alongside and overtake into turn 13. Another driver making moves was Koyama, who closed on the back of Abbie Eaton quicker than she was expecting – light front to rear contact was made at turn 2, before the Japanese driver also braved it around the outside of turn 3 to pass The Grand Tour test driver for 12th.Chadwick eased to victory with a ten-second gap to title rival Powell in second. Martí scored her first podium and the second for the Academy team, team-mate Sidorkova holding out Visser and coming in 5 seconds behind Martí. Series returnee Caitlin Wood started and finished 17th after some mechanical issues on the rear end of her car led to misaligned tracking.","title":"Report"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Practice","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Qualifying","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Race","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Championship standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"^ Wohlwend races with a Swiss licence however is a Liechtenstein citizen and passport holder.[5][6]","title":"Notes"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"2021 Hungarian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Hungarian_Grand_Prix"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"HUNGARY RACE REPORT\". W Series. Retrieved 31 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://wseries.com/w-hub/hungary-race-report/","url_text":"\"HUNGARY RACE REPORT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_Series_(championship)","url_text":"W Series"}]},{"reference":"\"W Series to support F1 in 2021 and beyond\". ESPN.com. 12 November 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/f1/story/_/id/30301117/w-series-support-f1-2021-beyond","url_text":"\"W Series to support F1 in 2021 and beyond\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAITLIN HUNGRY FOR W SERIES COMEBACK IN BUDAPEST\". W Series. Retrieved 27 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://wseries.com/w-hub/caitlin-hungry-for-w-series-comeback-in-budapest/","url_text":"\"CAITLIN HUNGRY FOR W SERIES COMEBACK IN BUDAPEST\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_Series_(championship)","url_text":"W Series"}]},{"reference":"\"W Series 2021 Budapest Classification – Practice\". Motorsport Stats. Retrieved 20 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://motorsportstats.com/results/w-series/2021/budapest/classification/free-practice","url_text":"\"W Series 2021 Budapest Classification – Practice\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorsport.com","url_text":"Motorsport Stats"}]},{"reference":"\"Fabienne: Ein Podium für die Nachbarn\". Autosprint.ch (in German). 27 June 2021. Retrieved 31 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.autosprint.ch/motorsport/formel-sport/fabienne-wohlwend-ein-podium-fuer-die-nachbarn/","url_text":"\"Fabienne: Ein Podium für die Nachbarn\""}]},{"reference":"\"FIA International Sporting Code\" (PDF). Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 13 October 2013. p. 34. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 January 2015. Retrieved 25 January 2015. 9.5.2 All Drivers, irrespective of the nationality of their Licence, participating in any FIA World Championship Competition, shall retain the nationality of their passport in all official documents, publications and prize‐giving ceremonies.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fia.com/sites/default/files/regulation/file/2014%20International%20Sporting%20Code%20%28FR-EN%29.pdf","url_text":"\"FIA International Sporting Code\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile","url_text":"Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile","url_text":"Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150125160158/http://www.fia.com/sites/default/files/regulation/file/2014%20International%20Sporting%20Code%20%28FR-EN%29.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"W Series 2021 Budapest Classification – Qualifying\". Motorsport Stats. Retrieved 20 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://motorsportstats.com/results/w-series/2021/budapest/classification/qualifying","url_text":"\"W Series 2021 Budapest Classification – Qualifying\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorsport.com","url_text":"Motorsport Stats"}]},{"reference":"\"W Series 2021 Budapest Classification – Race\". Motorsport Stats. Retrieved 20 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://motorsportstats.com/results/w-series/2021/budapest/classification","url_text":"\"W Series 2021 Budapest Classification – Race\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorsport.com","url_text":"Motorsport Stats"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://wseries.com/w-hub/hungary-race-report/","external_links_name":"\"HUNGARY RACE REPORT\""},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/f1/story/_/id/30301117/w-series-support-f1-2021-beyond","external_links_name":"\"W Series to support F1 in 2021 and beyond\""},{"Link":"https://wseries.com/w-hub/caitlin-hungry-for-w-series-comeback-in-budapest/","external_links_name":"\"CAITLIN HUNGRY FOR W SERIES COMEBACK IN BUDAPEST\""},{"Link":"https://motorsportstats.com/results/w-series/2021/budapest/classification/free-practice","external_links_name":"\"W Series 2021 Budapest Classification – Practice\""},{"Link":"https://www.autosprint.ch/motorsport/formel-sport/fabienne-wohlwend-ein-podium-fuer-die-nachbarn/","external_links_name":"\"Fabienne: Ein Podium für die Nachbarn\""},{"Link":"http://www.fia.com/sites/default/files/regulation/file/2014%20International%20Sporting%20Code%20%28FR-EN%29.pdf","external_links_name":"\"FIA International Sporting Code\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150125160158/http://www.fia.com/sites/default/files/regulation/file/2014%20International%20Sporting%20Code%20%28FR-EN%29.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://motorsportstats.com/results/w-series/2021/budapest/classification/qualifying","external_links_name":"\"W Series 2021 Budapest Classification – Qualifying\""},{"Link":"https://motorsportstats.com/results/w-series/2021/budapest/classification","external_links_name":"\"W Series 2021 Budapest Classification – Race\""},{"Link":"https://wseries.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220414152507/https://wseries.com/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ORUDsM5j_Y","external_links_name":"Race replay"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Age_(The_Velvet_Underground_song)
|
New Age (The Velvet Underground song)
|
["1 Notable covers","2 References"]
|
The Velvet Underground song
For other uses, see New Age (disambiguation).
"New Age" is the fifth song on The Velvet Underground album Loaded (1970). It is one of the four songs that feature Doug Yule on vocals, encouraged by main singer and songwriter Lou Reed. The song also appears on 1969: The Velvet Underground Live, with Reed on vocals, singing an earlier, significantly different version of the lyrics.
In its original form, it was about Reed's girlfriend at the time, Shelley Albin, and included a possible reference to Reed's bisexuality: "It seems to be my fancy to make it with Frank and Nancy." The later, studio version is written from the point of view of a fan addressing a "fat blonde actress".
When the album was released, this song caused controversy. Reed, who had left the band a month before, stated that his original versions of "Sweet Jane", "Rock and Roll" and "New Age" were corrupted. Doug Yule, on the other hand, insists that Reed's mixes were respected.
The Fully Loaded issue of the Loaded album (1997) includes an alternate version of "New Age", along with the other previously "corrupted" songs, subtitled "full-length version". It is about a minute longer than the LP version.
Notable covers
The cover album Strange Little Girls (2001) by Tori Amos features a cover of the song (using the original lyrics).
References
^ Jovanovic, Rob (2012). Seeing the Light: Inside the Velvet Underground. Macmillan. p. 134. ISBN 9781429942263. Reed was happy to let Yule sing and encouraged him to occasionally take lead vocals.
^ Unterberger, Richie (2009). White Light/White Heat: The Velvet Underground Day-By-Day. Jawbone Press. p. 258. ISBN 978-1-906002-22-0.
^ Thomas, Pat. "Doug Yule interview". Perfect Sound Forever. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
^ Unterberger, Richie (2009). White Light/White Heat: The Velvet Underground Day-By-Day. Jawbone Press. p. 279. ISBN 978-1-906002-22-0. It's also included on Fully Loaded Edition, which adds yet another version that runs about a minute longer than the LP mix.
^ "Tori Amos – Strange Little Girls". discogs. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
vteThe Velvet Underground
Lou Reed
John Cale
Sterling Morrison
Moe Tucker
Doug Yule
Willie Alexander
Angus MacLise
Nico
Walter Powers
Billy Yule
Studio albums
The Velvet Underground & Nico
White Light/White Heat
The Velvet Underground
Loaded
Squeeze
Live albums
Live at Max's Kansas City
1969: The Velvet Underground Live
Live MCMXCIII
Final V.U. 1971–1973
Bootleg Series Volume 1: The Quine Tapes
The Complete Matrix Tapes
Outtakes albums
VU
Another View
Compilations
Andy Warhol's Velvet Underground Featuring Nico
The Best of The Velvet Underground: Words and Music of Lou Reed
The Best of Lou Reed & The Velvet Underground
20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of The Velvet Underground
The Very Best of the Velvet Underground
Gold
Box sets
Final V.U. 1971–1973
Peel Slowly and See
The Complete Matrix Tapes
Singles
"All Tomorrow's Parties" / "I'll Be Your Mirror"
"Sunday Morning"
"White Light/White Heat" / "Here She Comes Now"
"What Goes On"
"Sweet Jane" / "Rock & Roll"
"I'm Waiting for the Man" / "There She Goes Again"
"Venus in Furs"
Other songs
"After Hours"
"Candy Says"
"European Son"
"Heroin"
"I Heard Her Call My Name"
"Lady Godiva's Operation"
"New Age"
"Pale Blue Eyes"
"Run Run Run"
"Sister Ray"
"Stephanie Says"
"The Black Angel's Death Song"
"The Gift"
Tribute albums
Heaven & Hell
Fifteen Minutes
I'll Be Your Mirror
Films
The Velvet Underground and Nico: A Symphony of Sound
The Velvet Underground (2021 film)
Related articlesArticles
Discography
Songs
Exploding Plastic Inevitable
Ostrich guitar
The Factory
Max's Kansas City
People
Walter De Maria
Steve Sesnick
Andy Warhol
Tom Wilson
Music
Songs for Drella
Le Bataclan '72
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz work
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Age (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Age_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"The Velvet Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Velvet_Underground"},{"link_name":"Loaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loaded_(The_Velvet_Underground_album)"},{"link_name":"Doug Yule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Yule"},{"link_name":"Lou Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Reed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"1969: The Velvet Underground Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969:_The_Velvet_Underground_Live"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sweet Jane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Jane"},{"link_name":"Rock and Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_%26_Roll_(The_Velvet_Underground_song)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thomas-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"For other uses, see New Age (disambiguation).\"New Age\" is the fifth song on The Velvet Underground album Loaded (1970). It is one of the four songs that feature Doug Yule on vocals, encouraged by main singer and songwriter Lou Reed.[1] The song also appears on 1969: The Velvet Underground Live, with Reed on vocals, singing an earlier, significantly different version of the lyrics.[citation needed]In its original form, it was about Reed's girlfriend at the time, Shelley Albin, and included a possible reference to Reed's bisexuality: \"It seems to be my fancy to make it with Frank and Nancy.\" The later, studio version is written from the point of view of a fan addressing a \"fat blonde actress\".[2]When the album was released, this song caused controversy. Reed, who had left the band a month before, stated that his original versions of \"Sweet Jane\", \"Rock and Roll\" and \"New Age\" were corrupted. Doug Yule, on the other hand, insists that Reed's mixes were respected.[3]The Fully Loaded issue of the Loaded album (1997) includes an alternate version of \"New Age\", along with the other previously \"corrupted\" songs, subtitled \"full-length version\". It is about a minute longer than the LP version.[4]","title":"New Age (The Velvet Underground song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strange Little Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strange_Little_Girls"},{"link_name":"Tori Amos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tori_Amos"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The cover album Strange Little Girls (2001) by Tori Amos features a cover of the song (using the original lyrics).[5]","title":"Notable covers"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Jovanovic, Rob (2012). Seeing the Light: Inside the Velvet Underground. Macmillan. p. 134. ISBN 9781429942263. Reed was happy to let Yule sing and encouraged him to occasionally take lead vocals.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2lKRw0ukVa0C&pg=PA134","url_text":"Seeing the Light: Inside the Velvet Underground"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781429942263","url_text":"9781429942263"}]},{"reference":"Unterberger, Richie (2009). White Light/White Heat: The Velvet Underground Day-By-Day. Jawbone Press. p. 258. ISBN 978-1-906002-22-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906002-22-0","url_text":"978-1-906002-22-0"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Pat. \"Doug Yule interview\". Perfect Sound Forever. Retrieved 20 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.furious.com/Perfect/yule.html","url_text":"\"Doug Yule interview\""}]},{"reference":"Unterberger, Richie (2009). White Light/White Heat: The Velvet Underground Day-By-Day. Jawbone Press. p. 279. ISBN 978-1-906002-22-0. It's also included on Fully Loaded Edition, which adds yet another version that runs about a minute longer than the LP mix.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906002-22-0","url_text":"978-1-906002-22-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Tori Amos – Strange Little Girls\". discogs. Retrieved 21 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discogs.com/Tori-Amos-Strange-Little-Girls/release/479673","url_text":"\"Tori Amos – Strange Little Girls\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2lKRw0ukVa0C&pg=PA134","external_links_name":"Seeing the Light: Inside the Velvet Underground"},{"Link":"http://www.furious.com/Perfect/yule.html","external_links_name":"\"Doug Yule interview\""},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/Tori-Amos-Strange-Little-Girls/release/479673","external_links_name":"\"Tori Amos – Strange Little Girls\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/c9d1860c-dd0d-3869-993c-098807de43d9","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_L._Johnson
|
Kevin L. Johnson
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
American politician
Kevin L. JohnsonMember of the South Carolina Senatefrom the 36th districtIncumbentAssumed office 2012Member of the South Carolina House of Representativesfrom the 64th districtIn office2011–2012Preceded byCathy Harvin
Personal detailsBorn (1960-09-27) September 27, 1960 (age 63)Fort Campbell, Kentucky, U.S.Political partyDemocraticSpouseGloria RichardsonChildrenthree including Kimberly JohnsonResidence(s)Manning, South CarolinaAlma materUniversity of South Carolina
Kevin L. Johnson (born September 27, 1960) is an American politician who is a Democratic member of the South Carolina Senate, representing the 36th District since 2012.
References
^ "South Carolina Legislature Online - Member Biography".
External links
Appearances on C-SPAN
Kevin Johnson for Senate
vteMembers of the South Carolina Senate
President of the Senate
Thomas C. Alexander (R)
Majority Leader
A. Shane Massey (R)
Minority Leader
Brad Hutto (D)
▌Thomas C. Alexander (R)
▌Rex Rice (R)
▌Richard Cash (R)
▌Michael Gambrell (R)
▌Tom Corbin (R)
▌Dwight Loftis (R)
▌Karl B. Allen (D)
▌Ross Turner (R)
▌Danny Verdin (R)
▌Billy Garrett (R)
▌Josh Kimbrell (R)
▌Scott Talley (R)
▌Shane Martin (R)
▌Harvey S. Peeler Jr. (R)
▌Wes Climer (R)
▌Michael Johnson (R)
▌Mike Fanning (D)
▌Ronnie Cromer (R)
▌Tameika Isaac Devine (D)
▌Dick Harpootlian (D)
▌Darrell Jackson (D)
▌Mia McLeod (I)
▌Katrina Shealy (R)
▌Tom Young Jr. (R)
▌A. Shane Massey (R)
▌Nikki G. Setzler (D)
▌Penry Gustafson (R)
▌Greg Hembree (R)
▌Gerald Malloy (D)
▌Kent M. Williams (D)
▌Mike Reichenbach (R)
▌Ronnie A. Sabb (D)
▌Luke A. Rankin (R)
▌Stephen Goldfinch (R)
▌Thomas McElveen (D)
▌Kevin L. Johnson (D)
▌Larry Grooms (R)
▌Sean Bennett (R)
▌Vernon Stephens (D)
▌Brad Hutto (D)
▌Sandy Senn (R)
▌Deon Tedder (D)
▌Chip Campsen (R)
▌Brian Adams (R)
▌Margie Bright Matthews (D)
▌Tom Davis (R)
▌Republican (30)
▌Democratic (15)
▌ Independent (1)
South Carolina General Assembly
South Carolina House of Representatives
South Carolina Senate
This article about a South Carolina politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"South Carolina Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Senate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Kevin L. Johnson (born September 27, 1960) is an American politician who is a Democratic member of the South Carolina Senate, representing the 36th District since 2012.[1]","title":"Kevin L. Johnson"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"South Carolina Legislature Online - Member Biography\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scstatehouse.gov/member.php?code=0947727159","url_text":"\"South Carolina Legislature Online - Member Biography\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.scstatehouse.gov/member.php?code=0947727159","external_links_name":"\"South Carolina Legislature Online - Member Biography\""},{"Link":"https://www.c-span.org/person/?97537","external_links_name":"Appearances"},{"Link":"https://www.johnson4senate.com/","external_links_name":"Kevin Johnson for Senate"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kevin_L._Johnson&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stenanthium
|
Stenanthium
|
["1 Taxonomy","1.1 Species","2 See also","3 References"]
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Genus of flowering plants
Stenanthium
Flowers of Stenanthium gramineum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Monocots
Order:
Liliales
Family:
Melanthiaceae
Tribe:
Melanthieae
Genus:
Stenanthium(A.Gray) Kunth
Synonyms
Oceanoros Small
Tracyanthus Small
Stenanthium is a North American genus of flowering plants in the tribe Melanthieae of the family Melanthiaceae.
Featherbells is a common name for plants in this genus.
Taxonomy
Molecular phylogenetic studies in the 21st century have resulted in number of changes to placements within this tribe.
Three species were removed from the genus to Anticlea and two or three (depending on whether S. leimanthoides is maintained as a separate species) added from Zigadenus sensu lato, the deathcamases. (See also Phylogeny of Melanthieae.) Members of Stenanthium, as currently circumscribed, may also be distinguished from other deathcamases by having a slender cylindrical bulb and the lack of sarcotesta on its brown seeds. They occur in the eastern and south-central United States.
Species
Species include:
Image
Scientific name
Common Name
Distribution
Stenanthium densum (Desr.) Zomlefer & Judd
Osceola's plume
southeastern United States from Texas to Virginia
Stenanthium diffusum Wofford
Tennessee
Stenanthium gramineum (Ker Gawl.) Morong
eastern featherbells
eastern + south-central United States from eastern Texas to Florida north to Michigan and Connecticut.
Stenanthium leimanthoides (A.Gray) Zomlefer & Judd
pine barren deathcamas
eastern + south-central United States from eastern Texas to Florida north to New York
Stenanthium macrum Sorrie & Weakley
Gulf Coast, from Texas to Florida
Stenanthium occidentale A.Gray
western featherbells
native to the Pacific Northwest, the Klamath Mountains in northwestern California, and Western Canada.
Stenanthium tennesseense Sorrie & Weakley
southern Tennessee
Different botanists and sources recognize different numbers of distinct species. The Flora of North America and USDA recognize two: Stenanthium gramineum and Stenanthium occidentale. Several sources recognize S. leimanthoides as a separate species. The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families recognized three species in 2013, treating S. leimanthoides as a synonym of S. densum. Plants of the World Online treats S. occidentale as a synonym of Anticlea occidentale. Research by Sorrie and Weakley (2017) described two new species of Stenanthium in the southeastern United States: S. macrum and S. tennesseense.
See also
Melanthiaceae genera
References
^ a b WCSP_Stenanthium>Search for "Stenanthium", "World Checklist of Selected Plant Families". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2013-08-23.
^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Stenanthium". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
^ a b Zomlefer, WB; WS Judd (2002). "Resurrection of Segregates of the Polyphyletic Genus Zigadenus s.l. (Liliales: Melanthiaceae) and Resulting New Combinations". Novon. 12 (2): 299–308. doi:10.2307/3392971. JSTOR 3392971.
^ Zomlefer, WB; NH Williams; WM Whitten; WS Judd (2001). "Generic circumscriptions and relationships in the tribe Melanthieae (Liliales, Melanthiaceae), with emphasis on Zigadenus: Evidence from ITS and TRNL-F sequence data". American Journal of Botany. 88 (9). Botanical Society of America: 1657–1669. doi:10.2307/3558411. JSTOR 3558411. PMID 21669700.
^ USDA Plants Profile for Stenanthium gramineum (eastern featherbells) . accessed 6.26.2017.
^ "Stenanthium macrum". ipni.org. International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2018-10-03.
^ USDA Plants Profile for Stenanthium occidentale (western featherbells) . accessed 6.26.2017.
^ Calflora Database: Stenanthium occidentale (Western featherbells, Western stenanthium) . accessed 6.26.2017.
^ Jepson eFlora (TJM2) treatment of Stenanthium occidentale . accessed 6.26.2017.
^ UC CalPhotos gallery of Stenanthium occidentale
^ "Stenanthium tennesseense". ipni.org. International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2018-10-03.
^ eFloras.org: Stenanthium treatment . accessed 6.26.2017.
^ USDA: Stenanthium treatment. accessed 6.26.2017.
^ Weldy, Troy; David Werier & Andrew Nelson (2013). "Stenanthium leimanthoides". New York Flora Atlas. Florida Center for Community Design and Research. New York Flora Association. Retrieved 2013-08-21.
^ Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution maps
^ "Stenanthium leimanthoides". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanical Gardens Kew. Retrieved 2018-10-03.
^ a b Sorrie, Bruce A.; Weakley, Alan S. (2017). "Stenanthium leimanthoides and S. densum (Melanthiaceae) revisited, with the description of two new species". Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas. 11 (2): 275–286. doi:10.17348/jbrit.v11.i2.1068. S2CID 244564260.
^ "Stenanthium occidentale". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanical Gardens Kew. Retrieved 2018-10-03.
Taxon identifiersStenanthium
Wikidata: Q528774
Wikispecies: Stenanthium
BOLD: 482963
CoL: 8W3SB
EoL: 44534
EPPO: 1ZTHG
FNA: 131349
FoC: 131349
GBIF: 2741729
GRIN: 11523
iNaturalist: 72374
IPNI: 1154473-2
IRMNG: 1072415
ITIS: 43040
NCBI: 164827
Open Tree of Life: 631680
PLANTS: STENA2
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1154473-2
Tropicos: 40005267
WFO: wfo-4000036464
Veratrum subg. Stenanthium
Wikidata: Q37402753
IPNI: 328857-2
Tropicos: 50202620
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[]
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[{"title":"Melanthiaceae genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Melanthiaceae_genera"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Gibson_(figure_skater)
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Lewis Gibson (figure skater)
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["1 Personal life","2 Career","2.1 Early career","2.2 2016–2017 season: Debut of Fear/Gibson","2.3 2017–2018 season","2.4 2018–2019 season: \"Disco Brits\"","2.5 2019–2020 season: First Grand Prix medal","2.6 2020–2021 season","2.7 2021–2022 season: Beijing Olympics","2.8 2022–2023 season: European silver","2.9 2023–2024 season: Grand Prix gold","3 Programs","3.1 Ice dance with Fear","3.2 Men's singles","4 Competitive highlights","4.1 Ice dance with Fear","4.2 Men's singles","5 References","6 External links"]
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Scottish ice dancer (born 1994)
Lewis GibsonLilah Fear and Lewis Gibson at the 2019 Skate CanadaBorn (1994-05-01) 1 May 1994 (age 30)Prestwick, ScotlandHeight1.72 m (5 ft 7+1⁄2 in)Figure skating careerCountry Great BritainPartnerLilah FearCoachRomain Haguenauer, Patrice Lauzon, Marie-France DubreuilSkating clubAlexandra Palace London
Medal record
Figure skating: Ice dancing
Representing Great Britain
European Championships
2023 Espoo
Ice dancing
2024 Kaunas
Ice dancing
Lewis Gibson (born 1 May 1994) is a Scottish ice dancer who represents Great Britain. With his skating partner, Lilah Fear, he is a two-time European silver medalist (2023–24), a six-time Grand Prix medalist (including gold at the 2023 NHK Trophy), a five-time Challenger series gold medalist, the 2018 Bavarian Open champion, and a six-time British national champion (2017, 2019–2020, 2022–2024).
Personal life
Gibson was born on 1 May 1994 in Prestwick, Scotland. He was raised in Prestwick and played football before becoming interested in skating.
Gibson identifies as gay and is married to Joshua Walsh. For some time, he was reluctant to publicly discuss his sexuality due to concerns about homophobia within the judged sport of figure skating, but subsequently said, "I can't live never sharing who I am and sharing who I love."
Career
Early career
Gibson began skating in 2006 in Scotland, training at Ayr Ice Rink and Stevenston's Auchenharvie Leisure Centre. He cited the first series of Dancing on Ice, hosted by British ice dance champions Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean, as his initial inspiration to begin skating. In addition to his career in men's singles, he competed in pairs for two seasons. In 2010–11, he and Heather Murdoch won the novice pairs title at the British Championships. They received the bronze medal the following season.
As a single skater, Gibson was coached by Jennifer Holmes at Ayr and Auchenharvie rinks before moving up to the junior international level. He then went on to train under Leanne Collins in East Kilbride, Scotland. Competing on the senior level, he won silver at the British Championships in November 2013. In the 2014–15 season, he appeared at two Challenger Series competitions, placing thirteenth at the Lombardia Trophy and Volvo Open Cup, and took the silver medal at the Hamar Trophy in Norway. He ended his singles career in December 2015.
2016–2017 season: Debut of Fear/Gibson
Gibson began a partnership with Lilah Fear, coached by Karen Quinn at the Alexandra Palace Ice Rink in London, England, and by Romain Haguenauer in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The duo made their international debut in late July 2016 at the Lake Placid Ice Dance International, finishing eleventh. Ranked second in both segments, they received the silver medal at a Challenger Series event, the Lombardia Trophy in September. They placed fifth at the International Cup of Nice and fourth at the Open d'Andorra. In December, they won the British national title, in the absence of longtime champions Coomes/Buckland, and silver at the Santa Claus Cup in Hungary.
In January 2017, Fear/Gibson qualified to the final segment at the European Championships in Ostrava, Czech Republic; they ranked nineteenth in the short dance, fourteenth in the free dance, and fifteenth overall. They made their World Championship debut later that season, placing twenty-second.
2017–2018 season
Beginning their second season together, Fear/Gibson placed sixth at the International Cup of Nice and won silver medals at the Open d'Andorra and the Ice Challenge. They competed in three Challenger events that season, placing ninth at both the 2017 CS Finlandia Trophy and 2017 CS Lombardia Trophy and fourth at the 2017 CS Warsaw Cup. Competing at the British Championships, they won the silver medal, this time behind a returning Coomes/Buckland. They subsequently competed again at the Santa Claus Cup, placing fourth.
At the end of the season, they were again sent as Great Britain's representation to the 2018 World Championships, placing twenty-fourth.
2018–2019 season: "Disco Brits"
Fear & Gibson perform their trademark disco free dance at the 2018 Skate America
Wanting to challenge themselves, Fear/Gibson selected for their free dance a disco medley of songs by Donna Summer and Earth, Wind and Fire. Both professed as well to be fans of the genre. Gibson said, "A lot of the routines of recent times have been very slow and lyrical, but we wanted to do something fun and something that would stand out to help us make a name for ourselves." The free dance proved to be a huge success with audiences, facilitating what would be a dramatic rise up the international standings, and the team was nicknamed the "Disco Brits" by skating fans. Fear later credited the music selection as "a lucky choice, and from there, it completely redirected us to where we see ourselves going, what we feel is our style and what makes us unique."
Fear/Gibson began their season with two Challenger assignments, placing fourth at the 2018 CS Nebelhorn Trophy and fifth at the 2018 CS Ondrej Nepela Trophy. In October 2018, the two finished fifth at the 2018 Skate America – their Grand Prix debut. A month later, they improved their placement by finishing fourth at the 2018 NHK Trophy, achieving new personal bests in the free dance and overall score, and ranking second in the free dance.
After winning their second British national title, Fear/Gibson next competed at the 2019 European Championships, placing seventh in the rhythm dance and sixth in the free, for sixth place overall. They were pleased with the result, Gibson commenting that they "came in with the goal of a top-ten finish after we came 15th two years ago. Now we’ve managed to get two spots for Great Britain next year, which is really exciting." At the 2019 World Championships, they placed thirteenth, having made the free dance for the first time.
2019–2020 season: First Grand Prix medal
After the success of their disco free dance the previous season, Fear and Gibson chose a Madonna medley for their new free dance, aiming to continue the momentum of past success with audience-pleasing choices. For the rhythm dance, required to be musical-themed, Gibson identified tracks from The Blues Brothers. Fear remarked that they "knew that could get the crowd on its feet, hopefully, and people would be tapping their toes."
Fear/Gibson began the season on the Challenger series, winning the silver medal at the 2019 CS Autumn Classic International after placing fifth in the rhythm dance and second in the free dance. At their second Challenger, the 2019 CS Nebelhorn Trophy, they placed sixth in the rhythm dance and third in the free, for fourth place overall. Assigned to two Grand Prix events, they began at 2019 Skate Canada International, where they placed fourth in the rhythm dance and third in the free skate, taking the bronze medal. This was the team's first Grand Prix medal and the first for a British team since 2014. Gibson remarked: "For us, this is huge. We didn't expect it." Competing again at the NHK Trophy, they were fourth in the rhythm dance, earning a perfect score on the Finnstep pattern dance for the first time. They were third in the free dance, remaining in fourth place overall.
At the 2020 British Championships, Fear/Gibson placed first in the rhythm dance even though Fear had fallen out of the twizzles and placed first in the free winning their third national title by 73.37 points. In what proved to be their final event of the season, they competed at the 2020 European Championships and placed sixth in the rhythm dance, with Fear losing a twizzle level and them getting only one of the four key points on the Finnstepp pattern dance. Fifth in the free dance, they rose to fifth place overall. They had been assigned to compete at the World Championships in Montreal, but these were cancelled as a result of the coronavirus pandemic.
2020–2021 season
Fear/Gibson were assigned to the 2020 Skate Canada International, but this event was also cancelled due to the pandemic. As there were no British championships for the season as a result of the pandemic, on December 3, they were named to Britain's team for the European Championships, alongside Fear's younger sister Sasha. The competition was cancelled on December 10.
Fear/Gibson were again named to represent Britain at the 2021 World Championships in Stockholm, where they placed eighth in the rhythm dance before moving up to seventh place in the free dance, surpassing the Canadian team Fournier Beaudry/Sørensen by 0.04 points. Their results qualified a second dance berth for Great Britain at the following year's World Championships and the possibility of a second place at the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing.
2021–2022 season: Beijing Olympics
For their new free dance for the season, Fear/Gibson chose Hans Zimmer's soundtrack from The Lion King, citing it as a "universal" story about "finding your inner strength." They selected a medley of KISS songs for the rhythm dance, which Gibson attributed to "nostalgia and the want to entertain. That’s what we love to do."
Fear/Gibson began the season at the 2021 CS Finlandia Trophy, winning the bronze medal. At their first Grand Prix assignment, the 2021 Skate Canada International, Fear/Gibson made errors in both segments of the competition, ending up in an unexpectedly low seventh place. Gibson said it was "not what we wanted to do, but we felt strong and connected in the free dance." Following this, they dedicated intensive training time in the short interval before their second event, the 2021 NHK Trophy. Third in both segments there, despite a twizzle error from Gibson in the free dance, they won the bronze medal after finishing fourth in two previous appearances at the Japanese Grand Prix. Fear said, "we were really hungry to come out here to make progress, and I feel like we did that."
After winning the Open d'Andorra and their fourth British national title, Fear/Gibson were assigned to the British Olympic team. Gibson remarked, "to feel like years and years of hard work and dedication have paid off is truly one of the most satisfying things." At the 2022 European Championships, Fear/Gibson were fourth in the rhythm dance but fell to fifth place after a twizzle error from Gibson in the free dance.
Competing at the 2022 Winter Olympics in the dance event, Fear/Gibson were tenth in the rhythm dance. They were ninth in the free dance, remaining tenth overall. They finished the season at the 2022 World Championships, held with the Russian dance teams absent due to the International Skating Union banning all Russian athletes due to their country's invasion of Ukraine. They were seventh in the rhythm dance but rose to sixth with a new personal best in the free dance.
2022–2023 season: European silver
Fear and Gibson selected for their free dance a medley of Lady Gaga songs, including "Born This Way" which Fear said, "we are really motivated by the message" of. They began the season at the inaugural edition of British Ice Skating's Britannia Cup, winning the gold medal. They appeared twice on the Challenger circuit, winning gold at both the 2022 CS U.S. Classic and the 2022 CS Nebelhorn Trophy, and setting new personal bests at the latter.
On the Grand Prix at the 2022 Skate Canada International, the team again set new personal bests on their way to a silver medal finish. Two weeks later, they were given the unique opportunity to participate in a Grand Prix event on home soil, as the British federation had stepped up to host the 2022 MK John Wilson Trophy in lieu of the Cup of China, which had been cancelled due to Chinese pandemic measures. Gibson "really didn't think a home Grand Prix would ever happen." They placed second in the rhythm dance, 0.93 points behind Italians Guignard/Fabbri. With the stands full of fans touting the Union Jack and, in one instance in support of Gibson, the Saltire, both called it a remarkable experience, Fear noting "we're used to seeing that in other countries for their home teams, so the fact that it was for us was such a surprise." In the free dance, Gibson lost control during their choreographic twizzle element, resulting in them scoring below their personal best, but they remained second in the segment overall to take their second silver medal. Their results qualified them for the Grand Prix Final. They were the first British team to qualify for the Final since Sinead and John Kerr in 2009.
Fear/Gibson won their fifth British national title at the beginning of December, with Gibson saying on the occasion, "it's always such a special honour to etch our names again onto one of the most prestigious trophies in Great Britain sports." They were fifth in the rhythm dance at the Grand Prix Final in Turin. Fear likened the experience of the Final to "a dream in Disneyland." They were fourth in the free dance and rose to fourth overall following a major error by Canadian training partners Fournier Beaudry/Sørensen, who dropped to sixth. Fear and Gibson said that they were pleased by the experience and anticipating working on their levelled elements in advance of the European Championships, where they were expected to be in medal contention.
At the 2023 European Championships in Espoo, Fear/Gibson entered hoping to challenge Guignard/Fabbri for the gold medal. They scored 84.12 in the rhythm dance, close to their personal best, finishing second in that segment behind the Italians and claiming their first European small medal. They were second in the free dance as well, winning the silver medal, their first ISU championship medal. This was the first European medal for a British team since Coomes/Buckland in 2014, and the highest placement on the podium since Torvill/Dean's gold in 1994.
Fear/Gibson concluded the season at the 2023 World Championships, where they finished a career-best fourth, 3.15 points back of bronze medalists Gilles/Poirier.
2023–2024 season: Grand Prix gold
Fear/Gibson in the rhythm dance at the 2023 Skate Canada International
For their free dance, Fear and Gibson used the music of the Rocky film franchise, citing its themes of "overcoming adversity and finding strength." In their first competition of the season, Fear/Gibson won gold at the Nebelhorn Trophy for the second consecutive season. Weeks later they won a second Challenger gold at the 2023 CS Nepela Memorial.
On the Grand Prix, the team again began at the 2023 Skate Canada International, winning the silver medal for a second consecutive year. At the 2023 NHK Trophy, Fear/Gibson finished second in the rhythm dance, only 0.34 points behind reigning World bronze medalists Guignard/Fabbri, the pre-event favourites. They won the free dance with a score of 130.26, breaking the 130-point threshold for the first time, overtaking Guignard/Fabbri in the segment by a similarly narrow 0.97 points and winning the gold medal. This was their first Grand Prix victory, and the first for a British dance team. They hailed the result as "a dream come true."
Following their success on the Grand Prix, Fear/Gibson successfully defended their British national title once again. Entering the Grand Prix Final in Beijing with hopes of building on their success at the NHK Trophy, they had serious twizzle difficulties that saw them place fourth in the rhythm dance, but nearly nine points back of third-place Canadians Gilles/Poirier. They had a strong free dance, but remained fourth overall.
At the 2024 European Championships in Kaunas, Fear/Gibson finished second in both the rhythm dance and free dance, in the latter segment having an error on their dance spin and Fear losing a twizzle level. She noted they had "a couple of little blips, but we fought till the very end, from start to finish." They won their second consecutive European silver medal. The 2024 World Championships were held in Montreal, home of the team's training base. Fear/Gibson placed fourth in both segments and fourth overall, for the second year in a row.
Programs
Ice dance with Fear
Season
Short dance
Free dance
Exhibition
2023–2024
Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This) (Hot Remix)
Here Comes the Rain Again
Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This) (Steve Angello Remix) by Eurythmics choreo. by Romain Haguenauer, Samuel Chouinard, Ginette Cournoyer
Gonna Fly Now (from Rocky) by Bill Conti
Gonna Fly Now (Variation) (from Rocky the Musical) performed by Rocky Broadway Orchestra
Eye of the Tiger performed by Tommee Profitt, Fjora
Eye of the Tiger (from Rocky III) by Survivor choreo. by Romain Haguenauer, Samuel Chouinard, Ginette Cournoyer
Born This Way by Lady Gaga choreo. by Romain Haguenauer, Samuel Chouinard, Ginette Cournoyer
2022–2023
Vivir Mi Vida
Vivir Mi Vida (Version Pop) performed by Marc Anthony
No Me Ames by Marc Anthony and Jennifer Lopez choreo. by Romain Haguenauer, Samuel Chouinard, Ginette Cournoyer
Born This Way
Million Reasons by Lady Gaga choreo. by Romain Haguenauer, Samuel Chouinard, Ginette Cournoyer
Born This Way by Lady Gaga choreo. by Romain Haguenauer, Samuel Chouinard, Ginette Cournoyer
Easy on Me performed by Adele & Ben Woodward
2021–2022
Disco: I Was Made for Lovin' You
Blues: Forever
Disco: Rock and Roll All Nite by KISS choreo. by Romain Haguenauer, Samuel Chouinard, Ginette Cournoyer
Circle of Life/Nants' Ingonyama
They Live In You
He Lives in You
Circle of Life
King of Pride Rock/Circle of Life (Reprise) (from The Lion King) by Hans Zimmer choreo. by Romain Haguenauer, Samuel Chouinard, Ginette Cournoyer
Vogue
Like a Prayer by Madonna choreo. by Romain Haguenauer, Samuel Chouinard, Ginette Cournoyer
2019–2021
Swing: Soul Man
Quickstep: Everybody Needs Somebody to Love
Swing/Jive: Shake A Tail Feather (from The Blues Brothers) performed by The Blues Brothers choreo. by Romain Haguenauer, Samuel Chouinard, Ginette Cournoyer
Vogue
Like a Prayer by Madonna choreo. by Romain Haguenauer, Samuel Chouinard, Ginette Cournoyer
Car Wash by Rose Royce
Bad Girls
On the Radio by Donna Summer
Don't Stop 'Til You Get Enough by Michael Jackson
2018–2019
Tango: Tango Flamenco by Armik
Flamenco: Volare (Nel blu dipinto di blu) by Gipsy Kings choreo. by Romain Haguenauer
Bad Girls by Donna Summer
September by Earth, Wind and Fire
On the Radio by Donna Summer choreo. by Romain Haguenauer
2017–2018
Run by Tiggs Da Author
Temptation by Diana Krall
Maria by Ricky Martin choreo. by Romain Haguenauer
Maria performed by Jim Bryant
Somewhere
America (from West Side Story) by Leonard Bernstein, Stephen Sondheim choreo. by Romain Haguenauer
2016–2017
Blues: Save My Soul performed by Big Bad Voodoo Daddy
Swing: Diga Diga Doo performed by Big Bad Voodoo Daddy
You Raise Me Up by Josh Groban
The New Hope Waltz by Karl Hugo
You Raise Me Up by Josh Groban
Men's singles
Season
Short program
Free skating
2014–2015
Send in the Clowns by Stephen Sondheim performed by André Rieu
Concierto de Aranjuez by Joaquín Rodrigo performed by André Rieu
Competitive highlights
GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series
Ice dance with Fear
International
Event
16–17
17–18
18–19
19–20
20–21
21–22
22–23
23–24
Olympics
10th
Worlds
22nd
24th
13th
C
7th
6th
4th
4th
Europeans
15th
6th
5th
C
5th
2nd
2nd
GP Final
4th
4th
GP NHK Trophy
4th
4th
3rd
1st
GP Skate America
5th
GP Skate Canada
3rd
C
7th
2nd
2nd
GP Wilson Trophy
2nd
CS Autumn Classic
2nd
WD
CS Finlandia
9th
3rd
CS Lombardia
2nd
9th
CS Nebelhorn
4th
4th
1st
1st
CS Ondrej Nepela
5th
WD
1st
CS U.S. Classic
1st
CS Warsaw Cup
4th
WD
Bavarian Open
1st
Britannia Cup
1st
Cup of Nice
5th
6th
Ice Challenge
2nd
Lake Placid IDI
11th
Open d'Andorra
4th
2nd
1st
Santa Claus Cup
2nd
4th
Shanghai Trophy
2nd
National
British Champ.
1st
2nd
1st
1st
C
1st
1st
1st
WD = Withdrew; C = Event cancelled
Men's singles
International
Event
11–12
12–13
13–14
14–15
15–16
CS Lombardia Trophy
13th
CS Volvo Open Cup
13th
Hamar Trophy
2nd
NRW Trophy
12th
Triglav Trophy
10th J
4th J
National
British Champ.
5th J
4th J
2nd
4th
5th
J = Junior level
References
^ a b "Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON: 2018/2019". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on 1 December 2018.
^ a b Falkingham, Katie (30 November 2018). "British Figure Skating Championships: Lewis Gibson & Lilah Fear on Olympic ambitions". BBC News.
^ Zeigler, Cyd (26 January 2022). "Lewis Gibson talks for the first time about being gay and married, on eve of the Olympics". Outsports.
^ Wilson, Mike (27 January 2017). "Skaters Lewis Gibson and Lilah Fear head to European Championships". Daily Record (Scotland).
^ a b "Getting to know Great Britain's Fear and Gibson". Ice-Dance.com. 20 September 2018.
^ "2010–2011 British Figure Skating & Synchro Championships". National Ice Skating Association. November 2010. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
^ a b "Lewis GIBSON: 2014/2015". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015.
^ a b c "Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON: 2016/2017". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on 31 May 2017.
^ Corbett, Charlie (15 December 2016). "Ice dance sisters are set to take on the world". Camden New Journal. Archived from the original on 24 January 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
^ Wein, Aly Leia. "Meet Lewis Gibson". Edges of Glory.
^ a b Brodie, Robert (12 March 2020). "LILAH FEAR & LEWIS GIBSON DANCING UP A STORM". International Figure Skating.
^ Slater, Paula (26 January 2019). "Papadakis and Cizeron defend European title; pockets fifth consecutive gold". Golden Skate.
^ Slater, Paula (26 October 2019). "Hubbell and Donohue dance to lead at 2019 Skate Canada". Golden Skate.
^ Slater, Paula (27 October 2019). "Canada's Gilles and Poirier snag Skate Canada title". Golden Skate.
^ Slater, Paula (22 November 2019). "Papadakis and Cizeron grab lead in Sapporo with record score". Golden Skate.
^ Slater, Paula (23 November 2019). "Papadakis and Cizeron take NHK Trophy gold with record scores". Golden Skate.
^ Bradley, Jane (1 December 2019). "Medal haul for Scottish skaters at British championships". The Scotsman.
^ Slater, Paula (23 January 2020). "Papadakis and Cizeron take narrow lead at Europeans". Golden Skate.
^ Slater, Paula (25 January 2020). "Sinitsina and Katsalapov edge out French for European title". Golden Skate.
^ Ewing, Lori (11 March 2020). "World figure skating championships cancelled in Montreal". CBC Sports.
^ "Skate Canada International in Ottawa cancelled as COVID-19 cases rise". CBC Sports. 14 October 2020.
^ "European Figure Skating Championships 2021 – GBR team announced". British Ice Skating. 3 December 2020.
^ "Update on ISU Event Calendar season 2020/21". ISU. 10 December 2020.
^ Bradley, Jane (27 March 2021). "World Figure Skating Championships: Fear and Gibson smash expectations with seventh place finish". The Scotsman.
^ a b Slater, Paula (31 October 2021). "Gilles and Poirier win second consecutive Skate Canada title". Golden Skate.
^ a b Mason, Lewis (12 February 2022). "'Proud' Lilah Fear and Lewis Gibson qualify for the next round of Beijing ice dance". Eurosport.
^ a b c d e "Competition Results: Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on 1 December 2018.
^ Bradley, Jane (13 November 2021). "Scots ice dancer Lewis Gibson and partner Lilah Fear win bronze at Grand Prix in Japan". The Scotsman.
^ Behan, Paul (5 January 2022). "Beijing Winter Olympics beckons for talented Ayrshire figure skater". Daily Record.
^ Slater, Paula (15 January 2022). "Sinitsina and Katsalapov defend European title". Golden Skate.
^ Hincks, Michael (14 February 2022). "Lilah Fear and Lewis Gibson's free dance to Lion King soundtrack seals top-10 finish for GB at Winter Olympics". Eurosport.
^ Campigotto, Jesse (22 March 2022). "Get ready for a bizarre figure skating world championships". CBC Sports.
^ Slater, Paula (25 March 2022). "Papadakis and Cizeron set another record score in the Rhythm Dance". Golden Skate.
^ Slater, Paula (26 March 2022). "Papadakis and Cizeron win fifth World title". Golden Skate.
^ "Gilles/Poirier (CAN) dance off with third Skate Canada International title". International Skating Union. 29 October 2022.
^ "Home gold at Britannia Figure Cup". British Ice Skating. 30 August 2022.
^ Slater, Paula (29 October 2022). "Gilles and Poirier defend Skate Canada title". Golden Skate.
^ McCarvel, Nick (12 November 2022). "Knocking on door of skating's ice dance elite, British duo Fear and Gibson ask: 'Why not?'". Olympic Channel.
^ McCarvel, Nick (12 November 2022). "Mihara Mai tops women's short program at British Grand Prix as Guignard/ Fabbri hold off home hopes in ice dance". Olympic Channel.
^ Bradley, Jane (14 November 2022). "'This is not a normal competition': Scottish ice dancer in silver medal position praises UK crowd in first ever home international competition". The Scotsman.
^ Slater, Paula (13 November 2022). "Guignard and Fabbri dominate Ice Dance in Sheffield". Golden Skate.
^ Bradley, Jane (22 November 2022). "Scottish ice dancer first in 13 years to qualify for figure skating Grand Prix final". The Scotsman.
^ Bradley, Jane (4 December 2022). "Scottish figure skater scoops national title for sixth time". The Scotsman.
^ Slater, Paula (9 December 2022). "Gilles and Poirier lead with narrow margin in rhythm dance". Golden Skate.
^ Slater, Paula (11 December 2022). "Gilles and Poirier dance to Grand Prix Final gold". Golden Skate.
^ Bradley, Jane; Knight, Sarah (11 December 2022). "Fourth place in Grand Prix final sets Scottish skater on promising path for European championships". The Scotsman.
^ Slater, Paula (27 January 2023). "Guignard and Fabbri take slight lead at Europeans". Golden Skate.
^ "Guignard/Fabbri (ITA) find the right rhythm for the prime spot in the Ice Dance in Espoo". International Skating Union. 27 January 2023.
^ Slater, Paula (28 January 2023). "Guignard and Fabbri grab elusive gold in Espoo". Golden Skate.
^ "Guignard/Fabbri end nine-year gold medal drought for Italian Ice Dance in Espoo". International Skating Union. 28 January 2023.
^ Bradley, Jane (29 January 2023). "Lewis Gibson: Highest British medal win since Torvill and Dean for Scottish ice dancer". The Scotsman.
^ Slater, Paula (25 March 2023). "Chock and Bates golden in Saitama". Golden Skate.
^ Bradley, Jane (29 October 2023). "Scottish ice dancer wins silver in first major event of new figure skating season". The Scotsman. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
^ "Gold for Fear/Gibson at Nebelhorn Trophy". British Ice Skating. 26 September 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023.
^ Slater, Paula (29 October 2023). "Gilles and Poirier win fourth consecutive Skate Canada title". Golden Skate. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
^ Slater, Paula (25 November 2023). "Fear and Gibson edge out Italians for NHK Trophy gold". Golden Skate. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
^ Bradley, Jane (25 November 2023). "NHK Trophy: 'Dream come true' for ice dancers Lilah Fear and Lewis Gibson as they win gold in Japan Grand Prix". The Scotsman. Retrieved 26 November 2023.
^ Bradley, Jane (4 December 2023). "Scots win national titles at British Figure Skating Championships". The Scotsman. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
^ Slater, Paula (10 December 2023). "Chock and Bates snatch elusive gold at Grand Prix Final". Golden Skate. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
^ Slater, Paula (13 January 2024). "Guignard and Fabbri win second consecutive European title". Golden Skate. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
^ Slater, Paula (24 March 2024). "Chock and Bates repeat as World Champions". Golden Skate. Retrieved 26 March 2024.
^ "Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON: 2023/2024". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on 26 September 2023.
^ "Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON: 2022/2023". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on 24 September 2022.
^ "Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON: 2021/2022". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on 3 October 2021.
^ "Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON: 2019/2020". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on 17 September 2019.
^ "Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON: 2020/2021". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on 27 March 2021.
^ "Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON: 2017/2018". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on 29 May 2018.
^ a b "Competition Results: Lewis GIBSON". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on 28 January 2017.
External links
Lilah Fear / Lewis Gibson at the International Skating Union
Lewis Gibson at Olympedia
Lewis Gibson at Olympics.com
Lewis Gibson on Instagram
vteNHK Trophy champions (ice dance)
1979: Irina Moiseeva & Andrei Minenkov
1980: Carol Fox & Richard Dalley
1981: Karen Barber & Nicky Slater
1982: Elena Batanova & Alexei Soloviev
1984: Karen Barber & Nicky Slater
1985: Marina Klimova & Sergei Ponomarenko
1986: Natalia Bestemianova & Andrei Bukin
1987: Natalia Bestemianova & Andrei Bukin
1988: Marina Klimova & Sergei Ponomarenko
1989: Marina Klimova & Sergei Ponomarenko
1990: Maya Usova & Alexander Zhulin
1991: Maya Usova & Alexander Zhulin
1992: Maya Usova & Alexander Zhulin
1993: Oksana Grishuk & Evgeni Platov
1994: Sophie Moniotte & Pascal Lavanchy
1995: Marina Anissina & Gwendal Peizerat
1996: Sophie Moniotte & Pascal Lavanchy
1997: Oksana Grishuk & Evgeni Platov
1998: Marina Anissina & Gwendal Peizerat
1999: Marina Anissina & Gwendal Peizerat
2000: Marina Anissina & Gwendal Peizerat
2001: Marina Anissina & Gwendal Peizerat
2002: Irina Lobacheva & Ilia Averbukh
2003: Albena Denkova & Maxim Staviski
2004: Albena Denkova & Maxim Staviski
2005: Marie-France Dubreuil & Patrice Lauzon
2006: Marie-France Dubreuil & Patrice Lauzon
2007: Isabelle Delobel & Olivier Schoenfelder
2008: Federica Faiella & Massimo Scali
2009: Meryl Davis & Charlie White
2010: Meryl Davis & Charlie White
2011: Maia Shibutani & Alex Shibutani
2012: Meryl Davis & Charlie White
2013: Meryl Davis & Charlie White
2014: Kaitlyn Weaver & Andrew Poje
2015: Maia Shibutani & Alex Shibutani
2016: Tessa Virtue & Scott Moir
2017: Tessa Virtue & Scott Moir
2018: Kaitlin Hawayek & Jean-Luc Baker
2019: Gabriella Papadakis & Guillaume Cizeron
2020: Misato Komatsubara & Tim Koleto
2021: Victoria Sinitsina & Nikita Katsalapov
2022: Laurence Fournier Beaudry & Nikolaj Sørensen
2023: Lilah Fear & Lewis Gibson
vteNebelhorn Trophy figure skating champions (ice dance)
1970: Angelika Buck & Erich Buck
1971: Angelika Buck & Erich Buck
1972: Mary-Karen Campell & Johnny Johns
1973: Rosalind Druce & David Barker
1974: Judi Genovesi & Kent Weigle
1975: Lorna Wighton & John Dowding
1976: Marina Zueva & Andrei Vitman
1977: Jayne Torvill & Christopher Dean
1978: Elena Garanina & Igor Zavozin
1979: Gina Aucoin & Hans-Peter Ponikau
1980: Wendy Sessions & Stephen Williams
1981: Karen Roughton & Marc Reed
1982: Marina Klimova & Sergei Ponomarenko
1983: Marina Klimova & Sergei Ponomarenko
1984: Lois Luciani & Russ Witherby
1985: Maya Usova & Alexander Zhulin
1986: Antonia Becherer & Ferdinand Becherer
1987: Ilona Melnichenko & Gennadi Kaskov
1988: Ilona Melnichenko & Gennadi Kaskov
1989: Isabelle Sarech & Xavier Debernis
1990: Isabelle Labossiere & Mitchell Gould
1991: Irina Lobacheva & Alexei Pospelov
1992: Shae-Lynn Bourne & Victor Kraatz
1993: Martine Patenaude & Eric Massé
1994: Barbara Piton & Alexandre Piton
1995: Olga Sharutenko & Dmitri Naumkin
1996: Ekaterina Svirina & Vladimir Leliukh
1997: Olga Sharutenko & Dmitri Naumkin
1998: Nina Ulanova & Mikhail Stifounin
1999: Jamie Silverstein & Justin Pekarek
2000: Chantal Lefebvre & Justin Lanning
2001: Sylwia Nowak & Sebastian Kolasiński
2002: Federica Faiella & Massimo Scali
2003: Svetlana Kulikova & Vitali Novikov
2004: Lydia Manon & Ryan O'Meara
2005: Tanith Belbin & Benjamin Agosto
2006: Sinead Kerr & John Kerr
2007: Jennifer Wester & Daniil Barantsev
2008: Emily Samuelson & Evan Bates
2009: Meryl Davis & Charlie White
2010: Nathalie Péchalat & Fabian Bourzat
2011: Madison Hubbell & Zachary Donohue
2012: Madison Chock & Evan Bates
2013: Madison Hubbell & Zachary Donohue
2014: Kaitlyn Weaver & Andrew Poje
2015: Madison Chock & Evan Bates
2016: Anna Cappellini & Luca Lanotte
2017: Penny Coomes & Nicholas Buckland
2018: Piper Gilles & Paul Poirier
2019: Laurence Fournier Beaudry & Nikolaj Sørensen
2020: Natálie Taschlerová & Filip Taschler
2021: Juulia Turkkila & Matthias Versluis
2022: Lilah Fear & Lewis Gibson
2023: Lilah Fear & Lewis Gibson
vteNepela Memorial figure skating champions (ice dance)
1993: Marina Anissina & Gwendal Peizerat
1994: Lynn Burton & Duncan Lenard
1995: Marianne Haguenauer & Romain Haguenauer
1996: Kornélia Bárány & András Rosnik
1997: Agata Błażowska & Marcin Kozubek
1998: Zuzana Merzová & Tomáš Morbacher
1999: Agata Błażowska & Marcin Kozubek
2000: Véronique Delobel & Olivier Chapuis
2001: Julia Golovina & Oleg Voyko
2002: Julia Golovina & Oleg Voyko
2004: Anna Zadorozhniuk & Sergei Verbillo
2005: Alla Beknazarova & Vladimir Zuev
2007: Isabelle Delobel & Olivier Schoenfelder
2008: Nelli Zhiganshina & Alexander Gazsi
2009: Nóra Hoffmann & Maxim Zavozin
2010: Nóra Hoffmann & Maxim Zavozin
2011: Nelli Zhiganshina & Alexander Gazsi
2012: Kaitlyn Weaver & Andrew Poje
2013: Penny Coomes & Nicholas Buckland
2014: Maia Shibutani & Alex Shibutani
2015: Piper Gilles & Paul Poirier
2016: Ekaterina Bobrova & Dmitri Soloviev
2017: Ekaterina Bobrova & Dmitri Soloviev
2018: Victoria Sinitsina & Nikita Katsalapov
2019: Victoria Sinitsina & Nikita Katsalapov
2022: Marjorie Lajoie & Zachary Lagha
2023: Lilah Fear & Lewis Gibson
vteU.S. International Classic figure skating champions (ice dance)
2012: Piper Gilles & Paul Poirier
2013: Meryl Davis & Charlie White
2014: Alexandra Aldridge & Daniel Eaton
2015: Madison Hubbell & Zachary Donohue
2016: Madison Hubbell & Zachary Donohue
2017: Madison Hubbell & Zachary Donohue
2018: Madison Hubbell & Zachary Donohue
2019: Madison Chock & Evan Bates
2021: Madison Hubbell & Zachary Donohue
2022: Lilah Fear & Lewis Gibson
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ice dancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_dancer"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Lilah Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilah_Fear"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating"},{"link_name":"2023 NHK Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_NHK_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Challenger series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Challenger_Series"},{"link_name":"Bavarian Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavarian_Open"},{"link_name":"British national","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Figure_Skating_Championships"}],"text":"Lewis Gibson (born 1 May 1994) is a Scottish ice dancer who represents Great Britain. With his skating partner, Lilah Fear, he is a two-time European silver medalist (2023–24), a six-time Grand Prix medalist (including gold at the 2023 NHK Trophy), a five-time Challenger series gold medalist, the 2018 Bavarian Open champion, and a six-time British national champion (2017, 2019–2020, 2022–2024).","title":"Lewis Gibson (figure skater)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prestwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestwick"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISU-1819-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC181130-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OS220126-3"}],"text":"Gibson was born on 1 May 1994 in Prestwick, Scotland.[1] He was raised in Prestwick and played football before becoming interested in skating.[2]Gibson identifies as gay and is married to Joshua Walsh. For some time, he was reluctant to publicly discuss his sexuality due to concerns about homophobia within the judged sport of figure skating, but subsequently said, \"I can't live never sharing who I am and sharing who I love.\"[3]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stevenston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenston"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR170127-4"},{"link_name":"Dancing on Ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_on_Ice"},{"link_name":"Jayne Torvill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayne_Torvill"},{"link_name":"Christopher Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Dean"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ID180920-5"},{"link_name":"pairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_skating"},{"link_name":"pairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_skating"},{"link_name":"British Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_British_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brit1011-6"},{"link_name":"East Kilbride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Kilbride"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISU-1415-7"},{"link_name":"British Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_British_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Challenger Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_ISU_Challenger_Series"},{"link_name":"Lombardia Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_CS_Lombardia_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Volvo Open Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_CS_Volvo_Open_Cup"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISU-1617-8"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"Gibson began skating in 2006 in Scotland, training at Ayr Ice Rink and Stevenston's Auchenharvie Leisure Centre.[4] He cited the first series of Dancing on Ice, hosted by British ice dance champions Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean, as his initial inspiration to begin skating.[5] In addition to his career in men's singles, he competed in pairs for two seasons. In 2010–11, he and Heather Murdoch won the novice pairs title at the British Championships.[6] They received the bronze medal the following season.As a single skater, Gibson was coached by Jennifer Holmes at Ayr and Auchenharvie rinks before moving up to the junior international level. He then went on to train under Leanne Collins in East Kilbride, Scotland.[7] Competing on the senior level, he won silver at the British Championships in November 2013. In the 2014–15 season, he appeared at two Challenger Series competitions, placing thirteenth at the Lombardia Trophy and Volvo Open Cup, and took the silver medal at the Hamar Trophy in Norway. He ended his singles career in December 2015.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lilah Fear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilah_Fear"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNJ161215-9"},{"link_name":"Romain Haguenauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain_Haguenauer"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISU-1617-8"},{"link_name":"Lake Placid Ice Dance International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Placid_Ice_Dance_International"},{"link_name":"Challenger Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_ISU_Challenger_Series"},{"link_name":"Lombardia Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_CS_Lombardia_Trophy"},{"link_name":"International Cup of Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cup_of_Nice"},{"link_name":"Open d'Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_d%27Andorra"},{"link_name":"British national title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Coomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_Coomes"},{"link_name":"Buckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Buckland"},{"link_name":"Santa Claus Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus_Cup"},{"link_name":"European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_European_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Ostrava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrava"},{"link_name":"World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_World_Figure_Skating_Championships"}],"sub_title":"2016–2017 season: Debut of Fear/Gibson","text":"Gibson began a partnership with Lilah Fear, coached by Karen Quinn at the Alexandra Palace Ice Rink in London, England,[9] and by Romain Haguenauer in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.[8] The duo made their international debut in late July 2016 at the Lake Placid Ice Dance International, finishing eleventh. Ranked second in both segments, they received the silver medal at a Challenger Series event, the Lombardia Trophy in September. They placed fifth at the International Cup of Nice and fourth at the Open d'Andorra. In December, they won the British national title, in the absence of longtime champions Coomes/Buckland, and silver at the Santa Claus Cup in Hungary.In January 2017, Fear/Gibson qualified to the final segment at the European Championships in Ostrava, Czech Republic; they ranked nineteenth in the short dance, fourteenth in the free dance, and fifteenth overall. They made their World Championship debut later that season, placing twenty-second.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Cup of Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cup_of_Nice"},{"link_name":"Open d'Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_d%27Andorra"},{"link_name":"Ice Challenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Challenge"},{"link_name":"2017 CS Finlandia Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_CS_Finlandia_Trophy"},{"link_name":"2017 CS Lombardia Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_CS_Lombardia_Trophy"},{"link_name":"2017 CS Warsaw Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_CS_Warsaw_Cup"},{"link_name":"Santa Claus Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus_Cup"},{"link_name":"2018 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_World_Figure_Skating_Championships"}],"sub_title":"2017–2018 season","text":"Beginning their second season together, Fear/Gibson placed sixth at the International Cup of Nice and won silver medals at the Open d'Andorra and the Ice Challenge. They competed in three Challenger events that season, placing ninth at both the 2017 CS Finlandia Trophy and 2017 CS Lombardia Trophy and fourth at the 2017 CS Warsaw Cup. Competing at the British Championships, they won the silver medal, this time behind a returning Coomes/Buckland. They subsequently competed again at the Santa Claus Cup, placing fourth.At the end of the season, they were again sent as Great Britain's representation to the 2018 World Championships, placing twenty-fourth.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2018_Skate_America_-_Lilah_Fear_%26_Lewis_Gibson_-_04.jpg"},{"link_name":"2018 Skate America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Skate_America"},{"link_name":"disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disco"},{"link_name":"Donna Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Summer"},{"link_name":"Earth, Wind and Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth,_Wind_and_Fire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ID180920-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC181130-2"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EdgesOfGlory-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFS200312-11"},{"link_name":"2018 CS Nebelhorn Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_CS_Nebelhorn_Trophy"},{"link_name":"2018 CS Ondrej Nepela Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_CS_Ondrej_Nepela_Trophy"},{"link_name":"2018 Skate America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Skate_America"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating"},{"link_name":"2018 NHK Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_NHK_Trophy"},{"link_name":"2019 European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_European_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS190126-12"},{"link_name":"2019 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Figure_Skating_Championships"}],"sub_title":"2018–2019 season: \"Disco Brits\"","text":"Fear & Gibson perform their trademark disco free dance at the 2018 Skate AmericaWanting to challenge themselves, Fear/Gibson selected for their free dance a disco medley of songs by Donna Summer and Earth, Wind and Fire. Both professed as well to be fans of the genre.[5] Gibson said, \"A lot of the routines of recent times have been very slow and lyrical, but we wanted to do something fun and something that would stand out to help us make a name for ourselves.\"[2] The free dance proved to be a huge success with audiences, facilitating what would be a dramatic rise up the international standings, and the team was nicknamed the \"Disco Brits\" by skating fans.[10] Fear later credited the music selection as \"a lucky choice, and from there, it completely redirected us to where we see ourselves going, what we feel is our style and what makes us unique.\"[11]Fear/Gibson began their season with two Challenger assignments, placing fourth at the 2018 CS Nebelhorn Trophy and fifth at the 2018 CS Ondrej Nepela Trophy. In October 2018, the two finished fifth at the 2018 Skate America – their Grand Prix debut. A month later, they improved their placement by finishing fourth at the 2018 NHK Trophy, achieving new personal bests in the free dance and overall score, and ranking second in the free dance.After winning their second British national title, Fear/Gibson next competed at the 2019 European Championships, placing seventh in the rhythm dance and sixth in the free, for sixth place overall. They were pleased with the result, Gibson commenting that they \"came in with the goal of a top-ten finish after we came 15th two years ago. Now we’ve managed to get two spots for Great Britain next year, which is really exciting.\"[12] At the 2019 World Championships, they placed thirteenth, having made the free dance for the first time.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna"},{"link_name":"The Blues Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blues_Brothers_(film)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IFS200312-11"},{"link_name":"Challenger series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_ISU_Challenger_Series"},{"link_name":"2019 CS Autumn Classic International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_CS_Autumn_Classic_International"},{"link_name":"2019 CS Nebelhorn Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_CS_Nebelhorn_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating"},{"link_name":"2019 Skate Canada International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Skate_Canada_International"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Rostelecom_Cup"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS191026-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS191027-14"},{"link_name":"NHK Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_NHK_Trophy"},{"link_name":"pattern dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_dance"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS191122-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS191123-16"},{"link_name":"2020 British Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TS191201-17"},{"link_name":"2020 European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_European_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"pattern dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_dance"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS200123-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS200125-19"},{"link_name":"World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_World_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"coronavirus pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBC200311-20"}],"sub_title":"2019–2020 season: First Grand Prix medal","text":"After the success of their disco free dance the previous season, Fear and Gibson chose a Madonna medley for their new free dance, aiming to continue the momentum of past success with audience-pleasing choices. For the rhythm dance, required to be musical-themed, Gibson identified tracks from The Blues Brothers. Fear remarked that they \"knew that could get the crowd on its feet, hopefully, and people would be tapping their toes.\"[11]Fear/Gibson began the season on the Challenger series, winning the silver medal at the 2019 CS Autumn Classic International after placing fifth in the rhythm dance and second in the free dance. At their second Challenger, the 2019 CS Nebelhorn Trophy, they placed sixth in the rhythm dance and third in the free, for fourth place overall. Assigned to two Grand Prix events, they began at 2019 Skate Canada International, where they placed fourth in the rhythm dance and third in the free skate, taking the bronze medal. This was the team's first Grand Prix medal and the first for a British team since 2014. Gibson remarked: \"For us, this is huge. We didn't expect it.\"[13][14] Competing again at the NHK Trophy, they were fourth in the rhythm dance, earning a perfect score on the Finnstep pattern dance for the first time.[15] They were third in the free dance, remaining in fourth place overall.[16]At the 2020 British Championships, Fear/Gibson placed first in the rhythm dance even though Fear had fallen out of the twizzles and placed first in the free winning their third national title by 73.37 points.[17] In what proved to be their final event of the season, they competed at the 2020 European Championships and placed sixth in the rhythm dance, with Fear losing a twizzle level and them getting only one of the four key points on the Finnstepp pattern dance.[18] Fifth in the free dance, they rose to fifth place overall.[19] They had been assigned to compete at the World Championships in Montreal, but these were cancelled as a result of the coronavirus pandemic.[20]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 Skate Canada International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Skate_Canada_International"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBC201014-21"},{"link_name":"European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_European_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BIS201203-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-euros2021-23"},{"link_name":"2021 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_World_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Fournier Beaudry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Fournier_Beaudry"},{"link_name":"Sørensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaj_S%C3%B8rensen"},{"link_name":"2022 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TS210327-24"}],"sub_title":"2020–2021 season","text":"Fear/Gibson were assigned to the 2020 Skate Canada International, but this event was also cancelled due to the pandemic.[21] As there were no British championships for the season as a result of the pandemic, on December 3, they were named to Britain's team for the European Championships, alongside Fear's younger sister Sasha.[22] The competition was cancelled on December 10.[23]Fear/Gibson were again named to represent Britain at the 2021 World Championships in Stockholm, where they placed eighth in the rhythm dance before moving up to seventh place in the free dance, surpassing the Canadian team Fournier Beaudry/Sørensen by 0.04 points. Their results qualified a second dance berth for Great Britain at the following year's World Championships and the possibility of a second place at the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing.[24]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hans Zimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Zimmer"},{"link_name":"The Lion King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion_King_(2019_film)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS211031-25"},{"link_name":"KISS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_(band)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ES220212-26"},{"link_name":"2021 CS Finlandia Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_CS_Finlandia_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISU-LFLG-27"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating"},{"link_name":"2021 Skate Canada International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Skate_Canada_International"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS211031-25"},{"link_name":"2021 NHK Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_NHK_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TS211113-28"},{"link_name":"Open d'Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_d%27Andorra"},{"link_name":"British Olympic team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DR220105-29"},{"link_name":"2022 European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_European_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS220115-30"},{"link_name":"2022 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"dance event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_skating_at_the_2022_Winter_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Ice_dance"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ES220212-26"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ES220214-31"},{"link_name":"2022 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_World_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"International Skating Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Skating_Union"},{"link_name":"invasion of Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBC220322-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS220325-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS220326-34"}],"sub_title":"2021–2022 season: Beijing Olympics","text":"For their new free dance for the season, Fear/Gibson chose Hans Zimmer's soundtrack from The Lion King, citing it as a \"universal\" story about \"finding your inner strength.\"[25] They selected a medley of KISS songs for the rhythm dance, which Gibson attributed to \"nostalgia and the want to entertain. That’s what we love to do.\"[26]Fear/Gibson began the season at the 2021 CS Finlandia Trophy, winning the bronze medal.[27] At their first Grand Prix assignment, the 2021 Skate Canada International, Fear/Gibson made errors in both segments of the competition, ending up in an unexpectedly low seventh place. Gibson said it was \"not what we wanted to do, but we felt strong and connected in the free dance.\"[25] Following this, they dedicated intensive training time in the short interval before their second event, the 2021 NHK Trophy. Third in both segments there, despite a twizzle error from Gibson in the free dance, they won the bronze medal after finishing fourth in two previous appearances at the Japanese Grand Prix. Fear said, \"we were really hungry to come out here to make progress, and I feel like we did that.\"[28]After winning the Open d'Andorra and their fourth British national title, Fear/Gibson were assigned to the British Olympic team. Gibson remarked, \"to feel like years and years of hard work and dedication have paid off is truly one of the most satisfying things.\"[29] At the 2022 European Championships, Fear/Gibson were fourth in the rhythm dance but fell to fifth place after a twizzle error from Gibson in the free dance.[30]Competing at the 2022 Winter Olympics in the dance event, Fear/Gibson were tenth in the rhythm dance.[26] They were ninth in the free dance, remaining tenth overall.[31] They finished the season at the 2022 World Championships, held with the Russian dance teams absent due to the International Skating Union banning all Russian athletes due to their country's invasion of Ukraine.[32] They were seventh in the rhythm dance but rose to sixth with a new personal best in the free dance.[33][34]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"Born This Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_This_Way_(song)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISU221029-35"},{"link_name":"British Ice Skating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Ice_Skating"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFS220830-36"},{"link_name":"Challenger circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022-23_ISU_Challenger_Series"},{"link_name":"2022 CS U.S. Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_CS_U.S._International_Figure_Skating_Classic"},{"link_name":"2022 CS Nebelhorn Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_CS_Nebelhorn_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISU-LFLG-27"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022-23_ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating"},{"link_name":"2022 Skate Canada International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Skate_Canada_International"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS221029-37"},{"link_name":"2022 MK John Wilson Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_MK_John_Wilson_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Cup of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cup_of_China"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OC221109-38"},{"link_name":"Guignard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlene_Guignard"},{"link_name":"Fabbri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Fabbri"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OC221112-39"},{"link_name":"Union Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Jack"},{"link_name":"Saltire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltire"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TS221114-40"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022-23_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating_Final"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS221113-41"},{"link_name":"Sinead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinead_Kerr"},{"link_name":"John Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerr_(figure_skater)"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009-10_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating_Final"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TS221122-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TS221204-43"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"Disneyland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS221209-44"},{"link_name":"Fournier Beaudry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_Fournier_Beaudry"},{"link_name":"Sørensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaj_S%C3%B8rensen"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS221211-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TS221211-46"},{"link_name":"2023 European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_European_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Espoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espoo"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS230127-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISU230127-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS230128-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISU230128-50"},{"link_name":"Coomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_Coomes"},{"link_name":"Buckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Buckland"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_European_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Torvill/Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torvill_and_Dean"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_European_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TS230129-51"},{"link_name":"2023 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_World_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Gilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_Gilles"},{"link_name":"Poirier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Poirier"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS230325-52"}],"sub_title":"2022–2023 season: European silver","text":"Fear and Gibson selected for their free dance a medley of Lady Gaga songs, including \"Born This Way\" which Fear said, \"we are really motivated by the message\" of.[35] They began the season at the inaugural edition of British Ice Skating's Britannia Cup, winning the gold medal.[36] They appeared twice on the Challenger circuit, winning gold at both the 2022 CS U.S. Classic and the 2022 CS Nebelhorn Trophy, and setting new personal bests at the latter.[27]On the Grand Prix at the 2022 Skate Canada International, the team again set new personal bests on their way to a silver medal finish.[37] Two weeks later, they were given the unique opportunity to participate in a Grand Prix event on home soil, as the British federation had stepped up to host the 2022 MK John Wilson Trophy in lieu of the Cup of China, which had been cancelled due to Chinese pandemic measures. Gibson \"really didn't think a home Grand Prix would ever happen.\"[38] They placed second in the rhythm dance, 0.93 points behind Italians Guignard/Fabbri.[39] With the stands full of fans touting the Union Jack and, in one instance in support of Gibson, the Saltire, both called it a remarkable experience, Fear noting \"we're used to seeing that in other countries for their home teams, so the fact that it was for us was such a surprise.\"[40] In the free dance, Gibson lost control during their choreographic twizzle element, resulting in them scoring below their personal best, but they remained second in the segment overall to take their second silver medal. Their results qualified them for the Grand Prix Final.[41] They were the first British team to qualify for the Final since Sinead and John Kerr in 2009.[42]Fear/Gibson won their fifth British national title at the beginning of December, with Gibson saying on the occasion, \"it's always such a special honour to etch our names again onto one of the most prestigious trophies in Great Britain sports.\"[43] They were fifth in the rhythm dance at the Grand Prix Final in Turin. Fear likened the experience of the Final to \"a dream in Disneyland.\"[44] They were fourth in the free dance and rose to fourth overall following a major error by Canadian training partners Fournier Beaudry/Sørensen, who dropped to sixth. Fear and Gibson said that they were pleased by the experience and anticipating working on their levelled elements in advance of the European Championships, where they were expected to be in medal contention.[45][46]At the 2023 European Championships in Espoo, Fear/Gibson entered hoping to challenge Guignard/Fabbri for the gold medal. They scored 84.12 in the rhythm dance, close to their personal best, finishing second in that segment behind the Italians and claiming their first European small medal.[47][48] They were second in the free dance as well, winning the silver medal, their first ISU championship medal.[49][50] This was the first European medal for a British team since Coomes/Buckland in 2014, and the highest placement on the podium since Torvill/Dean's gold in 1994.[51]Fear/Gibson concluded the season at the 2023 World Championships, where they finished a career-best fourth, 3.15 points back of bronze medalists Gilles/Poirier.[52]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skate_Canada_2023_-_Fear_%26_Gibson-FD_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"2023 Skate Canada International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Skate_Canada_International"},{"link_name":"Rocky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TS231029-53"},{"link_name":"Nebelhorn Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_CS_Nebelhorn_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BIS230926-54"},{"link_name":"Challenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023-24_ISU_Challenger_Series"},{"link_name":"2023 CS Nepela Memorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_CS_Nepela_Memorial"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISU-LFLG-27"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023-24_ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating"},{"link_name":"2023 Skate Canada International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Skate_Canada_International"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS231029-55"},{"link_name":"2023 NHK Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_NHK_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Guignard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlene_Guignard"},{"link_name":"Fabbri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Fabbri"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS231125-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TS231125-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TS231204-58"},{"link_name":"Grand Prix Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating_Final"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Gilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_Gilles"},{"link_name":"Poirier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Poirier"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS231210-59"},{"link_name":"2024 European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_European_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"Kaunas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunas"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS240113-60"},{"link_name":"2024 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_World_Figure_Skating_Championships"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GS240324-61"}],"sub_title":"2023–2024 season: Grand Prix gold","text":"Fear/Gibson in the rhythm dance at the 2023 Skate Canada InternationalFor their free dance, Fear and Gibson used the music of the Rocky film franchise, citing its themes of \"overcoming adversity and finding strength.\"[53] In their first competition of the season, Fear/Gibson won gold at the Nebelhorn Trophy for the second consecutive season.[54] Weeks later they won a second Challenger gold at the 2023 CS Nepela Memorial.[27]On the Grand Prix, the team again began at the 2023 Skate Canada International, winning the silver medal for a second consecutive year.[55] At the 2023 NHK Trophy, Fear/Gibson finished second in the rhythm dance, only 0.34 points behind reigning World bronze medalists Guignard/Fabbri, the pre-event favourites. They won the free dance with a score of 130.26, breaking the 130-point threshold for the first time, overtaking Guignard/Fabbri in the segment by a similarly narrow 0.97 points and winning the gold medal. This was their first Grand Prix victory, and the first for a British dance team.[56] They hailed the result as \"a dream come true.\"[57]Following their success on the Grand Prix, Fear/Gibson successfully defended their British national title once again.[58] Entering the Grand Prix Final in Beijing with hopes of building on their success at the NHK Trophy, they had serious twizzle difficulties that saw them place fourth in the rhythm dance, but nearly nine points back of third-place Canadians Gilles/Poirier. They had a strong free dance, but remained fourth overall.[59]At the 2024 European Championships in Kaunas, Fear/Gibson finished second in both the rhythm dance and free dance, in the latter segment having an error on their dance spin and Fear losing a twizzle level. She noted they had \"a couple of little blips, but we fought till the very end, from start to finish.\" They won their second consecutive European silver medal.[60] The 2024 World Championships were held in Montreal, home of the team's training base. Fear/Gibson placed fourth in both segments and fourth overall, for the second year in a row.[61]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ice dance with Fear","title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men's singles","title":"Programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Grand_Prix_of_Figure_Skating"},{"link_name":"Challenger Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISU_Challenger_Series"}],"text":"GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series","title":"Competitive highlights"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Ice dance with Fear","title":"Competitive highlights"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men's singles","title":"Competitive highlights"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Fear & Gibson perform their trademark disco free dance at the 2018 Skate America","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/2018_Skate_America_-_Lilah_Fear_%26_Lewis_Gibson_-_04.jpg/200px-2018_Skate_America_-_Lilah_Fear_%26_Lewis_Gibson_-_04.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fear/Gibson in the rhythm dance at the 2023 Skate Canada International","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Skate_Canada_2023_-_Fear_%26_Gibson-FD_02.jpg/200px-Skate_Canada_2023_-_Fear_%26_Gibson-FD_02.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON: 2018/2019\". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on 1 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181201215528/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00101309.htm","url_text":"\"Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON: 2018/2019\""},{"url":"http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00101309.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Falkingham, Katie (30 November 2018). \"British Figure Skating Championships: Lewis Gibson & Lilah Fear on Olympic ambitions\". BBC News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/winter-sports/46364231","url_text":"\"British Figure Skating Championships: Lewis Gibson & Lilah Fear on Olympic ambitions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Zeigler, Cyd (26 January 2022). \"Lewis Gibson talks for the first time about being gay and married, on eve of the Olympics\". Outsports.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.outsports.com/olympics/2022/1/26/22900092/lewis-gibson-figure-skater-olympics-gay-beijing-lilah-fear","url_text":"\"Lewis Gibson talks for the first time about being gay and married, on eve of the Olympics\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Mike (27 January 2017). \"Skaters Lewis Gibson and Lilah Fear head to European Championships\". Daily Record (Scotland).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/sport/other-sports/skaters-lewis-gibson-lilah-fear-9703773","url_text":"\"Skaters Lewis Gibson and Lilah Fear head to European Championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Record_(Scotland)","url_text":"Daily Record (Scotland)"}]},{"reference":"\"Getting to know Great Britain's Fear and Gibson\". Ice-Dance.com. 20 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ice-dance.com/site/getting-to-know-great-britains-fear-gibson/","url_text":"\"Getting to know Great Britain's Fear and Gibson\""}]},{"reference":"\"2010–2011 British Figure Skating & Synchro Championships\". National Ice Skating Association. November 2010. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131101090953/http://www.johnds.org/British_10/","url_text":"\"2010–2011 British Figure Skating & Synchro Championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ice_Skating_Association","url_text":"National Ice Skating Association"},{"url":"http://www.johnds.org/British_10/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lewis GIBSON: 2014/2015\". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00013851.htm","url_text":"\"Lewis GIBSON: 2014/2015\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150523071629/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00013851.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON: 2016/2017\". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on 31 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170531034400/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00101309.htm","url_text":"\"Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON: 2016/2017\""},{"url":"http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00101309.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Corbett, Charlie (15 December 2016). \"Ice dance sisters are set to take on the world\". Camden New Journal. Archived from the original on 24 January 2017. Retrieved 28 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170124201859/http://www.camdennewjournal.com/ice-dance-world","url_text":"\"Ice dance sisters are set to take on the world\""},{"url":"http://www.camdennewjournal.com/ice-dance-world","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wein, Aly Leia. \"Meet Lewis Gibson\". Edges of Glory.","urls":[{"url":"https://edgesofglory.com/interviews/meet-lewis-gibson","url_text":"\"Meet Lewis Gibson\""}]},{"reference":"Brodie, Robert (12 March 2020). \"LILAH FEAR & LEWIS GIBSON DANCING UP A STORM\". International Figure Skating.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ifsmagazine.com/lilah-fear-lewis-gibson-dancing-up-a-storm/","url_text":"\"LILAH FEAR & LEWIS GIBSON DANCING UP A STORM\""}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (26 January 2019). \"Papadakis and Cizeron defend European title; pockets fifth consecutive gold\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://goldenskate.com/2019/01/papadakis-and-cizeron-defend-european-title-pockets-fifth-consecutive-gold/","url_text":"\"Papadakis and Cizeron defend European title; pockets fifth consecutive gold\""}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (26 October 2019). \"Hubbell and Donohue dance to lead at 2019 Skate Canada\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2019/10/2019-skate-canada-rhythm-dance/","url_text":"\"Hubbell and Donohue dance to lead at 2019 Skate Canada\""}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (27 October 2019). \"Canada's Gilles and Poirier snag Skate Canada title\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2019/10/2019-skate-canada-free-dance/","url_text":"\"Canada's Gilles and Poirier snag Skate Canada title\""}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (22 November 2019). \"Papadakis and Cizeron grab lead in Sapporo with record score\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2019/11/papadakis-and-cizeron-grab-lead-in-sapporo-at-nhk-trophy-with-record-score/","url_text":"\"Papadakis and Cizeron grab lead in Sapporo with record score\""}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (23 November 2019). \"Papadakis and Cizeron take NHK Trophy gold with record scores\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2019/11/papadakis-and-cizeron-take-nhk-trophy-gold-with-record-scores/","url_text":"\"Papadakis and Cizeron take NHK Trophy gold with record scores\""}]},{"reference":"Bradley, Jane (1 December 2019). \"Medal haul for Scottish skaters at British championships\". The Scotsman.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/sport/other-sport/medal-haul-for-scottish-skaters-at-british-championships-1-5055176","url_text":"\"Medal haul for Scottish skaters at British championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman","url_text":"The Scotsman"}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (23 January 2020). \"Papadakis and Cizeron take narrow lead at Europeans\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2020/01/papadakis-and-cizeron-take-narrow-lead-at-europeans/","url_text":"\"Papadakis and Cizeron take narrow lead at Europeans\""}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (25 January 2020). \"Sinitsina and Katsalapov edge out French for European title\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2020/01/sinitsina-and-katsalapov-edge-out-french-for-european-title/","url_text":"\"Sinitsina and Katsalapov edge out French for European title\""}]},{"reference":"Ewing, Lori (11 March 2020). \"World figure skating championships cancelled in Montreal\". CBC Sports.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/winter/figureskating/canada-figure-skating-world-championships-cancelled-coronavirus-1.5493642","url_text":"\"World figure skating championships cancelled in Montreal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Sports","url_text":"CBC Sports"}]},{"reference":"\"Skate Canada International in Ottawa cancelled as COVID-19 cases rise\". CBC Sports. 14 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/sports/olympics/winter/figureskating/skate-canada-international-cancelled-ottawa-covid-19-1.5761592","url_text":"\"Skate Canada International in Ottawa cancelled as COVID-19 cases rise\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Sports","url_text":"CBC Sports"}]},{"reference":"\"European Figure Skating Championships 2021 – GBR team announced\". British Ice Skating. 3 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iceskating.org.uk/post/european-figure-skating-championships-2021-gb-team-announced","url_text":"\"European Figure Skating Championships 2021 – GBR team announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Ice_Skating","url_text":"British Ice Skating"}]},{"reference":"\"Update on ISU Event Calendar season 2020/21\". ISU. 10 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.isu.org/isu-news/news/145-news/13355-update-on-isu-event-calendar-season-2020-22?templateParam=15","url_text":"\"Update on ISU Event Calendar season 2020/21\""}]},{"reference":"Bradley, Jane (27 March 2021). \"World Figure Skating Championships: Fear and Gibson smash expectations with seventh place finish\". The Scotsman.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/sport/other-sport/world-figure-skating-championships-fear-and-gibson-smash-expectations-with-seventh-place-finish-3181162","url_text":"\"World Figure Skating Championships: Fear and Gibson smash expectations with seventh place finish\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman","url_text":"The Scotsman"}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (31 October 2021). \"Gilles and Poirier win second consecutive Skate Canada title\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2021/10/2021-skate-canada-ice-dance/","url_text":"\"Gilles and Poirier win second consecutive Skate Canada title\""}]},{"reference":"Mason, Lewis (12 February 2022). \"'Proud' Lilah Fear and Lewis Gibson qualify for the next round of Beijing ice dance\". Eurosport.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurosport.com/figure-skating/beijing-2022/2022/proud-lilah-fear-and-lewis-gibson-qualify-for-the-next-round-of-beijing-ice-dance_sto8784040/story.shtml","url_text":"\"'Proud' Lilah Fear and Lewis Gibson qualify for the next round of Beijing ice dance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurosport","url_text":"Eurosport"}]},{"reference":"\"Competition Results: Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON\". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on 1 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs_cr_00101309.htm","url_text":"\"Competition Results: Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181201215556/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs_cr_00101309.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bradley, Jane (13 November 2021). \"Scots ice dancer Lewis Gibson and partner Lilah Fear win bronze at Grand Prix in Japan\". The Scotsman.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/sport/other-sport/scots-ice-dancer-lewis-gibson-and-partner-lilah-fear-win-bronze-at-grand-prix-in-japan-3456846","url_text":"\"Scots ice dancer Lewis Gibson and partner Lilah Fear win bronze at Grand Prix in Japan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman","url_text":"The Scotsman"}]},{"reference":"Behan, Paul (5 January 2022). \"Beijing Winter Olympics beckons for talented Ayrshire figure skater\". Daily Record.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/ayrshire/beijing-winter-olympics-beckons-talented-25850006","url_text":"\"Beijing Winter Olympics beckons for talented Ayrshire figure skater\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Record_(Scotland)","url_text":"Daily Record"}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (15 January 2022). \"Sinitsina and Katsalapov defend European title\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2022/01/sinitsina-and-katsalapov-defend-european-title/","url_text":"\"Sinitsina and Katsalapov defend European title\""}]},{"reference":"Hincks, Michael (14 February 2022). \"Lilah Fear and Lewis Gibson's free dance to Lion King soundtrack seals top-10 finish for GB at Winter Olympics\". Eurosport.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurosport.com/figure-skating/beijing-2022/2022/lilah-fear-and-lewis-gibsons-free-dance-to-lion-king-soundtrack-seals-top-10-finish-for-gb-duo-at-wi_sto8788807/story.shtml","url_text":"\"Lilah Fear and Lewis Gibson's free dance to Lion King soundtrack seals top-10 finish for GB at Winter Olympics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurosport","url_text":"Eurosport"}]},{"reference":"Campigotto, Jesse (22 March 2022). \"Get ready for a bizarre figure skating world championships\". CBC Sports.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/sports/the-buzzer-figure-skating-world-championships-preview-1.6393780","url_text":"\"Get ready for a bizarre figure skating world championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Sports","url_text":"CBC Sports"}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (25 March 2022). \"Papadakis and Cizeron set another record score in the Rhythm Dance\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2022/03/2022-worlds-rhythm-dance/","url_text":"\"Papadakis and Cizeron set another record score in the Rhythm Dance\""}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (26 March 2022). \"Papadakis and Cizeron win fifth World title\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2022/03/2022-worlds-free-dance/","url_text":"\"Papadakis and Cizeron win fifth World title\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gilles/Poirier (CAN) dance off with third Skate Canada International title\". International Skating Union. 29 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://isu.org/figure-skating/news/news-fsk/14269-gilles-poirier-can-dance-off-with-third-skate-canada-international-title?templateParam=15","url_text":"\"Gilles/Poirier (CAN) dance off with third Skate Canada International title\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Skating_Union","url_text":"International Skating Union"}]},{"reference":"\"Home gold at Britannia Figure Cup\". British Ice Skating. 30 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iceskating.org.uk/post/home-gold-at-britannia-figure-cup","url_text":"\"Home gold at Britannia Figure Cup\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Ice_Skating","url_text":"British Ice Skating"}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (29 October 2022). \"Gilles and Poirier defend Skate Canada title\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2022/10/2022-skate-canada-ice-dance/","url_text":"\"Gilles and Poirier defend Skate Canada title\""}]},{"reference":"McCarvel, Nick (12 November 2022). \"Knocking on door of skating's ice dance elite, British duo Fear and Gibson ask: 'Why not?'\". Olympic Channel.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/news/ice-dance-lilah-fear-lewis-gibson-british-figure-skating-2022","url_text":"\"Knocking on door of skating's ice dance elite, British duo Fear and Gibson ask: 'Why not?'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Channel","url_text":"Olympic Channel"}]},{"reference":"McCarvel, Nick (12 November 2022). \"Mihara Mai tops women's short program at British Grand Prix as Guignard/ Fabbri hold off home hopes in ice dance\". Olympic Channel.","urls":[{"url":"https://olympics.com/en/news/mai-mihara-guignard-fabbri-british-grand-prix-figure-skating-2022","url_text":"\"Mihara Mai tops women's short program at British Grand Prix as Guignard/ Fabbri hold off home hopes in ice dance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Channel","url_text":"Olympic Channel"}]},{"reference":"Bradley, Jane (14 November 2022). \"'This is not a normal competition': Scottish ice dancer in silver medal position praises UK crowd in first ever home international competition\". The Scotsman.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/sport/other-sport/this-is-not-a-normal-competition-scottish-ice-dancer-in-silver-medal-position-praises-uk-crowd-in-first-ever-home-international-competition-3916215","url_text":"\"'This is not a normal competition': Scottish ice dancer in silver medal position praises UK crowd in first ever home international competition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman","url_text":"The Scotsman"}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (13 November 2022). \"Guignard and Fabbri dominate Ice Dance in Sheffield\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2022/11/guignard-and-fabbri-dominate-ice-dance-in-sheffield/","url_text":"\"Guignard and Fabbri dominate Ice Dance in Sheffield\""}]},{"reference":"Bradley, Jane (22 November 2022). \"Scottish ice dancer first in 13 years to qualify for figure skating Grand Prix final\". The Scotsman.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/sport/other-sport/scottish-ice-dancer-first-in-13-years-to-qualify-for-figure-skating-grand-prix-final-3927056","url_text":"\"Scottish ice dancer first in 13 years to qualify for figure skating Grand Prix final\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman","url_text":"The Scotsman"}]},{"reference":"Bradley, Jane (4 December 2022). \"Scottish figure skater scoops national title for sixth time\". The Scotsman.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/sport/other-sport/scottish-figure-skater-scoops-national-title-for-sixth-time-3941441","url_text":"\"Scottish figure skater scoops national title for sixth time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman","url_text":"The Scotsman"}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (9 December 2022). \"Gilles and Poirier lead with narrow margin in rhythm dance\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2022/12/gilles-and-poirier-lead-with-narrow-margin-in-rhythm-dance/","url_text":"\"Gilles and Poirier lead with narrow margin in rhythm dance\""}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (11 December 2022). \"Gilles and Poirier dance to Grand Prix Final gold\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2022/12/2022-23-grand-prix-final-free-dance/","url_text":"\"Gilles and Poirier dance to Grand Prix Final gold\""}]},{"reference":"Bradley, Jane; Knight, Sarah (11 December 2022). \"Fourth place in Grand Prix final sets Scottish skater on promising path for European championships\". The Scotsman.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/sport/other-sport/fourth-place-in-grand-prix-final-sets-scottish-skater-on-promising-path-for-european-championships-3949605","url_text":"\"Fourth place in Grand Prix final sets Scottish skater on promising path for European championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman","url_text":"The Scotsman"}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (27 January 2023). \"Guignard and Fabbri take slight lead at Europeans\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2023/01/guignard-and-fabbri-take-slight-lead-at-europeans/","url_text":"\"Guignard and Fabbri take slight lead at Europeans\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guignard/Fabbri (ITA) find the right rhythm for the prime spot in the Ice Dance in Espoo\". International Skating Union. 27 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://isu.org/figure-skating/news/news-fsk/14451-guignard-fabbri-ita-find-the-right-rhythm-for-the-prime-spot-in-the-ice-dance-in-espoo?templateParam=15","url_text":"\"Guignard/Fabbri (ITA) find the right rhythm for the prime spot in the Ice Dance in Espoo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Skating_Union","url_text":"International Skating Union"}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (28 January 2023). \"Guignard and Fabbri grab elusive gold in Espoo\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2023/01/guignard-and-fabbri-grab-elusive-gold-in-espoo/","url_text":"\"Guignard and Fabbri grab elusive gold in Espoo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guignard/Fabbri end nine-year gold medal drought for Italian Ice Dance in Espoo\". International Skating Union. 28 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://isu.org/figure-skating/news/news-fsk/14454-guignard-fabbri-end-nine-year-gold-medal-drought-for-italian-ice-dance-in-espoo?templateParam=15","url_text":"\"Guignard/Fabbri end nine-year gold medal drought for Italian Ice Dance in Espoo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Skating_Union","url_text":"International Skating Union"}]},{"reference":"Bradley, Jane (29 January 2023). \"Lewis Gibson: Highest British medal win since Torvill and Dean for Scottish ice dancer\". The Scotsman.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/sport/other-sport/lewis-gibson-highest-british-medal-win-since-torvill-and-dean-for-scottish-ice-dancer-4005502","url_text":"\"Lewis Gibson: Highest British medal win since Torvill and Dean for Scottish ice dancer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman","url_text":"The Scotsman"}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (25 March 2023). \"Chock and Bates golden in Saitama\". Golden Skate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/2023/03/chock-and-bates-golden-in-saitama/","url_text":"\"Chock and Bates golden in Saitama\""}]},{"reference":"Bradley, Jane (29 October 2023). \"Scottish ice dancer wins silver in first major event of new figure skating season\". The Scotsman. Retrieved 29 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/sport/other-sport/scottish-ice-dancer-wins-silver-in-first-major-event-of-new-figure-skating-season-4389610","url_text":"\"Scottish ice dancer wins silver in first major event of new figure skating season\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman","url_text":"The Scotsman"}]},{"reference":"\"Gold for Fear/Gibson at Nebelhorn Trophy\". British Ice Skating. 26 September 2023. Retrieved 26 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iceskating.org.uk/post/gold-for-fear-gibson-at-nebelhorn-trophy","url_text":"\"Gold for Fear/Gibson at Nebelhorn Trophy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Ice_Skating","url_text":"British Ice Skating"}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (29 October 2023). \"Gilles and Poirier win fourth consecutive Skate Canada title\". Golden Skate. Retrieved 29 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/gilles-and-poirier-win-fourth-consecutive-skate-canada-title/","url_text":"\"Gilles and Poirier win fourth consecutive Skate Canada title\""}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (25 November 2023). \"Fear and Gibson edge out Italians for NHK Trophy gold\". Golden Skate. Retrieved 26 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/fear-and-gibson-edge-out-italians-for-nhk-trophy-gold/","url_text":"\"Fear and Gibson edge out Italians for NHK Trophy gold\""}]},{"reference":"Bradley, Jane (25 November 2023). \"NHK Trophy: 'Dream come true' for ice dancers Lilah Fear and Lewis Gibson as they win gold in Japan Grand Prix\". The Scotsman. Retrieved 26 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/sport/other-sport/nhk-trophy-dream-come-true-for-ice-dancers-lilah-fear-and-lewis-gibson-as-they-win-gold-in-japan-grand-prix-4423034","url_text":"\"NHK Trophy: 'Dream come true' for ice dancers Lilah Fear and Lewis Gibson as they win gold in Japan Grand Prix\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman","url_text":"The Scotsman"}]},{"reference":"Bradley, Jane (4 December 2023). \"Scots win national titles at British Figure Skating Championships\". The Scotsman. Retrieved 12 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/sport/other-sport/scots-win-national-titles-at-british-figure-skating-championships-4432528","url_text":"\"Scots win national titles at British Figure Skating Championships\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman","url_text":"The Scotsman"}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (10 December 2023). \"Chock and Bates snatch elusive gold at Grand Prix Final\". Golden Skate. Retrieved 12 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/chock-and-bates-snatch-elusive-gold-at-grand-prix-final/","url_text":"\"Chock and Bates snatch elusive gold at Grand Prix Final\""}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (13 January 2024). \"Guignard and Fabbri win second consecutive European title\". Golden Skate. Retrieved 29 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/guignard-and-fabbri-win-second-consecutive-european-title/","url_text":"\"Guignard and Fabbri win second consecutive European title\""}]},{"reference":"Slater, Paula (24 March 2024). \"Chock and Bates repeat as World Champions\". Golden Skate. Retrieved 26 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenskate.com/chock-and-bates-repeat-as-world-champions/","url_text":"\"Chock and Bates repeat as World Champions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON: 2023/2024\". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on 26 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230926085244/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00101309.htm","url_text":"\"Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON: 2023/2024\""},{"url":"http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00101309.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON: 2022/2023\". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on 24 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220924060328/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00101309.htm","url_text":"\"Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON: 2022/2023\""},{"url":"http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00101309.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON: 2021/2022\". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on 3 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211003194434/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00101309.htm","url_text":"\"Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON: 2021/2022\""},{"url":"http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00101309.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON: 2019/2020\". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on 17 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190917060119/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00101309.htm","url_text":"\"Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON: 2019/2020\""},{"url":"http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00101309.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON: 2020/2021\". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on 27 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210327124003/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00101309.htm","url_text":"\"Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON: 2020/2021\""},{"url":"http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00101309.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON: 2017/2018\". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on 29 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180529030730/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00101309.htm","url_text":"\"Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON: 2017/2018\""},{"url":"http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00101309.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Competition Results: Lewis GIBSON\". International Skating Union. Archived from the original on 28 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs_cr_00013851.htm","url_text":"\"Competition Results: Lewis GIBSON\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170128224917/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs_cr_00013851.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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gold\""},{"Link":"https://www.scotsman.com/sport/other-sport/nhk-trophy-dream-come-true-for-ice-dancers-lilah-fear-and-lewis-gibson-as-they-win-gold-in-japan-grand-prix-4423034","external_links_name":"\"NHK Trophy: 'Dream come true' for ice dancers Lilah Fear and Lewis Gibson as they win gold in Japan Grand Prix\""},{"Link":"https://www.scotsman.com/sport/other-sport/scots-win-national-titles-at-british-figure-skating-championships-4432528","external_links_name":"\"Scots win national titles at British Figure Skating Championships\""},{"Link":"https://www.goldenskate.com/chock-and-bates-snatch-elusive-gold-at-grand-prix-final/","external_links_name":"\"Chock and Bates snatch elusive gold at Grand Prix Final\""},{"Link":"https://www.goldenskate.com/guignard-and-fabbri-win-second-consecutive-european-title/","external_links_name":"\"Guignard and Fabbri win second consecutive European title\""},{"Link":"https://www.goldenskate.com/chock-and-bates-repeat-as-world-champions/","external_links_name":"\"Chock and Bates repeat as World Champions\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230926085244/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00101309.htm","external_links_name":"\"Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON: 2023/2024\""},{"Link":"http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00101309.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220924060328/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00101309.htm","external_links_name":"\"Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON: 2022/2023\""},{"Link":"http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00101309.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211003194434/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00101309.htm","external_links_name":"\"Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON: 2021/2022\""},{"Link":"http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00101309.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190917060119/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00101309.htm","external_links_name":"\"Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON: 2019/2020\""},{"Link":"http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00101309.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210327124003/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00101309.htm","external_links_name":"\"Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON: 2020/2021\""},{"Link":"http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00101309.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180529030730/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00101309.htm","external_links_name":"\"Lilah FEAR / Lewis GIBSON: 2017/2018\""},{"Link":"http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00101309.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs_cr_00013851.htm","external_links_name":"\"Competition Results: Lewis 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babez_for_Breakfast
|
Babez for Breakfast
|
["1 Recording","2 Track list","3 Personnel","4 Charts","5 References"]
|
Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
2010 studio album by LordiBabez for BreakfastStudio album by LordiReleased10 September 2010 (2010-09-10) (Germany)13 September 2010 (2010-09-13) (iTunes)14 September 2010 (2010-09-14) (United States)15 September 2010 (2010-09-15) (Estonia)15 September 2010 (2010-09-15) (Finland)27 September 2010 (2010-09-27) (Poland)27 October 2010 (2010-10-27) (Japan)Recorded16 February – 14 April 2010StudioWireWorld Studio, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.Genre
Hard rock
heavy metal
glam metal
shock rock
Length48:33LabelSony Music The End (Canada, United States)ProducerMichael WagenerLordi chronology
Deadache(2008)
Babez for Breakfast(2010)
To Beast or Not to Beast(2013)
Singles from Babez for Breakfast
"This Is Heavy Metal"Released: 9 August 2010
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic linkTime for Metal (Germany) link
Babez for Breakfast is the fifth studio album by Finnish rock band Lordi, released on 10 September 2010. As is traditional for the band, their costumes were renewed for the release of this album. The album was produced by Michael Wagener. It was the final album to feature both Kita and Awa before their departure from the band.
The first single, "This Is Heavy Metal", was released digitally on 9 August 2010, and physically a week later on 16 August. There were only an estimated 200 physical copies of the single made and it is seen as a rare collectors' item amongst Lordi fans.
A limited edition of the album, entitled The Breakfast Box includes bonus merchandise and was released on 18 October 2010.
Recording
The recording of the album started on 16 February 2010 at WireWorld Studio in Nashville, Tennessee, United States. The band had 44 demos to choose from, of which 15 made the final cut.
Track list
No.TitleLyricsMusicLength1."SCG5: It's a Boy!"Mr LordiMr Lordi1:212."Babez for Breakfast"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi3:303."This Is Heavy Metal"Mr Lordi, LippMr Lordi3:014."Rock Police"Mr Lordi, LippMr Lordi, P.K. Hell3:585."Discoevil"Mr Lordi, LippMr Lordi3:496."Call Off the Wedding"Mr LordiMr Lordi, Bruce Kulick, Jeremy Rubolino3:317."I Am Bigger Than You"Mr Lordi, LippMr Lordi3:048."ZombieRawkMachine"Mr LordiMr Lordi, Amen3:429."Midnite Lover"Mr Lordi, LippMr Lordi, Amen3:2110."Give Your Life for Rock and Roll"Mr Lordi, LippMr Lordi, Awa, Ox, Cosimo Binetti3:5411."Nonstop Nite"Mr Lordi, LippMr Lordi, Amen, P.K. Hell3:5612."Amen's Lament to Ra" Amen0:3213."Loud and Loaded"Mr Lordi, LippMr Lordi3:1514."Granny's Gone Crazy"Mr LordiMr Lordi, Ox3:5615."Devil's Lullaby"Mr Lordi, LippMr Lordi3:43Total length:48:33
iTunes versionNo.TitleLength16."Lord Have Mercy"3:18Total length:51:51
Japanese versionNo.TitleLength16."Lord Have Mercy"3:1817."Studs 'n' Leather"3:58Total length:55:49
Personnel
Lordi
Mr Lordi – vocals, artwork, art direction, layout
Amen – guitars, backing vocals
Kita – drums, backing vocals
OX – bass
Awa – keyboards
Additional musicians
Bruce Kulick – guitars (6)
Mark Slaughter – vocals (14)
Julie Westlake – vocals (10)
Ainsley Billings – vocals (14)
Gracyn Billings – vocals (14)
Clay Vann – voice (4), backing vocals
Goldy Locks – voice (1)
Ralph Ruiz – voice (1)
Tracy Lipp – voice (1, 10), backing vocals
Marija S. – vocals (10)
Sarge – backing vocals
Bryan Blumer – backing vocals
Jeremy Rubolino – string arrangements (6)
Production
Michael Wagener – production, recording, mixing
Eric Conn – mastering
Don Cobb – mastering
Petri Haggrén – photography
Charts
Chart (2010)
Peakposition
Austria
71
France
113
Finland
9
Germany
66
Greece
26
References
^ "Monsterboard". Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
^ "Monsterboard". Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
^ "KitaStala's Twitter". Retrieved 16 February 2010.
^ "Monsterboard". Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
^ "Lordi's Twitter". Retrieved 19 February 2010.
^ Steffen Hung (18 April 2021). "Lordi - Babez For Breakfast". finnishcharts.com. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
vteLordi
Mr Lordi
Hella
Mana
Hiisi
Kone
G-Stealer
Enary
Magnum
Kita
Kalma
Awa
Otus
OX
Amen
Studio albums
Get Heavy
The Monsterican Dream
The Arockalypse
Deadache
Babez for Breakfast
To Beast or Not to Beast
Scare Force One
Monstereophonic (Theaterror vs. Demonarchy)
Sexorcism
Killection
Skelectric Dinosaur
Superflytrap
The Masterbeast from the Moon
Abusement Park
Humanimals
Abracadaver
Spooky Sextravaganza Spectacular
Screem Writers Guild
Box sets
Lordiversity
DVDs
Recordead Live – Sextourcism in Z7
Singles
"Would You Love a Monsterman?"
"Devil Is a Loser"
"Hard Rock Hallelujah"
"Who's Your Daddy?"
"It Snows in Hell"
"They Only Come Out at Night"
"Bite It Like a Bulldog"
"The Riff"
Movies
Dark Floors
See also
Lordi's Square
Discography
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
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It was the final album to feature both Kita and Awa before their departure from the band.The first single, \"This Is Heavy Metal\", was released digitally on 9 August 2010, and physically a week later on 16 August. There were only an estimated 200 physical copies of the single made[1] and it is seen as a rare collectors' item amongst Lordi fans.A limited edition of the album, entitled The Breakfast Box includes bonus merchandise and was released on 18 October 2010.[2]","title":"Babez for Breakfast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nashville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KitaStala's_Twitter-3"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"demos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demo_(music)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Monsterboard_(3)-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lordi's_Twitter_(2)-5"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"}],"text":"The recording of the album started on 16 February 2010 at WireWorld Studio in Nashville, Tennessee, United States.[3][non-primary source needed] The band had 44 demos to choose from,[4] of which 15 made the final cut.[5][non-primary source needed]","title":"Recording"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mr Lordi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Lordi"},{"link_name":"Bruce Kulick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Kulick"},{"link_name":"Amen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jussi_Syd%C3%A4nmaa"},{"link_name":"Awa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leena_Peisa"},{"link_name":"Cosimo Binetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosimo_Binetti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"}],"text":"No.TitleLyricsMusicLength1.\"SCG5: It's a Boy!\"Mr LordiMr Lordi1:212.\"Babez for Breakfast\"Mr Lordi, Tracy LippMr Lordi3:303.\"This Is Heavy Metal\"Mr Lordi, LippMr Lordi3:014.\"Rock Police\"Mr Lordi, LippMr Lordi, P.K. Hell3:585.\"Discoevil\"Mr Lordi, LippMr Lordi3:496.\"Call Off the Wedding\"Mr LordiMr Lordi, Bruce Kulick, Jeremy Rubolino3:317.\"I Am Bigger Than You\"Mr Lordi, LippMr Lordi3:048.\"ZombieRawkMachine\"Mr LordiMr Lordi, Amen3:429.\"Midnite Lover\"Mr Lordi, LippMr Lordi, Amen3:2110.\"Give Your Life for Rock and Roll\"Mr Lordi, LippMr Lordi, Awa, Ox, Cosimo Binetti3:5411.\"Nonstop Nite\"Mr Lordi, LippMr Lordi, Amen, P.K. Hell3:5612.\"Amen's Lament to Ra\" Amen0:3213.\"Loud and Loaded\"Mr Lordi, LippMr Lordi3:1514.\"Granny's Gone Crazy\"Mr LordiMr Lordi, Ox3:5615.\"Devil's Lullaby\"Mr Lordi, LippMr Lordi3:43Total length:48:33iTunes versionNo.TitleLength16.\"Lord Have Mercy\"3:18Total length:51:51Japanese versionNo.TitleLength16.\"Lord Have Mercy\"3:1817.\"Studs 'n' Leather\"3:58Total length:55:49","title":"Track list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mr Lordi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomi_Putaansuu"},{"link_name":"Amen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jussi_Syd%C3%A4nmaa"},{"link_name":"Kita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampsa_Astala"},{"link_name":"Awa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leena_Peisa"},{"link_name":"Bruce Kulick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Kulick"},{"link_name":"Mark Slaughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Slaughter"}],"text":"LordiMr Lordi – vocals, artwork, art direction, layout\nAmen – guitars, backing vocals\nKita – drums, backing vocals\nOX – bass\nAwa – keyboardsAdditional musiciansBruce Kulick – guitars (6)\nMark Slaughter – vocals (14)\nJulie Westlake – vocals (10)\nAinsley Billings – vocals (14)\nGracyn Billings – vocals (14)\nClay Vann – voice (4), backing vocals\nGoldy Locks – voice (1)\nRalph Ruiz – voice (1)\nTracy Lipp – voice (1, 10), backing vocals\nMarija S. – vocals (10)\nSarge – backing vocals\nBryan Blumer – backing vocals\nJeremy Rubolino – string arrangements (6)ProductionMichael Wagener – production, recording, mixing\nEric Conn – mastering\nDon Cobb – mastering\nPetri Haggrén – photography","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalport_East_railway_station
|
Coalport East railway station
|
["1 History","2 References","3 Further reading"]
|
Coordinates: 52°36′59″N 2°26′30″W / 52.6164°N 2.4416°W / 52.6164; -2.4416Former railway station in England
Coalport EastCoalport East station in 2018General informationLocationCoalportEnglandCoordinates52°36′59″N 2°26′30″W / 52.6164°N 2.4416°W / 52.6164; -2.4416Grid referenceSJ701021Platforms1Other informationStatusDisusedHistoryPre-groupingLondon and North Western RailwayPost-groupingLondon, Midland and Scottish RailwayKey dates10 June 1861 (1861-06-10)Opened as Coalport?Renamed Coalport East2 June 1952 (1952-06-02)Closed for passengers1960closed for freight
Coalport East was a London and North Western Railway station at Coalport, situated on the north bank of the River Severn. It formed the terminus of the Coalport Branch Line which ran from Hadley Junction near Oakengates on the LNWR Stafford to Shrewsbury Line.
History
The station was originally named ‘Coalport’ at opening on 10 June 1861. It was later renamed ‘Coalport East’ to avoid confusion with the Severn Valley Railway Coalport station which opened on the opposite bank of the river Severn in 1862.
The station was host to a LMS caravan from 1934 to 1939.
Coalport East closed to passengers on 2 June 1952, and to freight traffic in 1960.
Preceding station
Disused railways
Following station
Terminus
London and North Western RailwayCoalport Branch Line
Madeley MarketLine closed, station closed
References
Notes
^ a b Butt, R. V. J. (October 1995). The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199. OL 11956311M.
^ McRae, Andrew (1997). British Railway Camping Coach Holidays: The 1930s & British Railways (London Midland Region). Vol. Scenes from the Past: 30 (Part One). Foxline. p. 22. ISBN 1-870119-48-7.
^ Cooke, B.W.C., ed. (January 1960). "Coalport Freight Line Closed". Notes and News. The Railway Magazine. Vol. 107, no. 717. Westminster: Tothill Press. p. 64.
Further reading
Mitchell, Vic; Smith, Keith (2014). Stafford to Wellington. Middleton Press. figs. 118-120. ISBN 9781908174598. OCLC 913791564.
vteClosed railway stations in ShropshireBishops Castle Railway
Bishop's Castle
Eaton
Horderley
Lydham Heath
Plowden
Stretford Bridge Halt
Cleobury Mortimer and Ditton PriorsLight Railway
Aston Botterell Siding
Burwarton Halt
Chilton Halt
Cleobury North Crossing
Cleobury Town Halt
Detton Ford Siding
Ditton Priors Halt
Prescott Spring
Stottesdon Halt
Coalport branch line
Coalport East
Dawley and Stirchley
Madeley Market
Malins Lee
Oakengates Market Street
Minsterley branch line
Minsterley
Plealey Road
Pontesbury
Much Wenlock and Severn Junction Railway
Easthope Halt
Farley Halt
Harton Road
Longville
Much Wenlock
Presthope
Rushbury
Westwood Halt
Oswestry, Ellesmere and Whitchurch Railway
Ellesmere
Frankton
Tinkers Green Halt
Welshampton
Whittington High Level
Oswestry and Newtown Railway
Llynclys
Pant
Severn Valley Railway
Alveley Halt
Berrington
Buildwas
Coalport West
Cound Halt
Cressage
Eardington Halt
Ironbridge and Broseley
Jackfield Halt
Linley Halt
Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway
Abbey Foregate
Admaston
Upton Magna
Walcot
Shrewsbury and Chester Railway
Baschurch
Haughton Halt
Leaton
Oldwoods Halt
Rednal and West Felton
Stanwardine Halt
Trehowell Halt
Weston Rhyn
Whittington Low Level
Shrewsbury and Hereford Railway
All Stretton Halt
Ashford Bowdler
Bromfield
Condover
Dorrington
Leebotwood
Little Stretton Halt
Marshbrook
Onibury
Wistanstow Halt
Woofferton
Shrewsbury and Welshpool Railway
Hanwood
Plas-y-Court Halt
Westbury
Yockleton
Shropshire and Montgomeryshire Railway
Chapel Lane
Cruckton
Edgebold
Edgerley Halt
Ford and Crossgates
Hookagate and Redhill
Kinnerley Junction
Maesbrook
Melverley
Meole Brace
Nesscliffe and Pentre
Shoot Hill
Shrawardine
Shrewsbury West
Shrewsbury Abbey
Wern Las
Shropshire Union Railways
Donnington
Hadley
Newport
Trench Crossing
Tanat Valley Light Railway
Porthywaen Halt
Blodwell Junction
Llanyblodwel Halt
Glanyrafon Halt
Tenbury and Bewdley Railway
Cleobury Mortimer
Neen Sollars
Tenbury Wells
Wellington and Drayton Railway
Crudgington
Ellerdine Halt
Hodnet
Little Drayton Halt
Longdon Halt
Peplow
Rowton Halt
Tern Hill
Wollerton Halt
Wellington and Severn Junction Railway
Coalbrookdale
Doseley Halt
Green Bank Halt
Horsehay and Dawley
Iron Bridge Gorge
Ketley
Ketley Town Halt
Lawley Bank
Lightmoor Platform
New Dale Halt
Wrexham and Ellesmere Railway
Elson Halt
Trench Halt
Other
Hadnall
Madeley
Market Drayton
New Hadley Halt
Norton-in-Hales
Park Hall Halt
Rhydmeredydd Goods
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London and North Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_and_North_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"Coalport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalport"},{"link_name":"River Severn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Severn"},{"link_name":"Coalport Branch Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalport_Branch_Line"},{"link_name":"Oakengates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakengates"},{"link_name":"Stafford to Shrewsbury Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford_to_Shrewsbury_Line"}],"text":"Former railway station in EnglandCoalport East was a London and North Western Railway station at Coalport, situated on the north bank of the River Severn. It formed the terminus of the Coalport Branch Line which ran from Hadley Junction near Oakengates on the LNWR Stafford to Shrewsbury Line.","title":"Coalport East railway station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butt-1"},{"link_name":"Severn Valley Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Valley_Railway"},{"link_name":"Coalport station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalport_West_railway_station"},{"link_name":"LMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Midland_and_Scottish_Railway"},{"link_name":"caravan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camping_coach"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butt-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The station was originally named ‘Coalport’ at opening on 10 June 1861.[1] It was later renamed ‘Coalport East’ to avoid confusion with the Severn Valley Railway Coalport station which opened on the opposite bank of the river Severn in 1862.The station was host to a LMS caravan from 1934 to 1939.[2]Coalport East closed to passengers on 2 June 1952,[1] and to freight traffic in 1960.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781908174598","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781908174598"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"913791564","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/913791564"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Closed_stations_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Closed_stations_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Closed_stations_Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Shropshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire"},{"link_name":"Bishops Castle Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishops_Castle_Railway"},{"link_name":"Bishop's Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop%27s_Castle_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Eaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Horderley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horderley_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Lydham Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydham_Heath_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Plowden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plowden_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Stretford Bridge Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretford_Bridge_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Cleobury Mortimer and Ditton PriorsLight Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleobury_Mortimer_and_Ditton_Priors_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"Aston Botterell Siding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Botterell_Siding_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Burwarton Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burwarton_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Chilton Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chilton_Halt_railway_station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cleobury North Crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleobury_North_Crossing_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Cleobury Town Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleobury_Town_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Detton Ford Siding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Detton_Ford_Siding_railway_station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ditton Priors Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditton_Priors_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Prescott Spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prescott_Spring_railway_station&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stottesdon Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stottesdon_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Coalport branch line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalport_branch_line"},{"link_name":"Coalport East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Dawley and Stirchley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawley_and_Stirchley_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Madeley Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeley_Market_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Malins Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malins_Lee_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Oakengates Market Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakengates_Market_Street_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Minsterley branch line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsterley_branch_line"},{"link_name":"Minsterley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsterley_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Plealey Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plealey_Road_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Pontesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontesbury_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Much Wenlock and Severn Junction Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Much_Wenlock_and_Severn_Junction_Railway"},{"link_name":"Easthope Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easthope_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Farley Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farley_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Harton Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harton_Road_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Longville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longville_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Much Wenlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Much_Wenlock_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Presthope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presthope_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Rushbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rushbury_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Westwood Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Oswestry, Ellesmere and Whitchurch Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswestry,_Ellesmere_and_Whitchurch_Railway"},{"link_name":"Ellesmere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellesmere_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Frankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Tinkers Green Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinkers_Green_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Welshampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welshampton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Whittington High Level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittington_High_Level_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Oswestry and Newtown Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswestry_and_Newtown_Railway"},{"link_name":"Llynclys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llynclys_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Pant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pant_(Salop)_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Severn Valley Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Valley_Railway"},{"link_name":"Alveley Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveley_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Berrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berrington_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Buildwas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buildwas_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Coalport West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalport_West_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Cound Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cound_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Cressage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cressage_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Eardington Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eardington_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Ironbridge and Broseley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironbridge_and_Broseley_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Jackfield Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackfield_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Linley Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linley_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton%E2%80%93Shrewsbury_line"},{"link_name":"Abbey Foregate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Foregate_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Admaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admaston_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Upton Magna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upton_Magna_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Walcot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walcot_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury and Chester Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_and_Chester_Railway"},{"link_name":"Baschurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baschurch_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Haughton Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haughton_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Leaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Oldwoods Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldwoods_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Rednal and West Felton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rednal_and_West_Felton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Stanwardine Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanwardine_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Trehowell Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trehowell_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Weston Rhyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston_Rhyn_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Whittington Low Level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittington_Low_Level_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury and Hereford Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_and_Hereford_Railway"},{"link_name":"All Stretton Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Stretton_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Ashford Bowdler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashford_Bowdler_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Bromfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromfield_railway_station_(Shropshire)"},{"link_name":"Condover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condover_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Dorrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorrington_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Leebotwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leebotwood_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Little Stretton Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Stretton_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Marshbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshbrook_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Onibury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onibury_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Wistanstow Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wistanstow_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Woofferton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woofferton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury and Welshpool Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_and_Welshpool_Railway"},{"link_name":"Hanwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanwood_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Plas-y-Court Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plas-y-Court_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Westbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westbury_(Salop)_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Yockleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yockleton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Shropshire and Montgomeryshire Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire_and_Montgomeryshire_Railway"},{"link_name":"Chapel Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_Lane_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Cruckton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruckton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Edgebold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgebold_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Edgerley Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgerley_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Ford and Crossgates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_and_Crossgates_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Hookagate and Redhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hookagate_and_Redhill_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Kinnerley Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinnerley_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Maesbrook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maesbrook_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Melverley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melverley_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Meole Brace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meole_Brace_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Nesscliffe and Pentre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesscliffe_and_Pentre_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Shoot Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoot_Hill_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Shrawardine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrawardine_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_West_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_Abbey_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Wern Las","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wern_Las_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Shropshire Union Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafford%E2%80%93Shrewsbury_line"},{"link_name":"Donnington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnington_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Hadley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadley_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_railway_station_(Shropshire)"},{"link_name":"Trench Crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_Crossing_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Tanat Valley Light Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanat_Valley_Light_Railway"},{"link_name":"Porthywaen Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porthywaen_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Blodwell Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blodwell_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Llanyblodwel Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanyblodwel_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Glanyrafon Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glanyrafon_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Tenbury and Bewdley Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenbury_and_Bewdley_Railway"},{"link_name":"Cleobury Mortimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleobury_Mortimer_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Neen Sollars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neen_Sollars_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Tenbury Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenbury_Wells_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Wellington and Drayton Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_and_Drayton_Railway"},{"link_name":"Crudgington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crudgington_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Ellerdine Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellerdine_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Hodnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodnet_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Little Drayton Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Drayton_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Longdon Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longdon_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Peplow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peplow_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Rowton Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowton_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Tern Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tern_Hill_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Wollerton Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollerton_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Wellington and Severn Junction Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_and_Severn_Junction_Railway"},{"link_name":"Coalbrookdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalbrookdale_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Doseley Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doseley_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Green Bank Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Bank_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Horsehay and Dawley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsehay_and_Dawley_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Iron Bridge Gorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Bridge_Gorge_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Ketley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketley_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Ketley Town Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketley_Town_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Lawley Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawley_Bank_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Lightmoor Platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightmoor_Platform_railway_station"},{"link_name":"New Dale Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Dale_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Wrexham and Ellesmere Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrexham_and_Ellesmere_Railway"},{"link_name":"Elson Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elson_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Trench Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trench_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Hadnall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadnall_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Madeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeley_railway_station_(Shropshire)"},{"link_name":"Market Drayton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Drayton_railway_station"},{"link_name":"New Hadley Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hadley_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Norton-in-Hales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norton-in-Hales_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Park Hall Halt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Hall_Halt_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Rhydmeredydd Goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhydmeredydd_Goods_railway_station&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Mitchell, Vic; Smith, Keith (2014). Stafford to Wellington. Middleton Press. figs. 118-120. ISBN 9781908174598. OCLC 913791564.vteClosed railway stations in ShropshireBishops Castle Railway\nBishop's Castle\nEaton\nHorderley\nLydham Heath\nPlowden\nStretford Bridge Halt\nCleobury Mortimer and Ditton PriorsLight Railway\nAston Botterell Siding\nBurwarton Halt\nChilton Halt\nCleobury North Crossing\nCleobury Town Halt\nDetton Ford Siding\nDitton Priors Halt\nPrescott Spring\nStottesdon Halt\nCoalport branch line\nCoalport East\nDawley and Stirchley\nMadeley Market\nMalins Lee\nOakengates Market Street\nMinsterley branch line\nMinsterley\nPlealey Road\nPontesbury\nMuch Wenlock and Severn Junction Railway\nEasthope Halt\nFarley Halt\nHarton Road\nLongville\nMuch Wenlock\nPresthope\nRushbury\nWestwood Halt\nOswestry, Ellesmere and Whitchurch Railway\nEllesmere\nFrankton\nTinkers Green Halt\nWelshampton\nWhittington High Level\nOswestry and Newtown Railway\nLlynclys\nPant\nSevern Valley Railway\nAlveley Halt\nBerrington\nBuildwas\nCoalport West\nCound Halt\nCressage\nEardington Halt\nIronbridge and Broseley\nJackfield Halt\nLinley Halt\nShrewsbury and Birmingham Railway\nAbbey Foregate\nAdmaston\nUpton Magna\nWalcot\nShrewsbury and Chester Railway\nBaschurch\nHaughton Halt\nLeaton\nOldwoods Halt\nRednal and West Felton\nStanwardine Halt\nTrehowell Halt\nWeston Rhyn\nWhittington Low Level\nShrewsbury and Hereford Railway\nAll Stretton Halt\nAshford Bowdler\nBromfield\nCondover\nDorrington\nLeebotwood\nLittle Stretton Halt\nMarshbrook\nOnibury\nWistanstow Halt\nWoofferton\nShrewsbury and Welshpool Railway\nHanwood\nPlas-y-Court Halt\nWestbury\nYockleton\nShropshire and Montgomeryshire Railway\nChapel Lane\nCruckton\nEdgebold\nEdgerley Halt\nFord and Crossgates\nHookagate and Redhill\nKinnerley Junction\nMaesbrook\nMelverley\nMeole Brace\nNesscliffe and Pentre\nShoot Hill\nShrawardine\nShrewsbury West\nShrewsbury Abbey\nWern Las\nShropshire Union Railways\nDonnington\nHadley\nNewport\nTrench Crossing\nTanat Valley Light Railway\nPorthywaen Halt\nBlodwell Junction\nLlanyblodwel Halt\nGlanyrafon Halt\nTenbury and Bewdley Railway\nCleobury Mortimer\nNeen Sollars\nTenbury Wells\nWellington and Drayton Railway\nCrudgington\nEllerdine Halt\nHodnet\nLittle Drayton Halt\nLongdon Halt\nPeplow\nRowton Halt\nTern Hill\nWollerton Halt\nWellington and Severn Junction Railway\nCoalbrookdale\nDoseley Halt\nGreen Bank Halt\nHorsehay and Dawley\nIron Bridge Gorge\nKetley\nKetley Town Halt\nLawley Bank\nLightmoor Platform\nNew Dale Halt\nWrexham and Ellesmere Railway\nElson Halt\nTrench Halt\nOther\nHadnall\nMadeley\nMarket Drayton\nNew Hadley Halt\nNorton-in-Hales\nPark Hall Halt\nRhydmeredydd Goods","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"reference":"Butt, R. V. J. (October 1995). The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present (1st ed.). Sparkford: Patrick Stephens Ltd. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-85260-508-7. OCLC 60251199. OL 11956311M.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Butt","url_text":"Butt, R. V. J."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IwANAAAACAAJ","url_text":"The Directory of Railway Stations: details every public and private passenger station, halt, platform and stopping place, past and present"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparkford","url_text":"Sparkford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85260-508-7","url_text":"978-1-85260-508-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60251199","url_text":"60251199"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)","url_text":"OL"},{"url":"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL11956311M","url_text":"11956311M"}]},{"reference":"McRae, Andrew (1997). British Railway Camping Coach Holidays: The 1930s & British Railways (London Midland Region). Vol. Scenes from the Past: 30 (Part One). Foxline. p. 22. ISBN 1-870119-48-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-870119-48-7","url_text":"1-870119-48-7"}]},{"reference":"Cooke, B.W.C., ed. (January 1960). \"Coalport Freight Line Closed\". Notes and News. The Railway Magazine. Vol. 107, no. 717. Westminster: Tothill Press. p. 64.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Vic; Smith, Keith (2014). Stafford to Wellington. Middleton Press. figs. 118-120. ISBN 9781908174598. OCLC 913791564.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781908174598","url_text":"9781908174598"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/913791564","url_text":"913791564"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrichsee-Schifffahrtsgesellschaft
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Zürichsee-Schifffahrtsgesellschaft
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["1 History","2 Fleet","2.1 Current fleet","2.2 Former fleet","3 Operations","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Public Swiss company
Zürichsee-Schifffahrtsgesellschaft AGCompany typeS.A.IndustryTransportFounded1890/91HeadquartersZürich, SwitzerlandArea servedLake ZürichWebsitehttp://www.zsg.ch/
The Zürichsee-Schifffahrtsgesellschaft or Lake Zürich Navigation Company (commonly abbreviated to ZSG) is a public Swiss company operating passenger ships and boats on Lake Zürich.
The company operates services connecting lake-side towns between Zürich and Rapperswil, as well as more tourist oriented cruises and boat services on the Limmat through the centre of the city of Zürich. It is a member of the Zürich Public Transport Network (ZVV) and transports over 1.5 million passengers every year.
The ZSG is a joint stock company with a share capital of 11 million Swiss Francs (CHF). The share capital – one third is in private hands – is divided into 110,000 bearer shares, each with a nominal value of CHF 100.
History
The first touristic Steamship gate (1835-1883) at Bauschänzli in Zürich
Steam navigation started on Lake Zürich in 1834, when Franz Carl Caspar and Johann Jakob Lämmlin founded a new company (Caspar und Lämmlin, Unternehmer der Dampfschiffahrt auf dem Zürcher- und Walensee) and ordered their first ship from William Fairbairn of Manchester, England. Minerva entered service the following year. When the cuty fortifications were abolished, the then called Bauschänzli bastion remained intact, and served from 1835 to 1883 as the landing site for the first steamboats on the lake, later provided by the Zürichsee-Schifffahrtsgesellschaft.
Share of the Zürcher Dampfboot-Gesellschaft, issued 28. December 1898
Over the years, various other companies started operating steam ships on the lake, and various mergers took place, until the entire fleet was taken over by the Swiss Northeastern Railway (NOB) in 1874. The NOB also owned most of the railway network around the lake, and this monopoly led to consumer resistance, and to the formation of the Zürcher Dampfbootgesellschaft (Zürich Steamship Company) in 1890/91. In order to operate a tram-like suburban traffic, a series of nine screw steamships was ordered.
Paddle steamships Stadt Rapperswil (to the left) and Stadt Zürich in Rapperswil harbour (estimated to be in May 1914)
When the NOB became part of the Swiss Federal Railways in 1903, the Zürcher Dampfbootgesellschaft took over its fleet of ships on Lake Zürich. This included the large paddle steamer Helvetia. In 1909 and 1914, it ordered two further large paddle steamers, which were to become today's Stadt Zürich and Stadt Rapperswil respectively. In 1934 the Zürcher Dampfbootgesellschaft introduced its first successful motor ship, the Etzel, and from then on the fleet became increasingly motorized.
For the Swiss National Exhibition of 1939 , four sister motor ships, the Taucherli, Schwan, Möve and Ente, were brought into service. These vessels provided a connecting service between the two exhibition sites, at Wollishofen and Zürichhorn. The Second World War brought economic difficulties, but the cross-lake services were maintained. As a consequence of the transition from steam power to motor vessels, the company changed its name to Zürichsee Schifffahrtgesellschaft, or ZSG for short, in 1957.
In 1990, the ZSG became part of the Zürcher Verkehrsverbund (ZVV), the public transport network established in the same year, accepting the ZVVs common tickets and tariffs.
In 2009 there was a centennial exhibition on board Stadt Zürich at Zürich-Bürkliplatz. On 12 June 2009, exactly 100 years after the maiden voyage of the steamship Stadt Zürich, its anniversary trip with invited guests and its sistership Stadt Rapperswil was celebrated., and in 2014 for its then 100 years aged sistership.
Fleet
Current fleet
A fleet of 17 passenger ships, including two historical paddle steamers – Stadt Zürich (built in 1909) and Stadt Rapperwil (1914) – and 15 motor vessels of various sizes is operated by the Zürichsee-Schifffahrtsgesellschaft. ZSG's flagship MS Helvetia has a capacity of 1200 passengers. The fleet includes three small Limmat boats for round trips on the Limmat and on the lower Lake Zürich at Zürich.
Name
Type
Built in
Passengers
Builder
Engine
Named after
Image
Stadt Zürich
Paddle steamer
1909
750
Escher Wyss & Cie.
368 kW (Escher Wyss)
The city of Zurich
Stadt Rapperswil
Paddle steamer
1914
750
Escher Wyss & Cie.
368 kW (Escher Wyss)
The city of Rapperswil
Helvetia
Motor ship
1964
1200
Bodan-Werft GmbH
635 kW (MAN)
Helvetia, the national personification of Switzerland
Linth
Motor ship
1952
1000
Bodan-Werft GmbH
730 kW (2×365, MAN
The Linth, a river that feeds Lake Zürich)
Limmat
Motor ship
1958
850
Bodan-Werft GmbH
485 kW (MAN)
The Limmat, the outfall river of Lake Zürich
Wädenswil
Motor ship
1968
700
Bodan-Werft GmbH
442 kW (MAN)
Wädenswil, a town on Lake Zürich
Panta Rhei
Motor ship
2007
700
ÖSWAG
884 kW (2×442, MAN)
Everything Flows in Ancient Greek
Säntis
Motor ship
1957
300
Bodan-Werft GmbH / ZSG
440 kW (MAN)
Säntis, a Swiss mountain
Albis
Motor ship
1997
300
Bodan-Werft GmbH
500 kW (2×250, MAN)
Albis, a range of hills near Zürich
Pfannenstiel
Motor ship
1998
300
Bodan-Werft GmbH
500 kW (2×250, MAN)
Pfannenstiel, a mountain overlooking Lake Zürich
Uetliberg
Motor ship
1999
300
Bodan-Werft GmbH
500 kW (2×250, MAN)
Uetliberg, a mountain overlooking Zürich
Bachtel
Motor ship
1962
250
Bodan-Werft GmbH
250 kW (MAN)
The Bachtel Tower overlooking Lake Zürich
Zimmerberg
Motor ship
2001
150
Bodan-Werft GmbH
294 kW (2×147, MAN)
Zimmerberg, a mountain overlooking Lake Zürich
Forch
Motor ship
2001
150
Bodan-Werft GmbH
294 kW (2×147, MAN)
Forch, a village near Zürich
Turicum
Limmat boat
1992
51
Bodan-Werft GmbH
116 kW (2×58, MWM)
An early name for Zürich
Felix
Limmat boat
1993
51
Bodan-Werft GmbH
116 kW (2×58, MWM)
Felix, one of Zürich's patron saints
Regula
Limmat boat
1993
51
Bodan-Werft GmbH
116 kW (2×58, MWM)
Regula, another of Zürich's patron saints
Former fleet
The paddle steamer Helvetia, built in 1875 and last operated in 1958, was scrapped in 1964. Of the four so-called Landi-Boote built for the Swiss national exposition ("Landi") of 1939, Ente was sold to the BLS after the exhibition, whilst Schwan (renamed Halbinsel Au), Möve and Taucherli (renamed Speer) continued in service until the end of the 1990s, when they were replaced by three motor ships (300 passengers each) of the Albis type – Albis, Pfannenstiel and Uetliberg – in addition to two smaller (150 passengers each) motor ships – Zimmerberg and Forch.
Name
Type
Built in
Passengers
Builder
Engine
Decommissioned
Named after
Image
Helvetia
Paddle steamer
1875
1200
Escher Wyss & Cie.
480 PS (Escher Wyss)
1958, scrapped and scuttled in 1964
Helvetia, the national personification of Switzerland
Etzel
Motor ship
1934
150
Escher Wyss & Cie.
2001, now used by the Etzel society
Etzel, a mountain overlooking Lake Zürich
Ente
Motor ship
1939
Escher Wyss & Cie.
1940, sold to BLS for service on Lake Thun, renamed Oberhofen
Halbinsel Au (ex Schwan)
Motor ship
1939
200
Escher Wyss & Cie.
Moved to Amsterdam, renamed Euro
The Au peninsula in Lake Zürich
Möve
Motor ship
1939
200
Escher Wyss & Cie.
Moved to Brussels, renamed Gueuse2021, moved to Antwerp, renamed Sterna
Sterna, Italian for the bird Stern but also the Stern. Stern is part of the family of the seagull, and thus the original name 'Möve'
Speer (ex Taucherli)
Motor ship
1939
200
Escher Wyss & Cie.
Moved to the IJsselmeer, renamed Elvira
Speer, a mountain overlooking Lake Zürich
Ufenau
Motor ship
1977
Bodan-Werft GmbH
2001, now used as Davidoff by Hensa AG at Rapperswil
Ufenau, an island in Lake Zürich
Glärnisch
Motor ship
1955
Escher Wyss & Cie.
since 2007 serving as Restaurant ship in Wädenswil
Glärnisch, a Swiss mountain
Stäfa
Motor ship
Escher Wyss & Cie.
serving as Restaurant ship for the community center Zürich-Wollishofen
Stäfa, a town on the banks of Lake Zürich
Operations
Zürich-Bürkliplatz landing gate
The ZSG operates regular round trips from its main Zürich landing point at Bürklipatz. In summer, trips taking 4 hours operate every hour and stop on both shores of the lower lake at Zürichhorn, Wollishofen, Kilchberg-Bendlikon, Küsnacht-Heslibach, Küsnacht, Zollikon, Meilen, Herrliberg, Rüschlikon, Thalwil, Erlenbach, Oberrieden, Horgen, Au peninsula, Wädenswil, Richterswil, Stäfa, Männedorf, Ufenau island and Rapperswil. A few trips continue through the Hurden ship canal to the upper lake, or Obersee, calling at Altendorf, Lachen and Schmerikon, and take 7 hours.
There also are shorter round trips from Zürich-Bürkliplatz, with 2.5 hour trips as far as Richterswil or Stäfa, and 1.5 hour trips to Erlenbach and Thalwil.
The company also operates services on the Limmat through the centre of Zürich. These services operate upriver from the Landesmuseum via Limmatquai and Storchen to Lake Zürich, stopping at Bürkliplatz, Enge and Zürichhorn, before returning downriver to the Landesmuseum. Because of the low bridges over the Limmat in central Zurich, these services use low profile motor boats.
A view of the Stadt Zürich on the ship lift at the Wollishofen ship yard.
The ZSG employs approximatively 80 permanent members of staff, and in the main summer season (April–December) five additional nautical seasonal workers, as well as seven staff in the ticket office at Zürich Bürkliplatz. In its own ship yard at Zürich-Wollishofen work qualified carpenters, painters, mechanics, electricians, plumbers and locksmiths.
See also
Companies portal
Zürichsee-Fähre Horgen–Meilen, the main car ferry operator on Lake Zürich
References
^ a b ZSG: Geschichte Archived July 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
^ ZSG: Geschäftsberichte Archived July 7, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
^ a b c d e f g h i j "Geschichte der Zürichsee Schifffahrtsgesellschaft" (in German). ZSG. Archived from the original on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2011-09-26.
^ "Bauschänzli" (in German). Gesundheits- und Umweltdepartement Stadt Zürich. Retrieved 2015-01-05.
^ "Der älteste Konkurrent der Panta Rhei" . Tages-Anzeiger (April 15, 2009) (in German). Retrieved 2011-09-26.
^ "Die Flotte" (in German). ZSG. Retrieved 2011-09-26.
^ modified in 2006/2007
^ a b c "Technische Daten" (in German). MS Etzel. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
^ a b "MS Oberhofen". schifffahrt-beo.ch (in German). Retrieved 2019-03-28.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "In Amsterdam den Anker geworfen" (in German). MS Etzel. Retrieved 2012-03-24.
^ a b "Davidoff-Schiff - Das Schiff in Zahlen" (in German). Schifffahrtsbetriebe Hensa AG. Retrieved 2011-09-27.
^ "Davidoff-Schiff" (in German). Schifffahrtsbetriebe Hensa AG. Retrieved 2011-09-26.
^ "Limmat river cruises". ZSG. Retrieved 2015-09-18.
^ "Die Crew" (in German). ZSG. Retrieved 2011-09-26.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Zürichsee Schifffahrt.
Zürichsee Schifffahrtsgesellschaft web site (English language subset)
History of the Zürichsee Schifffahrtsgesellschaft web site (English language subset)
Zürichsee Schifffahrtsgesellschaft web site (full German language version)
vteLake Zurich (Zürichsee)
Switzerland
Canton of Zürich
Horgen
Meilen
Zürich
Canton of St. Gallen
See-Gaster
Canton of Schwyz
Höfe
March
Settlements
Altendorf
Au
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Rivers
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Limmat
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Schmerikoner Aa
Sihl
Steinenbach
Wägitaler Aa
Valleys
Küsnachter Tobel
Limmattal
Sihltal
Mountains
Adlisberg
Albis
Buechberg
Etzel
Pfannenstiel
Uetliberg
Zimmerberg
Zürichberg
Landmarks
Felsenegg
Frauenwinkel
Ganymed statue
Goldküste
Hurden canal
Lindenhof (Rapperswil)
Obersee
Quaibrücke
Rapperswil–Hurden bridge
Seedamm
Zürichhorn
Buildings
Alt Rapperswil Castle
Alt Wädenswil Castle
Au Castle
Bollingen Tower
Grynau Castle
Heilig Hüsli
Pavillon Le Corbusier
Pfäffikon Castle
Rapperswil Castle
Wulp Castle
Wurmsbach Abbey
Parks/Resorts
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Arboretum
Belvoir Park
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Chinagarten
Mythenquai
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Tiefenbrunnen
Utoquai
Transportation
Forchbahn
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LAF cable car
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Zimmerberg Bus
ZSG shipping lines
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4
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9
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Lake Zurich left-bank railway line
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Lake Zurich right-bank railway line
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Rapperswil–Pfäffikon railway line
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S40
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Railway stations
Altendorf
Au ZH
Bäch
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Feldbach
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Horgen
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Kempraten
Kilchberg
Küsnacht Goldbach
Küsnacht ZH
Lachen
Männedorf
Meilen
Oberrieden
Pfäffikon SZ
Rapperswil
Richterswil
Rüschlikon
Schmerikon
Stäfa
Thalwil
Uerikon
Uetikon
Wädenswil
Winkel am Zürichsee
Zollikon
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Transport
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Education
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Lake Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Rapperswil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapperswil"},{"link_name":"Limmat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limmat"},{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"ZVV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrcher_Verkehrsverbund"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ddges-1"},{"link_name":"Swiss Francs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Franc"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Zürichsee-Schifffahrtsgesellschaft or Lake Zürich Navigation Company (commonly abbreviated to ZSG) is a public Swiss company operating passenger ships and boats on Lake Zürich.The company operates services connecting lake-side towns between Zürich and Rapperswil, as well as more tourist oriented cruises and boat services on the Limmat through the centre of the city of Zürich. It is a member of the Zürich Public Transport Network (ZVV) and transports over 1.5 million passengers every year.[1]The ZSG is a joint stock company with a share capital of 11 million Swiss Francs (CHF). The share capital – one third is in private hands – is divided into 110,000 bearer shares, each with a nominal value of CHF 100.[2]","title":"Zürichsee-Schifffahrtsgesellschaft"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Z%C3%BCrich_-_Bausch%C3%A4nzli_-_Landungsstelle_1835-1883.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bauschänzli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bausch%C3%A4nzli"},{"link_name":"William Fairbairn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fairbairn"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Minerva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva_(1834_ship)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zschg-3"},{"link_name":"Bauschänzli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bausch%C3%A4nzli"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bausch%C3%A4nzli-stadtverwaltung-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Z%C3%BCrcher_Dampfboot-Gesellschaft_1898.jpg"},{"link_name":"Swiss Northeastern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Northeastern_Railway"},{"link_name":"screw steamships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_steamship"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zschg-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DS_Stadt_Z%C3%BCrich_%26_Rapperswil_-_Rapperswil_1914.IMG_2362.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stadt Rapperswil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS_Stadt_Rapperswil"},{"link_name":"Stadt Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS_Stadt_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Rapperswil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapperswil"},{"link_name":"Swiss Federal Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Railways"},{"link_name":"paddle steamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddle_steamer"},{"link_name":"motor ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_ship"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zschg-3"},{"link_name":"Swiss National Exhibition of 1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swiss_National_Exhibition_1939&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweizerische_Landesausstellung_1939"},{"link_name":"Wollishofen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollishofen"},{"link_name":"Zürichhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrichhorn"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zschg-3"},{"link_name":"Zürcher Verkehrsverbund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrcher_Verkehrsverbund"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ddges-1"},{"link_name":"centennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centennial"},{"link_name":"Stadt Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS_Stadt_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Bürkliplatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCrkliplatz"},{"link_name":"Stadt Rapperswil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS_Stadt_Rapperswil"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The first touristic Steamship gate (1835-1883) at Bauschänzli in ZürichSteam navigation started on Lake Zürich in 1834, when Franz Carl Caspar and Johann Jakob Lämmlin founded a new company (Caspar und Lämmlin, Unternehmer der Dampfschiffahrt auf dem Zürcher- und Walensee) and ordered their first ship from William Fairbairn of Manchester, England. Minerva entered service the following year.[3] When the cuty fortifications were abolished, the then called Bauschänzli bastion remained intact, and served from 1835 to 1883 as the landing site for the first steamboats on the lake, later provided by the Zürichsee-Schifffahrtsgesellschaft.[4]Share of the Zürcher Dampfboot-Gesellschaft, issued 28. December 1898Over the years, various other companies started operating steam ships on the lake, and various mergers took place, until the entire fleet was taken over by the Swiss Northeastern Railway (NOB) in 1874. The NOB also owned most of the railway network around the lake, and this monopoly led to consumer resistance, and to the formation of the Zürcher Dampfbootgesellschaft (Zürich Steamship Company) in 1890/91. In order to operate a tram-like suburban traffic, a series of nine screw steamships was ordered.[3]Paddle steamships Stadt Rapperswil (to the left) and Stadt Zürich in Rapperswil harbour (estimated to be in May 1914)When the NOB became part of the Swiss Federal Railways in 1903, the Zürcher Dampfbootgesellschaft took over its fleet of ships on Lake Zürich. This included the large paddle steamer Helvetia. In 1909 and 1914, it ordered two further large paddle steamers, which were to become today's Stadt Zürich and Stadt Rapperswil respectively. In 1934 the Zürcher Dampfbootgesellschaft introduced its first successful motor ship, the Etzel, and from then on the fleet became increasingly motorized.[3]For the Swiss National Exhibition of 1939 [de], four sister motor ships, the Taucherli, Schwan, Möve and Ente, were brought into service. These vessels provided a connecting service between the two exhibition sites, at Wollishofen and Zürichhorn. The Second World War brought economic difficulties, but the cross-lake services were maintained. As a consequence of the transition from steam power to motor vessels, the company changed its name to Zürichsee Schifffahrtgesellschaft, or ZSG for short, in 1957.[3]In 1990, the ZSG became part of the Zürcher Verkehrsverbund (ZVV), the public transport network established in the same year, accepting the ZVVs common tickets and tariffs.[1]In 2009 there was a centennial exhibition on board Stadt Zürich at Zürich-Bürkliplatz. On 12 June 2009, exactly 100 years after the maiden voyage of the steamship Stadt Zürich, its anniversary trip with invited guests and its sistership Stadt Rapperswil was celebrated.,[5] and in 2014 for its then 100 years aged sistership.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"passenger ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_ship"},{"link_name":"paddle steamers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddle_steamer"},{"link_name":"Stadt Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS_Stadt_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Stadt Rapperwil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS_Stadt_Rapperswil"},{"link_name":"Limmat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limmat"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Current fleet","text":"A fleet of 17 passenger ships, including two historical paddle steamers – Stadt Zürich (built in 1909) and Stadt Rapperwil (1914) – and 15 motor vessels of various sizes is operated by the Zürichsee-Schifffahrtsgesellschaft. ZSG's flagship MS Helvetia has a capacity of 1200 passengers. The fleet includes three small Limmat boats for round trips on the Limmat and on the lower Lake Zürich at Zürich.[6]","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Helvetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS_Helvetia"}],"sub_title":"Former fleet","text":"The paddle steamer Helvetia, built in 1875 and last operated in 1958, was scrapped in 1964. Of the four so-called Landi-Boote built for the Swiss national exposition (\"Landi\") of 1939, Ente was sold to the BLS after the exhibition, whilst Schwan (renamed Halbinsel Au), Möve and Taucherli (renamed Speer) continued in service until the end of the 1990s, when they were replaced by three motor ships (300 passengers each) of the Albis type – Albis, Pfannenstiel and Uetliberg – in addition to two smaller (150 passengers each) motor ships – Zimmerberg and Forch.","title":"Fleet"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B%C3%BCrklplatz_-_ZSG_Stadt_Rapperswil_2010-09-10_17-02-22.JPG"},{"link_name":"Zürich-Bürkliplatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich-B%C3%BCrkliplatz"},{"link_name":"Zürichhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrichhorn"},{"link_name":"Wollishofen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollishofen"},{"link_name":"Kilchberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilchberg,_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Küsnacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCsnacht"},{"link_name":"Zollikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zollikon"},{"link_name":"Meilen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meilen"},{"link_name":"Herrliberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herrliberg"},{"link_name":"Rüschlikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCschlikon"},{"link_name":"Thalwil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalwil"},{"link_name":"Erlenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlenbach,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Oberrieden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberrieden"},{"link_name":"Horgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horgen"},{"link_name":"Au peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au_peninsula"},{"link_name":"Wädenswil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4denswil"},{"link_name":"Richterswil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richterswil"},{"link_name":"Stäfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4fa"},{"link_name":"Männedorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4nnedorf"},{"link_name":"Ufenau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufenau"},{"link_name":"Rapperswil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapperswil"},{"link_name":"Hurden ship canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurden_ship_canal"},{"link_name":"Obersee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obersee_(Z%C3%BCrichsee)"},{"link_name":"Altendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altendorf,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Lachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachen,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Schmerikon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schmerikon"},{"link_name":"Limmat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limmat"},{"link_name":"Landesmuseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_National_Museum"},{"link_name":"Limmatquai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limmatquai"},{"link_name":"Storchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_zum_Storchen"},{"link_name":"Bürkliplatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCrkliplatz"},{"link_name":"Enge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enge_(Z%C3%BCrich)"},{"link_name":"Zürichhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrichhorn"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Limmat-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ZSG_-_Stadt_Z%C3%BCrich_-_ZSG_Werft_Wollishofen_-_ZSG_Stadt_Rapperswil_2010-09-10_16-56-54.JPG"},{"link_name":"Stadt Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PS_Stadt_Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"ship yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_yard"},{"link_name":"Wollishofen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wollishofen"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Zürich-Bürkliplatz landing gateThe ZSG operates regular round trips from its main Zürich landing point at Bürklipatz. In summer, trips taking 4 hours operate every hour and stop on both shores of the lower lake at Zürichhorn, Wollishofen, Kilchberg-Bendlikon, Küsnacht-Heslibach, Küsnacht, Zollikon, Meilen, Herrliberg, Rüschlikon, Thalwil, Erlenbach, Oberrieden, Horgen, Au peninsula, Wädenswil, Richterswil, Stäfa, Männedorf, Ufenau island and Rapperswil. A few trips continue through the Hurden ship canal to the upper lake, or Obersee, calling at Altendorf, Lachen and Schmerikon, and take 7 hours.There also are shorter round trips from Zürich-Bürkliplatz, with 2.5 hour trips as far as Richterswil or Stäfa, and 1.5 hour trips to Erlenbach and Thalwil.The company also operates services on the Limmat through the centre of Zürich. These services operate upriver from the Landesmuseum via Limmatquai and Storchen to Lake Zürich, stopping at Bürkliplatz, Enge and Zürichhorn,[13] before returning downriver to the Landesmuseum. Because of the low bridges over the Limmat in central Zurich, these services use low profile motor boats.A view of the Stadt Zürich on the ship lift at the Wollishofen ship yard.The ZSG employs approximatively 80 permanent members of staff, and in the main summer season (April–December) five additional nautical seasonal workers, as well as seven staff in the ticket office at Zürich Bürkliplatz. In its own ship yard at Zürich-Wollishofen work qualified carpenters, painters, mechanics, electricians, plumbers and locksmiths.[14]","title":"Operations"}]
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[{"image_text":"The first touristic Steamship gate (1835-1883) at Bauschänzli in Zürich","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Z%C3%BCrich_-_Bausch%C3%A4nzli_-_Landungsstelle_1835-1883.jpg/170px-Z%C3%BCrich_-_Bausch%C3%A4nzli_-_Landungsstelle_1835-1883.jpg"},{"image_text":"Share of the Zürcher Dampfboot-Gesellschaft, issued 28. December 1898","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Z%C3%BCrcher_Dampfboot-Gesellschaft_1898.jpg/220px-Z%C3%BCrcher_Dampfboot-Gesellschaft_1898.jpg"},{"image_text":"Paddle steamships Stadt Rapperswil (to the left) and Stadt Zürich in Rapperswil harbour (estimated to be in May 1914)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/DS_Stadt_Z%C3%BCrich_%26_Rapperswil_-_Rapperswil_1914.IMG_2362.jpg/170px-DS_Stadt_Z%C3%BCrich_%26_Rapperswil_-_Rapperswil_1914.IMG_2362.jpg"},{"image_text":"Zürich-Bürkliplatz landing gate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/B%C3%BCrklplatz_-_ZSG_Stadt_Rapperswil_2010-09-10_17-02-22.JPG/170px-B%C3%BCrklplatz_-_ZSG_Stadt_Rapperswil_2010-09-10_17-02-22.JPG"},{"image_text":"A view of the Stadt Zürich on the ship lift at the Wollishofen ship yard.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/ZSG_-_Stadt_Z%C3%BCrich_-_ZSG_Werft_Wollishofen_-_ZSG_Stadt_Rapperswil_2010-09-10_16-56-54.JPG/170px-ZSG_-_Stadt_Z%C3%BCrich_-_ZSG_Werft_Wollishofen_-_ZSG_Stadt_Rapperswil_2010-09-10_16-56-54.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"Companies portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Companies"},{"title":"Zürichsee-Fähre Horgen–Meilen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrichsee-F%C3%A4hre_Horgen%E2%80%93Meilen"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Geschichte der Zürichsee Schifffahrtsgesellschaft\" [History of Lake Zürich shipping company] (in German). ZSG. Archived from the original on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2011-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110930055919/http://www.zsg.ch/geschichte.html","url_text":"\"Geschichte der Zürichsee Schifffahrtsgesellschaft\""},{"url":"http://www.zsg.ch/geschichte.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bauschänzli\" (in German). Gesundheits- und Umweltdepartement Stadt Zürich. Retrieved 2015-01-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/ted/de/index/gsz/natur-_und_erlebnisraeume/park-_und_gruenanlagen/bauschaenzli.html","url_text":"\"Bauschänzli\""}]},{"reference":"\"Der älteste Konkurrent der Panta Rhei\" [The oldest competitor to the Panta Rhei]. Tages-Anzeiger (April 15, 2009) (in German). Retrieved 2011-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/zuerich/stadt/Der-aelteste-Konkurrent-der-Panta-Rhei/story/17496084","url_text":"\"Der älteste Konkurrent der Panta Rhei\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tages-Anzeiger","url_text":"Tages-Anzeiger"}]},{"reference":"\"Die Flotte\" [The Fleet] (in German). ZSG. Retrieved 2011-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zsg.ch/de_flotte.html","url_text":"\"Die Flotte\""}]},{"reference":"\"Technische Daten\" (in German). MS Etzel. Retrieved 2012-03-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.msetzel.ch/207/Das_Schiff/Technische_Daten.html","url_text":"\"Technische Daten\""}]},{"reference":"\"MS Oberhofen\". schifffahrt-beo.ch (in German). Retrieved 2019-03-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.schifffahrt-beo.ch/app/fzg/OBERHOFEN","url_text":"\"MS Oberhofen\""}]},{"reference":"\"In Amsterdam den Anker geworfen\" (in German). MS Etzel. Retrieved 2012-03-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.msetzel.ch/modules/news/print.php?storyid=1&location_id=0&topicid=","url_text":"\"In Amsterdam den Anker geworfen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Davidoff-Schiff - Das Schiff in Zahlen\" [Davidoff Ship - The ship in figures] (in German). Schifffahrtsbetriebe Hensa AG. Retrieved 2011-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.messeschweiz.ch/cms/view.php?sId=61&pId=665&eId=18627&lang=2","url_text":"\"Davidoff-Schiff - Das Schiff in Zahlen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Davidoff-Schiff\" [Davidoff Ship] (in German). Schifffahrtsbetriebe Hensa AG. Retrieved 2011-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.messeschweiz.ch/cms/view.php?sId=61&lang=2&pId=665","url_text":"\"Davidoff-Schiff\""}]},{"reference":"\"Limmat river cruises\". ZSG. Retrieved 2015-09-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zsg.ch/en/limmat-river-cruises.html","url_text":"\"Limmat river cruises\""}]},{"reference":"\"Die Crew\" [The Crew] (in German). ZSG. Retrieved 2011-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.zsg.ch/crew.html","url_text":"\"Die Crew\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.zsg.ch/","external_links_name":"http://www.zsg.ch/"},{"Link":"http://www.zsg.ch/index.php?de_geschichte","external_links_name":"ZSG: Geschichte"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707005813/http://www.zsg.ch/index.php?de_geschichte","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.zsg.ch/index.php?de_geschaeftsbericht","external_links_name":"ZSG: Geschäftsberichte"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707005833/http://www.zsg.ch/index.php?de_geschaeftsbericht","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110930055919/http://www.zsg.ch/geschichte.html","external_links_name":"\"Geschichte der Zürichsee Schifffahrtsgesellschaft\""},{"Link":"http://www.zsg.ch/geschichte.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.stadt-zuerich.ch/ted/de/index/gsz/natur-_und_erlebnisraeume/park-_und_gruenanlagen/bauschaenzli.html","external_links_name":"\"Bauschänzli\""},{"Link":"http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/zuerich/stadt/Der-aelteste-Konkurrent-der-Panta-Rhei/story/17496084","external_links_name":"\"Der älteste Konkurrent der Panta Rhei\""},{"Link":"http://www.zsg.ch/de_flotte.html","external_links_name":"\"Die Flotte\""},{"Link":"http://www.msetzel.ch/207/Das_Schiff/Technische_Daten.html","external_links_name":"\"Technische Daten\""},{"Link":"http://www.schifffahrt-beo.ch/app/fzg/OBERHOFEN","external_links_name":"\"MS Oberhofen\""},{"Link":"http://www.msetzel.ch/modules/news/print.php?storyid=1&location_id=0&topicid=","external_links_name":"\"In Amsterdam den Anker geworfen\""},{"Link":"http://www.messeschweiz.ch/cms/view.php?sId=61&pId=665&eId=18627&lang=2","external_links_name":"\"Davidoff-Schiff - Das Schiff in Zahlen\""},{"Link":"http://www.messeschweiz.ch/cms/view.php?sId=61&lang=2&pId=665","external_links_name":"\"Davidoff-Schiff\""},{"Link":"https://www.zsg.ch/en/limmat-river-cruises.html","external_links_name":"\"Limmat river cruises\""},{"Link":"http://www.zsg.ch/crew.html","external_links_name":"\"Die Crew\""},{"Link":"http://www.zsg.ch/en_home.html","external_links_name":"Zürichsee Schifffahrtsgesellschaft web site (English language subset)"},{"Link":"https://www.zsg.ch/en/history.html","external_links_name":"History of the Zürichsee Schifffahrtsgesellschaft web site (English language subset)"},{"Link":"http://www.zsg.ch/de_home.html","external_links_name":"Zürichsee Schifffahrtsgesellschaft web site (full German language version)"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/515150470084204330002","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/271964-2","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_for_International_Trade
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Department for International Trade
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["1 History","2 Ministers","3 Trade remedies","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Defunct department of the UK Government
Department for International TradeDepartment overviewFormed14 July 2016Preceding departmentUK Trade & Investment; Department for Business, Innovation and SkillsDissolved7 February 2023Superseding agencyDepartment of Business and TradeJurisdictionGovernment of the United KingdomHeadquartersOld Admiralty Building, Admiralty Place, Whitehall, LONDON, SW1A 2DYMinister responsibleSecretary of State for International Trade, President of the Board of TradeDepartment executivePermanent SecretarySecond Permanent Secretary and Chief Trade Negotiation AdviserChild departmentUK Export FinanceWebsitegov.uk/dit
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Part of a series of articles onBrexit
Withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union
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Timeline Bloomberg speech Jan 2013 Referendum Bill blockedJan 2014 European Parliament election May 2014 2015 general election May 2015 Renegotiation begins Jun 2015 Referendum Act passed Dec 2015 Renegotiation concluded Feb 2016 Referendum held Jun 2016 David Cameron resigns as PM Jul 2016 Theresa May becomes PM Jul 2016 Article 50 judgement Jan 2017 Brexit plan presentedFeb 2017 Notification Act passed Mar 2017 Article 50 invoked Mar 2017 Repeal Bill plan presentedMar 2017 2017 general election Jun 2017 Brexit negotiations begin Jun 2017 Withdrawal Act passedJun 2018 Chequers plan presented Jul 2018 Withdrawal agreement plan presented July 2018 Withdrawal agreement released Nov 2018 Scottish Continuity Bill blockedDec 2018 Meaningful votes Jan–Mar 2019 Brexit delayed until 12 April Mar 2019 Cooper–Letwin Act passed Apr 2019 Brexit delayed until 31 October Apr 2019 European Parliament election May 2019 Theresa May resigns as PM Jul 2019 Boris Johnson becomes PM Jul 2019 Prorogation and annulment Aug–Sep 2019 Benn Act passed Sep 2019 Withdrawal agreement revised Oct 2019 Brexit delayed until 31 January Oct 2019 2019 general election Dec 2019 Agreement Act passed Jan 2020 UK leaves the European Union Jan 2020 Implementation period begins Jan 2020 UK–EU trade deal agreed Dec 2020 Future Relationship Act passed Dec 2020 Scottish Continuity Act passed Dec 2020 Implementation period ends Dec 2020 New EU–UK relationship begins Jan 2021 UK–EU trade deal ratified Apr 2021 Windsor Framework released Feb 2023 Windsor framework adopted Mar 2023
EU portal
UK portalvte
The Department for International Trade (DIT) was a department of the United Kingdom Government, from July 2016 to February 2023. It was responsible for striking and extending trade agreements between the United Kingdom and foreign countries, as well as for encouraging foreign investment and export trade.
DIT's purpose was to develop, coordinate and deliver a new trade policy for the United Kingdom, including preparing for and then negotiating free trade agreements and market access deals with non-EU countries.
The final Secretary of State for International Trade, was Kemi Badenoch. On 7 February 2023, the department was merged in a reshuffle with parts of the former Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy to form the new Department of Business and Trade. Badenoch became Secretary of State for Business and Trade.
The department was scrutinised by the International Trade Select Committee.
History
The entrance to the Department for International Trade's headquarters off Whitehall, Central London
The department was created by former Prime Minister Theresa May, shortly after she took office on 13 July 2016, following the United Kingdom's vote to leave the European Union. It took on the responsibilities of UK Trade & Investment, which was previously operated by both the Foreign Office and the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills; it also took on the latter's other relevant trade functions, as well as responsibility for UK Export Finance. In doing so, the department can trace its institutional history back to the longstanding Department of Trade and Industry (1970-2007), itself formed from a merger of the Board of Trade with the short-lived Ministry of Technology in 1970.
The Board of Trade was the government body, arising from the Privy Council with historic responsibility for British commerce and industry. When the UK joined the European Economic Community in 1973, the Board lost most of its powers and responsibilities, which had become a competencies of the EEC, later the European Union. Nevertheless, the Board persisted as a dormant institution whose presidency remained a subsidiary title of the Secretary of State with responsibilities for trade. In 2017 the Board was reconstituted as an advisory body, designed to engage with the whole of the UK on the UK’s global trade and investment agenda, with a focus on promoting the UK regions as destinations to trade and do business with. The Board's president remains the Secretary of State for International Trade, who by virtue of their membership of the Privy Council, is the only member. Advisors to the Board include industry leaders, academics, junior ministers in the Department for International Trade, and the Secretaries of State for Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The reports of the Board of Trade are an important form of policy direction for the Department for International Trade.
By February 2017, the department employed about 200 trade negotiators.
The department was dissolved on 7 February 2023, and its functions and personnel transferred to the new Department for Business and Trade.
Ministers
The final roster of Ministers in the Department for International Trade were as follows:
Minister
Rank
Title
Portfolio
The Rt Hon. Kemi Badenoch MP
Secretary of State
Secretary of StatePresident of the Board of TradeMinister for Women and Equalities
The Secretary of State is responsible for securing world-class free trade agreements and reducing market access barriers, ensuring that consumers and businesses can benefit from both; encouraging economic growth and a green industrial revolution across all parts of the UK through attracting and retaining inward investment. They are responsible for supporting UK business to take full advantage of trade opportunities, including those arising from delivering free trade agreements, facilitating UK exports. Additionally they champion the rules-based international trading system and operating the UK’s new trading system, including protecting UK businesses from unfair trade practices.
As Minister for Women and Equalities, the Secretary of State also has responsibility for developing an equalities policy that is based on individual autonomy and dignity and for promoting equality of opportunity for everyone.
The Rt Hon. Greg Hands MP
Minister of State
Minister of State for Trade Policy
The Minister of State supports the Secretary of State with all free trade agreements, trade remedies, the Board of Trade, market access strategy, and union policy. The Minister is also responsible for external engagement via the Strategic Trade Advisory Group, sectoral trade advisory groups, trade union advisory groups, civil society and think tank roundtables.
Dominic Johnson, Baron Johnson of Lainston
Minister of State
Minister for Investment
The Minister of State encourages economic growth and a green industrial revolution across all parts of the UK through attracting and retaining inward investment. The minister’s responsibilities include: investment promotion across all sectors, the Office for Investment, delivering an investment strategy to drive further inward investment to the UK, investor relationship management, Sovereign Investment Partnerships, and delivering key investment events.
This role has typically been the domain of a member of the House of Lords.
Nigel Huddleston MP
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State
Minister for International Trade
The Minister is responsible for supporting the Secretary of State with: trade remedies, tariffs, disputes, parliamentary and legislative activity, sanctions and trade defence, securing global supply chains, the Export Control Joint Unit (ECJU), and the Department for International Trade’s corporate activity.
Andrew Bowie MP
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State
Minister for Exports
The Minister's responsibilities include export promotion across all sectors, UK Export Finance (UKEF), trade missions and trade shows. The minister also supports the Secretary of State with the delivery of an export strategy to boost exports across the UK, supporting small and medium sized businesses to export, the Trade Envoy programme, and the Department's contribution to the GREAT campaign - the government's flagship international communications programme designed to drive national economic growth by encouraging an international audience to visit, study, trade, invest, live and work in the UK.
Maria Caulfield MP
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State
Minister for Women
Supporting the Secretary of State in their role as Minister for Women and Equalities.
The Rt. Hon Stuart Andrew MP
Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State
Minister for Equalities
Supporting the Secretary of State in their role as Minister for Women and Equalities.
The role of Minister of State for International Trade was downgraded, soon after Rishi Sunak became Prime Minister in October 2022, to the more junior rank of Parliamentary Under-Secretary. At the same time, Kemi Badenoch's assumption of the role of Minister for Women and Equalities saw the appointment of two additional Parliamentary Under-Secretaries to support this additional portfolio. Badenoch retained the portfolio for Women and Equalities when the department was dissolved and merged.
Trade remedies
After Britain left the EU, the Trade Remedies Investigations Directorate (TRID) of the Department for International Trade was created to investigate whether new trade remedies are needed to prevent injury to UK industries caused by unfair trading practices and unforeseen surges in imports. These remedies usually take the form of additional duties on those imports.
Following Royal Assent of the Trade Act 2021 TRID became an independent arms-length body, the Trade Remedies Authority (TRA), on 1 June 2021. The Authority is based in Reading.
See also
Asia Task Force
Department for Business and Trade.
References
^ "Department for International Trade". GOV.UK. GOV.UK. 28 July 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
^ a b "About us - Department for International Trade". GOV.UK. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
^ Crerar, Pippa; Elgot, Jessica (7 February 2023). "Rishi Sunak appoints Greg Hands as Conservative party chair in cabinet mini-reshuffle". The Guardian. The Guardian. Retrieved 7 February 2023.
^ CSW and Politics Home staff (13 July 2016). "Theresa May signals Whitehall rejig with two new Cabinet posts". Civil Service World. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
^ "Machinery of Government Changes:Written statement - HCWS94". UK Parliament. 18 July 2016. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
^ "Board of Trade". GOV.UK. UK Government. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
^ Trading places / Negotiating post-Brexit deals. Economist, February 4th-10th 2017, page 25
^ Boscia, Stefan (7 February 2023). "Rishi Sunak merges UK trade and business departments in Whitehall shake-up". Politico. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
^ "Our ministers". GOV.UK. UK Government. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
^ "Secretary of State for International Trade and President of the Board of Trade". GOV.UK. UK Government. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
^ "Minister for Women and Equalities". GOV.UK. UK Government. Retrieved 17 November 2022. Text was copied from this source, which is available under an Open Government Licence v3.0. © Crown copyright.
^ "Minister of State (Minister for Trade Policy)". GOV.UK. UK Government. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
^ "Minister of State (Minister for Investment)". GOV.UK. UK Government. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
^ "Parliamentary Under Secretary of State (Minister for International Trade)". GOV.UK. UK Government. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
^ "Parliamentary Under Secretary of State (Minister for Exports)". GOV.UK. UK Government. Retrieved 17 November 2022.
^ "GREAT campaign drives growth across the four corners of the UK". GOV.UK. 30 September 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022. Text was copied from this source, which is available under an Open Government Licence v3.0. © Crown copyright.
^ "About us". GOV.UK. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
^ "Historic Trade Act becomes law". GOV.UK. Retrieved 30 April 2021.
^ "About us". GOV.UK. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
^ Trade Remedies Authority, Contact the Trade Remedies Authority, accessed 26 September 2022
External links
Department for International Trade Official Website
Trade Remedies Authority
History of Nos. 3-8, Whitehall Place
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Retrieved 22 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/written-questions-answers-statements/written-statement/Commons/2016-07-18/HCWS94","url_text":"\"Machinery of Government Changes:Written statement - HCWS94\""}]},{"reference":"\"Board of Trade\". GOV.UK. UK Government. Retrieved 17 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/groups/board-of-trade","url_text":"\"Board of Trade\""}]},{"reference":"Boscia, Stefan (7 February 2023). \"Rishi Sunak merges UK trade and business departments in Whitehall shake-up\". Politico. Retrieved 13 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.politico.eu/article/rishi-sunak-merges-uk-trade-business-kemi-badenoch-industrial-strategy/","url_text":"\"Rishi Sunak merges UK trade and business departments in Whitehall shake-up\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our ministers\". GOV.UK. UK Government. 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Retrieved 30 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--96","url_text":"\"Minister of State (Minister for Trade Policy)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minister of State (Minister for Investment)\". GOV.UK. UK Government. Retrieved 30 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/minister-of-state--103","url_text":"\"Minister of State (Minister for Investment)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parliamentary Under Secretary of State (Minister for International Trade)\". GOV.UK. UK Government. Retrieved 17 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/parliamentary-under-secretary-of-state--139","url_text":"\"Parliamentary Under Secretary of State (Minister for International Trade)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parliamentary Under Secretary of State (Minister for Exports)\". GOV.UK. UK Government. Retrieved 17 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/ministers/parliamentary-under-secretary-of-state-minister-for-exports","url_text":"\"Parliamentary Under Secretary of State (Minister for Exports)\""}]},{"reference":"\"GREAT campaign drives growth across the four corners of the UK\". GOV.UK. 30 September 2022. Retrieved 18 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/great-campaign-drives-growth-across-the-four-corners-of-the-uk","url_text":"\"GREAT campaign drives growth across the four corners of the UK\""}]},{"reference":"\"About us\". GOV.UK. Retrieved 30 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/trade-remedies-investigations-directorate/about","url_text":"\"About us\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historic Trade Act becomes law\". GOV.UK. Retrieved 30 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/historic-trade-act-becomes-law","url_text":"\"Historic Trade Act becomes law\""}]},{"reference":"\"About us\". GOV.UK. Retrieved 8 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/government/news/tra-to-defend-uk-against-unfair-international-trade-practices","url_text":"\"About us\""}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savigliano
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Savigliano
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["1 Main sights","2 Notable people","3 Twin towns","4 References","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 44°39′N 7°38′E / 44.650°N 7.633°E / 44.650; 7.633For another use, see Società Nazionale Officine di Savigliano.
Comune in Piedmont, ItalySavigliano
Savijan (Piedmontese)ComuneCittà di Savigliano
Coat of armsLocation of Savigliano
SaviglianoLocation of Savigliano in ItalyShow map of ItalySaviglianoSavigliano (Piedmont)Show map of PiedmontCoordinates: 44°39′N 7°38′E / 44.650°N 7.633°E / 44.650; 7.633CountryItalyRegionPiedmontProvinceCuneo (CN)FrazioniApparizione, Braida, Canavere Alte, Canavere Basse, Cascina Due Porte, Cavallotta, Ex Ferriera, Levaldigi, Martinetto-Consolata, Oropa, Palazzo, Rigrasso, San Salvatore, Sanità, Solere, Suniglia, Tetti Roccia, Tetti VignaGovernment • MayorAntonello PorteraArea • Total110.79 km2 (42.78 sq mi)Elevation321 m (1,053 ft)Population (1 January 2021) • Total21,442 • Density190/km2 (500/sq mi)DemonymSaviglianese(i)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code12038Dialing code0172Patron saintSt. SebastianSaint dayAugust 19WebsiteOfficial website
Savigliano (Piedmontese: Savijan) is a comune of Piedmont, northern Italy, in the Province of Cuneo, about 50 kilometres (31 mi) south of Turin by rail.
It is home to ironworks, foundries, locomotive works (once owned by Fiat Ferroviaria, now by Alstom) and silk manufactures, as well as sugar factories, printing works and cocoon-raising establishments.
Main sights
Savigliano retains some traces of its ancient walls, demolished in 1707, and has a collegiate church (S. Andrea, in its present form comparatively modern), and a triumphal arch erected in honour of the marriage of Charles Emmanuel I to Infanta Catherine of Austrian Spain.
There is also a train museum exhibiting numerous Italian past trains and locomotives.
Notable people
Elena Busso, volleyball player
Giovanni Schiaparelli, astronomer
Santorre di Santarosa, an Italian Philhellene
Luca Filippi, racing driver
Twin towns
Pylos, Greece, since 1962
Mormanno, Italy, since 1962
Villa María, Argentina, since 2000
References
^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^ "Pema Corplast Corridonia: Elena Busso rimane e spiega il perchè – Lega Pallavolo Serie A Femminile". Legavolley femminile (in Italian). Retrieved 2020-02-17.
^ "Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli | Italian astronomer". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-02-17.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Savigliano". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 242.
External links
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Savigliano.
"Savigliano" . New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
vtePiedmont · Comuni of the Province of Cuneo
Acceglio
Aisone
Alba
Albaretto della Torre
Alto
Argentera
Arguello
Bagnasco
Bagnolo Piemonte
Baldissero d'Alba
Barbaresco
Barge
Barolo
Bastia Mondovì
Battifollo
Beinette
Bellino
Belvedere Langhe
Bene Vagienna
Benevello
Bergolo
Bernezzo
Bonvicino
Borgo San Dalmazzo
Borgomale
Bosia
Bossolasco
Boves
Bra
Briaglia
Briga Alta
Brondello
Brossasco
Busca
Camerana
Camo
Canale
Canosio
Caprauna
Caraglio
Caramagna Piemonte
Cardè
Carrù
Cartignano
Casalgrasso
Castagnito
Casteldelfino
Castellar
Castelletto Stura
Castelletto Uzzone
Castellinaldo
Castellino Tanaro
Castelmagno
Castelnuovo di Ceva
Castiglione Falletto
Castiglione Tinella
Castino
Cavallerleone
Cavallermaggiore
Celle di Macra
Centallo
Ceresole Alba
Cerretto Langhe
Cervasca
Cervere
Ceva
Cherasco
Chiusa di Pesio
Cigliè
Cissone
Clavesana
Corneliano d'Alba
Cortemilia
Cossano Belbo
Costigliole Saluzzo
Cravanzana
Crissolo
Cuneo
Demonte
Diano d'Alba
Dogliani
Dronero
Elva
Entracque
Envie
Farigliano
Faule
Feisoglio
Fossano
Frabosa Soprana
Frabosa Sottana
Frassino
Gaiola
Gambasca
Garessio
Genola
Gorzegno
Gottasecca
Govone
Grinzane Cavour
Guarene
Igliano
Isasca
La Morra
Lagnasco
Lequio Berria
Lequio Tanaro
Lesegno
Levice
Limone Piemonte
Lisio
Macra
Magliano Alfieri
Magliano Alpi
Mango
Manta
Marene
Margarita
Marmora
Marsaglia
Martiniana Po
Melle
Moiola
Mombarcaro
Mombasiglio
Monastero di Vasco
Monasterolo Casotto
Monasterolo di Savigliano
Monchiero
Mondovì
Monesiglio
Monforte d'Alba
Montaldo Roero
Montaldo di Mondovì
Montanera
Montelupo Albese
Montemale di Cuneo
Monterosso Grana
Monteu Roero
Montezemolo
Monticello d'Alba
Montà
Moretta
Morozzo
Murazzano
Murello
Narzole
Neive
Neviglie
Niella Belbo
Niella Tanaro
Novello
Nucetto
Oncino
Ormea
Ostana
Paesana
Pagno
Pamparato
Paroldo
Perletto
Perlo
Peveragno
Pezzolo Valle Uzzone
Pianfei
Piasco
Pietraporzio
Piobesi d'Alba
Piozzo
Pocapaglia
Polonghera
Pontechianale
Pradleves
Prazzo
Priero
Priocca
Priola
Prunetto
Racconigi
Revello
Rifreddo
Rittana
Roaschia
Roascio
Robilante
Roburent
Rocca Cigliè
Rocca de' Baldi
Roccabruna
Roccaforte Mondovì
Roccasparvera
Roccavione
Rocchetta Belbo
Roddi
Roddino
Rodello
Rossana
Ruffia
Sale San Giovanni
Sale delle Langhe
Saliceto
Salmour
Saluzzo
Sambuco
Sampeyre
San Benedetto Belbo
San Damiano Macra
San Michele Mondovì
Sanfront
Sanfrè
Sant'Albano Stura
Santa Vittoria d'Alba
Santo Stefano Belbo
Santo Stefano Roero
Savigliano
Scagnello
Scarnafigi
Serralunga d'Alba
Serravalle Langhe
Sinio
Somano
Sommariva Perno
Sommariva del Bosco
Stroppo
Tarantasca
Torre Bormida
Torre Mondovì
Torre San Giorgio
Torresina
Treiso
Trezzo Tinella
Trinità
Valdieri
Valgrana
Valloriate
Venasca
Verduno
Vernante
Verzuolo
Vezza d'Alba
Vicoforte
Vignolo
Villafalletto
Villanova Mondovì
Villanova Solaro
Villar San Costanzo
Vinadio
Viola
Vottignasco
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
This article on a location in the Province of Cuneo is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Lab
|
Radiolab
|
["1 History","2 Format","3 Reception and awards","4 Controversy","5 Radiolab live","6 More Perfect","7 References","8 External links"]
|
American radio program
Radio show
RadiolabGenreLong-form journalismRunning time30–60 minutesCountry of originUnited StatesHome stationWNYCSyndicatesWNYC Show DistributionHosted by
Jad Abumrad (formerly)
Robert Krulwich (formerly)
Latif Nasser
Lulu Miller
Created by
Jad Abumrad
Robert Krulwich
Ellen Horne
Produced by
Simon Adler
Jeremy S. Bloom
Becca Bressler
Rachael Cusick
David Gebel
Sindhu Gnanasambandan
Maria Paz Gutiérrez
Dylan Keefe
Matt Kielty
Annie McEwen
Alexandria Neason
Sarah Qari
Arianne Wack
Pat Walters
Molly Webster
Executive producer(s)
Ellen Horne (formerly)
Suzie Lechtenberg
Senior editor(s)Soren WheelerRecording studioNew York, NYOriginal release2002Websiteradiolab.org
Radiolab is a radio program and podcast produced by WNYC, a public radio station based in New York City, and broadcast on more than 570 public radio stations in the United States. The show has earned many industry awards for its "imaginative use of radio" including a National Academies Communication Award and two Peabody Awards.
Radiolab was founded by Jad Abumrad in 2002, and evolved into its current form by Abumrad with co-host Robert Krulwich and executive producer Ellen Horne. As of 2023, Radiolab is hosted by Latif Nasser and Lulu Miller.
The show focuses on topics of a scientific, philosophical, and political nature. The show attempts to approach broad, difficult topics such as "time" and "morality" in an accessible and light-hearted manner and with a distinctive audio production style.
History
The original version of Radiolab was a three-hour weekly show on New York City radio station WNYC's AM signal. Abumrad, then a freelancer for WNYC, produced and hosted the show, which presented documentary radio work in an original style. Dean Cappello, then chief content officer of WNYC Radio told The New York Times that it was conceived, back in 2002, as a space for experimentation and also as a way to fill a "blank space" on the station’s Sunday-night schedule.
These early themed episodes were not necessarily science-related, but tackled issues such as the death penalty, religious fundamentalism and politics in Africa and the Middle East
Robert Krulwich and Jad Abumrad at the 2010 Peabody Awards
In 2003, Abumrad was given a freelance assignment by WNYC to interview ABC News science reporter Robert Krulwich and the two men discovered they had a lot in common: both were alumni of Oberlin College (though 25 years apart), and both had worked at WBAI before moving on to WNYC and NPR. They became fast friends and began collaborating as co-hosts on experimental radio pieces — initially outside of Radiolab. In 2003, they sent their first piece to radio producer Ira Glass for a proposed Flag Day episode of This American Life. The 2-minute piece, which never aired on This American Life, was included in the 2008 Radiolab episode “Jad and Robert: The Early Years.” In the episode Abumrad and Krulwich interview Glass, and ask him his recollection of the piece. "It was horrible", Glass said. In an interview with Abumrad and Krulwich, Glass said: "I never would have put the two of you together on anything again… It's just amazing that you were able to put together such a wonderful program after that."
In 2003, Abumrad was joined on Radiolab by Executive Producer Ellen Horne, who Abumrad credits with breathing life into the show. They began evolving the show into its current form, and by January 2004, Radiolab had become an hour-long, science-themed program characterized by Abumrad's unique sound design style. The program, at that time, was still considered experimental. In June 2004, Robert Krulwich appeared as a "guest host" on an episode titled "Time." By the following episode ("Space", aired two weeks later), they were co-hosts. In 2005, the program had its first official season, with five episodes, on WNYC. The program gained national distribution soon after. Live shows were first introduced in 2008.
Initially distributed nationally by NPR, WNYC began distributing the show in 2015. The change was noticeably marked by the omission of NPR's name in the show's opening audio sequence after the tagline, "You're listening to Radiolab...from WNYC."
Horne left RadioLab in 2015, and Krulwich retired from his role as co-host in February 2020. In September of the same year, Lulu Miller and Latif Nasser were named co-hosts, succeeding Krulwich. In January 2022, Abumrad announced his retirement from Radiolab, handing over the reins to co-hosts Miller and Nasser.
Format
Each episode of RadioLab is one hour long and tackles various philosophical and scientific topics. Each episode is elaborately stylized. For instance, thematic—and often dissonant and atonal—music accompanies much of the commentary. In an April 2011 interview with The New York Times, Abumrad explained the choice in music: "I put a lot of jaggedy sounds, little plurps and things, strange staccato, percussive things." In addition, previously recorded interview segments are interspersed in the show's live dialogue, adding a layered, call-and-response effect to the questions posed by the hosts. These recordings are often unedited and the interviewee's asides appear in the final product. In the same New York Times interview, Abumrad said, "You're trying to capture the rhythms and the movements, the messiness of the actual experience.... It sounds like life." And unlike traditional journalism, in which the reader is given only access to the final article, not the interview, Abumrad added that Radiolab's process is more transparent.
The episode credits are generally read by people who were interviewed or featured on the show, rather than by the hosts, while the program credits are read by listeners.
As of June 15, 2009, the podcast offers full, hour-long episodes on a regular schedule with a variable number of podcasts in between "that follow some detour or left turn, explore music we love, take you to live events, and generally try to shake up your universe". These extra podcasts, referred to as "Shorts", are occasionally combined into full-length compilation episodes.
Reception and awards
Radiolab has been widely acclaimed among listeners and critics alike for its imaginative format and original use of sound design. It has been hailed, along with This American Life, as one of the most innovative shows on American radio.
As of January 2023, Radiolab has earned 13 podcast industry award nominations, including 7 wins, including the 2013 People's Choice Podcast Award for Best Science and Medicine Podcast and the 2015 People's Choice Podcast Award for Best Produced Podcast. Radiolab was also awarded for the Shorty Award for Best Podcast.
Radiolab has also won two Peabody Awards for broadcast excellence. The first Peabody was awarded to the show overall, and the second was awarded for the episode titled "60 Words" (aired on April 18, 2014) garnered a second Peabody Award for Radiolab.
Radiolab also received a 2007 National Academies Communication Award "for their imaginative use of radio to make science accessible to broad audiences". The program has received two Peabody Awards; first in 2010 and again in 2014.
In 2011, Abumrad received the MacArthur grant, in recognition of his work with RadioLab.
In a 2007–2008 study by Multimedia Research (sponsored by the National Science Foundation), it was determined that over 95 percent of listeners reported that the science-based material featured on Radiolab was accessible. Additionally, upwards of 80 percent of listeners reported that the program's pace was exciting, and over 80 percent reported that the layering of interviews was engaging.
Controversy
On September 24, 2012, in a podcast titled "The Fact of the Matter", the program ran a segment about the yellow rain incidents in Laos and surrounding countries in the 1970s. Included in the story was an interview with Hmong veteran and refugee Eng Yang, with his niece Kao Kalia Yang serving as translator. After hearing the segment, Kao Kalia Yang and others complained that her uncle's viewpoints had been dismissed or edited out, that interviewer Robert Krulwich had treated them callously, and that the overall approach to the story had been racist. The complaints prompted several rounds of allegation, apology, rebuttal, and edits to the podcast, as well as commentary in various sources such as the public radio newspaper Current.
On August 12, 2017, Radiolab removed an episode titled "Truth Trolls" about the attacks on LaBeouf, Rönkkö & Turner's HEWILLNOTDIVIDE.US art project by trolls. The program had been criticized for appearing to condone the actions of extremist groups, with Turner condemning the reporting as "abhorrent and irresponsible" for describing the vandalism and harassment they had been subjected to as "a really encouraging story" and "comforting." Abumrad issued an apology for giving the impression that they "essentially condoned some pretty despicable ideology and behavior," while WNYC stated that they supported Radiolab's decision to remove the podcast, adding that "Radiolab unambiguously rejects the beliefs and actions of the trolls, and deeply regrets doing anything that would imply differently."
Radiolab live
Radiolab live at the Chicago Theatre in September 2012
In spring 2011, Krulwich and Abumrad took the show on a live, national tour, selling out in cities such as New York, Seattle, and Los Angeles.
The tour covered 21 cities and primarily focused on a speculative fringe theory regarding the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event that has not been published in a peer-reviewed journal. The fundamental new idea surrounding this theory is that when a large asteroid impacted the Earth, the asteroid driving into the ground caused the rock to become heated so extremely that it became gaseous. This "rock-gas" was then ejected outside the Earth's atmosphere and into space. The rock-gas, after cooling into many tiny glass particles, was pulled back in by Earth's gravity. The majority of this "glass-rain" burned up in the Earth's atmosphere upon re-entry, causing the Earth's atmosphere to become superheated, killing most of the species living on the surface of the Earth within a matter of hours. The episode did not include any discussion of the problems with the theory or that it has not been published in a peer-reviewed journal.
Episode 3 of Season 12, titled "Apocalyptical – Live from the Paramount in Seattle", was recorded at one of the live show tour locations that Radiolab performed. Unlike most shows, this show was also filmed, and made available on their official website.
More Perfect
In June 2016, Radiolab launched their first "spinoff series" entitled More Perfect. The series examines controversial and historic cases in the Supreme Court of the United States. The show's title comes from the preamble of the United States Constitution which begins "We the People, in order to form a more perfect Union". The team working on the podcast became interested in the topic after studying an adoption case related to the Indian Child Welfare Act.
The show's first season launched on June 1, 2016, and ran for eight episodes. The second season returned on September 30, 2017, and aired nine episodes. The show's third season began on September 18, 2018, and ran for nine episodes.
The show relaunched on May 11, 2023, hosted by Julia Longoria (former host of The Experiment, a co-production of WNYC Studios and The Atlantic, and one of the original More Perfect producers), with a 12-part season.
Since then, More Perfect has not aired any more episodes, although reruns are still occasionally posted in the Radiolab feed.
References
^ "Radiolab". Radiolab. NYPR. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
^ a b "'In Search Of Memory' Wins 2007 Best Book Award From The National Academies; WNYC's Radio Lab And Writer Carl Zimmer Also Awarded Top Prizes". The National Academies Office of News and Public Information. Archived from the original on August 7, 2016. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
^ a b "The Peabody Awards". www.peabodyawards.com. Archived from the original on April 16, 2015. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
^ a b 70th Annual Peabody Awards Archived September 13, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, May 2011.
^ a b c Ugwu, Reggie (March 7, 2023). "'Don't Break It!' The New Hosts of 'Radiolab' Remodel a Landmark". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
^ a b c d e f g h i Walker, Rob (April 7, 2011). "On 'Radiolab', the Sound of Science". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 24, 2016.
^ a b c d Radiolab: "Jad and Robert: The Early Years" Archived January 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. WNYC, May 6, 2008. Retrieved August 6, 2010.
^ a b "Radiolab: Radiolab for Kids | WNYC Studios | Podcasts". WNYC Studios. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^ "It's the End of an Era for Radiolab". Vulture. New York. January 26, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
^ "Radiolab: New Co-hosts | WNYC Studios | Podcasts". WNYC Studios. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
^ Abumrad, Jad (January 26, 2022). "Jad Abumrad's farewell letter to Radiolab staff". Radiolab.org. Retrieved January 20, 2024.
^ "Original Radiolab EP Ellen Horne launches podcast "Admissible: Shreds of Evidence" with iHeartPodcasts and VPM". PodNews. February 8, 2023. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
^ "Cornell prepped Horne for radio success". Cornell News. October 2015. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
^ a b "RadioLab Episode: "Contact" (Pre-Season One)". RadioLab.org. January 2004. Retrieved January 15, 2024.
^ Radiolab: "Time" Archived October 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. WNYC, June 4, 2004. Retrieved August 6, 2010.
^ Radiolab: "Who Am I?" Archived October 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. WNYC, February 4, 2005. Retrieved August 6, 2010.
^ Radiolab Live Archived October 11, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. WNYC, Retrieved October 11, 2012.
^ "WNYC to self-distribute Radiolab, On the Media". May 29, 2015. Archived from the original on March 19, 2017.
^ "Radiolab Names Lulu Miller and Latif Nasser Co-Hosts, Alongside Jad Abumrad". September 25, 2020.
^ Falk, Tyler (January 26, 2022). "Jad Abumrad steps down from 'Radiolab'". Current. Retrieved January 14, 2024.
^ "Stochasticity". WNYC Radio. June 15, 2009. Archived from the original on September 12, 2010. Retrieved April 28, 2010.
^ a b Bottomley, Andrew (January 11, 2012). On Radio: Radiolab and the Art of the Modern Radio Feature Archived January 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Antenna: Responses to Media & Culture.
^ "Podcast Awards - Past Winners 2005-2022". www.podcastawards.com. Retrieved January 18, 2024.
^ "RadioLab Entry on IMDB". Internet Movie Database. January 14, 2023. Retrieved January 14, 2023.
^ "Best Podcast in Social Media – Shorty Awards". shortyawards.com. Retrieved September 17, 2021.
^ "60 Words (WNYC Radio)". The Peabody Awards. Archived from the original on July 10, 2015. Retrieved July 11, 2015.
^ a b "WNYC Wins Two 2014 Peabody Awards for Radiolab and WNYC News". WNYC. Archived from the original on July 13, 2015. Retrieved July 11, 2015.
^ "WNYC's RADIOLAB Wins Peabody Award". WNYC. March 31, 2011. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016.
^ "MacArthur 'Genius' Award Winner Jad Abumrad". Archived from the original on September 25, 2011. Retrieved September 21, 2011.
^ Flagg, Barbara (May 19, 2009). Listeners' Evaluation of Radiolab: Choice Archived July 10, 2012, at archive.today. InformalScience.
^ Collins, Bob (October 25, 2012). "The Yellow Rain fallout". Bob Collins news cut. Minnesota Public Radio. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
^ Lapin, Andrew (October 24, 2012). "Search for 'truth' results in Radiolab apology". Current. American University School of Communication. Archived from the original on October 26, 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
^ a b Chen, D. (August 13, 2017). "Radiolab removes its 'Truth Trolls' episode from podcast feed". David Chen. Archived from the original on February 17, 2018. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
^ a b Abumrad, J. (August 12, 2017). "A Note From Jad About "Truth Trolls"". Radiolab. Archived from the original on November 28, 2017. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
^ Quah, N. (August 15, 2017). "New York City makes the claim that it's the podcast capital of the world (but is that a good thing?)". Nieman Lab. Archived from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 26, 2017.
^ Rainey, James (March 9, 2011). "On the Media: 'Radiolab' takes its audio smörgasbord on the road". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 11, 2012.
^ "Radiolab Live". Radiolab. Archived from the original on February 11, 2015. Retrieved February 11, 2015.
^ a b ""More Perfect," Where "Radiolab" Meets the Supreme Court". The New Yorker. Retrieved August 5, 2018.
^ "WNYC Studios Introduces "Radiolab Presents: More Perfect" | WNYC | New York Public Radio, Podcasts, Live Streaming Radio, News". WNYC. Retrieved August 5, 2018.
^ "In order to form a 'More Perfect' union... – Boulder Weekly". Boulder Weekly. March 1, 2018. Retrieved August 5, 2018.
^ "What We Are Downloading". Eugene Weekly. August 2, 2018. Retrieved August 5, 2018.
^ "U.S. Senate: Constitution of the United States". www.senate.gov. Retrieved August 5, 2018.
^ McQuade, Laura Jane Standley, Eric (December 18, 2016). "The 50 Best Podcasts of 2016". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 30, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "More Perfect | WNYC Studios | Podcasts". wnycstudios. Retrieved August 5, 2018.
^ "Radiolab's Jad Abumrad Hopes His Supreme Court Podcast Will Help In A "National Sh*%storm"". Fast Company. October 3, 2017. Retrieved August 5, 2018.
^ "More Perfect | WNYC Studios | Podcasts". wnycstudios. Retrieved August 5, 2018.
^ "WNYC Studios introduces a new season of MORE PERFECT". New York Public Radio. NYPR. May 4, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023.
External links
Official website
Audio interview with Krulwich & Abumrad on the public radio program Bullseye with Jesse Thorn
Podcast interview with Jad Abumrad
Archived 2013-01-06 at the Wayback Machine: Jad Abumrad and Robert Krulwich interviewed by Charlie Rose on January 2, 2013.
vteRadiolabList of episodesHosts
Jad Abumrad
Robert Krulwich
Producers
Lulu Miller
Personalities
Diana Deutsch
Ann Druyan
Malcolm Gladwell
Brian Greene
Steven Berlin Johnson
Christof Koch
Vilayanur S. Ramachandran
Oliver Sacks
Robert Sapolsky
Steven Strogatz
Neil deGrasse Tyson
Carl Zimmer
Recurring topics
Genetics
History of science
Mathematics
Medicine
Musicology
Neuropsychology
Physics
Sociology
Spaceflight
Statistics
Time
Related
NOVA scienceNOW
NPR
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This American Life
WNYC
Radio portal
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The show attempts to approach broad, difficult topics such as \"time\" and \"morality\" in an accessible and light-hearted manner and with a distinctive audio production style.","title":"Radiolab"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-6"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Krulwich_and_Jad_Abumrad_at_the_70th_Annual_Peabody_Awards.jpg"},{"link_name":"ABC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-6"},{"link_name":"Ira Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Glass"},{"link_name":"Flag Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_Day_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"This American Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_American_Life"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-14"},{"link_name":"sound design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_design"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-6"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wnycstudios.org-8"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"The original version of Radiolab was a three-hour weekly show on New York City radio station WNYC's AM signal. Abumrad, then a freelancer for WNYC, produced and hosted the show, which presented documentary radio work in an original style.[6] Dean Cappello, then chief content officer of WNYC Radio told The New York Times that it was conceived, back in 2002, as a space for experimentation and also as a way to fill a \"blank space\" on the station’s Sunday-night schedule.[6]These early themed episodes were not necessarily science-related, but tackled issues such as the death penalty, religious fundamentalism and politics in Africa and the Middle EastRobert Krulwich and Jad Abumrad at the 2010 Peabody AwardsIn 2003, Abumrad was given a freelance assignment by WNYC to interview ABC News science reporter Robert Krulwich and the two men discovered they had a lot in common: both were alumni of Oberlin College (though 25 years apart), and both had worked at WBAI before moving on to WNYC and NPR.[7][6] They became fast friends and began collaborating as co-hosts on experimental radio pieces — initially outside of Radiolab. In 2003, they sent their first piece to radio producer Ira Glass for a proposed Flag Day episode of This American Life.[6] The 2-minute piece, which never aired on This American Life, was included in the 2008 Radiolab episode “Jad and Robert: The Early Years.”[7] In the episode Abumrad and Krulwich interview Glass, and ask him his recollection of the piece. \"It was horrible\", Glass said. In an interview with Abumrad and Krulwich, Glass said: \"I never would have put the two of you together on anything again… It's just amazing that you were able to put together such a wonderful program after that.\"[7]In 2003, Abumrad was joined on Radiolab by Executive Producer Ellen Horne, who Abumrad credits with breathing life into the show.[11] They began evolving the show into its current form,[12][13][14] and by January 2004, Radiolab had become an hour-long, science-themed program characterized by Abumrad's unique sound design style. The program, at that time, was still considered experimental.[14] In June 2004, Robert Krulwich appeared as a \"guest host\" on an episode titled \"Time.\"[15] By the following episode (\"Space\", aired two weeks later), they were co-hosts. In 2005, the program had its first official season, with five episodes, on WNYC.[6][16] The program gained national distribution soon after. Live shows were first introduced in 2008.[17]Initially distributed nationally by NPR, WNYC began distributing the show in 2015. 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For instance, thematic—and often dissonant and atonal—music accompanies much of the commentary. In an April 2011 interview with The New York Times, Abumrad explained the choice in music: \"I put a lot of jaggedy sounds, little plurps and things, strange staccato, percussive things.\"[6] In addition, previously recorded interview segments are interspersed in the show's live dialogue, adding a layered, call-and-response effect to the questions posed by the hosts. These recordings are often unedited and the interviewee's asides appear in the final product. In the same New York Times interview, Abumrad said, \"You're trying to capture the rhythms and the movements, the messiness of the actual experience.... It sounds like life.\"[6] And unlike traditional journalism, in which the reader is given only access to the final article, not the interview, Abumrad added that Radiolab's process is more transparent.The episode credits are generally read by people who were interviewed or featured on the show, rather than by the hosts, while the program credits are read by listeners.As of June 15, 2009, the podcast offers full, hour-long episodes on a regular schedule with a variable number of podcasts in between \"that follow some detour or left turn, explore music we love, take you to live events, and generally try to shake up your universe\".[21] These extra podcasts, referred to as \"Shorts\", are occasionally combined into full-length compilation episodes.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-22"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-6"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-22"},{"link_name":"People's Choice Podcast Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast_Awards"},{"link_name":"People's Choice Podcast Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast_Awards"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Peabody Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Award"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peabody2015-27"},{"link_name":"National Academies Communication Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_Communication_Award"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Peabody Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_Award"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peabody2015-27"},{"link_name":"MacArthur grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Fellows_Program"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"National Science Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Radiolab has been widely acclaimed among listeners and critics alike for its imaginative format and original use of sound design.[22][6] It has been hailed, along with This American Life, as one of the most innovative shows on American radio.[22]As of January 2023, Radiolab has earned 13 podcast industry award nominations, including 7 wins, including the 2013 People's Choice Podcast Award for Best Science and Medicine Podcast and the 2015 People's Choice Podcast Award for Best Produced Podcast.[23][24] Radiolab was also awarded for the Shorty Award for Best Podcast.[25]Radiolab has also won two Peabody Awards for broadcast excellence.[3][4] The first Peabody was awarded to the show overall, and the second was awarded for the episode titled \"60 Words\" (aired on April 18, 2014) garnered a second Peabody Award for Radiolab.[26][27]Radiolab also received a 2007 National Academies Communication Award \"for their imaginative use of radio to make science accessible to broad audiences\".[2] The program has received two Peabody Awards; first in 2010 and again in 2014.[28][27]In 2011, Abumrad received the MacArthur grant, in recognition of his work with RadioLab.[29]In a 2007–2008 study by Multimedia Research (sponsored by the National Science Foundation), it was determined that over 95 percent of listeners reported that the science-based material featured on Radiolab was accessible.[clarification needed] Additionally, upwards of 80 percent of listeners reported that the program's pace was exciting, and over 80 percent reported that the layering of interviews was engaging.[30]","title":"Reception and awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"podcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast"},{"link_name":"yellow rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_rain"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"Hmong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmong_people"},{"link_name":"Kao Kalia Yang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kao_Kalia_Yang"},{"link_name":"racist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"LaBeouf, Rönkkö & Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaBeouf,_R%C3%B6nkk%C3%B6_%26_Turner"},{"link_name":"HEWILLNOTDIVIDE.US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEWILLNOTDIVIDE.US"},{"link_name":"trolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_troll"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-truthtrolls-chen-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-truthtrolls-apology-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-truthtrolls-chen-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-truthtrolls-apology-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nieman-35"}],"text":"On September 24, 2012, in a podcast titled \"The Fact of the Matter\", the program ran a segment about the yellow rain incidents in Laos and surrounding countries in the 1970s. Included in the story was an interview with Hmong veteran and refugee Eng Yang, with his niece Kao Kalia Yang serving as translator. After hearing the segment, Kao Kalia Yang and others complained that her uncle's viewpoints had been dismissed or edited out, that interviewer Robert Krulwich had treated them callously, and that the overall approach to the story had been racist. The complaints prompted several rounds of allegation, apology, rebuttal, and edits to the podcast, as well as commentary in various sources such as the public radio newspaper Current.[31][32]On August 12, 2017, Radiolab removed an episode titled \"Truth Trolls\" about the attacks on LaBeouf, Rönkkö & Turner's HEWILLNOTDIVIDE.US art project by trolls.[33][34] The program had been criticized for appearing to condone the actions of extremist groups, with Turner condemning the reporting as \"abhorrent and irresponsible\" for describing the vandalism and harassment they had been subjected to as \"a really encouraging story\" and \"comforting.\"[33] Abumrad issued an apology for giving the impression that they \"essentially condoned some pretty despicable ideology and behavior,\"[34] while WNYC stated that they supported Radiolab's decision to remove the podcast, adding that \"Radiolab unambiguously rejects the beliefs and actions of the trolls, and deeply regrets doing anything that would imply differently.\"[35]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChicagoTheatre.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chicago Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"fringe theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringe_theory"},{"link_name":"Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event"},{"link_name":"peer-reviewed journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-reviewed_journal"},{"link_name":"space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_space"},{"link_name":"Season 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Radiolab_episodes#Season_12_(2013-2014)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Radiolab live at the Chicago Theatre in September 2012In spring 2011, Krulwich and Abumrad took the show on a live, national tour, selling out in cities such as New York, Seattle, and Los Angeles.[36]The tour covered 21 cities and primarily focused on a speculative fringe theory regarding the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event that has not been published in a peer-reviewed journal. The fundamental new idea surrounding this theory is that when a large asteroid impacted the Earth, the asteroid driving into the ground caused the rock to become heated so extremely that it became gaseous. This \"rock-gas\" was then ejected outside the Earth's atmosphere and into space. The rock-gas, after cooling into many tiny glass particles, was pulled back in by Earth's gravity. The majority of this \"glass-rain\" burned up in the Earth's atmosphere upon re-entry, causing the Earth's atmosphere to become superheated, killing most of the species living on the surface of the Earth within a matter of hours. The episode did not include any discussion of the problems with the theory or that it has not been published in a peer-reviewed journal.Episode 3 of Season 12, titled \"Apocalyptical – Live from the Paramount in Seattle\", was recorded at one of the live show tour locations that Radiolab performed. Unlike most shows, this show was also filmed, and made available on their official website.[37]","title":"Radiolab live"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"preamble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preamble_of_the_US_Constitution"},{"link_name":"United States Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"We the People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_the_People"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-38"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"reruns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rerun"}],"text":"In June 2016, Radiolab launched their first \"spinoff series\" entitled More Perfect.[38][39] The series examines controversial and historic cases in the Supreme Court of the United States.[40][41] The show's title comes from the preamble of the United States Constitution which begins \"We the People, in order to form a more perfect Union\".[38][42] The team working on the podcast became interested in the topic after studying an adoption case related to the Indian Child Welfare Act.[43]The show's first season launched on June 1, 2016, and ran for eight episodes.[44][45] The second season returned on September 30, 2017, and aired nine episodes.[46] The show's third season began on September 18, 2018, and ran for nine episodes.The show relaunched on May 11, 2023, hosted by Julia Longoria (former host of The Experiment, a co-production of WNYC Studios and The Atlantic, and one of the original More Perfect producers), with a 12-part season.[47]Since then, More Perfect has not aired any more episodes, although reruns are still occasionally posted in the Radiolab feed.","title":"More Perfect"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Robert Krulwich and Jad Abumrad at the 2010 Peabody Awards","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Robert_Krulwich_and_Jad_Abumrad_at_the_70th_Annual_Peabody_Awards.jpg/220px-Robert_Krulwich_and_Jad_Abumrad_at_the_70th_Annual_Peabody_Awards.jpg"},{"image_text":"Radiolab live at the Chicago Theatre in September 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/ChicagoTheatre.jpg/220px-ChicagoTheatre.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Radiolab\". Radiolab. NYPR. Retrieved June 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/radiolab/stations","url_text":"\"Radiolab\""}]},{"reference":"\"'In Search Of Memory' Wins 2007 Best Book Award From The National Academies; WNYC's Radio Lab And Writer Carl Zimmer Also Awarded Top Prizes\". The National Academies Office of News and Public Information. Archived from the original on August 7, 2016. Retrieved April 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10012007b","url_text":"\"'In Search Of Memory' Wins 2007 Best Book Award From The National Academies; WNYC's Radio Lab And Writer Carl Zimmer Also Awarded Top Prizes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160807062008/http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10012007b","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Peabody Awards\". www.peabodyawards.com. Archived from the original on April 16, 2015. 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(August 13, 2017). \"Radiolab removes its 'Truth Trolls' episode from podcast feed\". David Chen. Archived from the original on February 17, 2018. Retrieved November 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://davechen.net/2017/08/radiolab-removes-truth-trolls-podcast-episode/","url_text":"\"Radiolab removes its 'Truth Trolls' episode from podcast feed\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180217135615/https://davechen.net/2017/08/radiolab-removes-truth-trolls-podcast-episode/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Abumrad, J. (August 12, 2017). \"A Note From Jad About \"Truth Trolls\"\". Radiolab. Archived from the original on November 28, 2017. Retrieved November 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radiolab.org/story/note-jad-about-truth-trolls/","url_text":"\"A Note From Jad About \"Truth Trolls\"\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171128181635/http://www.radiolab.org/story/note-jad-about-truth-trolls/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Quah, N. 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Retrieved August 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/radiolabmoreperfect/season-one","url_text":"\"More Perfect | WNYC Studios | Podcasts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Radiolab's Jad Abumrad Hopes His Supreme Court Podcast Will Help In A \"National Sh*%storm\"\". Fast Company. October 3, 2017. Retrieved August 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fastcompany.com/40476043/radiolab-jad-abumrad-urgency-behind-more-perfect-season-two-podcast","url_text":"\"Radiolab's Jad Abumrad Hopes His Supreme Court Podcast Will Help In A \"National Sh*%storm\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"More Perfect | WNYC Studios | Podcasts\". wnycstudios. Retrieved August 5, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wnycstudios.org/shows/radiolabmoreperfect/season-two","url_text":"\"More Perfect | WNYC Studios | Podcasts\""}]},{"reference":"\"WNYC Studios introduces a new season of MORE PERFECT\". New York Public Radio. NYPR. May 4, 2023. Retrieved June 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://nypublicradio.org/2023/05/04/wnyc-studios-introduces-a-new-season-of-more-perfect-the-podcast-series-about-the-supreme-courts-most-significant-rulings-and-their-impact-today/","url_text":"\"WNYC Studios introduces a new season of MORE PERFECT\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Jo_Gunne
|
Jo Jo Gunne
|
["1 Career","2 Personnel changes","3 Reunion","4 Discography","4.1 Albums","4.2 Singles","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
|
American rock band
Jo Jo GunneOriginLos Angeles, California, U.S.GenresRockYears active1971–19742005LabelsAsylumBlue HandPast membersJay FergusonMark AndesMatt AndesWilliam "Curly" SmithJimmie RandallStarr DonaldsonJohn Staehely
Jo Jo Gunne was an American rock band formed in Los Angeles, California, United States, in 1971 by Jay Ferguson and Mark Andes after they had left the rock band Spirit. The band was named after the Chuck Berry song "Jo Jo Gunne". The band released their eponymous debut album in 1972 and had a top 10 hit song "Run Run Run" in the UK. They released three further albums before disbanding in 1974. They reunited in 2005 for a time to record a fifth album Big Chain.
Career
Jo Jo Gunne was formed by Jay Ferguson (keyboards, vocals and guitar) and brothers Mark (bass and vocals) and Matt Andes (born February 6, 1949; guitar, vocals), along with William "Curly" Smith (born January 31, 1952, Wolf Point, Montana; drums, vocals, and harp) in 1971. Ferguson chose the group's name, "Jo Jo Gunne", from a 1958 Chuck Berry song about a monkey of that name that caused a fight between a lion and an elephant. They performed their first major show in Los Angeles in May 1971 before they were signed to Asylum Records.
The band's first album Jo Jo Gunne was released in 1972 and the album reached number 57 on Billboard's Top 100 Albums.
The band had a number 6 hit in the UK Singles Chart in April 1972 with a song, "Run Run Run", taken from the album. It also received airplay on U.S. album-oriented rock FM radio stations. The song reached number 30 in Canada.
Their second album, Bite Down Hard, was a minor success peaking on the Billboard Top 200 chart at number 75. Due to the lack of a breakout single, this album's sales fared more poorly than their 1971 introductory effort. The album was produced by Bill Szymczyk who was best known at the time for his production work on Joe Walsh's Barnstorm and B.B. King's Completely Well.
The band's third album Jumpin' the Gunne, featuring an obese naked woman on the cover, failed to rise any higher than number 169 on the Billboard Top 200 chart. The band's fourth album, So...Where's the Show?, featured new guitarist John Staehely (a former member of Spirit), whose harder edged sound complemented Ferguson's songs giving the band a much harder rock sound than on their previous efforts.
The group did not maintain the commercial momentum of their first release. They broke up in 1974.
Personnel changes
Following the first album, Mark Andes left the band after a falling out with his brother Matt and Ferguson and was replaced by Jimmie Randall. Randall introduced a brighter bass sound and helped increase the band's overall volume.
Matt Andes left after Jumpin' the Gunne, and he was briefly replaced by Starr Donaldson (born September 23, 1950) in 1974. A replacement was soon found in John Staehely (born 25 January 1952, Austin, Texas), who had played on Feedback, the Spirit album that followed Ferguson and Andes's departure. Staehely's overdriven guitar was a significant change from Matt Andes's Ry Cooder style slide guitar.
After the band broke up, Ferguson recorded several solo albums, which yielded the hit singles "Thunder Island" and "Shakedown Cruise". He then scored TV shows and several movies. Mark Andes joined Firefall and then Heart. Smith went on to have a career as a session drummer, and played with Spirit in the 1980s, and Boston from 1994 to 2000.
Reunion
The original line-up temporarily got back together around 1992. In a July 1995 interview in Vintage Guitar Magazine, Mark Andes recalls: "Curly Smith called me up and noted that it was the twentieth anniversary of when that band had formed; Steve Lukather took us into the studio and we recorded a lot of new material, but it didn't go anywhere".
They began recording again in 2005 in Santa Barbara at Jay Ferguson's studio. The 2005 recordings were eventually put out as an album, Big Chain, on Blue Hand Records. The music was co-produced by the band and engineered by Ferguson.
Discography
Albums
Title
Album details
Peak chart positions
US
AUS
CAN
Jo Jo Gunne
Release date: 1972
Label: Asylum Records
57
18
55
Bite Down Hard
Release date: 1973
Label: Asylum
75
—
—
Jumpin' the Gunne
Release date: 1973
Label: Asylum
169
—
—
"So...Where's the Show?"
Release date: 1974
Label: Asylum
198
—
—
Big Chain
Release date: 2005
Label: Blue Hand Records
—
—
—
Singles
"Run Run Run" - No. 27 (US), No. 30 (Canada) No. 42 (Germany), No. 6 (UK),
"Shake that Fat"
"Ready Freddy"
"Rock Around The Symbol"
"I Wanna Love You"
"Where Is The Show"
"Big, Busted Bombshell From Bermuda"
See also
List of Asylum Records artists
List of 1970s one-hit wonders in the United States
One-hit wonders in the UK
References
^ a b c d e f Colin Larkin, ed. (1999). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Heavy Rock (First ed.). Virgin Books. p. 243. ISBN 0-7535-0257-7.
^ a b c The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll. Fireside. 1995. ISBN 9780684810447 – via Google Books.
^ Wilson, Dave (2004). Rock Formations. Cidermill Books. p. 56. ISBN 9780974848358 – via Google Books.
^ Knemeyer, George (May 22, 1971). "Jo Jo Gunne". Billboard. pp. 20, 22.
^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London, UK: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 283. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
^ a b "RPM100 Singles" (PDF). Collectionscanada.gc.ca. May 1972. Retrieved 2017-06-30.
^ a b Lindsay Planer. "Jo Jo Gunne - Jo Jo Gunne | Songs, Reviews, Credits". AllMusic. Retrieved 2017-06-30.
^ "Jo Jo Gunne: Big Chain". AllMusic.
^ "Jo Jo Gunne Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard.
^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 156. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
^ "RPM 100 Album". RPM Weekly.
^ "Jo Jo Gunne top songs". Music VF.com.
^ "Jo Jo Gunne: Run Run Run". Offizielle Deutsche Charts.
^ "Jo Jo Gunne". The Official Charts Company.
External links
Official homepage
Jo Jo Gunne discography at Discogs
"Run Run Run" on YouTube
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
|
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They reunited in 2005 for a time to record a fifth album Big Chain.","title":"Jo Jo Gunne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jay Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Ferguson_(American_musician)"},{"link_name":"keyboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_instrument"},{"link_name":"vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Andes"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"Wolf Point, Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Point,_Montana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyc-2"},{"link_name":"Chuck Berry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Berry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Asylum Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asylum_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinHR-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"hit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_single"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinHR-1"},{"link_name":"album-oriented rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album-oriented_rock"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Hit_Singles_&_Albums-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canadachart-6"},{"link_name":"Bill Szymczyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Szymczyk"},{"link_name":"Joe Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Walsh"},{"link_name":"Barnstorm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnstorm_(album)"},{"link_name":"B.B. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.B._King"},{"link_name":"Completely Well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Completely_Well"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic1-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinHR-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinHR-1"}],"text":"Jo Jo Gunne was formed by Jay Ferguson (keyboards, vocals and guitar) and brothers Mark (bass and vocals) and Matt Andes (born February 6, 1949; guitar, vocals), along with William \"Curly\" Smith (born January 31, 1952, Wolf Point, Montana; drums, vocals, and harp) in 1971.[2] Ferguson chose the group's name, \"Jo Jo Gunne\", from a 1958 Chuck Berry song about a monkey of that name that caused a fight between a lion and an elephant.[3] They performed their first major show in Los Angeles in May 1971 before they were signed to Asylum Records.[1][4]The band's first album Jo Jo Gunne was released in 1972 and the album reached number 57 on Billboard's Top 100 Albums. \nThe band had a number 6 hit in the UK Singles Chart in April 1972 with a song, \"Run Run Run\",[1] taken from the album. It also received airplay on U.S. album-oriented rock FM radio stations.[5] The song reached number 30 in Canada.[6]Their second album, Bite Down Hard, was a minor success peaking on the Billboard Top 200 chart at number 75. Due to the lack of a breakout single, this album's sales fared more poorly than their 1971 introductory effort. The album was produced by Bill Szymczyk who was best known at the time for his production work on Joe Walsh's Barnstorm and B.B. King's Completely Well.[7]The band's third album Jumpin' the Gunne, featuring an obese naked woman on the cover, failed to rise any higher than number 169 on the Billboard Top 200 chart. The band's fourth album, So...Where's the Show?, featured new guitarist John Staehely (a former member of Spirit), whose harder edged sound complemented Ferguson's songs giving the band a much harder rock sound than on their previous efforts.[7]\nThe group did not maintain the commercial momentum of their first release.[1] They broke up in 1974.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jimmie Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmie_Randall"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LarkinHR-1"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Austin, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyc-2"},{"link_name":"Feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback_(Spirit_album)"},{"link_name":"overdriven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortion_(music)"},{"link_name":"Ry Cooder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry_Cooder"},{"link_name":"slide guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_guitar"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"solo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo_(music)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyc-2"},{"link_name":"hit singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hit_single"},{"link_name":"Shakedown Cruise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakedown_Cruise"},{"link_name":"TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television"},{"link_name":"Firefall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefall"},{"link_name":"Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_(band)"},{"link_name":"session","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_musician"},{"link_name":"Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_(band)"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_(band)"}],"text":"Following the first album, Mark Andes left the band after a falling out with his brother Matt and Ferguson and was replaced by Jimmie Randall.[1] Randall introduced a brighter bass sound and helped increase the band's overall volume.[citation needed]Matt Andes left after Jumpin' the Gunne, and he was briefly replaced by Starr Donaldson (born September 23, 1950) in 1974. A replacement was soon found in John Staehely (born 25 January 1952, Austin, Texas),[2] who had played on Feedback, the Spirit album that followed Ferguson and Andes's departure. Staehely's overdriven guitar was a significant change from Matt Andes's Ry Cooder style slide guitar.[citation needed]After the band broke up, Ferguson recorded several solo albums,[2] which yielded the hit singles \"Thunder Island\" and \"Shakedown Cruise\". He then scored TV shows and several movies. Mark Andes joined Firefall and then Heart. Smith went on to have a career as a session drummer, and played with Spirit in the 1980s, and Boston from 1994 to 2000.","title":"Personnel changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Lukather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Lukather"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The original line-up temporarily got back together around 1992. In a July 1995 interview in Vintage Guitar Magazine, Mark Andes recalls: \"Curly Smith called me up and noted that it was the twentieth anniversary of when that band had formed; Steve Lukather took us into the studio and we recorded a lot of new material, but it didn't go anywhere\".[citation needed]They began recording again in 2005 in Santa Barbara at Jay Ferguson's studio. The 2005 recordings were eventually put out as an album, Big Chain, on Blue Hand Records.[8] The music was co-produced by the band and engineered by Ferguson.","title":"Reunion"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-canadachart-6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"\"Run Run Run\" - No. 27 (US),[12] No. 30 (Canada)[6] No. 42 (Germany),[13] No. 6 (UK),[14]\n\"Shake that Fat\"\n\"Ready Freddy\"\n\"Rock Around The Symbol\"\n\"I Wanna Love You\"\n\"Where Is The Show\"\n\"Big, Busted Bombshell From Bermuda\"","title":"Discography"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"List of Asylum Records artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Asylum_Records_artists"},{"title":"List of 1970s one-hit wonders in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_1970s_one-hit_wonders_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"One-hit wonders in the UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-hit_wonders_in_the_UK"}]
|
[{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. (1999). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Heavy Rock (First ed.). Virgin Books. p. 243. ISBN 0-7535-0257-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)","url_text":"Colin Larkin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Virgin Encyclopedia of Heavy Rock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Books","url_text":"Virgin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7535-0257-7","url_text":"0-7535-0257-7"}]},{"reference":"The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll. Fireside. 1995. ISBN 9780684810447 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_hKFAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1974","url_text":"The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780684810447","url_text":"9780684810447"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Dave (2004). Rock Formations. Cidermill Books. p. 56. ISBN 9780974848358 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tOpB23GGxAIC&pg=PA56","url_text":"Rock Formations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780974848358","url_text":"9780974848358"}]},{"reference":"Knemeyer, George (May 22, 1971). \"Jo Jo Gunne\". Billboard. pp. 20, 22.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9wgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA20","url_text":"\"Jo Jo Gunne\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London, UK: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 283. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904994-10-5","url_text":"1-904994-10-5"}]},{"reference":"\"RPM100 Singles\" (PDF). Collectionscanada.gc.ca. May 1972. Retrieved 2017-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/028020/f2/nlc008388.7632.pdf","url_text":"\"RPM100 Singles\""}]},{"reference":"Lindsay Planer. \"Jo Jo Gunne - Jo Jo Gunne | Songs, Reviews, Credits\". AllMusic. Retrieved 2017-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/jo-jo-gunne-mw0000034986","url_text":"\"Jo Jo Gunne - Jo Jo Gunne | Songs, Reviews, Credits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Jo Jo Gunne: Big Chain\". AllMusic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/big-chain-mw0000719738?1646248388953","url_text":"\"Jo Jo Gunne: Big Chain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jo Jo Gunne Chart History (Billboard 200)\". Billboard.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/jo-jo-gunne/","url_text":"\"Jo Jo Gunne Chart History (Billboard 200)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 156. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]},{"reference":"\"RPM 100 Album\". RPM Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.7696&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.7696.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.7696","url_text":"\"RPM 100 Album\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jo Jo Gunne top songs\". Music VF.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.musicvf.com/Jo+Jo+Gunne.art","url_text":"\"Jo Jo Gunne top songs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jo Jo Gunne: Run Run Run\". Offizielle Deutsche Charts.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-145385","url_text":"\"Jo Jo Gunne: Run Run Run\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jo Jo Gunne\". The Official Charts Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/14567/jo-jo-gunne/","url_text":"\"Jo Jo Gunne\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_hKFAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1974","external_links_name":"The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tOpB23GGxAIC&pg=PA56","external_links_name":"Rock Formations"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9wgEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA20","external_links_name":"\"Jo Jo Gunne\""},{"Link":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/obj/028020/f2/nlc008388.7632.pdf","external_links_name":"\"RPM100 Singles\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/jo-jo-gunne-mw0000034986","external_links_name":"\"Jo Jo Gunne - Jo Jo Gunne | Songs, Reviews, Credits\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/big-chain-mw0000719738?1646248388953","external_links_name":"\"Jo Jo Gunne: Big Chain\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/jo-jo-gunne/","external_links_name":"\"Jo Jo Gunne Chart History (Billboard 200)\""},{"Link":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.7696&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.7696.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.7696","external_links_name":"\"RPM 100 Album\""},{"Link":"https://www.musicvf.com/Jo+Jo+Gunne.art","external_links_name":"\"Jo Jo Gunne top songs\""},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/titel-details-145385","external_links_name":"\"Jo Jo Gunne: Run Run Run\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/14567/jo-jo-gunne/","external_links_name":"\"Jo Jo Gunne\""},{"Link":"http://www.jojogunne.com/","external_links_name":"Official homepage"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/artist/Jo+Jo+Gunne","external_links_name":"Jo Jo Gunne"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cOi0Iv5J45c","external_links_name":"\"Run Run Run\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000009359379X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/137523180","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no98090253","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/18e3ba47-7141-4ff7-91bd-bbea9b904dcf","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Marie_Lloyd
|
Miss Marie Lloyd
|
["1 Cast","2 Reception","3 Awards","4 DVD","5 References","6 External links"]
|
British TV series or programme
Miss Marie LloydAlso known asMiss Marie Lloyd: Queen of The Music HallGenrePeriod dramaDirected byJames HawesStarring
Jessie Wallace
Richard Armitage
Tom Payne
Country of originUnited KingdomProductionRunning time80 minutesProduction companies
BBC
Hat Trick Productions
Original releaseNetworkBBC FourRelease9 May 2007 (2007-05-09)
Miss Marie Lloyd: Queen of The Music Hall is a British television drama directed by James Hawes and produced by Hat Trick Productions. It was first shown on BBC Four in 2007.
The film traces the turbulent and unconventional life of Edwardian music hall star Marie Lloyd, portrayed by Jessie Wallace. The drama formed part of BBC Four's Edwardians – The Birth of Now season.
Cast
Jessie Wallace as Marie Lloyd
Richard Armitage as Percy Courtenay
Matthew Marsh as Alec Hurley
Tom Payne as Bernard Dillon
Lee Williams as Freddie
Shaun Parkes as 'The Showman'
Angus Barnett as Mr Belafonte
Amanda Root as Mrs Chant
Annette Badland as Nelly Powers
Sue Elliot-Nicholls as Bridey
Reception
In her article ahead of the broadcast, Sarah Dempster for The Guardian said that: "Wallace's performance is as bracing as a power walk down Lambeth High Street". The reviewer for The Scotsman commented that the script was "awful", with it making "a pig's ear of what was obviously an interesting life". The review concluded with a reference to Wallace's character in EastEnders, stating that Wallace: "was perfectly fine in the role, giving it as much of the old Slater oomph as she could, but she'll have to find much better things than this if she wants to escape typecasting."
Awards
Lucinda Wright was nominated in the costume design category for the British Academy Television Craft Awards for 2008.
DVD
This production is available on DVD, distributed by Acorn Media UK.
References
^ Dempster, Sarah (9 May 2007). "Little Miss Saucy". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
^ "Oh Mr Porter! What a silly show I am". The Scotsman. 10 May 2007. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
^ "Bafta craft awards shortlists". The Guardian. London. 26 March 2008. Retrieved 21 May 2018.
External links
Miss Marie Lloyd at BBC Online
Miss Marie Lloyd at IMDb
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Hawes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hawes"},{"link_name":"Hat Trick Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat_Trick_Productions"},{"link_name":"BBC Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Four"},{"link_name":"Edwardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwardian_era"},{"link_name":"music hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_hall"},{"link_name":"Marie Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"Jessie Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie_Wallace"}],"text":"British TV series or programmeMiss Marie Lloyd: Queen of The Music Hall is a British television drama directed by James Hawes and produced by Hat Trick Productions. It was first shown on BBC Four in 2007.The film traces the turbulent and unconventional life of Edwardian music hall star Marie Lloyd, portrayed by Jessie Wallace. The drama formed part of BBC Four's Edwardians – The Birth of Now season.","title":"Miss Marie Lloyd"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jessie Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie_Wallace"},{"link_name":"Marie Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"Richard Armitage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Armitage_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Alec Hurley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Hurley"},{"link_name":"Tom Payne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Payne_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Bernard Dillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Dillon"},{"link_name":"Lee Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Williams_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Shaun Parkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaun_Parkes"},{"link_name":"Amanda Root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanda_Root"},{"link_name":"Annette Badland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annette_Badland"}],"text":"Jessie Wallace as Marie Lloyd\nRichard Armitage as Percy Courtenay\nMatthew Marsh as Alec Hurley\nTom Payne as Bernard Dillon\nLee Williams as Freddie\nShaun Parkes as 'The Showman'\nAngus Barnett as Mr Belafonte\nAmanda Root as Mrs Chant\nAnnette Badland as Nelly Powers\nSue Elliot-Nicholls as Bridey","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"The Scotsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman"},{"link_name":"EastEnders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders"},{"link_name":"[Kat] Slater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat_Slater"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In her article ahead of the broadcast, Sarah Dempster for The Guardian said that: \"Wallace's performance is as bracing as a power walk down Lambeth High Street\".[1] The reviewer for The Scotsman commented that the script was \"awful\", with it making \"a pig's ear of what was obviously an interesting life\". The review concluded with a reference to Wallace's character in EastEnders, stating that Wallace: \"was perfectly fine in the role, giving it as much of the old [Kat] Slater oomph as she could, but she'll have to find much better things than this if she wants to escape typecasting.\"[2]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Academy Television Craft Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Television_Craft_Awards"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Lucinda Wright was nominated in the costume design category for the British Academy Television Craft Awards for 2008.[3]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acorn Media UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorn_Media_UK"}],"text":"This production is available on DVD, distributed by Acorn Media UK.","title":"DVD"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Dempster, Sarah (9 May 2007). \"Little Miss Saucy\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 21 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/may/09/television.bbc","url_text":"\"Little Miss Saucy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oh Mr Porter! What a silly show I am\". The Scotsman. 10 May 2007. Retrieved 21 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/oh-mr-porter-what-a-silly-show-i-am-1-746098","url_text":"\"Oh Mr Porter! What a silly show I am\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bafta craft awards shortlists\". The Guardian. London. 26 March 2008. Retrieved 21 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/mar/26/television4","url_text":"\"Bafta craft awards shortlists\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2007/may/09/television.bbc","external_links_name":"\"Little Miss Saucy\""},{"Link":"https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/oh-mr-porter-what-a-silly-show-i-am-1-746098","external_links_name":"\"Oh Mr Porter! What a silly show I am\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/mar/26/television4","external_links_name":"\"Bafta craft awards shortlists\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007qcxg","external_links_name":"Miss Marie Lloyd"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0944839/","external_links_name":"Miss Marie Lloyd"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Mountain_State_Forest
|
October Mountain State Forest
|
["1 History","2 Activities and amenities","3 Geography","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 42°21′00″N 73°10′28″W / 42.35000°N 73.17444°W / 42.35000; -73.17444Protected area in Massachusetts, United States
October Mountain State ForestFinerty Pond in October Mountain State Forest (Becket, Massachusetts).Location in MassachusettsShow map of MassachusettsOctober Mountain State Forest (the United States)Show map of the United StatesLocationBecket, Lee, Lenox, Washington, Berkshire, Massachusetts, United StatesCoordinates42°21′00″N 73°10′28″W / 42.35000°N 73.17444°W / 42.35000; -73.17444Area16,460 acres (66.6 km2)Elevation1,841 ft (561 m)Established1915Governing bodyMassachusetts Department of Conservation and RecreationWebsiteOctober Mountain State Forest
October Mountain State Forest is a 16,460-acre (6,660 ha) forest and recreational preserve located primarily in the town of Washington with adjoining parcels in Becket, Lee, and Lenox. It is the largest state forest in Massachusetts and is managed by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation.
History
The forest came into state ownership via the estate of William C. Whitney, President Grover Cleveland's Secretary of the Navy. The purchase of the initial 11,000 acres (4,500 ha) was made in 1915 for a total of $60,000, part of which came through the pledge of a group of Berkshire residents. The area was opened to the public that year. The name "October Mountain" is said to have been bestowed by author Herman Melville, whose home in Pittsfield overlooked the area.
The view off of the Appalachian Trail in October Mountain State Forest of the Washington Mountain Marsh near West Branch Road. (Washington, Massachusetts)
Activities and amenities
Forest trails are available for hiking, mountain biking, cross-country skiing, and off-road vehicle use. Trails include a 2.7-mile (4.3 km) interpretive trail around Washington Mountain Marsh, a portion of the Appalachian Trail, and a trail through scenic Schermerhorn Gorge. The forest has 47 campsites including wheelchair-accessible sites. Recreational opportunities include non-motorized boating, fishing, and restricted hunting.
Geography
The forest encompasses a portion of the Hoosac Range on the western edge of the central Berkshires. The eponymous October Mountain is a ridge that rises steeply above the Housatonic River valley to the west and contains the forest's highest point. The central portion of the forest is an uplands area that includes several reservoirs, and the Washington Mountain Marsh. The eastern edge of the forest has a second, lower ridge, known as Washington Mountain.
References
^ a b "October Mountain State Forest". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
^ "2012 Acreage Listing" (PDF). Department of Conservation and Recreation. April 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2014.
^ a b "October Mountain State Forest". Sports and Recreation in the Berkshires. The BerkshireWeb. Retrieved August 18, 2010.
^ a b c "October Mount State Forest". MassParks. Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. Retrieved July 23, 2013.
^ "Washington Mountain Marsh Interpretive Trail" (PDF). Department of Conservation and Recreation. August 2011. Retrieved September 18, 2015.
External links
October Mountain State Forest Department of Conservation and Recreation
vteProtected areas of MassachusettsFederalNational Historical Parks
Adams
Blackstone River Valley
Boston
Lowell
Minute Man
New Bedford Whaling
National Historic Sites
Boston African American
Frederick Law Olmsted
John Fitzgerald Kennedy
Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters
Salem Maritime
Saugus Iron Works
Springfield Armory
Other National Park Service units
Appalachian National Scenic Trail
Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area
Cape Cod National Seashore
National Wildlife Refuges
Assabet River
Great Meadows
Mashpee
Massasoit
Monomoy
Nantucket
Nomans Land
Oxbow
Parker River
Silvio O. Conte
Thacher Island
Wild and Scenic Rivers
Assabet
Concord
Sudbury
Taunton
Westfield
Other protected areas
Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary
Waquoit Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve
West Hill Dam (USACE)
State parksParks
Alewife Brook
Ames Nowell
Ashland
Bash Bish Falls
Blackstone River and Canal Heritage
Borderland
Boston Harbor Islands
Bradley Palmer
C. M. Gardner
Callahan
Castle Island State Park
Chicopee Memorial
City Square
Clarksburg
Cochituate
Connecticut River Greenway
Demarest Lloyd
Dighton Rock
Dunn
Ellisville Harbor
Fall River Heritage
Gardner Heritage
Governor Thomas Dudley
Great Brook Farm
Halibut Point
Hampton Ponds
Holyoke Heritage
Hopkinton
Lake Lorraine
Lake Wyola
Lawrence Heritage
Lowell Heritage
Lynn Heritage
Massasoit
Maudslay
Moore
Mount Holyoke Range
Natural Bridge
Nickerson
Pearl Hill
Pilgrim
Quinsigamond
Robinson
Roxbury Heritage
Rutland
Skinner
South Cape Beach
Wahconah Falls
Webb Memorial
Wells
Western Gateway Heritage
Whitehall
Wompatuck
Reservations
Beaver Brook
Belle Isle Marsh
Blue Hills
Breakheart
Charles River
Chestnut Hill
Cutler
Dorchester Shores
Elm Bank
Fort Phoenix
Hammond Pond
Hemlock Gorge
Horseneck Beach
Jug End
Lynn Shore
Middlesex Fells
Mount Everett
Mount Greylock
Mount Sugarloaf
Mount Tom
Myles Standish
Mystic River
Nahant Beach
Nantasket Beach
Nasketucket Bay
Neponset River
Pope John Paul II
Purgatory Chasm
Quincy Quarries
Quincy Shore
Revere Beach
Rumney Marsh
Salisbury Beach
Sandy Point
Scusset Beach
Stony Brook
Upper Charles River
Wachusett Mountain
Walden Pond
West Island
Weymouth
Wilson Mountain
Other
Appalachian Trail
Ashuwillticook Rail Trail
Cape Cod Rail Trail
Fort Revere
Lake Dennison Recreation Area
Lower Neponset River Trail
Mass Central Rail Trail - Wayside
Nashua River Rail Trail
Norwottuck Branch Rail Trail
Quabbin Reservoir
Southwest Corridor Park
Squantum Point Park
Streeter Point Recreation Area
Sudbury Reservoir
Wachusett Reservoir
Ware River Watershed Area
State forests
Barnstable
Beartown
Berkley
Billerica
Brimfield
Chester-Blandford
DAR
Douglas
Erving
F. Gilbert Hills
Federated Women's Club
Franklin
Freetown-Fall River
Georgetown-Rowley
Gilbert A. Bliss
Granville
Harold Parker
Kenneth Dubuque Memorial
Leominster
Lowell-Dracut-Tyngsboro
Manuel F. Correllus
Mohawk Trail
Monroe
Mount Grace
Mount Washington
Myles Standish
October Mountain
Otter River
Pittsfield
Sandisfield
Savoy Mountain
Shawme-Crowell
Spencer
Tolland
Upton
Warren H. Manning
Wendell
Willard Brook
Willowdale
Windsor
Wildlife management areasWildlifemanagement areas
Agawam Lake
Agawam Mill Pond
Ashby
Ashfield Hawley
Attitash
Ayer Game Farm
Baddacook Pond
Bakers Pond
Bay Circuit Trail
Bearse Pond
Becket
Bennett
Birch Hill
Black Brook
Blackstone / West River
Bolton Flats
Boxboro Station
Brayton Point Salt Marsh
Breakneck Brook
Brewer Brook
Bullock Ledge
Burrage Pond
Canoe River
Catamount
Chalet
Chase Garden Creek Salt Marsh
Childs River
Chockalog Swamp
Church Homestead
Clapps Pond
Clinton Bluff
Concord River
Connecticut River
Cook Pond
Copicut
Coy Hill
Crane Pond
Cummington
Cusky Pond
Dartmoor Farm
Darwin Scott Memorial
Day Mountain
Deerfield River
Dogfish Bar Beach Coastal
Dolomite Ledges
Dunstable Brook
E. Kent Swift
Eagle Island
East Mountain
Eastham Salt Marsh
Elbow Meadow
English Salt Marsh
Eugene D. Moran
Facing Rock
Fairfield Brook
Farmington River
Fish Brook
Fisherville Pond
Fisk Forestdale Lot
Fisk Meadows
Five Mile River
Flagg Swamp
Flint Pond
Four Chimneys
Fox Den
Fox Island Salt Marsh
Frances A. Crane
George L. Darey Housatonic Valley
Glen Echo Lake
Gosnold
Grassy Pond (Dennis)
Grassy Pond (Plymouth)
Green River Access (Franklin County)
Green River (Berkshire County)
Greenfield River
Halfway Pond
Hamilton
Hancock
Harlow / Cooks Pond
Haskell Swamp
Hauk Swamp
Hawksnest State Park
Hawley
Head Of The Plains
Herman Covey
High Ridge
Hinsdale Flats
Hiram H. Fox
Hockomock Swamp
Hog Pond Lot
Honey Pot
Hoosatonic River
Hoosic River
Hop Brook
Housatonic River
Hubbard Brook
Hunting Hills
Hyannis Ponds
Ipswich River
John J. Kelly
Joint Base Cape Cod
Jug End
Jug End Fen
Kampoosa Fen
Katama Plains
Knops Pond
Konkapot River
Lackey Pond
Lake Lorraine
Lake Rohunta
Lake Snipatuit
Lake Warner
Lanesboro
Lawrence Brook
Lawrence Pond Lot
Leadmine
Leyden
Lilly Pond
Little Alum Pond
Long Sought For Pond
Maple Hill
Maple Springs
Martha Deering
Martin H. Burns
Mascuppic Lake
Mashpee Pine Barrens
Mashpee Pond Lot
Mashpee River
Mckinstry Brook
Meetinghouse Swamp
Merrill Pond
Miacomet Heath
Mill Brook Bogs
Mill River
Millers River
Mine Brook
Montague
Montague Plains
Moose Brook Access
Moose Brook
Moose Hill
Mossy Pond
Mount Watatic Reservation
Mt. Esther
Mt. Toby Highlands
Mt. Toby
Mt. Tom
Muddy Brook
Muddy Pond
Mulpus Brook
Nashua River
Natty Brook
Nemasket River
Nissitissit River
Noquochoke
Nordeen Marsh
North Brookfield
North Shore Salt Marsh
Northboro
Oakham
Olivers Pond
Orange
Otis
Packard Pond
Palmer
Pantry Brook
Pauchaug Brook
Peru
Peterson Swamp
Phillipston
Podunk Marsh
Poland Brook
Popple Camp
Popponesset Spit
Poutwater Pond
Powell Brook
Prince River
Provincetown Route 6 Corridor
Purchade Brook
Quaboag
Quacumquasit
Quag Pond Bog
Quashnet River
Quashnet Woods State Reservation
Quinapoxet River
Quinsigamond Marsh
Quisset
Raccoon Hill
Rainbow Beach
Red Brook
Richardson
Robbins Pond
Rochester
Rocky Gutter
Rowe
Salisbury Salt Marsh
Salisbury Salt Marsh WMA
Sandwich Game Farm
Sandy Pond
Satan's Kingdom
Savage Hill
Savoy
Sawmill River
Scorton Creek Coastal
SE Mass Bioreserve
Sevenmile River
Shattuck Brook
Sheperds Island
Shubael Pond
Sibley Brook
Sly Pond
South Barrier Beach
South Meadow Pond
South Shore Salt Marsh
South Triangle Pond
Southampton
Southwick
Spectacle Pond
Springhill Lot
Sputtermill Pond
Squannacook River
Stafford Hill
Sudbury River
Sunderland Islands
Taconic Mountain
Taunton River Access
Taunton River
Tekoa Mountain
Thad Ellis
Thayer Pond
Three Mile Pond
Townsend
Townsend Hill
Trapfall Brook
Triangle Pond
Tully Brook
Tully Mountain
Tully River
Wakeby Pond
Wales
Walnut Hill
Ware River
Warwick
Wendell
West Meadows
Westboro
Westfield River
Westfield
Weymouth Back River
Whately Great Swamp
Whately Ponds
Whately
Wilbraham Game Farm
William Forward
Williams River
Williamsburg
Winimusset
Wolf Swamp
Wildlifesanctuaries
Billingsgate Island
Carr Island
E. Howe Forbush
Egg Rock
Grace A. Robson
J.C. Phillips
Knight
Penikese Island
Ram Island (Mattapoisett)
Ram Island (Salisbury)
Susan B. Minns
Tarpaulin Cove
Watatic Mountain
The Nature Conservancy
Black Pond Bog
Boat Meadow
Francis Newhall Woods
Grassy Pond
Greene Swamp
Halfway Pond Island
Hawley Bog
Hockomock Swamp
Hoft Farm
Homer-Watcha
Katama Plains
McElwain-Olsen
Miacomet Moors
Reed Brook
Roger and Virginia Drury
Sandy Neck
David H. Smith Preserve and Fire Trail
Stacy Mountain
Tatkon
Trustees of Reservations
Governor Oliver Ames Estate
Appleton Farms
Ashintully Gardens
Bartholomew's Cobble
Bear Swamp
Bear's Den
Boston Community Gardens
The Brickyard
Bullitt
Chestnut Hill Farm
Colonel John Ashley House
Dunes' Edge Campground
Francis William Bird Park
Eleanor Cabot Bradley Estate
Bridge Island Meadows
Brooks Woodland
William Cullen Bryant Homestead
Cape Poge
Cedariver
Castle Hill
Chapel Brook
Charles River Peninsula
Chase Woodlands
Chesterfield Gorge
Coolidge
Copicut Woods
Cormier Woods
Coskata-Coatue Wildlife Refuge
Crane Beach
Crane Wildlife Refuge
Crowninshield Island
Dexter Drumlin
Dinosaur Footprints
Doane's Falls
Doyle
Dry Hill
East Over
Elliott Laurel
Farandnear
FARM Institute
Field Farm
Fruitlands Museum
Fork Factory Brook
Glendale Falls
Goose Pond
Greenwood Farm
Hales Brook and Sippican River
Halibut Point
Hamlin
Allen C. Haskell Public Gardens
Holmes
Governor Hutchinson's Field
Jacobs Hill
Little Tom Mountain
Land of Providence
Leatherbee Woods
Long Hill
Long Point
Lowell Holly
Lyman
Malcolm
Mashpee River
McLennan
Medfield Meadow Lots
Medfield Rhododendrons
Menemsha Hills and The Brickyard
Misery Islands
Mission House
The Monoliths
Monument Mountain
Moose Hill Farm
Moraine Farm
Mount Ann
Mount Warner
Mountain Meadow
Mytoi
Naumkeag
Noanet Woodlands
Noon Hill and Shattuck
Norris
North Common Meadow
Norton Point Beach
Notchview
Old Manse
Old Town Hill
Peaked Mountain
Pegan Hill
Peters
Petticoat Hill
Pierce
Pine and Hemlock Knoll
Powisset Farm
Questing
Quinebaug Woods
Ravenswood Park
Redemption Rock
Rock House
Rocky Narrows
Rocky Woods
Royalston Falls
Shattuck
Signal Hill
Slocum's River
Stavros
Stevens-Coolidge
Swift River
Tantiusques
Tully Lake Campground
Two Mile Farm
Tyringham Cobble
Ward
Wasque
Weir Hill
Weir River Farm
Westport Town Farm
Whitney and Thayer Woods
World's End
Audubon Society wildlife sanctuaries
Allens Pond
Arcadia
Ashumet Holly
Attleboro Springs
Barnstable Great Marsh
Blue Hills Trailside Museum
Boston Nature Center
Broad Meadow Brook
Broadmoor
Burncoat Pond
Canoe Meadows
Daniel Webster
Drumlin Farm
Eagle Lake
Eastern Point
Endicott
Felix Neck
Flat Rock
Graves Farm
Great Neck
Habitat
High Ledges
Ipswich River
Joppa Flats
Kettle Island
Lake Wampanoag
Laughing Brook
Lime Kiln Farm
Lincoln Woods
Long Pasture
Lynes Woods
Marblehead Neck
Moose Hill
Museum of American Bird Art
Nahant Thicket
Nashoba Brook
North Hill Marsh
North River
Oak Knoll
Pierpont Meadow
Pleasant Valley
Poor Farm Hill
Richardson Brook
Road's End
Rough Meadows
Rutland Brook
Sampsons Island
Sesachacha Heathlands
Skunknett River
Stony Brook
Wachusett Meadow
Waseeka
Wellfleet Bay
Wildwood Camp
Other
Concord Land Conservation Trust
Harvard Forest
Lincoln Land Conservation Trust
Lloyd Center for the Environment
Lynn Woods Reservation
Norcross Wildlife Sanctuary
Old Harbor Wildlife Refuge
Category
Boston
Emerald Necklace
Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs
Commons
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_town"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Becket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Becket,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Lenox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenox,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-berkshire-3"},{"link_name":"state forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_forest"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Department_of_Conservation_and_Recreation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dcr-4"}],"text":"Protected area in Massachusetts, United StatesOctober Mountain State Forest is a 16,460-acre (6,660 ha) forest and recreational preserve located primarily in the town of Washington with adjoining parcels in Becket, Lee, and Lenox.[3] It is the largest state forest in Massachusetts and is managed by the Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation.[4]","title":"October Mountain State Forest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William C. Whitney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Whitney"},{"link_name":"Grover Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Secretary of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-berkshire-3"},{"link_name":"Herman Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Melville"},{"link_name":"Pittsfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsfield"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dcr-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shaker_Brook_Swamp_off_AT_October_Mountain_Forest.jpg"}],"text":"The forest came into state ownership via the estate of William C. Whitney, President Grover Cleveland's Secretary of the Navy. The purchase of the initial 11,000 acres (4,500 ha) was made in 1915 for a total of $60,000, part of which came through the pledge of a group of Berkshire residents. The area was opened to the public that year.[3] The name \"October Mountain\" is said to have been bestowed by author Herman Melville, whose home in Pittsfield overlooked the area.[4]The view off of the Appalachian Trail in October Mountain State Forest of the Washington Mountain Marsh near West Branch Road. (Washington, Massachusetts)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trail-5"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Trail"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dcr-4"}],"text":"Forest trails are available for hiking, mountain biking, cross-country skiing, and off-road vehicle use. Trails include a 2.7-mile (4.3 km) interpretive trail around Washington Mountain Marsh,[5] a portion of the Appalachian Trail, and a trail through scenic Schermerhorn Gorge. The forest has 47 campsites including wheelchair-accessible sites. Recreational opportunities include non-motorized boating, fishing, and restricted hunting.[4]","title":"Activities and amenities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hoosac Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoosac_Range"},{"link_name":"Housatonic River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housatonic_River"}],"text":"The forest encompasses a portion of the Hoosac Range on the western edge of the central Berkshires. The eponymous October Mountain is a ridge that rises steeply above the Housatonic River valley to the west and contains the forest's highest point. The central portion of the forest is an uplands area that includes several reservoirs, and the Washington Mountain Marsh. The eastern edge of the forest has a second, lower ridge, known as Washington Mountain.","title":"Geography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The view off of the Appalachian Trail in October Mountain State Forest of the Washington Mountain Marsh near West Branch Road. (Washington, Massachusetts)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Shaker_Brook_Swamp_off_AT_October_Mountain_Forest.jpg/220px-Shaker_Brook_Swamp_off_AT_October_Mountain_Forest.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"October Mountain State Forest\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/598749","url_text":"\"October Mountain State Forest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"2012 Acreage Listing\" (PDF). Department of Conservation and Recreation. April 2012. Retrieved January 19, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mass.gov/eea/docs/dcr/ld/acreage.pdf","url_text":"\"2012 Acreage Listing\""}]},{"reference":"\"October Mountain State Forest\". Sports and Recreation in the Berkshires. The BerkshireWeb. Retrieved August 18, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.berkshireweb.com/sports/parks/october.html","url_text":"\"October Mountain State Forest\""}]},{"reference":"\"October Mount State Forest\". MassParks. Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs. Retrieved July 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/dcr/massparks/region-west/october-mountain-state-forest-generic.html","url_text":"\"October Mount State Forest\""}]},{"reference":"\"Washington Mountain Marsh Interpretive Trail\" (PDF). Department of Conservation and Recreation. August 2011. Retrieved September 18, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mass.gov/eea/docs/dcr/parks/trails/octmt-interp.pdf","url_text":"\"Washington Mountain Marsh Interpretive Trail\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=October_Mountain_State_Forest¶ms=42_21_00_N_73_10_28_W_type:landmark_dim:8km","external_links_name":"42°21′00″N 73°10′28″W / 42.35000°N 73.17444°W / 42.35000; -73.17444"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=October_Mountain_State_Forest¶ms=42_21_00_N_73_10_28_W_type:landmark_dim:8km","external_links_name":"42°21′00″N 73°10′28″W / 42.35000°N 73.17444°W / 42.35000; -73.17444"},{"Link":"http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/dcr/massparks/region-west/october-mountain-state-forest-generic.html","external_links_name":"October Mountain State Forest"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/598749","external_links_name":"\"October Mountain State Forest\""},{"Link":"http://www.mass.gov/eea/docs/dcr/ld/acreage.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2012 Acreage Listing\""},{"Link":"http://www.berkshireweb.com/sports/parks/october.html","external_links_name":"\"October Mountain State Forest\""},{"Link":"http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/dcr/massparks/region-west/october-mountain-state-forest-generic.html","external_links_name":"\"October Mount State Forest\""},{"Link":"http://www.mass.gov/eea/docs/dcr/parks/trails/octmt-interp.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Washington Mountain Marsh Interpretive Trail\""},{"Link":"http://www.mass.gov/eea/agencies/dcr/massparks/region-west/october-mountain-state-forest-generic.html","external_links_name":"October Mountain State Forest"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regression_Analysis_of_Time_Series
|
RATS (software)
|
["1 History","2 Features","3 Mode of operation","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
|
RATSDeveloper(s)EstimaStable release10.1
/ October 2023; 8 months ago (2023-10)
Operating systemCross-platformTypeEconometrics softwareLicenseProprietaryWebsiteRATS
RATS, an abbreviation of Regression Analysis of Time Series, is a statistical package for time series analysis and econometrics. RATS is developed and sold by Estima, Inc., located in Evanston, IL.
History
The forerunner of RATS was a FORTRAN program called SPECTRE, written by economist Christopher A. Sims. SPECTRE was designed to overcome some limitations of existing software that affected Sims' research in the 1970s, by providing spectral analysis and also the ability to run long unrestricted distributed lags. The program was then expanded by Tom Doan, then of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, who added ARIMA and VAR capabilities and went on to found the consulting firm that owns and distributes RATS software. In its early incarnations, RATS was designed primarily for time series analysis, but as it evolved, it acquired other capabilities. With the advent of personal computers in 1984, RATS went from being a specialty mainframe program to an econometrics package sold to a much broader market.
Features
RATS is a powerful program, which can perform a range of econometric and statistical operations. The following is a list of the major procedures in econometrics and time series analysis that can be implemented in RATS. All these methods can be used in order to forecast, as well as to conduct data analysis. In addition, RATS can handle cross-sectional and panel data:
Linear regression, including stepwise.
Regressions with heteroscedasticity and serial-correlation correction.
Non-linear least squares.
Two-stage least squares, three-stage least squares, and seemingly unrelated regressions.
Non-linear systems estimation.
Generalized Method of Moments.
Maximum likelihood estimation.
Simultaneous equation systems, large econometric models.
ARIMA (autoregressive, integrated moving average) and transfer function models.
Spectral analysis.
Kalman filter and State Space models.
Neural networks.
Regressions with discrete dependent variables, such as logistic regressions.
ARCH and GARCH models.
Vector autoregressions.
RATS can read data from a variety of file formats and database sources, including Excel files, text files, Stata files, and most databases that support SQL and ODBC. It can handle virtually any data frequency, including daily, weekly, intra-day, and panel data.
RATS has extensive graphics capabilities. It can generate high-resolution time series graphs, high-resolution X-Y scatter plots, dual-scale graphs, and can export graphs to many formats, including PostScript and Windows Metafile.
Mode of operation
RATS can be run interactively, or in batch mode. In the interactive mode, the user can run existing programs, or perform new tasks either by using menu-driven "wizards" or by typing in commands directly (or a combination of both approaches). The menu-driven wizards automatically generate the corresponding commands, allowing users to interactively construct complete programs that can be saved and re-run later.
New users often prefer the interactive mode, while experienced users will often prefer to run batch jobs. After an interactive session, the code can be saved, and converted to a batch format. One advantage of RATS, as opposed to automated forecasting software, is that it is an actual programming language, which enables the user to design custom models, and change specifications.
Recent versions have added report-generation tools designed to facilitate accurate exporting of results for use in papers and other documents.
See also
Comparison of statistical packages – includes information on RATS features
References
^ "The RATS letter Volume 32, No. 1" (PDF). Retrieved 2024-01-15.
^ Renfro, Charles G. (2004). Computational Econometrics: Its Impact on the Development of Quantitative Economics. IOS Press. p. 36. ISBN 1-58603-426-X.
^ Ooms, Marius; Doornik, Jurgen A. (2006). "Econometric software development: past, present and future". Statistica Neerlandica. 60 (2): 206–224. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9574.2006.00317.x.
Further reading
Brooks, Chris (2008). RATS Handbook to Accompany Introductory Econometrics for Finance. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89695-5.
MacKie-Mason, Jeffrey K. (1992). "Econometric Software: A User's View". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 6 (4): 165–187. doi:10.1257/jep.6.4.165.
Enders, Walter (1996). RATS Handbook for Econometric Time Series. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-14894-6.
External links
Estima
RATS Discussion Forum
vteStatistical softwarePublic domain
Dataplot
Epi Info
CSPro
X-12-ARIMA
Open-source
ADMB
DAP
gretl
JASP
JAGS
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Julia
Jupyter (Julia, Python, R)
GNU Octave
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PSPP
Python (statsmodels, PyMC3, IPython, IDLE)
R (RStudio)
SageMath
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Stan
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Freeware
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GAUSS
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JMP
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RATS
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Windows only
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Statistica
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SYSTAT
The Unscrambler
UNISTAT
Excel add-ons
Analyse-it
UNISTAT for Excel
XLfit
RExcel
Category
Comparison
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"statistical package","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_package"},{"link_name":"time series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_series"},{"link_name":"econometrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometrics"},{"link_name":"Evanston, IL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evanston,_IL"}],"text":"RATS, an abbreviation of Regression Analysis of Time Series, is a statistical package for time series analysis and econometrics. RATS is developed and sold by Estima, Inc., located in Evanston, IL.","title":"RATS (software)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FORTRAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FORTRAN"},{"link_name":"Christopher A. Sims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_A._Sims"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Tom Doan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom_Doan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"ARIMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoregressive_integrated_moving_average"},{"link_name":"VAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_autoregression"},{"link_name":"time series analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_series_analysis"},{"link_name":"mainframe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer"},{"link_name":"econometrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Econometrics"}],"text":"The forerunner of RATS was a FORTRAN program called SPECTRE, written by economist Christopher A. Sims.[2] SPECTRE was designed to overcome some limitations of existing software that affected Sims' research in the 1970s, by providing spectral analysis and also the ability to run long unrestricted distributed lags.[3] The program was then expanded by Tom Doan, then of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, who added ARIMA and VAR capabilities and went on to found the consulting firm that owns and distributes RATS software. In its early incarnations, RATS was designed primarily for time series analysis, but as it evolved, it acquired other capabilities. With the advent of personal computers in 1984, RATS went from being a specialty mainframe program to an econometrics package sold to a much broader market.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Linear regression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_regression"},{"link_name":"Non-linear least squares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-linear_least_squares"},{"link_name":"Maximum likelihood estimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_likelihood_estimation"},{"link_name":"ARIMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIMA"},{"link_name":"Kalman filter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalman_filter"},{"link_name":"Neural networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_network"},{"link_name":"ARCH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARCH"},{"link_name":"GARCH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GARCH"},{"link_name":"Vector autoregressions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_autoregression"}],"text":"RATS is a powerful program, which can perform a range of econometric and statistical operations. The following is a list of the major procedures in econometrics and time series analysis that can be implemented in RATS. All these methods can be used in order to forecast, as well as to conduct data analysis. In addition, RATS can handle cross-sectional and panel data:Linear regression, including stepwise.\nRegressions with heteroscedasticity and serial-correlation correction.\nNon-linear least squares.\nTwo-stage least squares, three-stage least squares, and seemingly unrelated regressions.\nNon-linear systems estimation.\nGeneralized Method of Moments.\nMaximum likelihood estimation.\nSimultaneous equation systems, large econometric models.\nARIMA (autoregressive, integrated moving average) and transfer function models.\nSpectral analysis.\nKalman filter and State Space models.\nNeural networks.\nRegressions with discrete dependent variables, such as logistic regressions.\nARCH and GARCH models.\nVector autoregressions.RATS can read data from a variety of file formats and database sources, including Excel files, text files, Stata files, and most databases that support SQL and ODBC. It can handle virtually any data frequency, including daily, weekly, intra-day, and panel data.RATS has extensive graphics capabilities. It can generate high-resolution time series graphs, high-resolution X-Y scatter plots, dual-scale graphs, and can export graphs to many formats, including PostScript and Windows Metafile.","title":"Features"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"RATS can be run interactively, or in batch mode. In the interactive mode, the user can run existing programs, or perform new tasks either by using menu-driven \"wizards\" or by typing in commands directly (or a combination of both approaches). The menu-driven wizards automatically generate the corresponding commands, allowing users to interactively construct complete programs that can be saved and re-run later.New users often prefer the interactive mode, while experienced users will often prefer to run batch jobs. After an interactive session, the code can be saved, and converted to a batch format. One advantage of RATS, as opposed to automated forecasting software, is that it is an actual programming language, which enables the user to design custom models, and change specifications.Recent versions have added report-generation tools designed to facilitate accurate exporting of results for use in papers and other documents.","title":"Mode of operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RATS Handbook to Accompany Introductory Econometrics for Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=rQOGPHz4uMEC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-89695-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89695-5"},{"link_name":"\"Econometric Software: A User's View\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.6.4.165"},{"link_name":"Journal of Economic Perspectives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_Perspectives"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1257/jep.6.4.165","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.6.4.165"},{"link_name":"RATS Handbook for Econometric Time Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=e_YYAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-471-14894-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-14894-6"}],"text":"Brooks, Chris (2008). RATS Handbook to Accompany Introductory Econometrics for Finance. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89695-5.\nMacKie-Mason, Jeffrey K. (1992). \"Econometric Software: A User's View\". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 6 (4): 165–187. doi:10.1257/jep.6.4.165.\nEnders, Walter (1996). RATS Handbook for Econometric Time Series. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-14894-6.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Comparison of statistical packages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_statistical_packages"}]
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[{"reference":"\"The RATS letter Volume 32, No. 1\" (PDF). Retrieved 2024-01-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://estima.com/newslett/Oct2023RATSLetter.pdf","url_text":"\"The RATS letter Volume 32, No. 1\""}]},{"reference":"Renfro, Charles G. (2004). Computational Econometrics: Its Impact on the Development of Quantitative Economics. IOS Press. p. 36. ISBN 1-58603-426-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CZg42jo02CEC&pg=PA36","url_text":"Computational Econometrics: Its Impact on the Development of Quantitative Economics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58603-426-X","url_text":"1-58603-426-X"}]},{"reference":"Ooms, Marius; Doornik, Jurgen A. (2006). \"Econometric software development: past, present and future\". Statistica Neerlandica. 60 (2): 206–224. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9574.2006.00317.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9574.2006.00317.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1467-9574.2006.00317.x"}]},{"reference":"Brooks, Chris (2008). RATS Handbook to Accompany Introductory Econometrics for Finance. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89695-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rQOGPHz4uMEC","url_text":"RATS Handbook to Accompany Introductory Econometrics for Finance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89695-5","url_text":"978-0-521-89695-5"}]},{"reference":"MacKie-Mason, Jeffrey K. (1992). \"Econometric Software: A User's View\". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 6 (4): 165–187. doi:10.1257/jep.6.4.165.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.6.4.165","url_text":"\"Econometric Software: A User's View\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_Perspectives","url_text":"Journal of Economic Perspectives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.6.4.165","url_text":"10.1257/jep.6.4.165"}]},{"reference":"Enders, Walter (1996). RATS Handbook for Econometric Time Series. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-14894-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=e_YYAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"RATS Handbook for Econometric Time Series"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-14894-6","url_text":"0-471-14894-6"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Dulli
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Greg Dulli
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["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 1986–2001: The Afghan Whigs","2.2 2000-2011: The Twilight Singers, The Gutter Twins","2.3 2011 onward: The Afghan Whigs revival, solo debut","3 Personal life","4 Discography","4.1 Studio albums","4.2 Compilation albums","4.3 Live albums","5 References","6 External links"]
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American musician
Greg DulliDulli performing at Primavera Sound in Barcelona in 2012.Background informationBorn (1965-05-11) May 11, 1965 (age 59)OriginHamilton, Ohio, USGenresRock, alternative rock, grunge, indie rockYears active1987–presentMember ofThe Afghan Whigs, The Twilight SingersFormerly ofThe Gutter TwinsMusical artist
Greg Dulli (born May 11, 1965) is an American musician from Hamilton, Ohio. Debuting as a member of the rock band the Afghan Whigs in 1986, Dulli has been a member of the Twilight Singers, Gutter Twins, and in 2020 released his debut solo album, Random Desire. Dulli is known as the voice of John Lennon in the 1994 film Backbeat, and has produced music for musicians such as Afterhours, and is known as a regular collaborator of Mark Lanegan and Joseph Arthur.
Early life
Dulli grew up in Hamilton, Ohio. In 1983, he studied film at the University of Cincinnati, but later dropped out after a year and a half, moving to Los Angeles and working at Tower Records on Sunset Boulevard while attempting to become an actor. Inspired to become a musician by the band the Dream Syndicate, Dulli moved back to Cincinnati and formed a band called the Black Republicans.
Career
1986–2001: The Afghan Whigs
Main article: The Afghan Whigs
The Afghan Whigs performing in Leicester (1993).
Dulli formed the Afghan Whigs in late 1986 with bassist John Curley, who had also been a member of the Black Republicans, Rick McCollum, a guitarist who Dulli bonded with over their shared love of R&B, and later drummer Steve Earle. The band independently released their debut album Big Top Halloween in 1988, which had been recorded in Curley's home studio. The release caught the attention of Jonathan Poneman, the co-founder of Seattle-based indie label Sub Pop, who signed the band in 1989. The band released their first album with Sub Pop, Up in It, in 1990, and a follow-up in 1992, Congregation.
The band's success led to a contract with major label Elektra Records in 1992, where they released Gentlemen (1993) and Black Love (1996). In 1994, Dulli was featured in Backbeat, a film detailing the pre-fame years of the Beatles, where he portrayed John Lennon's singing voice. Dulli also appeared on Foo Fighters' debut album in 1995, as the only credited musician other than Dave Grohl. In 1997, Dulli moved to New Orleans, renting R.E.M. guitarist Peter Buck's house. Dulli also worked with directors Ted Demme and Joel Stillerman to produce a film script based on author Ann Imbrie's novel Spoken in Darkness (1993), which Elektra agreed to finance as a part of the band's 1992 contract, but the film was never made.
Disappointed with the management and lack of promotion through Elektra, the band signed with Columbia Records (who had to pay out Elektra for the contract), and in 1998 the group released 1965, which happened at the same time Dulli was receiving treatment for depression. While touring in support of 1965, Dulli was beaten by an employee of a Texas club until he had a fractured skull, sending him into a coma. However, he recovered and returned to touring in just two months.
The band did not perform together from September 1999 until announcing their split in February 2001, blaming the difficulties of working together with each member living in different US states. Dulli co-purchased Short Stop, a bar in Los Angeles, soon after the announcement.
2000-2011: The Twilight Singers, The Gutter Twins
Main articles: The Twilight Singers and The Gutter Twins
Greg Dulli (right) performing with The Twilight Singers in 2006.
Dulli's main musical project became the Twilight Singers. First formed in 1997 as a side project featuring New Orleans-based musicians, the group released their debut album Twilight as Played by The Twilight Singers in 2000. Dulli began working on a solo record, however due to the death of his close friend Ted Demme the sessions were shelved, and Dulli was inspired to write the band's second album Blackberry Belle (2003) instead. The solo material Dulli had written was eventually released as Amber Headlights in 2005. The Twilight Singers released the covers album She Loves You in 2004, followed by Powder Burns in 2006, and Dynamite Steps (2011).
Dulli and Mark Lanegan formed a group named the Gutter Twins, and signed to Sub Pop in 2008, releasing their debut album Saturnalia on the label, as well as an extended play Adorata in the same year. Dulli first met Lanegan in the early 1990s, and had been close friends and collaborators since the year 2000. Later that year, Dulli released a solo live album, featuring content he had recorded at The Triple Door in Seattle, for the A Drink for the Kids fundraising effort by The Vera Project. Dulli released a solo single in 2009, covering the Eddie Hinton tracks "Hard Luck Guy" and "Cover Me", as a part of Shake It Records' series vinyl single tributes to Hinton.
In October 2010, for the first time in his career Greg Dulli embarked on a solo tour, which saw him perform twenty-nine shows in five different countries.
2011 onward: The Afghan Whigs revival, solo debut
In 2011 the Afghan Whigs announced that they were reuniting, the first time the band had been together since recording two songs in 2006 for the Afghan Whigs compilation album Unbreakable: A Retrospective 1990–2006. The band toured internationally for their 2012 reunion tour, reaching sixteen countries, and in the following year Dulli teamed up with Steve Kilbey of The Church for several live performances in Los Angeles.
In 2014, the band released their first album in 16 years, Do to the Beast, which debuted at number 32 on Billboard's Top 200 Albums and the #8 spot and #7 spot on the rock albums and alternative albums charts respectively. This was followed with a second revival album in 2017, titled In Spades.
After the release of In Spades and the death of Afghan Whigs' guitarist Dave Rosser, Dulli began to work on his first solo album. The album, Random Desire (2020), took influence from Prince and Todd Rundgren's methods of writing and performing almost every instrument on their records. Dulli's tour for the album was originally meant to be an international tour held from March to May, however this was postponed due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Personal life
Dulli co-owns several bars across the United States. Dulli co-owns three bars in Los Angeles: Short Stop on Sunset Boulevard (which he purchased in 2001), Club Tee Gee in Atwater Village and Footsies in Cypress Park. Additionally, Dulli co-owns three bars in his former residence New Orleans: the Royal Street Inn and R Bar in Faubourg Marigny, and Bud Rip's in Bywater.
Discography
Studio albums
Title
Details
Random Desire
Released: February 21, 2020
Label: Royal Cream, BMG
Formats: CD, digital download, streaming, vinyl
Compilation albums
Title
Details
Amber Headlights
Released: September 6, 2005
Label: Infernal Recordings
Formats: CD, digital download
Live albums
Title
Details
Live at Triple Door
Released: October 28, 2008
Label: Infernal Recordings
Formats: CD, digital download
References
^ "HAPPY 55TH BIRTHDAY GREG DULLI (AFGHAN WHIGS, TWILIGHT SINGERS)". Magnet Magazine. May 11, 2020. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ Clarke, Betty (November 24, 2006). "Afterhours, Ballads For Little Hyenas". The Guardian. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ Hughes, Rob (September 25, 2019). "Mark Lanegan: a guide to his best albums". Louder Sound. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ Wong, Miranda ZY. (September 20, 2019). "Joseph Arthur, Patrick Carney & Greg Dulli Debut Indie-Folk Collaboration "Seek and Find"". Mxdwn. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ Graff, Gary (February 18, 2019). "Greg Dulli Debuts 'A Ghost' From First Solo Album 'Random Desire': Premiere". Billboard. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ a b c Cromelin, Richard (January 22, 1994). "Whigged Out : Group's 'Gentlemen' Delves Into Dark Psyche of '90s Male". LA Times. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ a b c d Arnold, Gina (May 16, 1996). "He stole the soul". Dallas Observer. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ a b c d e f Nager, Larry (November 26, 1998). "Afghan Whigs Waiting In Wings For Stardom". Seattle Times. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "The Afghan Whigs – Music Biography, Streaming Radio and Discography – AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
^ Grendon, Bob (2004). Gentlemen. Continuum. pp. 11–15. ISBN 978-0-8264-2910-0.
^ "Foo Fighters". Rolling Stone. August 10, 1995. Retrieved January 1, 2015.
^ Welch, Michael Patrick (June 1, 2006). "Twilight In New Orleans". Offbeat. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ Weiss, Dan (November 12, 2014). "The Afghan Whigs Dissect 'Gentlemen,' Track By Track". Spin. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ Gross, Joe (2004). "Afghan Whigs". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. 9–10. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8. Retrieved August 6, 2012.
^ Chonin, Neva (December 2, 1998). "Afghan Whigs Bare Almost All / Lead singer Dulli finds joy again in sensual, life-affirming '1965'". SFGate. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ "Afghan Whigs Offer Shocking Account Of Nightclub Incident - mtv.com". MTV.
^ "The Afghan Whigs: a personal story". August 10, 2017.
^ "LO-FIS TURN TO NEW DULLI". NME. February 8, 2001. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ a b c Nishimoto, Rei (May 15, 2012). "The Afghan Whigs Announce Summer 2012 Reunion Tour Dates". MXDWN. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ a b "Former Afghan Whigs Leader Buys L.A. Bar". Billboard. February 23, 2001. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ Ruhlmann, William. "Artist Biography". Allmusic. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ a b McMahan, Tim (November 5, 2003). "The Twilight Singer's Greg Dulli: Remembering Teddy". Lazy-i. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ Kerr, Dave (May 16, 2006). "The Twilight Singers: From Despair to Where?". The Skinny. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ "Gutter Twins (Dulli and Lanegan) Sign to Sub Pop". Archived from the original on March 7, 2008. Retrieved March 5, 2008.
^ a b c d Thomas, Fred (2020). "Artist Biography". Allmusic. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ Album review by Joshua Klein. (September 4, 2008). "The Gutter Twins - Adorata E.P". Pitchfork. Retrieved October 6, 2012.
^ Kerr, Dave (February 22, 2008). "From down in the dark: The Gutter Twins step into the light". Drowned in Sound. Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ "Gutter Twins' man live album on the way". NME. October 14, 2008. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ Varias, Chris (April 2009). "Hard Luck Guy". Cincinnati: 34.
^ Young, Alex (July 27, 2010). "Greg Dulli maps out first ever solo tour". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ Phillips, Amy (September 8, 2006). "Afghan Whigs Reunite". Archived from the original on February 3, 2009. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
^ Baltin, Steve (October 10, 2013). "Afghan Whigs, Church Frontmen Debut New Project". Rolling Stone. Retrieved November 15, 2013.
^ "Afghan Whigs Enter Billboard Charts". Summer's Kiss.
^ Grow, Kory (January 27, 2014). "Afghan Whigs Plan 'Beast' of a New Record, First in 16 Years". Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ Bacioron, Robin (December 4, 2019). "The Afghan Whigs' Greg Dulli announces debut solo album Random Desire, shares "Pantomima": Stream". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ a b Spera, Keith (August 13, 2020). "Greg Dulli can't tour and his New Orleans bars are closed, so he'll livestream a solo show". Nola. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ Nati, Michelle (November 29, 2018). "Atwater Dive Bar Gets New Lease on Life". Los Feliz Ledger. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ Bradley, Paul T. (June 4, 2012). "TOP 10 JUKEBOXES IN LOS ANGELES". LA Weekly. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ Price, Simon (March 5, 2012). "Your Attention Please... Greg Dulli Of The Afghan Whigs Interviewed". The Quietus. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ "Random Desire". iTunes. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ "Greg Dulli Amber Headlights". AllMusic. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
^ "Live at Triple Door". iTunes. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
External links
The Afghan Whigs official site
The Twilight Singers official site
The Gutter Twins official site
vteThe Afghan Whigs
Greg Dulli
John Curley
Rick G. Nelson
Dave Rosser
Jon Skibic
Patrick Keeler
Rick McCollum
Steve Earle
Paul Buchignani
Michael Horrigan
Doug Falsetti
Cully Symington
Mark McGuire
Studio albums
Big Top Halloween
Up in It
Congregation
Gentlemen
Black Love
1965
Do to the Beast
In Spades
How Do You Burn?
Extended plays
Uptown Avondale
What Jail Is Like EP
The B-Sides/The Conversation
Honky's Ladder EP
Bonnie & Clyde EP
Live at Howlin' Wolf, New Orleans
Compilation albums
Historectomy
Unbreakable: A Retrospective 1990–2006
Related articles
Discography
The Twilight Singers
Mark Lanegan
The Gutter Twins
vteThe Twilight Singers
Greg Dulli
Scott Ford
Rick G. Nelson
Dave Rosser
Greg Wieczorek
Studio albums
Twilight as Played by The Twilight Singers (2000)
Blackberry Belle (2003)
She Loves You (2004)
Powder Burns (2006)
Dynamite Steps (2011)
EPs
Black Is the Color of My True Love's Hair (2003)
A Stitch in Time (2006)
Greg Dulli solo
Greg Dulli's Amber Headlights (2005)
Random Desire (2020)
Related articles
Discography
The Afghan Whigs
The Gutter Twins
Mark Lanegan
vteThe Gutter Twins
Mark Lanegan
Greg Dulli
Scott Ford
Jeff Klein
Dave Rosser
Cully Symington
Studio albums
Saturnalia
EPs
Adorata
Singles
"God's Children"
Related articles
Discography
Screaming Trees
The Afghan Whigs
Queens of the Stone Age
The Twilight Singers
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
Germany
United States
Czech Republic
Artists
MusicBrainz
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Debuting as a member of the rock band the Afghan Whigs in 1986, Dulli has been a member of the Twilight Singers, Gutter Twins, and in 2020 released his debut solo album, Random Desire. Dulli is known as the voice of John Lennon in the 1994 film Backbeat, and has produced music for musicians such as Afterhours,[2] and is known as a regular collaborator of Mark Lanegan and Joseph Arthur.[3][4][5]","title":"Greg Dulli"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamilton, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATimes-6"},{"link_name":"University of Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Tower Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Records"},{"link_name":"Sunset Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATimes-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dallas-7"},{"link_name":"the Dream Syndicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dream_Syndicate"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dallas-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LATimes-6"}],"text":"Dulli grew up in Hamilton, Ohio.[6] In 1983, he studied film at the University of Cincinnati, but later dropped out after a year and a half, moving to Los Angeles and working at Tower Records on Sunset Boulevard while attempting to become an actor.[6][7] Inspired to become a musician by the band the Dream Syndicate, Dulli moved back to Cincinnati and formed a band called the Black Republicans.[7][6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Afghan_Whigs_(1992).jpg"},{"link_name":"Leicester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester"},{"link_name":"the Afghan Whigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Afghan_Whigs"},{"link_name":"John Curley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Curley_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seattle-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephen_Thomas_Erlewine-9"},{"link_name":"Big Top Halloween","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Top_Halloween"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gentlemen-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seattle-8"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Poneman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Poneman"},{"link_name":"Sub Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub_Pop"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dallas-7"},{"link_name":"Up in It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_in_It"},{"link_name":"Congregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_(The_Afghan_Whigs_album)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seattle-8"},{"link_name":"Elektra Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_Records"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dallas-7"},{"link_name":"Gentlemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentlemen_(album)"},{"link_name":"Black Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Love_(The_Afghan_Whigs_album)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seattle-8"},{"link_name":"Backbeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backbeat_(film)"},{"link_name":"the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seattle-8"},{"link_name":"Foo Fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foo_Fighters"},{"link_name":"debut album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foo_Fighters_(album)"},{"link_name":"Dave Grohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Grohl"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"R.E.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.E.M."},{"link_name":"Peter Buck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Buck"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Offbeat-12"},{"link_name":"Ted Demme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Demme"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spin-13"},{"link_name":"Columbia Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Records"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_(The_Afghan_Whigs_album)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Seattle-8"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSguide-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SFGate-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mxdwn-19"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Short-20"}],"sub_title":"1986–2001: The Afghan Whigs","text":"The Afghan Whigs performing in Leicester (1993).Dulli formed the Afghan Whigs in late 1986 with bassist John Curley, who had also been a member of the Black Republicans, Rick McCollum, a guitarist who Dulli bonded with over their shared love of R&B, and later drummer Steve Earle.[8][9] The band independently released their debut album Big Top Halloween in 1988,[10] which had been recorded in Curley's home studio.[8] The release caught the attention of Jonathan Poneman, the co-founder of Seattle-based indie label Sub Pop, who signed the band in 1989.[7] The band released their first album with Sub Pop, Up in It, in 1990, and a follow-up in 1992, Congregation.[8]The band's success led to a contract with major label Elektra Records in 1992,[7] where they released Gentlemen (1993) and Black Love (1996).[8] In 1994, Dulli was featured in Backbeat, a film detailing the pre-fame years of the Beatles, where he portrayed John Lennon's singing voice.[8] Dulli also appeared on Foo Fighters' debut album in 1995, as the only credited musician other than Dave Grohl.[11] In 1997, Dulli moved to New Orleans, renting R.E.M. guitarist Peter Buck's house.[12] Dulli also worked with directors Ted Demme and Joel Stillerman to produce a film script based on author Ann Imbrie's novel Spoken in Darkness (1993), which Elektra agreed to finance as a part of the band's 1992 contract, but the film was never made.[13]Disappointed with the management and lack of promotion through Elektra, the band signed with Columbia Records (who had to pay out Elektra for the contract), and in 1998 the group released 1965,[8] which happened at the same time Dulli was receiving treatment for depression.[14][15] While touring in support of 1965, Dulli was beaten by an employee of a Texas club until he had a fractured skull, sending him into a coma.[16] However, he recovered and returned to touring in just two months.[17]The band did not perform together from September 1999 until announcing their split in February 2001, blaming the difficulties of working together with each member living in different US states.[18][19] Dulli co-purchased Short Stop, a bar in Los Angeles, soon after the announcement.[20]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Twilight_Singers_Orlando_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Twilight Singers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twilight_Singers"},{"link_name":"the Twilight Singers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twilight_Singers"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Twilight as Played by The Twilight Singers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twilight_as_Played_by_The_Twilight_Singers"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusicTwilight-21"},{"link_name":"Ted Demme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Demme"},{"link_name":"Blackberry Belle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackberry_Belle"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lazy-i-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skinny-23"},{"link_name":"Amber Headlights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber_Headlights"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lazy-i-22"},{"link_name":"She Loves You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_Loves_You_(The_Twilight_Singers_album)"},{"link_name":"Powder Burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powder_Burns"},{"link_name":"Dynamite Steps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamite_Steps"},{"link_name":"Mark Lanegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lanegan"},{"link_name":"the Gutter Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gutter_Twins"},{"link_name":"Sub Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub_Pop"},{"link_name":"Saturnalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnalia_(The_Gutter_Twins_album)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pfork-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-25"},{"link_name":"extended play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_play"},{"link_name":"Adorata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adorata"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"The Triple Door","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Triple_Door"},{"link_name":"The Vera Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vera_Project"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Eddie Hinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Hinton"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CincinnatiHLG-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"2000-2011: The Twilight Singers, The Gutter Twins","text":"Greg Dulli (right) performing with The Twilight Singers in 2006.Dulli's main musical project became the Twilight Singers. First formed in 1997 as a side project featuring New Orleans-based musicians, the group released their debut album Twilight as Played by The Twilight Singers in 2000.[21] Dulli began working on a solo record, however due to the death of his close friend Ted Demme the sessions were shelved, and Dulli was inspired to write the band's second album Blackberry Belle (2003) instead.[22][23] The solo material Dulli had written was eventually released as Amber Headlights in 2005.[22] The Twilight Singers released the covers album She Loves You in 2004, followed by Powder Burns in 2006, and Dynamite Steps (2011).Dulli and Mark Lanegan formed a group named the Gutter Twins, and signed to Sub Pop in 2008, releasing their debut album Saturnalia on the label,[24][25] as well as an extended play Adorata in the same year.[26] Dulli first met Lanegan in the early 1990s, and had been close friends and collaborators since the year 2000.[27] Later that year, Dulli released a solo live album, featuring content he had recorded at The Triple Door in Seattle, for the A Drink for the Kids fundraising effort by The Vera Project.[28] Dulli released a solo single in 2009, covering the Eddie Hinton tracks \"Hard Luck Guy\" and \"Cover Me\", as a part of Shake It Records' series vinyl single tributes to Hinton.[29]In October 2010, for the first time in his career Greg Dulli embarked on a solo tour, which saw him perform twenty-nine shows in five different countries.[30]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unbreakable: A Retrospective 1990–2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbreakable:_A_Retrospective_1990%E2%80%932006"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mxdwn-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mxdwn-19"},{"link_name":"Steve Kilbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Kilbey"},{"link_name":"The Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_(band)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Do to the Beast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_to_the_Beast"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"In Spades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Spades"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-25"},{"link_name":"Dave Rosser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Rosser"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pantomima-35"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-25"},{"link_name":"Random Desire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_Desire"},{"link_name":"Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Todd Rundgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Rundgren"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AllMusic-25"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nola-36"}],"sub_title":"2011 onward: The Afghan Whigs revival, solo debut","text":"In 2011 the Afghan Whigs announced that they were reuniting, the first time the band had been together since recording two songs in 2006 for the Afghan Whigs compilation album Unbreakable: A Retrospective 1990–2006.[31][19] The band toured internationally for their 2012 reunion tour, reaching sixteen countries,[19] and in the following year Dulli teamed up with Steve Kilbey of The Church for several live performances in Los Angeles.[32]In 2014, the band released their first album in 16 years, Do to the Beast, which debuted at number 32 on Billboard's Top 200 Albums and the #8 spot and #7 spot on the rock albums and alternative albums charts respectively.[33][34] This was followed with a second revival album in 2017, titled In Spades.[25]After the release of In Spades and the death of Afghan Whigs' guitarist Dave Rosser, Dulli began to work on his first solo album.[35][25] The album, Random Desire (2020), took influence from Prince and Todd Rundgren's methods of writing and performing almost every instrument on their records.[25] Dulli's tour for the album was originally meant to be an international tour held from March to May, however this was postponed due to the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.[36]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Sunset Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunset_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Atwater Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atwater_Village,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Short-20"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Cypress Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_Park,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Faubourg Marigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faubourg_Marigny"},{"link_name":"Bywater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bywater,_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nola-36"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"Dulli co-owns several bars across the United States. Dulli co-owns three bars in Los Angeles: Short Stop on Sunset Boulevard (which he purchased in 2001), Club Tee Gee in Atwater Village[20][37] and Footsies in Cypress Park.[38] Additionally, Dulli co-owns three bars in his former residence New Orleans: the Royal Street Inn and R Bar in Faubourg Marigny, and Bud Rip's in Bywater.[36][39]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Studio albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Compilation albums","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Live albums","title":"Discography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The Afghan Whigs performing in Leicester (1993).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/The_Afghan_Whigs_%281992%29.jpg/220px-The_Afghan_Whigs_%281992%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Greg Dulli (right) performing with The Twilight Singers in 2006.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Twilight_Singers_Orlando_2.jpg/220px-Twilight_Singers_Orlando_2.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"HAPPY 55TH BIRTHDAY GREG DULLI (AFGHAN WHIGS, TWILIGHT SINGERS)\". Magnet Magazine. May 11, 2020. Retrieved August 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://magnetmagazine.com/2020/05/11/happy-birthday-greg-dulli-afghan-whigs-twilight-singers/","url_text":"\"HAPPY 55TH BIRTHDAY GREG DULLI (AFGHAN WHIGS, TWILIGHT SINGERS)\""}]},{"reference":"Clarke, Betty (November 24, 2006). \"Afterhours, Ballads For Little Hyenas\". The Guardian. Retrieved August 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2006/nov/24/popandrock11","url_text":"\"Afterhours, Ballads For Little Hyenas\""}]},{"reference":"Hughes, Rob (September 25, 2019). \"Mark Lanegan: a guide to his best albums\". Louder Sound. Retrieved August 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loudersound.com/features/mark-lanegan-a-guide-to-the-best-albums","url_text":"\"Mark Lanegan: a guide to his best albums\""}]},{"reference":"Wong, Miranda ZY. (September 20, 2019). \"Joseph Arthur, Patrick Carney & Greg Dulli Debut Indie-Folk Collaboration \"Seek and Find\"\". Mxdwn. Retrieved August 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://music.mxdwn.com/2019/09/20/news/joseph-arthur-patrick-carney-greg-dulli-debut-indie-folk-collaboration-seek-and-find/","url_text":"\"Joseph Arthur, Patrick Carney & Greg Dulli Debut Indie-Folk Collaboration \"Seek and Find\"\""}]},{"reference":"Graff, Gary (February 18, 2019). \"Greg Dulli Debuts 'A Ghost' From First Solo Album 'Random Desire': Premiere\". Billboard. Retrieved August 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/8551217/greg-dulli-random-desire-premiere","url_text":"\"Greg Dulli Debuts 'A Ghost' From First Solo Album 'Random Desire': Premiere\""}]},{"reference":"Cromelin, Richard (January 22, 1994). \"Whigged Out : Group's 'Gentlemen' Delves Into Dark Psyche of '90s Male\". LA Times. Retrieved August 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-01-22-ca-14267-story.html","url_text":"\"Whigged Out : Group's 'Gentlemen' Delves Into Dark Psyche of '90s Male\""}]},{"reference":"Arnold, Gina (May 16, 1996). \"He stole the soul\". Dallas Observer. Retrieved August 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dallasobserver.com/music/he-stole-the-soul-6403751","url_text":"\"He stole the soul\""}]},{"reference":"Nager, Larry (November 26, 1998). \"Afghan Whigs Waiting In Wings For Stardom\". Seattle Times. Retrieved August 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=19981126&slug=2785594","url_text":"\"Afghan Whigs Waiting In Wings For Stardom\""}]},{"reference":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. \"The Afghan Whigs – Music Biography, Streaming Radio and Discography – AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved January 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-afghan-whigs-p3509/biography","url_text":"\"The Afghan Whigs – Music Biography, Streaming Radio and Discography – AllMusic\""}]},{"reference":"Grendon, Bob (2004). Gentlemen. Continuum. pp. 11–15. ISBN 978-0-8264-2910-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-2910-0","url_text":"978-0-8264-2910-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Foo Fighters\". Rolling Stone. August 10, 1995. Retrieved January 1, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/foo-fighters-19950810","url_text":"\"Foo Fighters\""}]},{"reference":"Welch, Michael Patrick (June 1, 2006). \"Twilight In New Orleans\". Offbeat. Retrieved August 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.offbeat.com/articles/twilight-in-new-orleans/","url_text":"\"Twilight In New Orleans\""}]},{"reference":"Weiss, Dan (November 12, 2014). \"The Afghan Whigs Dissect 'Gentlemen,' Track By Track\". Spin. Retrieved August 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spin.com/2014/11/afghan-whigs-greg-dulli-gentlemen-track-by-track-interview/","url_text":"\"The Afghan Whigs Dissect 'Gentlemen,' Track By Track\""}]},{"reference":"Gross, Joe (2004). \"Afghan Whigs\". In Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian (eds.). The New Rolling Stone Album Guide (4th ed.). Simon & Schuster. pp. 9–10. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8. Retrieved August 6, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t9eocwUfoSoC&pg=PA9","url_text":"\"Afghan Whigs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stone_Album_Guide","url_text":"The New Rolling Stone Album Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster","url_text":"Simon & Schuster"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac/page/9","url_text":"9–10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-0169-8","url_text":"0-7432-0169-8"}]},{"reference":"Chonin, Neva (December 2, 1998). \"Afghan Whigs Bare Almost All / Lead singer Dulli finds joy again in sensual, life-affirming '1965'\". SFGate. Retrieved August 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/article/Afghan-Whigs-Bare-Almost-All-Lead-singer-Dulli-2976319.php","url_text":"\"Afghan Whigs Bare Almost All / Lead singer Dulli finds joy again in sensual, life-affirming '1965'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Afghan Whigs Offer Shocking Account Of Nightclub Incident - mtv.com\". MTV.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mtv.com/news/ldztyx/afghan-whigs-offer-shocking-account-of-nightclub-incident","url_text":"\"Afghan Whigs Offer Shocking Account Of Nightclub Incident - mtv.com\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV","url_text":"MTV"}]},{"reference":"\"The Afghan Whigs: a personal story\". August 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.getintothis.co.uk/2017/08/afghan-whigs-personal-story-voodoo-soul/","url_text":"\"The Afghan Whigs: a personal story\""}]},{"reference":"\"LO-FIS TURN TO NEW DULLI\". NME. February 8, 2001. 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Retrieved August 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-twilight-singers-mn0000919368/biography","url_text":"\"Artist Biography\""}]},{"reference":"McMahan, Tim (November 5, 2003). \"The Twilight Singer's Greg Dulli: Remembering Teddy\". Lazy-i. Retrieved August 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timmcmahan.com/twilight.htm","url_text":"\"The Twilight Singer's Greg Dulli: Remembering Teddy\""}]},{"reference":"Kerr, Dave (May 16, 2006). \"The Twilight Singers: From Despair to Where?\". The Skinny. Retrieved August 13, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theskinny.co.uk/music/interviews/the-twilight-singers-from-despair-to-where","url_text":"\"The Twilight Singers: From Despair to Where?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gutter Twins (Dulli and Lanegan) Sign to Sub Pop\". Archived from the original on March 7, 2008. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Bunratty
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Siege of Bunratty
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["1 Background","2 Parliamentarian Expedition","3 Situation of Bunratty Castle","4 March 1646 Confederate Catholics react","5 1 April 1646 Glamorgan defeated","6 Glamorgan is replaced by Viscount Muskerry and the siege of Bunratty begins","7 Relief operations by Parliamentarians fail","8 The Final Stages","9 13–14 July Parliamentarians surrender","10 References","10.1 Citations","10.2 Sources","10.3 Further reading"]
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Coordinates: 52°41′59″N 8°48′43″W / 52.6996°N 8.8119°W / 52.6996; -8.8119Part of the Irish Confederate Wars
Parliamentarian Expedition to BunrattyPart of the Irish Confederate WarsDateMarch–July 1646LocationBunratty, County ClareResult
Royalist/Confederate victoryBelligerents
Royalists Irish Confederation
ParliamentariansCommanders and leaders
Marquess of WorcesterEarl of Clancarty
William PennJohn MacAdam †Strength
2000+
7 ships with c. 1000 soldiers and sailorsCasualties and losses
High
High
BunrattyBelfastDublinclass=notpageimage| Ireland and Bunratty
vteIrish Confederate Wars or Eleven Years' War
Timeline
1641–42 Irish Rebellion
Portadown
1st Drogheda
Julianstown
Kilrush
1642–49
1st Limerick
Glenmaquin
1st Galway
Liscarroll
New Ross
Cloghleagh
Clones
Portlester
Duncannon
Benburb
Dungan's Hill
Cashel
Knocknanuss
Dublin
Rathmines
1649–53 Cromwellian Conquest
2nd Drogheda
Wexford
Arklow
Waterford
Lisnagarvey
Kilkenny
Clonmel
Macroom
Tecroghan
Scarrifholis
Charlemont
Meelick Island
2nd Limerick
Knocknaclashy
2nd Galway
Bunratty Castle NE
The siege of Bunratty took place in County Clare in 1646 and was part of the Irish Confederate Wars, the Irish theatre of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.
Background
At the time of the siege, Bunratty Castle was the home of Sir Barnabas O'Brien (6th Earl of Thomand). Barnabas O'Brien was the son of Donough. Raised by Elizabeth I, he fought for the crown at the Siege of Kinsale. O'Brien attended the University of Oxford and was married to an English noblewoman. He was one of the wealthiest men in Ireland, holding 120,230 acres in 1641 and residing in Bunratty Castle, described by papal nuncio Rinucinni as 'the loveliest of any place of any kind that I have yet seen (in Ireland), worthy of a king, with gardens the likes of which put Italy's to shame'.
O'Brien was a Protestant and his estates were planted with English and Dutch tenants and when news of the rising came in November 1641 he encouraged his tenants to remain loyal to the crown but live quietly on their lands. During the early 1640s, he steered a neutral path. On the one hand, being Protestant he refused to sign the Oath of Association drafted by the Confederate Catholics of Ireland and on the other, he was later criticised for lack of military leadership and for not arming his Protestant tenants. The Confederates tolerated O'Brien and allowed him to remain unmolested, mainly because many of his O'Brien cousins had joined the Catholic war effort. Relations may have been cordial between O'Brien and the Confederates as he was closely related to many of their leaders:
The Catholic general the Earl of Glamorgan was married to his niece Margaret O'Brien, the daughter of his older brother Henry 5th Earl of Thomand. His nephew by his only sister was Donough McCarthy, Viscount Muskerry, the most powerful confederate Catholic in Munster who later led the siege of Bunratty. However, by the Spring of 1646, his Protestant cousin Murrough O'Brien (Inchiquin) who by now was President of Munster on behalf of the English Parliament, along with Barnabas' English wife persuaded him to hand Bunratty Castle over to an English Parliament garrison. Meanwhile, the Confederate Catholic council at Kilkenny were assembling troops to be sent to England as part of a deal to assist King Charles I or perhaps to be used against the Protestants of Munster. The Bunratty operation can be seen in this context as a diversionary tactic. According to a letter written by the Parliamentarian Lord Broghill "the progress of our designes in the River of Lymerick hat not only diverted a supply of six thousand from going to the King, and ready to be shipped at Waterford, but also ruined their projects upon us."
Proof of the expedition being a diversionary tactic can be found in the Memorials of William Penn:
"Having dined with his lordship we held consultation... to see whether he would join with us in the assaulting of the rebels in those parts, or at least the weakening and disabling them in their intentions upon the Lord of Inchiquin's quarters; or to obstruct the transportation of such forces... for the assistance of his majesty in this un-natural war against his subjects."
Parliamentarian Expedition
On 11 March 1646, the English Parliament expedition anchored near Bunratty Castle. William Penn commanded the ships and Colonel John MacAdam commanded the land forces. According to the Memorials of Sir William Penn this consisted of 7 frigates and a hoy (heavy barge) with sailors and also carried 700 soldiers (although more troops arrived in various ships as the siege progressed), by April it was "800 foot and threescore horse" and by June 100 more had arrived. According to Penn's account, Barnabas O'Brien was eager to help and permitted Penn's men to occupy Bunratty. Penn's force started work to fortify Bunratty Castle, building platforms for guns, clearing thatched houses to allow fields of fire, and fortifying the landing area from the river in front of the castle. According to the Earl of Castlehaven's memoirs - "Lord Inchiquin, towards the Spring, sent along by sea from Cork 500 foot and 150 horsemen with saddles and all sorts of arms for horse and foot; who entering the Shannon, seized Bonratty in the county of Clare, a castle belonging to the Earl of Thomond, where they found a brave stable of horses and mares, on which he mounted all his horsemen."
Guns Bunratty Castle
Situation of Bunratty Castle
Bunratty Castle is in the Shannon estuary in the angle where the Shannon is joined by the river Ralty. In those days, the castle buildings consisted of the main keep and nearby to the north of that, a raised gun platform. To the west of the keep a fortified house known as the little castle, or Jeffords house, and also a small church. The north, south and west of the castle grounds were protected by an earth-work ridge and ditch and to the east it was protected by the river Ralty. On the west and south it was surrounded by a salt marsh which filled with the river Shannon on high tide. Beyond the earth-work, to the north, there was some flat ground advantageous to cavalry and a low hill beyond which was the road to Sixmilebridge.
March 1646 Confederate Catholics react
Around this time, 6,000 men had been assembled by the Confederate Catholics and were waiting in Cashel and Clonmel before transport to Britain as part of a deal with the Royalists to serve the King but when this plan was seen as unfeasible, it was instead decided to send 300 as bodyguards to Charles, then Prince of Wales, in Jersey, and the rest were given over to the Earl of Glamorgan in order to take Bunratty, and if possible to attack Inchiquin.
1 April 1646 Glamorgan defeated
On 1 April Glamorgan's forces appeared at Bunratty but were driven off and in a follow up operation were driven out of their base in Sixmilebridge. According to Penn:
"A party of 120 horse and 300 foot came to fire Bonratty... began at the end of the town, fired some houses and killed some English ... our horse issued under the command of Captain Vauclier, charged the enemy and by a fortunate shot wounding captain McGrath, they were totally routed and took flight. We followed the pursuit, slew 80 upon the place, took Captain McGrath alive with his brother who came to his rescue.
In the afternoon we marched with two drakes, 600 foot and 50 horse, to the rebels camp at Six Mile Bridge, consisting of 1400 horse and foot; we set upon them, beat them out of their works, and being hotly charged they betook to their heels. Our horse and foot pursued 2 miles: yet little execution was done, by reason of the woods and a river near hand. Having killed about 30 and took 5 prisoners... brought away 250 barrels of oatmeal which served the soldiers six weeks for bread"
Castlehaven describes these events also:
"The Earl of Glamorgan, to keep in this garrison, ordered some troops to Six mile bridge between Limerick and Bonratty, but were beaten by that garrison".
Curiously Penn describes how Captain McGrath and a lieutenant who died of their wounds were "honourable buried, with 3 vollies of small shot".
Glamorgan is replaced by Viscount Muskerry and the siege of Bunratty begins
According to Castlehaven's memoir:
"The Earl after this rendezvoused his whole army at Clonmell; to which rendezvous my Lord of Muskry came, and some differences falling out between these two noblemen, my lord Muskry took the command of the army to himself, and with it besieged Bonratty. To this siege the supreme council soon followed; the place held out five or six weeks."
On 11 May 1646, the Earl of Thomond, O'Brien, went to England. According to Penn's account, O'Brien was 'fearful to hazard his person' and took ship to England on 11 May intending to retire to his wife's Northamptonshire estate until the war was over.
On 13 May The Confederates closed in on the north side. According to Richard Belling's account from the point of the Confederates:
The Lord of Muskery, having by his presence appeased the manie discontents of the souldiers and officers of the Mounster list, and composed them to a bodie, being now furnished with some money…..advanced to camp in the park of Bunratty, having taken a castle at the entrance into the parke…. Lieutenant General Purcell, Major -General Stephenson and Colonel Purcell who commanded the horse, all of them bred in the wars of Germany were entrusted principally with the conduct of the action."
According to Penn:
“We conceived the rebels were assaulting Cappagh castle about 2 miles from us.....where was a ward of our's consisting of 2 files of musqueteers and some that formerly inhabited the castle and thereabouts. The rebels having brought down their great guns made 26 desperate shot...a breach being made and being stormed by the rebels, our men....... yielded upon quarter for their lives. Having entered the castle and taken our men prisoners they marched to a castle called Rossmonnahane, not a full mile from Bonratty. This castle they summoned, being kept by a file of our men…….the castle was delivered up, without so much as a shot made: we believe the soldiers were hanged, as justly they deserve.”
By 22 May the Irish had taken over the hill to the north of the castle and using fascines as cover they advanced to within carbine shot of the defences. The English sallied out on 24 May to try and drive the Irish out of this position which initially they succeeded in taking, but a charge by the Irish horse drove them back again.
On 28 May Confederates attempted an ambush. According to Penn some Irish horse appeared and attempted to draw out the garrison "having made an ambush of musketeers behind hedges". The English musketeers came out and outflanked the ambushers and drove them from the hedges but "5 or 6 companies of foot and 2 troops of horse came down the hill and drove our musketeers back in their turn". Next, the English horse came out and drove the Irish back again. Meanwhile, the cannon were firing and the English managed to dismount an Irish demi-culverin which they then attempted to capture but they were also driven back.
By 29 May, the English were running short of supplies and decided to embark all wounded and non-combatants on ships to be taken to Cork and Kinsale which is done over the next few days.
At the start of June, the Irish tried to press forward with their siege works on the north but the level ground allowed English cavalry too much advantage and they made no ground. Muskerry was under pressure due to lack of money and feared he may have to disperse his army.
On 23 June, an English sally repulsed according to Penn:
"I had notice of a sally made by our men upon the enemy; but being much engaged, and not able to make retreat, after some execution done upon the rogues, had near on thirty of our men killed and wounded..."
Relief operations by Parliamentarians fail
According to Meehan's account:
"Sir Charles Coote falling with a strong body of the Laggan forces in to the counties of Roscommon and Galway, as was supposed with a design to penetrate into Thomond, and relieve Bonratty...
But fearing that the attempt might fail, the parliamentarian general contented himself with burning the crops about Portumna and Loughrea, and then returned to his quarters with large preys of corn and cattle."
According to Castlehaven's memoir:
"I must now tell you that the Lord Inchiquin, on the certainty of Bonratty's being besieged, and the whole army of Mounster engaged, marched into the county of Limerick... and by diversion to oblige my Lord Muskry to draw off, by burning, plundering and destroying the country, even to the gates of Limerick... Whereupon Castlehaven joined with Garret Mac Thomas Fitzgerald and 1000 horse and Drew against my Lord Inchiquin and kept as near as him as I durst... This lasted four or five days till at length my Lord Inchiquin finding the check hindered him from destroying the country, retired to his garrisons, and I went to the siege."
The Final Stages
At the start of July papal Nuncio Rinucinni arrived with £600.
"Fearing that the siege of Bunratty would be abandoned by the troops owing to their want of pay, I have come to the camp and brought all the money I had left and some of my own also to lend to them, and I will not leave the place until I see a certainty of success or else that victory is despaired of."
On 1 July while the Irish guns were firing on the little castle Colonel MacAdam was killed. This news was carried out by a Welsh deserter, giving the Irish a morale boost. According to Penn the Irish jeer at the English-
"who called to our men, and bid them 'get a better commander'"
On 6 July the Irish stormed the little castle but were driven out again in a counterattack.
By 12 July the English fleet was forced to leave the vicinity of the castle because the Irish guns were now firing from the shore and doing major damage. According to the Penn's account:
"11th.- Captain Dechicke and Lieut. Gibbon...came on board... to give notice of the present condition of the garrison; that they had not above 300 serviceable men among them, the rest being killed or miamed, and so not be able to make any longer resistance, but must be constrained to make their conditions... these most perfidious rogues made divers shot at our shipping, shot one of them through and through... they plied us so hard with two guns at a time that we were forced to let slip; in this condition riding within musquet shot of the shore and expecting to be galled by the enemy's guns... being conceived impossible for us to continue or riding here that with what speed might be, the ships should weigh, and fall down so low that they might not lie within the command of the rebel's guns... nor could we well do so, the fort, without the shipping, not being able to subsist."
13–14 July Parliamentarians surrender
According to Penn the remaining English troops were evacuated from the castle with agreement from Lord Muskerry."The conditions are so mean, and so far beneath the honour of a soldier, that I should never have consented thereunto"
According to Richard Bellings' account:
"they were content to capitulate for their lives only and the officers their swordes, leaving cannon, horses, arms ammunition, and provisions to the Confederates".
According to Ormond Bunratty was taken 13 July.
According to Rinuccini the captured English banners were displayed at Limerick along with the banners captured from the Scots at Benburb.
References
Citations
^ a b Penn 1833, pp. 161–162.
^ a b c d Castlehaven 1684, pp. 64–65.
^ Bellings 1889, p. 12.
^ Bellings 1889, p. 21.
^ Penn 1833, p. 179.
^ Meehan 1846, p. 144.
^ Rinuccini 1873, p. 183.
^ Penn 1833, pp. 202–203.
^ Penn 1833, p. 207.
^ Penn 1833, p. 210.
^ Bellings 1889, p. 24.
^ Rinuccini 1873, p. 191:"Ten standards have been taken from the English, and will be carried in triumph when the Te Deum is sung".
Sources
Rinuccini, Giovanni Battista (1873). The embassy in Ireland of Monsignor G.B. Rinuccini, Archbishop of Fermo, in the years 1645-1649.
Penn, Granville (1833). Memorials of Sir William Penn.
Castlehaven, James Touchet (1684). The Earl of Castlehaven's Review; Or, His Memoirs of His Engagement and Carriage in the Irish Wars. Printed for George Mullens.
Meehan, Charles Patrick (1846). The Confederation of Kilkenny. Jam. Duffy.
Bellings, Richard (1889). The History of the Irish Confederation. Vol. V.
Further reading
Murphy, Elaine (2012). Ireland and the War at Sea, 1641-1653. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 9780861933181.
Powell, J.R. Penn's Expedition to Bonratty in 1646 (PDF).
Gleeson, Dermot F. Bunratty Castle and its associations with William Penn. p. 48.
The life of James, Duke of Ormond : containing an account of the most remarkable affairs of his time, and particularly of Ireland under his government ; with appendix and a collection of letters, serving to verify the most material facts in the said history. Vol. 3. 1851. p. 232.
52°41′59″N 8°48′43″W / 52.6996°N 8.8119°W / 52.6996; -8.8119
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Drogheda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Drogheda_(1641)"},{"link_name":"Julianstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Julianstown"},{"link_name":"Kilrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kilrush"},{"link_name":"1642–49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Ireland"},{"link_name":"1st Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Limerick_(1642)"},{"link_name":"Glenmaquin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmaquin"},{"link_name":"1st Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieges_of_Galway#Lord_Forbes's_siege_of_1642"},{"link_name":"Liscarroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Liscarroll"},{"link_name":"New Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_New_Ross_(1643)"},{"link_name":"Cloghleagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cloughleagh"},{"link_name":"Clones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Clones_(1643)"},{"link_name":"Portlester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Portlester"},{"link_name":"Duncannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Duncannon"},{"link_name":"Benburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Benburb"},{"link_name":"Dungan's Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dungan%27s_Hill"},{"link_name":"Cashel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Cashel"},{"link_name":"Knocknanuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Knocknanuss"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Dublin_(1649)"},{"link_name":"Rathmines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rathmines"},{"link_name":"1649–53 Cromwellian Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"2nd Drogheda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Drogheda"},{"link_name":"Wexford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sack_of_Wexford"},{"link_name":"Arklow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arklow_(1649)"},{"link_name":"Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Waterford"},{"link_name":"Lisnagarvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lisnagarvey"},{"link_name":"Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kilkenny"},{"link_name":"Clonmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Clonmel"},{"link_name":"Macroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Macroom"},{"link_name":"Tecroghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tecroghan"},{"link_name":"Scarrifholis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Scarrifholis"},{"link_name":"Charlemont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Charlemont"},{"link_name":"Meelick Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Meelick_Island"},{"link_name":"2nd Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Limerick_(1650%E2%80%931651)"},{"link_name":"Knocknaclashy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Knocknaclashy"},{"link_name":"2nd Galway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Galway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bunratty_Castle_NE.jpg"},{"link_name":"County Clare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Clare"},{"link_name":"Irish Confederate Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars"},{"link_name":"Wars of the Three Kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms"}],"text":"Part of the Irish Confederate WarsBunrattyBelfastDublinclass=notpageimage| Ireland and BunrattyvteIrish Confederate Wars or Eleven Years' War\nTimeline\n\n1641–42 Irish Rebellion\n\nPortadown\n1st Drogheda\nJulianstown\nKilrush\n1642–49\n\n1st Limerick\nGlenmaquin\n1st Galway\nLiscarroll\nNew Ross\nCloghleagh\nClones\nPortlester\nDuncannon\nBenburb\nDungan's Hill\nCashel\nKnocknanuss\nDublin\nRathmines\n1649–53 Cromwellian Conquest\n\n2nd Drogheda\nWexford\nArklow\nWaterford\nLisnagarvey\nKilkenny\nClonmel\nMacroom\nTecroghan\nScarrifholis\nCharlemont\nMeelick Island\n2nd Limerick\nKnocknaclashy\n2nd GalwayBunratty Castle NEThe siege of Bunratty took place in County Clare in 1646 and was part of the Irish Confederate Wars, the Irish theatre of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms.","title":"Siege of Bunratty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bunratty Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunratty_Castle"},{"link_name":"Barnabas O'Brien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnabas_O%27Brien,_6th_Earl_of_Thomond"},{"link_name":"Earl of Thomand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Thomond"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I"},{"link_name":"Siege of Kinsale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Kinsale"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"nuncio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuncio"},{"link_name":"Rinucinni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Rinuccini"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"planted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Confederate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Earl of Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Somerset,_2nd_Marquess_of_Worcester"},{"link_name":"Donough McCarthy, Viscount Muskerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donough_MacCarty,_1st_Earl_of_Clancarty"},{"link_name":"President of Munster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Munster"},{"link_name":"English Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_parliament"},{"link_name":"Bunratty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunratty"},{"link_name":"Kilkenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkenny"},{"link_name":"King Charles I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Lord Broghill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Boyle,_1st_Earl_of_Orrery"},{"link_name":"Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford"},{"link_name":"William Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Penn_(Royal_Navy_officer)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Penn-1"}],"text":"At the time of the siege, Bunratty Castle was the home of Sir Barnabas O'Brien (6th Earl of Thomand). Barnabas O'Brien was the son of Donough. Raised by Elizabeth I, he fought for the crown at the Siege of Kinsale. O'Brien attended the University of Oxford and was married to an English noblewoman. He was one of the wealthiest men in Ireland, holding 120,230 acres in 1641 and residing in Bunratty Castle, described by papal nuncio Rinucinni as 'the loveliest of any place of any kind that I have yet seen (in Ireland), worthy of a king, with gardens the likes of which put Italy's to shame'.O'Brien was a Protestant and his estates were planted with English and Dutch tenants and when news of the rising came in November 1641 he encouraged his tenants to remain loyal to the crown but live quietly on their lands. During the early 1640s, he steered a neutral path. On the one hand, being Protestant he refused to sign the Oath of Association drafted by the Confederate Catholics of Ireland and on the other, he was later criticised for lack of military leadership and for not arming his Protestant tenants. The Confederates tolerated O'Brien and allowed him to remain unmolested, mainly because many of his O'Brien cousins had joined the Catholic war effort. Relations may have been cordial between O'Brien and the Confederates as he was closely related to many of their leaders:The Catholic general the Earl of Glamorgan was married to his niece Margaret O'Brien, the daughter of his older brother Henry 5th Earl of Thomand. His nephew by his only sister was Donough McCarthy, Viscount Muskerry, the most powerful confederate Catholic in Munster who later led the siege of Bunratty. However, by the Spring of 1646, his Protestant cousin Murrough O'Brien (Inchiquin) who by now was President of Munster on behalf of the English Parliament, along with Barnabas' English wife persuaded him to hand Bunratty Castle over to an English Parliament garrison. Meanwhile, the Confederate Catholic council at Kilkenny were assembling troops to be sent to England as part of a deal to assist King Charles I or perhaps to be used against the Protestants of Munster. The Bunratty operation can be seen in this context as a diversionary tactic. According to a letter written by the Parliamentarian Lord Broghill \"the progress of our designes in the River of Lymerick hat not only diverted a supply of six thousand from going to the King, and ready to be shipped at Waterford, but also ruined their projects upon us.\"\nProof of the expedition being a diversionary tactic can be found in the Memorials of William Penn:\n\"Having dined with his lordship we held consultation... to see whether he would join with us in the assaulting of the rebels in those parts, or at least the weakening and disabling them in their intentions upon the Lord of Inchiquin's quarters; or to obstruct the transportation of such forces... for the assistance of his majesty in this un-natural war against his subjects.\"[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bunratty Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunratty_Castle"},{"link_name":"William Penn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Penn"},{"link_name":"hoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoy_(boat)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Penn-1"},{"link_name":"Earl of Castlehaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Tuchet,_3rd_Earl_of_Castlehaven"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Castlehaven-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guns_Bunratty_Castle.JPG"}],"text":"On 11 March 1646, the English Parliament expedition anchored near Bunratty Castle. William Penn commanded the ships and Colonel John MacAdam commanded the land forces. According to the Memorials of Sir William Penn this consisted of 7 frigates and a hoy (heavy barge) with sailors and also carried 700 soldiers[1] (although more troops arrived in various ships as the siege progressed), by April it was \"800 foot and threescore horse\" and by June 100 more had arrived. According to Penn's account, Barnabas O'Brien was eager to help and permitted Penn's men to occupy Bunratty. Penn's force started work to fortify Bunratty Castle, building platforms for guns, clearing thatched houses to allow fields of fire, and fortifying the landing area from the river in front of the castle. According to the Earl of Castlehaven's memoirs - \"Lord Inchiquin, towards the Spring, sent along by sea from Cork 500 foot and 150 horsemen with saddles and all sorts of arms for horse and foot; who entering the Shannon, seized Bonratty in the county of Clare, a castle belonging to the Earl of Thomond, where they found a brave stable of horses and mares, on which he mounted all his horsemen.\"[2]Guns Bunratty Castle","title":"Parliamentarian Expedition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shannon estuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shannon_Estuary"},{"link_name":"keep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle_keep"},{"link_name":"Sixmilebridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixmilebridge"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Bunratty Castle is in the Shannon estuary in the angle where the Shannon is joined by the river Ralty. In those days, the castle buildings consisted of the main keep and nearby to the north of that, a raised gun platform. To the west of the keep a fortified house known as the little castle, or Jeffords house, and also a small church. The north, south and west of the castle grounds were protected by an earth-work ridge and ditch and to the east it was protected by the river Ralty. On the west and south it was surrounded by a salt marsh which filled with the river Shannon on high tide. Beyond the earth-work, to the north, there was some flat ground advantageous to cavalry and a low hill beyond which was the road to Sixmilebridge.[citation needed]","title":"Situation of Bunratty Castle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cashel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashel,_County_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"Clonmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonmel"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Royalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalier"},{"link_name":"Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey"},{"link_name":"Earl of Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Somerset,_1st_Duke_of_Beaufort"},{"link_name":"Inchiquin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchiquin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellings_12-3"}],"text":"Around this time, 6,000 men had been assembled by the Confederate Catholics and were waiting in Cashel and Clonmel before transport to Britain as part of a deal with the Royalists to serve the King but when this plan was seen as unfeasible, it was instead decided to send 300 as bodyguards to Charles, then Prince of Wales, in Jersey, and the rest were given over to the Earl of Glamorgan in order to take Bunratty, and if possible to attack Inchiquin.[3]","title":"March 1646 Confederate Catholics react"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Castlehaven-2"}],"text":"On 1 April Glamorgan's forces appeared at Bunratty but were driven off and in a follow up operation were driven out of their base in Sixmilebridge. According to Penn:\n\"A party of 120 horse and 300 foot came to fire Bonratty... began at the end of the town, fired some houses and killed some English ... our horse issued under the command of Captain Vauclier, charged the enemy and by a fortunate shot wounding captain McGrath, they were totally routed and took flight. We followed the pursuit, slew 80 upon the place, took Captain McGrath alive with his brother who came to his rescue.\nIn the afternoon we marched with two drakes, 600 foot and 50 horse, to the rebels camp at Six Mile Bridge, consisting of 1400 horse and foot; we set upon them, beat them out of their works, and being hotly charged they betook to their heels. Our horse and foot pursued 2 miles: yet little execution was done, by reason of the woods and a river near hand. Having killed about 30 and took 5 prisoners... brought away 250 barrels of oatmeal which served the soldiers six weeks for bread\"\nCastlehaven describes these events also:\n\"The Earl of Glamorgan, to keep in this garrison, ordered some troops to Six mile bridge between Limerick and Bonratty, but were beaten by that garrison\".[2]\nCuriously Penn describes how Captain McGrath and a lieutenant who died of their wounds were \"honourable buried, with 3 vollies of small shot\".","title":"1 April 1646 Glamorgan defeated"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Castlehaven-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellings_21-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Penn_179-5"},{"link_name":"fascines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascine"},{"link_name":"Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_city"},{"link_name":"sally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortie"}],"text":"According to Castlehaven's memoir:\n\"The Earl after this rendezvoused his whole army at Clonmell; to which rendezvous my Lord of Muskry came, and some differences falling out between these two noblemen, my lord Muskry took the command of the army to himself, and with it besieged Bonratty. To this siege the supreme council soon followed; the place held out five or six weeks.\"[2]On 11 May 1646, the Earl of Thomond, O'Brien, went to England. According to Penn's account, O'Brien was 'fearful to hazard his person' and took ship to England on 11 May intending to retire to his wife's Northamptonshire estate until the war was over.On 13 May The Confederates closed in on the north side. According to Richard Belling's account from the point of the Confederates:\nThe Lord of Muskery, having by his presence appeased the manie discontents of the souldiers and officers of the Mounster list, and composed them to a bodie, being now furnished with some money…..advanced to camp in the park of Bunratty, having taken a castle at the entrance into the parke…. Lieutenant General Purcell, Major -General Stephenson and Colonel Purcell who commanded the horse, all of them bred in the wars of Germany were entrusted principally with the conduct of the action.\"[4]\nAccording to Penn:\n“We conceived the rebels were assaulting Cappagh castle about 2 miles from us.....where was a ward of our's consisting of 2 files of musqueteers and some that formerly inhabited the castle and thereabouts. The rebels having brought down their great guns made 26 desperate shot...a breach being made and being stormed by the rebels, our men....... yielded upon quarter for their lives. Having entered the castle and taken our men prisoners they marched to a castle called Rossmonnahane, not a full mile from Bonratty. This castle they summoned, being kept by a file of our men…….the castle was delivered up, without so much as a shot made: we believe the soldiers were hanged, as justly they deserve.”[5]By 22 May the Irish had taken over the hill to the north of the castle and using fascines as cover they advanced to within carbine shot of the defences. The English sallied out on 24 May to try and drive the Irish out of this position which initially they succeeded in taking, but a charge by the Irish horse drove them back again.On 28 May Confederates attempted an ambush. According to Penn some Irish horse appeared and attempted to draw out the garrison \"having made an ambush of musketeers behind hedges\". The English musketeers came out and outflanked the ambushers and drove them from the hedges but \"5 or 6 companies of foot and 2 troops of horse came down the hill and drove our musketeers back in their turn\". Next, the English horse came out and drove the Irish back again. Meanwhile, the cannon were firing and the English managed to dismount an Irish demi-culverin which they then attempted to capture but they were also driven back.By 29 May, the English were running short of supplies and decided to embark all wounded and non-combatants on ships to be taken to Cork and Kinsale which is done over the next few days.At the start of June, the Irish tried to press forward with their siege works on the north but the level ground allowed English cavalry too much advantage and they made no ground. Muskerry was under pressure due to lack of money and feared he may have to disperse his army.On 23 June, an English sally repulsed according to Penn:\n\"I had notice of a sally made by our men upon the enemy; but being much engaged, and not able to make retreat, after some execution done upon the rogues, had near on thirty of our men killed and wounded...\"","title":"Glamorgan is replaced by Viscount Muskerry and the siege of Bunratty begins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Coote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Coote,_1st_Earl_of_Mountrath"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meehan-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Castlehaven-2"}],"text":"According to Meehan's account:\n\"Sir Charles Coote falling with a strong body of the Laggan forces in to the counties of Roscommon and Galway, as was supposed with a design to penetrate into Thomond, and relieve Bonratty... \nBut fearing that the attempt might fail, the parliamentarian general contented himself with burning the crops about Portumna and Loughrea, and then returned to his quarters with large preys of corn and cattle.\"[6]According to Castlehaven's memoir:\n\"I must now tell you that the Lord Inchiquin, on the certainty of Bonratty's being besieged, and the whole army of Mounster engaged, marched into the county of Limerick... and by diversion to oblige my Lord Muskry to draw off, by burning, plundering and destroying the country, even to the gates of Limerick... Whereupon Castlehaven joined with Garret Mac Thomas Fitzgerald and 1000 horse and Drew against my Lord Inchiquin and kept as near as him as I durst... This lasted four or five days till at length my Lord Inchiquin finding the check hindered him from destroying the country, retired to his garrisons, and I went to the siege.\"[2]","title":"Relief operations by Parliamentarians fail"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rinuccini_183-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Penn_202-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Penn_207-9"}],"text":"At the start of July papal Nuncio Rinucinni arrived with £600.\n\"Fearing that the siege of Bunratty would be abandoned by the troops owing to their want of pay, I have come to the camp and brought all the money I had left and some of my own also to lend to them, and I will not leave the place until I see a certainty of success or else that victory is despaired of.\"[7]\nOn 1 July while the Irish guns were firing on the little castle Colonel MacAdam was killed. This news was carried out by a Welsh deserter, giving the Irish a morale boost. According to Penn the Irish jeer at the English-\n\"who called to our men, and bid them 'get a better commander'\"[8]On 6 July the Irish stormed the little castle but were driven out again in a counterattack.By 12 July the English fleet was forced to leave the vicinity of the castle because the Irish guns were now firing from the shore and doing major damage. According to the Penn's account:\n\"11th.- Captain Dechicke and Lieut. Gibbon...came on board... to give notice of the present condition of the garrison; that they had not above 300 serviceable men among them, the rest being killed or miamed, and so not be able to make any longer resistance, but must be constrained to make their conditions... these most perfidious rogues made divers shot at our shipping, shot one of them through and through... they plied us so hard with two guns at a time that we were forced to let slip; in this condition riding within musquet shot of the shore and expecting to be galled by the enemy's guns... being conceived impossible for us to continue or riding here that with what speed might be, the ships should weigh, and fall down so low that they might not lie within the command of the rebel's guns... nor could we well do so, the fort, without the shipping, not being able to subsist.\"[9]","title":"The Final Stages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord Muskerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donough_MacCarty,_1st_Earl_of_Clancarty"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Penn_210-10"},{"link_name":"Richard Bellings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bellings"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bellings-11"},{"link_name":"Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick"},{"link_name":"Benburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Benburb"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rinuccini-12"}],"text":"According to Penn the remaining English troops were evacuated from the castle with agreement from Lord Muskerry.\"The conditions are so mean, and so far beneath the honour of a soldier, that I should never have consented thereunto\"[10]According to Richard Bellings' account:\n\"they were content to capitulate for their lives only and the officers their swordes, leaving cannon, horses, arms ammunition, and provisions to the Confederates\".[11]According to Ormond Bunratty was taken 13 July.According to Rinuccini the captured English banners were displayed at Limerick along with the banners captured from the Scots at Benburb.[12]","title":"13–14 July Parliamentarians surrender"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Bunratty Castle NE","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bunratty_Castle_NE.jpg/220px-Bunratty_Castle_NE.jpg"},{"image_text":"Guns Bunratty Castle","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Guns_Bunratty_Castle.JPG/220px-Guns_Bunratty_Castle.JPG"}]
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[{"reference":"Rinuccini, Giovanni Battista (1873). The embassy in Ireland of Monsignor G.B. Rinuccini, Archbishop of Fermo, in the years 1645-1649.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/3773599/page/183/mode/2up?q=bunratty","url_text":"The embassy in Ireland of Monsignor G.B. Rinuccini, Archbishop of Fermo, in the years 1645-1649"}]},{"reference":"Penn, Granville (1833). Memorials of Sir William Penn.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pqg-EOpyaTIC&q=Granville+Penn+-+Memorials+of+the+Professional+Life+and+Times+of+Sir+William+Penn+Volume+1","url_text":"Memorials of Sir William Penn"}]},{"reference":"Castlehaven, James Touchet (1684). The Earl of Castlehaven's Review; Or, His Memoirs of His Engagement and Carriage in the Irish Wars. Printed for George Mullens.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/earlcastlehaven00anglgoog/page/n86/mode/2up","url_text":"The Earl of Castlehaven's Review; Or, His Memoirs of His Engagement and Carriage in the Irish Wars"}]},{"reference":"Meehan, Charles Patrick (1846). The Confederation of Kilkenny. Jam. Duffy.","urls":[{"url":"https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=FzIEAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&output=reader&hl=en&pg=GBS.PA1","url_text":"The Confederation of Kilkenny"}]},{"reference":"Bellings, Richard (1889). The History of the Irish Confederation. Vol. V.","urls":[{"url":"http://bibnum.univ-rennes2.fr/items/viewer/473#page/23/mode/1up/search/bunratty","url_text":"The History of the Irish Confederation"}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Elaine (2012). Ireland and the War at Sea, 1641-1653. Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 9780861933181.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5M5zVuYWAX8C&q=Ireland+and+the+War+at+Sea%2C+1641-1653","url_text":"Ireland and the War at Sea, 1641-1653"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780861933181","url_text":"9780861933181"}]},{"reference":"Powell, J.R. Penn's Expedition to Bonratty in 1646 (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.limerickcity.ie/media/Bun006.pdf","url_text":"Penn's Expedition to Bonratty in 1646"}]},{"reference":"Gleeson, Dermot F. Bunratty Castle and its associations with William Penn. p. 48.","urls":[]},{"reference":"The life of James, Duke of Ormond : containing an account of the most remarkable affairs of his time, and particularly of Ireland under his government ; with appendix and a collection of letters, serving to verify the most material facts in the said history. Vol. 3. 1851. p. 232.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lifeofjamesdukeo03cart","url_text":"The life of James, Duke of Ormond : containing an account of the most remarkable affairs of his time, and particularly of Ireland under his government ; with appendix and a collection of letters, serving to verify the most material facts in the said history"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OnTrack
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OnTrack
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["1 History","2 Route","2.1 List of stations","3 Rolling stock","4 Closure","5 Future","6 See also","7 References","8 Works cited","9 External links"]
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Route map: Commuter rail line of Syracuse, New York (1994–2008)
This article is about the New York commuter train line. For other uses, see Ontrack (disambiguation).
OnTrackOnTrack trains at Armory Square in July 1995OverviewLocaleSyracuse, New YorkTransit typeSuburban railNumber of lines1Number of stations3 (full time)2 (flag stops)3 (seasonal)3 (proposed but never opened)OperationBegan operationOctober 1994Ended operationMarch 2008Operator(s)New York, Susquehanna and Western RailwayNumber of vehicles4TechnicalTrack gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)
System map
vteLegend
Amtrak to New York City
Central New York Regional Market
NBT Bank Stadium
Walsh Transportation Center
I-81
NY 370 (Park Avenue)
Destiny USAformerly Carousel Center
Amtrak to Chicago
I-690
Geddes Street
600 Erie Place
West Street
Armory Square/Downtown Syracuse
Onondaga Street
Salina Street
US 11 (State Street)
I-81
Syracuse University/Carrier Dome
Colvin Street
Colvin (flag stop, regular terminus)
I-481
Rock Cut Road
Rock Cut Road (seasonal)
Jamesville (seasonal)
NY 173 (Seneca Turnpike)
Apulia Road
Jamesville Beach (seasonal terminus)
NYSR to Binghamton (freight only)
Only major road crossings adjacent to stations shown.
OnTrack was a suburban rail line that operated in Syracuse, New York, from 1994 to 2008. The line ran from the Carousel Center (today's Destiny USA) on the city's north side via Armory Square and Syracuse University to Colvin Street, with summer weekend service south to Jamesville, mainly using 1950s-era diesel railcars.
The line was the result of a public-private partnership between the state of New York, Onondaga County and the New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway (NYSW), a Class II regional freight carrier. The NYSW received tax breaks and grants in exchange for operating passenger service on the Syracuse line. Although OnTrack was initially successful, ridership declined and was ultimately discontinued due to inadequate rush hour service, poor publicity and failure to connect to Syracuse's Amtrak and intercity bus routes.
In recent years, there have been proposals to complete the line and restart passenger service, potentially as a light rail system.
History
Starting in the late 19th century, an extensive series of electric interurban railways served the Syracuse region, but by the 1930s local rail service ceased, and was replaced by buses and automobiles. In the 1990s, Syracuse University graduate Robert Colucci proposed converting for passenger service a roughly 10-mile (16 km) segment of the old Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad's Syracuse–Binghamton line between Carousel Center (now Destiny USA) in the north and Jamesville in the south. At the time, the little-used right of way was owned by Conrail which considered it a financial burden, so it was sold for $1 to the Onondaga County Industrial Development Agency (IDA). The Onondaga IDA leased the track to the New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway (NYSW) at a bargain rate, and allowed the NYSW to use it for freight service on the condition that a passenger rail service be run at least 250 days per year with 1,250 round trips. In addition, the NYSW received a $400,000 tax break from the state of New York in order to cover operating costs.
The disused Carousel Center (Destiny USA) station in 2021
Since the rail infrastructure was already in place, the state of New York provided a $4.5 million grant to purchase rolling stock (four 1950 Budd Rail Diesel Cars) and construct passenger stations along the former freight line. OnTrack was incorporated on September 24, 1994 and the primary service (known as the "City Express") began in October between Syracuse University and Carousel Center, ten times a day and seven days a week. OnTrack initially exceeded expectations, carrying 45,757 passengers in its first three months of service. However, the line never turned a profit, and relied on state subsidies and volunteers to keep it running.
With the initial success of the line, NYSW proposed expansions to the service, including a 2002 proposal for intercity service from Syracuse to Binghamton, stopping at several OnTrack stations as well as Cortland. However, the schedule was not optimized for commuter usage. Rather, the train was meant to bring visitors to popular destinations such as downtown museums and restaurants, weekend excursion trips to Jamesville Beach Park, the "Santa Train", and the "Orange Express" special service for Carrier Dome events.
A high priority project was a connection to the William F. Walsh Regional Transportation Center, where it could link directly to Amtrak and local/intercity buses, and the adjacent new Alliance Bank Stadium (now known as NBT Bank Stadium) and CNY Regional Market, which would make the line much more useful for commuters. This would require the construction of a new bridge over Park Street (State Route 370), so that local trains would not interfere with operations on the CSX (formerly New York Central) main line. Centro, Syracuse's local transportation agency, began construction on the bridge in 1998, and also prepared a platform at the Walsh Transportation Center to allow direct transfer between OnTrack and Amtrak trains. Congressman Jim Walsh approved a $3 million grant for the project. However, CSX objected due to concerns that construction might destabilize the adjacent freight rail bridge across Park Avenue. The bridge project never came to fruition, and more than 300 tons of steel budgeted for construction were scrapped.
By the mid-2000s, ridership had dropped greatly due to the lack of continued publicity. Services were reduced, which led to further decrease in patronage. By 2003 the train ran only four days a week. It was found that NYSW had used large amounts of state grants and tax breaks to fund freight service and repair track on its other lines, rather than for OnTrack as the money had been intended. Another reason for the lack of growth in ridership was the lack of stations in residential areas, limiting the line's use by commuters. In 2007 service had been cut to weekends only and ridership had declined to 50 passengers per day, far short of the 500 per day required to be profitable. NYSWR chairman Walter Rich, one of OnTrack's major proponents, died in 2007, and the railroad's interest in continuing OnTrack service diminished. Regular service was terminated indefinitely in July 2007. The Orange Express ran its last train in March 2008. The line continues to be used, infrequently, by freight trains.
Route
Map of OnTrack service, showing the unfinished extension to Walsh Transportation Center. Amtrak service shown in gray.
The OnTrack route starts at Destiny USA in the north, and runs along the south shore of Onondaga Lake and under I-690 before turning southeast through the Westside neighborhoods of Syracuse, roughly paralleling Erie Boulevard. It passes directly through downtown Syracuse near Armory Square, turning south along Onondaga Creek, then through the Southside and under I-81 where it skirts the west side of the Syracuse University campus and Oakwood Cemetery to Colvin Street. The line then turns east through rolling countryside along I-481, leaving the city of Syracuse, and then south again towards Jamesville and along the western shore of Jamesville Reservoir to Jamesville Beach Park. Within Syracuse, the line passes through a mix of residential, commercial, retail and light industrial areas; south of Brighton Avenue and the city limits it traverses mostly undeveloped rural land.
The entire line north of Jamesville is grade-separated, and in downtown Syracuse most of the line is elevated. The line is single-tracked with passing sidings at Armory Square (old Downtown station) and Jamesville. The section south of Syracuse University was only used by special excursion trains, although in 1999 when parts of Interstate 81 were temporarily closed for construction, the federal government briefly subsidized free commuter service between Jamesville and downtown. Only four of the stations (Carousel Center, Armory Square, Syracuse University and the unfinished station at Alliance Bank Stadium) had covered platforms. The regular fare was $1.50, and the fare for the Orange Express was $4 (from Armory Square) or $5 (from Carousel Center).
List of stations
Name
Miles (km) from RTC
Type
Description
Photo
Current owners
Central New York Regional Market
n/a
n/a
Regional farmer's market. Planned, but never built.
n/a
Alliance Bank Stadium (NBT Bank Stadium)
0.46(0.74)
Covered platform
Home of the Syracuse Chiefs minor league baseball team. Built but never opened. Demolished in 2022.
Alliance Bank (now NBT) Stadium Station in 2017
Station demolished, property owned by NBT Bank
William F. Walsh Regional Transportation Center
0.00
Covered platform
Connections to Amtrak, Greyhound, Trailways and local Centro buses. A dedicated, fully covered platform and link to the transportation center was completed, but never connected to the rest of the system.
A section of incomplete track at the William F. Walsh Regional Transportation Center, which had been built for OnTrack trains but never connected to the line
Intermodal Transportation Center, Inc, a subsidiary of Centro
Carousel Center (Destiny USA)
0.59(0.95)
Covered platform
New York's largest shopping mall.
Destiny USA Ontrack Station in 2018
Pyramid Group, owners of Destiny USA
600 Erie Place
3.30(5.31)
Flag stop, no platform
For the Westside neighborhood.
600 Erie Place Flag Stop Station in 2016
Armory Square - Downtown Syracuse
3.84(6.18)
Covered platform
Elevated station on Armory Square, a major nightlife area with many small shops and restaurants, and close to downtown jobs.
Two trains servicing the armory square station, an express, and an orange
Platform is still owned by NYSW; the building is owned by a private company and was once the DL&W Depot.
Syracuse University - Carrier Dome
5.01(8.07)
Covered platform
Serving the University Hill neighborhood, about a quarter-mile (0.4 km) from Carrier Dome. Final destination for the Orange Express.
Syracuse University - Carrier Dome station in 2013
NYSW
Colvin Street
5.66(9.11)
Open platform
For the Brighton and Outer Comstock neighborhoods. City Express trains only served this stop if called.
The stairs to enter the Colvin Street platform. No physical platform is left.
Stairs are owned by the City of Syracuse; platform is owned by NYSW.
Rock Cut Road (seasonal)
9.88(15.91)
Flag stop, no platform
Jamesville Village (seasonal)
10.69(17.21)
Flag stop, no platform
Track owned by NYSW; station that serviced the flag stop is owned by the town.
Jamesville Beach (seasonal)
12.39(19.95)
Open platform
Popular swimming and boating area along Jamesville Reservoir.
Rolling stock
M-7 at Carousel Center in July 1995
OnTrack was operated with four Budd Rail Diesel Cars (RDC-1) "Buddliners" built in the 1950s. All OnTrack cars were owned by the New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway and returned to NYSW upon the demise of the commuter rail service. By 2008, the RDCs were either sold or out of service. The Orange Express required longer trains and used retired Metra passenger cars, pulled by various NYSW locomotives.
M-5: Budd RDC-1 built for New Haven Railroad (NHRR) #23 built in 1952; later served with Penn Central Transportation Company (PC) as #68; Metro-North Railroad (MNR) as # 18, Amtrak as # 18; sold to Conway Scenic Railroad of New Hampshire in May 2008
M-6: Budd RDC-1 built in 1953 for NHRR as # 37; later served with PC (#37); MNR (#11); Amtrak (#11); still owned by NYSWR
M-7: Budd RDC-1 built in 1953 for NHRR as # 43; later served with PC (#43); MNR (#43) and now with Southern Railroad of New Jersey since 2008. This specific car has been sitting abandoned in a lot owned by SRNJ since 2009.
M-8: Budd RDC-1 built in 1953 for New York Central Railroad as # 465; later served with PC (#65) and MNR (#65)
Closure
The rolling stock has been scrapped or sold to other companies. Most stations are sitting abandoned. Many people agree that the only reason that OnTrack was not profitable was due to lack of service hours during rush hour, as well as there being no physical connection between the William J. Walsh Transportation Center and the rest of the line.
Although a connection was planned and was under construction, plans halted soon after construction began, as Conrail claimed that the construction to the bridge was weakening their bridge next to it. The metal to build the bridge was scrapped and sold in 2013, long after the rail lines' demise.
Future
Local authorities have discussed the possibility of renewed OnTrack service, perhaps as a light rail system. Eric Ennis, an economic development specialist for the city of Syracuse, has cited new development in the University Hill neighborhood, a residential boom in downtown, and the expansion of Destiny USA as potential sources of increased ridership. New stations in the low-income neighborhoods the line passes through would increase mobility for carless residents. The Syracuse Regional Airport Authority, which operates Syracuse Hancock International Airport, has also considered the potential benefits of restarting OnTrack service with an extension to the airport.
In June of 2023, the tax break for NYSW ended. Onondaga County sent NYSW a bill of $290,000. There is a pending legal battle about the assessment of the property.
See also
Railroads in Syracuse, New York
Syracuse and Binghamton Railroad
Central New York Regional Transportation Authority
References
^ a b c d e f "Syracuse: When Rail Fails". Metro Jacksonville. 2008-01-09. Retrieved 2017-07-16.
^ "2004-20053 SMTC Environmental Justice Report, Map 10: OnTrack Rail Service" (PDF). Syracuse Metropolitan Transportation Council. Mar 2005. Retrieved 2017-07-16.
^ a b c d e f g "Central New York Rail Corridor Inventory" (PDF). Syracuse Metropolitan Transportation Council. Dec 2003. Retrieved 2017-07-15.
^ LaBerge 2009, p. 13–15.
^ a b c d e Kirst, Sean (2015-06-02). "Seeing an old Syracuse rail service in a new way: Is there renewed hope for the Ontrack corridor?". Syracuse.com. Retrieved 2017-07-16.
^ a b "Strategic Plan" (PDF). Syracuse Hancock International Airport. Retrieved 2017-07-15.
^ Lawless, Don (1978-04-13). "Once Upon a Trolley". The Post-Standard. Syracuse, New York.
^ LaBerge 2009, p. 2.
^ a b c d LaBerge 2009, p. 3.
^ Van Hattem, Matt (2006-07-03). "OnTrack City Express: A passenger rail shuttle serving Syracuse, N.Y." Trains.com. Retrieved 2017-07-16.
^ a b LaBerge 2009, p. 4.
^ "Binghamton-Syracuse train next year?". The ESPA Express. Empire State Passengers Association. Aug 2002. Retrieved 2017-07-16.
^ a b c d Kenyon, Jim (2013-11-07). "OnTrack: a derailed promise for Syracuse". CNYCentral. Retrieved 2017-07-16.
^ "Environmental Justice Analysis Final Report: 2003-2004 UPWP" (PDF). Syracuse Metropolitan Transportation Council. Mar 2004. Retrieved 2017-07-16.
^ Moriarty, Rick (2014-03-18). "Roth Steel closed owing county development agency $60,000". Syracuse.com. Retrieved 2017-07-16.
^ LaBerge 2009, p. 3–4.
^ a b LaBerge 2009, p. 5.
^ Grogan, Mike (2008-03-10). "OnTrack ends shuttle between downtown Syracuse and Dome". Syracuse.com. Retrieved 2017-07-17.
^ "OnTrack Route Map: City Express Service". Syracuse OnTrack. Archived from the original on 2006-06-17. Retrieved 2017-07-16.
^ The National Map (Map). Cartography by U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2017-07-16.
^ Kirst, Sean (1999-05-28). "Ontrack: With interstate shut down, a more relaxing kind of morning commute". Syracuse.com. Retrieved 2017-07-16.
^ a b "OnTrack City Express Schedule". Syracuse OnTrack. Archived from the original on 2005-04-04. Retrieved 2017-07-16.
^ "OnTrack Orange Express Schedule". Syracuse OnTrack. Archived from the original on 2006-06-17. Retrieved 2017-07-16.
^ Distance measured using Google Earth.
^ Duke & Keilty 1990, pp. 251–270.
^ Moriarty, Rick (2013-10-15). "Onondaga County agency to scrap steel bought for railroad bridge that was never built". syracuse. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
^ Knauss, Tim (2023-06-14). "This property tax break lasted twice as long as the Syracuse rail service it helped". syracuse. Retrieved 2023-07-31.
Works cited
LaBerge, Chris (Dec 2009). "Regional Rail in Syracuse, NY: A Case and Concept for Renewed Service" (PDF). Cornell University. Retrieved 2017-07-16.
Duke, Donald; Keilty, Edmund (1990). RDC: The Budd Rail Diesel Car. San Marino, California: Golden West Books. ISBN 978-0-87095-103-9.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to OnTrack.
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/OnTrackKML is from Wikidata
Syracuse in Focus OnTrack photo gallery
OnTrack's 10th anniversary photo gallery
Article containing a short video clip of OnTrack
Ontrack schedule for City Express
NSWR roster
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ontrack (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontrack_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"suburban rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_rail"},{"link_name":"Syracuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Carousel Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carousel_Center"},{"link_name":"Destiny USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_USA"},{"link_name":"Armory Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armory_Square"},{"link_name":"Syracuse University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University"},{"link_name":"Jamesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamesville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"railcars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railcar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metro_Jacksonville-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OnTrack_Map-2"},{"link_name":"Onondaga County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onondaga_County"},{"link_name":"New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York,_Susquehanna_and_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"Class II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_II_railroad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rail_Inventory-3"},{"link_name":"rush hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_hour"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaBerge200913%E2%80%9315-4"},{"link_name":"light rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_rail"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kirst-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-airport-6"}],"text":"Commuter rail line of Syracuse, New York (1994–2008)This article is about the New York commuter train line. For other uses, see Ontrack (disambiguation).OnTrack was a suburban rail line that operated in Syracuse, New York, from 1994 to 2008. The line ran from the Carousel Center (today's Destiny USA) on the city's north side via Armory Square and Syracuse University to Colvin Street, with summer weekend service south to Jamesville, mainly using 1950s-era diesel railcars.[1][2]The line was the result of a public-private partnership between the state of New York, Onondaga County and the New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway (NYSW), a Class II regional freight carrier.[3] The NYSW received tax breaks and grants in exchange for operating passenger service on the Syracuse line. Although OnTrack was initially successful, ridership declined and was ultimately discontinued due to inadequate rush hour service, poor publicity and failure to connect to Syracuse's Amtrak and intercity bus routes.[4]In recent years, there have been proposals to complete the line and restart passenger service, potentially as a light rail system.[5][6]","title":"OnTrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Syracuse University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University"},{"link_name":"Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware,_Lackawanna_and_Western_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Binghamton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binghamton,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rail_Inventory-3"},{"link_name":"Carousel Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carousel_Center"},{"link_name":"Destiny USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_USA"},{"link_name":"Jamesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamesville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaBerge20092-8"},{"link_name":"Conrail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrail"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaBerge20093-9"},{"link_name":"New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York,_Susquehanna_and_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaBerge20093-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaBerge20093-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metro_Jacksonville-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carousel_Center_OnTrack_Station.jpg"},{"link_name":"Budd Rail Diesel Cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budd_Rail_Diesel_Car"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaBerge20093-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rail_Inventory-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaBerge20094-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kirst-5"},{"link_name":"Binghamton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binghamton,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Cortland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortland,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-espa2002-12"},{"link_name":"Jamesville Beach Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamesville_Beach_Park"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kenyon-13"},{"link_name":"Carrier Dome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_Dome"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rail_Inventory-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaBerge20094-11"},{"link_name":"William F. Walsh Regional Transportation Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Walsh_Regional_Transportation_Center"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"NBT Bank Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBT_Bank_Stadium"},{"link_name":"CNY Regional Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_New_York_Regional_Market"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"State Route 370","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_370"},{"link_name":"CSX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSX_Transportation"},{"link_name":"New York Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Central_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rail_Inventory-3"},{"link_name":"Centro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_New_York_Regional_Transportation_Authority"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metro_Jacksonville-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Jim Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_T._Walsh"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaBerge20093%E2%80%934-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kenyon-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kenyon-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rail_Inventory-3"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaBerge20095-17"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metro_Jacksonville-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metro_Jacksonville-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kenyon-13"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaBerge20095-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kirst-5"}],"text":"Starting in the late 19th century, an extensive series of electric interurban railways served the Syracuse region, but by the 1930s local rail service ceased, and was replaced by buses and automobiles.[7] In the 1990s, Syracuse University graduate Robert Colucci proposed converting for passenger service a roughly 10-mile (16 km) segment of the old Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad's Syracuse–Binghamton line[3] between Carousel Center (now Destiny USA) in the north and Jamesville in the south.[8] At the time, the little-used right of way was owned by Conrail which considered it a financial burden, so it was sold for $1 to the Onondaga County Industrial Development Agency (IDA).[9] The Onondaga IDA leased the track to the New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway (NYSW) at a bargain rate, and allowed the NYSW to use it for freight service on the condition that a passenger rail service be run at least 250 days per year with 1,250 round trips.[9] In addition, the NYSW received a $400,000 tax break from the state of New York in order to cover operating costs.[9][1]The disused Carousel Center (Destiny USA) station in 2021Since the rail infrastructure was already in place, the state of New York provided a $4.5 million grant to purchase rolling stock (four 1950 Budd Rail Diesel Cars) and construct passenger stations along the former freight line.[9] OnTrack was incorporated on September 24, 1994[10] and the primary service (known as the \"City Express\")[3] began in October between Syracuse University and Carousel Center, ten times a day and seven days a week. OnTrack initially exceeded expectations, carrying 45,757 passengers in its first three months of service.[11] However, the line never turned a profit, and relied on state subsidies and volunteers to keep it running.[5]With the initial success of the line, NYSW proposed expansions to the service, including a 2002 proposal for intercity service from Syracuse to Binghamton, stopping at several OnTrack stations as well as Cortland.[12] However, the schedule was not optimized for commuter usage. Rather, the train was meant to bring visitors to popular destinations such as downtown museums and restaurants, weekend excursion trips to Jamesville Beach Park, the \"Santa Train\",[13] and the \"Orange Express\" special service for Carrier Dome events.[3][11]A high priority project was a connection to the William F. Walsh Regional Transportation Center, where it could link directly to Amtrak and local/intercity buses, and the adjacent new Alliance Bank Stadium (now known as NBT Bank Stadium) and CNY Regional Market, which would make the line much more useful for commuters.[14] This would require the construction of a new bridge over Park Street (State Route 370), so that local trains would not interfere with operations on the CSX (formerly New York Central) main line.[3] Centro, Syracuse's local transportation agency, began construction on the bridge in 1998, and also prepared a platform at the Walsh Transportation Center to allow direct transfer between OnTrack and Amtrak trains.[1][15] Congressman Jim Walsh approved a $3 million grant for the project.[16] However, CSX objected due to concerns that construction might destabilize the adjacent freight rail bridge across Park Avenue.[13] The bridge project never came to fruition, and more than 300 tons of steel budgeted for construction were scrapped.[13]By the mid-2000s, ridership had dropped greatly due to the lack of continued publicity. Services were reduced, which led to further decrease in patronage. By 2003 the train ran only four days a week.[3] It was found that NYSW had used large amounts of state grants and tax breaks to fund freight service and repair track on its other lines, rather than for OnTrack as the money had been intended.[17] Another reason for the lack of growth in ridership was the lack of stations in residential areas, limiting the line's use by commuters.[1] In 2007 service had been cut to weekends only and ridership had declined to 50 passengers per day,[1] far short of the 500 per day required to be profitable. NYSWR chairman Walter Rich, one of OnTrack's major proponents, died in 2007, and the railroad's interest in continuing OnTrack service diminished.[13] Regular service was terminated indefinitely in July 2007.[17] The Orange Express ran its last train in March 2008.[18] The line continues to be used, infrequently, by freight trains.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syracuse_OnTrack_map.png"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"Onondaga Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onondaga_Lake"},{"link_name":"I-690","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_690_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Armory Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armory_Square"},{"link_name":"Onondaga Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onondaga_Creek"},{"link_name":"I-81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_81"},{"link_name":"Syracuse University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_University"},{"link_name":"Oakwood Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakwood_Cemetery_(Syracuse,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"I-481","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_481_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Jamesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamesville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Jamesville Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamesville_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"Jamesville Beach Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamesville_Beach_Park"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rail_Inventory-3"},{"link_name":"grade-separated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_separation"},{"link_name":"Interstate 81","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_81"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-City_Express_Schedule-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Map of OnTrack service, showing the unfinished extension to Walsh Transportation Center. Amtrak service shown in gray.The OnTrack route starts at Destiny USA in the north, and runs along the south shore of Onondaga Lake and under I-690 before turning southeast through the Westside neighborhoods of Syracuse, roughly paralleling Erie Boulevard. It passes directly through downtown Syracuse near Armory Square, turning south along Onondaga Creek, then through the Southside and under I-81 where it skirts the west side of the Syracuse University campus and Oakwood Cemetery to Colvin Street.[19][20] The line then turns east through rolling countryside along I-481, leaving the city of Syracuse, and then south again towards Jamesville and along the western shore of Jamesville Reservoir to Jamesville Beach Park. Within Syracuse, the line passes through a mix of residential, commercial, retail and light industrial areas; south of Brighton Avenue and the city limits it traverses mostly undeveloped rural land.[3]The entire line north of Jamesville is grade-separated, and in downtown Syracuse most of the line is elevated. The line is single-tracked with passing sidings at Armory Square (old Downtown station) and Jamesville. The section south of Syracuse University was only used by special excursion trains, although in 1999 when parts of Interstate 81 were temporarily closed for construction, the federal government briefly subsidized free commuter service between Jamesville and downtown.[21] Only four of the stations (Carousel Center, Armory Square, Syracuse University and the unfinished station at Alliance Bank Stadium) had covered platforms. The regular fare was $1.50,[22] and the fare for the Orange Express was $4 (from Armory Square) or $5 (from Carousel Center).[23]","title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List of stations","title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OnTrack_train_at_Carousel_Center,_July_1995.jpg"},{"link_name":"Budd Rail Diesel Cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budd_Rail_Diesel_Car"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Metro_Jacksonville-1"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDukeKeilty1990251%E2%80%93270-25"},{"link_name":"Metra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metra"},{"link_name":"New Haven Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Penn Central Transportation Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Central_Transportation_Company"},{"link_name":"Metro-North Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-North_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"Conway Scenic Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conway_Scenic_Railroad"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"Southern Railroad of New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Railroad_of_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New York Central Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Central_Railroad"}],"text":"M-7 at Carousel Center in July 1995OnTrack was operated with four Budd Rail Diesel Cars (RDC-1) \"Buddliners\" built in the 1950s.[1] All OnTrack cars were owned by the New York, Susquehanna and Western Railway and returned to NYSW upon the demise of the commuter rail service. By 2008, the RDCs were either sold or out of service.[25] The Orange Express required longer trains and used retired Metra passenger cars, pulled by various NYSW locomotives.M-5: Budd RDC-1 built for New Haven Railroad (NHRR) #23 built in 1952; later served with Penn Central Transportation Company (PC) as #68; Metro-North Railroad (MNR) as # 18, Amtrak as # 18; sold to Conway Scenic Railroad of New Hampshire in May 2008\nM-6: Budd RDC-1 built in 1953 for NHRR as # 37; later served with PC (#37); MNR (#11); Amtrak (#11); still owned by NYSWR\nM-7: Budd RDC-1 built in 1953 for NHRR as # 43; later served with PC (#43); MNR (#43) and now with Southern Railroad of New Jersey since 2008. This specific car has been sitting abandoned in a lot owned by SRNJ since 2009.\nM-8: Budd RDC-1 built in 1953 for New York Central Railroad as # 465; later served with PC (#65) and MNR (#65)","title":"Rolling stock"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conrail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrail"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"The rolling stock has been scrapped or sold to other companies. Most stations are sitting abandoned. Many people agree that the only reason that OnTrack was not profitable was due to lack of service hours during rush hour, as well as there being no physical connection between the William J. Walsh Transportation Center and the rest of the line.Although a connection was planned and was under construction, plans halted soon after construction began, as Conrail claimed that the construction to the bridge was weakening their bridge next to it.[26] The metal to build the bridge was scrapped and sold in 2013, long after the rail lines' demise.","title":"Closure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"light rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_rail"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kirst-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kirst-5"},{"link_name":"Syracuse Hancock International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_Hancock_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-airport-6"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"Local authorities have discussed the possibility of renewed OnTrack service, perhaps as a light rail system. Eric Ennis, an economic development specialist for the city of Syracuse, has cited new development in the University Hill neighborhood, a residential boom in downtown, and the expansion of Destiny USA as potential sources of increased ridership.[5] New stations in the low-income neighborhoods the line passes through would increase mobility for carless residents.[5] The Syracuse Regional Airport Authority, which operates Syracuse Hancock International Airport, has also considered the potential benefits of restarting OnTrack service with an extension to the airport.[6]In June of 2023, the tax break for NYSW ended. Onondaga County sent NYSW a bill of $290,000. There is a pending legal battle about the assessment of the property.[27]","title":"Future"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Regional Rail in Syracuse, NY: A Case and Concept for Renewed Service\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//courses.cit.cornell.edu/crp384/2009reports/LaBerge_Regional%20Rail%20in%20Syracuse,%20NY.pdf"},{"link_name":"Golden West Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_West_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-87095-103-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87095-103-9"}],"text":"LaBerge, Chris (Dec 2009). \"Regional Rail in Syracuse, NY: A Case and Concept for Renewed Service\" (PDF). Cornell University. Retrieved 2017-07-16.\nDuke, Donald; Keilty, Edmund (1990). RDC: The Budd Rail Diesel Car. San Marino, California: Golden West Books. ISBN 978-0-87095-103-9.","title":"Works cited"}]
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[{"image_text":"The disused Carousel Center (Destiny USA) station in 2021","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Carousel_Center_OnTrack_Station.jpg/220px-Carousel_Center_OnTrack_Station.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of OnTrack service, showing the unfinished extension to Walsh Transportation Center. Amtrak service shown in gray.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Syracuse_OnTrack_map.png/220px-Syracuse_OnTrack_map.png"},{"image_text":"Alliance Bank (now NBT) Stadium Station in 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Abandoned_Ontrack_Station_Outside_Syracuse_Mets_Stadium.jpg/220px-Abandoned_Ontrack_Station_Outside_Syracuse_Mets_Stadium.jpg"},{"image_text":"A section of incomplete track at the William F. Walsh Regional Transportation Center, which had been built for OnTrack trains but never connected to the line","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pedestrian_passage_and_OnTrack_trackbed_at_Syracuse_station%2C_July_2016.jpg/220px-Pedestrian_passage_and_OnTrack_trackbed_at_Syracuse_station%2C_July_2016.jpg"},{"image_text":"Destiny USA Ontrack Station in 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Destiny_USA_Ontrack_Station.jpg/220px-Destiny_USA_Ontrack_Station.jpg"},{"image_text":"600 Erie Place Flag Stop Station in 2016","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/600_Erie_Place_Station.jpg/220px-600_Erie_Place_Station.jpg"},{"image_text":"Two trains servicing the armory square station, an express, and an orange","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Armory_Square_Station.jpg/220px-Armory_Square_Station.jpg"},{"image_text":"Syracuse University - Carrier Dome station in 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Syracuse_University_Carrier_Dome_Station_-_Abandoned_2013.jpg/220px-Syracuse_University_Carrier_Dome_Station_-_Abandoned_2013.jpg"},{"image_text":"The stairs to enter the Colvin Street platform. No physical platform is left.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Colvin_Street_Station_Stairs.jpg/220px-Colvin_Street_Station_Stairs.jpg"},{"image_text":"M-7 at Carousel Center in July 1995","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/OnTrack_train_at_Carousel_Center%2C_July_1995.jpg/220px-OnTrack_train_at_Carousel_Center%2C_July_1995.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Railroads in Syracuse, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroads_in_Syracuse,_New_York"},{"title":"Syracuse and Binghamton Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse_and_Binghamton_Railroad"},{"title":"Central New York Regional Transportation Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_New_York_Regional_Transportation_Authority"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Syracuse: When Rail Fails\". Metro Jacksonville. 2008-01-09. Retrieved 2017-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metrojacksonville.com/article/2008-jan-syracuse-when-rail-fails","url_text":"\"Syracuse: When Rail Fails\""}]},{"reference":"\"2004-20053 SMTC Environmental Justice Report, Map 10: OnTrack Rail Service\" (PDF). Syracuse Metropolitan Transportation Council. Mar 2005. Retrieved 2017-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://smtcmpo.org/docs/reports/EJ_2004-06/EJ_2004-06_map10.pdf","url_text":"\"2004-20053 SMTC Environmental Justice Report, Map 10: OnTrack Rail Service\""}]},{"reference":"\"Central New York Rail Corridor Inventory\" (PDF). Syracuse Metropolitan Transportation Council. Dec 2003. Retrieved 2017-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smtcmpo.org/docs/reports/RailFinalReport2003-04.pdf","url_text":"\"Central New York Rail Corridor Inventory\""}]},{"reference":"Kirst, Sean (2015-06-02). \"Seeing an old Syracuse rail service in a new way: Is there renewed hope for the Ontrack corridor?\". Syracuse.com. Retrieved 2017-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.syracuse.com/kirst/index.ssf/2015/06/ontrack_and_downtown_syracuse_and_eric_ennis_and_passenger_rail.html","url_text":"\"Seeing an old Syracuse rail service in a new way: Is there renewed hope for the Ontrack corridor?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Strategic Plan\" (PDF). Syracuse Hancock International Airport. Retrieved 2017-07-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.syrairport.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Strategic-Plan.pdf","url_text":"\"Strategic Plan\""}]},{"reference":"Lawless, Don (1978-04-13). \"Once Upon a Trolley\". The Post-Standard. Syracuse, New York.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Post-Standard","url_text":"The Post-Standard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York","url_text":"Syracuse, New York"}]},{"reference":"Van Hattem, Matt (2006-07-03). \"OnTrack City Express: A passenger rail shuttle serving Syracuse, N.Y.\" Trains.com. Retrieved 2017-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://trn.trains.com/railroads/2006/07/ontrack-city-express","url_text":"\"OnTrack City Express: A passenger rail shuttle serving Syracuse, N.Y.\""}]},{"reference":"\"Binghamton-Syracuse train next year?\". The ESPA Express. Empire State Passengers Association. Aug 2002. Retrieved 2017-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trainweb.org/espa/espa802.htm","url_text":"\"Binghamton-Syracuse train next year?\""}]},{"reference":"Kenyon, Jim (2013-11-07). \"OnTrack: a derailed promise for Syracuse\". CNYCentral. Retrieved 2017-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://cnycentral.com/news/local/ontrack-a-derailed-promise-for-syracuse","url_text":"\"OnTrack: a derailed promise for Syracuse\""}]},{"reference":"\"Environmental Justice Analysis Final Report: 2003-2004 UPWP\" (PDF). Syracuse Metropolitan Transportation Council. Mar 2004. Retrieved 2017-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smtcmpo.org/docs/reports/2004_EJ_Final_Report.pdf","url_text":"\"Environmental Justice Analysis Final Report: 2003-2004 UPWP\""}]},{"reference":"Moriarty, Rick (2014-03-18). \"Roth Steel closed owing county development agency $60,000\". Syracuse.com. Retrieved 2017-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2014/03/roth_steel_closed_owing_county_development_agency_money.html","url_text":"\"Roth Steel closed owing county development agency $60,000\""}]},{"reference":"Grogan, Mike (2008-03-10). \"OnTrack ends shuttle between downtown Syracuse and Dome\". Syracuse.com. Retrieved 2017-07-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.syracuse.com/news/2008/03/ontrack_ends_shuttle_between_d.html","url_text":"\"OnTrack ends shuttle between downtown Syracuse and Dome\""}]},{"reference":"\"OnTrack Route Map: City Express Service\". Syracuse OnTrack. Archived from the original on 2006-06-17. Retrieved 2017-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060617215300/http://www.syracuseontrack.com/map-x.htm","url_text":"\"OnTrack Route Map: City Express Service\""},{"url":"http://www.syracuseontrack.com/map-x.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"The National Map (Map). Cartography by U.S. Geological Survey. Retrieved 2017-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/","url_text":"The National Map"}]},{"reference":"Kirst, Sean (1999-05-28). \"Ontrack: With interstate shut down, a more relaxing kind of morning commute\". Syracuse.com. Retrieved 2017-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.syracuse.com/kirst/index.ssf/1999/05/ontrack_with_part_of_interstate_shut_down_a_more_relaxing_take_on_a_morning_comm.html","url_text":"\"Ontrack: With interstate shut down, a more relaxing kind of morning commute\""}]},{"reference":"\"OnTrack City Express Schedule\". Syracuse OnTrack. Archived from the original on 2005-04-04. Retrieved 2017-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050404085149/http://www.syracuseontrack.com/sched-x.htm","url_text":"\"OnTrack City Express Schedule\""},{"url":"http://www.syracuseontrack.com/sched-x.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"OnTrack Orange Express Schedule\". Syracuse OnTrack. Archived from the original on 2006-06-17. Retrieved 2017-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060617215341/http://www.syracuseontrack.com/sched-o.htm","url_text":"\"OnTrack Orange Express Schedule\""},{"url":"http://www.syracuseontrack.com/sched-o.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Moriarty, Rick (2013-10-15). \"Onondaga County agency to scrap steel bought for railroad bridge that was never built\". syracuse. Retrieved 2023-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.syracuse.com/news/2013/10/onondaga_county_agency_to_scrap_steel_bought_for_railroad_bridge_that_was_never.html","url_text":"\"Onondaga County agency to scrap steel bought for railroad bridge that was never built\""}]},{"reference":"Knauss, Tim (2023-06-14). \"This property tax break lasted twice as long as the Syracuse rail service it helped\". syracuse. Retrieved 2023-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.syracuse.com/news/2023/06/this-property-tax-break-lasted-twice-as-long-as-the-syracuse-rail-service-it-helped.html","url_text":"\"This property tax break lasted twice as long as the Syracuse rail service it helped\""}]},{"reference":"LaBerge, Chris (Dec 2009). \"Regional Rail in Syracuse, NY: A Case and Concept for Renewed Service\" (PDF). Cornell University. Retrieved 2017-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://courses.cit.cornell.edu/crp384/2009reports/LaBerge_Regional%20Rail%20in%20Syracuse,%20NY.pdf","url_text":"\"Regional Rail in Syracuse, NY: A Case and Concept for Renewed Service\""}]},{"reference":"Duke, Donald; Keilty, Edmund (1990). RDC: The Budd Rail Diesel Car. San Marino, California: Golden West Books. ISBN 978-0-87095-103-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_West_Books","url_text":"Golden West Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87095-103-9","url_text":"978-0-87095-103-9"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_Middle_School
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Prospect Heights, Illinois
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["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 Education","4 Transportation","5 Notable people","6 References","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 42°6′20″N 87°55′41″W / 42.10556°N 87.92806°W / 42.10556; -87.92806
City in Illinois, United StatesProspect Heights, IllinoisCityCity of Prospect Heights
logoLocation of Prospect Heights in Cook County, Illinois.Location of Illinois in the United StatesCoordinates: 42°6′20″N 87°55′41″W / 42.10556°N 87.92806°W / 42.10556; -87.92806CountryUnited StatesStateIllinoisCountyCookGovernment • MayorMatthew DolickArea • Total4.29 sq mi (11.10 km2) • Land4.26 sq mi (11.02 km2) • Water0.03 sq mi (0.08 km2)Population (2020) • Total16,058 • Density3,773.03/sq mi (1,456.60/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (CST) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP Code(s)60070Area code847FIPS code17-62016Wikimedia CommonsProspect Heights, IllinoisWebsitewww.prospect-heights.il.us
Prospect Heights is a city in Cook County, Illinois, United States and is a suburb of Chicago. Per the 2020 census, the population was 16,058.
Geography
According to the 2021 census gazetteer files, Prospect Heights has a total area of 4.29 square miles (11.11 km2), of which 4.26 square miles (11.03 km2) (or 99.30%) is land and 0.03 square miles (0.08 km2) (or 0.70%) is water.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
198011,823—199015,23928.9%200017,08112.1%201016,256−4.8%202016,058−1.2%U.S. Decennial Census 2010 2020
As of the 2020 census there were 16,058 people, 6,144 households, and 4,205 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,746.62 inhabitants per square mile (1,446.58/km2). There were 6,657 housing units at an average density of 1,553.20 per square mile (599.69/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 61.41% White, 10.31% Asian, 1.51% African American, 1.33% Native American, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 14.14% from other races, and 11.30% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 28.99% of the population.
There were 6,144 households, out of which 29.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.70% were married couples living together, 10.34% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.56% were non-families. 25.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.74% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.09 and the average family size was 2.59.
The city's age distribution consisted of 24.0% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 29% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 18.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $72,500, and the median income for a family was $84,803. Males had a median income of $48,699 versus $27,007 for females. The per capita income for the city was $39,534. About 6.5% of families and 10.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.8% of those under age 18 and 7.0% of those age 65 or over.
Prospect Heights city, Illinois – Demographic Profile (NH = Non-Hispanic)
Race / Ethnicity
Pop 2010
Pop 2020
% 2010
% 2020
White alone (NH)
9,822
9,210
60.42%
57.35%
Black or African American alone (NH)
181
215
1.11%
1.34%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)
9
24
0.06%
0.15%
Asian alone (NH)
1,273
1,641
7.83%
10.22%
Pacific Islander alone (NH)
2
2
0.01%
0.01%
Some Other Race alone (NH)
6
38
0.04%
0.24%
Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH)
117
273
0.72%
1.70%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)
4,846
4,655
29.81%
28.99%
Total
16,256
16,058
100.00%
100.00%
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.
On April 5, 2011, Nicholas "Nick" Helmer was elected Mayor of Prospect Heights with 70% of the vote. Less than thirty days after being sworn in, Mayor Helmer rehired police officers that were laid off by the prior administration.
Education
Most of Prospect Heights is served by the Prospect Heights School District 23, which contains four schools:
Dwight D. Eisenhower Elementary (K-1)
Betsy Ross Elementary (2-3)
Anne Sullivan Elementary (4-5)
MacArthur Middle School (6-8)
Other districts that serve portions of Prospect Heights include:
Wheeling Community Consolidated School District 21
Whitman Elementary School (K-5) (In Wheeling)
Twain Elementary School (K-5) (In Wheeling)
Frost Elementary School (K-5) (In Mount Prospect)
Holmes Middle School (6-8) (In Wheeling)
River Trails School District 26
Euclid Elementary School (K-5) (In Mount Prospect)
River Trails Middle School (6-8) (In Mount Prospect)
Township High School District 214 serves Prospect Heights. Students attend either Wheeling High School or John Hersey High School. Those in District 23's area will attend either. Those in District 21's area will attend Wheeling and those in District 26's area will attend Hersey.
Private education in Prospect Heights is St. Alphonsus Liguori Catholic Parish and St. Viator High School in Arlington Heights.
Transportation
In addition to Pace buses, Prospect Heights is serviced by two Metra lines, with service to Chicago Union Station or Antioch from a station on the North Central Service, while the Union Pacific / Northwest Line has two stations nearby.
Notable people
Steve Chen, co-founder of YouTube
Charlie Kirk, founder of Turning Point USA
Anson Mount, actor
Marty Robinson, radio/TV performer
Ben Weasel, singer of punk rock band Screeching Weasel
References
^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
^ "Prospect Heights city, Illinois". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
^ Bureau, US Census. "Gazetteer Files". Census.gov. Retrieved June 29, 2022.
^ "Decennial Census of Population and Housing by Decades". US Census Bureau.
^ a b "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Prospect Heights city, Illinois". United States Census Bureau.
^ a b "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Prospect Heights city, Illinois". United States Census Bureau.
^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved June 28, 2022.
^ "Chicago Tribune: Chicago news, sports, weather, entertainment".
^ "Chicago Tribune: Chicago news, sports, weather, entertainment".
^ YouTube: The Company and Its Founders By Rebecca Rowell Retrieved 2017-02-18.
External links
City of Prospect Heights
vteMunicipalities and communities of Cook County, Illinois, United StatesCounty seat: ChicagoCities
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Techny
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
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Places adjacent to Prospect Heights, Illinois
Arlington Heights
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Per the 2020 census, the population was 16,058.[2]","title":"Prospect Heights, Illinois"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gaz2021-3"}],"text":"According to the 2021 census gazetteer files, Prospect Heights has a total area of 4.29 square miles (11.11 km2), of which 4.26 square miles (11.03 km2) (or 99.30%) is land and 0.03 square miles (0.08 km2) (or 0.70%) is water.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"As of the 2020 census[7] there were 16,058 people, 6,144 households, and 4,205 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,746.62 inhabitants per square mile (1,446.58/km2). There were 6,657 housing units at an average density of 1,553.20 per square mile (599.69/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 61.41% White, 10.31% Asian, 1.51% African American, 1.33% Native American, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 14.14% from other races, and 11.30% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 28.99% of the population.There were 6,144 households, out of which 29.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.70% were married couples living together, 10.34% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.56% were non-families. 25.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.74% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.09 and the average family size was 2.59.The city's age distribution consisted of 24.0% under the age of 18, 5.4% from 18 to 24, 29% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 18.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.0 males.The median income for a household in the city was $72,500, and the median income for a family was $84,803. Males had a median income of $48,699 versus $27,007 for females. The per capita income for the city was $39,534. About 6.5% of families and 10.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.8% of those under age 18 and 7.0% of those age 65 or over.Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.On April 5, 2011, Nicholas \"Nick\" Helmer was elected Mayor of Prospect Heights with 70% of the vote.[8] Less than thirty days after being sworn in, Mayor Helmer rehired police officers that were laid off by the prior administration.[9]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prospect Heights School District 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_Heights_School_District_23"},{"link_name":"Wheeling Community Consolidated School District 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeling_Community_Consolidated_School_District_21"},{"link_name":"River Trails School District 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Trails_Middle_School"},{"link_name":"Township High School District 214","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_High_School_District_214"},{"link_name":"Wheeling High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheeling_High_School"},{"link_name":"John Hersey High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hersey_High_School"},{"link_name":"Arlington Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_Heights,_Illinois"}],"text":"Most of Prospect Heights is served by the Prospect Heights School District 23, which contains four schools:Dwight D. Eisenhower Elementary (K-1)\nBetsy Ross Elementary (2-3)\nAnne Sullivan Elementary (4-5)\nMacArthur Middle School (6-8)Other districts that serve portions of Prospect Heights include:Wheeling Community Consolidated School District 21\nWhitman Elementary School (K-5) (In Wheeling)\nTwain Elementary School (K-5) (In Wheeling)\nFrost Elementary School (K-5) (In Mount Prospect)\nHolmes Middle School (6-8) (In Wheeling)\nRiver Trails School District 26\nEuclid Elementary School (K-5) (In Mount Prospect)\nRiver Trails Middle School (6-8) (In Mount Prospect)Township High School District 214 serves Prospect Heights. Students attend either Wheeling High School or John Hersey High School. Those in District 23's area will attend either. Those in District 21's area will attend Wheeling and those in District 26's area will attend Hersey.Private education in Prospect Heights is St. Alphonsus Liguori Catholic Parish and St. Viator High School in Arlington Heights.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pace_(transit)"},{"link_name":"Metra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metra"},{"link_name":"Chicago Union Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Union_Station"},{"link_name":"a station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_Heights_(Metra_station)"},{"link_name":"North Central Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Central_Service"},{"link_name":"Union Pacific / Northwest Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Pacific_/_Northwest_Line"}],"text":"In addition to Pace buses, Prospect Heights is serviced by two Metra lines, with service to Chicago Union Station or Antioch from a station on the North Central Service, while the Union Pacific / Northwest Line has two stations nearby.","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Chen"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Charlie Kirk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Kirk"},{"link_name":"Turning Point USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turning_Point_USA"},{"link_name":"Anson Mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anson_Mount"},{"link_name":"Marty Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Robinson_(announcer)"},{"link_name":"Ben Weasel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Weasel"},{"link_name":"Screeching Weasel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screeching_Weasel"}],"text":"Steve Chen, co-founder of YouTube[10]\nCharlie Kirk, founder of Turning Point USA\nAnson Mount, actor\nMarty Robinson, radio/TV performer\nBen Weasel, singer of punk rock band Screeching Weasel","title":"Notable people"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Map of Illinois highlighting Cook County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Map_of_Illinois_highlighting_Cook_County.svg/42px-Map_of_Illinois_highlighting_Cook_County.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_17.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prospect Heights city, Illinois\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US1762016","url_text":"\"Prospect Heights city, Illinois\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Bureau, US Census. \"Gazetteer Files\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 29, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Decennial Census of Population and Housing by Decades\". US Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.html","url_text":"\"Decennial Census of Population and Housing by Decades\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Census_Bureau","url_text":"US Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Prospect Heights city, Illinois\". United States Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=1600000US1762016&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2","url_text":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Prospect Heights city, Illinois\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Prospect Heights city, Illinois\". United States Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=1600000US1762016&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","url_text":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Prospect Heights city, Illinois\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". data.census.gov. Retrieved June 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US1762016","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chicago Tribune: Chicago news, sports, weather, entertainment\".","urls":[{"url":"http://triblocal.com/prospect-heights/2011/04/06/helmer-to-lead-prospect-hts-after-vole-loses-mayor-seat/","url_text":"\"Chicago Tribune: Chicago news, sports, weather, entertainment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chicago Tribune: Chicago news, sports, weather, entertainment\".","urls":[{"url":"http://triblocal.com/prospect-heights/2011/05/24/prospect-hts-to-hire-back-some-laid-off-officers/","url_text":"\"Chicago Tribune: Chicago news, sports, weather, entertainment\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diciotti_class
|
Diciotti-class offshore patrol vessel
|
["1 Italian Coast Guard (Saettia Mk1 and Mk2)","2 Malta - Maritime Squadron AFM (Saettia Mk3)","3 Iraq (Saettia MK4)","4 Panama - SENAN, National Air and Navy Service of Panama (Saettia Mk2)","5 Vessels","6 See also","7 References"]
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Italian-designed offshore patrol vessel
CP-902 U. Diciotti in Mitillini Harbour, Greece
Class overview
NameSaettia class
BuildersFincantieri to Muggiano and Riva Trigoso (La Spezia) shipyards
Operators
Italian Coast Guard (Saettia Mk1 and Saettia Mk2)
Iraqi Navy (Saettia Mk4)
Maritime Squadron AFM (Saettia Mk3)
Panamanian Public Forces (Saettia Mk2)
Preceded byKondor I-class (Malta)
Subclasses
Malta - P61
Iraq - Saettia MK4
Built1984-2009
In commission1999-2009
PlannedItaly: 6, Malta: 1, Iraq: 4
BuildingItaly: 6, Malta: 1, Iraq: 4
CompletedItaly: 6, Malta: 1, Iraq: 4
ActiveItaly: 4, Malta: 1, Iraq: 2, Panama: 2
General characteristics
Class and typeSaettia Mk1
Displacement390 t (380 long tons)
Length
- 51.7 m (170 ft) LOA
- 47.2 m (155 ft) LPP
Beam8.10 m (26.6 ft)
Draft2.1 m (6.9 ft)
Propulsion
- 4 x shafts with variable-pitch propellers
- 4 x diesel engines MTU 16V538TIB93, 13,000 kW (17,000 bhp)
- 3 x diesel engines generators Isotta Fraschini L1306 T2 ME, 3 x 150 kW (200 bhp)
Speed40 knots (74 km/h)
Range1,800 nautical miles (3,300 km) at 18 knots (33 km/h)
Boats & landing craft carried2 x RHIBs
Complement29
Sensors and processing systems
- 2 navigation radar, X and S band, GEM Elettronica SPN-753
- IRST fire control system
Armament1 × Otobreda KBA 25/80 mm; 2 x 12.7mm MGs
General characteristics
Class and typeSaettia Mk2
Displacement427.0 t (420.3 long tons), full load
Length
- 52.8 m (173 ft) LOA
- 47.2 m (155 ft) LPP
Beam8.10 m (26.6 ft)
Draft2.1 m (6.9 ft)
Depth5.4 m (18 ft)
Propulsion
- 2 x shafts with variable-pitch propellers
- 4 × diesel engines Isotta Fraschini V1716 T2 MSD, 4 x 2,360 kW (3,160 bhp)
- 3 x diesel engines generators Isotta Fraschini L1306 T2 ME, 3 x 208 kW (279 bhp)
- 1 x emergency diesel engines generator
- 1 x bow thruster
Speedmax 31 knots (57 km/h)
Range1,800 nautical miles (3,300 km) at 16 knots (30 km/h)
Endurance7 days
Boats & landing craft carried2 x RHIBs
Complement29
Sensors and processing systems
- 2 navigation radar, X and S band, GEM Elettronica SPN-753XS(V)2
- IRST fire control system GEM Elettronica EOSS/100
Armament1 × Oerlikon 20/70 mm; 2 x 12.7mm MGs
NotesVERTREP capability
General characteristics
Class and typeSaettia Mk3
Displacement391.0 t (384.8 long tons), full load
Length
- 53.4 m (175 ft) LOA
- 47.2 m (155 ft) LPP
Beam8.10 m (26.6 ft)
Draft2.1 m (6.9 ft)
Depth5.4 m (18 ft)
Propulsion
- 2 x shafts with variable-pitch propellers
- 2 × diesel engines Isotta Fraschini V1716 T2 MSD, 2 x 2,360 kW (3,160 bhp) (since 2017 replaced with Caterpillar 3516C engines, 2,350 kW (3,150 bhp))
- 3 x diesel engines generators Isotta Fraschini L1306 T2 ME, 3 x 208 kW (279 bhp)
- 1 x bow thruster
Speed23 knots (43 km/h)
Range2,100 nautical miles (3,900 km) at 16 knots (30 km/h)
Boats & landing craft carried1 x 7 meter RHIB
Complement25
Sensors and processing systemsSurface Search E/F-Band; Navigation I-Band
Armament
- 1 × OTO Melara 25/80 gun with Oerlikon KBA 25mm;
- 2 x 12.7mm MGs
Aviation facilitiesflight deck for 1 x medium helicopter (AB-212 class)
General characteristics
Class and typeSaettia Mk4
Displacement401.0 t (394.7 long tons), full load
Length
- 53.4 m (175 ft) LOA
- 47.2 m (155 ft) LPP
Beam8.10 m (26.6 ft)
Draft2.1 m (6.9 ft)
Depth5.40 m (17.7 ft)
Propulsion
- 2 shafts with variable-pitch propellers
- 2 × diesel engines Isotta Fraschini V1716 T2 MSD, 2 x 2,360 kW (3,160 bhp)
- 3 x diesel engines generators Isotta Fraschini L1306 T2 ME, 2 x 208 kW (279 bhp)
- 1 x emergency diesel engines generator
Speed23 knots (43 km/h)
Range2,100 nautical miles (3,900 km) at 16 knots (30 km/h)
Boats & landing craft carried1 x 11 meter RHIB on stern ramp + 1 x 5 meter RHIB
Complement38
Sensors and processing systemsSurface Search E/F-Band; Navigation I-Band
Armament1 × Otobreda Marlin 30 mm; 2 x 12.7mm MGs
The Diciotti class is an Italian-designed offshore patrol vessel, presently in use with the Italian Coast Guard, Iraqi Navy, Armed Forces of Malta and Panama SENAN. These ships are designed and built by Fincantieri on the bay of La Spezia to Muggiano and Riva Trigoso shipyards.
Italian Coast Guard (Saettia Mk1 and Mk2)
Based on the earlier experimental Saettia class (Saettia MK1), the Diciotti class (Saettia MK2) is an advanced and improved version with a longer length, more power and hence greater patrol endurance.
Malta - Maritime Squadron AFM (Saettia Mk3)
P61 in 2006
P61 at Hay Wharf, with the rear launching ramp visible.
In 2003, the Armed Forces of Malta ordered a replacement for the former East German Kondor class patrol boats P29, P30 and P31, due to the increase in flow of refugees from North Africa to Europe.
The design for P61 (Saettia MK3) provides a clear rear half to the ship, providing sufficient space with reinforcement to land a helicopter, up to the size of an AW139. P61 has the capability of carrying out patrols up to Sea State 5, and withstand sea conditions up to Sea State 7. It can launch a rib patrol boat via a rear launch ramp up to Sea State 4. This combination of modifications increases vessel weight to 450-tonnes, and reduces standard crew capacity to 25. Maximum unrefueled patrol range at 20 knots (37 km/h) is 3,000 nautical miles (5,600 km).
The €17m Euros contract, financed entirely from the 5th Italo-Maltese Financial Protocol, covered the construction of the vessel together with an associated training and logistic support package. The ship was commissioned on October 1, 2005 and operational from November 5, 2005. P61 acts as the flagship of the Armed Forces of Malta.
The vessel has been updated in 2017 with overhaul and engine refit (Caterpillar engines replace Isotta Fraschini engines), by Fincantieri, to a cost around €7 million.
On 5 June 2019 the P61 rescued the lives of 147 migrants after they‘ve been sending distress calls in the Maltese SAR area. In total AFM vessels rescued 370 immigrants on one of the busiest days in recent history for the navy. The other migrants were rescued by the P52 and the P21.
On 11 June 2019, P61 rescued 97 migrants and brought them safely to Malta. This rescue comes less than a week after 147 migrants were rescued by this same vessel.
On 24 August 2019, P61 brought to Malta a group of migrants totalling 356. This happened after Malta finally decided to give a safe port to these souls that were aboard the NGO vessel Ocean Viking for 14 consecutive days. The Maltese government said that all of the migrants will be relocated to other EU countries. This group happens to be the biggest arrival of the year to date.
On 13 September 2023, P61 left Malta for Libya on an aid mission after the catastrophic damage caused to the coastal city of Derna by Medicane Daniel. Onboard the vessel there was 73 first responders which included 31 CPD members, 12 soldiers that includes doctors and nurses and the 30 member crew manning the boat. Two rescue vehicles and a dinghy were also onboard.
P61 returned back to base at Malta on the 17th of September with all the 73 members of the aid squad returning safely to their home country.
Iraq (Saettia MK4)
In 2006, the new Iraqi Navy signed a contract with the Italian Government to purchase four modified Diciotti class vessels to patrol its 58 kilometre coast line.
The vessels are to be built by Fincantieri at Riva Trigoso, with modifications including increased crew capacity of 38. The contract also comprises the provision of logistical support and crew training with each crew completing a 7-week training course. In cooperation with the Marina Militare (Italian Navy), each commissioning crew is provided with a week’s bridge simulator course at the Naval Academy in Livorno.
In May 2009, the first vessel, Patrol Ship 701 named Fatah (Arabic for Victory), was handed over at the Muggiano, La Spezia shipyard. The crew had been training since January 2009, and now headed for Umm Qasr, a 20 day/5,000 nautical mile journey via the Mediterranean, Suez Canal and Red Sea. There, additional training was completed, before the vessel took over duties from the British Royal Marine patrols, who then reverted to training the new crew.
The vessels are used to patrol the exclusive economic zone, control maritime traffic, for search and rescue and fire fighting.
Panama - SENAN, National Air and Navy Service of Panama (Saettia Mk2)
Following an agreement reached in June 2010, Italy delivered CP 902 Ubaldo Diciotti and CP 903 Luigi Dattilo to SENAN - National Air and Navy Service of Panama as P 901 and P 902 in April 2014.
Vessels
Italian Coast Guard - Saettia class (Saettia MK1)
Ship
Pennantnumber
Hullnumber
Shipyard
Laid Down
Launched
Commissioned
IMOMMSI
Note
Saettia
CP-901
920
Muggiano (La Spezia)
June 1984
December 1984
20 July 1999
223102208247702000
ex experimental Fincantieri DA-360T patrol boat
Italian Coast Guard - Diciotti class (Saettia MK2)
Ubaldo Diciotti
CP-902
6083
Muggiano (La Spezia)
2001
20 July 2002
in 2014 delivered as P901 to Panamanian Public Forces SENAN, Panama
Luigi Dattilo
CP-903
6084
Muggiano (La Spezia)
2001
30 November 2002
in 2014 delivered as P902 to Panamanian Public Forces SENAN, Panama
Michele Fiorillo
CP-904
6085
Muggiano (La Spezia)
2001
January 2003
Alfredo Peluso
CP-905
6105
Muggiano (La Spezia)
3 July 2003
Oreste Corsi
CP-906
6107
Muggiano (La Spezia)
8 January 2004
Malta - P61 class (Saettia MK3)
P61
P61
6126
Muggiano (La Spezia)
24 June 2005
1 October 2005
Iraq - Fatah class (Saettia MK4)
Fateh(لفتح)
701
6156
Riva Trigoso (La Spezia)
2009
9 October 2009
el-Naser (لناصر)
702
6157
Riva Trigoso (La Spezia)
28 January 2009
2 May 2009
Majid ( ماجد)
703
6158
Muggiano (La Spezia)
15 April 2009
16 December 2009
Shmookh (شموخ)
704
6159
Muggiano (La Spezia)
15 September 2009
16 December 2009
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Classe Saettia.
Falaj 2-class patrol vessel - a more heavily armed patrol vessel based on the Diciotti.
References
^ "Saettia MK2". Fincantieri (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2 March 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
^ Peruzzi, Luca (30 November 2017). "Fincantieri redelivers upgraded OPV to Malta". Jane's Navy International. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
^ a b "Offshore Patrol Vessel (OPV) P61". Armed Forces of Malta. Archived from the original on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2014.
^ "Diciotti-class at AFM Maritime Squadron 2nd Regiment". Schnellboot.net (in German). Archived from the original on 18 September 2010. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
^ "UPDATED (2): Total of 370 immigrants landed in three voyages - TVM News". 5 June 2019. Archived from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
^ "More than 370 migrants rescued by AFM, in busiest day of arrivals in recent years". 5 June 2019. Archived from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
^ https://lovinmalta.com/news/local/97-migrants-including-two-women-one-pregnant-and-two-children-rescued-by-afm-in-maltese-waters
^ "97 migrants rescued at sea off Malta:report - Xinhua | English.news.cn". Archived from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2019.
^ "UPDATED (2): AFM rescues 97 immigrants; President Vella discusses immigration - TVM News". 11 June 2019.
^ "WATCH: Ocean Viking migrants brought to Malta last night - TVM News". 24 August 2019.
^ "73 Maltese rescue workers on their way to aid Libya's people". TVMnews.mt. 13 September 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2024.
^ https://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2023-09-13/local-news/73-helpers-in-Libya-to-help-after-Storm-Daniel-disaster-6736254803
^ https://newsbook.com.mt/en/maltese-rescue-workers-in-libya-heading-back/
^ a b "Iraq receives first Patrol Vessel "Fateh"". Defence Professionals GmbH. 16 May 2009. Archived from the original on 18 May 2009. Retrieved 16 May 2009.
^ a b c Owen, Richard (16 May 2009). "Iraq's fledgeling navy takes possession of its first naval patrol boat". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 19 May 2009. Retrieved 16 May 2009.
^ "Naval Vessel Mark IV". Fincantieri.it. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2016.
vteList of ships built by FincantieriWarships
Andrea Doria
Assad-class corvettes
Caio Duilio
Carvajal
Cassiopea-class patrol vessels
Cavour
Deepak
Diciotti-class offshore patrol vessels
Durand de la Penne-class destroyers
Esmeraldas-class corvette
Etna
Falaj 2-class patrol vessels
Giuseppe Garibaldi
Laksamana-class corvettes
Maestrale-class frigates
Minerva-class corvettes
San Giorgio-class amphibious transport docks
San Giusto
Sauro-class submarines
Scirè
Shakti
Toti-class submarines
Vittorio Veneto
Doha-class corvettes
Musherib-class offshore patrol vessels
Bergamini-class frigates
Villavicencio
Cruise ships
Amsterdam
Arcadia
L'Austral
Azura
Le Boreal
Britannia
Caribbean Princess
Carnival Breeze
Carnival Conquest
Carnival Dream
Carnival Freedom
Carnival Glory
Carnival Horizon
Carnival Liberty
Carnival Magic
Carnival Panorama
Carnival Splendor
Carnival Sunshine
Carnival Sunrise
Carnival Valor
Carnival Victory
Carnival Vista
Concordia-class cruise ships
Costa Concordia
Costa Deliziosa
Costa Diadema
Costa Fascinosa
Costa Firenze
Costa Fortuna
Costa Luminosa
Costa Magica
Costa neoClassica
Costa neoRomantica
Costa Pacifica
Costa Serena
Costa Venezia
Crown Princess
Dawn Princess
Discovery Princess
Destiny-class cruise ships
Disney Magic
Disney Wonder
Emerald Princess
Eurodam
Fram
Golden Princess
Grand Princess
Koningsdam
Le Lyrial
Maasdam
Majestic Princess
Marina
Nieuw Amsterdam
Nieuw Statendam
Noordam
Ocean Princess
Oosterdam
MS Ambience
Pacific Jewel
Queen Elizabeth
Queen Victoria
Regal Princess
Riviera
Rotterdam
Royal Princess
Ryndam
Royal-class cruise ships
Ruby Princess
Sea Princess
Seabourn Encore
Seabourn Ovation
MSC Seaside
MSC Seaview
Seven Seas Explorer
Sky Princess
Silver Muse
Silver Spirit
Le Soléal
Star Princess
Sun Princess
Sun-class cruise ships
The Calypso
Vasco da Gama
Veendam (1996)
Ventura
Viking Sea
Viking Sky
Viking Star
Viking Sun
Volendam
Westerdam
Zaandam
Zuiderdam
Ferries
al-Salam Boccaccio 98
Almudaina Dos
Gotlandia II
Knossos Palace
Festos Palace
Hellenic Wind
MDV1200-class fast ferries
Pride of Hull
Pride of Rotterdam
Star-class ferries
Speedrunner III
Speedrunner IV
Superstar
Cargo ships
Britannia Seaways
Cape Victory
Cape Vincent
Yachts
Destriero
Serene
Victory
Miscellaneous vessels
Castoro Sei
Karadeniz Powership İrem Sultan
Petrobras 36
Sagar Nidhi
Saipem 7000
Scarabeo 8
Related
Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico
Fincantieri
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"offshore patrol vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offshore_patrol_vessel"},{"link_name":"Italian Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corps_of_the_Port_Captaincies_-_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Navy"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"SENAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SENAN"},{"link_name":"Fincantieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fincantieri"},{"link_name":"La Spezia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Spezia"},{"link_name":"Muggiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muggiano"},{"link_name":"Riva Trigoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riva_Trigoso"}],"text":"The Diciotti class is an Italian-designed offshore patrol vessel, presently in use with the Italian Coast Guard, Iraqi Navy, Armed Forces of Malta and Panama SENAN. These ships are designed and built by Fincantieri on the bay of La Spezia to Muggiano and Riva Trigoso shipyards.","title":"Diciotti-class offshore patrol vessel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saettia class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saettia_class"}],"text":"Based on the earlier experimental Saettia class (Saettia MK1), the Diciotti class (Saettia MK2) is an advanced and improved version with a longer length, more power and hence greater patrol endurance.","title":"Italian Coast Guard (Saettia Mk1 and Mk2)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mal_P61.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Malta_-_Floriana_-_Xatt_it-Tiben_06_ies.jpg"},{"link_name":"Armed Forces of Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Malta"},{"link_name":"East German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany"},{"link_name":"P29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P29_Patrol_Boat"},{"link_name":"P31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P31_Patrol_Boat"},{"link_name":"helicopter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter"},{"link_name":"AW139","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AW139"},{"link_name":"Sea State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_State"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFM-3"},{"link_name":"€","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro_sign"},{"link_name":"Euros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AFM-3"},{"link_name":"P52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_patrol_boat_P52"},{"link_name":"P21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltese_patrol_boat_P21"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Derna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derna,_Libya"},{"link_name":"Medicane Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicane_Daniel"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"P61 in 2006P61 at Hay Wharf, with the rear launching ramp visible.In 2003, the Armed Forces of Malta ordered a replacement for the former East German Kondor class patrol boats P29, P30 and P31, due to the increase in flow of refugees from North Africa to Europe.The design for P61 (Saettia MK3) provides a clear rear half to the ship, providing sufficient space with reinforcement to land a helicopter, up to the size of an AW139. P61 has the capability of carrying out patrols up to Sea State 5, and withstand sea conditions up to Sea State 7. It can launch a rib patrol boat via a rear launch ramp up to Sea State 4. This combination of modifications increases vessel weight to 450-tonnes, and reduces standard crew capacity to 25. Maximum unrefueled patrol range at 20 knots (37 km/h) is 3,000 nautical miles (5,600 km).[3]The €17m Euros contract, financed entirely from the 5th Italo-Maltese Financial Protocol, covered the construction of the vessel together with an associated training and logistic support package. The ship was commissioned on October 1, 2005 and operational from November 5, 2005.[4] P61 acts as the flagship of the Armed Forces of Malta.[3]The vessel has been updated in 2017 with overhaul and engine refit (Caterpillar engines replace Isotta Fraschini engines), by Fincantieri, to a cost around €7 million.On 5 June 2019 the P61 rescued the lives of 147 migrants after they‘ve been sending distress calls in the Maltese SAR area. In total AFM vessels rescued 370 immigrants on one of the busiest days in recent history for the navy. The other migrants were rescued by the P52 and the P21.[5] [6]On 11 June 2019, P61 rescued 97 migrants and brought them safely to Malta. This rescue comes less than a week after 147 migrants were rescued by this same vessel. [7] [8] [9]On 24 August 2019, P61 brought to Malta a group of migrants totalling 356. This happened after Malta finally decided to give a safe port to these souls that were aboard the NGO vessel Ocean Viking for 14 consecutive days. The Maltese government said that all of the migrants will be relocated to other EU countries. This group happens to be the biggest arrival of the year to date.[10]On 13 September 2023, P61 left Malta for Libya on an aid mission after the catastrophic damage caused to the coastal city of Derna by Medicane Daniel. Onboard the vessel there was 73 first responders which included 31 CPD members, 12 soldiers that includes doctors and nurses and the 30 member crew manning the boat. Two rescue vehicles and a dinghy were also onboard.[11][12]P61 returned back to base at Malta on the 17th of September with all the 73 members of the aid squad returning safely to their home country. [13]","title":"Malta - Maritime Squadron AFM (Saettia Mk3)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iraqi Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Navy"},{"link_name":"Italian Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Government"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DefPro-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times1-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Fincantieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fincantieri"},{"link_name":"Riva Trigoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riva_Trigoso"},{"link_name":"Italian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Naval Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_Navale_di_Livorno"},{"link_name":"Livorno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livorno"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DefPro-14"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Muggiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muggiano"},{"link_name":"Umm Qasr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_Qasr_Port"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"Suez Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal"},{"link_name":"Red Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times1-15"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Royal Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Marine"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times1-15"},{"link_name":"search and rescue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_and_rescue"},{"link_name":"fire fighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_fighting"}],"text":"In 2006, the new Iraqi Navy signed a contract with the Italian Government to purchase four modified Diciotti class vessels to patrol its 58 kilometre coast line.[14][15][16]The vessels are to be built by Fincantieri at Riva Trigoso, with modifications including increased crew capacity of 38. The contract also comprises the provision of logistical support and crew training with each crew completing a 7-week training course. In cooperation with the Marina Militare (Italian Navy), each commissioning crew is provided with a week’s bridge simulator course at the Naval Academy in Livorno.[14]In May 2009, the first vessel, Patrol Ship 701 named Fatah (Arabic for Victory), was handed over at the Muggiano, La Spezia shipyard. The crew had been training since January 2009, and now headed for Umm Qasr, a 20 day/5,000 nautical mile journey via the Mediterranean, Suez Canal and Red Sea.[15] There, additional training was completed, before the vessel took over duties from the British Royal Marine patrols, who then reverted to training the new crew.[15]The vessels are used to patrol the exclusive economic zone, control maritime traffic, for search and rescue and fire fighting.","title":"Iraq (Saettia MK4)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"SENAN - National Air and Navy Service of Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SENAN"}],"text":"Following an agreement reached in June 2010, Italy delivered CP 902 Ubaldo Diciotti and CP 903 Luigi Dattilo to SENAN - National Air and Navy Service of Panama as P 901 and P 902 in April 2014.","title":"Panama - SENAN, National Air and Navy Service of Panama (Saettia Mk2)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Vessels"}]
|
[{"image_text":"P61 in 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Mal_P61.jpg/220px-Mal_P61.jpg"},{"image_text":"P61 at Hay Wharf, with the rear launching ramp visible.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Malta_-_Floriana_-_Xatt_it-Tiben_06_ies.jpg/220px-Malta_-_Floriana_-_Xatt_it-Tiben_06_ies.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Classe Saettia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Classe_Saettia"},{"title":"Falaj 2-class patrol vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falaj_2-class_patrol_vessel"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Saettia MK2\". Fincantieri (in Italian). Archived from the original on 2 March 2018. Retrieved 1 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fincantieri.com/it/prodotti-servizi/navi-militari/pattugliatori-costieri/saettia-mk2-diciotti/","url_text":"\"Saettia MK2\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180302044640/https://www.fincantieri.com/it/prodotti-servizi/navi-militari/pattugliatori-costieri/saettia-mk2-diciotti/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Peruzzi, Luca (30 November 2017). \"Fincantieri redelivers upgraded OPV to Malta\". Jane's Navy International. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 1 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041754/http://www.janes.com/article/76081/fincantieri-redelivers-upgraded-opv-to-malta","url_text":"\"Fincantieri redelivers upgraded OPV to Malta\""},{"url":"http://www.janes.com/article/76081/fincantieri-redelivers-upgraded-opv-to-malta","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Offshore Patrol Vessel (OPV) P61\". Armed Forces of Malta. Archived from the original on 26 December 2015. Retrieved 10 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://afm.gov.mt/en/equipment/maritimevessells/p61/Pages/p61.aspx","url_text":"\"Offshore Patrol Vessel (OPV) P61\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151226162715/http://afm.gov.mt/en/equipment/maritimevessells/p61/Pages/p61.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Diciotti-class at AFM Maritime Squadron 2nd Regiment\". Schnellboot.net (in German). Archived from the original on 18 September 2010. Retrieved 30 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100918060000/http://www.schnellboot.net/mt/diciotti-class/","url_text":"\"Diciotti-class at AFM Maritime Squadron 2nd Regiment\""},{"url":"http://www.schnellboot.net/mt/diciotti-class/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UPDATED (2): Total of 370 immigrants landed in three voyages - TVM News\". 5 June 2019. Archived from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvm.com.mt/en/news/second-group-of-147-imupdated-2-total-of-370-immigrants-landed-in-three-voyagesmigrants-enter-hay-wharf/","url_text":"\"UPDATED (2): Total of 370 immigrants landed in three voyages - TVM News\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190605224024/https://www.tvm.com.mt/en/news/second-group-of-147-imupdated-2-total-of-370-immigrants-landed-in-three-voyagesmigrants-enter-hay-wharf/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"More than 370 migrants rescued by AFM, in busiest day of arrivals in recent years\". 5 June 2019. Archived from the original on 5 June 2019. Retrieved 5 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timesofmalta.com/mobile/articles/view/20190605/local/migrants-rescued-by-afm.711971","url_text":"\"More than 370 migrants rescued by AFM, in busiest day of arrivals in recent years\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190605224035/https://www.timesofmalta.com/mobile/articles/view/20190605/local/migrants-rescued-by-afm.711971","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"97 migrants rescued at sea off Malta:report - Xinhua | English.news.cn\". Archived from the original on 12 June 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190612043335/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-06/11/c_138134344.htm","url_text":"\"97 migrants rescued at sea off Malta:report - Xinhua | English.news.cn\""},{"url":"http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-06/11/c_138134344.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"UPDATED (2): AFM rescues 97 immigrants; President Vella discusses immigration - TVM News\". 11 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvm.com.mt/en/news/97-migrants-disembarupdated-2-afm-rescues-97-immigrants-president-vella-discusses-immigrationk-in-malta-after-an-armed-forces-search-and-rescue-operation/","url_text":"\"UPDATED (2): AFM rescues 97 immigrants; President Vella discusses immigration - TVM News\""}]},{"reference":"\"WATCH: Ocean Viking migrants brought to Malta last night - TVM News\". 24 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvm.com.mt/en/news/watch-ocean-viking-migrants-brought-to-malta-last-night/","url_text":"\"WATCH: Ocean Viking migrants brought to Malta last night - TVM News\""}]},{"reference":"\"73 Maltese rescue workers on their way to aid Libya's people\". TVMnews.mt. 13 September 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://tvmnews.mt/en/news/73-maltese-rescue-workers-on-their-way-to-aid-libyas-people/","url_text":"\"73 Maltese rescue workers on their way to aid Libya's people\""}]},{"reference":"\"Iraq receives first Patrol Vessel \"Fateh\"\". Defence Professionals GmbH. 16 May 2009. Archived from the original on 18 May 2009. Retrieved 16 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090518003316/http://www.defpro.com/news/details/7481/","url_text":"\"Iraq receives first Patrol Vessel \"Fateh\"\""},{"url":"http://www.defpro.com/news/details/7481/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Owen, Richard (16 May 2009). \"Iraq's fledgeling navy takes possession of its first naval patrol boat\". The Times. London. Archived from the original on 19 May 2009. Retrieved 16 May 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090519222256/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article6297001.ece","url_text":"\"Iraq's fledgeling navy takes possession of its first naval patrol boat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"},{"url":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article6297001.ece","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Naval Vessel Mark IV\". Fincantieri.it. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 30 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211835/http://www.fincantieri.it/cms/data/prodotti/000460.aspx","url_text":"\"Naval Vessel Mark IV\""},{"url":"http://www.fincantieri.it/cms/data/prodotti/000460.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persigny
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Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, duc de Persigny
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["1 Biography","2 References","3 Further reading"]
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French statesman (1808–1872)
Fialin (later Duke of Persigny), 1850
Jean-Gilbert Victor Fialin, Duc de Persigny (11 January 1808 – 12 January 1872) was a statesman of the Second French Empire.
Biography
Fialin was born at Saint-Germain-Lespinasse in the Loire, where his father was Receiver of Taxes, and was educated at Limoges. He entered Saumur Cavalry School in 1826, becoming Maréchal des logis in the 4th Hussars two years later. The role played by his regiment in the July Revolution of 1830 was regarded as insubordination, resulting in Fialin being dismissed from the army. He then became a journalist, and after 1833, a strong Bonapartist, assuming the style vicomte de Persigny, said to be dormant in his family.
He was involved in the abortive Bonapartist coups at Strasbourg in 1836 and at Boulogne-sur-Mer in 1840. After the second coup, he was arrested and condemned to twenty years' imprisonment in a fortress, commuted to mild detention at Versailles. There he wrote a book to prove that the Egyptian pyramids were built to prevent the Nile from silting up. The book was published in 1845 under the title De la destination et de l'utilité permanente des Pyramides.
During the 1848 Revolution, Fialin was arrested by the Provisional Government. After his release, he played a prominent part in securing Prince Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's election to the presidency. Together with Morny and Marshal Saint Arnaud he plotted the Restoration of the Empire, and was a devoted adherent of Napoleon III. He succeeded Morny as French Minister of the Interior in January 1852, and became senator later that year. He resigned in 1854, and was appointed Ambassador to London the next year, a post he occupied with a short interval (1858–1859) until 1860, when he resumed the portfolio at the Interior Ministry. But the growing influence of his rival Rouher prompted his resignation in 1863, after which Napoleon created him a duke.
A more dangerous enemy than Rouher was Empress Eugénie, whose marriage Fialin had opposed and whose presence on the Council he deprecated in a memorandum which was leaked to the Empress.
He sought in vain to see Napoleon before the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, and the breach was further widened when the master and servant were in exile. Persigny returned to France in 1871 and died in Nice on 12 January 1872.
Madame Paris, with a list of names (Thiers, J. Favre, E. Ollivier) in her hand, said to Duc de Persigny: "Your master (Napoleon III) told me to choose my own servants, and I decline being dictated to by you."
A devoted and fanatical follower of Louis-Napoleon, whose service dated back to the future Emperor's wilderness years of exile and imprisonment, Persigny stood out among the Emperor's motley political entourage as the most passionate ideologue of Bonapartism. The Emperor's famous wry comment: "The Empress is a Legitimist, Morny is an Orleanist, Prince Napoleon is a Republican, and I myself am a Socialist. There is only one Bonapartist, Persigny – and he is mad!"
References
^ a b c d e Chisholm 1911.
^ Jerrold, Blanchard (1882). The Life of Napoleon III. London: Longmans, Green. p. 378. Retrieved 18 September 2011.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Persigny, Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, Duc de". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 252.
Further reading
Mémoires du duc de Persigny (2nd ed., 1896), edited by Count Henri de Laire d'Espagny, his former secretary.(in French)
Le duc de Persigny et les doctrines de l'empire (1865), a eulogistic life by Persigny and Joseph Delaroa.(in French)
L'empire libéral, études, récits, souvenirs (1895), by Emile Ollivier.(in French)
Political offices
Preceded byCharles Auguste, duc de Morny
Minister of the Interior 1852–1854
Succeeded byAdolphe Billault
Preceded byAdolphe Billault
Minister of the Interior 1860–1863
Succeeded byPaul Boudet
vteFirst and Second Cabinets of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (3 December 1851 – 2 December 1852)Minister of State
François-Xavier Joseph de Casabianca (1852)
Achille Fould
Justice
Eugène Rouher
Jacques Pierre Abbatucci
Foreign Affairs
Louis Félix Étienne, marquis de Turgot
Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys
Interior and Beaux-Arts
Charles de Morny
Victor de Persigny
PoliceCharlemagne de Maupas (1852)DefenseJacques Leroy de Saint ArnaudNavy and ColoniesThéodore DucosPublic Education and Religious AffairsHippolyte FortoulPublic Works
Pierre Magne
Noël Lefebvre-Duruflé
Pierre Magne
Agriculture and Commerce
Noël Lefebvre-Duruflé
Victor de Persigny
vteThird cabinet of Napoleon III (2 December 1852 - 17 July 1869)President of the Council of State
François-Xavier Joseph de Casabianca
Jules Baroche
Eugène Rouher
Gustave Rouland
Adolphe Vuitry
Justice
Jacques Pierre Abbatucci
Ernest de Royer
Claude Alphonse Delangle
Jules Baroche
Foreign Affairs
Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys
Alexandre Colonna-Walewski
Jules Baroche
Édouard Thouvenel
Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys
Charles de La Valette
Lionel de Moustier
Charles de La Valette
Interior
Victor de Persigny
Adolphe Billault
Charles-Marie-Esprit Espinasse
Claude Alphonse Delangle
Ernest Arrighi de Casanova
Adolphe Billault
Victor de Persigny
Paul Boudet
Charles de La Valette
Ernest Pinard
Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette
Police
Charlemagne de Maupas
Finance
Jean-Martial Bineau
Pierre Magne
Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette
Achille Fould
Eugène Rouher
Pierre Magne
Defense
Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud
Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant
Jacques Louis Randon
Adolphe Niel
Marine, Colonies and Algeria
Théodore Ducos
Jacques Pierre Abbatucci
Ferdinand-Alphonse Hamelin, Prince Napoléon Bonaparte and Eugène Rouher
Prosper de Chasseloup-Laubat
Charles Rigault de Genouilly
Education and Cults
Hippolyte Fortoul
Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant
Gustave Rouland
Victor Duruy and Jules Baroche
Public works
Pierre Magne
Louis Henri Armand Behic
Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette
Edmond Valléry Gressier
Agriculture and Commerce
Victor de Persigny
Pierre Magne
Eugène Rouher
Louis Henri Armand Behic
Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette
Edmond Valléry Gressier
Beaux-Arts
Victor de Persigny
Achille Fould
Alexandre Colonna-Walewski
Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant
Emperor's Household
Achille Fould
Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant
Ministers of State
Achille Fould
Alexandre Colonna-Walewski
Adolphe Billault
Eugène Rouher
Ministers without portfolio
Pierre Magne
Jules Baroche
Adolphe Billault
Preceded by Second cabinet of Louis Napoleon • Followed by Fourth cabinet of Napoleon III
Authority control databases International
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|
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Lhuys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drouyn_de_Lhuys"},{"link_name":"Charles de La Valette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_marquis_de_La_Valette"},{"link_name":"Lionel de Moustier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_de_Moustier"},{"link_name":"Charles de La Valette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_marquis_de_La_Valette"},{"link_name":"Victor de Persigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Adolphe Billault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Billault"},{"link_name":"Charles-Marie-Esprit Espinasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Marie-Esprit_Espinasse"},{"link_name":"Claude Alphonse Delangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Alphonse_Delangle"},{"link_name":"Ernest Arrighi de Casanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Arrighi_de_Casanova"},{"link_name":"Adolphe Billault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Billault"},{"link_name":"Victor de Persigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Paul Boudet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Boudet"},{"link_name":"Charles de La Valette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_marquis_de_La_Valette"},{"link_name":"Ernest Pinard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Pinard"},{"link_name":"Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_de_Forcade_La_Roquette"},{"link_name":"Charlemagne de Maupas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne_de_Maupas"},{"link_name":"Jean-Martial Bineau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Martial_Bineau"},{"link_name":"Pierre Magne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Magne"},{"link_name":"Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_de_Forcade_La_Roquette"},{"link_name":"Achille Fould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Fould"},{"link_name":"Eugène Rouher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Rouher"},{"link_name":"Pierre Magne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Magne"},{"link_name":"Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Leroy_de_Saint_Arnaud"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Philibert_Vaillant"},{"link_name":"Jacques Louis Randon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Louis_Randon"},{"link_name":"Adolphe Niel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Niel"},{"link_name":"Théodore Ducos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Ducos"},{"link_name":"Jacques Pierre Abbatucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Abbatucci_(minister)"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand-Alphonse Hamelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand-Alphonse_Hamelin"},{"link_name":"Prince Napoléon Bonaparte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Napol%C3%A9on_Bonaparte"},{"link_name":"Eugène Rouher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Rouher"},{"link_name":"Prosper de Chasseloup-Laubat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper_de_Chasseloup-Laubat"},{"link_name":"Charles Rigault de Genouilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Rigault_de_Genouilly"},{"link_name":"Hippolyte Fortoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolyte_Fortoul"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Philibert_Vaillant"},{"link_name":"Gustave Rouland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Rouland"},{"link_name":"Victor Duruy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Duruy"},{"link_name":"Jules Baroche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Baroche"},{"link_name":"Pierre Magne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Magne"},{"link_name":"Louis Henri Armand Behic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Henri_Armand_Behic"},{"link_name":"Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_de_Forcade_La_Roquette"},{"link_name":"Edmond Valléry Gressier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Vall%C3%A9ry_Gressier"},{"link_name":"Victor de Persigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Pierre Magne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Magne"},{"link_name":"Eugène Rouher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Rouher"},{"link_name":"Louis Henri Armand Behic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Henri_Armand_Behic"},{"link_name":"Adolphe de Forcade La Roquette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_de_Forcade_La_Roquette"},{"link_name":"Edmond Valléry Gressier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Vall%C3%A9ry_Gressier"},{"link_name":"Victor de Persigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Achille Fould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Fould"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Colonna-Walewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Colonna-Walewski"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Philibert_Vaillant"},{"link_name":"Achille Fould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Fould"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Philibert_Vaillant"},{"link_name":"Achille Fould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Fould"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Colonna-Walewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Colonna-Walewski"},{"link_name":"Adolphe Billault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Billault"},{"link_name":"Eugène Rouher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Rouher"},{"link_name":"Pierre Magne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Magne"},{"link_name":"Jules Baroche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Baroche"},{"link_name":"Adolphe Billault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Billault"},{"link_name":"Second cabinet of Louis Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_cabinet_of_Louis_Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Fourth cabinet of Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_cabinet_of_Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3174556#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/252768/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000116044209"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/19923190"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4941691"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10722665h"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10722665h"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058508465506706"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/104134062"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007278695005171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n88255072"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070119201"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810592060605606"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/35957"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd104134062.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"Sycomore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/10990"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/1124794"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hb250r"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/079940234"}],"text":"Mémoires du duc de Persigny (2nd ed., 1896), edited by Count Henri de Laire d'Espagny, his former secretary.(in French)\nLe duc de Persigny et les doctrines de l'empire (1865), a eulogistic life by Persigny and Joseph Delaroa.(in French)\nL'empire libéral, études, récits, souvenirs (1895), by Emile Ollivier.(in French)vteFirst and Second Cabinets of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (3 December 1851 – 2 December 1852)Minister of State\nFrançois-Xavier Joseph de Casabianca (1852)\nAchille Fould\nJustice\nEugène Rouher\nJacques Pierre Abbatucci\nForeign Affairs\nLouis Félix Étienne, marquis de Turgot\nÉdouard Drouyn de Lhuys\nInterior and Beaux-Arts\nCharles de Morny\nVictor de Persigny\nPoliceCharlemagne de Maupas (1852)DefenseJacques Leroy de Saint ArnaudNavy and ColoniesThéodore DucosPublic Education and Religious AffairsHippolyte FortoulPublic Works\nPierre Magne\nNoël Lefebvre-Duruflé\nPierre Magne\nAgriculture and Commerce\nNoël Lefebvre-Duruflé\nVictor de PersignyvteThird cabinet of Napoleon III (2 December 1852 - 17 July 1869)President of the Council of State\nFrançois-Xavier Joseph de Casabianca\nJules Baroche\nEugène Rouher\nGustave Rouland\nAdolphe Vuitry\nJustice\nJacques Pierre Abbatucci\nErnest de Royer\nClaude Alphonse Delangle\nJules Baroche\nForeign Affairs\nÉdouard Drouyn de Lhuys\nAlexandre Colonna-Walewski\nJules Baroche\nÉdouard Thouvenel\nÉdouard Drouyn de Lhuys\nCharles de La Valette\nLionel de Moustier\nCharles de La Valette\nInterior\nVictor de Persigny\nAdolphe Billault\nCharles-Marie-Esprit Espinasse\nClaude Alphonse Delangle\nErnest Arrighi de Casanova\nAdolphe Billault\nVictor de Persigny\nPaul Boudet\nCharles de La Valette\nErnest Pinard\nAdolphe de Forcade La Roquette\nPolice\nCharlemagne de Maupas\nFinance\nJean-Martial Bineau\nPierre Magne\nAdolphe de Forcade La Roquette\nAchille Fould\nEugène Rouher\nPierre Magne\nDefense\nJacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud\nJean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant\nJacques Louis Randon\nAdolphe Niel\nMarine, Colonies and Algeria\nThéodore Ducos\nJacques Pierre Abbatucci\nFerdinand-Alphonse Hamelin, Prince Napoléon Bonaparte and Eugène Rouher\nProsper de Chasseloup-Laubat\nCharles Rigault de Genouilly\nEducation and Cults\nHippolyte Fortoul\nJean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant\nGustave Rouland\nVictor Duruy and Jules Baroche\nPublic works\nPierre Magne\nLouis Henri Armand Behic\nAdolphe de Forcade La Roquette\nEdmond Valléry Gressier\nAgriculture and Commerce\nVictor de Persigny\nPierre Magne\nEugène Rouher\nLouis Henri Armand Behic\nAdolphe de Forcade La Roquette\nEdmond Valléry Gressier\nBeaux-Arts\nVictor de Persigny\nAchille Fould\nAlexandre Colonna-Walewski\nJean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant\nEmperor's Household\nAchille Fould\nJean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant\nMinisters of State\nAchille Fould\nAlexandre Colonna-Walewski\nAdolphe Billault\nEugène Rouher\nMinisters without portfolio\nPierre Magne\nJules Baroche\nAdolphe Billault\nPreceded by Second cabinet of Louis Napoleon • Followed by Fourth cabinet of Napoleon IIIAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nNational\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nCatalonia\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nNetherlands\nPoland\nVatican\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nSycomore\nTrove\nOther\nSNAC\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Fialin (later Duke of Persigny), 1850","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Persigny.jpg/220px-Persigny.jpg"},{"image_text":"Madame Paris, with a list of names (Thiers, J. Favre, E. Ollivier) in her hand, said to Duc de Persigny: \"Your master (Napoleon III) told me to choose my own servants, and I decline being dictated to by you.\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Madame_Paris_and_the_Valet-de-Sham.jpg/220px-Madame_Paris_and_the_Valet-de-Sham.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Jerrold, Blanchard (1882). The Life of Napoleon III. London: Longmans, Green. p. 378. Retrieved 18 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Blanchard_Jerrold","url_text":"Jerrold, Blanchard"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.82552","url_text":"The Life of Napoleon III"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.82552/page/n396","url_text":"378"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Persigny, Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, Duc de\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 252.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Persigny,_Jean_Gilbert_Victor_Fialin,_Duc_de","url_text":"Persigny, Jean Gilbert Victor Fialin, Duc de"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373_Primeira_Divis%C3%A3o
|
1972–73 Primeira Divisão
|
["1 Overview","2 League standings","3 Results","4 Season statistics","4.1 Top goalscorers","5 References","6 External links"]
|
39th season of top-tier Portuguese football
Football league seasonPrimeira LigaSeason1972–73ChampionsBenfica20th titleMatches played240Goals scored691 (2.88 per match)Top goalscorerEusébio (40 goals)← 1971–72 1973–74 →
The 1972–73 Primeira Divisão was the 39th season of top-tier football in Portugal.
Overview
It was contested by 16 teams. S.L. Benfica won the championship, with 28 victories, 0 losses and 2 draws.
League standings
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification or relegation
1
Benfica (C)
30
28
2
0
101
13
+88
58
Qualification to European Cup first round
2
Belenenses
30
14
12
4
53
30
+23
40
Qualification to UEFA Cup first round
3
Vitória de Setúbal
30
16
6
8
65
26
+39
38
4
Porto
30
15
7
8
56
28
+28
37
5
Sporting CP
30
15
7
8
57
31
+26
37
Qualification to Cup Winners' Cup first round
6
Vitória de Guimarães
30
11
11
8
38
38
0
33
7
Boavista
30
12
7
11
41
47
−6
31
8
CUF Barreiro
30
11
8
11
38
37
+1
30
9
Leixões
30
11
8
11
32
45
−13
30
10
Barreirense
30
9
7
14
43
64
−21
25
11
Farense
30
8
8
14
27
53
−26
24
12
Beira-Mar
30
5
13
12
27
57
−30
23
13
Montijo
30
9
5
16
29
47
−18
23
14
União de Coimbra (R)
30
5
7
18
22
54
−32
17
Relegation to Segunda Divisão
15
Atlético CP (R)
30
4
9
17
27
52
−25
17
16
União de Tomar (R)
30
6
5
19
35
69
−34
17
Source: RSSSF and footballzz.co.ukRules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.(C) Champions; (R) Relegated
Results
Home \ Away
ACP
BAR
BEM
BEL
BEN
BOA
CUF
FAR
LEI
MON
POR
SCP
UCO
UTO
VGU
VSE
Atlético CP
1–3
2–2
0–0
0–0
1–3
2–2
2–1
0–1
1–3
0–2
1–0
0–0
4–0
0–1
3–3
Barreirense
1–0
1–1
1–5
0–3
1–1
3–2
4–1
3–1
4–4
0–0
1–4
4–2
1–0
1–1
2–3
Beira-Mar
1–1
0–2
2–2
1–2
1–1
1–2
1–1
0–1
1–1
1–1
0–0
1–1
2–0
1–0
0–0
Belenenses
3–2
4–2
4–0
0–2
1–1
1–0
0–0
4–0
2–1
2–0
2–2
3–1
3–0
2–1
3–2
Benfica
2–0
3–0
9–0
5–0
4–1
2–0
3–0
6–0
6–0
3–2
4–1
6–1
2–1
8–0
3–0
Boavista
3–2
1–2
1–1
2–2
1–3
1–0
2–0
1–1
3–0
1–0
3–2
1–0
3–1
1–1
3–1
CUF Barreiro
2–1
1–1
1–2
1–2
0–1
3–0
1–1
2–0
1–0
0–2
1–1
2–0
2–1
3–1
2–4
Farense
1–1
2–1
3–2
0–0
0–5
2–0
1–0
1–0
2–1
1–1
1–3
2–0
2–0
2–2
0–3
Leixões
1–0
1–0
3–3
1–0
1–5
3–0
2–3
1–1
1–0
3–1
2–2
0–0
4–0
1–1
0–0
Montijo
2–0
1–0
0–1
1–1
0–1
1–0
0–1
2–0
2–0
0–1
0–0
1–0
3–2
1–1
1–3
Porto
5–1
4–0
1–0
1–1
2–2
1–0
1–1
4–1
0–1
4–1
0–1
3–0
4–1
1–2
2–0
Sporting CP
4–1
5–1
4–0
1–0
1–2
1–0
0–1
4–0
0–1
4–1
0–3
3–1
4–0
2–0
1–0
União de Coimbra
1–0
2–2
0–1
1–1
0–4
2–3
1–1
1–0
2–0
0–1
0–2
1–5
3–0
1–0
0–0
União de Tomar
0–1
3–1
8–1
0–6
0–2
2–4
1–1
3–1
1–1
2–1
1–7
1–1
1–0
1–2
1–0
Vitória de Guimarães
0–0
3–1
2–0
0–0
1–2
4–0
1–1
1–0
2–1
1–0
1–1
1–1
3–1
3–3
1–0
Vitória de Setúbal
5–0
5–0
3–0
0–0
0–1
4–0
3–1
5–0
5–0
4–0
3–0
2–0
4–0
1–1
2–1
Source: Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.
Season statistics
Top goalscorers
Rank
Player
Club
Goals
1
Eusébio
Benfica
40
2
Flávio Minuano
Porto
21
3
Héctor Yazalde
Sporting
19
4
Nélson
Sporting
18
5
Duda
Vitória de Setúbal
17
Abel
Porto
7
Francisco González
Belenenses
16
8
Arcanjo
Vitória de Setúbal
14
Moinhos
Boavista
10
José Torres
Vitória de Setúbal
13
References
^ a b "Portugal 1972-73 - RSSSF (Jorge Miguel Teixeira)". RSSSF. 2001. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
^ a b "Portuguese League 1972/73 - footballzz.co.uk". ZeroZero. Retrieved 2012-04-25.
^ "TheFinalBall Goalscorer statistics". TheFinalBall. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
External links
Portugal 1972-73 - RSSSF (Jorge Miguel Teixeira)
Portuguese League 1972/73 - footballzz.co.uk
Portugal - Table of Honor - Soccer Library
vteTop-level football seasons in PortugalCampeonato da Liga
1934–35
1935–36
1936–37
1937–38
Primeira Divisão
1938–39
1939–40
1940–41
1941–42
1942–43
1943–44
1944–45
1945–46
1946–47
1947–48
1948–49
1949–50
1950–51
1951–52
1952–53
1953–54
1954–55
1955–56
1956–57
1957–58
1958–59
1959–60
1960–61
1961–62
1962–63
1963–64
1964–65
1965–66
1966–67
1967–68
1968–69
1969–70
1970–71
1971–72
1972–73
1973–74
1974–75
1975–76
1976–77
1977–78
1978–79
1979–80
1980–81
1981–82
1982–83
1983–84
1984–85
1985–86
1986–87
1987–88
1988–89
1989–90
1990–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
Primeira Liga
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
2007–08
2008–09
2009–10
2010–11
2011–12
2012–13
2013–14
2014–15
2015–16
2016–17
2017–18
2018–19
2019–20
2020–21
2021–22
2022–23
2023–24
2024–25
List of champions
Top scorers
vte1972–73 in Portuguese footballDomestic leagues
Primeira Divisão
Segunda Divisão
Terceira Divisão
Domestic cups
Taça de Portugal (Final)
European competitions
European Cup
Cup Winners' Cup
UEFA Cup
Club seasonsPrimeira Divisão
Benfica
Summer transfers
Winter transfers
vte1972–73 in European football (UEFA) « 1971–72 1973–74 » Domestic leagues
Albania
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czechoslovakia
Denmark '72 '73
England
Faroe Islands '72 '73
Finland '72 '73
France
East Germany
West Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland '72 '73
Israel
Italy
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway '72 '73
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Ireland
Romania
Scotland
Soviet Union '72 '73
Spain
Sweden '72 '73
Switzerland
Turkey
Yugoslavia
Domestic cups
Albania
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
England
Faroe Islands '72 '73
Finland '72 '73
France
East Germany
West Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland '72 '73
Israel
Italy
Liechtenstein
Luxembourg
Malta
Netherlands
Northern Ireland
Norway '72 '73
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Ireland
Romania
Scotland
Soviet Union '72 '73
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Wales
League cups
England
West Germany
Scotland
Switzerland
UEFA competitions
European Cup (Final)
Cup Winners' Cup (Final)
UEFA Cup (Final)
Non-UEFA competitions
Intertoto Cup
Balkans Cup '72 '73
European Super Cup
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Primeira Divisão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_Liga"},{"link_name":"top-tier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"}],"text":"Football league seasonThe 1972–73 Primeira Divisão was the 39th season of top-tier football in Portugal.","title":"1972–73 Primeira Divisão"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"S.L. Benfica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.L._Benfica"}],"text":"It was contested by 16 teams. S.L. Benfica won the championship, with 28 victories, 0 losses and 2 draws.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSSSF-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-footballzz.co.uk-2"}],"text":"Source: RSSSF[1] and footballzz.co.uk[2]Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.(C) Champions; (R) Relegated","title":"League standings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ACP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Clube_de_Portugal"},{"link_name":"BAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Barreirense"},{"link_name":"BEM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.C._Beira-Mar"},{"link_name":"BEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.F._Os_Belenenses"},{"link_name":"BEN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.L._Benfica"},{"link_name":"BOA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boavista_F.C."},{"link_name":"CUF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUF_Barreiro"},{"link_name":"FAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.C._Farense"},{"link_name":"LEI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leix%C3%B5es_S.C."},{"link_name":"MON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.D._Montijo"},{"link_name":"POR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Porto"},{"link_name":"SCP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_CP"},{"link_name":"UCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.F._Uni%C3%A3o_de_Coimbra"},{"link_name":"UTO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%A3o_de_Tomar"},{"link_name":"VGU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria_S.C."},{"link_name":"VSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria_F.C."},{"link_name":"Atlético CP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atl%C3%A9tico_Clube_de_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Barreirense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.C._Barreirense"},{"link_name":"Beira-Mar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.C._Beira-Mar"},{"link_name":"Belenenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.F._Os_Belenenses"},{"link_name":"Benfica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.L._Benfica"},{"link_name":"Boavista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boavista_F.C."},{"link_name":"CUF Barreiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CUF_Barreiro"},{"link_name":"Farense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.C._Farense"},{"link_name":"Leixões","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leix%C3%B5es_S.C."},{"link_name":"Montijo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.D._Montijo"},{"link_name":"Porto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Porto"},{"link_name":"Sporting CP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_CP"},{"link_name":"União de Coimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.F._Uni%C3%A3o_de_Coimbra"},{"link_name":"União de Tomar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%A3o_de_Tomar"},{"link_name":"Vitória de Guimarães","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria_S.C."},{"link_name":"Vitória de Setúbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria_F.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RSSSF-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-footballzz.co.uk-2"}],"text":"Home \\ Away\n\nACP\n\nBAR\n\nBEM\n\nBEL\n\nBEN\n\nBOA\n\nCUF\n\nFAR\n\nLEI\n\nMON\n\nPOR\n\nSCP\n\nUCO\n\nUTO\n\nVGU\n\nVSE\n\n\nAtlético CP\n\n\n\n1–3\n\n2–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–3\n\n2–2\n\n2–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–3\n\n0–2\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n4–0\n\n0–1\n\n3–3\n\n\nBarreirense\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n1–5\n\n0–3\n\n1–1\n\n3–2\n\n4–1\n\n3–1\n\n4–4\n\n0–0\n\n1–4\n\n4–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–3\n\n\nBeira-Mar\n\n1–1\n\n0–2\n\n\n\n2–2\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n\nBelenenses\n\n3–2\n\n4–2\n\n4–0\n\n\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n4–0\n\n2–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–2\n\n3–1\n\n3–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–2\n\n\nBenfica\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n9–0\n\n5–0\n\n\n\n4–1\n\n2–0\n\n3–0\n\n6–0\n\n6–0\n\n3–2\n\n4–1\n\n6–1\n\n2–1\n\n8–0\n\n3–0\n\n\nBoavista\n\n3–2\n\n1–2\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n1–3\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–1\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–2\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n\nCUF Barreiro\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–2\n\n1–2\n\n0–1\n\n3–0\n\n\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–2\n\n1–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–1\n\n3–1\n\n2–4\n\n\nFarense\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n3–2\n\n0–0\n\n0–5\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–1\n\n1–3\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n2–2\n\n0–3\n\n\nLeixões\n\n1–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–3\n\n1–0\n\n1–5\n\n3–0\n\n2–3\n\n1–1\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–2\n\n0–0\n\n4–0\n\n1–1\n\n0–0\n\n\nMontijo\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–1\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n2–0\n\n2–0\n\n\n\n0–1\n\n0–0\n\n1–0\n\n3–2\n\n1–1\n\n1–3\n\n\nPorto\n\n5–1\n\n4–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–2\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n4–1\n\n0–1\n\n4–1\n\n\n\n0–1\n\n3–0\n\n4–1\n\n1–2\n\n2–0\n\n\nSporting CP\n\n4–1\n\n5–1\n\n4–0\n\n1–0\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n0–1\n\n4–0\n\n0–1\n\n4–1\n\n0–3\n\n\n\n3–1\n\n4–0\n\n2–0\n\n1–0\n\n\nUnião de Coimbra\n\n1–0\n\n2–2\n\n0–1\n\n1–1\n\n0–4\n\n2–3\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–0\n\n0–1\n\n0–2\n\n1–5\n\n\n\n3–0\n\n1–0\n\n0–0\n\n\nUnião de Tomar\n\n0–1\n\n3–1\n\n8–1\n\n0–6\n\n0–2\n\n2–4\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n1–7\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n\n\n1–2\n\n1–0\n\n\nVitória de Guimarães\n\n0–0\n\n3–1\n\n2–0\n\n0–0\n\n1–2\n\n4–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–0\n\n2–1\n\n1–0\n\n1–1\n\n1–1\n\n3–1\n\n3–3\n\n\n\n1–0\n\n\nVitória de Setúbal\n\n5–0\n\n5–0\n\n3–0\n\n0–0\n\n0–1\n\n4–0\n\n3–1\n\n5–0\n\n5–0\n\n4–0\n\n3–0\n\n2–0\n\n4–0\n\n1–1\n\n2–1\n\n\n\nSource: [1][2]Legend: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Top goalscorers","title":"Season statistics"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_Liverpool_City_Council_election
|
1912 Liverpool City Council election
|
["1 Election result","2 Ward results","2.1 Abercromby","2.2 Aigburth","2.3 Anfield","2.4 Breckfield","2.5 Brunswick","2.6 Castle Street","2.7 Dingle","2.8 Edge Hill","2.9 Everton","2.10 Exchange","2.11 Fairfield","2.12 Garston","2.13 Granby","2.14 Great George","2.15 Kensington","2.16 Kirkdale","2.17 Low Hill","2.18 Netherfield","2.19 North Scotland","2.20 Old Swan","2.21 Prince's Park","2.22 Sandhills","2.23 St. Anne's","2.24 St. Domingo","2.25 St. Peter's","2.26 Sefton Park East","2.27 Sefton Park West","2.28 South Scotland","2.29 Vauxhall","2.30 Walton","2.31 Warbreck","2.32 Wavertree","2.33 Wavertree West","2.34 West Derby","3 Aldermanic Elections","3.1 Aldermanic Election 9 November 1912","3.2 Aldermanic Election, 8 January 1913","3.3 Aldermanic Election, 5 March 1913","3.4 Aldermanic Election, 2 July 1913","3.5 Aldermanic Election 30 July 1913","3.6 Aldermanic Election","4 By-Elections","4.1 No. 22 Granby, 27 November 1912","4.2 No. 6 Breckfield, 29 January 1913","4.3 No. 3A Walton, 17 March 1913","4.4 No. 21 Abercromby, 18 March 1913","4.5 No. 29 Aigburth, 18 March 1913","4.6 No. 31 Fazakerley, 19 March 1913","4.7 No. 5A Wavertree West, 8 April 1913","4.8 No. 13 North Scotland, 15 July 1913","4.9 No. 2 Kirkdale, 14 October 1913","4.10 No. 4 Fairfield, 14 October 1913","5 See also","6 References"]
|
Elections to Liverpool City Council were held on Friday 1 November 1912.
18 of the 34 seats were uncontested.
After the election, the composition of the council was:
Party
Councillors
±
Aldermen
Total
Conservative
??
+1
??
82
Liberal
??
-1
??
31
Irish Nationalist
??
0
3
14
Labour
??
0
0
7
Independent
??
0
0
1
Protestant
??
0
0
??
Election result
Liverpool Local Election Result 1912
Party
Seats
Gains
Losses
Net gain/loss
Seats %
Votes %
Votes
+/−
Conservative
22
1
0
+1
65%
62%
20,564
Liberal
6
0
1
-1
18%
3.2%
1,063
Irish Nationalist
5
0
0
0
15%
0%
0
Protestant
1
0
0
0
3%
3.7%
1,230
Labour
0
0
0
0
0%
22%
7,253
Ward results
* - Retiring Councillor seeking re-election
Comparisons are made with the 1909 election results, as the retiring councillors were elected in that year.
Abercromby
No. 21 Abercromby
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Edward Lawrence *
unopposed
Registered electors
Conservative hold
Swing
Aigburth
No. 29 Aigburth
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Henry Morley Miller
unopposed
Registered electors
Conservative gain from Liberal
Swing
Anfield
No. 3 Anfield
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Henry Jones *
unopposed
Registered electors
Liberal hold
Swing
Breckfield
No. 6 Breckfield
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Alfred Griffiths
1,339
64%
Labour
Robert Donaldson
738
36%
Majority
601
Registered electors
4,176
Turnout
2,077
50%
Conservative hold
Swing
Brunswick
No. 25 Brunswick
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Irish Nationalist
John Alfred Kelly *
unopposed
Registered electors
Irish Nationalist hold
Swing
Castle Street
No. 18 Castle Street
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
James Willcox Alsop *
unopposed
Registered electors
Conservative hold
Swing
Dingle
No. 26 Dingle
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Thomas Charles Huxley
2,012
70%
Labour
John Frederick Bower
860
30%
Majority
1,152
Registered electors
5,747
Turnout
2,872
50%
Conservative hold
Swing
Edge Hill
No. 12 Edge Hill
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Reginald Jaeger Clarke *
1,444
58%
Labour
Arthur Hawkes
1,064
42%
Majority
380
Registered electors
4,744
Turnout
2,508
53%
Conservative hold
Swing
Everton
No. 9 Everton
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Richard Rutherford *
1,230
67%
Labour
Robert Dixon
616
33%
Majority
614
Registered electors
4,197
Turnout
1,846
44%
Conservative hold
Swing
Exchange
No. 16 Exchange
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
John Sutherland Harmood Banner MP *
Unopposed
N/A
N/A
Registered electors
Conservative hold
Fairfield
No. Fairfield
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Francis L'Estrange Joseph *
unopposed
Registered electors
Liberal hold
Swing
Garston
No. 30 Garston
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Joshua Burrow *
1,127
60%
Labour
Joseph Cleary
757
40%
Majority
370
Registered electors
2,270
Turnout
1,884
83%
Conservative hold
Swing
Granby
No. 22 Granby
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Joseph Harrison Jones *
unopposed
Registered electors
Liberal hold
Swing
Great George
No. 20 Great George
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
William Muirhead *
656
55%
Liberal
Dr. William Henry Broad
529
45%
Majority
127
Registered electors
1,607
Turnout
1,185
74%
Conservative hold
Swing
Kensington
No. 11 Kensington
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Robert Lowry Burns *
1,718
61%
Labour
Arthur Kilpin Bulley
1,117
39%
Majority
601
22%
Registered electors
4,712
Turnout
2,835
60%
Conservative hold
Swing
Kirkdale
No. 2 Kirkdale
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Albert Buckley
1,832
61%
Labour
James Clayton
1,151
39%
Majority
681
22%
Registered electors
6,401
Turnout
2,983
47%
Conservative hold
Swing
Low Hill
No. 10 Low Hill
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Dr. Francis William Bailey *
1,129
59%
Labour
Alexander Broom
769
41%
Majority
360
Registered electors
3,772
Turnout
1,898
51%
Conservative hold
Swing
Netherfield
No. 8 Netherfield
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Protestant
John Walker *
1,230
63%
Conservative
William Edward McLachlan
717
37%
Majority
513
Registered electors
3,841
Turnout
1,947
51%
Protestant hold
Swing
North Scotland
No. 13 North Scotland
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Irish Nationalist
John Clancy *
unopposed
Registered electors
Irish Nationalist hold
Swing
Old Swan
No. 28A Old Swan
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
James Wilson Walker *
1,116
65%
Labour
Joseph Mooney
588
35%
Majority
528
Registered electors
3,841
Turnout
1,704
46%
Conservative hold
Swing
Prince's Park
No. 23 Prince's Park
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
David Jackson
unopposed
Registered electors
Conservative hold
Swing
Sandhills
No. 1 Sandhills
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Irish Nationalist
Thomas Wafer Byrne
unopposed
Registered electors
Irish Nationalist hold
Swing
St. Anne's
No. 17 St. Anne's
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Philip Durning Holt
unopposed
Registered electors
Liberal hold
Swing
St. Domingo
No. 7 St. Domingo
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
William Herbert Moore
1,382
72%
Labour
James Murphy
535
28%
Majority
847
Registered electors
4,394
Turnout
1,917
44%
Conservative hold
Swing
St. Peter's
No. 19 St. Peter's
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Henry Alexander Cole
596
53%
Liberal
Thomas Shaw *
533
47%
Majority
63
Registered electors
1,605
Turnout
1,129
70%
Conservative hold
Swing
Sefton Park East
No. 24A Sefton Park East
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Alexander Allan Paton *
unopposed
Registered electors
Liberal hold
Swing
Sefton Park West
No. 24 Sefton Park West
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Herbert Reynolds Rathbone *
unopposed
Registered electors
Liberal hold
Swing
South Scotland
No. 14 South Scotland
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Irish Nationalist
John O'Shea *
unopposed
Registered electors
Irish Nationalist hold
Swing
Vauxhall
No. 15 Vauxhall
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Irish Nationalist
Thomas Burke *
unopposed
Registered electors
Irish Nationalist hold
Swing
Walton
No. 3a Walton
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Richard Pritchard *
1,694
71%
Labour
Harry Dixon Large
692
29%
Majority
1,002
Registered electors
5,181
Turnout
2,386
46%
Conservative hold
Swing
Warbreck
No. 27 Warbreck
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Robert Charles Herman *
1,436
72%
Labour
John Lowry
549
28%
Majority
887
Registered electors
4,183
Turnout
1,985
47%
Conservative hold
Swing
Wavertree
No. 5 Wavertree
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
George Bowler *
unopposed
Registered electors
Conservative hold
Swing
Wavertree West
No. 5A Wavertree West
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Alfred Parsons
1,136
57%
Labour
William Augustus Colcutt
854
43%
Majority
282
Registered electors
3,673
Turnout
1,990
54%
Conservative hold
Swing
West Derby
No. 28 West Derby
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
William Henry Parkinson *
unopposed
Registered electors
Conservative hold
Swing
Aldermanic Elections
Aldermanic Election 9 November 1912
Caused by the death of Alderman William Humphrey Williams (Conservative, elected as an alderman on 9 November 1910) on 11 August 1912. In his place Councillor John Lea (Liberal, Granby, elected 1 November 1911) was elected as an alderman by the councillors on 9 November 1912.
Party
Alderman
Ward
Term expires
Conservative
John Lea
No. 7 St. Domingo
1916
.
Aldermanic Election, 8 January 1913
Caused by the resignation of Alderman Edward Grindley (Conservative, last elected as an alderman on 9 November 1907). In his place Councillor Frank John Leslie (Conservative, Breckfield,
elected 1 November 1911) was elected as an alderman by the councillors on 8 January 1913
Party
Alderman
Ward
Term expires
Conservative
Frank John Leslie
No.2 Kirkdale
1913
Aldermanic Election, 5 March 1913
Cause ?
Councillor Hartley Wilson (Conservative, Aigburth, elected 1 November 1911) was elected as an alderman by the councillors on 5 Mar 1913.
Party
Alderman
Ward
Term expires
Conservative
Hartley Wilson
No. 10 Low Hill
191?
Aldermanic Election, 2 July 1913
Caused by the resignation of Alderman Andrew Commins (Irish Nationalist, elected 9 November 1910)
which was reported to the Council on 4 June 1913
.
In his place Councillor George Jeremy Lynskey (Irish Nationalist, North Scotland, elected 1 November 1910)
was elected as an alderman by the councillors on 2 July 1913.
Party
Alderman
Ward
Term expires
Irish Nationalist
George Jeremy Lynskey
No. 15 Vauxhall
1916
Aldermanic Election 30 July 1913
Caused by the resignation of Alderman William Watson Rutherford MP (Conservative, elected 9 November 1907) was reported to the Council on 2 July 1913 In his place Councillor John Utting (Conservative, Kirkdale, elected 1 November 1912) was elected as an alderman by the Council on 30 July 1913.
Party
Alderman
Ward
Term expires
Conservative
John Utting
1913
Aldermanic Election
Caused by the death of Alderman William Oulton (Conservative, elected 9 November 1907)
on 27 September 1913 which was reported to the Council on 1 October 1913
In his place
By-Elections
No. 22 Granby, 27 November 1912
Caused by the election to alderman of Councillor John Lea (Liberal, Granby, elected unopposed 1 November 1911) on 9 November 1912
No. 22 Granby
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
James Waterworth
978
44%
John Parry Edwards
664
30%
Arthur Kilpin Bulley
577
26%
Majority
314
14%
N/A
Registered electors
Turnout
2,219
Conservative gain from Liberal
Swing
No. 6 Breckfield, 29 January 1913
Caused by Councillor Frank John Leslie (Conservative, Breckfield, elected 1 November 1911) being elected as an alderman by the Council on 8 January 1913.
No. 6 Breckfield
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Edward Powell
966
53%
William Charles Clothier
495
27%
Labour
Robert Donaldson
372
20%
Majority
471
Registered electors
4,176
Turnout
1,833
44%
Conservative hold
Swing
No. 3A Walton, 17 March 1913
Caused by the death of Councillor Sampson Gannon (Conservative, Walton, elected 1 November 1911)
on 19 January 1913.
No. 3a Walton
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
James Conrad Cross
1,106
%
James Hughes
763
%
Majority
343
Registered electors
5,181
Turnout
1,869
%
Conservative hold
Swing
No. 21 Abercromby, 18 March 1913
Caused by the death of Councillor Thomas James Smith junr. (Conservative, Abercromby, elected 1 November 1910)
No. 21 Abercromby
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Francis James Strong Heaney
unopposed
Registered electors
gain from
Swing
No. 29 Aigburth, 18 March 1913
Caused by Councillor Hartley Wilson (Conservative, Aigburth, elected 1 November 1911)
being elected as an alderman by the Council on 5 March 1913.
No. 29 Aigburth
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
William James Burgess
unopposed
Registered electors
Conservative hold
Swing
The Term of Office to expire on 1 November 1914.
No. 31 Fazakerley, 19 March 1913
Caused by the resignation of Councillor Dr. Henry Herbert Clarke (Conservative, Fazakerley, elected 1 November 1911)
.
No. 31 Fazakerley
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
George Brodrick Smith-Brodrick
unopposed
Registered electors
752
Conservative hold
Swing
No. 5A Wavertree West, 8 April 1913
Caused by the resignation of Councillor Edmund Gerson Jackson (Conservative, Wavertree West,
elected 1 November 1911)
No. 5A Wavertree West
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
Dennis Benjamin Seaman
901
%
Clement Freeman
604
%
Majority
297
Registered electors
3,673
Turnout
1,505
%
Conservative hold
Swing
No. 13 North Scotland, 15 July 1913
Caused by Councillor George Jeremy Lynskey (Irish Nationalist, North Scotland, elected 1 November 1910)
being elected as an alderman by the Council on 2 July 1913.
No. 13 North Scotland
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Irish Nationalist
William John Loughrey
unopposed
Registered electors
Irish Nationalist hold
Swing
The Term of Office to expire on 1 November 1913
No. 2 Kirkdale, 14 October 1913
Caused by the election as an alderman of Councillor John Utting (Conservative, Kirkdale, elected 1 November 1912)
on 30 July 1913.
No. 2 Kirkdale
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Conservative
John Lucas Rankin
1,304
61%
Labour
James Clayton
846
39%
Majority
458
Registered electors
6,401
Turnout
2,150
34%
Conservative hold
Swing
No. 4 Fairfield, 14 October 1913
Caused by Councillor Francis L'Estrange Joseph (Liberal, Fairfield, elected 1 November 1912) ceasing to be a councillor.
No. 4 Fairfield
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Liberal
Joseph Lucas
956
%
John Waterworth
861
%
Majority
509
Registered electors
3,991
Turnout
1,817
46%
Liberal hold
Swing
See also
Liverpool City Council
Liverpool Town Council elections 1835 - 1879
Liverpool City Council elections 1880–present
Mayors and Lord Mayors of Liverpool 1207 to present
History of local government in England
References
^
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 front page". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 1". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 2". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 3". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^ a b c
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 4". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^ Liverpool Daily Post and Liverpool Mercury 2 November 1912
^ (Liverpool) Daily Courier 2 November 1912
^ 1910 Liverpool City Council election#Aldermanic Election 9 November 1910
^
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1911-1912 page 405". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^ 1910 Liverpool City Council election#Granby
^ a b
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 5". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^ a b
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 6". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1907-1908 page 9". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^ a b c
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1911-1912 page 3". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^ a b
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 116". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^ a b
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 117". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^ a b
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 2". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^ a b
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 198". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^
Aldermanic Election 9 November 1910
^
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 404". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^ a b c d
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 424". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^ a b 1910 Liverpool City Council election#North Scotland
^ a b
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 425". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^ a b Aldermanic Election 9 November 1907
^ a b
#Kirkdale
^ a b
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 459". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^ a b
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 453". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 499". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^ 1911 Liverpool City Council election#Granby
^
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 74". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 161". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 3". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 153". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 256". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1910-1911 page 3". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^ a b
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 257". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^ a b
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 258". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1911-1912 page 4". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 259". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 364". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 452". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^ a b
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 528". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
^
"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 529". Retrieved 19 May 2017.
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St Helens Metropolitan Borough Council
1973
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1973
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2017
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See also: Wards
Boundary changes
vte(1911 ←) 1912 United Kingdom local elections (→ 1913)Metropolitan boroughs
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|
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"18 of the 34 seats were uncontested.After the election, the composition of the council was:","title":"1912 Liverpool City Council election"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election result"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"* - Retiring Councillor seeking re-electionComparisons are made with the 1909 election results, as the retiring councillors were elected in that year.","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Abercromby","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Aigburth","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Anfield","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Breckfield","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Brunswick","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Castle Street","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Dingle","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Edge Hill","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Everton","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Exchange","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Fairfield","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Garston","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Granby","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Great George","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Kensington","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Kirkdale","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Low Hill","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Netherfield","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"North Scotland","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Old Swan","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Prince's Park","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sandhills","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"St. Anne's","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"St. Domingo","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"St. Peter's","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sefton Park East","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sefton Park West","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"South Scotland","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Vauxhall","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Walton","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Warbreck","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Wavertree","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Wavertree West","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoC1912pg4-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"West Derby","text":"[1]\n[2]\n[3]\n[4]\n[5]\n[6]\n[7]","title":"Ward results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Aldermanic Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoC1912pg4-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoC1912pg5-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoC1912pg6-12"}],"sub_title":"Aldermanic Election 9 November 1912","text":"Caused by the death of Alderman William Humphrey Williams (Conservative, elected as an alderman on 9 November 1910)[8] on 11 August 1912.[9] In his place Councillor John Lea (Liberal, Granby, elected 1 November 1911)[10] was elected as an alderman by the councillors on 9 November 1912.[5]\n[11]\n.[12]","title":"Aldermanic Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoC1911pg3-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoC1912pg116-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoC1912pg117-16"}],"sub_title":"Aldermanic Election, 8 January 1913","text":"Caused by the resignation of Alderman Edward Grindley (Conservative, last elected as an alderman on 9 November 1907).[13] In his place Councillor Frank John Leslie (Conservative, Breckfield, \nelected 1 November 1911)[14] was elected as an alderman by the councillors on 8 January 1913[15]\n[16]","title":"Aldermanic Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoC1911pg2-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoC1912pg198-18"}],"sub_title":"Aldermanic Election, 5 March 1913","text":"Cause ?Councillor Hartley Wilson (Conservative, Aigburth, elected 1 November 1911)[17] was elected as an alderman by the councillors on 5 Mar 1913.[18]","title":"Aldermanic Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrew Commins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Commins"},{"link_name":"Irish Nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AldermanicElection1910-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoC1912pg424-21"},{"link_name":"Irish Nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoC1912pg424-21"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoC1912pg425-23"}],"sub_title":"Aldermanic Election, 2 July 1913","text":"Caused by the resignation of Alderman Andrew Commins (Irish Nationalist, elected 9 November 1910)\n[19] which was reported to the Council on 4 June 1913[20]\n.[21]In his place Councillor George Jeremy Lynskey (Irish Nationalist, North Scotland, elected 1 November 1910)\n[22] was elected as an alderman by the councillors on 2 July 1913.[21]\n[23]","title":"Aldermanic Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Watson Rutherford MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Rutherford,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-24"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoC1912pg424-21"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1912Kirkdale-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poc1912pg459-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liverpool_council-27"}],"sub_title":"Aldermanic Election 30 July 1913","text":"Caused by the resignation of Alderman William Watson Rutherford MP (Conservative, elected 9 November 1907)[24] was reported to the Council on 2 July 1913[21] In his place Councillor John Utting (Conservative, Kirkdale, elected 1 November 1912)[25] was elected as an alderman by the Council on 30 July 1913.\n[26][27]","title":"Aldermanic Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-24"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Aldermanic Election","text":"Caused by the death of Alderman William Oulton (Conservative, elected 9 November 1907) \n[24] on 27 September 1913 which was reported to the Council on 1 October 1913[28]In his place","title":"Aldermanic Elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"By-Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoC1912pg4-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoC1912pg5-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoC1912pg6-12"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"No. 22 Granby, 27 November 1912","text":"Caused by the election to alderman of Councillor John Lea (Liberal, Granby, elected unopposed 1 November 1911)[29] on 9 November 1912[5][11][12][30]","title":"By-Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoC1911pg3-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoC1912pg116-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoC1912pg117-16"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"No. 6 Breckfield, 29 January 1913","text":"Caused by Councillor Frank John Leslie (Conservative, Breckfield, elected 1 November 1911)[14] being elected as an alderman by the Council on 8 January 1913.[15][16][31]","title":"By-Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"No. 3A Walton, 17 March 1913","text":"Caused by the death of Councillor Sampson Gannon (Conservative, Walton, elected 1 November 1911)\n[32] on 19 January 1913.[33][34]","title":"By-Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoC1912pg257-36"}],"sub_title":"No. 21 Abercromby, 18 March 1913","text":"Caused by the death of Councillor Thomas James Smith junr. (Conservative, Abercromby, elected 1 November 1910)\n[35][36]","title":"By-Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoC1911pg2-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoC1912pg198-18"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoC1912pg257-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoC1912pg258-37"}],"sub_title":"No. 29 Aigburth, 18 March 1913","text":"Caused by Councillor Hartley Wilson (Conservative, Aigburth, elected 1 November 1911)[17] \nbeing elected as an alderman by the Council on 5 March 1913.[18]The Term of Office to expire on 1 November 1914.\n[36]\n[37]","title":"By-Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoC1912pg258-37"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"No. 31 Fazakerley, 19 March 1913","text":"Caused by the resignation of Councillor Dr. Henry Herbert Clarke (Conservative, Fazakerley, elected 1 November 1911)\n.[38][37]\n[39]","title":"By-Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoC1911pg3-14"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"No. 5A Wavertree West, 8 April 1913","text":"Caused by the resignation of Councillor Edmund Gerson Jackson (Conservative, Wavertree West, \nelected 1 November 1911)[14][40]","title":"By-Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish Nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoC1912pg424-21"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoC1912pg425-23"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"No. 13 North Scotland, 15 July 1913","text":"Caused by Councillor George Jeremy Lynskey (Irish Nationalist, North Scotland, elected 1 November 1910)\n[22] \nbeing elected as an alderman by the Council on 2 July 1913.\n[21]\n[23]The Term of Office to expire on 1 November 1913\n[41]","title":"By-Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1912Kirkdale-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poc1912pg459-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-liverpool_council-27"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoC1912pg528-42"}],"sub_title":"No. 2 Kirkdale, 14 October 1913","text":"Caused by the election as an alderman of Councillor John Utting (Conservative, Kirkdale, elected 1 November 1912)\n[25] on 30 July 1913.\n[26]\n[27][42]","title":"By-Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoC1912pg528-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"No. 4 Fairfield, 14 October 1913","text":"Caused by Councillor Francis L'Estrange Joseph (Liberal, Fairfield, elected 1 November 1912) ceasing to be a councillor.[42]\n[43]","title":"By-Elections"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"Liverpool City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_City_Council"},{"title":"Liverpool Town Council elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Town_Council_elections"},{"title":"Liverpool City Council elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_City_Council_elections"},{"title":"Mayors and Lord Mayors of Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Liverpool#Mayors_of_the_Borough_of_Liverpool_(1207%E2%80%931880)"},{"title":"History of local government in England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_England"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 front page\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtreHZkRmtjNVlWUzA","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 front page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 1\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtrYjcyLU1fdTd5c0E","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 2\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtrYTRYSUhDbnVsazA","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 3\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtraUJjV1BHc3EySjQ","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 4\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtrM3NtX0NZN213V1E","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 4\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1911-1912 page 405\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtrYVFURGUydkxNWE0","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1911-1912 page 405\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 5\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtrVGNrR29TUG90dm8","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 5\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 6\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtrZm1ubFJ4UDNMNms","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 6\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1907-1908 page 9\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtrQW5rdkpRdHU4dFk","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1907-1908 page 9\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1911-1912 page 3\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtrbWdielRJbmx1TkU","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1911-1912 page 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 116\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtrSGoxYkJRemN6aTQ","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 116\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 117\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtrSlpYVDllckRZblk","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 117\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 2\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtrekttM1c0eUZqN1E","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 198\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtrM3VqdmxDR2E0d28","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 198\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 404\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtra1Q0ZGVkcjN4TGM","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 404\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 424\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtrTE96TWR0TlNRZzQ","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 424\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 425\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtrTTVlWWt5d004dlk","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 425\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 459\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtrQ1o0ZVR0ZFo5dGs","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 459\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 453\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtrQ1o0ZVR0ZFo5dGs","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 453\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 499\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtrNnN2cE1JQnVUcVU","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 499\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 74\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtrMnRGNE9XZFFGaEU","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 74\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 161\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtreUgzNXZicGtWLXc","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 161\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 3\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtrbWdielRJbmx1TkU","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 153\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtrX1VhNjFwanFkczA","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 153\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 256\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtrc2g5TlhVTkJPTVU","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 256\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1910-1911 page 3\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtrVWgzVFJkb1VpU2c","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1910-1911 page 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 257\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtrQUxjcXVBckRiaUE","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 257\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 258\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtrUTUyY09zVkJfY1U","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 258\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1911-1912 page 4\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtrQm81c1RLWGlhdkk","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1911-1912 page 4\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 259\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtrZk1vbHZraldQTzQ","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 259\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 364\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtrWkFGV1o5aHJZWUE","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 364\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 452\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtrMTJUOHFZT3lfOXM","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 452\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 528\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtrNS1uUkN0OHQxTms","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 528\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 529\". Retrieved 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B5tU3qJPIYtrQk4tVmpxT0k5NWM","url_text":"\"Liverpool City Council - Proceedings of the Council 1912-1913 page 529\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Dream_of_Jeanie_(film)
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I Dream of Jeanie (film)
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Soundtrack","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]
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1952 film by Allan Dwan
For other uses, see I Dream of Jeannie (disambiguation).
I Dream of JeanieFilm posterDirected byAllan DwanWritten byAlan Le May (screenplay)StarringBill ShirleyMuriel LawrenceRay MiddletonLynn BariCinematographyReggie LanningEdited byFred AllenMusic byRobert ArmbrusterProductioncompanyRepublic PicturesDistributed byRepublic PicturesRelease date
June 15, 1952 (1952-06-15) (United States)
Running time90 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
I Dream of Jeanie is a 1952 American historical musical film based on the songs and life of Stephen Foster, who wrote the 1854 song "Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair" from which the title is taken. The film was directed by Allan Dwan for Republic Pictures and was shot in Trucolor.
The film is also known as I Dream of Jeanie (with the Light Brown Hair).
Plot
In 1849, the song "Oh, Susannah" is a nationwide hit, but bookkeeper Stephen Foster has given his work to several music houses free of charge and without credit. His refined true love Inez McDowell, a classically trained singer, despises popular music, especially Stephen's songs. Foster's world changes when Edwin P. Christy educates him about the music business and launches his career as the author of the songs that the Christy Minstrels sing in their shows.
Cast
Ray Middleton as Edwin P. Christy
Bill Shirley as Stephen Foster
Muriel Lawrence as Inez McDowell
Eileen Christy as Jeanie McDowell
Rex Allen as Mr Tambo / Rex Allen / Narrator
Lynn Bari as Mrs. McDowell
Dick Simmons as Dunning Foster
Scott Elliott as Milford Wilson
Andrew Tombes as R.E. Howard
James Dobson as Spike
Percy Helton as Mr. Horker
Glen Turnbull as Glenn Turnbull / Speciality Dancer
Louise Beavers as Mammy
James Kirkwood as Doctor
Carl "Alfalfa" Switzer as Freddie
Fred Moultrie as Chitlin
Soundtrack
All songs written by Stephen Foster unless otherwise indicated:
"Oh! Susanna"
"Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair"
"On Wings of Song" (written by Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy)
"Lo, Hear the Gentle Lark" (music by H.R. Bishop, words by William Shakespeare from Venus and Adonis)
"Nelly Bly"
"My Old Kentucky Home, Good Night"
"Ring de Banjo"
"Old Folks at Home (Swanee River)"
"Beautiful Dreamer"
"Come Where My Love Lies Dreaming"
"Gwine to Rune All Night (De Camptown Races)"
"Queen of Mirth"
"Haunting My Dreams at Night"
"You Must Wear a Dainty Ribbon in Your Hair"
"Old Black Joe"
"Glendy Burke"
"I Can Still See Her in My Dreams"
"Old Dog Tray"
Reception
In a contemporary review for The New York Times, critic Oscar Godbout wrote:he music, with its universal appeal, was not enough for the creators of this bogus biography; the author of the script, Alan LeMay, with the director, Allan Dwan, succumbed to an urge to skewer the tunes with a vapid tale of the young musician being thwarted in love. They show him as a shallow, brainless bookkeeper who tinkered with tunes when he wasn't debasing himself before a supercilious Southern belle who would have him only if he stopped writing songs. That's the Stephen Foster Bill Shirley is forced to portray. ... But the songs are appealing and Mr. Middleton's portrayal of a famous minstrel compensates for much of the dullness.
References
^ Film title card. "I Dream of Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair (1952)", Internet Archive. Retrieved August 20, 2011.
^ Godbout, Oscar (June 26, 1952). "The Screen: Life of Stephen Foster". The New York Times. p. 26.
External links
I Dream of Jeanie at IMDb
I Dream of Jeanie at Internet Archive
vteStephen Foster
List of songs
Songs
Minstrel songs
Angelina Baker (1850)
Camptown Races (1850)
The Glendy Burk (1860)
My Old Kentucky Home (1853)
Oh! Susanna (1848)
Ring, Ring de Banjo (1851)
Old Folks at Home (Swanee River) (1851)
Massa's in De Cold Ground (1852)
Parlor songs
Ah! May the Red Rose Live Alway
Open Thy Lattice Love
Beautiful Dreamer (1864)
Hard Times Come Again No More (1854)
Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair (1854)
Old Black Joe (1853)
Willie Has Gone to War (1862)
History andbiographers
The Stephen Foster Collection and archive
Morrison Foster
Horace Waters
Harold Vincent Milligan
Henrietta Crosman
Evelyn Foster Morneweck
Films, musicals,recordings
Films
Harmony Lane
I Dream of Jeanie
Swanee River
Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair (anime)
Musicals
Stephen Foster - The Musical
Hard Times
Recordings
Beautiful Dreamer: The Songs of Stephen Foster
State Parks
My Old Kentucky Home State Park
Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center State Park
Stephen C. Foster State Park
Family
Jane Foster Wiley (wife)
Marion Foster Welch (daughter)
William Foster (father)
Eliza Foster (mother)
Morrison Foster (brother)
Related
Stephen Foster Handicap
Stephen Foster Memorial
Stephen Foster Memorial Day
Stephen Foster (sculpture)
Cincinnati Musical Center half dollar
vteFilms directed by Allan Dwan1910s
Woman's Honor (1913)
Calamity Anne's Vanity (1913)
Quicksands (1913)
The Greater Love (1913)
Her Big Story (1913)
The Restless Spirit (1913)
Back to Life (1913)
Red Margaret, Moonshiner (1913)
Bloodhounds of the North (1913)
The Lie (1914)
The Honor of the Mounted (1914)
Remember Mary Magdalen (1914)
Discord and Harmony (1914)
The Menace to Carlotta (1914)
The Embezzler (1914)
The Lamb, the Woman, the Wolf (1914)
The End of the Feud (1914)
The Tragedy of Whispering Creek (1914)
The Unlawful Trade (1914)
The Forbidden Room (1914)
The Hopes of Blind Alley (1914)
Richelieu (1914)
The Unwelcome Mrs. Hatch (1914)
Wildflower (1914)
The County Chairman (1914)
The Straight Road (1914)
The Conspiracy (1914)
The Dancing Girl (1915)
A Small Town Girl (1915)
David Harum (1915)
The Love Route (1915)
The Commanding Officer (1915)
May Blossom (1915)
The Pretty Sister of Jose (1915)
A Girl of Yesterday (1915)
Jordan Is a Hard Road (1915)
The Habit of Happiness (1916)
The Good Bad-Man (1916)
An Innocent Magdalene (1916)
Manhattan Madness (1916)
Fifty-Fifty (1916)
Accusing Evidence (1916)
Fighting Odds (1917)
A Modern Musketeer (1917)
Panthea (1917)
Headin' South (1918)
Mr. Fix-It (1918)
Bound in Morocco (1918)
He Comes Up Smiling (1918)
Cheating Cheaters (1919)
Soldiers of Fortune (1919)
1920s
The Luck of the Irish (1920)
The Scoffer (1920)
The Forbidden Thing (1920)
A Splendid Hazard (1920)
A Perfect Crime (1921)
The Sin of Martha Queed (1921)
A Broken Doll (1921)
The Hidden Woman (1922)
Robin Hood (1922)
Lawful Larceny (1923)
Zaza (1923)
Big Brother (1923)
A Society Scandal (1924)
Manhandled (1924)
Her Love Story (1924)
Wages of Virtue (1924)
Argentine Love (1924)
The Coast of Folly (1925)
Night Life of New York (1925)
Stage Struck (1925)
Sea Horses (1926)
Padlocked (1926)
Tin Gods (1926)
Summer Bachelors (1926)
The Music Master (1927)
The Joy Girl (1927)
East Side, West Side (1927)
French Dressing (1927)
The Big Noise (1928)
The Iron Mask (1929)
Tide of Empire (1929)
The Far Call (1929)
Frozen Justice (1929)
South Sea Rose (1929)
1930s
What a Widow! (1930)
Man to Man (1930)
Chances (1931)
Wicked (1931)
While Paris Sleeps (1932)
Her First Affaire (1932)
Counsel's Opinion (1933)
I Spy (1934)
Black Sheep (1935)
Navy Wife (1935)
Song and Dance Man (1936)
Human Cargo (1936)
High Tension (1936)
15 Maiden Lane (1936)
Woman-Wise (1937)
That I May Live (1937)
One Mile from Heaven (1937)
Heidi (1937)
Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm (1938)
Suez (1938)
Josette (1938)
The Three Musketeers (1939)
The Gorilla (1939)
1940s
Frontier Marshal (1939)
Sailor's Lady (1940)
Young People (1940)
Trail of the Vigilantes (1940)
Look Who's Laughing (1941)
Rise and Shine (1941)
Friendly Enemies (1942)
Here We Go Again (1942)
Around the World (1943)
Abroad with Two Yanks (1944)
Up in Mabel's Room (1944)
Brewster's Millions (1945)
Getting Gertie's Garter (1945)
Rendezvous with Annie (1946)
Calendar Girl (1947)
Northwest Outpost (1947)
Driftwood (1947)
The Inside Story (1948)
Angel in Exile (1948)
Sands of Iwo Jima (1949)
1950s
Surrender (1950)
Belle Le Grand (1951)
The Wild Blue Yonder (1951)
I Dream of Jeanie (1952)
Montana Belle (1952)
Woman They Almost Lynched (1953)
Sweethearts on Parade (1953)
Flight Nurse (1953)
Silver Lode (1954)
Passion (1954)
Cattle Queen of Montana (1954)
Escape to Burma (1955)
Pearl of the South Pacific (1955)
Tennessee's Partner (1955)
Slightly Scarlet (1956)
Hold Back the Night (1956)
The River's Edge (1957)
The Restless Breed (1957)
Enchanted Island (1958)
1960s
Most Dangerous Man Alive (1961)
This article about a historic musical film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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The film was directed by Allan Dwan for Republic Pictures and was shot in Trucolor.The film is also known as I Dream of Jeanie (with the Light Brown Hair).[1]","title":"I Dream of Jeanie (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oh, Susannah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh,_Susannah"},{"link_name":"Edwin P. Christy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_P._Christy"},{"link_name":"Christy Minstrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christy_Minstrels"}],"text":"In 1849, the song \"Oh, Susannah\" is a nationwide hit, but bookkeeper Stephen Foster has given his work to several music houses free of charge and without credit. His refined true love Inez McDowell, a classically trained singer, despises popular music, especially Stephen's songs. Foster's world changes when Edwin P. Christy educates him about the music business and launches his career as the author of the songs that the Christy Minstrels sing in their shows.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ray Middleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Middleton_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Edwin P. Christy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_P._Christy"},{"link_name":"Bill Shirley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Shirley"},{"link_name":"Stephen Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Foster"},{"link_name":"Rex Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Allen"},{"link_name":"Lynn Bari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Bari"},{"link_name":"Dick Simmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Simmons"},{"link_name":"Andrew Tombes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Tombes"},{"link_name":"James Dobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dobson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Percy Helton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Helton"},{"link_name":"Louise Beavers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Beavers"},{"link_name":"James Kirkwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Kirkwood,_Sr."},{"link_name":"Carl \"Alfalfa\" Switzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_%22Alfalfa%22_Switzer"}],"text":"Ray Middleton as Edwin P. Christy\nBill Shirley as Stephen Foster\nMuriel Lawrence as Inez McDowell\nEileen Christy as Jeanie McDowell\nRex Allen as Mr Tambo / Rex Allen / Narrator\nLynn Bari as Mrs. McDowell\nDick Simmons as Dunning Foster\nScott Elliott as Milford Wilson\nAndrew Tombes as R.E. Howard\nJames Dobson as Spike\nPercy Helton as Mr. Horker\nGlen Turnbull as Glenn Turnbull / Speciality Dancer\nLouise Beavers as Mammy\nJames Kirkwood as Doctor\nCarl \"Alfalfa\" Switzer as Freddie\nFred Moultrie as Chitlin","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stephen Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Foster"},{"link_name":"Oh! Susanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh!_Susanna"},{"link_name":"Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanie_with_the_Light_Brown_Hair"},{"link_name":"Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn-Bartholdy"},{"link_name":"H.R. Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H.R._Bishop&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Venus and Adonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_and_Adonis_(Shakespeare_poem)"},{"link_name":"My Old Kentucky Home, Good Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Old_Kentucky_Home,_Good_Night"}],"text":"All songs written by Stephen Foster unless otherwise indicated:\"Oh! Susanna\"\n\"Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair\"\n\"On Wings of Song\" (written by Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy)\n\"Lo, Hear the Gentle Lark\" (music by H.R. Bishop, words by William Shakespeare from Venus and Adonis)\n\"Nelly Bly\"\n\"My Old Kentucky Home, Good Night\"\n\"Ring de Banjo\"\n\"Old Folks at Home (Swanee River)\"\n\"Beautiful Dreamer\"\n\"Come Where My Love Lies Dreaming\"\n\"Gwine to Rune All Night (De Camptown Races)\"\n\"Queen of Mirth\"\n\"Haunting My Dreams at Night\"\n\"You Must Wear a Dainty Ribbon in Your Hair\"\n\"Old Black Joe\"\n\"Glendy Burke\"\n\"I Can Still See Her in My Dreams\"\n\"Old Dog Tray\"","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In a contemporary review for The New York Times, critic Oscar Godbout wrote:[T]he music, with its universal appeal, was not enough for the creators of this bogus biography; the author of the script, Alan LeMay, with the director, Allan Dwan, succumbed to an urge to skewer the tunes with a vapid tale of the young musician being thwarted in love. They show him as a shallow, brainless bookkeeper who tinkered with tunes when he wasn't debasing himself before a supercilious Southern belle who would have him only if he stopped writing songs. That's the Stephen Foster Bill Shirley is forced to portray. ... But the songs are appealing and Mr. Middleton's portrayal of a famous minstrel compensates for much of the dullness.[2]","title":"Reception"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/StephenFoster.jpeg/110px-StephenFoster.jpeg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Godbout, Oscar (June 26, 1952). \"The Screen: Life of Stephen Foster\". The New York Times. p. 26.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olson_Kundig_Architects
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Olson Kundig
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["1 History","2 Notable works","3 Awards and honors","4 Further reading","5 References","6 External links"]
|
American architectural firm
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Olson Kundig" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Olson Kundig ArchitectsPractice informationPartnersTom KundigFoundersJim OlsonFounded1966LocationSeattleSignificant works and honorsAwards2009 AIA Architecture Firm AwardWebsitehttps://olsonkundig.com
Olson Kundig is an American architectural firm based in Seattle, Washington, run by architects Jim Olson and Tom Kundig. Founded by Olson in 1966, the firm’s work has grown to encompass museums, commercial and mixed-use design, exhibit design, interior design, places of worship, and residences, often for art collectors. Olson Kundig was awarded the 2009 AIA Architecture Firm Award (as Olson Sundberg Kundig Allen Architects) from the American Institute of Architects.
History
The firm, founded by Jim Olson, has been in business since 1966. Principal and owners have included Jim Olson, Tom Kundig, Rick Sundberg, Kirsten R. Murray, Alan Maskin and Kevin M. Kudo-King. The firm changed its name from Olson Sundberg Kundig Allen Architects to Olson Kundig on January 1, 2010.
The firm launched an interiors studio in 2000. Their first line of accessories, The Tom Kundig Collection, debuted in 2012. In 2022, the firm expanded to New York City, its first office outside of Seattle since 1966.
Notable works
Olson Kundig designed a space for the Gethsemane Lutheran Church in downtown Seattle. The project involves renovation of an existing 1950s building to integrate it into an evolving urban context and construction of 50 new housing apartments.
In 2016, Olson Kundig won the competition for a children's museum annex to the Jewish Museum Berlin.
In 2018, Olson Kundig led the renovation of Seattle's iconic Space Needle.
Other notable works of the firm include:
The Burke Museum, Seattle (2019)
Noah’s Ark Exhibit, Skirball Cultural Center, Los Angeles (2007)
Delta Shelter, Washington (2004)
Chicken Point Cabin, Idaho (2003)
Pratt Fine Arts Center, Seattle (2002)
The Brain, Seattle (2001)
Mission Hill Winery, Westbank, British Columbia (2001)
Ridge House, Washington (2001)
Red House, Denver (1999)
Studio House, Seattle (1998)
Frye Art Museum, Seattle (1997)
Hillclimb Court Building, Seattle (1985)
Gallery House, Seattle (1985)
Pike & Virginia Building, Seattle (1978)
Earth House, Washington (1969)
Awards and honors
The firm has won more than 70 regional and national AIA awards, as well as awards from the Chicago Athenaeum. Tom Kundig was awarded the 2008 National Design Award in Architecture from the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, an Academy Award in Architecture from the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 2007, and the Emerging Architecture Award from the Architectural League of New York in 2004. Jim Olson received the AIA Seattle Medal of Honor in 2007.
In 2024, the firm was honored on Architectural Digest's AD100 list, for the 11th consecutive and 16th overall inclusion of the firm.
Further reading
Olson, Jim. Jim Olson: Art in Architecture. Whatcom Museum/August Editions, 2013
Kundig, Tom. Tom Kundig: Houses 2. Princeton Architectural Press, 2011
Olson Sundberg Kundig Allen. Jim Olson Houses. The Monacelli Press, 2009
Riordan, John and Kristen Becker. The Good Office: Green Design on the Cutting Edge. New York: Collins Design, 2008.
Beck, Petyr, ed. The Frye Art Museum: Olson Sundberg Kundig Allen Architects. Documentary Media, 2007.
Ngo, Dung. Art + Architecture: The Ebsworth Collection & Residence, William Stout Publishers, 2006.
Ngo, Dung. Tom Kundig: Houses. Princeton Architectural Press, 2006.
Ojeda, Oscar Riera, ed. Olson Sundberg Kundig Allen Architects: Architecture, Art, and Craft. The Monacelli Press, 2001.
References
^ Niland, Josh (April 29, 2022). "Olson Kundig is expanding to New York City after six decades in Seattle". Archinect. Retrieved 2022-09-17.
^ Miller, Stephani (November 13, 2009). "Olson Sundberg Kundig Allen changes firm name". Architect Magazine. Retrieved 2022-09-17.
^ Yerebakan, Osman Can (June 30, 2022). "Olson Kundig Opens Its First East Coast Office in New York". Metropolis. Retrieved 2022-09-17.
^ "Gethsemane Lutheran Church". Olson Kundig Architects.
^ "Olson Kundig Architects to design Gethsemane Lutheran Church redevelopment". WIDN News. 2010-12-07.
^ (in German) Kindermuseum des Jüdischen Museums Berlin 22. Juli 2016
^ "Space Needle Renovation / Olson Kundig". 16 October 2019.
^ "2008 National Design Award Winners | Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum". www.cooperhewitt.org. 2019-09-17. Retrieved 2022-09-17.
^ "AD 100 2014".
External links
Official website
National AIA Architecture Firm of the Year award
"A Glass House in Farm Country" Juliet Chung, The Wall Street Journal, 6 August 2010
Authority control databases
VIAF
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"architectural firm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_firm"},{"link_name":"Seattle, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Jim Olson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Olson"},{"link_name":"Tom Kundig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Kundig"},{"link_name":"American Institute of Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects"}],"text":"Olson Kundig is an American architectural firm based in Seattle, Washington, run by architects Jim Olson and Tom Kundig. Founded by Olson in 1966, the firm’s work has grown to encompass museums, commercial and mixed-use design, exhibit design, interior design, places of worship, and residences, often for art collectors. Olson Kundig was awarded the 2009 AIA Architecture Firm Award (as Olson Sundberg Kundig Allen Architects) from the American Institute of Architects.","title":"Olson Kundig"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jim Olson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Olson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Tom Kundig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Kundig"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The firm, founded by Jim Olson, has been in business since 1966.[1] Principal and owners have included Jim Olson, Tom Kundig, Rick Sundberg, Kirsten R. Murray, Alan Maskin and Kevin M. Kudo-King. The firm changed its name from Olson Sundberg Kundig Allen Architects to Olson Kundig on January 1, 2010.[2]The firm launched an interiors studio in 2000. Their first line of accessories, The Tom Kundig Collection, debuted in 2012. In 2022, the firm expanded to New York City, its first office outside of Seattle since 1966.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gethsemane Lutheran Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gethsemane_Lutheran_Church"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gethsemane_Lutheran_Church-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WIDN-5"},{"link_name":"Jewish Museum Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Museum_Berlin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Space Needle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Needle"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The Burke Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burke_Museum_of_Natural_History_and_Culture"},{"link_name":"Skirball Cultural Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skirball_Cultural_Center"},{"link_name":"Pratt Fine Arts Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_Fine_Arts_Center"},{"link_name":"Mission Hill Winery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Hill_Winery"},{"link_name":"Frye Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frye_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Hillclimb Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hillclimb_Court&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Olson Kundig designed a space for the Gethsemane Lutheran Church in downtown Seattle.[4] The project involves renovation of an existing 1950s building to integrate it into an evolving urban context and construction of 50 new housing apartments.[5]In 2016, Olson Kundig won the competition for a children's museum annex to the Jewish Museum Berlin.[6]In 2018, Olson Kundig led the renovation of Seattle's iconic Space Needle.[7]Other notable works of the firm include:The Burke Museum, Seattle (2019)\nNoah’s Ark Exhibit, Skirball Cultural Center, Los Angeles (2007)\nDelta Shelter, Washington (2004)\nChicken Point Cabin, Idaho (2003)\nPratt Fine Arts Center, Seattle (2002)\nThe Brain, Seattle (2001)\nMission Hill Winery, Westbank, British Columbia (2001)\nRidge House, Washington (2001)\nRed House, Denver (1999)\nStudio House, Seattle (1998)\nFrye Art Museum, Seattle (1997)\nHillclimb Court Building, Seattle (1985)\nGallery House, Seattle (1985)\nPike & Virginia Building, Seattle (1978)\nEarth House, Washington (1969)","title":"Notable works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects"},{"link_name":"Chicago Athenaeum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Athenaeum"},{"link_name":"National Design Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Design_Award"},{"link_name":"Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper-Hewitt,_National_Design_Museum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters"},{"link_name":"Architectural League of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_League_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The firm has won more than 70 regional and national AIA awards, as well as awards from the Chicago Athenaeum. Tom Kundig was awarded the 2008 National Design Award in Architecture from the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum,[8] an Academy Award in Architecture from the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 2007, and the Emerging Architecture Award from the Architectural League of New York in 2004. Jim Olson received the AIA Seattle Medal of Honor in 2007.In 2024, the firm was honored on Architectural Digest's AD100 list, for the 11th consecutive and 16th overall inclusion of the firm.[9]","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Olson, Jim. Jim Olson: Art in Architecture. Whatcom Museum/August Editions, 2013\nKundig, Tom. Tom Kundig: Houses 2. Princeton Architectural Press, 2011\nOlson Sundberg Kundig Allen. Jim Olson Houses. The Monacelli Press, 2009\nRiordan, John and Kristen Becker. The Good Office: Green Design on the Cutting Edge. New York: Collins Design, 2008.\nBeck, Petyr, ed. The Frye Art Museum: Olson Sundberg Kundig Allen Architects. Documentary Media, 2007.\nNgo, Dung. Art + Architecture: The Ebsworth Collection & Residence, William Stout Publishers, 2006.\nNgo, Dung. Tom Kundig: Houses. Princeton Architectural Press, 2006.\nOjeda, Oscar Riera, ed. Olson Sundberg Kundig Allen Architects: Architecture, Art, and Craft. The Monacelli Press, 2001.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Murkovics
|
János Murkovics
|
["1 See also","2 Sources"]
|
Slovene teacher, musician and writer
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
János Murkovics (Slovene: Janez Murkovič, Prekmurje Slovene: Janoš Murkovič, December 23, 1839 – April 15, 1917) was Slovene teacher, musician, and writer in Hungary.
He was born near Ljutomer, in Bučkovci. He studied in Germany. In 1862 he relocated to Beltinci, at that time in Hungary. In 1871 wrote the school primer Abecednik; this was the first Prekmurje Slovene book written in the Gaj's Latin alphabet.
Murkovics worked in Trbovlje from 1878 to 1880, and by 1880 was in Hungary again, in Lendava. In 1910, he retired in Lendavske Gorice, where he later died.
See also
List of Slovene writers and poets in Hungary
Sources
Zgodovina šole v Beltincih
Pokrajinski muzej Murska Sobota, Katalog stalne razstave, Murska Sobota 1997. ISBN 961-90438-1-2
Slovenski biografski leksikon: Murkovič Janez
vteMunicipality of LjutomerSettlementsAdministrative seat: Ljutomer
Babinci
Bodislavci
Branoslavci
Bučkovci
Cezanjevci
Cuber
Cven
Desnjak
Drakovci
Globoka
Godemarci
Gresovščak
Grlava
Ilovci
Jeruzalem
Krapje
Krištanci
Kuršinci
Mala Nedelja
Mekotnjak
Moravci v Slovenskih Goricah
Mota
Noršinci pri Ljutomeru
Nunska Graba
Plešivica
Podgradje
Precetinci
Presika
Pristava
Radomerje
Radomerščak
Radoslavci
Rinčetova Graba
Šalinci
Sitarovci
Slamnjak
Spodnji Kamenščak
Stara Cesta
Stročja Vas
Vidanovci
Vogričevci
Železne Dveri
Zgornji KamenščakLandmarks
Jeruzalem
Ljutomer Hills
Ljutomer railway station
Notable people
Cvetko Golar
Manko Golar
Karol Grossmann
Franz Miklosich
Miro Steržaj
Ante Trstenjak
Stanko Vraz
vteMunicipality of LendavaSettlementsAdministrative seat: Lendava
Current
Banuta
Benica
Čentiba
Dolga Vas
Dolgovaške Gorice
Dolina pri Lendavi
Dolnji Lakoš
Gaberje
Genterovci
Gornji Lakoš
Hotiza
Kamovci
Kapca
Kot
Lendavske Gorice
Mostje
Petišovci
Pince
Pince–Marof
Radmožanci
Trimlini
Former
Brezovec
Novo Mostje
Staro Mostje
Landmarks
Holy Trinity Chapel
Lendava Castle
Lendava Cultural Centre
Lendava Parish Church
Lendava Spa
Lendava Synagogue
Notable people
János Murkovics
György Zala
Authority control databases
VIAF
|
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He studied in Germany. In 1862 he relocated to Beltinci, at that time in Hungary. In 1871 wrote the school primer Abecednik; this was the first Prekmurje Slovene book written in the Gaj's Latin alphabet.Murkovics worked in Trbovlje from 1878 to 1880, and by 1880 was in Hungary again, in Lendava. 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[{"title":"List of Slovene writers and poets in Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Slovene_writers_and_poets_in_Hungary"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnet_7
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Sonnet 7
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["1 Structure","2 Interpretive synopsis","3 Commentary","4 Textual analysis","5 Critics in dialogue","5.1 Burden of beauty","5.2 Profound use of pronoun","5.3 Imperialism","5.4 Cosmic economy","5.5 Metaphysics","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]
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Poem by William Shakespeare«» Sonnet 7The first nine lines of Sonnet 7 in the 1609 Quarto
Q1Q2Q3C
Lo, in the orient when the gracious light
Lifts up his burning head, each under eye
Doth homage to his new-appearing sight,
Serving with looks his sacred majesty;
And having climb’d the steep-up heavenly hill,
Resembling strong youth in his middle age,
Yet mortal looks adore his beauty still,
Attending on his golden pilgrimage;
But when from highmost pitch, with weary car,
Like feeble age, he reeleth from the day,
The eyes, ’fore duteous, now converted are
From his low tract and look another way:
So thou, thyself out-going in thy noon,
Unlook’d on diest, unless thou get a son.
481214
—William Shakespeare
Sonnet 7 is one of 154 sonnets written by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare. It is a procreation sonnet within the Fair Youth sequence.
Structure
Sonnet 7 is a typical English or Shakespearean sonnet. This type of sonnet consists of three quatrains followed by a couplet, and follows the form's rhyme scheme: abab cdcd efef gg. The sonnet is written in iambic pentameter, a type of metre based on five pairs of metrically weak/strong syllabic positions per line, as exemplified in line five (where "heavenly" is contracted to two syllables):
× / × / × / × / × /
And having climbed the steep-up heavenly hill, (7.5)
/ = ictus, a metrically strong syllabic position. × = nonictus.
The next line presents a somewhat unusual metrical problem. It can be scanned regularly:
× / × / × / × / × /
Resembling strong youth in his middle age, (7.6)
The problem arises with the words "strong youth". Both words have tonic stress, but that of "strong" is normally subordinated to that of "youth", allowing them comfortably to fill × / positions, not / ×. The scansion above would seem to suggest a contrastive accent placed upon "strong", which may not be appropriate as the more salient contrast is between youth and age. Probably the line should be scanned:
× / × / / × × / × /
Resembling strong youth in his middle age, (7.6)
A reversal of the third ictus (as shown above) is normally preceded by at least a slight intonational break, which "strong youth" does not allow. Peter Groves calls this a "harsh mapping", and recommends that in performance "the best thing to do is to prolong the subordinated S-syllable ... the effect of this is to throw a degree of emphasis on it".
Interpretive synopsis
Each day for the sun is like one lifetime for man. He is youthful, capable, and admired in the early stages of his lifetime, much like the sun is admired in the early day. But as the sun sets and a man's aging gets the best of him, he is facing frailty and mortality, and those once concerned with man and sun are now inattentive. At night the sun is forgotten. At death man is forgotten, unless he leaves a legacy in the form of a human son.
Commentary
This sonnet introduces new imagery, comparing the Youth to a morning sun, looked up to by lesser beings. But as he grows older he will be increasingly ignored unless he has a son to carry forward his identity into the next generation. The poem draws on classical imagery, common in art of the period, in which Helios or Apollo cross the sky in his chariot - an emblem of passing time. The word "car" was also used classically of the sun's chariot (compare R3. 5.3.20-1, "The weary Sunne, hath made a Golden set, / And by the bright Tract of his fiery Carre").
Textual analysis
Not unlike other Shakespearean sonnets, sonnet 7 utilizes simplistic "word play" and "key words" to underline the thematic meaning. These words appear in root form or similar variations. The poetic eye finds interest in the use of 'looks' (line 4), 'looks' (line 7), 'look' (line 12), and 'unlook'd' (line 14). A more thematic word play used is those words denoting 'age', but that are not explicitly identifiable.
Doth homage to his new-appearing sight,
Resembling strong youth in his middle age,
...
Attending on his golden pilgrimage; (7.3-6)
By using words typical of expressing human features (e.g. youth), the reader begins to identify the sun as being representative of man. The sun does not assume an actual 'age', therefore we infer that the subject of the poem is man.
Critics in dialogue
Burden of beauty
Although Robin Hackett makes a considerably in-depth argument that Shakespeare's Sonnet 7 may be read in context with Virginia Woolf's The Waves as the story of an imperialistic "sun hero", the potential bending of Shakespeare's work this analysis threatens may be best illustrated by the substantial lack of any other criticism seeking the same claim. Like Woolf, Hackett ventures that Shakespeare creates a poem "in which all characters and events revolve around a larger-than-life hero, whose rise or fall, or rise and fall, determines the plot of the story". As Michael Shoenfeldt points out, however, in "The Sonnets," the contextual placement of Sonnet 7, being among the first 126 that address the young man, gives the sonnet a substantially different reading: "the conventional praise of chaste beauty, and turn it on its head — the young man's beauty burdens him with the responsibility to reproduce, a responsibility he is currently shirking". The heir, referred to as "son" in Sonnet 7, is to "continue his beauty beyond the inexorable decay of aging". Decay of honor and beauty, often referred to in the sonnets addressed to the young man, are here explicitly paralleled with the sun's passage through the sky. As each day the sun rises and falls, so the young man will rise and fall both in beauty and admiration. The only way to "continue his beauty" is to reproduce. However uncommon direct reference to decay is in Sonnet 7, Thomas Tyler in Shakespeare's Sonnets ensures the use of verbs like "reeleth" indirectly evoke an image of decay by fatigue. "Reeleth" according to Tyler means "worn out by fatigue".
Profound use of pronoun
Shoenfeldt further addresses the abundance of sexual tension surrounding the issue of reproduction in Sonnet 7. Many as "fact" held the medical belief that each orgasm reduced one's life by a certain unit. Shakespeare may be struggling with this troubling "fact" in the image of the falling sun "from highmost pitch". Penelope Freedman accounts for this tension in the grammatical usage of "you" and "thou" in Power and Passion in Shakespeare's Pronouns: "Linguists have long since identified one isolated feature of verbal exchange in early modern English that can serve as an index to social relationships. It is generally accepted that the selection of 'thou' or 'you,' the pronouns of address, can register relations of power and solidarity". The singular use of "thou", which Freedman notes had a "dual role" to mark the emotions of anger and intimacy solely in the couplet of Sonnet 7 carefully mimics the height of tension in the sonnet, bringing it to a close with a mark of intimacy, and perhaps contempt, at the refusal of the addressee to reproduce. Whether this intimacy is based on a lovers' relationship is difficult to accurately assess. Freeman comments how there is evidence of "thou" being used between family members but hardly any between lovers. Instead, what can be inferred is that the two characters in Sonnet 7 are intimate enough to be of the same social class and to make a "direct appeal" of one another. The linguistic strength of a direct appeal of the couplet opposes the image of frailty in the third quatrain. Giving the hope of an escape from decay, the couplet restores what seems to be lost in the third quatrain.
Imperialism
Reverting to Hackett's criticism, Sonnet 7 may indeed be "read as a story of imperialism". By noting Shakespeare's use of the word "orient" in the first line of the sonnet, Hackett begins his exegesis. The Orient was a common link, at least as far as quintessential British narratives go, to the idea of wealth and prosperity. Hackett also connects the use of "golden pilgrimage" as more evidence of wealth seeking by way of imperialism. The "burning head" is that of an imperialistic ruler; "new-appearing sight" is this civilized knowledge given to the colonized. This type of reading allows "serving with looks" to be less metaphorical and more practical, alluding to the newly colonized people's duty to pay homage to the new ruler. With this reading, the sonnet may be looked at as a warning to rulers to remain powerful, lest people "look another way" and follow a new imperialistic ruler. "The sonnet with its metaphor of the rise and fall of the sun, . . . can be read as an illustration of not only the fate of an adored man who fails to beget a son, but also the fate of a colonizing power that fails to produce either her heroes (and their military strength) or the ideology that sends those heroes to seek fortunes on the boundaries of empire".
Cosmic economy
Thomas Greene believes the first clauses of early Shakespearean sonnets are haunted by 'cosmic' or 'existential' economics. The second clause issues hope for stability of beauty and immortality. This idea is rather modern and equates human value with economics. The sun in sonnet 7 is an imperialistic empire that controls the economy of the world. The economic status of its governed is completely dependent upon the sun's immortality. If the sun did not rise, there would be no harvest and no profit. The implied man in sonnet 7 also has an economic function in his humanity. He is a cog in the machine of imperialism. A constituent of his governing body politic as well as to the greatest ruler – the sun. His complete reliance on the sun for economic gain is slave-like. Man waits for the sun to rise in the morning, labors under its heat, then feebly ends his days work, ever closer to his mortality. This sonnet is epideictic rhetoric of both blame and praise: blaming the sun for reminding man of his immortality, and praising the sun for the vast pleasures it brings man in his short lifetime. What are most highly valued of all are those that transcend time, and that is the sun.
Metaphysics
The relationship between man and sun in sonnet 7 is metaphysical. The sun is the center of our being, but is also an object of desire. We want the sun's immortality. But man and the sun rely on one another to coexist. Man needs sun to survive on earth, and the sun would be of no significance without man. Man will cycle ad nauseam in this world yet the sun stays the same. The sun is reliable and unchanging. To the sun, one man is the same to another is the same to another.
Notes
^ Pooler, C Knox, ed. (1918). The Works of Shakespeare: Sonnets. The Arden Shakespeare . London: Methuen & Company. OCLC 4770201.
^ Groves 2013, pp 42-43.
^ Vendler 1997, p 75.
^ Hackett 1999, p 263.
^ Hackett 1999, p 269.
^ Schoenfeldt 2007, p 128.
^ Schoenfeldt 2007, p 128.
^ Tyler 1890.
^ Schoenfeldt 2007, p 132.
^ Freedman 2007, p 3.
^ Freedman 2007, p 5.
^ Freedman 2007, p 16.
^ Freedman 2007, p 17.
^ Hackett 1999, p 263.
^ Hackett 1999, p 263-64.
^ Hackett 1999, p 264.
^ Engle 1989, p 832.
^ Engle 1989, p 834.
References
Baldwin, T. W. On the Literary Genetics of Shakspeare's Sonnets. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1950.
Engle, Lars (October 1989). Afloat in Thick Deeps: Shakespeare's Sonnets on Certainty. PMLA 104. pp. 832–843.
Freedman, Penelope (2007). Power and Passion in Shakespeare's Pronouns. Hampshire: Asgate. pp. 3, 5. 16–17.
Groves, Peter (2013), Rhythm and Meaning in Shakespeare: A Guide for Readers and Actors, Melbourne: Monash University Publishing, ISBN 978-1-921867-81-1
Hackett, Robin (1999). Supplanting Shakespeare’s Rising Sons: A Perverse Reading Through Woolf's The Waves: Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature. 18. pp. 263–280.
Hubler, Edwin. The Sense of Shakespeare's Sonnets. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1952.
Larsen, Kenneth J. Essays on Shakespeare's Sonnets. http://www.williamshakespeare-sonnets.com
Schoenfeldt, Michael (2007). The Sonnets: The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare's Poetry. Patrick Cheney, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. pp. 128, 132.
Tyler, Thomas (1990). Shakespeare's Sonnets. London D. Nutt.
First edition and facsimile
Shakespeare, William (1609). Shake-speares Sonnets: Never Before Imprinted. London: Thomas Thorpe.
Lee, Sidney, ed. (1905). Shakespeares Sonnets: Being a reproduction in facsimile of the first edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 458829162.
Variorum editions
Alden, Raymond Macdonald, ed. (1916). The Sonnets of Shakespeare. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. OCLC 234756.
Rollins, Hyder Edward, ed. (1944). A New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare: The Sonnets . Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. OCLC 6028485. — Volume I and Volume II at the Internet Archive
Modern critical editions
Atkins, Carl D., ed. (2007). Shakespeare's Sonnets: With Three Hundred Years of Commentary. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 978-0-8386-4163-7. OCLC 86090499.
Booth, Stephen, ed. (2000) . Shakespeare's Sonnets (Rev. ed.). New Haven: Yale Nota Bene. ISBN 0-300-01959-9. OCLC 2968040.
Burrow, Colin, ed. (2002). The Complete Sonnets and Poems. The Oxford Shakespeare. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0192819338. OCLC 48532938.
Duncan-Jones, Katherine, ed. (2010) . Shakespeare's Sonnets. Arden Shakespeare, third series (Rev. ed.). London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-4080-1797-5. OCLC 755065951. — 1st edition at the Internet Archive
Evans, G. Blakemore, ed. (1996). The Sonnets. The New Cambridge Shakespeare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521294034. OCLC 32272082.
Kerrigan, John, ed. (1995) . The Sonnets ; and, A Lover's Complaint. New Penguin Shakespeare (Rev. ed.). Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-070732-8. OCLC 15018446.
Mowat, Barbara A.; Werstine, Paul, eds. (2006). Shakespeare's Sonnets & Poems. Folger Shakespeare Library. New York: Washington Square Press. ISBN 978-0743273282. OCLC 64594469.
Orgel, Stephen, ed. (2001). The Sonnets. The Pelican Shakespeare (Rev. ed.). New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0140714531. OCLC 46683809.
Vendler, Helen, ed. (1997). The Art of Shakespeare's Sonnets. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-63712-7. OCLC 36806589.
External links
Works related to Sonnet 7 (Shakespeare) at Wikisource
Paraphrase of sonnet in modern language
Analysis of the sonnet
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"154 sonnets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakespeare%27s_sonnets"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"procreation sonnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procreation_sonnets"},{"link_name":"Fair Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sonnets#Fair_Youth"}],"text":"Poem by William ShakespeareSonnet 7 is one of 154 sonnets written by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare. It is a procreation sonnet within the Fair Youth sequence.","title":"Sonnet 7"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sonnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnet"},{"link_name":"quatrains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatrain"},{"link_name":"couplet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couplet"},{"link_name":"iambic pentameter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iambic_pentameter"},{"link_name":"metre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_(poetry)"},{"link_name":"scanned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scansion"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Sonnet 7 is a typical English or Shakespearean sonnet. This type of sonnet consists of three quatrains followed by a couplet, and follows the form's rhyme scheme: abab cdcd efef gg. The sonnet is written in iambic pentameter, a type of metre based on five pairs of metrically weak/strong syllabic positions per line, as exemplified in line five (where \"heavenly\" is contracted to two syllables):× / × / × / × / × / \nAnd having climbed the steep-up heavenly hill, (7.5)/ = ictus, a metrically strong syllabic position. × = nonictus.The next line presents a somewhat unusual metrical problem. It can be scanned regularly:× / × / × / × / × / \nResembling strong youth in his middle age, (7.6)The problem arises with the words \"strong youth\". Both words have tonic stress, but that of \"strong\" is normally subordinated to that of \"youth\", allowing them comfortably to fill × / positions, not / ×. The scansion above would seem to suggest a contrastive accent placed upon \"strong\", which may not be appropriate as the more salient contrast is between youth and age. Probably the line should be scanned:× / × / / × × / × / \nResembling strong youth in his middle age, (7.6)A reversal of the third ictus (as shown above) is normally preceded by at least a slight intonational break, which \"strong youth\" does not allow. Peter Groves calls this a \"harsh mapping\", and recommends that in performance \"the best thing to do is to prolong the subordinated S-syllable [here, \"strong\"] ... the effect of this is to throw a degree of emphasis on it\".[2]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Each day for the sun is like one lifetime for man. He is youthful, capable, and admired in the early stages of his lifetime, much like the sun is admired in the early day. But as the sun sets and a man's aging gets the best of him, he is facing frailty and mortality, and those once concerned with man and sun are now inattentive. At night the sun is forgotten. At death man is forgotten, unless he leaves a legacy in the form of a human son.","title":"Interpretive synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Helios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helios"},{"link_name":"Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo"}],"text":"This sonnet introduces new imagery, comparing the Youth to a morning sun, looked up to by lesser beings. But as he grows older he will be increasingly ignored unless he has a son to carry forward his identity into the next generation. The poem draws on classical imagery, common in art of the period, in which Helios or Apollo cross the sky in his chariot - an emblem of passing time. The word \"car\" was also used classically of the sun's chariot (compare R3. 5.3.20-1, \"The weary Sunne, hath made a Golden set, / And by the bright Tract of his fiery Carre\").","title":"Commentary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Not unlike other Shakespearean sonnets, sonnet 7 utilizes simplistic \"word play\" and \"key words\" to underline the thematic meaning. These words appear in root form or similar variations.[3] The poetic eye finds interest in the use of 'looks' (line 4), 'looks' (line 7), 'look' (line 12), and 'unlook'd' (line 14). A more thematic word play used is those words denoting 'age', but that are not explicitly identifiable.Doth homage to his new-appearing sight,\nResembling strong youth in his middle age,\n...\nAttending on his golden pilgrimage; (7.3-6)By using words typical of expressing human features (e.g. youth), the reader begins to identify the sun as being representative of man. The sun does not assume an actual 'age', therefore we infer that the subject of the poem is man.","title":"Textual analysis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Critics in dialogue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Virginia Woolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Woolf"},{"link_name":"The Waves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Waves"},{"link_name":"imperialistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperialistic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Burden of beauty","text":"Although Robin Hackett makes a considerably in-depth argument that Shakespeare's Sonnet 7 may be read in context with Virginia Woolf's The Waves as the story of an imperialistic \"sun hero\",[4] the potential bending of Shakespeare's work this analysis threatens may be best illustrated by the substantial lack of any other criticism seeking the same claim. Like Woolf, Hackett ventures that Shakespeare creates a poem \"in which all characters and events revolve around a larger-than-life hero, whose rise or fall, or rise and fall, determines the plot of the story\".[5] As Michael Shoenfeldt points out, however, in \"The Sonnets,\" the contextual placement of Sonnet 7, being among the first 126 that address the young man, gives the sonnet a substantially different reading: \"the conventional praise of chaste beauty, and turn[s] it on its head — the young man's beauty burdens him with the responsibility to reproduce, a responsibility he is currently shirking\".[6] The heir, referred to as \"son\" in Sonnet 7, is to \"continue his beauty beyond the inexorable decay of aging\".[7] Decay of honor and beauty, often referred to in the sonnets addressed to the young man, are here explicitly paralleled with the sun's passage through the sky. As each day the sun rises and falls, so the young man will rise and fall both in beauty and admiration. The only way to \"continue his beauty\" is to reproduce. However uncommon direct reference to decay is in Sonnet 7, Thomas Tyler in Shakespeare's Sonnets ensures the use of verbs like \"reeleth\" indirectly evoke an image of decay by fatigue. \"Reeleth\" according to Tyler means \"worn out by fatigue\".[8]","title":"Critics in dialogue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Linguists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguists"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"couplet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couplet"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"quatrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quatrain"}],"sub_title":"Profound use of pronoun","text":"Shoenfeldt further addresses the abundance of sexual tension surrounding the issue of reproduction in Sonnet 7. Many as \"fact\" held the medical belief that each orgasm reduced one's life by a certain unit. Shakespeare may be struggling with this troubling \"fact\" in the image of the falling sun \"from highmost pitch\".[9] Penelope Freedman accounts for this tension in the grammatical usage of \"you\" and \"thou\" in Power and Passion in Shakespeare's Pronouns: \"Linguists have long since identified one isolated feature of verbal exchange in early modern English that can serve as an index to social relationships. It is generally accepted that the selection of 'thou' or 'you,' the pronouns of address, can register relations of power and solidarity\".[10] The singular use of \"thou\", which Freedman notes had a \"dual role\" to mark the emotions of anger and intimacy[11] solely in the couplet of Sonnet 7 carefully mimics the height of tension in the sonnet, bringing it to a close with a mark of intimacy, and perhaps contempt, at the refusal of the addressee to reproduce. Whether this intimacy is based on a lovers' relationship is difficult to accurately assess. Freeman comments how there is evidence of \"thou\" being used between family members but hardly any between lovers.[12] Instead, what can be inferred is that the two characters in Sonnet 7 are intimate enough to be of the same social class and to make a \"direct appeal\" of one another.[13] The linguistic strength of a direct appeal of the couplet opposes the image of frailty in the third quatrain. Giving the hope of an escape from decay, the couplet restores what seems to be lost in the third quatrain.","title":"Critics in dialogue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"orient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orient"},{"link_name":"exegesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exegesis"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Imperialism","text":"Reverting to Hackett's criticism, Sonnet 7 may indeed be \"read as a story of imperialism\".[14] By noting Shakespeare's use of the word \"orient\" in the first line of the sonnet, Hackett begins his exegesis. The Orient was a common link, at least as far as quintessential British narratives go, to the idea of wealth and prosperity. Hackett also connects the use of \"golden pilgrimage\" as more evidence of wealth seeking by way of imperialism. The \"burning head\" is that of an imperialistic ruler; \"new-appearing sight\" is this civilized knowledge given to the colonized. This type of reading allows \"serving with looks\" to be less metaphorical and more practical, alluding to the newly colonized people's duty to pay homage to the new ruler. With this reading, the sonnet may be looked at as a warning to rulers to remain powerful, lest people \"look another way\" and follow a new imperialistic ruler.[15] \"The sonnet with its metaphor of the rise and fall of the sun, . . . can be read as an illustration of not only the fate of an adored man who fails to beget a son, but also the fate of a colonizing power that fails to produce either her heroes (and their military strength) or the ideology that sends those heroes to seek fortunes on the boundaries of empire\".[16]","title":"Critics in dialogue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"body politic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_politic"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Cosmic economy","text":"Thomas Greene believes the first clauses of early Shakespearean sonnets are haunted by 'cosmic' or 'existential' economics. The second clause issues hope for stability of beauty and immortality. This idea is rather modern and equates human value with economics.[17] The sun in sonnet 7 is an imperialistic empire that controls the economy of the world. The economic status of its governed is completely dependent upon the sun's immortality. If the sun did not rise, there would be no harvest and no profit. The implied man in sonnet 7 also has an economic function in his humanity. He is a cog in the machine of imperialism. A constituent of his governing body politic as well as to the greatest ruler – the sun. His complete reliance on the sun for economic gain is slave-like. Man waits for the sun to rise in the morning, labors under its heat, then feebly ends his days work, ever closer to his mortality. This sonnet is epideictic rhetoric of both blame and praise: blaming the sun for reminding man of his immortality, and praising the sun for the vast pleasures it brings man in his short lifetime. What are most highly valued of all are those that transcend time, and that is the sun.[18]","title":"Critics in dialogue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ad nauseam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_nauseam"}],"sub_title":"Metaphysics","text":"The relationship between man and sun in sonnet 7 is metaphysical. The sun is the center of our being, but is also an object of desire. We want the sun's immortality. But man and the sun rely on one another to coexist. Man needs sun to survive on earth, and the sun would be of no significance without man. Man will cycle ad nauseam in this world yet the sun stays the same. The sun is reliable and unchanging. To the sun, one man is the same to another is the same to another.","title":"Critics in dialogue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"The Works of Shakespeare: Sonnets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/sonnetseditedbyc00shakuoft"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4770201","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/4770201"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"}],"text":"^ Pooler, C[harles] Knox, ed. (1918). The Works of Shakespeare: Sonnets. The Arden Shakespeare [1st series]. London: Methuen & Company. OCLC 4770201.\n\n^ Groves 2013, pp 42-43.\n\n^ Vendler 1997, p 75.\n\n^ Hackett 1999, p 263.\n\n^ Hackett 1999, p 269.\n\n^ Schoenfeldt 2007, p 128.\n\n^ Schoenfeldt 2007, p 128.\n\n^ Tyler 1890.\n\n^ Schoenfeldt 2007, p 132.\n\n^ Freedman 2007, p 3.\n\n^ Freedman 2007, p 5.\n\n^ Freedman 2007, p 16.\n\n^ Freedman 2007, p 17.\n\n^ Hackett 1999, p 263.\n\n^ Hackett 1999, p 263-64.\n\n^ Hackett 1999, p 264.\n\n^ Engle 1989, p 832.\n\n^ Engle 1989, p 834.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"reference":"Pooler, C[harles] Knox, ed. (1918). The Works of Shakespeare: Sonnets. The Arden Shakespeare [1st series]. London: Methuen & Company. OCLC 4770201.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sonnetseditedbyc00shakuoft","url_text":"The Works of Shakespeare: Sonnets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4770201","url_text":"4770201"}]},{"reference":"Groves, Peter (2013), Rhythm and Meaning in Shakespeare: A Guide for Readers and Actors, Melbourne: Monash University Publishing, ISBN 978-1-921867-81-1","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921867-81-1","url_text":"978-1-921867-81-1"}]},{"reference":"Shakespeare, William (1609). Shake-speares Sonnets: Never Before Imprinted. London: Thomas Thorpe.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare","url_text":"Shakespeare, William"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/shakespearesson01shakgoog","url_text":"Shake-speares Sonnets: Never Before Imprinted"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Thorpe","url_text":"Thomas Thorpe"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Sidney, ed. (1905). Shakespeares Sonnets: Being a reproduction in facsimile of the first edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 458829162.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lee","url_text":"Lee, Sidney"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/shakespearessonn00shakrich","url_text":"Shakespeares Sonnets: Being a reproduction in facsimile of the first edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon_Press","url_text":"Clarendon Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/458829162","url_text":"458829162"}]},{"reference":"Alden, Raymond Macdonald, ed. (1916). The Sonnets of Shakespeare. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. OCLC 234756.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Macdonald_Alden","url_text":"Alden, Raymond Macdonald"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sonnetsfromquart00shakuoft","url_text":"The Sonnets of Shakespeare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt","url_text":"Houghton Mifflin Harcourt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/234756","url_text":"234756"}]},{"reference":"Rollins, Hyder Edward, ed. (1944). A New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare: The Sonnets [2 Volumes]. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. OCLC 6028485.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyder_Edward_Rollins","url_text":"Rollins, Hyder Edward"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Lippincott_%26_Co.","url_text":"J. B. Lippincott & Co."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6028485","url_text":"6028485"}]},{"reference":"Atkins, Carl D., ed. (2007). Shakespeare's Sonnets: With Three Hundred Years of Commentary. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 978-0-8386-4163-7. OCLC 86090499.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/shakespearessonn0000shak_u3z8","url_text":"Shakespeare's Sonnets: With Three Hundred Years of Commentary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairleigh_Dickinson_University_Press","url_text":"Fairleigh Dickinson University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-4163-7","url_text":"978-0-8386-4163-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/86090499","url_text":"86090499"}]},{"reference":"Booth, Stephen, ed. (2000) [1st ed. 1977]. Shakespeare's Sonnets (Rev. ed.). New Haven: Yale Nota Bene. ISBN 0-300-01959-9. OCLC 2968040.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Booth_(academic)","url_text":"Booth, Stephen"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/shakespearessonn00will","url_text":"Shakespeare's Sonnets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_Nota_Bene","url_text":"Yale Nota Bene"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-01959-9","url_text":"0-300-01959-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2968040","url_text":"2968040"}]},{"reference":"Burrow, Colin, ed. (2002). The Complete Sonnets and Poems. The Oxford Shakespeare. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0192819338. OCLC 48532938.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900192819337","url_text":"The Complete Sonnets and Poems"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Shakespeare","url_text":"The Oxford Shakespeare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192819338","url_text":"978-0192819338"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48532938","url_text":"48532938"}]},{"reference":"Duncan-Jones, Katherine, ed. (2010) [1st ed. 1997]. Shakespeare's Sonnets. Arden Shakespeare, third series (Rev. ed.). London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-4080-1797-5. OCLC 755065951.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Duncan-Jones","url_text":"Duncan-Jones, Katherine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arden_Shakespeare","url_text":"Arden Shakespeare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing","url_text":"Bloomsbury"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4080-1797-5","url_text":"978-1-4080-1797-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/755065951","url_text":"755065951"}]},{"reference":"Evans, G. Blakemore, ed. (1996). The Sonnets. The New Cambridge Shakespeare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521294034. OCLC 32272082.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Blakemore_Evans","url_text":"Evans, G. Blakemore"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sonnets0000shak_s5k7","url_text":"The Sonnets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Cambridge_Shakespeare","url_text":"The New Cambridge Shakespeare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521294034","url_text":"978-0521294034"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32272082","url_text":"32272082"}]},{"reference":"Kerrigan, John, ed. (1995) [1st ed. 1986]. The Sonnets ; and, A Lover's Complaint. New Penguin Shakespeare (Rev. ed.). Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-070732-8. OCLC 15018446.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kerrigan_(literary_scholar)","url_text":"Kerrigan, John"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sonnetsandlovers0000shak_t6d5","url_text":"The Sonnets ; and, A Lover's Complaint"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Penguin_Shakespeare","url_text":"New Penguin Shakespeare"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-070732-8","url_text":"0-14-070732-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15018446","url_text":"15018446"}]},{"reference":"Mowat, Barbara A.; Werstine, Paul, eds. (2006). Shakespeare's Sonnets & Poems. Folger Shakespeare Library. New York: Washington Square Press. ISBN 978-0743273282. OCLC 64594469.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.folger.edu/explore/shakespeares-works/shakespeares-sonnets/read/","url_text":"Shakespeare's Sonnets & Poems"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folger_Shakespeare_Library","url_text":"Folger Shakespeare Library"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Square_Press","url_text":"Washington Square Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743273282","url_text":"978-0743273282"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/64594469","url_text":"64594469"}]},{"reference":"Orgel, Stephen, ed. (2001). The Sonnets. The Pelican Shakespeare (Rev. ed.). New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0140714531. OCLC 46683809.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Orgel","url_text":"Orgel, Stephen"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sonnets0000shak_n8h4","url_text":"The Sonnets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140714531","url_text":"978-0140714531"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46683809","url_text":"46683809"}]},{"reference":"Vendler, Helen, ed. (1997). The Art of Shakespeare's Sonnets. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-63712-7. OCLC 36806589.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Vendler","url_text":"Vendler, Helen"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/artofshakespeare00vend","url_text":"The Art of Shakespeare's Sonnets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Belknap_Press_of_Harvard_University_Press","url_text":"The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-63712-7","url_text":"0-674-63712-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/36806589","url_text":"36806589"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Phinn
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Thomas Phinn
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["1 Life","2 References","2.1 Footnotes","2.2 Bibliography","3 External links"]
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British barrister and Liberal Party politician
Thomas PhinnSecond Secretary to the AdmiraltyIn office22 May 1855 – 7 May 1857 (1855-05-22 – 1857-05-07)Preceded byWilliam Baillie-HamiltonSucceeded byWilliam Govett Romaine
Personal detailsBornUnknown date, c. 1814Bath, Somerset, EnglandDied31 October 1866(1866-10-31) (aged 51–52)London, Middlesex, EnglandPolitical partyLiberal PartyEducationEton College; Exeter CollegeOccupationBarrister
Thomas Phinn, QC (c. 1814 – 31 October 1866) was a British barrister and Liberal Party politician.
He held various positions in the Admiralty of the United Kingdom in the mid-19th century.
Life
Born in Bath, Somerset, Phinn was educated at Eton College and Exeter College, Oxford. He read for the bar at the Inner Temple, being called in 1840.
He was elected at the 1852 general election as Member of Parliament for Bath, but held that seat for only three years, until 1855.
He was appointed Counsel to the Admiralty and Judge Advocate of the Fleet on 17 April 1854,
and continued in that office until appointed Second Secretary to the Admiralty on 22 May 1855, He was made a Queen's Counsel in 1857.
a post which required his resignation from the House of Commons. He resigned from the Admiralty on 7 May 1857, but was re-appointed Counsel and Judge-Advocate on 12 November 1863, and held that post until his death on 31 October 1866, in London.
References
Footnotes
^ National Portrait Gallery. "Thomas Phinn". npg.org.uk. Retrieved 18 April 2018.
^ Boase, F., Modern English biography, 6 vols, 1892–1921
^ Craig, F. W. S. (1989) . British parliamentary election results 1832–1885 (2nd ed.). Chichester: Parliamentary Research Services. p. 37. ISBN 0-900178-26-4.
^ a b 'Counsel 1673–1870', Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 4: Admiralty Officials 1660–1870 (1975), pp. 78.
^ 'Secretaries 1660–1870', Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 4: Admiralty Officials 1660–1870 (1975), pp. 34–37.
^ "Obituary: Will of the Late Thomas Phinn, Q.C". The Law Journal: A Weekly Publication of Notes of Cases and Legal News. London. 21 December 1866. p. 700. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
Bibliography
C. I. Hamilton, ed., "Selections from the Phinn Committee of Inquiry of October–November 1853 into the State of the Office of Secretary to the Admiralty", in The Naval Miscellany, volume V, edited by N. A. M. Rodger, (London: Navy Records Society, London, 1984).
External links
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Thomas Phinn
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded byViscount DuncanGeorge Scobell
Member of Parliament for Bath 1852–1855 With: George Scobell
Succeeded byWilliam TiteGeorge Scobell
Legal offices
Preceded byRichard Budden Crowder
Judge Advocate of the Fleet 1854–1855
Succeeded byWilliam Atherton
Preceded byRobert Porrett Collier
Judge Advocate of the Fleet 1863–1866
Succeeded byJohn Walter Huddleston
Government offices
Preceded byWilliam Baillie-Hamilton
Second Secretary to the Admiralty 1855–1857
Succeeded byWilliam Govett Romaine
Authority control databases
SNAC
2
3
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[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Ming
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Wu Ming
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["1 Meaning of the name","2 Members and public personae","3 54","4 Radio Alice / Working Slowly","5 Manituana","6 Altai","7 Solo novels","8 Other activities","9 Bibliography","9.1 Fiction written by the whole collective","9.2 Solo fiction","9.3 Non-fiction","9.4 Books written by a Wu Ming member with an external co-author","10 References","11 External links"]
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Group of Italian writers
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For other uses, see Wuming (disambiguation).
Wu MingBornRoberto Bui, Giovanni Cattabriga, Luca Di Meo, Federico Guglielmi, Riccardo PedriniOccupationWriterLanguageItalianNationalityItalianGenreHistorical novel, short story, essayLiterary movementNew Italian EpicNotable worksQ, 54, Manituana
Wu Ming, Chinese for "anonymous", is a pseudonym for a group of Italian authors formed in 2000 from a subset of the Luther Blissett community in Bologna.
Four of the group earlier wrote the novel Q (first edition 1999). Unlike the open name "Luther Blissett", "Wu Ming" stands for a defined group of writers active in literature and popular culture. The band authored several novels, some of which have been translated in many countries.
Their books are seen as part of a body of literary works (the "nebula", as it is frequently called in Italy) described as the New Italian Epic, a phrase that was proposed by Wu Ming.
Meaning of the name
In Chinese, "wu ming" can mean "anonymous" (traditional Chinese: 無名; simplified Chinese: 无名; pinyin: wúmíng) or, with a different tone on the first syllable, "five people" (Chinese: 五名; pinyin: wǔ míng; 名 is a measure word), the pun being part of the reason the collective adopted the name. The name is meant both as a tribute to dissidents ("Wu Ming" is a common byline among Chinese citizens demanding democracy and freedom of speech) and as a rejection of the celebrity-making machine which turns the author into a star. "Wu Ming" is also a reference to the third sentence in the Daodejing: "Heaven and Earth's nameless origin" (traditional Chinese: 無名天地之始; simplified Chinese: 无名天地之始; pinyin: wúmíng tiāndì zhī shǐ).
The group has since grown to include more than five members. As a result, "anonymous" became the preferred interpretation of the name.
Members and public personae
The picture that Wu Ming used as an "official portrait" from 2001 to 2008, when the quintet became a quartet. As of 14 January 2009, the image is completely absent from the group's official website.
The members of Wu Ming are typically known as "Wu Ming 1", "Wu Ming 2", "Wu Ming 3", "Wu Ming 4", and "Wu Ming 5". Their real names are not secret, though:
Roberto Bui (Wu Ming 1)
Giovanni Cattabriga (Wu Ming 2)
Luca Di Meo (Wu Ming 3 – He left the group in the spring of 2008)
Federico Guglielmi (Wu Ming 4)
Riccardo Pedrini (Wu Ming 5 – He left the group in the summer of 2015)
The five authors do extensive book tours (which they describe as "almost gratefuldeadesque") and frequently appear in public. However, they refuse to be photographed or filmed by the media. Even on their official website, they do not provide any pictures of themselves. Here is how Wu Ming 1 explained the group's stance in a 2007 interview:
Once the writer becomes a face... it's a cannibalistic jumble: that face appears everywhere, almost always out of context. A photo is witness to my absence; it's a banner of distance and solitude. A photo paralyses me, it freezes my life into an instant, it negates my ability to transform into something else. I become a "character", a stopgap to hurriedly fill a page layout, an instrument that amplifies banality. On the other hand my voice – with its grain, with its accents, with its imprecise diction, its tonalities, rhythms, pauses and vacillations – is witness to a presence even when I'm not there; it brings me close to people and doesn't negate my transformative capacity because its presence is dynamic, alive and trembling even when seemingly still.
In Wu Ming's official biographical page (Italian version), the collective denies rumors they once beat up a press photographer:
The dates and places vary, but the core of all versions stays the same. Well, it never ever happened, but it's true that, like Auda abu Tayi in Lawrence of Arabia or King Kong in the famous gala opening scene, we're no camera-mongers. We don't go on TV either. We are shy.
54
Main article: 54 (novel)
54 is a complex novel about popular culture, the shattered dreams of the Italian Resistance, and the relationship between Europe and America.
Background research began in 1999, after the publication of the group's previous novel Q. Plots were outlined in the aftermath of the Kosovo war. Actual writing work ended ten days after 11 September, on the eve of the war in Afghanistan. These two wars are explicitly referred to in the novel's End Titles: "Begun in May 1999, during the Nato bombings of Belgrade. Delivered to the Italian publishers on September 21, 2001, awaiting the escalation". The events leading to (and following) 11 September are also allegorically described in the book's forenote.
54 was published in Italy in the springtime of 2002. In the following months, Wu Ming collaborated with Italian folk-rock band Yo Yo Mundi, whose ensuing concept album 54 (2004) was directly inspired from the novel.
Radio Alice / Working Slowly
Wu Ming is also credited as co-writers for the screenplay of the Italian film Lavorare con lentezza (aka Radio Alice), directed by Guido Chiesa, released in Italy in 2004.
The original title means "Working slowly" and cites a protest song, a popular leftist anthem in the 1970s: "Work slowly / And effortlessly / Work may hurt you / And send you to the hospital / Where there's no bed left / And you may even die. / Work slowly / And effortlessly / Health is priceless." (Translated by Wu Ming)
The film is set during a student uprising that paralysed Bologna for several days in March 1977. Several narrative threads are woven around Radio Alice, the station run by the "creative wing" (the so-called "Mao-Dadaists") of the radical Autonomia movement. In the morning of 11 March a brawl involving radical and catholic students escalated to a full-scale riot in the university district. The Carabinieri riot squad attacked and shot down a 25-year-old student called Francesco Lorusso. As a result, thousands of students and activists stormed the centre of the town, clashing with the police and throwing molotov cocktails. On 13 March the premises of Radio Alice were invaded and vandalised by the police, the station was shut down and every member of the staff was arrested. The film tells the story mixing real anecdotes with semi-fictional characters.
Radio Alice has won several awards and prizes at movie festivals all over Europe, including the Marcello Mastroianni Award for the Best Young Actors at the 2004 Venice Film Festival and the First Prize at the 2005 Festival de Cinema Politic in Barcelona, Spain.
Manituana
Main article: Manituana
Manituana is the third of Wu Ming's collectively authored novels. It was written in the 2003–07 period and published in Italy in 2007. It is the first episode of an 18th-century pan-Atlantic trilogy which the authors call "the Atlantic Triptych". All novels will be set in the 1770s, all across the Atlantic Ocean (North America, Europe, the West Indies and Africa), before and during the American Revolution.
In the springtime of 2007, Manituana reached No. 4 in the Italian best-seller charts The English translation was published in the UK and the US by Verso Books in the Fall of 2009.
In an entry on their weblog, Wu Ming wrote that
Manituana was written between 2003 and 2007, and it soaked up all the tensions of that period: S11, the Neoconservative hegemony on US foreign policy, the lies on Saddam allegedly keeping weapons of mass destruction hidden in the desert, the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, George W. Bush winning his second term thanks to the Christian right in 2004, Silvio Burlesquoni conquering the hearts and minds of the majority of Italians etc.
The novel is set in the years 1775–1783 in New York's Mohawk Valley, Quebec and London (UK). Among the many real historical chapters that populate the book, the most important ones are Joseph Brant, war chief of the Mohawk nation, and Molly Brant, a matron of the Wolf clan in the Iroquois Six Nations.
In Italy Manituana was awarded the Premio Sergio Leone 2007 and the Premio Emilio Salgari 2008. In November 2010 it was nominated for International Dublin Literary Award.
Altai
In May 2009 Wu Ming announced that they had almost finished writing a new book, entitled Altai, set "in Q's world and historical continuum". "After this accomplishment", they added, "we'll go back to the Atlantic Triptych." Later on, they explained:
We felt the urge to go back to the "crime scene" (our 1999 debut) after the collective lost a member, in the springtime of 2008. After months of crisis and conflict, we needed a new beginning. We needed a peculiar self-managed group therapy... Gert-from-the-Well appeared and told us: “I can help you, if you bring me back to life!”. And that’s what we did.
The novel, entitled Altai, was published in Italy on 20 November 2009 and immediately reached No. 5 in the national list of best-sellers.
Solo novels
Starting from 2001, each individual member of Wu Ming also authored one or more "solo" novels. Some of them have been translated into other languages, but not yet in English.
Wu Ming 1 is the author of New Thing (2004), an "unidentified narrative object" blending fiction, journalism and free verse. It is an allegorical tale on free jazz and the 1960s, set in 1967 New York City and constructed around John Coltrane's final days. The French newspaper Le Monde described the book as "a choral novel, an inquiry, and a political jam-session loaded with syncopated poetry".
Wu Ming 2 is the author of Guerra agli umani (2004), a satire of primitivism and survivalism set on the Apennines in an undefined year. The main character and narrator is called Marco, but he nicknames himself "Marco Walden", after Thoreau's Walden. At the beginning of the book, Marco quits his job as a restroom cleaner at a big cemetery, because he wants to leave the city (presumably Bologna, although it remains unnamed), go to the mountains and become a "hunter-gatherer superhero".
Wu Ming 4 is the author of Stella del mattino (2008). The novel is set in 1919 Oxford and centered around T.E. Lawrence suffering writer's block while working on The Seven Pillars of Wisdom. Among the characters Lawrence encounters in the book, important roles are played by writers J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis and, most notably, Robert Graves. Wu Ming themselves described Stella del mattino as "the best solo novel ever manufactured in our smithy" and "a bridge between our collective and solo novels".
Wu Ming 5 is the author of both Havana Glam (2001) and Free Karma Food (2007). Havana Glam is set in an alternate 1970s world where David Bowie is a communist sympathizer and has a "Cuban period" instead of a "Berlin period". This causes some turmoil in Havana, as the Cuban intelligence suspect the rockstar to be an infiltrator. Free Karma Food describes a future society where all kinds of cattle have been killed by a global pandemic known as "The Great Murrain". Some Italian critics described Wu Ming 5's novels as belonging to the literary subgenre known as "New Weird". Such inclusion, however, has been questioned in weblogs and social network discussion groups devoted to science-fiction.
Other activities
Wu Ming 1 is the Italian translator of several Elmore Leonard novels. He translated Cat Chaser, Freaky Deaky, Tishomingo Blues and Mr Paradise, and wrote an essay on how to render Leonard's prose into Italian The essay was published in the catalogue of the 2006 Courmayer Noir in Festival, at which Leonard was presented with the Raymond Chandler Award. Wu Ming 1 also translated one Walter Mosley novel, Little Scarlet. In 2010 he became the Italian translator of Stephen King's books.
Wu Ming 2 has written the theater play Razza Partigiana in 2013; he is also participating on stage, with musical support from Paul Pieretto, Federico Oppi (Settlefish) and Egle Sommacal (Massimo Volume). The plot follows the story of Giorgio Marincola, a partisan from World War II, a dark-skinned Italian who is the son of a Somalian mother and an Italian father, born in 1923 near Mogadishu.
Wu Ming 5 was guitar player in it:Nabat, one of the first Oi! bands to reach a cult following in Italy during the early 1980s. The band broke up in 1987 but got together again in the early 1990s, only to break up again in 1998. Nabat reunited in 2010 for a comeback tour, with Wu Ming 5 still on guitar, "splitting services between two bands ", as he quipped during a radio interview.
Bibliography
The group has published several novels and non-fiction books in print and online, released under a Creative Commons license, and they are available for download on the group's website. Q, 54, Manituana Altai and Morning Star have been translated into English. Most books are available in several European languages.
Fiction written by the whole collective
Q (originally written as Luther Blissett, 1999, published in 18 languages)
Hatchets of War (with Vitaliano Ravagli, 2000)
54 (2002). Translated into English, Spanish, Portuguese (Brazilian), Dutch, German and Serbian.
Manituana (2007, Translated into English, Spanish and French)
Weather Forecasts (a novella, 2008)
Altai (2009, Translated into English)
Clockwork Orange Duck (collection of short stories, 2011)
The Army of Sleepwalkers (2014)
Cantalamappa (2015)
The Invisible Everywhere (2015)
The Return of Cantalamappa (2017)
Proletkult (2018)
Ufo 78 (2022)
Solo fiction
Havana Glam (by Wu Ming 5, 2001)
War on the Humans (by Wu Ming 2, 2004). Translated into Dutch and French
New Thing (by Wu Ming 1, 2004). Translated into Portuguese (Brazilian), Spanish and French
Free Karma Food (by Wu Ming 5, 2006)
Morning Star (by Wu Ming 4, 2008)
Pontiac: History of a Revolt (by Wu Ming 2, book + cd, 2010)
One Shot is Enough (by Wu Ming 2, book + cd, 2010)
Non-fiction
This Revolution Has No Face (2002). A Spanish anthology of articles and short stories
Giap! (2003). An anthology of essays, articles, e-mail conversations and short stories
Grand River: A Journey (2008)
New Italian Epic (a collection of essays on literature, 2009)
The Path of Gods (by Wu Ming 2, 2010)
The Imperfect Hero (by Wu Ming 4, 2010)
Thomas Munster: Sermon to the Princes (2010). Asks why Muntzer's reformation has inspired radicals for almost 500 years. Part of the "Revolutions" series.
No Promise This Trip Will Be Short: 25 Years of No Tav Struggle (2016)
Books written by a Wu Ming member with an external co-author
Timira (with Antar Mohamed, 2012)
Point Lenana (with Roberto Santachiara, 2013)
References
^ "We're Going To Have To Be The Parents": A Reflection on the New Italian Epic", opening talk at the conference The Italian Perspective on Metahistorical Fiction: The New Italian Epic, IGRS, University of London, 2 October 2008. Text and audio.
^ "Wu Ming: Who we are and what we do", biographical page on Wu Ming's website. Archived February 1, 2008.
^ "What Is The Wu Ming Foundation? Meet Our «Collective of Collectives»" (in Italian).
^ On 16 September 2008, Wu Ming's newsletter Giap announced that Luca Di Meo had left the band for personal reasons, and the separation had taken place in the previous springtime. Cf. (in Italian) "Un dispaccio col cuore in mano e l'anima oltre le fiamme", Giap no. 1, ninth series, September 2008.
^ On 15 February 2016, Wu Ming's blog Giap announced that Riccardo Petrini had left the collective for personal reasons, and the separation had taken place in the previous summer. Cf. (in Italian)"Zeppo’s Gone. Riccardo / Wu Ming 5 è uscito dal collettivo "
^ Wu Ming newsletter, 23 December 2007. Probably a jocular reference to Californian rock band Grateful Dead's extensive touring and their close relationship with fans.
^ "The Perfect Storm, or rather: The Monster Interview", manituana.com, April 17, 2007.
^ "Elenco incompleto di leggende urbane e dicerie sul nostro conto"
^ Detailed review from the Soundtracks for Them e-zine
^ Masterson, Melina A (2016). The Wu Ming Foundation: A Collective Approach to Literature, Art, and Politics in 21st Century Italy (PhD). University of Connecticut. Doctoral dissertations 1284. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
^ "Working Slowly in the UK", March 2005
^ Reported on Italian daily paper La Stampa on 7 April 2007, article included by Wu Ming on their website.
^ Awaiting Manituana: A New Beginning in the English-speaking world? Archived 8 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Wu Ming Foundation Blog, April 27, 2009.
^ "Never Say Never Again. Autumn 2009, Back to Q" Archived 7 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Wu Ming Foundation Blog, 12 May 2009.
^ "Doctor kindly tell your wife that we're alive" Archived 7 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine, Wu Ming Foundation Blog, July 30, 2009.
^ "Altai's first week: straight to the 5th place", wumingfoundation.com, 28 November 2009.
^ "Interview with Wu Ming in Bologna by Stewart Home". InEnArt. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
^ "A l'extrême gauche de l'Occident...", Le Monde des livres, 24 August 2007.
^ "Stella del mattino", from Giap #22/23, May 2008.
^ See A. Barone, "New Weird, New Italian Epic, Steampunk e il pregiudizio italiano sulla letteratura fantastica", May 2009.
^ Wu Ming 1, "La sfida di Elmore Leonard ai traduttori italiani".
^ "Elmore to be presented Raymond Chandler Award", elmoreleonard.com, 29 July 2006.
^ "Wu Ming, Stephen King: It isn't just a rhyme" Archived 21 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Wu Ming Foundation Blog, 26 May 2010.
^ "Wu Ming 2 comes to Berlin!". InEnArt. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
^ Wu Ming 1 and Wu Ming 5 interviewed on Radio Ciroma, 8 April 2010.
External links
Official website's biographical page in English.
Wu Ming's English language blog
A Life in Writing: Wu Ming, a profile of the collective published in The Guardian, 14 November 2009.
A very extensive and detailed interview with the Wu Ming Foundation, conducted by professor Henry Jenkins and published on his blog in two installments, Part 1 and Part 2.
Lavorare Con Lentezza at IMDb
In 2006 Chicago Review published two stories ("In Like Flynn" and "The Emperor's Three Hundred Woodcutters") by and an interview with Wu Ming.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wuming (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuming_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Luther Blissett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Blissett_(nom_de_plume)"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(novel)"},{"link_name":"New Italian Epic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Italian_Epic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For other uses, see Wuming (disambiguation).Wu Ming, Chinese for \"anonymous\", is a pseudonym for a group of Italian authors formed in 2000 from a subset of the Luther Blissett community in Bologna.\nFour of the group earlier wrote the novel Q (first edition 1999). Unlike the open name \"Luther Blissett\", \"Wu Ming\" stands for a defined group of writers active in literature and popular culture. The band authored several novels, some of which have been translated in many countries.Their books are seen as part of a body of literary works (the \"nebula\", as it is frequently called in Italy) described as the New Italian Epic, a phrase that was proposed by Wu Ming.[1]","title":"Wu Ming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"measure word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_word"},{"link_name":"freedom of speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_speech"},{"link_name":"Daodejing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daodejing"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In Chinese, \"wu ming\" can mean \"anonymous\" (traditional Chinese: 無名; simplified Chinese: 无名; pinyin: wúmíng) or, with a different tone on the first syllable, \"five people\" (Chinese: 五名; pinyin: wǔ míng; 名 is a measure word), the pun being part of the reason the collective adopted the name. The name is meant both as a tribute to dissidents (\"Wu Ming\" is a common byline among Chinese citizens demanding democracy and freedom of speech) and as a rejection of the celebrity-making machine which turns the author into a star. \"Wu Ming\" is also a reference to the third sentence in the Daodejing: \"Heaven and Earth's nameless origin\" (traditional Chinese: 無名天地之始; simplified Chinese: 无名天地之始; pinyin: wúmíng tiāndì zhī shǐ).[2]The group has since grown to include more than five members. As a result, \"anonymous\" became the preferred interpretation of the name.[3]","title":"Meaning of the name"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photo_wuming.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"gratefuldeadesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grateful_Dead"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Auda abu Tayi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auda_ibu_Tayi"},{"link_name":"Lawrence of Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia_(film)"},{"link_name":"King Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Kong"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The picture that Wu Ming used as an \"official portrait\" from 2001 to 2008, when the quintet became a quartet. As of 14 January 2009, the image is completely absent from the group's official website.The members of Wu Ming are typically known as \"Wu Ming 1\", \"Wu Ming 2\", \"Wu Ming 3\", \"Wu Ming 4\", and \"Wu Ming 5\". Their real names are not secret, though:Roberto Bui (Wu Ming 1)\nGiovanni Cattabriga (Wu Ming 2)\nLuca Di Meo (Wu Ming 3 – He left the group in the spring of 2008[4])\nFederico Guglielmi (Wu Ming 4) [Not to be confused with the Italian music journalist of the same name]\nRiccardo Pedrini (Wu Ming 5 – He left the group in the summer of 2015[5])The five authors do extensive book tours (which they describe as \"almost gratefuldeadesque\"[6]) and frequently appear in public. However, they refuse to be photographed or filmed by the media. Even on their official website, they do not provide any pictures of themselves. Here is how Wu Ming 1 explained the group's stance in a 2007 interview:Once the writer becomes a face... it's a cannibalistic jumble: that face appears everywhere, almost always out of context. A photo is witness to my absence; it's a banner of distance and solitude. A photo paralyses me, it freezes my life into an instant, it negates my ability to transform into something else. I become a \"character\", a stopgap to hurriedly fill a page layout, an instrument that amplifies banality. On the other hand my voice – with its grain, with its accents, with its imprecise diction, its tonalities, rhythms, pauses and vacillations – is witness to a presence even when I'm not there; it brings me close to people and doesn't negate my transformative capacity because its presence is dynamic, alive and trembling even when seemingly still.[7]In Wu Ming's official biographical page (Italian version), the collective denies rumors they once beat up a press photographer:The dates and places vary, but the core of all versions stays the same. Well, it never ever happened, but it's true that, like Auda abu Tayi in Lawrence of Arabia or King Kong in the famous gala opening scene, we're no camera-mongers. We don't go on TV either. We are shy.[8]","title":"Members and public personae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Resistance_Movement"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Kosovo war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo_war"},{"link_name":"11 September","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11,_2001_attacks"},{"link_name":"war in Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"the book's forenote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/54_(novel)#Contemporary_context_and_interpretations"},{"link_name":"Yo Yo Mundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yo_Yo_Mundi"},{"link_name":"54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/54_(album_degli_Yo_Yo_Mundi)"}],"text":"54 is a complex novel about popular culture, the shattered dreams of the Italian Resistance, and the relationship between Europe and America.[9]Background research began in 1999, after the publication of the group's previous novel Q. Plots were outlined in the aftermath of the Kosovo war. Actual writing work ended ten days after 11 September, on the eve of the war in Afghanistan. These two wars are explicitly referred to in the novel's End Titles: \"Begun in May 1999, during the Nato bombings of Belgrade. Delivered to the Italian publishers on September 21, 2001, awaiting the escalation\". The events leading to (and following) 11 September are also allegorically described in the book's forenote.54 was published in Italy in the springtime of 2002. In the following months, Wu Ming collaborated with Italian folk-rock band Yo Yo Mundi, whose ensuing concept album 54 (2004) was directly inspired from the novel.","title":"54"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"screenplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenplay"},{"link_name":"Lavorare con lentezza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavorare_con_lentezza"},{"link_name":"Guido Chiesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Chiesa"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Masterson_2016-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"a student uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movement_of_1977"},{"link_name":"Radio Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Alice"},{"link_name":"Autonomia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomia"},{"link_name":"Carabinieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabinieri"},{"link_name":"molotov cocktails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov_cocktail"},{"link_name":"Venice Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"}],"text":"Wu Ming is also credited as co-writers for the screenplay of the Italian film Lavorare con lentezza (aka Radio Alice), directed by Guido Chiesa, released in Italy in 2004.[10]The original title means \"Working slowly\" and cites a protest song, a popular leftist anthem in the 1970s: \"Work slowly / And effortlessly / Work may hurt you / And send you to the hospital / Where there's no bed left / And you may even die. / Work slowly / And effortlessly / Health is priceless.\" (Translated by Wu Ming)[11]The film is set during a student uprising that paralysed Bologna for several days in March 1977. Several narrative threads are woven around Radio Alice, the station run by the \"creative wing\" (the so-called \"Mao-Dadaists\") of the radical Autonomia movement. In the morning of 11 March a brawl involving radical and catholic students escalated to a full-scale riot in the university district. The Carabinieri riot squad attacked and shot down a 25-year-old student called Francesco Lorusso. As a result, thousands of students and activists stormed the centre of the town, clashing with the police and throwing molotov cocktails. On 13 March the premises of Radio Alice were invaded and vandalised by the police, the station was shut down and every member of the staff was arrested. The film tells the story mixing real anecdotes with semi-fictional characters.Radio Alice has won several awards and prizes at movie festivals all over Europe, including the Marcello Mastroianni Award for the Best Young Actors at the 2004 Venice Film Festival and the First Prize at the 2005 Festival de Cinema Politic in Barcelona, Spain.","title":"Radio Alice / Working Slowly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Verso Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verso_Books"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Mohawk Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_Valley"},{"link_name":"Joseph Brant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brant"},{"link_name":"Molly Brant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molly_Brant"},{"link_name":"Iroquois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois"},{"link_name":"Sergio Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Leone"},{"link_name":"Emilio Salgari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Salgari"},{"link_name":"International Dublin Literary Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dublin_Literary_Award"}],"text":"Manituana is the third of Wu Ming's collectively authored novels. It was written in the 2003–07 period and published in Italy in 2007. It is the first episode of an 18th-century pan-Atlantic trilogy which the authors call \"the Atlantic Triptych\". All novels will be set in the 1770s, all across the Atlantic Ocean (North America, Europe, the West Indies and Africa), before and during the American Revolution.In the springtime of 2007, Manituana reached No. 4 in the Italian best-seller charts[12] The English translation was published in the UK and the US by Verso Books in the Fall of 2009.In an entry on their weblog, Wu Ming wrote thatManituana was written between 2003 and 2007, and it soaked up all the tensions of that period: S11, the Neoconservative hegemony on US foreign policy, the lies on Saddam allegedly keeping weapons of mass destruction hidden in the desert, the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, George W. Bush winning his second term thanks to the Christian right in 2004, Silvio Burlesquoni conquering the hearts and minds of the majority of Italians etc.[13]The novel is set in the years 1775–1783 in New York's Mohawk Valley, Quebec and London (UK). Among the many real historical chapters that populate the book, the most important ones are Joseph Brant, war chief of the Mohawk nation, and Molly Brant, a matron of the Wolf clan in the Iroquois Six Nations.In Italy Manituana was awarded the Premio Sergio Leone 2007 and the Premio Emilio Salgari 2008. In November 2010 it was nominated for International Dublin Literary Award.","title":"Manituana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In May 2009 Wu Ming announced that they had almost finished writing a new book, entitled Altai, set \"in [their debut novel] Q's world and historical continuum\". \"After this accomplishment\", they added, \"we'll go back to the Atlantic Triptych.\"[14] Later on, they explained:We felt the urge to go back to the \"crime scene\" (our 1999 debut) after the collective lost a member, in the springtime of 2008. After months of crisis and conflict, we needed a new beginning. We needed a peculiar self-managed group therapy... Gert-from-the-Well appeared and told us: “I can help you, if you bring me back to life!”. And that’s what we did.[15]The novel, entitled Altai, was published in Italy on 20 November 2009 and immediately reached No. 5 in the national list of best-sellers.[16][17]","title":"Altai"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unidentified narrative object","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Italian_Epic#Characteristics"},{"link_name":"free jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_jazz"},{"link_name":"John Coltrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Coltrane"},{"link_name":"Le Monde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"primitivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism"},{"link_name":"survivalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survivalism"},{"link_name":"Apennines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apennines"},{"link_name":"Walden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walden"},{"link_name":"T.E. Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.E._Lawrence"},{"link_name":"The Seven Pillars of Wisdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seven_Pillars_of_Wisdom"},{"link_name":"J.R.R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.R.R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"C.S. Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.S._Lewis"},{"link_name":"Robert Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Graves"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"David Bowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie"},{"link_name":"Berlin period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bowie#1976%E2%80%931979:_Berlin_era"},{"link_name":"New Weird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Weird"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Starting from 2001, each individual member of Wu Ming also authored one or more \"solo\" novels. Some of them have been translated into other languages, but not yet in English.Wu Ming 1 is the author of New Thing (2004), an \"unidentified narrative object\" blending fiction, journalism and free verse. It is an allegorical tale on free jazz and the 1960s, set in 1967 New York City and constructed around John Coltrane's final days. The French newspaper Le Monde described the book as \"a choral novel, an inquiry, and a political jam-session loaded with syncopated poetry\".[18]Wu Ming 2 is the author of Guerra agli umani [War on the Humans] (2004), a satire of primitivism and survivalism set on the Apennines in an undefined year. The main character and narrator is called Marco, but he nicknames himself \"Marco Walden\", after Thoreau's Walden. At the beginning of the book, Marco quits his job as a restroom cleaner at a big cemetery, because he wants to leave the city (presumably Bologna, although it remains unnamed), go to the mountains and become a \"hunter-gatherer superhero\".Wu Ming 4 is the author of Stella del mattino [Morning Star] (2008). The novel is set in 1919 Oxford and centered around T.E. Lawrence suffering writer's block while working on The Seven Pillars of Wisdom. Among the characters Lawrence encounters in the book, important roles are played by writers J.R.R. Tolkien, C.S. Lewis and, most notably, Robert Graves. Wu Ming themselves described Stella del mattino as \"the best solo novel ever manufactured in our smithy\" and \"a bridge between our collective and solo novels\".[19]Wu Ming 5 is the author of both Havana Glam (2001) and Free Karma Food (2007). Havana Glam is set in an alternate 1970s world where David Bowie is a communist sympathizer and has a \"Cuban period\" instead of a \"Berlin period\". This causes some turmoil in Havana, as the Cuban intelligence suspect the rockstar to be an infiltrator. Free Karma Food describes a future society where all kinds of cattle have been killed by a global pandemic known as \"The Great Murrain\". Some Italian critics described Wu Ming 5's novels as belonging to the literary subgenre known as \"New Weird\". Such inclusion, however, has been questioned in weblogs and social network discussion groups devoted to science-fiction.[20]","title":"Solo novels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Elmore Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmore_Leonard"},{"link_name":"Freaky Deaky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freaky_Deaky_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tishomingo Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tishomingo_Blues_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Mr Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mr_Paradise&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Raymond Chandler Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Chandler_Award&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Walter Mosley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Mosley"},{"link_name":"Stephen King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_King"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"it:Nabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabat"},{"link_name":"Oi!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oi!"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"Wu Ming 1 is the Italian translator of several Elmore Leonard novels. He translated Cat Chaser, Freaky Deaky, Tishomingo Blues and Mr Paradise, and wrote an essay on how to render Leonard's prose into Italian[21] The essay was published in the catalogue of the 2006 Courmayer Noir in Festival, at which Leonard was presented with the Raymond Chandler Award.[22] Wu Ming 1 also translated one Walter Mosley novel, Little Scarlet. In 2010 he became the Italian translator of Stephen King's books.[23]Wu Ming 2 has written the theater play Razza Partigiana in 2013; he is also participating on stage, with musical support from Paul Pieretto, Federico Oppi (Settlefish) and Egle Sommacal (Massimo Volume). The plot follows the story of Giorgio Marincola, a partisan from World War II, a dark-skinned Italian who is the son of a Somalian mother and an Italian father, born in 1923 near Mogadishu.[24]Wu Ming 5 was guitar player in it:Nabat, one of the first Oi! bands to reach a cult following in Italy during the early 1980s. The band broke up in 1987 but got together again in the early 1990s, only to break up again in 1998. Nabat reunited in 2010 for a comeback tour, with Wu Ming 5 still on guitar, \"splitting services between two bands [Wu Ming and Nabat]\", as he quipped during a radio interview.[25]","title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Creative Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Commons"}],"text":"The group has published several novels and non-fiction books in print and online, released under a Creative Commons license, and they are available for download on the group's website. Q, 54, Manituana Altai and Morning Star have been translated into English. Most books are available in several European languages.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(novel)"},{"link_name":"54","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/54_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Manituana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manituana"}],"sub_title":"Fiction written by the whole collective","text":"Q (originally written as Luther Blissett, 1999, published in 18 languages)\nHatchets of War (with Vitaliano Ravagli, 2000)\n54 (2002). Translated into English, Spanish, Portuguese (Brazilian), Dutch, German and Serbian.\nManituana (2007, Translated into English, Spanish and French)\nWeather Forecasts (a novella, 2008)\nAltai (2009, Translated into English)\nClockwork Orange Duck (collection of short stories, 2011)\nThe Army of Sleepwalkers (2014)\nCantalamappa (2015)\nThe Invisible Everywhere (2015)\nThe Return of Cantalamappa (2017)\nProletkult (2018)\nUfo 78 (2022)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Solo fiction","text":"Havana Glam (by Wu Ming 5, 2001)\nWar on the Humans (by Wu Ming 2, 2004). Translated into Dutch and French\nNew Thing (by Wu Ming 1, 2004). Translated into Portuguese (Brazilian), Spanish and French\nFree Karma Food (by Wu Ming 5, 2006)\nMorning Star (by Wu Ming 4, 2008)\nPontiac: History of a Revolt (by Wu Ming 2, book + cd, 2010)\nOne Shot is Enough (by Wu Ming 2, book + cd, 2010)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Non-fiction","text":"This Revolution Has No Face (2002). A Spanish anthology of articles and short stories\nGiap! (2003). An anthology of essays, articles, e-mail conversations and short stories\nGrand River: A Journey (2008)\nNew Italian Epic (a collection of essays on literature, 2009)\nThe Path of Gods (by Wu Ming 2, 2010)\nThe Imperfect Hero (by Wu Ming 4, 2010)\nThomas Munster: Sermon to the Princes (2010). Asks why Muntzer's reformation has inspired radicals for almost 500 years. Part of the \"Revolutions\" series.\nNo Promise This Trip Will Be Short: 25 Years of No Tav Struggle (2016)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Books written by a Wu Ming member with an external co-author","text":"Timira (with Antar Mohamed, 2012)\nPoint Lenana (with Roberto Santachiara, 2013)","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The picture that Wu Ming used as an \"official portrait\" from 2001 to 2008, when the quintet became a quartet. As of 14 January 2009, the image is completely absent from the group's official website.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Photo_wuming.jpg/220px-Photo_wuming.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"What Is The Wu Ming Foundation? Meet Our «Collective of Collectives»\" (in Italian).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wumingfoundation.com/giap/what-is-the-wu-ming-foundation/","url_text":"\"What Is The Wu Ming Foundation? Meet Our «Collective of Collectives»\""}]},{"reference":"Masterson, Melina A (2016). The Wu Ming Foundation: A Collective Approach to Literature, Art, and Politics in 21st Century Italy (PhD). University of Connecticut. Doctoral dissertations 1284. Retrieved 16 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://opencommons.uconn.edu/dissertations/1284/","url_text":"The Wu Ming Foundation: A Collective Approach to Literature, Art, and Politics in 21st Century Italy"}]},{"reference":"\"Interview with Wu Ming in Bologna by Stewart Home\". InEnArt. Retrieved 17 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inenart.eu/?p=9722","url_text":"\"Interview with Wu Ming in Bologna by Stewart Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wu Ming 2 comes to Berlin!\". InEnArt. Retrieved 16 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.inenart.eu/?p=12169","url_text":"\"Wu Ming 2 comes to Berlin!\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_World_Tour
|
Driving World Tour
|
["1 Background","2 Personnel","3 Tour dates","4 Set list","5 See also","6 References"]
|
2002 concert tour by Paul McCartney
Driving World TourTour by Paul McCartneyAssociated albumDriving RainStart dateApril 1, 2002End dateNovember 18, 2002Legs4No. of shows58Box officeUS $125.9 million ($213.27 in 2023 dollars)Paul McCartney concert chronology
The New World Tour (1993)
Driving World Tour (2002)
Back in the World tour (2003)
The Driving World Tour was a concert tour by English musician Paul McCartney. It marked his first tour of the 21st century and of any kind since 1993's New World Tour. For the first time in nearly a decade, McCartney returned to the road following the death of first wife, Linda McCartney, the death of George Harrison, and 9/11. This was in promotion of his 2001 album Driving Rain. Paul "Wix" Wickens returned on keyboards and is credited as Musical Director. New to the fold were Americans Rusty Anderson, Brian Ray, and Abe Laboriel Jr. Paul McCartney's then-fiancée Heather Mills accompanied him on the tour and was in the audience for every American performance.
Background
The tour began on April 1, 2002, when the American leg was kicked off in Oakland, California. The official release chronicling the first U.S. leg of the tour was the CD and DVD Back in the U.S., which itself would be promoted by another leg in the States. The second American leg was followed by visits to Mexico and Japan. A remix of The Fireman tracks and a performance by Cirque du Soleil opened each show.
Personnel
Paul McCartney – lead vocals, acoustic, electric and bass guitars, piano, ukulele
Rusty Anderson – backing vocals, acoustic and electric guitars
Brian Ray – backing vocals, acoustic, electric and bass guitars
Paul "Wix" Wickens – backing vocals, keyboards, accordion, acoustic guitar
Abe Laboriel, Jr. – backing vocals, drums, percussion
Tour dates
List of concerts, showing date, city, country, venue, tickets sold, number of available tickets and amount of gross revenue
Date
City
Country
Venue
Attendance
Revenue
North America
April 1, 2002
Oakland
United States
The Arena in Oakland
14,401 / 18,503
$1,725,754
April 3, 2002
San Jose
HP Pavilion
14,330 / 18,113
$1,672,915
April 5, 2002
Las Vegas
MGM Grand Garden Arena
23,341 / 24,712
$5,591,700
April 6, 2002
April 10, 2002
Chicago
United Center
32,178 / 32,178
$4,066,030
April 11, 2002
April 13, 2002
Toronto
Canada
Air Canada Centre
16,169 / 16,169
$1,346,594
April 16, 2002
Philadelphia
United States
First Union Center
15,536 / 15,536
$1,868,760
April 17, 2002
East Rutherford
Continental Airlines Arena
16,740 / 16,740
$1,961,431
April 19, 2002
Boston
FleetCenter
14,607 / 14,607
$1,952,755
April 21, 2002
Uniondale
Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum
14,248 / 14,248
$1,836,490
April 23, 2002
Washington, D.C.
MCI Center
29,946 / 29,946
$3,810,367
April 24, 2002
April 26, 2002
New York City
Madison Square Garden
31,402 / 31,402
$4,050,500
April 27, 2002
April 29, 2002
Cleveland
Gund Arena
17,564 / 17,564
$2,146,615
May 1, 2002
Auburn Hills
The Palace of Auburn Hills
17,356 / 17,356
$1,938,315
May 4, 2002
Los Angeles
Staples Center
15,805 / 15,805
$2,148,387
May 5, 2002
Anaheim
Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim
13,739 / 13,739
$1,780,035
May 7, 2002
Denver
Pepsi Center
14,700 / 14,700
$1,762,935
May 9, 2002
Dallas
Reunion Arena
30,009 / 30,009
$4,071,970
May 10, 2002
May 12, 2002
Atlanta
Philips Arena
28,810 / 28,810
$3,476,918
May 13, 2002
May 15, 2002
Tampa
Ice Palace
16,128 / 16,128
$1,979,845
May 17, 2002
Sunrise
National Car Rental Center
29,321 / 29,321
$3,752,002
May 18, 2002
September 21, 2002
Milwaukee
Bradley Center
16,584 / 17,082
$1,985,585
September 23, 2002
St. Paul
Xcel Energy Center
15,797 / 15,797
$2,183,430
September 24, 2002
Chicago
United Center
16,154 / 16,154
$2,199,100
September 27, 2002
Hartford
Hartford Civic Center
13,638 / 13,638
$1,920,240
September 28, 2002
Atlantic City
Boardwalk Hall
12,752 / 12,752
$2,258,000
September 30, 2002
Boston
FleetCenter
29,097 / 29,097
$4,050,530
October 1, 2002
October 4, 2002
Cleveland
Gund Arena
15,752 / 17,500
$2,014,460
October 5, 2002
Indianapolis
Conseco Fieldhouse
15,121 / 15,121
$1,845,410
October 7, 2002
Raleigh
RBC Center
13,916 / 13,916
$1,686,275
October 9, 2002
St. Louis
Savvis Center
14,878 / 14,878
$1,791,485
October 10, 2002
Columbus
Value City Arena
15,124 / 15,124
$2,132,005
October 12, 2002
New Orleans
New Orleans Arena
12,906 / 12,906
$1,509,715
October 13, 2002
Houston
Compaq Center
12,440 / 12,440
$1,758,235
October 15, 2002
Oklahoma City
Ford Center
14,847 / 14,847
$1,956,090
October 18, 2002
Portland
Rose Garden
15,576 / 15,576
$1,847,150
October 19, 2002
Tacoma
Tacoma Dome
17,648 / 17,648
$2,325,855
October 21, 2002
Sacramento
ARCO Arena
13,737 / 13,737
$1,714,148
October 22, 2002
San Jose
HP Pavilion
14,220 / 14,220
$1,892,330
October 25, 2002
Anaheim
Arrowhead Pond of Anaheim
13,588 / 16,192
$1,795,675
October 26, 2002
Las Vegas
MGM Grand Garden Arena
12,654 / 12,654
$2,517,900
October 28, 2002
Los Angeles
Staples Center
15,866 / 16,143
$2,194,319
October 29, 2002
Phoenix
America West Arena
14,878 / 15,125
$1,967,187
November 2, 2002
Mexico City
Mexico
Palacio de los Deportes
52,451 / 52,451
$4,787,211
November 3, 2002
November 5, 2002
Asia
November 11, 2002
Tokyo
Japan
Tokyo Dome
120,429 / 121,419
$14,406,218
November 13, 2002
November 14, 2002
November 17, 2002
Osaka
Osaka Dome
80,284 / 80,944
$8,208,891
November 18, 2002
Total
996,667 / 1,012,947
$125,887,762
Set list
Driving USA
"Hello, Goodbye"
"Jet"
"All My Loving"
"Getting Better"
"Coming Up"
"Let Me Roll It"
"Lonely Road"
"Driving Rain"
"Your Loving Flame"
"Blackbird"
"Every Night"
"We Can Work It Out"
"Mother Nature's Son"
"Vanilla Sky"
"You Never Give Me Your Money"/"Carry That Weight"
"The Fool on the Hill"
"Here Today"
"Something"
"Eleanor Rigby"
"Here, There and Everywhere"
"Band on the Run"
"Back in the U.S.S.R."
"Maybe I'm Amazed"
"C Moon"
"My Love"
"Can't Buy Me Love"
"Freedom"
"Live and Let Die"
"Let It Be"
"Hey Jude"
Encore 1
"The Long and Winding Road"
"Lady Madonna"
"I Saw Her Standing There"
Encore 2
"Yesterday"
"Sgt. Pepper's"/"The End"
Back in the US
"Hello, Goodbye"
"Jet"
"All My Loving"
"Getting Better"
"Coming Up"
"Let Me Roll It"
"Lonely Road"
"Driving Rain"
"Your Loving Flame"
"Blackbird"
"Every Night"
"We Can Work It Out"
"You Never Give Me Your Money"/"Carry That Weight"
"The Fool on the Hill"
"Here Today"
"Something"
"Eleanor Rigby"
"Here, There and Everywhere"
"Michelle"
"Band on the Run"
"Back in the U.S.S.R."
"Maybe I'm Amazed"
"Let 'Em In"
"My Love"
"She's Leaving Home
"Can't Buy Me Love"
"Freedom"
"Live and Let Die"
"Let It Be"
"Hey Jude"
Encore 1
"The Long and Winding Road"
"Lady Madonna"
"I Saw Her Standing There"
Encore 2
"Yesterday"
"Sgt. Pepper's"/"The End"
Palacio de los Deportes, Tokyo Dome
"Hello, Goodbye"
"Jet"
"All My Loving"
"Getting Better"
"Coming Up"
"Let Me Roll It"
"Lonely Road"
"Driving Rain"
"Your Loving Flame"
"Blackbird"
"Every Night"
"We Can Work It Out"
"You Never Give Me Your Money"/"Carry That Weight"
"The Fool on the Hill"
"Here Today"
"Something"
"Eleanor Rigby"
"Here, There, and Everywhere"
"Michelle"
"Band on the Run"
"Back in the U.S.S.R."
"Maybe I'm Amazed"
"Let 'Em In"
"My Love"
"She's Leaving Home"
"Can't Buy Me Love"
"Live and Let Die"
"Let It Be"
"Hey Jude"
Encore 1
"The Long and Winding Road"
"Lady Madonna"
"I Saw Her Standing There"
Encore 2
"Yesterday"
"Sgt. Pepper's"/"The End"
Osaka Dome
"Hello, Goodbye"
"Jet"
"All My Loving"
"Getting Better"
"Coming Up"
"Let Me Roll It"
"Lonely Road"
"Driving Rain"
"Your Loving Flame"
"Blackbird"
"Every Night"
"We Can Work It Out"
"You Never Give Me Your Money"/"Carry That Weight"
"The Fool on the Hill"
"Here Today"
"Something"
"Eleanor Rigby"
"Here, There, and Everywhere"
"Calico Skies"
"Michelle"
"Band on the Run"
"Back in the U.S.S.R."
"Maybe I'm Amazed"
"Let 'Em In"
"My Love"
"She's Leaving Home"
"Can't Buy Me Love"
"Live and Let Die"
"Let It Be"
"Hey Jude"
Encore 1
"The Long and Winding Road"
"Lady Madonna"
"I Saw Her Standing There"
Encore 2
"Yesterday"
"Sgt. Pepper's"/"The End"
See also
List of highest-grossing concert tours
References
^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024.
^ "Paul McCartney: File Under...Concerts". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 12, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
^ Box score:
"Billboard Boxscore — Concert Grosses". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 17. April 27, 2002. p. 20. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
"Billboard Boxscore — Concert Grosses". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 18. May 4, 2002. p. 20. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
"Billboard Boxscore — Concert Grosses". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 19. May 11, 2002. p. 19. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
"Billboard Boxscore — Concert Grosses". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 20. May 18, 2002. p. 18. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
"Billboard Boxscore — Concert Grosses". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 21. May 25, 2002. p. 21. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
"Billboard Boxscore — Concert Grosses". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 22. June 1, 2002. p. 25. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
^ Box score:
"Billboard Boxscore — Concert Grosses". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 42. October 19, 2002. p. 18. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
"Billboard Boxscore — Concert Grosses". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 43. October 26, 2002. p. 17. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
"Billboard Boxscore — Concert Grosses". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 44. November 2, 2002. p. 17. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
"Billboard Boxscore — Concert Grosses". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 45. November 9, 2002. p. 19. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
"Billboard Boxscore — Concert Grosses". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 46. November 16, 2002. p. 23. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
"Billboard Boxscore — Concert Grosses". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 47. November 23, 2002. p. 19. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
^ "Billboard Boxscore — Concert Grosses". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 49. December 7, 2002. p. 36. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
^ Paul McCartney Setlist at Palacio de los Deportes, Mexico City, Mexico on November 2, 2002, http://www.setlist.fm/setlist/paul-mccartney/2002/palacio-de-los-deportes-mexico-city-mexico-3d439c7.html
^ Paul McCartney Setlist at Palacio de los Deportes, Mexico City, Mexico on November 3, 2002, http://www.setlist.fm/setlist/paul-mccartney/2002/palacio-de-los-deportes-mexico-city-mexico-bd439c6.html
^ Paul McCartney Setlist at Palacio de los Deportes, Mexico City, Mexico on November 5, 2002, http://www.setlist.fm/setlist/paul-mccartney/2002/palacio-de-los-deportes-mexico-city-mexico-13d439c5.html
^ Paul McCartney Setlist at Tokyo Dome, Tokyo, Japan on November 11, 2002, http://www.setlist.fm/setlist/paul-mccartney/2002/tokyo-dome-tokyo-japan-63d54e63.html
vtePaul McCartney
Paul "Wix" Wickens
Rusty Anderson
Brian Ray
Abe Laboriel Jr.
Linda McCartney
Hamish Stuart
Robbie McIntosh
Chris Whitten
Blair Cunningham
Studio albums
McCartney
Ram
Thrillington
McCartney II
Tug of War
Pipes of Peace
Give My Regards to Broad Street
Press to Play
Снова в СССР
Flowers in the Dirt
Off the Ground
Flaming Pie
Run Devil Run
Driving Rain
Chaos and Creation in the Backyard
Memory Almost Full
Kisses on the Bottom
New
Egypt Station
McCartney III
with Wings
Wild Life
Red Rose Speedway
Band on the Run
Venus and Mars
Wings at the Speed of Sound
London Town
Back to the Egg
The Fireman
Strawberries Oceans Ships Forest
Rushes
Electric Arguments
Classical
Paul McCartney's Liverpool Oratorio
Standing Stone
Working Classical
Ecce Cor Meum
Ocean's Kingdom
Live albums
Wings over America (with Wings)
Tripping the Live Fantastic
Unplugged (The Official Bootleg)
Paul Is Live
Back in the U.S.
Back in the World Live
Amoeba's Secret
Good Evening New York City
Live in Los Angeles
Amoeba Gig
One Hand Clapping
Remix albums
Liverpool Sound Collage
Twin Freaks
McCartney III Imagined
Compilations
Wings Greatest
All the Best!
The Paul McCartney Collection
Wingspan: Hits and History
Never Stop Doing What You Love
Pure McCartney
McCartney I II III
The 7″ Singles Box
Books
High in the Clouds
Hey Grandude!
The Lyrics: 1956 to the Present
1964: Eyes of the Storm
Filmography
A Hard Day's Night (1964)
Help! (1965)
Magical Mystery Tour (1967)
Yellow Submarine (1968)
Let It Be (1970)
James Paul McCartney (1973)
Wings Over the World (1979)
Back to the Egg (1979)
Concert for Kampuchea (1980)
Rockshow (1980)
Rupert and the Frog Song (1984)
Give My Regards to Broad Street (1984)
Put It There (1989)
MTV Unplugged (1991)
Get Back (1991)
Liverpool Oratorio (1991)
Paul Is Live (1993)
In the World Tonight (1997)
Standing Stone (1997)
Tropic Island Hum (1997)
Live at the Cavern Club (1999)
Working Classical (2000)
Wingspan (2001)
The Concert for New York City (2001)
Back in the U.S. (2002)
Paul McCartney in Red Square (2003)
The Music and Animation Collection (2004)
Between Chaos and Creation (2005)
The Space Within US (2006)
Memory Almost Full – Deluxe Edition (2007)
The McCartney Years (2007)
Ecce Cor Meum (2008)
Good Evening New York City (2009)
The Love We Make (2011)
A Rendez-Vous with Paul McCartney (2013)
New – Collector's Edition (2014)
A MusiCares Tribute To Paul McCartney (2015)
Pure McCartney (2016)
Carpool Karaoke: When Corden Met McCartney Live From Liverpool (2018)
Bootlegs
Cold Cuts
Costello Album
A Toot and a Snore in '74
Return to Pepperland
Tours
The Paul McCartney World Tour
The New World Tour
Driving World Tour
The 'US' Tour
Summer Live '09
Good Evening Europe Tour
Up and Coming Tour
On the Run
Out There
One on One
2018 Secret Gigs
Freshen Up
Got Back
Tributes
The Art of McCartney
Let Us in Americana: The Music of Paul McCartney
Pure McCartney (2013 album)
Lists
Awards
Discography
Music contributions and appearances
Song recordings
Related media
"Cut Me Some Slack"
The Family Way
A Garland for Linda
"Lisa the Vegetarian"
The McCartney Interview
Many Years from Now
Oobu Joobu
Paul McCartney Archive Collection
Paul McCartney's Glastonbury Groove
Two of Us (film)
Wide Prairie
Other topics
20 Forthlin Road
The Beatles
Brian Clarke
The Fireman
Lennon–McCartney
Heather Mills
MPL Communications
"Paul is dead"
Paul McCartney's band
Personal relationships
The Quarrymen
Wings
Category
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"concert tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_tour"},{"link_name":"Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney"},{"link_name":"New World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_World_Tour"},{"link_name":"Linda McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_McCartney"},{"link_name":"George Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harrison"},{"link_name":"9/11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Driving Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_Rain"},{"link_name":"Paul \"Wix\" Wickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_%22Wix%22_Wickens"},{"link_name":"Rusty Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusty_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Brian Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Ray"},{"link_name":"Abe Laboriel Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Laboriel_Jr."},{"link_name":"Heather Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Mills"}],"text":"The Driving World Tour was a concert tour by English musician Paul McCartney. It marked his first tour of the 21st century and of any kind since 1993's New World Tour. For the first time in nearly a decade, McCartney returned to the road following the death of first wife, Linda McCartney, the death of George Harrison, and 9/11.[2] This was in promotion of his 2001 album Driving Rain. Paul \"Wix\" Wickens returned on keyboards and is credited as Musical Director. New to the fold were Americans Rusty Anderson, Brian Ray, and Abe Laboriel Jr. Paul McCartney's then-fiancée Heather Mills accompanied him on the tour and was in the audience for every American performance.","title":"Driving World Tour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oakland, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland,_California"},{"link_name":"Back in the U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_in_the_U.S."},{"link_name":"The Fireman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fireman_(music)"},{"link_name":"Cirque du Soleil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirque_du_Soleil"}],"text":"The tour began on April 1, 2002, when the American leg was kicked off in Oakland, California. The official release chronicling the first U.S. leg of the tour was the CD and DVD Back in the U.S., which itself would be promoted by another leg in the States. The second American leg was followed by visits to Mexico and Japan. A remix of The Fireman tracks and a performance by Cirque du Soleil opened each show.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney"},{"link_name":"lead vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_vocalist"},{"link_name":"acoustic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_guitar"},{"link_name":"electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_guitar"},{"link_name":"bass guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"ukulele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukulele"},{"link_name":"Rusty Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusty_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Brian Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Ray"},{"link_name":"Paul \"Wix\" Wickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_%22Wix%22_Wickens"},{"link_name":"keyboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_instrument"},{"link_name":"accordion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordion"},{"link_name":"Abe Laboriel, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Laboriel,_Jr."},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"},{"link_name":"percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion_instrument"}],"text":"Paul McCartney – lead vocals, acoustic, electric and bass guitars, piano, ukulele\nRusty Anderson – backing vocals, acoustic and electric guitars\nBrian Ray – backing vocals, acoustic, electric and bass guitars\nPaul \"Wix\" Wickens – backing vocals, keyboards, accordion, acoustic guitar\nAbe Laboriel, Jr. – backing vocals, drums, percussion","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tour dates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hello, Goodbye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello,_Goodbye"},{"link_name":"Jet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_(song)"},{"link_name":"All My Loving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_My_Loving"},{"link_name":"Getting Better","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getting_Better"},{"link_name":"Coming Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_Up_(song)"},{"link_name":"Let Me Roll It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_Me_Roll_It"},{"link_name":"Your Loving Flame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Loving_Flame"},{"link_name":"Blackbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbird_(Beatles_song)"},{"link_name":"Every Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Every_Night_(Paul_McCartney_song)"},{"link_name":"We Can Work It Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Can_Work_It_Out"},{"link_name":"Mother Nature's Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Nature%27s_Son"},{"link_name":"You Never Give Me Your Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Never_Give_Me_Your_Money"},{"link_name":"Carry That Weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carry_That_Weight"},{"link_name":"The Fool on the Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fool_on_the_Hill"},{"link_name":"Here Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_Today_(Paul_McCartney_song)"},{"link_name":"Something","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_(Beatles_song)"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Rigby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Rigby"},{"link_name":"Here, There and Everywhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here,_There_and_Everywhere"},{"link_name":"Band on the Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_on_the_Run_(song)"},{"link_name":"Back in the U.S.S.R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_in_the_U.S.S.R."},{"link_name":"Maybe I'm Amazed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maybe_I%27m_Amazed"},{"link_name":"C Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Moon"},{"link_name":"My Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Love_(Paul_McCartney_%26_Wings_song)"},{"link_name":"Can't Buy Me Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Buy_Me_Love"},{"link_name":"Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_(Paul_McCartney_song)"},{"link_name":"Live and Let Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_and_Let_Die_(song)"},{"link_name":"Let It Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_It_Be_(song)"},{"link_name":"Hey Jude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Jude"},{"link_name":"The Long and Winding Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Long_and_Winding_Road"},{"link_name":"Lady Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Madonna"},{"link_name":"I Saw Her Standing There","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Saw_Her_Standing_There"},{"link_name":"Yesterday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesterday_(Beatles_song)"},{"link_name":"Sgt. Pepper's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band_(song)#Reprise"},{"link_name":"The End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_(The_Beatles_song)"},{"link_name":"Hello, Goodbye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello,_Goodbye"},{"link_name":"Jet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_(song)"},{"link_name":"All My Loving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_My_Loving"},{"link_name":"Getting Better","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getting_Better"},{"link_name":"Coming Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_Up_(song)"},{"link_name":"Let Me Roll It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_Me_Roll_It"},{"link_name":"Your Loving Flame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Loving_Flame"},{"link_name":"Blackbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbird_(Beatles_song)"},{"link_name":"Every Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Every_Night_(Paul_McCartney_song)"},{"link_name":"We Can Work It Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Can_Work_It_Out"},{"link_name":"You Never Give Me Your Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Never_Give_Me_Your_Money"},{"link_name":"Carry That Weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carry_That_Weight"},{"link_name":"The Fool on the Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fool_on_the_Hill"},{"link_name":"Here Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_Today_(Paul_McCartney_song)"},{"link_name":"Something","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_(Beatles_song)"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Rigby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Rigby"},{"link_name":"Here, There and Everywhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here,_There_and_Everywhere"},{"link_name":"Michelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_(song)"},{"link_name":"Band on the Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_on_the_Run_(song)"},{"link_name":"Back in the U.S.S.R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_in_the_U.S.S.R."},{"link_name":"Maybe I'm Amazed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maybe_I%27m_Amazed"},{"link_name":"Let 'Em In","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_%27Em_In"},{"link_name":"My Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Love_(Paul_McCartney_%26_Wings_song)"},{"link_name":"She's Leaving Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%27s_Leaving_Home"},{"link_name":"Can't Buy Me Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Buy_Me_Love"},{"link_name":"Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_(Paul_McCartney_song)"},{"link_name":"Live and Let Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_and_Let_Die_(song)"},{"link_name":"Let It Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_It_Be_(song)"},{"link_name":"Hey Jude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Jude"},{"link_name":"The Long and Winding Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Long_and_Winding_Road"},{"link_name":"Lady Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Madonna"},{"link_name":"I Saw Her Standing There","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Saw_Her_Standing_There"},{"link_name":"Yesterday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesterday_(Beatles_song)"},{"link_name":"Sgt. Pepper's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band_(song)#Reprise"},{"link_name":"The End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_(The_Beatles_song)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Hello, Goodbye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello,_Goodbye"},{"link_name":"Jet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_(song)"},{"link_name":"All My Loving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_My_Loving"},{"link_name":"Getting Better","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getting_Better"},{"link_name":"Coming Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_Up_(song)"},{"link_name":"Let Me Roll It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_Me_Roll_It"},{"link_name":"Your Loving Flame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Loving_Flame"},{"link_name":"Blackbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbird_(Beatles_song)"},{"link_name":"Every Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Every_Night_(Paul_McCartney_song)"},{"link_name":"We Can Work It Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Can_Work_It_Out"},{"link_name":"You Never Give Me Your Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Never_Give_Me_Your_Money"},{"link_name":"Carry That Weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carry_That_Weight"},{"link_name":"The Fool on the Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fool_on_the_Hill"},{"link_name":"Here Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_Today_(Paul_McCartney_song)"},{"link_name":"Something","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_(Beatles_song)"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Rigby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Rigby"},{"link_name":"Here, There, and Everywhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here,_There,_and_Everywhere"},{"link_name":"Michelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_(song)"},{"link_name":"Band on the Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_on_the_Run_(song)"},{"link_name":"Back in the U.S.S.R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_in_the_U.S.S.R."},{"link_name":"Maybe I'm Amazed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maybe_I%27m_Amazed"},{"link_name":"Let 'Em In","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_%27Em_In"},{"link_name":"My Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Love_(Paul_McCartney_%26_Wings_song)"},{"link_name":"She's Leaving Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%27s_Leaving_Home"},{"link_name":"Can't Buy Me Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Buy_Me_Love"},{"link_name":"Live and Let Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_and_Let_Die_(song)"},{"link_name":"Let It Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_It_Be_(song)"},{"link_name":"Hey Jude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Jude"},{"link_name":"The Long and Winding Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Long_and_Winding_Road"},{"link_name":"Lady Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Madonna"},{"link_name":"I Saw Her Standing There","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Saw_Her_Standing_There"},{"link_name":"Yesterday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesterday_(Beatles_song)"},{"link_name":"Sgt. Pepper's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band_(song)#Reprise"},{"link_name":"The End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_(The_Beatles_song)"},{"link_name":"Hello, Goodbye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello,_Goodbye"},{"link_name":"Jet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_(song)"},{"link_name":"All My Loving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_My_Loving"},{"link_name":"Getting Better","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getting_Better"},{"link_name":"Coming Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coming_Up_(song)"},{"link_name":"Let Me Roll It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_Me_Roll_It"},{"link_name":"Your Loving Flame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Loving_Flame"},{"link_name":"Blackbird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbird_(Beatles_song)"},{"link_name":"Every Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Every_Night_(Paul_McCartney_song)"},{"link_name":"We Can Work It Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Can_Work_It_Out"},{"link_name":"You Never Give Me Your Money","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Never_Give_Me_Your_Money"},{"link_name":"Carry That Weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carry_That_Weight"},{"link_name":"The Fool on the Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fool_on_the_Hill"},{"link_name":"Here Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_Today_(Paul_McCartney_song)"},{"link_name":"Something","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_(Beatles_song)"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Rigby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Rigby"},{"link_name":"Here, There, and Everywhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here,_There,_and_Everywhere"},{"link_name":"Calico Skies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calico_Skies"},{"link_name":"Michelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_(song)"},{"link_name":"Band on the Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_on_the_Run_(song)"},{"link_name":"Back in the U.S.S.R.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_in_the_U.S.S.R."},{"link_name":"Maybe I'm Amazed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maybe_I%27m_Amazed"},{"link_name":"Let 'Em In","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_%27Em_In"},{"link_name":"My Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Love_(Paul_McCartney_%26_Wings_song)"},{"link_name":"She's Leaving Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She%27s_Leaving_Home"},{"link_name":"Can't Buy Me Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Buy_Me_Love"},{"link_name":"Live and Let Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_and_Let_Die_(song)"},{"link_name":"Let It Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_It_Be_(song)"},{"link_name":"Hey Jude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Jude"},{"link_name":"The Long and Winding Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Long_and_Winding_Road"},{"link_name":"Lady Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Madonna"},{"link_name":"I Saw Her Standing There","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Saw_Her_Standing_There"},{"link_name":"Yesterday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesterday_(Beatles_song)"},{"link_name":"Sgt. Pepper's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band_(song)#Reprise"},{"link_name":"The End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_End_(The_Beatles_song)"}],"text":"Driving USA\n\"Hello, Goodbye\"\n\"Jet\"\n\"All My Loving\"\n\"Getting Better\"\n\"Coming Up\"\n\"Let Me Roll It\"\n\"Lonely Road\"\n\"Driving Rain\"\n\"Your Loving Flame\"\n\"Blackbird\"\n\"Every Night\"\n\"We Can Work It Out\"\n\"Mother Nature's Son\"\n\"Vanilla Sky\"\n\"You Never Give Me Your Money\"/\"Carry That Weight\"\n\"The Fool on the Hill\"\n\"Here Today\"\n\"Something\"\n\"Eleanor Rigby\"\n\"Here, There and Everywhere\"\n\"Band on the Run\"\n\"Back in the U.S.S.R.\"\n\"Maybe I'm Amazed\"\n\"C Moon\"\n\"My Love\"\n\"Can't Buy Me Love\"\n\"Freedom\"\n\"Live and Let Die\"\n\"Let It Be\"\n\"Hey Jude\"\nEncore 1\n\"The Long and Winding Road\"\n\"Lady Madonna\"\n\"I Saw Her Standing There\"\nEncore 2\n\"Yesterday\"\n\"Sgt. Pepper's\"/\"The End\"Back in the US\n\"Hello, Goodbye\"\n\"Jet\"\n\"All My Loving\"\n\"Getting Better\"\n\"Coming Up\"\n\"Let Me Roll It\"\n\"Lonely Road\"\n\"Driving Rain\"\n\"Your Loving Flame\"\n\"Blackbird\"\n\"Every Night\"\n\"We Can Work It Out\"\n\"You Never Give Me Your Money\"/\"Carry That Weight\"\n\"The Fool on the Hill\"\n\"Here Today\"\n\"Something\"\n\"Eleanor Rigby\"\n\"Here, There and Everywhere\"\n\"Michelle\"\n\"Band on the Run\"\n\"Back in the U.S.S.R.\"\n\"Maybe I'm Amazed\"\n\"Let 'Em In\"\n\"My Love\"\n\"She's Leaving Home\n\"Can't Buy Me Love\"\n\"Freedom\"\n\"Live and Let Die\"\n\"Let It Be\"\n\"Hey Jude\"\nEncore 1\n\"The Long and Winding Road\"\n\"Lady Madonna\"\n\"I Saw Her Standing There\"\nEncore 2\n\"Yesterday\"\n\"Sgt. Pepper's\"/\"The End\"Palacio de los Deportes,[6][7][8] Tokyo Dome[9]\n\"Hello, Goodbye\"\n\"Jet\"\n\"All My Loving\"\n\"Getting Better\"\n\"Coming Up\"\n\"Let Me Roll It\"\n\"Lonely Road\"\n\"Driving Rain\"\n\"Your Loving Flame\"\n\"Blackbird\"\n\"Every Night\"\n\"We Can Work It Out\"\n\"You Never Give Me Your Money\"/\"Carry That Weight\"\n\"The Fool on the Hill\"\n\"Here Today\"\n\"Something\"\n\"Eleanor Rigby\"\n\"Here, There, and Everywhere\"\n\"Michelle\"\n\"Band on the Run\"\n\"Back in the U.S.S.R.\"\n\"Maybe I'm Amazed\"\n\"Let 'Em In\"\n\"My Love\"\n\"She's Leaving Home\"\n\"Can't Buy Me Love\"\n\"Live and Let Die\"\n\"Let It Be\"\n\"Hey Jude\"\nEncore 1\n\"The Long and Winding Road\"\n\"Lady Madonna\"\n\"I Saw Her Standing There\"\nEncore 2\n\"Yesterday\"\n\"Sgt. Pepper's\"/\"The End\"Osaka Dome\n\"Hello, Goodbye\"\n\"Jet\"\n\"All My Loving\"\n\"Getting Better\"\n\"Coming Up\"\n\"Let Me Roll It\"\n\"Lonely Road\"\n\"Driving Rain\"\n\"Your Loving Flame\"\n\"Blackbird\"\n\"Every Night\"\n\"We Can Work It Out\"\n\"You Never Give Me Your Money\"/\"Carry That Weight\"\n\"The Fool on the Hill\"\n\"Here Today\"\n\"Something\"\n\"Eleanor Rigby\"\n\"Here, There, and Everywhere\"\n\"Calico Skies\"\n\"Michelle\"\n\"Band on the Run\"\n\"Back in the U.S.S.R.\"\n\"Maybe I'm Amazed\"\n\"Let 'Em In\"\n\"My Love\"\n\"She's Leaving Home\"\n\"Can't Buy Me Love\"\n\"Live and Let Die\"\n\"Let It Be\"\n\"Hey Jude\"\nEncore 1\n\"The Long and Winding Road\"\n\"Lady Madonna\"\n\"I Saw Her Standing There\"\nEncore 2\n\"Yesterday\"\n\"Sgt. Pepper's\"/\"The End\"","title":"Set list"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of highest-grossing concert tours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_concert_tours"}]
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[{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society","url_text":"American Antiquarian Society"}]},{"reference":"Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. \"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\". Retrieved February 29, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-","url_text":"\"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paul McCartney: File Under...Concerts\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 12, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121012115857/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,235675,00.html","url_text":"\"Paul McCartney: File Under...Concerts\""},{"url":"http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,235675,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard Boxscore — Concert Grosses\". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 17. April 27, 2002. p. 20. ISSN 0006-2510. Retrieved June 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1BAEAAAAMBAJ&q=billboard+april+27+2002&pg=PA54","url_text":"\"Billboard Boxscore — Concert Grosses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"}]},{"reference":"\"Billboard Boxscore — Concert Grosses\". Billboard. Vol. 114, no. 18. May 4, 2002. p. 20. ISSN 0006-2510. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akarotaxis
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Akarotaxis
|
["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","3 Distribution, habitat and biology","4 References"]
|
Species of fish
Akarotaxis
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Actinopterygii
Order:
Perciformes
Family:
Bathydraconidae
Genus:
AkarotaxisH. H. DeWitt & Hureau, 1980
Species:
A. nudiceps
Binomial name
Akarotaxis nudiceps(Waite, 1916)
Synonyms
Bathydraco nudiceps Waite, 1916
Bathydraco wohlschlagi DeWitt & Tyler, 1960
Akarotaxis is a monotypic genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Bathydraconidae, the Antarctic dragonfish, its only species is Akarotaxis nudiceps. They are found in the Southern Ocean along the continental shelf of Antarctica.
Taxonomy
Akarotaxis was first described as a genus in 1980 by the American ichthyologist Hugh Hamilton DeWitt and the French ichthyologist Jean-Claude Hureau. Its only species is Akarotaxis nudiceps which was described in 1916 as Bathydraco nudiceps by the British-born Australian zoologist Edgar Ravenswood Waite with the type locality given as Queen Mary Land off the Shackleton Ice Shelf. The type was collected by the Australasian Antarctic Expedition. The generic name compounds akaro meaning "short" or "small" with "taxis" which means "line" or "row", a reference to the short upper lateral line, which comprises lees than 10 tubular scales. The specific name nudiceps means "naked head", thought to be an allusion to the absence of scales on the head despite Waite not mentioning this trait.
Description
Akarotaxis has a slender, body which is covered in ctenoid scales and has two lateral lines, the upper lateral line having only 3-9 tubed scales in its anterior section with its posterior part being made up of poredscales which also make up the middle lateral line. The upper rear margin of the operculum has a small hook. They are equipped with small conical teeth arranged in bands. The dorsal fin has 29-33 soft rays while the anal fin has 25-28 soft rays. Specimens preserved in alcohol have a brown body with a darker head, a pale dorsal fin pale and the other fins being dusky. This species attains a maximum standard length of 13.0 cm (5.1 in).
Distribution, habitat and biology
Akarotaxis is found almost all around the Antarctic continent from west of the Adelaide Island to the Ross Sea where it is a bathydemersal species found at depths between 371 to 915 m (1,217 to 3,002 ft) on the outer continental shelf and in deep troughs. It has the lowest known fecundity of the Antractic dragonfishes, laying only 2000 eggs per female. Spawning takes place from mid to late summer.
References
^ a b Starnes, W.C. (2010). "Akarotaxis nudiceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T154740A4622925. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T154740A4622925.en. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
^ a b Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2021). "Akarotaxis nudiceps" in FishBase. June 2021 version.
^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Bathydraconidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Akarotaxis". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
^ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (12 April 2021). "Order Perciformes: Suborder Notothenoididei: Families Bovichtidae, Pseaudaphritidae, Elegopinidae, Nototheniidae, Harpagiferidae, Artedidraconidae, Bathydraconidae, Channichthyidae and Percophidae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ O. Gon (1990). "Bathydraconidae Dragonfishes". In O. Gon and P.C. Heemstra (eds.). Fishes of the Southern Ocean. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity. ISBN 9780868102115.
Taxon identifiersAkarotaxis
Wikidata: Q2463468
AFD: Akarotaxis
BOLD: 159626
CoL: 629G9
GBIF: 2393154
iNaturalist: 86297
IRMNG: 1206230
ITIS: 642469
NCBI: 227740
Open Tree of Life: 792953
Plazi: 1619FC08-3B3D-6F52-9872-7D424DC0D6C3
WoRMS: 234543
ZooBank: 2335CDCE-CC9E-478D-A45E-A0AE967DE847
Akarotaxis nudiceps
Wikidata: Q2668794
AFD: Akarotaxis_nudiceps
BOLD: 159627
CoL: BDY8
FishBase: 7093
GBIF: 2393155
iNaturalist: 93582
IRMNG: 11121312
ITIS: 642617
IUCN: 154740
NCBI: 227741
OBIS: 234600
Open Tree of Life: 682053
WoRMS: 234600
|
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They are found in the Southern Ocean along the continental shelf of Antarctica.","title":"Akarotaxis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ichthyologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyologist"},{"link_name":"Hugh Hamilton DeWitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Hamilton_DeWitt"},{"link_name":"Jean-Claude Hureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Claude_Hureau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CofF-3"},{"link_name":"described","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"zoologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologist"},{"link_name":"Edgar Ravenswood Waite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Ravenswood_Waite"},{"link_name":"type locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_locality_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Queen Mary Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Mary_Land"},{"link_name":"Shackleton Ice Shelf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shackleton_Ice_Shelf"},{"link_name":"type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Australasian Antarctic Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australasian_Antarctic_Expedition"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CofF2-4"},{"link_name":"lateral line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_line"},{"link_name":"specific name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ETYFish-5"}],"text":"Akarotaxis was first described as a genus in 1980 by the American ichthyologist Hugh Hamilton DeWitt and the French ichthyologist Jean-Claude Hureau.[3] Its only species is Akarotaxis nudiceps which was described in 1916 as Bathydraco nudiceps by the British-born Australian zoologist Edgar Ravenswood Waite with the type locality given as Queen Mary Land off the Shackleton Ice Shelf. The type was collected by the Australasian Antarctic Expedition.[4] The generic name compounds akaro meaning \"short\" or \"small\" with \"taxis\" which means \"line\" or \"row\", a reference to the short upper lateral line, which comprises lees than 10 tubular scales. The specific name nudiceps means \"naked head\", thought to be an allusion to the absence of scales on the head despite Waite not mentioning this trait.[5]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ctenoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctenoid"},{"link_name":"dorsal fin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_fin"},{"link_name":"anal fin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_fin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gon-6"},{"link_name":"standard length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_length"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FishBase-2"}],"text":"Akarotaxis has a slender, body which is covered in ctenoid scales and has two lateral lines, the upper lateral line having only 3-9 tubed scales in its anterior section with its posterior part being made up of poredscales which also make up the middle lateral line. The upper rear margin of the operculum has a small hook. They are equipped with small conical teeth arranged in bands. The dorsal fin has 29-33 soft rays while the anal fin has 25-28 soft rays. Specimens preserved in alcohol have a brown body with a darker head, a pale dorsal fin pale and the other fins being dusky.[6] This species attains a maximum standard length of 13.0 cm (5.1 in).[2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adelaide Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Island"},{"link_name":"Ross Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Sea"},{"link_name":"bathydemersal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathydemersal"},{"link_name":"continental shelf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_shelf"},{"link_name":"Spawning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spawning"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn-1"}],"text":"Akarotaxis is found almost all around the Antarctic continent from west of the Adelaide Island to the Ross Sea where it is a bathydemersal species found at depths between 371 to 915 m (1,217 to 3,002 ft) on the outer continental shelf and in deep troughs. It has the lowest known fecundity of the Antractic dragonfishes, laying only 2000 eggs per female. Spawning takes place from mid to late summer.[1]","title":"Distribution, habitat and biology"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Starnes, W.C. (2010). \"Akarotaxis nudiceps\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2010: e.T154740A4622925. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T154740A4622925.en. Retrieved 8 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/154740/4622925","url_text":"\"Akarotaxis nudiceps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T154740A4622925.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T154740A4622925.en"}]},{"reference":"Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). \"Genera in the family Bathydraconidae\". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 8 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_N._Eschmeyer","url_text":"Eschmeyer, William N."},{"url":"http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?tbl=genus&family=Bathydraconidae","url_text":"\"Genera in the family Bathydraconidae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalog_of_Fishes","url_text":"Catalog of Fishes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Academy_of_Sciences","url_text":"California Academy of Sciences"}]},{"reference":"Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). \"Species in the genus Akarotaxis\". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 8 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_N._Eschmeyer","url_text":"Eschmeyer, William N."},{"url":"http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?tbl=species&genus=Akarotaxis","url_text":"\"Species in the genus Akarotaxis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalog_of_Fishes","url_text":"Catalog of Fishes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Academy_of_Sciences","url_text":"California Academy of Sciences"}]},{"reference":"Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (12 April 2021). \"Order Perciformes: Suborder Notothenoididei: Families Bovichtidae, Pseaudaphritidae, Elegopinidae, Nototheniidae, Harpagiferidae, Artedidraconidae, Bathydraconidae, Channichthyidae and Percophidae\". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 6 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://etyfish.org/perciformes7/","url_text":"\"Order Perciformes: Suborder Notothenoididei: Families Bovichtidae, Pseaudaphritidae, Elegopinidae, Nototheniidae, Harpagiferidae, Artedidraconidae, Bathydraconidae, Channichthyidae and Percophidae\""}]},{"reference":"O. Gon (1990). \"Bathydraconidae Dragonfishes\". In O. Gon and P.C. Heemstra (eds.). Fishes of the Southern Ocean. South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity. ISBN 9780868102115.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/240475#page/386/mode/1up","url_text":"Fishes of the Southern Ocean"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780868102115","url_text":"9780868102115"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prog_metal
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Progressive metal
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["1 History","2 Stylistic diversity","3 See also","4 References","5 References"]
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Music genre melding heavy metal and progressive rock
This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (May 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Progressive metalOther namesProg metalStylistic origins
Heavy metal
progressive rock
Cultural originsMid-1980s, North America, United Kingdom, AustraliaSubgenresDjentFusion genres
Progressive metalcore
progressive doom
Regional scenes
United Kingdom
United States
Scandinavia
Canada
Germany
Australia
Progressive metal (often shortened to prog metal or prog) is a broad fusion music genre melding heavy metal and progressive rock, combining the loud "aggression" and amplified guitar-driven sound of the former with the more experimental, cerebral or quasi-classical compositions of the latter.
The music typically showcases the extreme technical proficiency of the performers and usually uses unorthodox harmonies as well as complex rhythms with frequent meter changes and intense syncopation. The rhythmic aspects are especially emphasized in the djent subgenre.
Although the genre emerged towards the late-1980s, it was not until the 1990s that progressive metal achieved widespread success. Queensrÿche, Dream Theater, Tool, Symphony X, Shadow Gallery, King's X, and Fates Warning are a few examples of progressive metal bands who achieved commercial success. Soon after the rise of the genre's popularity, other thrash and death metal bands started to incorporate elements of progressive music in their work.
History
Progressive metal, as a distinct musical style, was primarily advanced by members of the American heavy metal scene of the mid-1980s, particularly Queensrÿche, Savatage, Fates Warning and then later on, Dream Theater and Symphony X. It has since developed in a non-linear fashion, with countless groups demonstrating innovations in personal ways.
The origins of the genre date back to the very beginning of heavy metal/hard rock and progressive rock when some bands began to merge the two different approaches. 1960s pioneers King Crimson maintained their musical innovation while incorporating a harder approach, using dissonance and experimental tones, yet still maintaining a relationship to the power chords of hard rock, with the main example being "21st Century Schizoid Man". Canadian trio Rush are widely recognized as bridging the gap between hard rock, English progressive rock, and pure heavy metal. Initially influenced by Led Zeppelin, they evolved to combine established progressive rock technique with blues-based power chords. Records such as 2112 (1976) showcased technical expertise and complex compositional skill while still utilizing a more direct and heavier approach than the well-established English progressive rock sound.Dream Theater live in 2015
1984 brought full-length debut albums from American bands Queensrÿche from Washington state, and Fates Warning from Connecticut. Both expanded their music to include more progressive elements (The Warning, 1984; The Spectre Within, 1985) – some through sound experimentation and compositional refinement, others through extremely complex structures and atypical riffs – up to the two seminal works in 1986: Rage for Order and Awaken the Guardian. In the following years the two bands, while following different paths – more basic and simple the first, more articulate and complex the latter — explore and expand the technical refinement and sonic finesse of their music, continuing to lay the foundations of the genre with important works such as Operation: Mindcrime (1988) by Queensrÿche, and Perfect Symmetry (1989) by Fates Warning.
Progressive metal also found a home in the growing U.S. thrash metal movement, influencing popular heavy metal bands like Megadeth, with its acclaimed album Rust in Peace (1990), together with Metallica and its famous album ...And Justice for All (1988). Among the other pioneering thrash metal bands, one of the most important is Canada's Voivod, with their complex and experimental style, full of psychedelic dissonances (Dimension Hatröss, 1988; Nothingface, 1989). "Math-metal" pioneers Watchtower, from Texas, took the concept of time-changes to a new level, combining thrash metal, syncopation and prog in their albums Energetic Disassembly (1985) and Control and Resistance (1989), giving rise to an extremely technical approach based on the rhythmic deconstruction typical in jazz fusion. This same direction in prog metal would be later integrated into death metal by bands such as Atheist (Unquestionable Presence, 1991), which would become known as technical death metal or progressive death metal. Bands which also explored fusion-inspired prog metal include most notably Death and Cynic.
The major US bands that contribute to further delineating and developing the genre are Psychotic Waltz and Dream Theater. The former, with an approach halfway in between Watchtower and Fates Warning, produced A Social Grace (1990), melding their signature sound with the psychedelic Into the Everflow (1992), while the latter explored the legacy of the bands that preceded them while advancing their personal style with When Dream and Day Unite (1989). Both albums focused on keyboards and band members' instrumental skills. As for Dream Theater, their efforts resulted in two fundamental albums, which helped institutionalize classic progressive metal — Images and Words (1992) and Awake (1994).
Among European pioneers of the genre are Germany's Sieges Even, who, starting out of technical thrash stylistically significant to Watchtower, explored the more technical and angular side of progressive metal with The Art of Navigating by the Stars (2005).Opeth live in 2015Among the bands of the late 1990s who brought innovation to the genre are the Dutch Ayreon (a project by Arjen Anthony Lucassen) and Swedes Pain of Salvation. Ayreon focused on theatrical and melodramatic rock operas Into the Electric Castle (1998) and The Human Equation (2004), performed by many different members of prominent metal bands. Pain of Salvation was always working towards a more or less unusual style, demonstrated by the eclecticism and anti-conformism found on One Hour by the Concrete Lake (1998), and BE (2004). Forerunners of a more experimental and alternative approach include Thought Industry, as seen in their album Mods Carve the Pig: Assassins, Toads and God's Flesh (1993).
Puerto Rican band Puya rose to prominence in the late '90s with their innovative fusion of jazz, salsa, and progressive metal, evident on their 1999 album Fundamental.
Some of the first bands to pioneer the combination of progressive rock and extreme metal influences were Dan Swanö's Edge of Sanity, and Opeth, both bands hailing from Sweden. In particular, Edge of Sanity's Crimson (1996), a 40-minute concept album consisting of a single track, brought the band critical acclaim and was heralded as one of the first extreme-metal forays into a progressive rock-esque concept album, featuring death-metal vocals and heavily distorted guitars, with guest vocals and lead guitar from Opeth's Mikael Åkerfeldt. Dan Swanö produced Opeth's first release, Orchid (1995), which was unique for its combination of death metal vocals and instrumentation, melodic guitar harmonies, and acoustic passages, but it wasn't until their hallmark record Blackwater Park (2001) that they received critical acclaim. Steven Wilson, progressive rock icon and frontman of Porcupine Tree, was given a copy of Opeth's prior record Still Life (1999) from a friend, and, after listening, noted that the experimental music he had been after had drifted into extreme metal. Being mutual fans of each other's work, Steven ended up co-producing Blackwater Park along with Opeth's frontman Mikael Åkerfeldt, and would go on to co-produce Deliverance (2002) and Damnation (2003), together a would-be double album. Their next release, Ghost Reveries, became an "instant classic," followed by Watershed, their last "heavy" album, both of which have had significant influence on the progressive metal genre, along with other "extreme metal" bands like Meshuggah. This style of progressive metal is often referred to as "extreme progressive metal," or "extreme prog," for short. Later bands who would play in this style are Ne Obliviscaris, Disillusion. Porcupine Tree would later be influenced by this style, and in particular from Opeth, while Opeth would subsequently switch to a more traditional progressive metal/rock band, devoid of extreme metal elements.
Haken live in 2014
Between the Buried and Me, who started as a more straightforward metalcore band, also began to incorporate both progressive metal and death metal into their music on their 2003 album The Silent Circus, a landmark album in the progressive metalcore genre. They would later add avant-garde elements as well on releases such as The Great Misdirect (2009).
In the 2010s, due to the rapid growth of djent led by bands such as Periphery and After the Burial, progressive metal saw an increased interest with a large number of newcomers to the genre. Some of the newer progressive metal bands that have gained popularity since the 2010s are Haken, Plini, Vola, and Caligula's Horse, among others.
Stylistic diversity
One of the hallmark musical qualities of progressive metal is eclecticism. In between the riffs, choruses, and solos typical of rock and metal songs, prog metal bands often include sections inspired by jazz, classical and Middle Eastern music, among others. Progressive metal is difficult to define specifically, since most bands labeled under the genre have considerably different musical influences when compared to each other.
Similarly, bands such as Dream Theater, Planet X and Puya have a jazz influence, with extended solo sections that often feature "trading solos".
Orphaned Land from Israel debuted as Melodic Death-doom/Melodic death metal band that fused middle eastern rhythms and melodies into their music with a progressive edge. The band knew they wanted to create a new subgenre of metal from the very beginning, a style they would dub "oriental metal," and were always viewed as progressive due to the nature of the middle eastern elements of their music, which is known for using time signatures that are uncommon in the west, expansive song structures, and microtones. As their career developed, they would later play in a more traditional progressive metal style, comparable to Opeth, Symphony X, and the like, while maintaining their "oriental" edge. Steven Wilson, who lived in Israel for some time playing in Blackfield, found Ophaned Land to be "something special" after listening to Mabool and, would end up producing and engineering The Never Ending Way of ORWarriOR. Amaseffer, also from Israel, played a similar style fusing progressive metal with orientalism, as well as Myrath from Tunisia, and later on IGNEA from Ukraine, who also use djent elements, among other artists.Orphaned Land live in 2019
In the late 2000s, bands such as Periphery, Tesseract, Animals as Leaders and Vildhjarta popularized the "djent" style of progressive metal in a sound originally developed by Meshuggah. It is characterized by high-attack, palm-muted, syncopated riffs (often incorporating polymeters), as well as use of extended-range guitars. Extended-range guitars also feature in other forms of progressive metal; artists including Dream Theater, Devin Townsend, Dir En Grey, and Ne Obliviscaris have used seven-string guitars without being part of the djent movement, Dream Theater having been one of the earliest progressive metal bands to incorporate seven-stringed guitars into their music.
Proyecto Eskhata, a Spanish band, has received much press coverage in Spain for its fusion of progressive rock and rap metal, which journalists have described as "progressive rap metal".
Progressive doom is a fusion genre that combines elements of progressive metal and doom metal. Bands include King Goat, Below the Sun, Sierra, and Oceans of Slumber.
See also
Heavy metal subgenres
List of progressive metal artists
Timeline of progressive rock
References
^ a b c "Progressive Metal Music Genre Overview - AllMusic". AllMusic.
^ AllMusic. Tool. Retrieved on February 11, 2013.
^ Wilson, Rich (March 10, 2020). "10 essential progressive metal albums". Loudersound.com. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
^ Rivadavia, Eduardo (June 6, 2018). "The Roots of Progressive Metal in 11 Songs". Loudwire.com. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
^ Wagner 2010, pp. 1–8.
^ Wagner 2010, pp. 21–31.
^ Wagner 2010, pp. 47–54.
^ Wagner 2010, pp. 55–63.
^ "Awaken The Guardian Retrospective". Power of Prog. April 16, 2016.
^ "10 Essential Progressive Metal Albums". teamrock. March 10, 2020.
^ "METAL GETS MENTAL". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
^ Spencer, Trey (June 30, 2008). "Review: Fates Warning - Perfect Symmetry". Sputnikmusic. Retrieved 2015-03-20.
^ Wagner 2010, pp. 40–44.
^ Wagner 2010, pp. 103–129.
^ Wagner 2010, pp. 69–72.
^ Wagner 2010, pp. 83–84.
^ Wagner 2010, pp. 160–169.
^ Wagner 2010, p. 117–120-140-205.
^ Wagner 2010, pp. 79–82.
^ Wagner 2010, pp. 91–107.
^ Wagner 2010, pp. 76–78.
^ "Review: Ayreon - Into the Electric Castle | Sputnikmusic". Sputnikmusic.com. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
^ "The 100 Greatest Prog Anthems Of All Time". Loudersound.com. March 26, 2018. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
^ Wagner 2010, pp. 195–229.
^ Spencer, Trey (November 20, 2007). "Thought Industry Mods Carve The Pig". Sputnik Music. Retrieved December 31, 2013.
^ Charles R. Bouley II (January 9, 1999). MCA's Puya Gets 'Fundamental' With Mix Of Rock, Salsa. Billboard. Retrieved May 23, 2011.
^ Böhmer, Dominik (December 8, 2018). "A SCENE IN RETROSPECT: Opeth - "Ghost Reveries"". Everything Is Noise. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
^ a b Kennelty, Greg (September 18, 2019). "OPETH Wrote And Deleted A Death Metal Record After Watershed". Metal Injection. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
^ Shteamer, Hank (July 26, 2017). "Opeth's Mikael Akerfeldt: My 10 Favorite Metal Albums". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 4, 2023.
^ Kennelty, Greg (July 11, 2019). "DISILLUSION Announces First New Album In 13 Years The Liberation". Metal Injection. Retrieved December 4, 2023.
^ Harrington, Chris (January 4, 2018). "Ne Obliviscaris Put Progress In Motion". Invisible Oranges - The Metal Blog. Retrieved December 4, 2023.
^ "BETWEEN THE BURIED AND ME Albums Ranked". Prog-sphere.com. June 4, 2018. Archived from the original on May 18, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
^ "What Is Djent Music? Explore the Heavy Metal Subgenre". MasterClass. August 17, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2023.
^ Loudwire Staff (March 3, 2023). "10 Best New Prog Rock + Metal Bands Since 2010, Chosen By Haken's Ross Jennings". Loudwire. Retrieved December 4, 2023.
^ "The Genres at Heavy Harmonies". Heavy Harmonies.
^ Mateus, Jorge Arévalo (2004). "Boricua Rock". In Hernandez, Deborah Pacini (ed.). Rockin' las Américas: the global politics of rock in Latin/o America. D. Fernández, Héctor l'Hoeste; Zolov, Eric. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 94–98. ISBN 0-8229-5841-4.
^ Farhi, Kobi (2021). Orphaned Land - 30 Years of Oriental Metal art booklet. Century Media.
^ "Interview: Orphaned Land – Kobi Farhi". Metal Refuge. February 27, 2004.
^ "Interview with Matti Svatizky (Orphaned Land)". www.metalfan.ro.
^ "Orphaned Land". Tablet.
^ Blabbermouth (September 24, 2009). "ORPHANED LAND: New Album Due In January". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. Retrieved December 5, 2023.
^ Orphaned Land - Vayehi Or 20 Years Of Journey (Documentary), retrieved December 5, 2023
^ "What is Djent". Djent Hub. Archived from the original on July 6, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
^ "Proyecto Éskhata + Zarcort". Timeout.es. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
^ "MetalKorner - PROYECTO ESKHATA adelanta un tema de su futuro álbum". Metalkorner.com. Archived from the original on September 22, 2019. Retrieved September 22, 2019.
^ "PROYECTO ESKHATA - SALEM - INVISIBLE". Mariskalrock.com.
^ " Proyecto Eskhata – La edad postcontemporánea (2015)". Lamancharock.com. May 29, 2015.
^ a b Goat, King (March 15, 2018). "The 9 albums that inspired King Goat's progressive doom sound". Loudersound.com. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
^ "Full Album Stream: Below The Sun - 'Alien World' - Decibel Magazine". May 23, 2017.
^ "Canada's purveyors of progressive doom metal issue new video". Axs.com. Retrieved November 18, 2021.
^ "6 New Metal Albums That Set a Strong Mood - Pitchfork". Pitchforkcom.
References
The Absolute Guide To Progressive Metal by Rocking.gr.
Wagner, Jeff (2010). Mean Deviation: Four Decades of Progressive Heavy Metal. Bazillion Points. ISBN 978-0-9796163-3-4.
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United States
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"progressive rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rock"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-1"},{"link_name":"guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_guitar"},{"link_name":"harmonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chord_progression"},{"link_name":"meter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre_(music)"},{"link_name":"syncopation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncopation"},{"link_name":"djent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djent"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-1"},{"link_name":"Queensrÿche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensr%C3%BFche"},{"link_name":"Dream Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Theater"},{"link_name":"Tool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool_(band)"},{"link_name":"Symphony X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_X"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusictool-2"},{"link_name":"Shadow Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Gallery"},{"link_name":"King's X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_X"},{"link_name":"Fates Warning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fates_Warning"},{"link_name":"thrash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrash_metal"},{"link_name":"death metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_metal"}],"text":"Progressive metal (often shortened to prog metal or prog) is a broad fusion music genre melding heavy metal and progressive rock, combining the loud \"aggression\"[1] and amplified guitar-driven sound of the former with the more experimental, cerebral or quasi-classical compositions of the latter.The music typically showcases the extreme technical proficiency of the performers and usually uses unorthodox harmonies as well as complex rhythms with frequent meter changes and intense syncopation. The rhythmic aspects are especially emphasized in the djent subgenre.[1]Although the genre emerged towards the late-1980s, it was not until the 1990s that progressive metal achieved widespread success.[1] Queensrÿche, Dream Theater, Tool, Symphony X,[2] Shadow Gallery, King's X, and Fates Warning are a few examples of progressive metal bands who achieved commercial success. Soon after the rise of the genre's popularity, other thrash and death metal bands started to incorporate elements of progressive music in their work.","title":"Progressive metal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queensrÿche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensr%C3%BFche"},{"link_name":"Savatage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savatage"},{"link_name":"Fates Warning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fates_Warning"},{"link_name":"Dream Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Theater"},{"link_name":"Symphony X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony_X"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"heavy metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_music"},{"link_name":"hard rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_rock"},{"link_name":"progressive rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rock"},{"link_name":"King Crimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Crimson"},{"link_name":"21st Century Schizoid Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Century_Schizoid_Man"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner20101%E2%80%938-5"},{"link_name":"Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_(band)"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"2112","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2112_(album)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201021%E2%80%9331-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dream_Theater_(23-07-2015).jpg"},{"link_name":"Queensrÿche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensr%C3%BFche"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201047%E2%80%9354-7"},{"link_name":"Fates Warning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fates_Warning"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201055%E2%80%9363-8"},{"link_name":"The Warning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Warning_(Queensr%C3%BFche_album)"},{"link_name":"The Spectre Within","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectre_Within"},{"link_name":"Rage for Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rage_for_Order"},{"link_name":"Awaken the Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awaken_the_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Operation: Mindcrime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation:_Mindcrime"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Perfect Symmetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_Symmetry_(Fates_Warning_album)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Megadeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megadeth"},{"link_name":"Rust in Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_in_Peace"},{"link_name":"Metallica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallica"},{"link_name":"...And Justice for All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/...And_Justice_for_All_(album)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201040%E2%80%9344-13"},{"link_name":"Voivod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivod_(band)"},{"link_name":"Dimension Hatröss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension_Hatr%C3%B6ss"},{"link_name":"Nothingface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothingface_(Voivod_album)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2010103%E2%80%93129-14"},{"link_name":"Watchtower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchtower_(band)"},{"link_name":"Energetic Disassembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energetic_Disassembly"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201069%E2%80%9372-15"},{"link_name":"Control and Resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_and_Resistance"},{"link_name":"jazz fusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_fusion"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201083%E2%80%9384-16"},{"link_name":"death metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_metal"},{"link_name":"Atheist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheist_(band)"},{"link_name":"Unquestionable Presence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unquestionable_Presence"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2010160%E2%80%93169-17"},{"link_name":"technical death metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_death_metal"},{"link_name":"progressive death metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_death_metal"},{"link_name":"Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_(metal_band)"},{"link_name":"Cynic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynic_(band)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2010117%E2%80%93120-140-205-18"},{"link_name":"Psychotic Waltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychotic_Waltz"},{"link_name":"Dream Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Theater"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201079%E2%80%9382-19"},{"link_name":"When Dream and Day Unite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Dream_and_Day_Unite"},{"link_name":"Images and Words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Images_and_Words"},{"link_name":"Awake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awake_(Dream_Theater_album)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201091%E2%80%93107-20"},{"link_name":"Sieges Even","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieges_Even"},{"link_name":"The Art of Navigating by the Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Navigating_by_the_Stars"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner201076%E2%80%9378-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opeth_12_(21906436614).jpg"},{"link_name":"Opeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opeth"},{"link_name":"Ayreon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayreon"},{"link_name":"Arjen Anthony Lucassen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjen_Anthony_Lucassen"},{"link_name":"Pain of Salvation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_of_Salvation"},{"link_name":"Into the Electric Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Into_the_Electric_Castle"},{"link_name":"The Human Equation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Human_Equation"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"One Hour by the Concrete Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Hour_by_the_Concrete_Lake"},{"link_name":"BE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BE_(Pain_of_Salvation_album)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner2010195%E2%80%93229-24"},{"link_name":"Thought Industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thought_Industry"},{"link_name":"Mods Carve the Pig: Assassins, Toads and God's Flesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mods_Carve_the_Pig:_Assassins,_Toads_and_God%27s_Flesh"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sputnik-25"},{"link_name":"Puya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puya_(band)"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"salsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_music"},{"link_name":"Fundamental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_(Puya_album)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bouley-26"},{"link_name":"Dan Swanö","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Swan%C3%B6"},{"link_name":"Edge of Sanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_of_Sanity"},{"link_name":"Opeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opeth"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Crimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimson_(Edge_of_Sanity_album)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mikael Åkerfeldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikael_%C3%85kerfeldt"},{"link_name":"Orchid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchid_(album)"},{"link_name":"death metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_metal"},{"link_name":"Blackwater Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwater_Park_(album)"},{"link_name":"Steven Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Porcupine Tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcupine_Tree"},{"link_name":"Still Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_Life_(Opeth_album)"},{"link_name":"extreme metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_metal"},{"link_name":"Blackwater Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwater_Park_(album)"},{"link_name":"Deliverance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliverance_(Opeth_album)"},{"link_name":"Damnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damnation_(album)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ghost Reveries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Reveries"},{"link_name":"Watershed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watershed_(Opeth_album)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-28"},{"link_name":"Meshuggah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshuggah"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Ne Obliviscaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne_Obliviscaris_(band)"},{"link_name":"Disillusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disillusion_(band)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ino_Rock_Festival_-_Haken_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"Between the Buried and Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Between_the_Buried_and_Me"},{"link_name":"metalcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalcore"},{"link_name":"The Silent Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Silent_Circus"},{"link_name":"progressive metalcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_metalcore"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"The Great Misdirect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Misdirect"},{"link_name":"djent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djent"},{"link_name":"Periphery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periphery_(band)"},{"link_name":"After the Burial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/After_the_Burial"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Haken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haken_(band)"},{"link_name":"Plini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plini"},{"link_name":"Vola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vola_(band)"},{"link_name":"Caligula's Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligula%27s_Horse"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Progressive metal, as a distinct musical style, was primarily advanced by members of the American heavy metal scene of the mid-1980s, particularly Queensrÿche, Savatage, Fates Warning and then later on, Dream Theater and Symphony X. It has since developed in a non-linear fashion, with countless groups demonstrating innovations in personal ways.[3][4]The origins of the genre date back to the very beginning of heavy metal/hard rock and progressive rock when some bands began to merge the two different approaches. 1960s pioneers King Crimson maintained their musical innovation while incorporating a harder approach, using dissonance and experimental tones, yet still maintaining a relationship to the power chords of hard rock, with the main example being \"21st Century Schizoid Man\".[5] Canadian trio Rush are widely recognized as bridging the gap between hard rock, English progressive rock, and pure heavy metal. Initially influenced by Led Zeppelin, they evolved to combine established progressive rock technique with blues-based power chords. Records such as 2112 (1976) showcased technical expertise and complex compositional skill while still utilizing a more direct and heavier approach than the well-established English progressive rock sound.[6]Dream Theater live in 20151984 brought full-length debut albums from American bands Queensrÿche[7] from Washington state, and Fates Warning[8] from Connecticut. Both expanded their music to include more progressive elements (The Warning, 1984; The Spectre Within, 1985) – some through sound experimentation and compositional refinement, others through extremely complex structures and atypical riffs – up to the two seminal works in 1986: Rage for Order and Awaken the Guardian.[9][10] In the following years the two bands, while following different paths – more basic and simple the first, more articulate and complex the latter — explore and expand the technical refinement and sonic finesse of their music, continuing to lay the foundations of the genre with important works such as Operation: Mindcrime (1988) by Queensrÿche,[11] and Perfect Symmetry (1989) by Fates Warning.[12]\nProgressive metal also found a home in the growing U.S. thrash metal movement, influencing popular heavy metal bands like Megadeth, with its acclaimed album Rust in Peace (1990), together with Metallica and its famous album ...And Justice for All (1988).[13] Among the other pioneering thrash metal bands, one of the most important is Canada's Voivod, with their complex and experimental style, full of psychedelic dissonances (Dimension Hatröss, 1988; Nothingface, 1989).[14] \"Math-metal\" pioneers Watchtower, from Texas, took the concept of time-changes to a new level, combining thrash metal, syncopation and prog in their albums Energetic Disassembly (1985)[15] and Control and Resistance (1989), giving rise to an extremely technical approach based on the rhythmic deconstruction typical in jazz fusion.[16] This same direction in prog metal would be later integrated into death metal by bands such as Atheist (Unquestionable Presence, 1991),[17] which would become known as technical death metal or progressive death metal. Bands which also explored fusion-inspired prog metal include most notably Death and Cynic.[18]The major US bands that contribute to further delineating and developing the genre are Psychotic Waltz and Dream Theater. The former, with an approach halfway in between Watchtower and Fates Warning, produced A Social Grace (1990), melding their signature sound with the psychedelic Into the Everflow (1992),[19] while the latter explored the legacy of the bands that preceded them while advancing their personal style with When Dream and Day Unite (1989). Both albums focused on keyboards and band members' instrumental skills. As for Dream Theater, their efforts resulted in two fundamental albums, which helped institutionalize classic progressive metal — Images and Words (1992) and Awake (1994).[20]Among European pioneers of the genre are Germany's Sieges Even, who, starting out of technical thrash stylistically significant to Watchtower, explored the more technical and angular side of progressive metal with The Art of Navigating by the Stars (2005).[21]Opeth live in 2015Among the bands of the late 1990s who brought innovation to the genre are the Dutch Ayreon (a project by Arjen Anthony Lucassen) and Swedes Pain of Salvation. Ayreon focused on theatrical and melodramatic rock operas Into the Electric Castle (1998) and The Human Equation (2004), performed by many different members of prominent metal bands.[22][23] Pain of Salvation was always working towards a more or less unusual style, demonstrated by the eclecticism and anti-conformism found on One Hour by the Concrete Lake (1998), and BE (2004).[24] Forerunners of a more experimental and alternative approach include Thought Industry, as seen in their album Mods Carve the Pig: Assassins, Toads and God's Flesh (1993).[25]Puerto Rican band Puya rose to prominence in the late '90s with their innovative fusion of jazz, salsa, and progressive metal, evident on their 1999 album Fundamental.[26]Some of the first bands to pioneer the combination of progressive rock and extreme metal influences were Dan Swanö's Edge of Sanity, and Opeth,[citation needed] both bands hailing from Sweden. In particular, Edge of Sanity's Crimson (1996), a 40-minute concept album consisting of a single track, brought the band critical acclaim and was heralded as one of the first extreme-metal forays into a progressive rock-esque concept album,[citation needed] featuring death-metal vocals and heavily distorted guitars, with guest vocals and lead guitar from Opeth's Mikael Åkerfeldt. Dan Swanö produced Opeth's first release, Orchid (1995), which was unique for its combination of death metal vocals and instrumentation, melodic guitar harmonies, and acoustic passages, but it wasn't until their hallmark record Blackwater Park (2001) that they received critical acclaim. Steven Wilson, progressive rock icon and frontman of Porcupine Tree, was given a copy of Opeth's prior record Still Life (1999) from a friend, and, after listening, noted that the experimental music he had been after had drifted into extreme metal. Being mutual fans of each other's work, Steven ended up co-producing Blackwater Park along with Opeth's frontman Mikael Åkerfeldt, and would go on to co-produce Deliverance (2002) and Damnation (2003), together a would-be double album.[citation needed] Their next release, Ghost Reveries, became an \"instant classic,\" followed by Watershed, their last \"heavy\" album, both of which have had significant influence on the progressive metal genre,[27][28] along with other \"extreme metal\" bands like Meshuggah. This style of progressive metal is often referred to as \"extreme progressive metal,\" or \"extreme prog,\" for short.[29] Later bands who would play in this style are Ne Obliviscaris, Disillusion.[30][31] Porcupine Tree would later be influenced by this style, and in particular from Opeth, while Opeth would subsequently switch to a more traditional progressive metal/rock band, devoid of extreme metal elements.[28]Haken live in 2014Between the Buried and Me, who started as a more straightforward metalcore band, also began to incorporate both progressive metal and death metal into their music on their 2003 album The Silent Circus, a landmark album in the progressive metalcore genre.[32] They would later add avant-garde elements as well on releases such as The Great Misdirect (2009).In the 2010s, due to the rapid growth of djent led by bands such as Periphery and After the Burial,[33] progressive metal saw an increased interest with a large number of newcomers to the genre. Some of the newer progressive metal bands that have gained popularity since the 2010s are Haken, Plini, Vola, and Caligula's Horse, among others.[34]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music"},{"link_name":"Middle Eastern music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Dream Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_Theater"},{"link_name":"Planet X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_X_(band)"},{"link_name":"Puya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puya_(band)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"Orphaned Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphaned_Land"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Melodic Death-doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death-doom"},{"link_name":"Melodic death metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodic_death_metal"},{"link_name":"oriental metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_metal"},{"link_name":"west","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world"},{"link_name":"microtones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtones"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kobi2-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-landnobel-40"},{"link_name":"Blackfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackfield"},{"link_name":"Mabool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabool"},{"link_name":"The Never Ending Way of ORWarriOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Never_Ending_Way_of_ORWarriOR"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Amaseffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaseffer"},{"link_name":"Myrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrath"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"IGNEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGNEA"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orphaned_Land_%C3%A0_Meyrin_2019_(46866490954).jpg"},{"link_name":"Tesseract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesseract_(band)"},{"link_name":"Animals as Leaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals_as_Leaders"},{"link_name":"Vildhjarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vildhjarta"},{"link_name":"Meshuggah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshuggah"},{"link_name":"attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envelope_(music)#ADSR"},{"link_name":"polymeters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymeter"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Devin Townsend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devin_Townsend"},{"link_name":"Dir En Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dir_En_Grey"},{"link_name":"seven-string guitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven-string_guitar"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"rap metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rap_metal"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"doom metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doom_metal"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loudersound.com-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loudersound.com-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Sierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_(metal_band)"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"One of the hallmark musical qualities of progressive metal is eclecticism. In between the riffs, choruses, and solos typical of rock and metal songs, prog metal bands often include sections inspired by jazz, classical and Middle Eastern music, among others. Progressive metal is difficult to define specifically, since most bands labeled under the genre have considerably different musical influences when compared to each other.[35]Similarly, bands such as Dream Theater, Planet X and Puya[36] have a jazz influence, with extended solo sections that often feature \"trading solos\".Orphaned Land from Israel debuted as Melodic Death-doom/Melodic death metal band that fused middle eastern rhythms and melodies into their music with a progressive edge. The band knew they wanted to create a new subgenre of metal from the very beginning, a style they would dub \"oriental metal,\" and were always viewed as progressive due to the nature of the middle eastern elements of their music, which is known for using time signatures that are uncommon in the west, expansive song structures, and microtones. As their career developed, they would later play in a more traditional progressive metal style, comparable to Opeth, Symphony X, and the like, while maintaining their \"oriental\" edge.[37][38][39][40] Steven Wilson, who lived in Israel for some time playing in Blackfield, found Ophaned Land to be \"something special\" after listening to Mabool and, would end up producing and engineering The Never Ending Way of ORWarriOR.[41][42] Amaseffer, also from Israel, played a similar style fusing progressive metal with orientalism, as well as Myrath from Tunisia, and later on IGNEA from Ukraine, who also use djent elements, among other artists.Orphaned Land live in 2019In the late 2000s, bands such as Periphery, Tesseract, Animals as Leaders and Vildhjarta popularized the \"djent\" style of progressive metal in a sound originally developed by Meshuggah. It is characterized by high-attack, palm-muted, syncopated riffs (often incorporating polymeters), as well as use of extended-range guitars.[43] Extended-range guitars also feature in other forms of progressive metal; artists including Dream Theater, Devin Townsend, Dir En Grey, and Ne Obliviscaris have used seven-string guitars without being part of the djent movement, Dream Theater having been one of the earliest progressive metal bands to incorporate seven-stringed guitars into their music.[citation needed]Proyecto Eskhata, a Spanish band, has received much press coverage in Spain for its fusion of progressive rock and rap metal, which journalists have described as \"progressive rap metal\".[44][45][46][47]Progressive doom is a fusion genre that combines elements of progressive metal and doom metal.[48] Bands include King Goat,[48] Below the Sun,[49] Sierra,[50] and Oceans of Slumber.[51]","title":"Stylistic diversity"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Dream Theater live in 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Dream_Theater_%2823-07-2015%29.jpg/220px-Dream_Theater_%2823-07-2015%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Opeth live in 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Opeth_12_%2821906436614%29.jpg/220px-Opeth_12_%2821906436614%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Haken live in 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Ino_Rock_Festival_-_Haken_%282%29.jpg/220px-Ino_Rock_Festival_-_Haken_%282%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Orphaned Land live in 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Orphaned_Land_%C3%A0_Meyrin_2019_%2846866490954%29.jpg/220px-Orphaned_Land_%C3%A0_Meyrin_2019_%2846866490954%29.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Heavy metal subgenres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_metal_subgenres"},{"title":"List of progressive metal artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_progressive_metal_artists"},{"title":"Timeline of progressive rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_progressive_rock"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Progressive Metal Music Genre Overview - AllMusic\". AllMusic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/style/progressive-metal-ma0000002797","url_text":"\"Progressive Metal Music Genre Overview - AllMusic\""}]},{"reference":"Wilson, Rich (March 10, 2020). \"10 essential progressive metal albums\". Loudersound.com. Retrieved June 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loudersound.com/features/10-essential-progressive-metal-albums","url_text":"\"10 essential progressive metal albums\""}]},{"reference":"Rivadavia, Eduardo (June 6, 2018). \"The Roots of Progressive Metal in 11 Songs\". Loudwire.com. Retrieved June 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://loudwire.com/roots-of-progressive-metal-11-songs/","url_text":"\"The Roots of Progressive Metal in 11 Songs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Awaken The Guardian Retrospective\". Power of Prog. April 16, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://powerofprog.com/fates-warning-awaken-the-guardian-30th-anniversary-retrospective/","url_text":"\"Awaken The Guardian Retrospective\""}]},{"reference":"\"10 Essential Progressive Metal Albums\". teamrock. March 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://teamrock.com/feature/2016-10-23/10-essential-progressive-metal-albums","url_text":"\"10 Essential Progressive Metal Albums\""}]},{"reference":"\"METAL GETS MENTAL\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-12-12-9104210845-story.html","url_text":"\"METAL GETS MENTAL\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"}]},{"reference":"\"Review: Ayreon - Into the Electric Castle | Sputnikmusic\". Sputnikmusic.com. Retrieved November 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/28381/Ayreon-Into-the-Electric-Castle/","url_text":"\"Review: Ayreon - Into the Electric Castle | Sputnikmusic\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 100 Greatest Prog Anthems Of All Time\". Loudersound.com. March 26, 2018. Retrieved November 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loudersound.com/features/the-100-greatest-prog-anthems-of-all-time","url_text":"\"The 100 Greatest Prog Anthems Of All Time\""}]},{"reference":"Spencer, Trey (November 20, 2007). \"Thought Industry Mods Carve The Pig\". Sputnik Music. Retrieved December 31, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/14302/Thought-Industry-Mods-Carve-The-Pig/","url_text":"\"Thought Industry Mods Carve The Pig\""}]},{"reference":"Charles R. Bouley II (January 9, 1999). MCA's Puya Gets 'Fundamental' With Mix Of Rock, Salsa. Billboard. Retrieved May 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Fw0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA12","url_text":"MCA's Puya Gets 'Fundamental' With Mix Of Rock, Salsa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Böhmer, Dominik (December 8, 2018). \"A SCENE IN RETROSPECT: Opeth - \"Ghost Reveries\"\". Everything Is Noise. Retrieved December 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://everythingisnoise.net/features/a-scene-in-retrospect-opeth-ghost-reveries/","url_text":"\"A SCENE IN RETROSPECT: Opeth - \"Ghost Reveries\"\""}]},{"reference":"Kennelty, Greg (September 18, 2019). \"OPETH Wrote And Deleted A Death Metal Record After Watershed\". Metal Injection. Retrieved December 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://metalinjection.net/shocking-revelations/opeth-wrote-and-deleted-a-death-metal-record-after-watershed","url_text":"\"OPETH Wrote And Deleted A Death Metal Record After Watershed\""}]},{"reference":"Shteamer, Hank (July 26, 2017). \"Opeth's Mikael Akerfeldt: My 10 Favorite Metal Albums\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/opeths-mikael-akerfeldt-my-10-favorite-metal-albums-198740/","url_text":"\"Opeth's Mikael Akerfeldt: My 10 Favorite Metal Albums\""}]},{"reference":"Kennelty, Greg (July 11, 2019). \"DISILLUSION Announces First New Album In 13 Years The Liberation\". Metal Injection. Retrieved December 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://metalinjection.net/upcoming-releases/disillusion-announces-first-new-album-in-13-years-the-liberation","url_text":"\"DISILLUSION Announces First New Album In 13 Years The Liberation\""}]},{"reference":"Harrington, Chris (January 4, 2018). \"Ne Obliviscaris Put Progress In Motion\". Invisible Oranges - The Metal Blog. Retrieved December 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.invisibleoranges.com/ne-obliviscaris-tim-charles/","url_text":"\"Ne Obliviscaris Put Progress In Motion\""}]},{"reference":"\"BETWEEN THE BURIED AND ME Albums Ranked\". Prog-sphere.com. June 4, 2018. Archived from the original on May 18, 2021. Retrieved May 9, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210518015055/http://www.prog-sphere.com/specials/btbam-albums-ranked/","url_text":"\"BETWEEN THE BURIED AND ME Albums Ranked\""},{"url":"http://www.prog-sphere.com/specials/btbam-albums-ranked/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"What Is Djent Music? Explore the Heavy Metal Subgenre\". MasterClass. August 17, 2021. Retrieved December 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.masterclass.com/articles/what-is-djent-music","url_text":"\"What Is Djent Music? Explore the Heavy Metal Subgenre\""}]},{"reference":"Loudwire Staff (March 3, 2023). \"10 Best New Prog Rock + Metal Bands Since 2010, Chosen By Haken's Ross Jennings\". Loudwire. Retrieved December 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://loudwire.com/best-new-prog-rock-metal-bands-since-2010-haken-ross-jennings/","url_text":"\"10 Best New Prog Rock + Metal Bands Since 2010, Chosen By Haken's Ross Jennings\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Genres at Heavy Harmonies\". Heavy Harmonies.","urls":[{"url":"https://heavyharmonies.com/cgi-bin/genre.cgi","url_text":"\"The Genres at Heavy Harmonies\""}]},{"reference":"Mateus, Jorge Arévalo (2004). \"Boricua Rock\". In Hernandez, Deborah Pacini (ed.). Rockin' las Américas: the global politics of rock in Latin/o America. D. Fernández, Héctor l'Hoeste; Zolov, Eric. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 94–98. ISBN 0-8229-5841-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rockinlasamerica00paci","url_text":"Rockin' las Américas: the global politics of rock in Latin/o America"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/rockinlasamerica00paci/page/94","url_text":"94–98"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8229-5841-4","url_text":"0-8229-5841-4"}]},{"reference":"Farhi, Kobi (2021). Orphaned Land - 30 Years of Oriental Metal art booklet. Century Media.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Interview: Orphaned Land – Kobi Farhi\". Metal Refuge. February 27, 2004.","urls":[{"url":"https://metalrefuge.wordpress.com/2004/02/27/interview-orphaned-land-kobi-farhi/","url_text":"\"Interview: Orphaned Land – Kobi Farhi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Interview with Matti Svatizky (Orphaned Land)\". www.metalfan.ro.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metalfan.ro/en/interviuri/interview-with-matti-svatizky-orphaned-land-623.html?print","url_text":"\"Interview with Matti Svatizky (Orphaned Land)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orphaned Land\". Tablet.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/orphaned-land-israeli-heavy-metal","url_text":"\"Orphaned Land\""}]},{"reference":"Blabbermouth (September 24, 2009). \"ORPHANED LAND: New Album Due In January\". BLABBERMOUTH.NET. Retrieved December 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/orphaned-land-new-album-due-in-january/","url_text":"\"ORPHANED LAND: New Album Due In January\""}]},{"reference":"Orphaned Land - Vayehi Or 20 Years Of Journey (Documentary), retrieved December 5, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_1zRQVjAJf4","url_text":"Orphaned Land - Vayehi Or 20 Years Of Journey (Documentary)"}]},{"reference":"\"What is Djent\". Djent Hub. Archived from the original on July 6, 2022. Retrieved April 21, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220706172134/https://djenthub.com/","url_text":"\"What is Djent\""},{"url":"http://www.djenthub.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Proyecto Éskhata + Zarcort\". Timeout.es. Retrieved November 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeout.es/barcelona/es/musica/proyeckhata-zarcort","url_text":"\"Proyecto Éskhata + Zarcort\""}]},{"reference":"\"MetalKorner - PROYECTO ESKHATA adelanta un tema de su futuro álbum\". Metalkorner.com. Archived from the original on September 22, 2019. Retrieved September 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190922232446/https://metalkorner.com/entrada/2015/12/03/2001/proyeckhata-adelanta-un-tema-de-su-futuro-%25C3%25A1lbum","url_text":"\"MetalKorner - PROYECTO ESKHATA adelanta un tema de su futuro álbum\""},{"url":"http://metalkorner.com/entrada/2015/12/03/2001/proyeckhata-adelanta-un-tema-de-su-futuro-%C3%A1lbum","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PROYECTO ESKHATA - SALEM - INVISIBLE\". Mariskalrock.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://mariskalrock.com/noticias/proyeckhata-salem-invisible/","url_text":"\"PROYECTO ESKHATA - SALEM - INVISIBLE\""}]},{"reference":"\"[Críticas de Discos] Proyecto Eskhata – La edad postcontemporánea (2015)\". Lamancharock.com. May 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://lamancharock.com/critica0170/","url_text":"\"[Críticas de Discos] Proyecto Eskhata – La edad postcontemporánea (2015)\""}]},{"reference":"Goat, King (March 15, 2018). \"The 9 albums that inspired King Goat's progressive doom sound\". Loudersound.com. Retrieved November 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loudersound.com/features/the-9-albums-that-inspired-king-goats-progressive-doom-sound","url_text":"\"The 9 albums that inspired King Goat's progressive doom sound\""}]},{"reference":"\"Full Album Stream: Below The Sun - 'Alien World' - Decibel Magazine\". May 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.decibelmagazine.com/2017/05/23/full-album-stream-below-the-sun-alien-world/","url_text":"\"Full Album Stream: Below The Sun - 'Alien World' - Decibel Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canada's purveyors of progressive doom metal issue new video\". Axs.com. Retrieved November 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.axs.com/canada-s-purveyors-of-progressive-doom-metal-issue-new-video-77344","url_text":"\"Canada's purveyors of progressive doom metal issue new video\""}]},{"reference":"\"6 New Metal Albums That Set a Strong Mood - Pitchfork\". Pitchforkcom.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pitchforkcom/thepitch/6-new-metal-albums-that-set-a-strong-mood/amp/","url_text":"\"6 New Metal Albums That Set a Strong Mood - Pitchfork\""}]},{"reference":"Wagner, Jeff (2010). Mean Deviation: Four Decades of Progressive Heavy Metal. Bazillion Points. ISBN 978-0-9796163-3-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZwZcZ2X5ToC","url_text":"Mean Deviation: Four Decades of Progressive Heavy Metal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9796163-3-4","url_text":"978-0-9796163-3-4"}]}]
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Explore the Heavy Metal Subgenre\""},{"Link":"https://loudwire.com/best-new-prog-rock-metal-bands-since-2010-haken-ross-jennings/","external_links_name":"\"10 Best New Prog Rock + Metal Bands Since 2010, Chosen By Haken's Ross Jennings\""},{"Link":"https://heavyharmonies.com/cgi-bin/genre.cgi","external_links_name":"\"The Genres at Heavy Harmonies\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/rockinlasamerica00paci","external_links_name":"Rockin' las Américas: the global politics of rock in Latin/o America"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/rockinlasamerica00paci/page/94","external_links_name":"94–98"},{"Link":"https://metalrefuge.wordpress.com/2004/02/27/interview-orphaned-land-kobi-farhi/","external_links_name":"\"Interview: Orphaned Land – Kobi Farhi\""},{"Link":"https://www.metalfan.ro/en/interviuri/interview-with-matti-svatizky-orphaned-land-623.html?print","external_links_name":"\"Interview with Matti Svatizky (Orphaned Land)\""},{"Link":"https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/orphaned-land-israeli-heavy-metal","external_links_name":"\"Orphaned Land\""},{"Link":"https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/orphaned-land-new-album-due-in-january/","external_links_name":"\"ORPHANED LAND: New Album Due In January\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_1zRQVjAJf4","external_links_name":"Orphaned Land - Vayehi Or 20 Years Of Journey (Documentary)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220706172134/https://djenthub.com/","external_links_name":"\"What is Djent\""},{"Link":"http://www.djenthub.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.timeout.es/barcelona/es/musica/proyeckhata-zarcort","external_links_name":"\"Proyecto Éskhata + Zarcort\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190922232446/https://metalkorner.com/entrada/2015/12/03/2001/proyeckhata-adelanta-un-tema-de-su-futuro-%25C3%25A1lbum","external_links_name":"\"MetalKorner - PROYECTO ESKHATA adelanta un tema de su futuro álbum\""},{"Link":"http://metalkorner.com/entrada/2015/12/03/2001/proyeckhata-adelanta-un-tema-de-su-futuro-%C3%A1lbum","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://mariskalrock.com/noticias/proyeckhata-salem-invisible/","external_links_name":"\"PROYECTO ESKHATA - SALEM - INVISIBLE\""},{"Link":"http://lamancharock.com/critica0170/","external_links_name":"\"[Críticas de Discos] Proyecto Eskhata – La edad postcontemporánea (2015)\""},{"Link":"https://www.loudersound.com/features/the-9-albums-that-inspired-king-goats-progressive-doom-sound","external_links_name":"\"The 9 albums that inspired King Goat's progressive doom sound\""},{"Link":"https://www.decibelmagazine.com/2017/05/23/full-album-stream-below-the-sun-alien-world/","external_links_name":"\"Full Album Stream: Below The Sun - 'Alien World' - Decibel Magazine\""},{"Link":"https://www.axs.com/canada-s-purveyors-of-progressive-doom-metal-issue-new-video-77344","external_links_name":"\"Canada's purveyors of progressive doom metal issue new video\""},{"Link":"https://www.pitchforkcom/thepitch/6-new-metal-albums-that-set-a-strong-mood/amp/","external_links_name":"\"6 New Metal Albums That Set a Strong Mood - Pitchfork\""},{"Link":"http://www.rocking.gr/articles/en/The-Absolute-Guide-To-Progressive-Metal/17150/","external_links_name":"The Absolute Guide To Progressive Metal"},{"Link":"http://www.rocking.gr/","external_links_name":"Rocking.gr"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZwZcZ2X5ToC","external_links_name":"Mean Deviation: Four Decades of Progressive Heavy Metal"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007590501105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2011000405","external_links_name":"United States"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirania
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Tirania
|
["1 References"]
|
Genus of plants
Not to be confused with Tirana.
Tirania
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Brassicales
Family:
Resedaceae
Genus:
TiraniaPierre (1887)
Species:
T. purpurea
Binomial name
Tirania purpureaPierre (1887)
Tirania purpurea, the sole species in genus Tirania, is a species of climbing plant endemic to Vietnam. This genus is related to Forchhammeria and Stixis, but the placement of these three is uncertain. They were placed in Capparaceae until DNA studies showed them to be more closely related to Resedaceae that to Capparaceae. They are sometimes placed in their own family Stixaceae, but since it is not yet clear whether they are from a clade, they are better left in Brassicales unplaced at family rank.
References
^ Pierre, Louis (1887). "Sur le genre Tirania". Bulletin mensuel de la Société linnéenne de Paris (in French). 1 (83). Paris: Edouard Duruy: 657–658 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
^ Tirania purpurea Pierre. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
Taxon identifiersTirania
Wikidata: Q10382666
Wikispecies: Tirania
CoL: 648G4
GBIF: 7273361
GRIN: 12166
IPNI: 6045-1
IRMNG: 1326826
NCBI: 265232
Open Tree of Life: 603058
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:6045-1
Tropicos: 40014816
WFO: wfo-4000038471
This Brassicales article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemic"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-powo-2"},{"link_name":"Forchhammeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forchhammeria"},{"link_name":"Stixis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stixis_(plant)"},{"link_name":"Capparaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capparaceae"},{"link_name":"Resedaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resedaceae"},{"link_name":"Stixaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stixaceae"},{"link_name":"Brassicales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassicales"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Tirana.Tirania purpurea, the sole species in genus Tirania, is a species of climbing plant endemic to Vietnam.[2] This genus is related to Forchhammeria and Stixis, but the placement of these three is uncertain. They were placed in Capparaceae until DNA studies showed them to be more closely related to Resedaceae that to Capparaceae. They are sometimes placed in their own family Stixaceae, but since it is not yet clear whether they are from a clade, they are better left in Brassicales unplaced at family rank.","title":"Tirania"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"Pierre, Louis (1887). \"Sur le genre Tirania\". Bulletin mensuel de la Société linnéenne de Paris (in French). 1 (83). Paris: Edouard Duruy: 657–658 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11162087","url_text":"\"Sur le genre Tirania\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11162087","external_links_name":"\"Sur le genre Tirania\""},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:148151-1","external_links_name":"Tirania purpurea Pierre"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/648G4","external_links_name":"648G4"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/7273361","external_links_name":"7273361"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=12166","external_links_name":"12166"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/6045-1","external_links_name":"6045-1"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1326826","external_links_name":"1326826"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=265232","external_links_name":"265232"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=603058","external_links_name":"603058"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A6045-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:6045-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40014816","external_links_name":"40014816"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000038471","external_links_name":"wfo-4000038471"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tirania&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANSI_SQL
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SQL
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["1 History","2 Syntax","3 Procedural extensions","4 Interoperability and standardization","4.1 Overview","4.2 Reasons for incompatibility","4.3 Standardization history","4.4 Current standard","5 Alternatives","6 Distributed SQL processing","7 Criticisms","7.1 Design","7.2 Orthogonality and completeness","7.3 Null","7.4 Duplicates","7.5 Impedance mismatch","8 SQL data types","8.1 Predefined data types","9 See also","10 Notes","11 References","12 Sources","13 External links"]
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This article is about the database language. For other uses, see SQL (disambiguation).
"SEQUEL" redirects here. For the topic of the word, see sequel. For other uses, see Sequel (disambiguation).
Programming language for management and use of relational databases
SQL (Structured Query Language)ParadigmDeclarativeFamilyQuery languageDesigned byDonald D. ChamberlinRaymond F. BoyceDeveloperISO/IEC JTC 1 (Joint Technical Committee 1) / SC 32 (Subcommittee 32) / WG 3 (Working Group 3)First appeared1974; 50 years ago (1974)Stable releaseSQL:2023
/ June 2023; 1 year ago (2023-06)
Typing disciplineStatic, strongOSCross-platformWebsitewww.iso.org/standard/76583.htmlMajor implementationsManyDialects
SQL-86
SQL-89
SQL-92
SQL:1999
SQL:2003
SQL:2006
SQL:2008
SQL:2011
SQL:2016
SQL:2023
Influenced byDatalogInfluencedCQL, LINQ, SPARQL, SOQL, PowerShell, JPQL, jOOQ, N1QL
Structured Query Language at Wikibooks
SQL (file format)Filename extension
.sqlInternet media type
application/sqlDeveloped byISO/IECInitial release1986 (1986)Type of formatDatabaseStandardISO/IEC 9075Open format?YesWebsitewww.iso.org/standard/76583.html
Structured Query Language (SQL) (pronounced S-Q-L; historically "sequel") is a domain-specific language used to manage data, especially in a relational database management system (RDBMS). It is particularly useful in handling structured data, i.e., data incorporating relations among entities and variables.
Introduced in the 1970s, SQL offered two main advantages over older read–write APIs such as ISAM or VSAM. Firstly, it introduced the concept of accessing many records with one single command. Secondly, it eliminates the need to specify how to reach a record, i.e., with or without an index.
Originally based upon relational algebra and tuple relational calculus, SQL consists of many types of statements, which may be informally classed as sublanguages, commonly: Data query Language (DQL), Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Control Language (DCL), and Data Manipulation Language (DML).
The scope of SQL includes data query, data manipulation (insert, update, and delete), data definition (schema creation and modification), and data access control. Although SQL is essentially a declarative language (4GL), it also includes procedural elements.
SQL was one of the first commercial languages to use Edgar F. Codd's relational model. The model was described in his influential 1970 paper, "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks". Despite not entirely adhering to the relational model as described by Codd, SQL became the most widely used database language.
SQL became a standard of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1986 and of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1987. Since then, the standard has been revised multiple times to include a larger set of features and incorporate common extensions. Despite the existence of standards, virtually no implementations in existence adhere to it fully, and most SQL code requires at least some changes before being ported to different database systems.
History
SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce after learning about the relational model from Edgar F. Codd in the early 1970s. This version, initially called SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language), was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasirelational database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San Jose Research Laboratory had developed during the 1970s.
Chamberlin and Boyce's first attempt at a relational database language was SQUARE (Specifying Queries in A Relational Environment), but it was difficult to use due to subscript/superscript notation. After moving to the San Jose Research Laboratory in 1973, they began work on a sequel to SQUARE. The original name SEQUEL, which is widely regarded as a pun on QUEL, the query language of Ingres, was later changed to SQL (dropping the vowels) because "SEQUEL" was a trademark of the UK-based Hawker Siddeley Dynamics Engineering Limited company. The label SQL later became the acronym for Structured Query Language.
After testing SQL at customer test sites to determine the usefulness and practicality of the system, IBM began developing commercial products based on their System R prototype, including System/38, SQL/DS, and IBM Db2, which were commercially available in 1979, 1981, and 1983, respectively.
In the late 1970s, Relational Software, Inc. (now Oracle Corporation) saw the potential of the concepts described by Codd, Chamberlin, and Boyce, and developed their own SQL-based RDBMS with aspirations of selling it to the U.S. Navy, Central Intelligence Agency, and other U.S. government agencies. In June 1979, Relational Software introduced one of the first commercially available implementations of SQL, Oracle V2 (Version2) for VAX computers.
By 1986, ANSI and ISO standard groups officially adopted the standard "Database Language SQL" language definition. New versions of the standard were published in 1989, 1992, 1996, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2011, 2016 and most recently, 2023.
Syntax
Main article: SQL syntax
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{\displaystyle \underbrace {\left.{\begin{array}{rl}\textstyle {\mathtt {UPDATE~clause{\mathtt {:}}}}&\{{\mathtt {UPDATE\ \overbrace {\mathtt {countries}} ^{\mathtt {table}}}}\}\\\textstyle {\mathtt {SET~clause:}}&\{{{\mathtt {SET\ \overbrace {\mathtt {population}} ^{\mathtt {column}}=~}}\overbrace {\mathtt {{population}+\underbrace {\mathtt {1}} _{\mathtt {literal}}}} ^{\mathtt {expression}}}\}\\\textstyle {\mathtt {WHERE~clause:}}&\{{{\mathtt {WHERE\ \underbrace {\overbrace {\mathtt {name}} ^{\mathtt {column}}{\mathtt {=}}\overbrace {\overbrace {\mathtt {'USA'}} ^{\mathtt {literal}}} ^{\mathtt {expression}}} _{\mathtt {predicate}}}}\}{\texttt {;}}}\end{array}}\right\}{\textstyle {\texttt {statement}}}} _{\textstyle {\mathtt {SQL~query}}}}
A chart showing several of the SQL language elements comprising a single statement
The SQL language is subdivided into several language elements, including:
Clauses, which are constituent components of statements and queries. (In some cases, these are optional.)
Expressions, which can produce either scalar values, or tables consisting of columns and rows of data
Predicates, which specify conditions that can be evaluated to SQL three-valued logic (3VL) (true/false/unknown) or Boolean truth values and are used to limit the effects of statements and queries, or to change program flow.
Queries, which retrieve the data based on specific criteria. This is an important element of SQL.
Statements, which may have a persistent effect on schemata and data, or may control transactions, program flow, connections, sessions, or diagnostics.
SQL statements also include the semicolon (";") statement terminator. Though not required on every platform, it is defined as a standard part of the SQL grammar.
Insignificant whitespace is generally ignored in SQL statements and queries, making it easier to format SQL code for readability.
Procedural extensions
SQL is designed for a specific purpose: to query data contained in a relational database. SQL is a set-based, declarative programming language, not an imperative programming language like C or BASIC. However, extensions to Standard SQL add procedural programming language functionality, such as control-of-flow constructs.
In addition to the standard SQL/PSM extensions and proprietary SQL extensions, procedural and object-oriented programmability is available on many SQL platforms via DBMS integration with other languages. The SQL standard defines SQL/JRT extensions (SQL Routines and Types for the Java Programming Language) to support Java code in SQL databases. Microsoft SQL Server 2005 uses the SQLCLR (SQL Server Common Language Runtime) to host managed .NET assemblies in the database, while prior versions of SQL Server were restricted to unmanaged extended stored procedures primarily written in C. PostgreSQL lets users write functions in a wide variety of languages—including Perl, Python, Tcl, JavaScript (PL/V8) and C.
Interoperability and standardization
Overview
SQL implementations are incompatible between vendors and do not necessarily completely follow standards. In particular, date and time syntax, string concatenation, NULLs, and comparison case sensitivity vary from vendor to vendor. PostgreSQL and Mimer SQL strive for standards compliance, though PostgreSQL does not adhere to the standard in all cases. For example, the folding of unquoted names to lower case in PostgreSQL is incompatible with the SQL standard, which says that unquoted names should be folded to upper case. Thus, according to the standard, Foo should be equivalent to FOO, not foo.
Popular implementations of SQL commonly omit support for basic features of Standard SQL, such as the DATE or TIME data types. The most obvious such examples, and incidentally the most popular commercial and proprietary SQL DBMSs, are Oracle (whose DATE behaves as DATETIME, and lacks a TIME type) and MS SQL Server (before the 2008 version). As a result, SQL code can rarely be ported between database systems without modifications.
Reasons for incompatibility
Several reasons for the lack of portability between database systems include:
The complexity and size of the SQL standard means that most implementers do not support the entire standard.
The SQL standard does not specify the database behavior in some important areas (e.g., indices, file storage), leaving implementations to decide how to behave.
The SQL standard defers some decisions to individual implementations, such as how to name a results column that was not named explicitly.: 207
The SQL standard precisely specifies the syntax that a conforming database system must implement. However, the standard's specification of the semantics of language constructs is less well-defined, leading to ambiguity.
Many database vendors have large existing customer bases; where the newer version of the SQL standard conflicts with the prior behavior of the vendor's database, the vendor may be unwilling to break backward compatibility.
Little commercial incentive exists for vendors to make changing database suppliers easier (see vendor lock-in).
Users evaluating database software tend to place other factors such as performance higher in their priorities than standards conformance.
Standardization history
SQL was adopted as a standard by the ANSI in 1986 as SQL-86 and the ISO in 1987. It is maintained by ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee SC 32, Data management and interchange.
Until 1996, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) data-management standards program certified SQL DBMS compliance with the SQL standard. Vendors now self-certify the compliance of their products.
The original standard declared that the official pronunciation for "SQL" was an initialism: /ˌɛsˌkjuːˈɛl/ ("ess cue el"). Regardless, many English-speaking database professionals (including Donald Chamberlin himself) use the acronym-like pronunciation of /ˈsiːkwəl/ ("sequel"), mirroring the language's prerelease development name, "SEQUEL". The SQL standard has gone through a number of revisions:
Year
Name
Alias
Comments
1986
SQL-86
SQL-87
First formalized by ANSI
1989
SQL-89
FIPS 127-1
Minor revision that added integrity constraints adopted as FIPS 127-1
1992
SQL-92
SQL2, FIPS 127-2
Major revision (ISO 9075), Entry Level SQL-92 adopted as FIPS 127-2
1999
SQL:1999
SQL3
Added regular expression matching, recursive queries (e.g., transitive closure), triggers, support for procedural and control-of-flow statements, nonscalar types (arrays), and some object-oriented features (e.g., structured types), support for embedding SQL in Java (SQL/OLB) and vice versa (SQL/JRT)
2003
SQL:2003
Introduced XML-related features (SQL/XML), window functions, standardized sequences, and columns with autogenerated values (including identity columns)
2006
SQL:2006
ISO/IEC 9075-14:2006 defines ways that SQL can be used with XML. It defines ways of importing and storing XML data in an SQL database, manipulating it within the database, and publishing both XML and conventional SQL data in XML form. In addition, it lets applications integrate queries into their SQL code with XQuery, the XML Query Language published by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), to concurrently access ordinary SQL-data and XML documents.
2008
SQL:2008
Legalizes ORDER BY outside cursor definitions. Adds INSTEAD OF triggers, TRUNCATE statement, FETCH clause
2011
SQL:2011
Adds temporal data (PERIOD FOR) (more information at Temporal database#History). Enhancements for window functions and FETCH clause.
2016
SQL:2016
Adds row pattern matching, polymorphic table functions, operations on JSON data stored in character string fields
2019
SQL:2019–2020
Adds Part 15, multidimensional arrays (MDarray type and operators)
2023
SQL:2023
Adds data type JSON (SQL/Foundation); Adds Part 16, Property Graph Queries (SQL/PGQ)
Current standard
The standard is commonly denoted by the pattern: ISO/IEC 9075-n:yyyy Part n: title, or, as a shortcut, ISO/IEC 9075. Interested parties may purchase the standards documents from ISO, IEC, or ANSI. Some old drafts are freely available.
ISO/IEC 9075 is complemented by ISO/IEC 13249: SQL Multimedia and Application Packages and some Technical reports.
Alternatives
A distinction should be made between alternatives to SQL as a language, and alternatives to the relational model itself. Below are proposed relational alternatives to the SQL language. See navigational database and NoSQL for alternatives to the relational model.
.QL: object-oriented Datalog
4D Query Language (4D QL)
Datalog: critics suggest that Datalog has two advantages over SQL: it has cleaner semantics, which facilitates program understanding and maintenance, and it is more expressive, in particular for recursive queries.
HTSQL: URL based query method
IBM Business System 12 (IBM BS12): one of the first fully relational database management systems, introduced in 1982
ISBL
jOOQ: SQL implemented in Java as an internal domain-specific language
Java Persistence Query Language (JPQL): The query language used by the Java Persistence API and Hibernate persistence library
JavaScript: MongoDB implements its query language in a JavaScript API.
LINQ: Runs SQL statements written like language constructs to query collections directly from inside .Net code
Object Query Language
QBE (Query By Example) created by Moshè Zloof, IBM 1977
QUEL introduced in 1974 by the U.C. Berkeley Ingres project, closer to tuple relational calculus than SQL
XQuery
Distributed SQL processing
Distributed Relational Database Architecture (DRDA) was designed by a workgroup within IBM from 1988 to 1994. DRDA enables network-connected relational databases to cooperate to fulfill SQL requests.
An interactive user or program can issue SQL statements to a local RDB and receive tables of data and status indicators in reply from remote RDBs. SQL statements can also be compiled and stored in remote RDBs as packages and then invoked by package name. This is important for the efficient operation of application programs that issue complex, high-frequency queries. It is especially important when the tables to be accessed are located in remote systems.
The messages, protocols, and structural components of DRDA are defined by the Distributed Data Management Architecture. Distributed SQL processing ala DRDA is distinctive from contemporary distributed SQL databases.
Criticisms
Design
SQL deviates in several ways from its theoretical foundation, the relational model and its tuple calculus. In that model, a table is a set of tuples, while in SQL, tables and query results are lists of rows; the same row may occur multiple times, and the order of rows can be employed in queries (e.g., in the LIMIT clause).
Critics argue that SQL should be replaced with a language that returns strictly to the original foundation: for example, see The Third Manifesto by Hugh Darwen and C.J. Date (2006, ISBN 0-321-39942-0).
Orthogonality and completeness
Early specifications did not support major features, such as primary keys. Result sets could not be named, and subqueries had not been defined. These were added in 1992.
The lack of sum types has been described as a roadblock to full use of SQL's user-defined types. JSON support, for example, needed to be added by a new standard in 2016.
Null
The concept of Null is the subject of some debate. The Null marker indicates the absence of a value, and is distinct from a value of 0 for an integer column or an empty string for a text column. The concept of Nulls enforces the 3-valued-logic in SQL, which is a concrete implementation of the general 3-valued logic.
Duplicates
Another popular criticism is that it allows duplicate rows, making integration with languages such as Python, whose data types might make accurately representing the data difficult, in terms of parsing and by the absence of modularity. This is usually avoided by declaring a primary key, or a unique constraint, with one or more columns that uniquely identify a row in the table.
Impedance mismatch
In a sense similar to object–relational impedance mismatch, a mismatch occurs between the declarative SQL language and the procedural languages in which SQL is typically embedded.
SQL data types
The SQL standard defines three kinds of data types (chapter 4.1.1 of SQL/Foundation):
predefined data types
constructed types
user-defined types.
Constructed types are one of ARRAY, MULTISET, REF(erence), or ROW. User-defined types are comparable to classes in object-oriented language with their own constructors, observers, mutators, methods, inheritance, overloading, overwriting, interfaces, and so on. Predefined data types are intrinsically supported by the implementation.
Predefined data types
Character types
Character (CHAR)
Character varying (VARCHAR)
Character large object (CLOB)
National character types
National character (NCHAR)
National character varying (NCHAR VARYING)
National character large object (NCLOB)
Binary types
Binary (BINARY)
Binary varying (VARBINARY)
Binary large object (BLOB)
Numeric types
Exact numeric types (NUMERIC, DECIMAL, SMALLINT, INTEGER, BIGINT)
Approximate numeric types (FLOAT, REAL, DOUBLE PRECISION)
Decimal floating-point type (DECFLOAT)
Datetime types (DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP)
Interval type (INTERVAL)
Boolean
XML (see SQL/XML)
JSON
See also
Wikibook SQL
Object database
List of relational database management systems
Comparison of relational database management systems
Comparison of object–relational database management systems
Query by Example
SQL reserved words
SQL syntax
Oracle PL/SQL
Microsoft Transact-SQL (T-SQL)
Online transaction processing (OLTP)
Online analytical processing (OLAP)
Data warehouse
Relational data stream management system
NoSQL
MUMPS
Hierarchical database model
Star schema
Snowflake schema
Notes
References
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^ Chamberlin, Donald D.; Frana, Philip L. (2001-10-03). "Oral history interview with Donald D. Chamberlin". University Digital Conservancy. Retrieved 2020-01-14. We changed the original name "SEQUEL" to SQL because we got a letter from somebody's lawyer that said the name "SEQUEL" belonged to them. We shortened it to SQL, for Structured Query Language, and the product was known as SQL/DS.
^ SQL-92, 4.22 SQL-statements, 4.22.1 Classes of SQL-statements "There are at least five ways of classifying SQL-statements:", 4.22.2, SQL statements classified by function "The following are the main classes of SQL-statements:"; SQL:2003 4.11 SQL-statements, and later revisions.
^ Chatham, Mark (2012). Structured Query Language By Example - Volume I: Data Query Language. Lulu.com. p. 8. ISBN 9781291199512.
^ Codd, Edgar F. (June 1970). "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks". Communications of the ACM. 13 (6): 377–87. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.88.646. doi:10.1145/362384.362685. S2CID 207549016.
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^ a b c Chamberlin, Donald D; Boyce, Raymond F (1974). "SEQUEL: A Structured English Query Language" (PDF). Proceedings of the 1974 ACM SIGFIDET Workshop on Data Description, Access and Control. Association for Computing Machinery: 249–64. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2007-06-09.
^ Starkey, Jim. "Dynamic SQL, Plumbing, and the Internal API". www.ibphoenix.com. Retrieved 2023-01-19.
^ a b Oppel, Andy (February 27, 2004). Databases Demystified. San Francisco, CA: McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. pp. 90–1. ISBN 978-0-07-146960-9.
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^ "About PostgreSQL". PostgreSQL 9.1 official website. PostgreSQL Global Development Group. 2012. Retrieved March 9, 2012. PostgreSQL prides itself in standards compliance. Its SQL implementation strongly conforms to the ANSI-SQL:2008 standard
^ "Mimer SQL, Built on Standards". Mimer SQL official website. Mimer Information Technology. 2009.
^ "4.1. Lexical Structure". PostgreSQL documentation. 2018.
^ "(Second Informal Review Draft) ISO/IEC 9075:1992, Database Language SQL, Section 5.2, syntax rule 11". 30 July 1992.
^ Lorentz, Diana; Roeser, Mary Beth; Abraham, Sundeep; Amor, Angela; Arora, Geeta; Arora, Vikas; Ashdown, Lance; Baer, Hermann; Bellamkonda, Shrikanth (October 2010) . "Basic Elements of Oracle SQL: Data Types". Oracle Database SQL Language Reference 11g Release 2 (11.2). Oracle Database Documentation Library. Redwood City, CA: Oracle USA, Inc. Retrieved December 29, 2010. For each DATE value, Oracle stores the following information: century, year, month, date, hour, minute, and second
^ Lorentz, Diana; Roeser, Mary Beth; Abraham, Sundeep; Amor, Angela; Arora, Geeta; Arora, Vikas; Ashdown, Lance; Baer, Hermann; Bellamkonda, Shrikanth (October 2010) . "Basic Elements of Oracle SQL: Data Types". Oracle Database SQL Language Reference 11g Release 2 (11.2). Oracle Database Documentation Library. Redwood City, CA: Oracle USA, Inc. Retrieved December 29, 2010. The datetime data types are DATE...
^ Lorentz, Diana; Roeser, Mary Beth; Abraham, Sundeep; Amor, Angela; Arora, Geeta; Arora, Vikas; Ashdown, Lance; Baer, Hermann; Bellamkonda, Shrikanth (October 2010) . "Basic Elements of Oracle SQL: Data Types". Oracle Database SQL Language Reference 11g Release 2 (11.2). Oracle Database Documentation Library. Redwood City, CA: Oracle USA, Inc. Retrieved December 29, 2010. Do not define columns with the following SQL/DS and DB2 data types, because they have no corresponding Oracle data type:... TIME
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Sources
Codd, Edgar F (June 1970). "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks". Communications of the ACM. 13 (6): 377–87. doi:10.1145/362384.362685. S2CID 207549016.
Discussion on alleged SQL flaws (C2 wiki)
C. J. Date with Hugh Darwen: A Guide to the SQL standard : a users guide to the standard database language SQL, 4th ed., Addison Wesley, USA 1997, ISBN 978-0-201-96426-4
External links
SQL at Wikipedia's sister projects
Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsTextbooks from WikibooksResources from Wikiversity
1995 SQL Reunion: People, Projects, and Politics, by Paul McJones (ed.): transcript of a reunion meeting devoted to the personal history of relational databases and SQL.
American National Standards Institute. X3H2 Records, 1978–1995 Charles Babbage Institute Collection documents the H2 committee's development of the NDL and SQL standards.
Oral history interview with Donald D. Chamberlin Charles Babbage Institute In this oral history Chamberlin recounts his early life, his education at Harvey Mudd College and Stanford University, and his work on relational database technology. Chamberlin was a member of the System R research team and, with Raymond F. Boyce, developed the SQL database language. Chamberlin also briefly discusses his more recent research on XML query languages.
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3103
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3297
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3977
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4217
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5218
5426
5427
5428
5725
5775
5776
5800
5807
5964
6166
6344
6346
6373
6385
6425
6429
6438
6523
6709
6943
7001
7002
7010
7027
7064
7098
7185
7200
7498
-1
7637
7736
7810
7811
7812
7813
7816
7942
8000
8093
8178
8217
8373
8501-1
8571
8583
8601
8613
8632
8651
8652
8691
8805/8806
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8879
9000/9001
9036
9075
9126
9141
9227
9241
9293
9314
9362
9407
9496
9506
9529
9564
9592/9593
9594
9660
9797-1
9897
9899
9945
9984
9985
9995
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10006
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10116
10118-3
10160
10161
10165
10179
10206
10218
10279
10303
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-22
-28
-238
10383
10585
10589
10628
10646
10664
10746
10861
10957
10962
10967
11073
11170
11172
11179
11404
11544
11783
11784
11785
11801
11889
11898
11940 (-2)
11941
11941 (TR)
11992
12006
12052
12182
12207
12234-2
12620
13211
-1
-2
13216
13250
13399
13406-2
13450
13485
13490
13567
13568
13584
13616
13816
13818
14000
14031
14224
14289
14396
14443
14496
-2
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-6
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14617
14644
14649
14651
14698
14764
14882
14971
15022
15189
15288
15291
15292
15398
15408
15444
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15445
15438
15504
15511
15686
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15707
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15919
15924
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15930
15938
16023
16262
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19439
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22395
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24517
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24707
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SQL (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"sequel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequel"},{"link_name":"Sequel (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequel_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-learningSQL-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chamberlin2001-5"},{"link_name":"domain-specific language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain-specific_language"},{"link_name":"relational database management system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database_management_system"},{"link_name":"structured data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_model"},{"link_name":"APIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/API"},{"link_name":"ISAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISAM"},{"link_name":"VSAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VSAM"},{"link_name":"records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command-line_interface"},{"link_name":"index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_index"},{"link_name":"relational algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_algebra"},{"link_name":"tuple relational calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuple_relational_calculus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"sublanguages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublanguage"},{"link_name":"Data query Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_query_language"},{"link_name":"Data Definition Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_definition_language"},{"link_name":"Data Control Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_control_language"},{"link_name":"Data Manipulation Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_manipulation_language"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"schema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_schema"},{"link_name":"declarative language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declarative_programming"},{"link_name":"4GL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4GL"},{"link_name":"procedural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_programming"},{"link_name":"Edgar F. Codd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_F._Codd"},{"link_name":"relational model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_model"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-codd-relational-model-8"},{"link_name":"the relational model as described by Codd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codd%27s_12_rules"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SQL-Fundamentals-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBM-sql-10"},{"link_name":"standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_standard"},{"link_name":"American National Standards Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute"},{"link_name":"International Organization for Standardization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISO_9075:1987-11"},{"link_name":"database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database"}],"text":"This article is about the database language. For other uses, see SQL (disambiguation).\"SEQUEL\" redirects here. For the topic of the word, see sequel. For other uses, see Sequel (disambiguation).Programming language for management and use of relational databasesStructured Query Language (SQL) (pronounced S-Q-L; historically \"sequel\")[4][5] is a domain-specific language used to manage data, especially in a relational database management system (RDBMS). It is particularly useful in handling structured data, i.e., data incorporating relations among entities and variables.Introduced in the 1970s, SQL offered two main advantages over older read–write APIs such as ISAM or VSAM. Firstly, it introduced the concept of accessing many records with one single command. Secondly, it eliminates the need to specify how to reach a record, i.e., with or without an index.Originally based upon relational algebra and tuple relational calculus, SQL consists of many types of statements,[6] which may be informally classed as sublanguages, commonly: Data query Language (DQL), Data Definition Language (DDL), Data Control Language (DCL), and Data Manipulation Language (DML).[7]The scope of SQL includes data query, data manipulation (insert, update, and delete), data definition (schema creation and modification), and data access control. Although SQL is essentially a declarative language (4GL), it also includes procedural elements.SQL was one of the first commercial languages to use Edgar F. Codd's relational model. The model was described in his influential 1970 paper, \"A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks\".[8] Despite not entirely adhering to the relational model as described by Codd, SQL became the most widely used database language.[9][10]SQL became a standard of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in 1986 and of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1987.[11] Since then, the standard has been revised multiple times to include a larger set of features and incorporate common extensions. Despite the existence of standards, virtually no implementations in existence adhere to it fully, and most SQL code requires at least some changes before being ported to different database systems.","title":"SQL"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"Donald D. Chamberlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_D._Chamberlin"},{"link_name":"Raymond F. Boyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_F._Boyce"},{"link_name":"Edgar F. Codd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_F._Codd"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Early_History-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chamberlin-boyce-sequel-13"},{"link_name":"System R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System_R"},{"link_name":"IBM San Jose Research Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Almaden_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chamberlin-boyce-sequel-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Early_History-12"},{"link_name":"QUEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUEL_query_languages"},{"link_name":"Ingres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingres_(database)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"trademark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark"},{"link_name":"Hawker Siddeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oppel-databases-15"},{"link_name":"System/38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System/38"},{"link_name":"SQL/DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_SQL/DS"},{"link_name":"IBM Db2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Db2"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBM-history-16"},{"link_name":"Oracle Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Corporation"},{"link_name":"RDBMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database"},{"link_name":"U.S. Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Central Intelligence Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency"},{"link_name":"U.S. government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Oracle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oracle_Database"},{"link_name":"VAX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX"},{"link_name":"ANSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute"},{"link_name":"ISO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Early_History-12"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"SQL was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F. Boyce after learning about the relational model from Edgar F. Codd[12] in the early 1970s.[13] This version, initially called SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language), was designed to manipulate and retrieve data stored in IBM's original quasirelational database management system, System R, which a group at IBM San Jose Research Laboratory had developed during the 1970s.[13]Chamberlin and Boyce's first attempt at a relational database language was SQUARE (Specifying Queries in A Relational Environment), but it was difficult to use due to subscript/superscript notation. After moving to the San Jose Research Laboratory in 1973, they began work on a sequel to SQUARE.[12] The original name SEQUEL, which is widely regarded as a pun on QUEL, the query language of Ingres,[14] was later changed to SQL (dropping the vowels) because \"SEQUEL\" was a trademark of the UK-based Hawker Siddeley Dynamics Engineering Limited company.[15] The label SQL later became the acronym for Structured Query Language.After testing SQL at customer test sites to determine the usefulness and practicality of the system, IBM began developing commercial products based on their System R prototype, including System/38, SQL/DS, and IBM Db2, which were commercially available in 1979, 1981, and 1983, respectively.[16]In the late 1970s, Relational Software, Inc. (now Oracle Corporation) saw the potential of the concepts described by Codd, Chamberlin, and Boyce, and developed their own SQL-based RDBMS with aspirations of selling it to the U.S. Navy, Central Intelligence Agency, and other U.S. government agencies. In June 1979, Relational Software introduced one of the first commercially available implementations of SQL, Oracle V2 (Version2) for VAX computers.By 1986, ANSI and ISO standard groups officially adopted the standard \"Database Language SQL\" language definition. New versions of the standard were published in 1989, 1992, 1996, 1999, 2003, 2006, 2008, 2011,[12] 2016 and most recently, 2023.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ANSI/ISO/IEC-18"},{"link_name":"scalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_(computing)"},{"link_name":"tables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_(database)"},{"link_name":"columns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_(database)"},{"link_name":"rows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Row_(database)"},{"link_name":"three-valued logic (3VL)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-valued_logic"},{"link_name":"Boolean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_logic"},{"link_name":"truth values","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth_value"},{"link_name":"transactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_transaction"},{"link_name":"semicolon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semicolon"},{"link_name":"Insignificant whitespace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitespace_(computer_science)"}],"text":"U\n P\n D\n A\n T\n E\n \n c\n l\n a\n u\n s\n e\n \n \n :\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\n \n \n U\n P\n D\n A\n T\n E\n \n \n \n \n \n c\n o\n u\n n\n t\n r\n i\n e\n s\n \n ⏞\n \n \n \n \n t\n a\n b\n l\n e\n \n \n \n \n \n }\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n S\n E\n T\n \n c\n l\n a\n u\n s\n e\n :\n \n \n \n \n \n {\n \n \n \n S\n E\n T\n \n \n \n \n \n p\n o\n p\n u\n l\n a\n t\n i\n o\n n\n \n ⏞\n \n \n \n \n c\n o\n l\n u\n m\n n\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n p\n o\n p\n u\n l\n a\n t\n i\n o\n n\n \n +\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n ⏟\n \n \n \n \n l\n i\n t\n e\n r\n a\n l\n \n \n \n \n ⏞\n \n \n \n \n e\n x\n p\n r\n e\n s\n s\n i\n o\n n\n \n \n \n \n }\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n W\n H\n E\n R\n E\n \n c\n l\n a\n u\n s\n e\n :\n \n \n \n \n \n {\n \n \n \n W\n H\n E\n R\n E\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n n\n a\n m\n e\n \n ⏞\n \n \n \n \n c\n o\n l\n u\n m\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ′\n \n U\n S\n \n A\n ′\n \n \n ⏞\n \n \n \n \n l\n i\n t\n e\n r\n a\n l\n \n \n \n ⏞\n \n \n \n \n e\n x\n p\n r\n e\n s\n s\n i\n o\n n\n \n \n \n \n ⏟\n \n \n \n \n p\n r\n e\n d\n i\n c\n a\n t\n e\n \n \n \n \n \n }\n \n \n ;\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n }\n \n \n \n \n \n statement\n \n \n \n \n \n ⏟\n \n \n \n \n \n \n S\n Q\n L\n \n q\n u\n e\n r\n y\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\underbrace {\\left.{\\begin{array}{rl}\\textstyle {\\mathtt {UPDATE~clause{\\mathtt {:}}}}&\\{{\\mathtt {UPDATE\\ \\overbrace {\\mathtt {countries}} ^{\\mathtt {table}}}}\\}\\\\\\textstyle {\\mathtt {SET~clause:}}&\\{{{\\mathtt {SET\\ \\overbrace {\\mathtt {population}} ^{\\mathtt {column}}=~}}\\overbrace {\\mathtt {{population}+\\underbrace {\\mathtt {1}} _{\\mathtt {literal}}}} ^{\\mathtt {expression}}}\\}\\\\\\textstyle {\\mathtt {WHERE~clause:}}&\\{{{\\mathtt {WHERE\\ \\underbrace {\\overbrace {\\mathtt {name}} ^{\\mathtt {column}}{\\mathtt {=}}\\overbrace {\\overbrace {\\mathtt {'USA'}} ^{\\mathtt {literal}}} ^{\\mathtt {expression}}} _{\\mathtt {predicate}}}}\\}{\\texttt {;}}}\\end{array}}\\right\\}{\\textstyle {\\texttt {statement}}}} _{\\textstyle {\\mathtt {SQL~query}}}}\n \nA chart showing several of the SQL language elements comprising a single statementThe SQL language is subdivided into several language elements, including:Clauses, which are constituent components of statements and queries. (In some cases, these are optional.)[18]\nExpressions, which can produce either scalar values, or tables consisting of columns and rows of data\nPredicates, which specify conditions that can be evaluated to SQL three-valued logic (3VL) (true/false/unknown) or Boolean truth values and are used to limit the effects of statements and queries, or to change program flow.\nQueries, which retrieve the data based on specific criteria. This is an important element of SQL.\nStatements, which may have a persistent effect on schemata and data, or may control transactions, program flow, connections, sessions, or diagnostics.\nSQL statements also include the semicolon (\";\") statement terminator. Though not required on every platform, it is defined as a standard part of the SQL grammar.\nInsignificant whitespace is generally ignored in SQL statements and queries, making it easier to format SQL code for readability.","title":"Syntax"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data"},{"link_name":"relational database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_database"},{"link_name":"set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(computer_science)"},{"link_name":"declarative programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declarative_programming_language"},{"link_name":"imperative programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperative_programming_language"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"BASIC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC"},{"link_name":"procedural programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_programming_language"},{"link_name":"object-oriented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming_language"},{"link_name":"SQL/JRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL/JRT"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Microsoft SQL Server 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_SQL_Server_2005"},{"link_name":"SQLCLR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQLCLR"},{"link_name":".NET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_.NET"},{"link_name":"database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database"},{"link_name":"PostgreSQL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostgreSQL"},{"link_name":"Perl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl"},{"link_name":"Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"Tcl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcl"},{"link_name":"JavaScript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PostgreSQL_server_programming-19"}],"text":"SQL is designed for a specific purpose: to query data contained in a relational database. SQL is a set-based, declarative programming language, not an imperative programming language like C or BASIC. However, extensions to Standard SQL add procedural programming language functionality, such as control-of-flow constructs.In addition to the standard SQL/PSM extensions and proprietary SQL extensions, procedural and object-oriented programmability is available on many SQL platforms via DBMS integration with other languages. The SQL standard defines SQL/JRT extensions (SQL Routines and Types for the Java Programming Language) to support Java code in SQL databases. Microsoft SQL Server 2005 uses the SQLCLR (SQL Server Common Language Runtime) to host managed .NET assemblies in the database, while prior versions of SQL Server were restricted to unmanaged extended stored procedures primarily written in C. PostgreSQL lets users write functions in a wide variety of languages—including Perl, Python, Tcl, JavaScript (PL/V8) and C.[19]","title":"Procedural extensions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Interoperability and standardization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"case sensitivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_sensitivity"},{"link_name":"PostgreSQL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PostgreSQL"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_PostgreSQL-20"},{"link_name":"Mimer SQL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimer_SQL"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mimer_SQL,_Built_on_Standards-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ora_DATE-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ora_DATETIME-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ora_TIME-26"}],"sub_title":"Overview","text":"SQL implementations are incompatible between vendors and do not necessarily completely follow standards. In particular, date and time syntax, string concatenation, NULLs, and comparison case sensitivity vary from vendor to vendor. PostgreSQL[20] and Mimer SQL[21] strive for standards compliance, though PostgreSQL does not adhere to the standard in all cases. For example, the folding of unquoted names to lower case in PostgreSQL is incompatible with the SQL standard,[22] which says that unquoted names should be folded to upper case.[23] Thus, according to the standard, Foo should be equivalent to FOO, not foo.Popular implementations of SQL commonly omit support for basic features of Standard SQL, such as the DATE or TIME data types. The most obvious such examples, and incidentally the most popular commercial and proprietary SQL DBMSs, are Oracle (whose DATE behaves as DATETIME,[24][25] and lacks a TIME type)[26] and MS SQL Server (before the 2008 version). As a result, SQL code can rarely be ported between database systems without modifications.","title":"Interoperability and standardization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"indices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_(database)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-professionals-27"},{"link_name":"backward compatibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backward_compatibility"},{"link_name":"vendor lock-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vendor_lock-in"}],"sub_title":"Reasons for incompatibility","text":"Several reasons for the lack of portability between database systems include:The complexity and size of the SQL standard means that most implementers do not support the entire standard.\nThe SQL standard does not specify the database behavior in some important areas (e.g., indices, file storage), leaving implementations to decide how to behave.\nThe SQL standard defers some decisions to individual implementations, such as how to name a results column that was not named explicitly.[27]: 207 \nThe SQL standard precisely specifies the syntax that a conforming database system must implement. However, the standard's specification of the semantics of language constructs is less well-defined, leading to ambiguity.\nMany database vendors have large existing customer bases; where the newer version of the SQL standard conflicts with the prior behavior of the vendor's database, the vendor may be unwilling to break backward compatibility.\nLittle commercial incentive exists for vendors to make changing database suppliers easier (see vendor lock-in).\nUsers evaluating database software tend to place other factors such as performance higher in their priorities than standards conformance.","title":"Interoperability and standardization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-X3H2-28"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISO_9075:1987-11"},{"link_name":"ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee SC 32, Data management and interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_JTC_1/SC_32"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Doll-29"},{"link_name":"initialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initialism"},{"link_name":"/ˌɛsˌkjuːˈɛl/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SQL-Fundamentals-9"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gillespie-30"},{"link_name":"acronym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym"},{"link_name":"/ˈsiːkwəl/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Melton-31"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chamberlin-boyce-sequel-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oppel-databases-15"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gillespie-30"}],"sub_title":"Standardization history","text":"SQL was adopted as a standard by the ANSI in 1986 as SQL-86[28] and the ISO in 1987.[11] It is maintained by ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee SC 32, Data management and interchange.Until 1996, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) data-management standards program certified SQL DBMS compliance with the SQL standard. Vendors now self-certify the compliance of their products.[29]The original standard declared that the official pronunciation for \"SQL\" was an initialism: /ˌɛsˌkjuːˈɛl/ (\"ess cue el\").[9] Regardless, many English-speaking database professionals (including Donald Chamberlin himself[30]) use the acronym-like pronunciation of /ˈsiːkwəl/ (\"sequel\"),[31] mirroring the language's prerelease development name, \"SEQUEL\".[13][15][30] The SQL standard has gone through a number of revisions:","title":"Interoperability and standardization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISO/IEC 9075","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_9075"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISO/IEC_9075-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrew-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitemarsh1-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whitemarsh2-39"},{"link_name":"ISO/IEC 9075","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_9075"}],"sub_title":"Current standard","text":"The standard is commonly denoted by the pattern: ISO/IEC 9075-n:yyyy Part n: title, or, as a shortcut, ISO/IEC 9075. Interested parties may purchase the standards documents from ISO,[36] IEC, or ANSI. Some old drafts are freely available.[37][38][39]ISO/IEC 9075 is complemented by ISO/IEC 13249: SQL Multimedia and Application Packages and some Technical reports.","title":"Interoperability and standardization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"navigational database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigational_database"},{"link_name":"NoSQL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL"},{"link_name":".QL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.QL"},{"link_name":"4D Query Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Dimension_(Software)"},{"link_name":"Datalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datalog"},{"link_name":"Datalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datalog"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PROLE-40"},{"link_name":"HTSQL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTSQL"},{"link_name":"IBM Business System 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Business_System_12"},{"link_name":"ISBL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBL"},{"link_name":"jOOQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Object_Oriented_Querying"},{"link_name":"internal domain-specific language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain-specific_language"},{"link_name":"Java Persistence Query Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Persistence_Query_Language"},{"link_name":"Hibernate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernate_(Java)"},{"link_name":"JavaScript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript"},{"link_name":"MongoDB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MongoDB"},{"link_name":"LINQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_Integrated_Query"},{"link_name":".Net","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.NET_Framework"},{"link_name":"Object Query Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_Query_Language"},{"link_name":"Query By Example","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_By_Example"},{"link_name":"QUEL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QUEL_query_languages"},{"link_name":"tuple relational calculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuple_relational_calculus"},{"link_name":"XQuery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XQuery"}],"text":"A distinction should be made between alternatives to SQL as a language, and alternatives to the relational model itself. Below are proposed relational alternatives to the SQL language. See navigational database and NoSQL for alternatives to the relational model..QL: object-oriented Datalog\n4D Query Language (4D QL)\nDatalog: critics suggest that Datalog has two advantages over SQL: it has cleaner semantics, which facilitates program understanding and maintenance, and it is more expressive, in particular for recursive queries.[40]\nHTSQL: URL based query method\nIBM Business System 12 (IBM BS12): one of the first fully relational database management systems, introduced in 1982\nISBL\njOOQ: SQL implemented in Java as an internal domain-specific language\nJava Persistence Query Language (JPQL): The query language used by the Java Persistence API and Hibernate persistence library\nJavaScript: MongoDB implements its query language in a JavaScript API.\nLINQ: Runs SQL statements written like language constructs to query collections directly from inside .Net code\nObject Query Language\nQBE (Query By Example) created by Moshè Zloof, IBM 1977\nQUEL introduced in 1974 by the U.C. Berkeley Ingres project, closer to tuple relational calculus than SQL\nXQuery","title":"Alternatives"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Distributed Relational Database Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DRDA"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Distributed Data Management Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Data_Management_Architecture"},{"link_name":"distributed SQL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_SQL"}],"text":"Distributed Relational Database Architecture (DRDA) was designed by a workgroup within IBM from 1988 to 1994. DRDA enables network-connected relational databases to cooperate to fulfill SQL requests.[41][42]An interactive user or program can issue SQL statements to a local RDB and receive tables of data and status indicators in reply from remote RDBs. SQL statements can also be compiled and stored in remote RDBs as packages and then invoked by package name. This is important for the efficient operation of application programs that issue complex, high-frequency queries. It is especially important when the tables to be accessed are located in remote systems.The messages, protocols, and structural components of DRDA are defined by the Distributed Data Management Architecture. Distributed SQL processing ala DRDA is distinctive from contemporary distributed SQL databases.","title":"Distributed SQL processing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Criticisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"lists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_(computing)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-321-39942-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-321-39942-0"}],"sub_title":"Design","text":"SQL deviates in several ways from its theoretical foundation, the relational model and its tuple calculus. In that model, a table is a set of tuples, while in SQL, tables and query results are lists of rows; the same row may occur multiple times, and the order of rows can be employed in queries (e.g., in the LIMIT clause).\nCritics argue that SQL should be replaced with a language that returns strictly to the original foundation: for example, see The Third Manifesto by Hugh Darwen and C.J. Date (2006, ISBN 0-321-39942-0).","title":"Criticisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Early_History-12"},{"link_name":"sum types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sum_type"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brandon21-43"}],"sub_title":"Orthogonality and completeness","text":"Early specifications did not support major features, such as primary keys. Result sets could not be named, and subqueries had not been defined. These were added in 1992.[12]The lack of sum types has been described as a roadblock to full use of SQL's user-defined types. JSON support, for example, needed to be added by a new standard in 2016.[43]","title":"Criticisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Null","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_(SQL)"},{"link_name":"debate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_(SQL)#Criticisms"},{"link_name":"3-valued-logic in SQL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_(SQL)#Comparisons_with_NULL_and_the_three-valued_logic_(3VL)"},{"link_name":"3-valued logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-valued_logic"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Early_History-12"}],"sub_title":"Null","text":"The concept of Null is the subject of some debate. The Null marker indicates the absence of a value, and is distinct from a value of 0 for an integer column or an empty string for a text column. The concept of Nulls enforces the 3-valued-logic in SQL, which is a concrete implementation of the general 3-valued logic.[12]","title":"Criticisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Early_History-12"}],"sub_title":"Duplicates","text":"Another popular criticism is that it allows duplicate rows, making integration with languages such as Python, whose data types might make accurately representing the data difficult,[12] in terms of parsing and by the absence of modularity. This is usually avoided by declaring a primary key, or a unique constraint, with one or more columns that uniquely identify a row in the table.","title":"Criticisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"object–relational impedance mismatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object%E2%80%93relational_impedance_mismatch"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Impedance mismatch","text":"In a sense similar to object–relational impedance mismatch, a mismatch occurs between the declarative SQL language and the procedural languages in which SQL is typically embedded.[citation needed]","title":"Criticisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"data types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_type"}],"text":"The SQL standard defines three kinds of data types (chapter 4.1.1 of SQL/Foundation):predefined data types\nconstructed types\nuser-defined types.Constructed types are one of ARRAY, MULTISET, REF(erence), or ROW. User-defined types are comparable to classes in object-oriented language with their own constructors, observers, mutators, methods, inheritance, overloading, overwriting, interfaces, and so on. Predefined data types are intrinsically supported by the implementation.","title":"SQL data types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SQL/XML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL/XML"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"JSON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON"}],"sub_title":"Predefined data types","text":"Character types\nCharacter (CHAR)\nCharacter varying (VARCHAR)\nCharacter large object (CLOB)\nNational character types\nNational character (NCHAR)\nNational character varying (NCHAR VARYING)\nNational character large object (NCLOB)\nBinary types\nBinary (BINARY)\nBinary varying (VARBINARY)\nBinary large object (BLOB)\nNumeric types\nExact numeric types (NUMERIC, DECIMAL, SMALLINT, INTEGER, BIGINT)\nApproximate numeric types (FLOAT, REAL, DOUBLE PRECISION)\nDecimal floating-point type (DECFLOAT)\nDatetime types (DATE, TIME, TIMESTAMP)\nInterval type (INTERVAL)\nBoolean\nXML (see SQL/XML)[44]\nJSON","title":"SQL data types"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1145%2F362384.362685"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1145/362384.362685","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1145%2F362384.362685"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"207549016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207549016"},{"link_name":"Discussion on alleged SQL flaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wiki.c2.com/?SqlFlaws"},{"link_name":"C. J. Date","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._J._Date"},{"link_name":"Hugh Darwen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Darwen"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-201-96426-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-96426-4"}],"text":"Codd, Edgar F (June 1970). \"A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks\". Communications of the ACM. 13 (6): 377–87. doi:10.1145/362384.362685. S2CID 207549016.\nDiscussion on alleged SQL flaws (C2 wiki)\nC. J. Date with Hugh Darwen: A Guide to the SQL standard : a users guide to the standard database language SQL, 4th ed., Addison Wesley, USA 1997, ISBN 978-0-201-96426-4","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"title":"Wikibook SQL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikibooks.org/wiki/SQL"},{"title":"Object database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_database"},{"title":"List of relational database management systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_relational_database_management_systems"},{"title":"Comparison of relational database management systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_relational_database_management_systems"},{"title":"Comparison of object–relational database management systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_object%E2%80%93relational_database_management_systems"},{"title":"Query by Example","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Query_by_Example"},{"title":"SQL reserved words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SQL_reserved_words"},{"title":"SQL syntax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQL_syntax"},{"title":"Oracle PL/SQL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PL/SQL"},{"title":"Microsoft Transact-SQL (T-SQL)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transact-SQL"},{"title":"Online transaction processing (OLTP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_transaction_processing"},{"title":"Online analytical processing (OLAP)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_analytical_processing"},{"title":"Data warehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_warehouse"},{"title":"Relational data stream management system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_data_stream_management_system"},{"title":"NoSQL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NoSQL"},{"title":"MUMPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MUMPS"},{"title":"Hierarchical database model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_database_model"},{"title":"Star schema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_schema"},{"title":"Snowflake schema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowflake_schema"}]
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[{"reference":"Paul, Ryan (24 October 2005). \"A guided tour of the Microsoft Command Shell\". Ars Technica. Retrieved 10 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/business/news/2005/10/msh.ars/4","url_text":"\"A guided tour of the Microsoft Command Shell\""}]},{"reference":"\"Media Type registration for application/sql\". Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. 10 April 2013. Retrieved 10 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/application/sql","url_text":"\"Media Type registration for application/sql\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority","url_text":"Internet Assigned Numbers Authority"}]},{"reference":"Shafranovich, Y. (April 2013). \"The application/sql Media Type, RFC 6922\". Internet Engineering Task Force. p. 3. doi:10.17487/RFC6922. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorian_van_Rijsselberghe
|
Dorian van Rijsselberghe
|
["1 Personal life","2 2012 Olympics","3 Further reading","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Dutch windsurfer (born 1988)
Dorian van RijsselberghePersonal informationFull nameDorian Benno Eric van RijsselbergeNationalityDutchBorn (1988-11-24) 24 November 1988 (age 35)Den BurgHeight1.89 m (6.2 ft)Sailing careerClassRS:XClubWaddenteam
Competition record
Representing the Netherlands
Olympic Games
2012 London
RS:X
2016 Rio de Janeiro
RS:X
World Championships
2011 Perth
RS:X
2018 Aarhus
RS:X
2013 Buzios
RS:X
2016 Eilat
RS:X
2019 Garda
RS:X
2009 Weymouth
RS:X
2015 Al Mussanah
RS:X
European Championships
2015 Palermo
RS:X
Updated on 27 February 2016
Dorian van Rijsselberghe (born 24 November 1988, in Den Burg) is a sailor (windsurfer) from the Netherlands.
He won his first Dutch title when he was 13.
Van Rijsselberghe on the Dutch RS:X won the gold medals at the 2012 Olympics in Weymouth, and the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.
Personal life
Van Rijsselberghe was a student at CIOS. Van Rijsselberghe is married and has two daughters.
2012 Olympics
Van Rijsselberghe dominated the competition completely by finishing first among the 38 competitors in 7 out of 10 races, second twice and third once. After the ninth race, he had accumulated a sufficient lead over the second placed Nick Dempsey to be certain to win the gold medal – as long as he competed in the remaining races – irrespective of his results in the 10th race and in the medal race.
Further reading
"The Official International Sailing Federation Olympic Games Website: London 2012". ISAF. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
References
^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Dorian van Rijsselberghe". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
^ "Website Van Rijsselberghe". Retrieved 13 February 2014.
^ "International Sailing Federation: London 2012 Results centre". Sailing.org. International Sailing Federation. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
^ "Nederlandse deelnemers Londen 2012". Zeilen.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 February 2014.
^ "Deelnemers uit Nederland". Zoekenvindalles.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 13 February 2014.
^ "Van Rijsselberghe zeker van goud". NOS (in Dutch). 5 August 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2014.
External links
Dorian van Rijsselberghe at World Sailing
Dorian van Rijsselberghe at Olympics.com
Dorian van Rijsselberghe at Olympedia
Dorian van Rijsselberghe at NOC*NSF (in Dutch) (English translation)
Olympic Games
Preceded byJeroen Delmee
Flagbearer for Netherlands London 2012
Succeeded byJeroen Dubbeldam
vteOlympic champions in men's Sailboard
1984: Stephan van den Berg (NED)
1988: Bruce Kendall (NZL)
1992: Franck David (FRA)
1996: Nikolaos Kaklamanakis (GRE)
2000: Christoph Sieber (AUT)
2004: Gal Fridman (ISR)
2008: Tom Ashley (NZL)
2012: Dorian van Rijsselberghe (NED)
2016: Dorian van Rijsselberghe (NED)
2020: Kiran Badloe (NED)
Windglider (1984)
Division II (1988)
Lechner A-390 (1992)
Mistral One Design (1996–2004)
RS:X (2008–)
vteWorld champions in men's RS:X
2006: Casper Bouman
2007: Ricardo Santos
2008: Tom Ashley
2009: Nick Dempsey
2010: Piotr Myszka
2011: Dorian van Rijsselberghe
2012: Julien Bontemps
2013: Nick Dempsey
2014: Julien Bontemps
2015: Pierre Le Coq
2016: Piotr Myszka
2017: Bing Ye
2018: Dorian van Rijsselberghe
2019–20: Kiran Badloe
vte<2008 2012 Dutch Olympic Sailing Team 2016>Women's sailboard
No Dutch Representation
Men's sailboard
Surfer: Dorian van Rijsselberge
Laser Radial
Helmsman: Marit Bouwmeester
Laser
Helmsman: Rutger van Schaardenburg
Finn
Helmsman: Pieter-Jan Postma
470 Female
Helmsman: Lisa Westerhof
Crew: Lobke Berkhout
470 Male
Helmsman: Sven Coster
Crew: Kalle Coster
49er
No Dutch Representation
Elliott 6m
Helmsman: Renee Groeneveld
Crew: Annemieke Bes
Marcelien Bos - de Koning
Star
No Dutch Representation
Officials
Unknown
Team size
Female: 6
Male: 5
Officials: 0
Total: 11
Medals
: 1
: 1
: 1
Total: 3
Reference
"Nederlandse deelnemers Londen 2012". www.zeilen.nl. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
"Deelnemers uit Nederland". www.zoekenvindalles.nl. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
vte<2012 2016 Dutch Olympic Sailing Team 2020>Women's sailboardSurfer: Lilian de GeusMen's sailboard
Surfer: Dorian van Rijsselberghe
Laser Radial
Helmsman: Marit Bouwmeester
Laser
Helmsman: Rutger van Schaardenburg
Finn
Helmsman: Pieter-Jan Postma
470 Female
Helmsman: Afrodite Zegers
Crew: Anneloes van Veen
470 Male
No Dutch Representation
49er
No Dutch Representation
49er FX class
Helmsman: Annemiek Bekkering
Crew: Annette Duetz
Nacra 17 Mixed
Helmsman: Mandy Mulder
Crew: Coen de Koning
Officials
Unknown
Team size
Female: 7
Male: 4
Officials: 0
Total: 11
Medals
: 2
: 0
: 0
Total: 2
Reference
"Results centre". World Sailing. Retrieved 2016-08-17.
This biographical article related to yacht racing in the Netherlands is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This biographical article related to windsurfing is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a Dutch Olympic medalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_governor_of_the_Ming_and_Qing_dynasties
|
Grand coordinator and provincial governor
|
["1 Ming grand coordinator","2 Qing governor","3 Nguyễn dynasty","4 References","4.1 Citations","4.2 Sources"]
|
High government official of the Chinese Ming and Qing dynasties
Grand coordinator (Ming)Governor (Qing)Chinese nameTraditional Chinese巡撫Simplified Chinese巡抚Literal meaningitinerant-&-pacifying itinerant pacifierTranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinxúnfǔWade–Gileshsün-fuVietnamese nameVietnamese alphabetTuần phủ / Tuần vũChữ Hán巡撫
A xunfu was an important imperial Chinese provincial office under both the Ming (14th–17th centuries) and Qing (17th–20th centuries) dynasties. However, the purview of the office under the two dynasties differed markedly. Under the Ming dynasty, the post originated around 1430 as a kind of inspector-general and ad hoc provincial-level administrator; such a xunfu is usually translated as a grand coordinator. However, since the mid-17th century, xunfu became the title of a regular provincial governor overseeing civil administration in the Qing dynasty.
Under both dynasties, the xunfu was subordinate in military affairs to the multi-provincial zongdu (總督), usually translated as "supreme commander" under the Ming and "governor-general" or "viceroy" under the Qing.
The Nguyễn dynasty of Vietnam also established the position (known as tuần phủ or tuần vũ 巡撫) based on the contemporaneous position of Qing China.
Ming grand coordinator
The "grand coordinator" of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) was one of several institutional innovations promoted by the Xuande Emperor (r. 1425–1435). Following precedents set by the Hongwu and Yongle emperors, who had sent officials on temporary civilian and military missions in the provinces, in September 1425 Xuande appointed officials to "tour and pacify" (xunfu) two southern provinces. Five years later, three more officials from the central government were sent to Henan, Shaanxi, and Sichuan on similar assignments. There is also evidence that more "touring pacifiers" were sent to the field between 1425 and 1430, when the position did not yet formally exist. In 1435, grand coordinators were also dispatched to provinces on the northern borders of the Ming empire, from Gansu in the west to Liaodong in the east. Eventually there were grand coordinators in every province.
Grand coordinators could also take charge of strategically important regions that were not provinces. In 1547, one was sent to curb smuggling and piracy on the coasts of Fujian and Zhejiang. Another one was appointed to Tianjin to protect access to Beijing in 1597 during a large-scale Japanese attack on Korea.
Grand coordinators were members of no specific agency and only received ad hoc commissions with no definite tenure. They managed and oversaw provincial government by coordinating the work of the three highest provincial agencies: the Provincial administration commission (buzheng si 布政司), the Provincial surveillance commission (ancha si 按察司), and the Regional military commissioner (du si 都司). Because grand coordinators were also high-ranking members of the Censorate, they had impeachment powers and direct access to the throne, which considered them to be "provincial-level surrogate of the emperor". Although they were civil officials, they also received military titles when they had to supervise important military matters.
Qing governor
The Qing dynasty (1644–1912) kept the position of xunfu, but gave it a meaning different enough that scholars have translated the Qing xunfu as "governor" instead of "grand coordinator".
Nguyễn dynasty
In Vietnam under the Nguyễn dynasty the title of Tuần phủ (巡撫), or tuần vũ, existed as a similar office based on the contemporary Qing administrative position. A Tuần phủ typically governed a single province and was below the authority of a Tổng đốc.
References
Citations
^ a b c d Hucker 1985, p. 255, entry 2731.
^ Chan 1988, pp. 291–292.
^ a b Chan 1988, p. 292.
^ Zhang 1995, p. 14; Jin 1996, p. 49.
^ Chan 1988, pp. 292–293.
^ a b c Hucker 1998, p. 80.
^ Wills 1998, p. 341.
^ a b Hucker 1998, pp. 79–80.
^ Chan 1988, p. 293; Hucker 1998, p. 79.
^ Hucker 1985, p. 255, entry 2731; Guy 2010, p. 6.
^ a b Đào Duy Anh - Đất nước Việt Nam qua các đời (The country of Vietnam through the generations) - Các tỉnh nước Việt Nam ở đời Nguyễn (The provinces of Vietnam in the Nguyễn Dynasty). Pages 216-219. (in Vietnamese).
Sources
Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article:
History of Ming, ch. 73, lists all Ming xunfu positions
Chan, Hok-lam (1988), "The Chien-Wen, Yung-Lo, Hung-Hsi, and Hsuan-Te Reigns, 1399–1435", in Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (eds.), The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 182–304, ISBN 0-521-24332-7.
Guy, R. Kent (2010), Qing Governors and their Provinces: The Evolution of Territorial Administration in China, 1644–1796, Seattle and London: University of Washington press, ISBN 978-0-295-99018-7.
Hucker, Charles O. (1985), Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China (PDF), Stanford: Stanford University Press, ISBN 0-8047-1193-3.
——— (1998), "Ming Government", in Denis Twitchett; Frederick W. Mote (eds.), The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 2, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 9–105, ISBN 0-521-24333-5.
Jin, Runcheng (靳润成) (1996), Mingchao zongdu xunfu xiaqu yanjiu 明朝总督巡抚辖区研究 (in Chinese), Tianjin: Tianjin guji chubanshe (天津古籍出版社).
Wills, John E. Jr. (1998), "Relations with maritime Europeans, 1514–1662", in Denis Twitchett; Frederick W. Mote (eds.), The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 333–375, ISBN 0-521-24333-5.
Zhang, Zhelang (張哲郎) (1995), Mingdai xunfu yanjiu 明代巡撫研究 (in Chinese), Taipei: Wen-shi-zhe chubanshe (文史哲出版社).
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In 1547, one was sent to curb smuggling and piracy on the coasts of Fujian and Zhejiang.[7] Another one was appointed to Tianjin to protect access to Beijing in 1597 during a large-scale Japanese attack on Korea.[6]Grand coordinators were members of no specific agency and only received ad hoc commissions with no definite tenure.[8] They managed and oversaw provincial government by coordinating the work of the three highest provincial agencies: the Provincial administration commission (buzheng si 布政司), the Provincial surveillance commission (ancha si 按察司), and the Regional military commissioner (du si 都司).[9] Because grand coordinators were also high-ranking members of the Censorate, they had impeachment powers and direct access to the throne, which considered them to be \"provincial-level surrogate[s] of the emperor\".[6] Although they were civil officials, they also received military titles when they had to supervise important military matters.[8]","title":"Ming grand coordinator"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHucker1985255,_entry_2731Guy20106-10"}],"text":"The Qing dynasty (1644–1912) kept the position of xunfu, but gave it a meaning different enough that scholars have translated the Qing xunfu as \"governor\" instead of \"grand coordinator\".[10]","title":"Qing governor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Nguyễn dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C4%90%C3%A0o-Duy-Anh-11"},{"link_name":"Tổng đốc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=T%E1%BB%95ng_%C4%91%E1%BB%91c_(Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-%C4%90%C3%A0o-Duy-Anh-11"}],"text":"In Vietnam under the Nguyễn dynasty the title of Tuần phủ (巡撫), or tuần vũ, existed as a similar office based on the contemporary Qing administrative position.[11] A Tuần phủ typically governed a single province and was below the authority of a Tổng đốc.[11]","title":"Nguyễn dynasty"}]
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[{"reference":"Chan, Hok-lam (1988), \"The Chien-Wen, Yung-Lo, Hung-Hsi, and Hsuan-Te Reigns, 1399–1435\", in Frederick W. Mote; Denis Twitchett (eds.), The Cambridge History of China, Volume 7, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 1, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 182–304, ISBN 0-521-24332-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jianwen_Emperor","url_text":"Chien-Wen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongle_Emperor","url_text":"Yung-Lo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongxi_Emperor","url_text":"Hung-Hsi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuande_Emperor","url_text":"Hsuan-Te"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24332-7","url_text":"0-521-24332-7"}]},{"reference":"Guy, R. Kent (2010), Qing Governors and their Provinces: The Evolution of Territorial Administration in China, 1644–1796, Seattle and London: University of Washington press, ISBN 978-0-295-99018-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-99018-7","url_text":"978-0-295-99018-7"}]},{"reference":"Hucker, Charles O. (1985), Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China (PDF), Stanford: Stanford University Press, ISBN 0-8047-1193-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hucker","url_text":"Hucker, Charles O."},{"url":"http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/files/cbdb/files/hucker_official_titles_ocr_searchable_all_pages.pdf","url_text":"Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-1193-3","url_text":"0-8047-1193-3"}]},{"reference":"——— (1998), \"Ming Government\", in Denis Twitchett; Frederick W. Mote (eds.), The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 2, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 9–105, ISBN 0-521-24333-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24333-5","url_text":"0-521-24333-5"}]},{"reference":"Jin, Runcheng (靳润成) (1996), Mingchao zongdu xunfu xiaqu yanjiu 明朝总督巡抚辖区研究 [Research on the zones of jurisdiction of supreme commanders and grand coordinators in the Ming dynasty] (in Chinese), Tianjin: Tianjin guji chubanshe (天津古籍出版社).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wills, John E. Jr. (1998), \"Relations with maritime Europeans, 1514–1662\", in Denis Twitchett; Frederick W. Mote (eds.), The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8, The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 2, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 333–375, ISBN 0-521-24333-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24333-5","url_text":"0-521-24333-5"}]},{"reference":"Zhang, Zhelang (張哲郎) (1995), Mingdai xunfu yanjiu 明代巡撫研究 [Research on Ming grand coordinators] (in Chinese), Taipei: Wen-shi-zhe chubanshe (文史哲出版社).","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-B%C3%B6tzinger_complex
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Pre-Bötzinger complex
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["1 Discovery","2 Functional definition of the preBötC","3 Anatomic definition of the preBötC","4 Cellular composition of the preBötC","4.1 Excitatory (glutamatergic) neurons","4.2 Dbx1-derived neurons","4.3 Inhibitory (GABA- and glycinergic) neurons","5 Eupnea and sigh","5.1 Gasping","6 Neighboring respiratory sites and nuclei","7 Mechanism of rhythm generation","8 Ionic currents","8.1 Persistent sodium current (INaP)","8.2 NALCN","8.3 Calcium-activated non-specific cation current (ICAN)","9 Neuromodulation of preBötC rhythmicity","10 Homeostatic changes in preBötC rhythmicity","11 Oxygen sensing","12 Pathologies and the preBötC","12.1 Associated diseases","13 See also","14 References"]
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The preBötzinger complex, often abbreviated as preBötC, is a functionally and anatomically specialized site in the ventral-lateral region of the lower medulla oblongata (i.e., lower brainstem). The preBötC is part of the ventral respiratory group of respiratory related interneurons. Its foremost function is to generate the inspiratory breathing rhythm in mammals. In addition, the preBötC is widely and paucisynaptically connected to higher brain centers that regulate arousal and excitability more generally such that respiratory brain function is intimately connected with many other rhythmic and cognitive functions of the brain and central nervous system. Further, the preBötC receives mechanical sensory information from the airways that encode lung volume as well as pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide content of circulating blood and the cerebrospinal fluid.
The preBötC is approximately colocated with the hypoglossal (XII) cranial motor nucleus as well as the ‘loop’ portion of the inferior olive in the anterior-posterior axis. The caudal border of the preBötC is slightly caudal to the obex, where the brainstem merges with the cervical spinal cord.
PreBötzinger complexDetailsSystemRespiratory systemLocationbrainstemFunctiongeneration of respiratory rhythmIdentifiersNeuroLex IDnlx_152600Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
Discovery
The initial description of the preBötC was widely disseminated in a 1991 paper in Science, but its discovery predates that paper by one year. The team was led by Jack L. Feldman and Jeffrey C. Smith at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), but the Science paper also included UCLA coauthor Howard Ellenberger, as well as Klaus Ballanyi and Diethelm W. Richter from Göttingen University in Germany. The region derives its name from a neighboring medullary region involved in expiratory breathing rhythm dubbed Bötzinger complex, which was named after the Silvaner (Bötzinger) variety of wine, featured at the conference at which that region was named (click here to hear a BBC interview with Jack Feldman on the topic of Bötzinger / preBötzinger nomenclature).
Functional definition of the preBötC
The first definition of the preBötC was based largely on functional criteria. If the central neuraxis from pons to lumbar spinal cord is removed from a newborn rodent, then basic neural motor patterns can be generated and recorded using microelectrodes in vitro. The breathing rhythm emerges spontaneously with robust and continuous motor activity measurable on any cranial or spinal motor nerve that innervates breathing related musculature.
By isolating a rhythmically active newborn rat brainstem-spinal cord in a microsectioning vibratome, Smith and colleagues performed a series of 75 μm-thick transverse sections while monitoring inspiratory-related motor rhythms. The preBötC represented the portion of the ventral-lateral lower brainstem that was necessary and sufficient to generate inspiratory related rhythm and motor output in vitro. Surprisingly, if microsections were applied from the anterior and posterior regions of the neuraxis simultaneously, a transverse section of thickness ~500 μm – which retained the preBötC and XII motoneurons – generated a rhythm and motor pattern that was almost identical to the rhythm and pattern in the full brainstem-spinal cord preparation. Perturbations that elevated excitability in preBötC sped up respiratory rhythm, whereas perturbations that depressed its excitability slowed the rhythm down. The authors concluded that these preBötC-retaining slice preparations preserved the core network generating inspiratory rhythm as well as premotor and motor neurons that define a minimal breathing-related circuit suitable for studies under controlled conditions in vitro. Breathing slices became a widely exploited preparation for such studies that continue to be used by laboratories worldwide to the present day.
Anatomic definition of the preBötC
Anatomical observations advanced understanding of the preBötC by providing specific markers expressed by its constituent neurons, which helped understand its approximate borders. The superset of markers is based largely on neuropeptides and peptide receptors, whose expression patterns have come to define the borders of preBötC and its constituent rhythm-generating and output pattern-related interneurons . preBötC neurons selectively express neurokinin-1 receptors (NK1Rs), μ-opioid receptors (μORs), as well as somatostatin (SST) and SST2a-type receptors. Of course, selectively does not mean exclusively or entirely. Each marker has limitations as a defining feature of the preBötC core, but generally speaking, the neuropeptide-related markers below have proved to be both reliable and of great utility in the quest to define preBötC structure and function.
Peptide markers have been used to probe preBötC function. Substance P (SP) accelerated inspiratory rhythms in vitro by depolarizing putatively rhythmogenic preBötC neurons. SP also depolarized preBötC neurons whose function is premotor-related, i.e., those neurons transmit the nascent inspiratory rhythm to motoneurons outside the preBötC. The net result was that SP sped up the rhythm and elevated the baseline level neural activity in XII nerve recordings in vitro.
The expression of NK1Rs by preBötC neurons was used to test its inspiratory rhythm-generating, role. SP, conjugated to the ribosomal toxin saporin, was injected into the preBötC of adult rats. Over the course of a week, this intervention caused progressive breathing deficits that ultimately resulted in severely pathological (i.e., ataxic) breathing. SP-saporin-injected rats also experienced sleep deficits and extraordinary sensitivity to anesthesia.
Expression of μORs appear to be less widespread than NK1Rs among constituent preBötC neurons. Although expressed somewhat more sparsely, the application of μOR agonists like -enkephalin (i.e., DAMGO) potently slowed the inspiratory rhythm. Note, this observation in vitro presaged the 2010-2020's crisis of opioid-drug related deaths by respiratory failure, which are attributable in large part to depression of rhythm-generating function in the preBötC (but also see:).
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, following discovery of the preBötC, in vitro preparations from neonates were not yet widely accepted as experimental models of the respiratory neural control system in adults. Some groups argued that in vitro rhythms reflected gasping rather than breathing, despite the fact that in vitro preparations, show physiological levels of oxygen and pH even several hundred micrometers below the surface of the tissue. Thus, the SP-saporin experiments were critical for showing that the preBötC was necessary for normal breathing in un-anesthetized adult animals.
Nevertheless, one is confronted with a disparity of motor patterns. The pattern of phrenic or XII nerve activity in vitro shows an abrupt onset followed by a decremental pattern, whereas in vivo the inspiratory motor nerves typically show an incremental onset followed by a more precipitous offset. The differences in the motor patterns measured in adults in vivo and those of in vitro preparations can be explained age- and development-related differences, the loss of mechanical sensory feedback in vitro , and the temperature (in vitro preparations are typically maintained ~10 °C lower than physiological temperature).
SST and SST2a receptors are expressed by neurons in the preBötC. Unlike NK1R expression, which remains rather strong in regions caudal to the preBötC within the cervical spinal cord, SST expression appears to peak in the anterior-posterior axis at the region recognized as the preBötC. Could SST-expressing preBötC neurons be markers for the preBötC core? Investigators installed in the preBötC a peptide receptor from fruit fly, adapted for expression in mammals, that activates potassium channels. Whether awake or anesthetized, activation of those potassium channel-linked receptors in SST-expressing neurons of the preBötC reduced breathing movements, both their amplitude and frequency, and ultimately caused apnea, i.e., a lack of breathing. The exogenous peptide that activates the fly receptor was ultimately cleared from the central nervous system: injected rats nonetheless needed mechanical ventilation until they recovered from the experiment. Subsequent studies examined the underlying cellular mechanisms and have come to the conclusion that preBötC neurons expressing SST are related to transmission of the rhythm from core rhythmogenic neurons to premotor neurons inspiratory neurons. The SST “output” neurons are intermingled in the preBötC with rhythm-generating neurons, and their function is to coactivate and pass on inspiratory rhythm to dedicated premotor populations outside of the preBötC.
Other markers for the preBötC include peptide hormone thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and the glycoprotein reelin.
In summary, the preBötC is the source of rhythmic activity that – once distributed to premotor and motoneurons of respiratory muscles – produces inspiratory breathing movements. The neurons that comprise the preBötC express NK1Rs, μORs, SST2a receptors, and SST. Each of these markers holds functional significance for modulation of preBötC rhythmicity, and their expression delineates the borders of the preBötC. SP accelerated inspiratory rhythms measured in vitro and ablation of NK1R-expressing preBötC neurons caused severe pathologies of breathing that were ultimately fatal. The μORs also map the preBötC and opioid drugs depress breathing rhythms, which is further evidence of the preeminent rhythmogenic role of the preBötC. SST is a peptide transmitter rather than a receptor, but its expression also maps the preBötC. SST-expressing neurons are breathing essential, but their role is linked to the production of motor output rather than generation of rhythm per se.
Cellular composition of the preBötC
Excitatory (glutamatergic) neurons
The rhythm-generating core of preBötC incorporates glutamatergic interneurons that express the gene Slc17a6 (i.e., Vglut2). preBötC glutamatergic neurons also express NK1Rs and μORs, but probably not SST. Pharmacological studies showed that excitatory transmission, predominantly via AMPA- and kainate-type ionotropic glutamate receptors were essential for rhythm generation as well as transmission to premotor neurons and ultimately motor output. Furthermore, Vglut2-knockout mice fail to breathe at birth. Transverse slices from late-stage embryos of Vglut2-knockout mice fail to generate rhythmic activity in the preBötC. Nevertheless, the cellular composition of the preBötC appears relatively unperturbed and constituent neurons express electrical properties associated with the preBötC in early postnatal mice, which emphasizes the importance of excitatory synaptic interactions for rhythm generation.
Dbx1-derived neurons
A subset of preBötC glutamatergic neurons are derived from progenitor cells that express transcription factor Dbx1 (developing brain homeobox 1) during embryonic development. In slices from early postnatal Dbx1 reporter mice, Dbx1-derived preBötC neurons are rhythmically active in vitro in sync with inspiratory rhythm and motor output. Examined histologically, Dbx1-derived preBötC neurons express NK1Rs, μORs, SST2a receptors, as well as SST. Also in slices from postnatal Dbx1 reporter mice, the selective photonic ablation of Dbx1-derived preBötC neurons diminishes XII motor output magnitude and decelerates then irreversibly stops the XII rhythm. In adult mice that express light-sensitive cation channels (channelrhodopsin 2) in Dbx1-derived neurons, optogenetic photostimulation speeds up breathing and increases tidal volume of the breaths. Mice expressing proton pumps (archaerhodopsin) in Dbx1-derived preBötC neurons slows or stops breathing movements. When the breathing is slowed via photoinhibition of Dbx1-derived preBötC neurons, the tidal volume of the breaths is diminished.
Dbx1 is a useful marker for the core preBötC neurons, but with caveats. First, Dbx1 is expressed during embryonic development, which makes it more challenging (though far from impossible ) to use as a marker or a tool to manipulate neuronal function compared to genes like Vglut2 that are expressed throughout life. Second, Dbx1, like Vglut2, marks output-related preBötC neurons as well as premotor neurons in the reticular formation that transmit to the hypoglossal motoneurons and phrenic premotor neurons upper cervical spinal cord. Third, Dbx1 is an embryonic transcription factor that governs the development of many populations in the brain and central nervous system, notably the V0 interneuron class involved in locomotion. Nevertheless, Dbx1 expression patterns can be mapped using Cre-Lox recombination in genetically modified mice to find and record preBötC core rhythmogenic interneurons.
Inhibitory (GABA- and glycinergic) neurons
Approximately half of preBötC interneurons are inhibitory, glycinergic or GABAergic. Inhibitory preBötC neurons modulate the amplitude as well as the frequency of the rhythmic inspiratory bursts. These inhibitory populations receive sensorimotor information from the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), located in the dorsomedial medulla near the XII motor nucleus and the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus. Inhibitory neurons project to core rhythmogenic preBötC neurons. During normal breathing, inhibitory neurons in the preBötC are recruited periodically during each breath to hasten inspiratory termination. That role profoundly influences phase transition from inspiration to post-inspiration, then expiration, and that speeds up breathing cycles. Without preBötC inhibitory microcircuits, the breathing rhythm is slower overall and 'stiff' in the sense that its oscillation stabilizes even when faced with normally effective respiratory drive like CO2 or SP. Inhibitory preBötC neurons also inhibit neurons involved in generating expiratory (exhale-related) rhythm to enforce an exclusively inspiratory phase when the preBötC is active.
Eupnea and sigh
The preBötC produces two types of breathing rhythm in the presence of physiological levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide. In eupnea, or normal resting breathing, the preBötC generates a rhythm that is relatively fast (~2–4 Hz in rodents, ~0.1-0.2 Hz in humans) with each breath achieving a tidal volume of air movement. Sigh breaths, on the other hand, are much slower (cycle periods range from 1-4 min−1 in mammals) with breath amplitudes being two or three-fold larger than tidal volume. Both eupnea and sigh rhythms are generated within the pre-Bötzinger complex and both eupnea and sigh bursts can be recorded in rhythmically active brain-slices containing the pre-BotC. Robust sigh rhythmicity in slices requires that the slice retain some tissue immediately rostral to preBötC, which contains the cut axons from a rostral site at the level of the Facial (VII) cranial nucleus that projects to preBötC and delivers bombesin-like peptides, namely Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and Neuromedin-B (NMB). Producing both inspiratory (eupnea-related) and sigh bursts appears to involve the majority of excitatory neurons in the preBötC (although see ). However, each type of rhythmic activity appears to depend on different mechanisms. The sigh rhythm depends on synaptic mechanisms that involve P/Q type calcium channels, suggesting there is a subset of neurons with specialized synapses for this type of rhythm generation since only a very small number of respiratory neurons receive glutamatergic inputs that depend on P/Q type calcium currents, or emphasizing the need for calcium influx to produce sighs. The sigh burst rhythm also depends on mGluR8 receptor activation. Further, whether the preBötC network generates a predominantly eupneic rhythm or sigh rhythm appears to depend on acetylcholine modulation (muscarinic acetylcholine receptor activity (mAChR) PMID 18287547. A subset of preBotC neurons active during sigh, but not eupnea, so-called 'sigh-only' neurons has been identified PMID 18287547. Additionally, a different subset of preBotC neurons has been identified that have rhythmogenic bursting properties that even after being synaptically isolated, appear to intrinsically generate both eupneic and sigh-like rhythms PMID 18287547; similar to network behavior, whether these neurons generate eupneic or sigh-like activity depends on mAChR activation. The above studies suggest both intrinsic and synaptic mechanisms contribute to eupneic and sigh rhythmogenesis.
Gasping
Under low levels of oxygen, the preBötC rearranges its activity, to generate a rhythmic gasping-related pattern. The gasping rhythm is proposed to play a critical role in autoresuscitation, failure of which may contribute to, or underlie, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Gasping-related rhythmic bursts of neural activity generated by the preBötC are characterized by faster rise time and shorter duration than eupnea, and gasp-activity occurs a lower frequency than eupnea. When under a low oxygenated state (hypoxia) the respiratory network responds by transitioning into an augmentation followed by a depression phase, controlled in the pre-BötC. During the depression phase, the inspiratory burst changes from an augmenting bell-shaped burst to a decrementing burst, a primary feature of gasping. Neuronal discharge patterns are altered during the depressed synaptic inhibition, evidence of a rearrangement of the network, presumably attributable to changes in synaptic connectivity strengths as well as modifications in the intrinsic properties of rhythmogenic preBötC neurons. Excitatory neuromodulators, including serotonin (a.k.a. 5-HT) acting via 5-HT type 2a receptors PMID: 16525041 and norepinephrine acting via alpha-2 receptors PMID: 21615559 likely play an important role in activating persistent sodium-dependent rythmogenic mechanisms proposed to underlie gasping activity.
In summary, the preBötC gives rise to more than one breathing-related rhythm: inspiratory (eupnea), sigh, and gasping. This single neuronal network can create multiple respiratory rhythmic patterns and is by itself both necessary and sufficient to generate these respiratory rhythms.
Neighboring respiratory sites and nuclei
Located within the ventrolateral medulla, the pre-Bötzinger complex contains subnetworks that hold distinct synapses and intrinsic membrane properties. In mammals, the respiratory network system and the nuclei controlling breathing modulation are found along the neuronal axis. The neuronal networks involved in respiratory function are located in the ventral respiratory column (VRC). From rostral to caudal, these networks include the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group complex (RTN/pFRG) the Bötzinger complex, the preBötzinger complex (preBötC), as well as the rostral and the caudal divisions of the ventral respiratory group (rVRG and cVRG). The dorsal pons, including the Kölliker-Fuse and the parabrachial nuclei, play an important role in respiratory control and rhythm generation. Other areas that aid in breathing control are the cerebellum, neocortex, and the periaqueductal gray (speech and breathing), although the mechanisms are not yet well explained. Mononsynaptic projections to the preBötC have been mapped. Efferent projections from the preBötC to other respiratory and non-respiratory sites throughout the brain and central nervous system have been mapped too.
Mechanism of rhythm generation
The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much research
Ionic currents
Persistent sodium current (INaP)
There are several inward currents that are proposed to help produce action potentials and bursts in pacemaker neurons. There are two main voltage dependent sodium currents that contribute to the depolarization and firing of action potentials in neurons. The fast and transient sodium current produces a large depolarization that fires the initial action potential in neurons, however this current is quickly inactivated and does not help maintain bursting activity in neurons. To achieve bursts, a persistent sodium current provides enough depolarization to facilitate the firing of action potentials during a burst. Unlike the fast and transient sodium current, the persistent sodium current (INaP) is activated at very low membrane potentials and has a much slower inactivation, which allows neurons to intrinsically fire action potentials at sub-threshold membrane potentials. Studies have shown that the inactivation of this persistent sodium current helps end bursts in pacemaker neurons. The amount of time it takes for INaP to become activated again establishes the timeframe between each burst. The neuron can receive synaptic inputs and different amounts of inward and outward currents to regulate the time between each burst, which ultimately helps generate a specific breathing pattern.
NALCN
NALCN sodium leak channels have been hypothesized to give rise to an inward current that may play an important role in the modulation of bursting and spiking activity. These nonselective cation channels may provide a voltage-independent sodium current that also helps slightly depolarize neurons. The channels are regulated by G protein–coupled receptors that can activate or inhibit the NALCN channels depending on the neurotransmitter that binds the receptor and the specific signaling pathway that is involved. Activation of M3 muscarinic receptors by acetylcholine and NK1 by Substance P significantly increases NALCN currents, while activation of CaSR by calcium stops the flow of the currents. Since NALCN sodium leak channels may contribute to the depolarization of neurons, their regulation by G-protein coupled receptors may be vital for the alteration of bursting and breathing rhythms.
Calcium-activated non-specific cation current (ICAN)
Other inward currents that help generate intrinsic spiking and bursting in pacemaker neurons are the calcium current and calcium-activated nonspecific currents (ICAN). When a neuron becomes depolarized, voltage gated calcium channels become activated and calcium is able to flow into the cell which usually leads to the release of neurotransmitters. Calcium-sensitive dyes have shown that internal concentrations of calcium increase during bursts. The activation of different calcium channels has distinct effects on the activity of neurons in the pre-Bötzinger complex. L-type calcium channels are known to increase the frequency of action potentials in some neurons, which might be the reason calcium influx through these channels has been observed during the augmentation when tissues have low levels of oxygen. P/Q-type calcium channels are mainly responsible for the release of neurotransmitters that excite, or activate, postsynaptic neurons. Studies have shown that blockage of these channels leads to the inhibition of sighs, which indicates calcium flow through these channels is necessary for sighs. Other research has also suggested that calcium flow through N-type calcium channels is essential for normal breathing, and is responsible for the activation of calcium-dependent potassium channels. Calcium-activated nonselective cation currents are important for the intrinsic spiking and bursting activity in CS pacemaker neurons. Metabotropic glutamate 1/5 receptors appear to be important for the increase in intracellular calcium that activate ICAN. The initial burst in a neuron usually leads to the activation of the transient sodium current and the several types of calcium currents. These currents depolarize the cell further enough to activate NMDA receptors and ICAN, which helps cell regenerate its bursts.
The ratio between inward and outward currents helps determine the activity of pacemaker neurons in the pre-Bötzinger complex. The major outward currents involved in the regulation of neuron activity are potassium currents. Although the exact role of potassium currents is still being investigated, it appears that potassium and sodium leak currents are crucial for the rhythmicity of the pre-Bötzinger complex. Transient A-type potassium currents are more common in neurons that are involved in the inspiration process. When A-type potassium currents were blocked with 4-AP in slices of the pre-Bötzinger complex, synchronized bursts in inspiratory neurons was affected as well as communication with hypoglossal motor pools that help regulate breathing. This suggests that transient A-type potassium currents are needed for the synchronized bursts in inspiratory neurons and for effective respiratory control. Other potassium channels like large conductance calcium-dependent potassium channels and sodium chloride dependent potassium channels appear to end burst potentials in neurons. Moreover, ATP-dependent potassium channels help neurons detect changes in energy or oxygen levels to modify breathing patterns. These channels are activated by decreases in ATP, which suggests they provide the needed hyperpolarization during hypoxia.
Neuromodulation of preBötC rhythmicity
Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.
Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes. An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in in vitro preparations from 0- to 7-day-old mice. Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14- to 21-day-old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and sudden infant death syndrome.
The complex regulation of respiratory rhythm involves the integration of multiple signaling molecules and the activation of numerous diverse metabotropic and ionotropic receptors. These include norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, substance P, ATP, TRH, somatostatin, dopamine, endorphins, and adenosine, which in turn activate g-protein coupled receptors to produce the diverse responses mediated by the pre-Bötzinger complex.
Nonpacemaker and pacemaker neurons involved in inspiration are stimulated by NE. They are found within the pre-BötC and act via alpha-1, alpha-2, and beta-noradrenergic mechanisms. NE induces ICAN-dependent bursting in active nonpacemakers and depolarizes CI pacemakers, increasing the frequency of their bursting. In CS pacemakers, NE increases only the amplitude of the depolarizing drive potential and the number of action potentials during the burst, but does not affect the burst frequency in CS pacemakers, unlike in CI pacemakers.
Serotonergic neurons are also involved in breathing systems. Their actions are diverse and dependent upon the activity level and species of the animal. Serotonin plays a critical role in altering the pacemaker neurons involved in gasping and normal respiratory activity. Blocking of the 5-HT2 receptor eliminates the bursts occurring in the pacemaker neurons and leads to the abolishing of gasps. The blocking of this receptor is therefore problematic, especially in SIDS, because gasping is an important mechanism involved in autoresuscitation. A lack of serotonin binding to the serotonin receptor 2 leads to the inability to autoresuscitation due to the lack of drive for gasping.
Substance P, a peptidergic modulator, also plays a role in neuromodulation of the pre-BötC. It is often coreleased with other neurotransmitters. Substance P activates the inspiratory frequency at the level of the network and behavioral systems. Cellularly, substance P is involved in the depolarization of nonpacemaker neurons slowly, causing an increase in action potential firing rate. The neuropeptide can also activate CS pacemakers and less dramatically, CI pacemakers. This leads to an increase in burst amplitude, frequency, and duration. When Substance P is coreleased with serotonin, it plays a crucial role in hypoxic response. This occurs because substance P stabilizes the respiratory rhythm through depolarization of neurons and activation of Pacemaker neurons.
Acetylcholine plays an important modulatory role on the respiratory system by altering nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. The suppression of muscarinic receptors and the activation of nicotinic receptors due to prenatal exposure to nicotine have been linked to SIDS. This is due to the reduction of excitatory synaptic transmission in a nucleus and increased excitability in motor neurons caused by nicotinic activation.
Many other neuromodulators have roles in respiration. The aforementioned are simply three examples.
Homeostatic changes in preBötC rhythmicity
Investigation of the respiratory response to Acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH), repeated episodes of hypoxia, reveals connection to various breathing disorders, such as Rett syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea. AIH leads to persistent increases in respiratory frequency and amplitude of integrated motor neuronal bursts in vivo. These changes lasting for 90 minutes or longer are termed long-term facilitation (LTF). AIH causes homeostatic changes in multiple sites of the respiratory system; the pre-BötC is likely the site for the LTF, since intermittent hypoxia causes an increase in persistent frequency after ongoing hypoxia. The respiratory system is regulated by multiple forms of long-term synaptic plasticity. The role of synaptic inhibition has been proved widespread and critical within the expiratory Botzinger complex respiratory network, through cross-correlation and antidromic mapping techniques. The inhibitory connections discovered indicate their ability to connect different classes of neurons, their importance in regulating the interval of inspiration, and their ability to control driving potential of respiratory neurons. These characteristics show the interaction between the parafacial respiratory group and the pre-Bötzinger complex, which allows for active expiration to be produced by synaptic inhibition within the respiratory network. Synaptic inhibition is critical for allowing the pre-Bötzinger complex to communicate with other respiratory centers in order to generate respiratory activity.
Glycinergic and GABAergic inhibitory neurons make up half of all inspiratory neurons. Exposure of the pre-Bötzinger complex to these inhibitory neurotransmitters results in the rhythmic nature associated with respiration. Blocking this inhibition from Glycine or GABA causes its neurons to be incapable of switching from the active phase to the inspiration phase, demonstrated by shorter inspiratory activity (as seen in vivo). However, the absence of inhibitory synapses still resulted in rhythmic respiratory activity in vitro and in situ. This is largely due to the fact that respiratory rhythm results from numerous aspects, with synaptic inhibition playing only a single part.
AMPA receptorIn addition to the inhibitory synaptic regulation of respiratory rhythm within the pre-Bötzinger complex, there is also an excitatory component utilizing mostly AMPA receptors. The generation of inspirations is due to a signaling cascade involving transient Ca2+ influx as a result of glutamate activating a postsynaptic receptor. In addition to glutamates role in activating the synaptic drive of inspiration, it is also understood that pacemaker neurons, with autonomous voltage-dependent properties, are also responsible for the generation of respiratory rhythm. Evidence of this is seen when isolating neurons within the pre-Bötzinger complex, which results in rhythmic bursts due to synaptically coupled micronetworks.
However, the generation of respiratory rhythm requires other excitatory components, such as glutamate, in order to produce a wide range of behavioral functions including eupneic and sigh activity. The pre-Bötzinger complex is responsible for generating the wide variety of components that make up the respiratory rhythm. The accomplishment of these precise activities requires distinct neuron populations that overlap to allow the generation of different respiratory actions. Eupneic activity is generated using the excitatory mechanism through the NMDA glutamate receptor. Sighs have a differential generation originating from pacemaker neurons. The pre-Bötzinger complex is capable of generating differential rhythmic activities due to the intricate integration of modulatory, synaptic, and intrinsic properties of the neurons involved.
Oxygen sensing
In addition to its involvement in generating respiratory rhythm, the pre-Bötzinger complex is also capable of integrating sensory information from changes in the biochemical environment, particularly oxygen. The capability to detect focal hypoxia causes an excitatory response in the motor output responsible for respiration, which causes alterations in the firing pattern of neurons within the pre-Bötzinger complex. Among these changes are the transition of a fully integrated network involving complex networks and autonomous mechanisms, to a system dependent on the activity of pacemaker neurons through sodium current activation. Hypoxia results in gasping due to the increased dependence on the sodium current and the overlap in networks between the generation of respiratory rhythm and intrinsic oxygen sensitization.
Pathologies and the preBötC
Disturbances in neuromodulatory processes acting on ion channels, receptors, and second messengers have been associated with numerous pathophysiological conditions, such as Rett syndrome and sudden infant death syndrome.
Rhythmic breathing continuously adapts to posture, activity level, speech, and can reveal whether someone is calm, agitated, or scared. Plasticity of the mechanisms involved in respiratory behavior is modulated in part by the preBötC. Disruption causes irreversible loss or major disruption of breathing in vivo. The frequency and amplitude change according to the behavioral and metabolic demands of the organism it controls. Breathing is thus extremely sensitive to the internal state of the organism.
Associated diseases
Rett syndrome
Sleep apnea
See also
Control of respiration
Ventral respiratory group
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^ Abdala AP, Rybak IA, Smith JC, Zoccal DB, Machado BH, St-John WM, Paton JF (August 2009). "Multiple pontomedullary mechanisms of respiratory rhythmogenesis". Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology. 168 (1–2): 19–25. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2009.06.011. PMC 2734878. PMID 19540366.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Ramirez JM, Doi A, Garcia AJ, Elsen FP, Koch H, Wei AD (2012). "The cellular building blocks of breathing". Vol. 2. pp. 2683–2731. doi:10.1002/cphy.c110033. ISBN 9780470650714. PMC 3684023. PMID 23720262. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ Stafstrom CE (2007). "Persistent sodium current and its role in epilepsy". Epilepsy Currents. 7 (1): 15–22. doi:10.1111/j.1535-7511.2007.00156.x. PMC 1797888. PMID 17304346.
^ Peña F, Ramirez JM (December 2002). "Endogenous activation of serotonin-2A receptors is required for respiratory rhythm generation in vitro". The Journal of Neuroscience. 22 (24): 11055–11064. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-24-11055.2002. PMC 6758407. PMID 12486201.
^ Mayer CA, Haxhiu MA, Martin RJ, Wilson CG (January 2006). "Adenosine A2A receptors mediate GABAergic inhibition of respiration in immature rats". Journal of Applied Physiology. 100 (1): 91–97. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00459.2005. PMID 16141383.
^ Vandam RJ, Shields EJ, Kelty JD (October 2008). "Rhythm generation by the pre-Bötzinger complex in medullary slice and island preparations: effects of adenosine A(1) receptor activation". BMC Neuroscience. 9: 95. doi:10.1186/1471-2202-9-95. PMC 2567986. PMID 18826652.
^ Kuwana S, Tsunekawa N, Yanagawa Y, Okada Y, Kuribayashi J, Obata K (February 2006). "Electrophysiological and morphological characteristics of GABAergic respiratory neurons in the mouse pre-Bötzinger complex". The European Journal of Neuroscience. 23 (3): 667–674. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04591.x. PMID 16487148. S2CID 21509969.
vteRespiratory physiologyRespiration
breath
inhalation
exhalation
obligate nasal breathing
respiratory rate
respirometer
pulmonary surfactant
compliance
elastic recoil
hysteresivity
airway resistance
bronchial
hyperresponsiveness
constriction
dilatation
mechanical ventilation
Control
pons
pneumotaxic center
apneustic center
medulla
dorsal respiratory group
ventral respiratory group
chemoreceptors
central
peripheral
pulmonary stretch receptors
Hering–Breuer reflex
Lung volumes
VC
FRC
Vt
dead space
CC
PEF
calculations
respiratory minute volume
FEV1/FVC ratio
Lung function tests
spirometry
body plethysmography
peak flow meter
nitrogen washout
Circulation
pulmonary circulation
hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction
pulmonary shunt
Interactions
ventilation (V)
Perfusion (Q)
Ventilation/perfusion ratio
V/Q scan
zones of the lung
gas exchange
pulmonary gas pressures
alveolar gas equation
alveolar–arterial gradient
hemoglobin
oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve (Oxygen saturation
2,3-BPG
Bohr effect
Haldane effect)
carbonic anhydrase (chloride shift)
oxyhemoglobin
respiratory quotient
arterial blood gas
diffusion capacity (DLCO)
Insufficiency
high altitude
death zone
oxygen toxicity
hypoxia
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"obex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obex"}],"text":"The preBötC is approximately colocated with the hypoglossal (XII) cranial motor nucleus as well as the ‘loop’ portion of the inferior olive in the anterior-posterior axis. The caudal border of the preBötC is slightly caudal to the obex, where the brainstem merges with the cervical spinal cord.","title":"Pre-Bötzinger complex"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid1683005-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid1683005-1"},{"link_name":"Silvaner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvaner"},{"link_name":"click here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p03j049b"}],"text":"The initial description of the preBötC was widely disseminated in a 1991 paper in Science,[1] but its discovery predates that paper by one year.[2] The team was led by Jack L. Feldman and Jeffrey C. Smith at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), but the Science paper [1] also included UCLA coauthor Howard Ellenberger, as well as Klaus Ballanyi and Diethelm W. Richter from Göttingen University in Germany. The region derives its name from a neighboring medullary region involved in expiratory breathing rhythm dubbed Bötzinger complex, which was named after the Silvaner (Bötzinger) variety of wine, featured at the conference at which that region was named (click here to hear a BBC interview with Jack Feldman on the topic of Bötzinger / preBötzinger nomenclature).","title":"Discovery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neuraxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuraxis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The first definition of the preBötC was based largely on functional criteria. If the central neuraxis from pons to lumbar spinal cord is removed from a newborn rodent, then basic neural motor patterns can be generated and recorded using microelectrodes in vitro. The breathing rhythm emerges spontaneously with robust and continuous motor activity measurable on any cranial or spinal motor nerve that innervates breathing related musculature.[3][4]By isolating a rhythmically active newborn rat brainstem-spinal cord in a microsectioning vibratome, Smith and colleagues performed a series of 75 μm-thick transverse sections while monitoring inspiratory-related motor rhythms. The preBötC represented the portion of the ventral-lateral lower brainstem that was necessary and sufficient to generate inspiratory related rhythm and motor output in vitro. Surprisingly, if microsections were applied from the anterior and posterior regions of the neuraxis simultaneously, a transverse section of thickness ~500 μm – which retained the preBötC and XII motoneurons – generated a rhythm and motor pattern that was almost identical to the rhythm and pattern in the full brainstem-spinal cord preparation. Perturbations that elevated excitability in preBötC sped up respiratory rhythm, whereas perturbations that depressed its excitability slowed the rhythm down. The authors concluded that these preBötC-retaining slice preparations preserved the core network generating inspiratory rhythm as well as premotor and motor neurons that define a minimal breathing-related circuit suitable for studies under controlled conditions in vitro. Breathing slices became a widely exploited preparation for such studies that continue to be used by laboratories worldwide to the present day.[5]","title":"Functional definition of the preBötC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto4-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-20"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto3-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-11"},{"link_name":"fruit fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Anatomical observations advanced understanding of the preBötC by providing specific markers expressed by its constituent neurons, which helped understand its approximate borders. The superset of markers is based largely on neuropeptides and peptide receptors, whose expression patterns have come to define the borders of preBötC and its constituent rhythm-generating and output pattern-related interneurons . preBötC neurons selectively express neurokinin-1 receptors (NK1Rs), μ-opioid receptors (μORs), as well as somatostatin (SST) and SST2a-type receptors.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12] Of course, selectively does not mean exclusively or entirely. Each marker has limitations as a defining feature of the preBötC core, but generally speaking, the neuropeptide-related markers below have proved to be both reliable and of great utility in the quest to define preBötC structure and function.Peptide markers have been used to probe preBötC function. Substance P (SP) accelerated inspiratory rhythms in vitro [6][13][14][15][16] by depolarizing putatively rhythmogenic preBötC neurons. SP also depolarized preBötC neurons whose function is premotor-related, i.e., those neurons transmit the nascent inspiratory rhythm to motoneurons outside the preBötC.[17][18] The net result was that SP sped up the rhythm and elevated the baseline level neural activity in XII nerve recordings in vitro.The expression of NK1Rs by preBötC neurons was used to test its inspiratory rhythm-generating, role. SP, conjugated to the ribosomal toxin saporin, was injected into the preBötC of adult rats. Over the course of a week, this intervention caused progressive breathing deficits that ultimately resulted in severely pathological (i.e., ataxic) breathing.[19][20] SP-saporin-injected rats also experienced sleep deficits and extraordinary sensitivity to anesthesia.[21]Expression of μORs appear to be less widespread than NK1Rs among constituent preBötC neurons. Although expressed somewhat more sparsely, the application of μOR agonists like [D-Ala2, NMe-Phe4, Gly-ol5]-enkephalin (i.e., DAMGO) potently slowed the inspiratory rhythm. Note, this observation in vitro presaged the 2010-2020's crisis of opioid-drug related deaths by respiratory failure, which are attributable in large part to depression of rhythm-generating function in the preBötC (but also see:[22][23]).In the late 1980s and early 1990s, following discovery of the preBötC, in vitro preparations from neonates were not yet widely accepted as experimental models of the respiratory neural control system in adults. Some groups argued that in vitro rhythms reflected gasping rather than breathing,[24] despite the fact that in vitro preparations, show physiological levels of oxygen and pH even several hundred micrometers below the surface of the tissue.[25][26] Thus, the SP-saporin experiments [21][19][20] were critical for showing that the preBötC was necessary for normal breathing in un-anesthetized adult animals.Nevertheless, one is confronted with a disparity of motor patterns. The pattern of phrenic or XII nerve activity in vitro shows an abrupt onset followed by a decremental pattern, whereas in vivo the inspiratory motor nerves typically show an incremental onset followed by a more precipitous offset. The differences in the motor patterns measured in adults in vivo and those of in vitro preparations can be explained age- and development-related differences, the loss of mechanical sensory feedback in vitro , and the temperature (in vitro preparations are typically maintained ~10 °C lower than physiological temperature).[3]SST and SST2a receptors are expressed by neurons in the preBötC. Unlike NK1R expression, which remains rather strong in regions caudal to the preBötC within the cervical spinal cord,[9] SST expression appears to peak in the anterior-posterior axis at the region recognized as the preBötC.[11] Could SST-expressing preBötC neurons be markers for the preBötC core? Investigators installed in the preBötC a peptide receptor from fruit fly, adapted for expression in mammals, that activates potassium channels. Whether awake or anesthetized, activation of those potassium channel-linked receptors in SST-expressing neurons of the preBötC reduced breathing movements, both their amplitude and frequency, and ultimately caused apnea, i.e., a lack of breathing. The exogenous peptide that activates the fly receptor was ultimately cleared from the central nervous system: injected rats nonetheless needed mechanical ventilation until they recovered from the experiment.[27] Subsequent studies examined the underlying cellular mechanisms and have come to the conclusion that preBötC neurons expressing SST are related to transmission of the rhythm from core rhythmogenic neurons to premotor neurons inspiratory neurons. The SST “output” neurons are intermingled in the preBötC with rhythm-generating neurons, and their function is to coactivate and pass on inspiratory rhythm to dedicated premotor populations outside of the preBötC.[28][29]Other markers for the preBötC include peptide hormone thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and the glycoprotein reelin.[30][31]In summary, the preBötC is the source of rhythmic activity that – once distributed to premotor and motoneurons of respiratory muscles – produces inspiratory breathing movements. The neurons that comprise the preBötC express NK1Rs, μORs, SST2a receptors, and SST. Each of these markers holds functional significance for modulation of preBötC rhythmicity, and their expression delineates the borders of the preBötC. SP accelerated inspiratory rhythms measured in vitro and ablation of NK1R-expressing preBötC neurons caused severe pathologies of breathing that were ultimately fatal. The μORs also map the preBötC and opioid drugs depress breathing rhythms, which is further evidence of the preeminent rhythmogenic role of the preBötC. SST is a peptide transmitter rather than a receptor, but its expression also maps the preBötC. SST-expressing neurons are breathing essential, but their role is linked to the production of motor output rather than generation of rhythm per se.","title":"Anatomic definition of the preBötC"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cellular composition of the preBötC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Excitatory (glutamatergic) neurons","text":"The rhythm-generating core of preBötC incorporates glutamatergic interneurons that express the gene Slc17a6 (i.e., Vglut2). preBötC glutamatergic neurons also express NK1Rs and μORs, but probably not SST. Pharmacological studies showed that excitatory transmission, predominantly via AMPA- and kainate-type ionotropic glutamate receptors were essential for rhythm generation as well as transmission to premotor neurons and ultimately motor output.[32][33] Furthermore, Vglut2-knockout mice fail to breathe at birth. Transverse slices from late-stage embryos of Vglut2-knockout mice fail to generate rhythmic activity in the preBötC. Nevertheless, the cellular composition of the preBötC appears relatively unperturbed and constituent neurons express electrical properties associated with the preBötC in early postnatal mice, which emphasizes the importance of excitatory synaptic interactions for rhythm generation.[34]","title":"Cellular composition of the preBötC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-28"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-40"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-36"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-43"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Dbx1-derived neurons","text":"A subset of preBötC glutamatergic neurons are derived from progenitor cells that express transcription factor Dbx1 (developing brain homeobox 1) during embryonic development. In slices from early postnatal Dbx1 reporter mice, Dbx1-derived preBötC neurons are rhythmically active in vitro in sync with inspiratory rhythm and motor output. Examined histologically, Dbx1-derived preBötC neurons express NK1Rs, μORs, SST2a receptors, as well as SST.[35][36] Also in slices from postnatal Dbx1 reporter mice, the selective photonic ablation of Dbx1-derived preBötC neurons diminishes XII motor output magnitude and decelerates then irreversibly stops the XII rhythm.[37] In adult mice that express light-sensitive cation channels (channelrhodopsin 2) in Dbx1-derived neurons, optogenetic photostimulation speeds up breathing and increases tidal volume of the breaths. Mice expressing proton pumps (archaerhodopsin) in Dbx1-derived preBötC neurons slows or stops breathing movements. When the breathing is slowed via photoinhibition of Dbx1-derived preBötC neurons, the tidal volume of the breaths is diminished.[28][38][39][40]Dbx1 is a useful marker for the core preBötC neurons, but with caveats. First, Dbx1 is expressed during embryonic development,[35][36][41] which makes it more challenging (though far from impossible [42][43]) to use as a marker or a tool to manipulate neuronal function compared to genes like Vglut2 that are expressed throughout life. Second, Dbx1, like Vglut2, marks output-related preBötC neurons as well as premotor neurons in the reticular formation that transmit to the hypoglossal motoneurons and phrenic premotor neurons upper cervical spinal cord.[44] Third, Dbx1 is an embryonic transcription factor that governs the development of many populations in the brain and central nervous system, notably the V0 interneuron class involved in locomotion.[45] Nevertheless, Dbx1 expression patterns can be mapped using Cre-Lox recombination in genetically modified mice to find and record preBötC core rhythmogenic interneurons.[42][43][46]","title":"Cellular composition of the preBötC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto4-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-10"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-55"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-40"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-55"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-40"}],"sub_title":"Inhibitory (GABA- and glycinergic) neurons","text":"Approximately half of preBötC interneurons are inhibitory, glycinergic or GABAergic.[47][48][49][50][51] Inhibitory preBötC neurons modulate the amplitude as well as the frequency of the rhythmic inspiratory bursts.[52][53] These inhibitory populations receive sensorimotor information from the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), located in the dorsomedial medulla near the XII motor nucleus and the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus. Inhibitory neurons project to core rhythmogenic preBötC neurons.[8][10][54] During normal breathing, inhibitory neurons in the preBötC are recruited periodically during each breath to hasten inspiratory termination. That role profoundly influences phase transition from inspiration to post-inspiration, then expiration, and that speeds up breathing cycles.[55][40] Without preBötC inhibitory microcircuits, the breathing rhythm is slower overall and 'stiff' in the sense that its oscillation stabilizes even when faced with normally effective respiratory drive like CO2 or SP.[55][40] Inhibitory preBötC neurons also inhibit neurons involved in generating expiratory (exhale-related) rhythm to enforce an exclusively inspiratory phase when the preBötC is active.","title":"Cellular composition of the preBötC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tidal volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_volume"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-60"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-62"},{"link_name":"glutamatergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamatergic"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-name-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-62"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"}],"text":"The preBötC produces two types of breathing rhythm in the presence of physiological levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide. In eupnea, or normal resting breathing, the preBötC generates a rhythm that is relatively fast (~2–4 Hz in rodents, ~0.1-0.2 Hz in humans) with each breath achieving a tidal volume of air movement. Sigh breaths, on the other hand, are much slower (cycle periods range from 1-4 min−1 in mammals) with breath amplitudes being two or three-fold larger than tidal volume.[56][57][58] Both eupnea and sigh rhythms are generated within the pre-Bötzinger complex and both eupnea and sigh bursts can be recorded in rhythmically active brain-slices containing the pre-BotC.[59] Robust sigh rhythmicity in slices requires that the slice retain some tissue immediately rostral to preBötC,[60] which contains the cut axons from a rostral site at the level of the Facial (VII) cranial nucleus that projects to preBötC and delivers bombesin-like peptides, namely Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) and Neuromedin-B (NMB).[61] Producing both inspiratory (eupnea-related) and sigh bursts appears to involve the majority of excitatory neurons in the preBötC [59][60] (although see [62]). However, each type of rhythmic activity appears to depend on different mechanisms. The sigh rhythm depends on synaptic mechanisms that involve P/Q type calcium channels, suggesting there is a subset of neurons with specialized synapses for this type of rhythm generation since only a very small number of respiratory neurons receive glutamatergic inputs that depend on P/Q type calcium currents, or emphasizing the need for calcium influx to produce sighs.[63][64][62] The sigh burst rhythm also depends on mGluR8 receptor activation.[65][66] Further, whether the preBötC network generates a predominantly eupneic rhythm or sigh rhythm appears to depend on acetylcholine modulation (muscarinic acetylcholine receptor activity (mAChR) PMID 18287547. A subset of preBotC neurons active during sigh, but not eupnea, so-called 'sigh-only' neurons has been identified PMID 18287547. Additionally, a different subset of preBotC neurons has been identified that have rhythmogenic bursting properties that even after being synaptically isolated, appear to intrinsically generate both eupneic and sigh-like rhythms PMID 18287547; similar to network behavior, whether these neurons generate eupneic or sigh-like activity depends on mAChR activation. The above studies suggest both intrinsic and synaptic mechanisms contribute to eupneic and sigh rhythmogenesis.","title":"Eupnea and sigh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"augmentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic_augmentation"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-name-63"},{"link_name":"synaptic inhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic_inhibition"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"sub_title":"Gasping","text":"Under low levels of oxygen, the preBötC rearranges its activity, to generate a rhythmic gasping-related pattern. The gasping rhythm is proposed to play a critical role in autoresuscitation, failure of which may contribute to, or underlie, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Gasping-related rhythmic bursts of neural activity generated by the preBötC are characterized by faster rise time and shorter duration than eupnea, and gasp-activity occurs a lower frequency than eupnea.[67] When under a low oxygenated state (hypoxia) the respiratory network responds by transitioning into an augmentation followed by a depression phase, controlled in the pre-BötC.[63] During the depression phase, the inspiratory burst changes from an augmenting bell-shaped burst to a decrementing burst, a primary feature of gasping. Neuronal discharge patterns are altered during the depressed synaptic inhibition, evidence of a rearrangement of the network, presumably attributable to changes in synaptic connectivity strengths as well as modifications in the intrinsic properties of rhythmogenic preBötC neurons.[68] Excitatory neuromodulators, including serotonin (a.k.a. 5-HT) acting via 5-HT type 2a receptors PMID: 16525041 and norepinephrine acting via alpha-2 receptors PMID: 21615559 likely play an important role in activating persistent sodium-dependent rythmogenic mechanisms proposed to underlie gasping activity.In summary, the preBötC gives rise to more than one breathing-related rhythm: inspiratory (eupnea), sigh, and gasping. This single neuronal network can create multiple respiratory rhythmic patterns and is by itself both necessary and sufficient to generate these respiratory rhythms.","title":"Eupnea and sigh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"medulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medulla_oblongata"},{"link_name":"synapses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapse"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"neuronal networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronal_networks"},{"link_name":"rostral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Superior_and_inferior"},{"link_name":"caudal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudal_(anatomical_term)"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"cerebellum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebellum"},{"link_name":"neocortex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neocortex"},{"link_name":"periaqueductal gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periaqueductal_gray"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-51"}],"text":"Located within the ventrolateral medulla, the pre-Bötzinger complex contains subnetworks that hold distinct synapses and intrinsic membrane properties.[69] In mammals, the respiratory network system and the nuclei controlling breathing modulation are found along the neuronal axis. The neuronal networks involved in respiratory function are located in the ventral respiratory column (VRC). From rostral to caudal, these networks include the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group complex (RTN/pFRG) [70][71] the Bötzinger complex,[72][73][74] the preBötzinger complex (preBötC), as well as the rostral and the caudal divisions of the ventral respiratory group (rVRG and cVRG).[75] The dorsal pons, including the Kölliker-Fuse[76] and the parabrachial nuclei, play an important role in respiratory control and rhythm generation. Other areas that aid in breathing control are the cerebellum, neocortex, and the periaqueductal gray (speech and breathing), although the mechanisms are not yet well explained. Mononsynaptic projections to the preBötC have been mapped.[77] Efferent projections from the preBötC to other respiratory and non-respiratory sites throughout the brain and central nervous system have been mapped too.[78][51]","title":"Neighboring respiratory sites and nuclei"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17925248-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17913982-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19193773-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid19540366-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buildingblocks-83"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-name-63"}],"text":"The exact mechanism of the rhythm generation and transmission to motor nuclei remains controversial and the topic of much research [79][80][81][82][83][63]","title":"Mechanism of rhythm generation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ionic currents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"currents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_current"},{"link_name":"action potentials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potential"},{"link_name":"bursts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursting"},{"link_name":"sodium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buildingblocks-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-persistentsodiumcurrent-84"},{"link_name":"membrane potentials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_potential"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buildingblocks-83"}],"sub_title":"Persistent sodium current (INaP)","text":"There are several inward currents that are proposed to help produce action potentials and bursts in pacemaker neurons. There are two main voltage dependent sodium currents that contribute to the depolarization and firing of action potentials in neurons. The fast and transient sodium current produces a large depolarization that fires the initial action potential in neurons, however this current is quickly inactivated and does not help maintain bursting activity in neurons.[83] To achieve bursts, a persistent sodium current provides enough depolarization to facilitate the firing of action potentials during a burst.[84] Unlike the fast and transient sodium current, the persistent sodium current (INaP) is activated at very low membrane potentials and has a much slower inactivation, which allows neurons to intrinsically fire action potentials at sub-threshold membrane potentials.[83] Studies have shown that the inactivation of this persistent sodium current helps end bursts in pacemaker neurons. The amount of time it takes for INaP to become activated again establishes the timeframe between each burst. The neuron can receive synaptic inputs and different amounts of inward and outward currents to regulate the time between each burst, which ultimately helps generate a specific breathing pattern.","title":"Ionic currents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buildingblocks-83"},{"link_name":"G protein–coupled receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G_protein%E2%80%93coupled_receptor"},{"link_name":"muscarinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic"}],"sub_title":"NALCN","text":"NALCN sodium leak channels have been hypothesized to give rise to an inward current that may play an important role in the modulation of bursting and spiking activity.[83] These nonselective cation channels may provide a voltage-independent sodium current that also helps slightly depolarize neurons. The channels are regulated by G protein–coupled receptors that can activate or inhibit the NALCN channels depending on the neurotransmitter that binds the receptor and the specific signaling pathway that is involved. Activation of M3 muscarinic receptors by acetylcholine and NK1 by Substance P significantly increases NALCN currents, while activation of CaSR by calcium stops the flow of the currents. Since NALCN sodium leak channels may contribute to the depolarization of neurons, their regulation by G-protein coupled receptors may be vital for the alteration of bursting and breathing rhythms.","title":"Ionic currents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buildingblocks-83"},{"link_name":"calcium channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_channels"},{"link_name":"L-type calcium channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-type_calcium_channel"},{"link_name":"augmentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic_augmentation"},{"link_name":"N-type calcium channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-type_calcium_channel"},{"link_name":"Metabotropic glutamate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor"},{"link_name":"NMDA receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_receptor"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buildingblocks-83"},{"link_name":"4-AP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-AP"},{"link_name":"hypoglossal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoglossal_nerve"},{"link_name":"motor pools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_pool_(neuroscience)"},{"link_name":"potassium channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_channels"},{"link_name":"hypoxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)"}],"sub_title":"Calcium-activated non-specific cation current (ICAN)","text":"Other inward currents that help generate intrinsic spiking and bursting in pacemaker neurons are the calcium current and calcium-activated nonspecific currents (ICAN).[83] When a neuron becomes depolarized, voltage gated calcium channels become activated and calcium is able to flow into the cell which usually leads to the release of neurotransmitters. Calcium-sensitive dyes have shown that internal concentrations of calcium increase during bursts. The activation of different calcium channels has distinct effects on the activity of neurons in the pre-Bötzinger complex. L-type calcium channels are known to increase the frequency of action potentials in some neurons, which might be the reason calcium influx through these channels has been observed during the augmentation when tissues have low levels of oxygen. P/Q-type calcium channels are mainly responsible for the release of neurotransmitters that excite, or activate, postsynaptic neurons. Studies have shown that blockage of these channels leads to the inhibition of sighs, which indicates calcium flow through these channels is necessary for sighs. Other research has also suggested that calcium flow through N-type calcium channels is essential for normal breathing, and is responsible for the activation of calcium-dependent potassium channels. Calcium-activated nonselective cation currents are important for the intrinsic spiking and bursting activity in CS pacemaker neurons. Metabotropic glutamate 1/5 receptors appear to be important for the increase in intracellular calcium that activate ICAN. The initial burst in a neuron usually leads to the activation of the transient sodium current and the several types of calcium currents. These currents depolarize the cell further enough to activate NMDA receptors and ICAN, which helps cell regenerate its bursts.The ratio between inward and outward currents helps determine the activity of pacemaker neurons in the pre-Bötzinger complex. The major outward currents involved in the regulation of neuron activity are potassium currents.[83] Although the exact role of potassium currents is still being investigated, it appears that potassium and sodium leak currents are crucial for the rhythmicity of the pre-Bötzinger complex. Transient A-type potassium currents are more common in neurons that are involved in the inspiration process. When A-type potassium currents were blocked with 4-AP in slices of the pre-Bötzinger complex, synchronized bursts in inspiratory neurons was affected as well as communication with hypoglossal motor pools that help regulate breathing. This suggests that transient A-type potassium currents are needed for the synchronized bursts in inspiratory neurons and for effective respiratory control. Other potassium channels like large conductance calcium-dependent potassium channels and sodium chloride dependent potassium channels appear to end burst potentials in neurons. Moreover, ATP-dependent potassium channels help neurons detect changes in energy or oxygen levels to modify breathing patterns. These channels are activated by decreases in ATP, which suggests they provide the needed hyperpolarization during hypoxia.","title":"Ionic currents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"agonists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonists"},{"link_name":"antagonists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Receptor_antagonist"},{"link_name":"GABA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABA"},{"link_name":"glutamate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate"},{"link_name":"serotonin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"adenosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine"},{"link_name":"A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_A1_receptor"},{"link_name":"A2A receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A2A_receptor"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16141383-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18826652-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16487148-88"},{"link_name":"A2A receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A2A_receptor"},{"link_name":"CGS-21680","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGS-21680"},{"link_name":"apnea of prematurity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apnea_of_prematurity"},{"link_name":"sudden infant death syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudden_infant_death_syndrome"},{"link_name":"metabotropic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabotropic"},{"link_name":"ionotropic receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionotropic_receptors"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buildingblocks-83"},{"link_name":"acetylcholine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylcholine"},{"link_name":"ATP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate"},{"link_name":"TRH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRH"},{"link_name":"somatostatin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatostatin"},{"link_name":"dopamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine"},{"link_name":"endorphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorphins"},{"link_name":"adenosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine"},{"link_name":"g-protein coupled receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-protein_coupled_receptors"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-name-63"},{"link_name":"alpha-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-1_adrenergic_receptor"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-name-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-name-63"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buildingblocks-83"},{"link_name":"5-HT2 receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-HT2_receptor"},{"link_name":"Substance P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_P"},{"link_name":"neuromodulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromodulation"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-name-63"},{"link_name":"depolarization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depolarization"},{"link_name":"neuropeptide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropeptide"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buildingblocks-83"},{"link_name":"nicotinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buildingblocks-83"},{"link_name":"neuromodulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromodulators"}],"text":"Several synthetic compounds have been shown to act on neurons specific to the preBötC, most being selective agonists or antagonists to receptor subtypes on neurons in the vicinity. Since many of these neurons express GABA, glutamate, serotonin[85] and adenosine receptors, chemicals custom tailored to bind at these sites are most effective at altering respiratory rhythm.Adenosine modulates the preBötC output via activation of the A1 and A2A receptor subtypes.[86][87] An adenosine A1 receptor agonist has been shown to depress preBötC rhythmogenesis independent of the neurotransmitters GABA and glycine in in vitro preparations from 0- to 7-day-old mice.[88] Another synthetic drug specific to the adenosine A2A receptor subtype is CGS-21680 that has been shown to cause apneas in 14- to 21-day-old rat pups in vivo. For this reason, it has been used as a model to study pathological conditions such as apnea of prematurity and sudden infant death syndrome.The complex regulation of respiratory rhythm involves the integration of multiple signaling molecules and the activation of numerous diverse metabotropic and ionotropic receptors.[83] These include norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, substance P, ATP, TRH, somatostatin, dopamine, endorphins, and adenosine, which in turn activate g-protein coupled receptors to produce the diverse responses mediated by the pre-Bötzinger complex.Nonpacemaker and pacemaker neurons involved in inspiration are stimulated by NE.[63] They are found within the pre-BötC and act via alpha-1, alpha-2, and beta-noradrenergic mechanisms. NE induces ICAN-dependent bursting in active nonpacemakers and depolarizes CI pacemakers, increasing the frequency of their bursting. In CS pacemakers, NE increases only the amplitude of the depolarizing drive potential and the number of action potentials during the burst,[63] but does not affect the burst frequency in CS pacemakers, unlike in CI pacemakers.Serotonergic neurons are also involved in breathing systems.[63] Their actions are diverse and dependent upon the activity level and species of the animal. Serotonin plays a critical role in altering the pacemaker neurons involved in gasping and normal respiratory activity.[83] Blocking of the 5-HT2 receptor eliminates the bursts occurring in the pacemaker neurons and leads to the abolishing of gasps. The blocking of this receptor is therefore problematic, especially in SIDS, because gasping is an important mechanism involved in autoresuscitation. A lack of serotonin binding to the serotonin receptor 2 leads to the inability to autoresuscitation due to the lack of drive for gasping.Substance P, a peptidergic modulator, also plays a role in neuromodulation of the pre-BötC.[63] It is often coreleased with other neurotransmitters. Substance P activates the inspiratory frequency at the level of the network and behavioral systems. Cellularly, substance P is involved in the depolarization of nonpacemaker neurons slowly, causing an increase in action potential firing rate. The neuropeptide can also activate CS pacemakers and less dramatically, CI pacemakers. This leads to an increase in burst amplitude, frequency, and duration. When Substance P is coreleased with serotonin, it plays a crucial role in hypoxic response.[83] This occurs because substance P stabilizes the respiratory rhythm through depolarization of neurons and activation of Pacemaker neurons.Acetylcholine plays an important modulatory role on the respiratory system by altering nicotinic and muscarinic receptors.[83] The suppression of muscarinic receptors and the activation of nicotinic receptors due to prenatal exposure to nicotine have been linked to SIDS. This is due to the reduction of excitatory synaptic transmission in a nucleus and increased excitability in motor neurons caused by nicotinic activation.Many other neuromodulators have roles in respiration. The aforementioned are simply three examples.","title":"Neuromodulation of preBötC rhythmicity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"intermittent hypoxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermittent_hypoxia"},{"link_name":"hypoxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)"},{"link_name":"Rett syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rett_syndrome"},{"link_name":"obstructive sleep apnea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstructive_sleep_apnea"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-name-63"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-name-63"},{"link_name":"synaptic inhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic_inhibition"},{"link_name":"Botzinger complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botzinger_complex"},{"link_name":"cross-correlation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-correlation"},{"link_name":"antidromic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antidromic"},{"link_name":"parafacial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parafacial"},{"link_name":"respiratory centers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_center"},{"link_name":"Glycinergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycinergic"},{"link_name":"GABAergic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GABAergic"},{"link_name":"in vivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vivo"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buildingblocks-83"},{"link_name":"inhibitory synapses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibitory_synapses"},{"link_name":"in vitro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro"},{"link_name":"in situ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_situ"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AMPA_receptor.png"},{"link_name":"AMPA receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMPA_receptors"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buildingblocks-83"},{"link_name":"autonomous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buildingblocks-83"}],"text":"Investigation of the respiratory response to Acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH), repeated episodes of hypoxia, reveals connection to various breathing disorders, such as Rett syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea.[63] AIH leads to persistent increases in respiratory frequency and amplitude of integrated motor neuronal bursts in vivo.[63] These changes lasting for 90 minutes or longer are termed long-term facilitation (LTF). AIH causes homeostatic changes in multiple sites of the respiratory system; the pre-BötC is likely the site for the LTF, since intermittent hypoxia causes an increase in persistent frequency after ongoing hypoxia. The respiratory system is regulated by multiple forms of long-term synaptic plasticity. The role of synaptic inhibition has been proved widespread and critical within the expiratory Botzinger complex respiratory network, through cross-correlation and antidromic mapping techniques. The inhibitory connections discovered indicate their ability to connect different classes of neurons, their importance in regulating the interval of inspiration, and their ability to control driving potential of respiratory neurons. These characteristics show the interaction between the parafacial respiratory group and the pre-Bötzinger complex, which allows for active expiration to be produced by synaptic inhibition within the respiratory network. Synaptic inhibition is critical for allowing the pre-Bötzinger complex to communicate with other respiratory centers in order to generate respiratory activity.Glycinergic and GABAergic inhibitory neurons make up half of all inspiratory neurons. Exposure of the pre-Bötzinger complex to these inhibitory neurotransmitters results in the rhythmic nature associated with respiration. Blocking this inhibition from Glycine or GABA causes its neurons to be incapable of switching from the active phase to the inspiration phase, demonstrated by shorter inspiratory activity (as seen in vivo).[83] However, the absence of inhibitory synapses still resulted in rhythmic respiratory activity in vitro and in situ. This is largely due to the fact that respiratory rhythm results from numerous aspects, with synaptic inhibition playing only a single part.AMPA receptorIn addition to the inhibitory synaptic regulation of respiratory rhythm within the pre-Bötzinger complex, there is also an excitatory component utilizing mostly AMPA receptors.[83] The generation of inspirations is due to a signaling cascade involving transient Ca2+ influx as a result of glutamate activating a postsynaptic receptor. In addition to glutamates role in activating the synaptic drive of inspiration, it is also understood that pacemaker neurons, with autonomous voltage-dependent properties, are also responsible for the generation of respiratory rhythm. Evidence of this is seen when isolating neurons within the pre-Bötzinger complex, which results in rhythmic bursts due to synaptically coupled micronetworks.However, the generation of respiratory rhythm requires other excitatory components, such as glutamate, in order to produce a wide range of behavioral functions including eupneic and sigh activity.[83] The pre-Bötzinger complex is responsible for generating the wide variety of components that make up the respiratory rhythm. The accomplishment of these precise activities requires distinct neuron populations that overlap to allow the generation of different respiratory actions. Eupneic activity is generated using the excitatory mechanism through the NMDA glutamate receptor. Sighs have a differential generation originating from pacemaker neurons. The pre-Bötzinger complex is capable of generating differential rhythmic activities due to the intricate integration of modulatory, synaptic, and intrinsic properties of the neurons involved.","title":"Homeostatic changes in preBötC rhythmicity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buildingblocks-83"}],"text":"In addition to its involvement in generating respiratory rhythm, the pre-Bötzinger complex is also capable of integrating sensory information from changes in the biochemical environment, particularly oxygen. The capability to detect focal hypoxia causes an excitatory response in the motor output responsible for respiration, which causes alterations in the firing pattern of neurons within the pre-Bötzinger complex.[83] Among these changes are the transition of a fully integrated network involving complex networks and autonomous mechanisms, to a system dependent on the activity of pacemaker neurons through sodium current activation. Hypoxia results in gasping due to the increased dependence on the sodium current and the overlap in networks between the generation of respiratory rhythm and intrinsic oxygen sensitization.","title":"Oxygen sensing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ion channels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_channel"},{"link_name":"pathophysiological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathophysiological"},{"link_name":"Rett syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rett_syndrome"},{"link_name":"sudden infant death syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudden_infant_death_syndrome"},{"link_name":"in vivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vivo"}],"text":"Disturbances in neuromodulatory processes acting on ion channels, receptors, and second messengers have been associated with numerous pathophysiological conditions, such as Rett syndrome and sudden infant death syndrome.Rhythmic breathing continuously adapts to posture, activity level, speech, and can reveal whether someone is calm, agitated, or scared. Plasticity of the mechanisms involved in respiratory behavior is modulated in part by the preBötC. Disruption causes irreversible loss or major disruption of breathing in vivo. The frequency and amplitude change according to the behavioral and metabolic demands of the organism it controls. Breathing is thus extremely sensitive to the internal state of the organism.","title":"Pathologies and the preBötC"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rett syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rett_syndrome"},{"link_name":"Sleep apnea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_apnea"}],"sub_title":"Associated diseases","text":"Rett syndrome\nSleep apnea","title":"Pathologies and the preBötC"}]
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[{"image_text":"AMPA receptor","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/AMPA_receptor.png/220px-AMPA_receptor.png"}]
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[{"title":"Control of respiration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_of_respiration"},{"title":"Ventral respiratory group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventral_respiratory_group"}]
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[{"reference":"Smith JC, Ellenberger HH, Ballanyi K, Richter DW, Feldman JL (November 1991). \"Pre-Bötzinger complex: a brainstem region that may generate respiratory rhythm in mammals\". Science. 254 (5032): 726–729. Bibcode:1991Sci...254..726S. doi:10.1126/science.1683005. PMC 3209964. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Weil
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Stephan Weil
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["1 Early life and education","2 Political career","2.1 Mayor of Hannover, 2006–2013","2.2 Minister-President of Lower Saxony, 2013–present","2.3 Role in national politics","3 Other activities","3.1 Corporate boards","3.2 Non-profit organizations","4 Honours","5 Personal life","6 References","7 External links"]
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German politician
Stephan WeilMdL MdBRWeil in 2018Minister-President of Lower SaxonyIncumbentAssumed office 19 February 2013DeputyStefan WenzelBernd Althusmann Julia HamburgPreceded byDavid McAllisterPresident of the BundesratIn office1 November 2013 – 31 October 2014First Vice PresidentWinfried KretschmannPreceded byWinfried KretschmannSucceeded byVolker BouffierLeader of theSocial Democratic Party of Lower SaxonyIncumbentAssumed office 20 January 2012General SecretaryDetlef TankeHanna NaberDörte LiebetruthDeputyCarola ReimannOlaf LiesJohanne ModderDörte LiebetruthPhilipp RaulfsPreceded byOlaf LiesLord Mayor of HanoverIn office1 November 2006 – 19 February 2013Preceded byHerbert SchmalstiegSucceeded byStefan SchostokMember of theLandtag of Lower Saxony for Hannover-BuchholzIncumbentAssumed office 19 February 2013Preceded byGisela Konrath
Personal detailsBornStephan-Peter Weil (1958-12-15) 15 December 1958 (age 65)Hamburg, West Germany (now Germany)Political partySocial Democratic Party of Germany (1980–)Spouse
Rosemarie Kerkow-Weil
(m. 1987)Children1ResidenceHannover-KirchrodeAlma materUniversity of GöttingenOccupationPoliticianLawyerCivil ServantJudgeWebsite
Official website
Stephan Weil (born 15 December 1958) is a German politician and the leader of the Social Democratic Party in Lower Saxony. On 20 January 2013, the SPD and the Green party won the 2013 Lower Saxony state election by one seat. On 19 February 2013, he was elected Minister President of Lower Saxony with the votes of SPD and Alliance '90/The Greens.
From 1 November 2013 until 31 October 2014 he was President of the Bundesrat and ex officio deputy to the President of Germany. In November 2017, he was again elected Minister President with the votes of SPD and CDU.
Early life and education
Weil has lived in Hanover since 1965, where he completed the abitur at the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gymnasium. After his mandatory community service in 1978 he began a law degree in Göttingen, which he finished with his first state examination in 1983. He then worked as a lawyer in Hanover, and later a public prosecutor and judge in the Lower Saxony ministry of justice. In 1994, Weil became a member of the ministerial council of Lower Saxony.
Political career
In his early years, Weil served as chairman of the SPD Jusos in Hanover. From 1997 until late October 2006 he held the office of the city treasurer.
Mayor of Hannover, 2006–2013
In May 2006 he was chosen as the SPD candidate for the Hanover mayoral election on 10 September 2006 against the CDU politician Dirk Topeffer and Ingrid Wagemann of Alliance '90/The Greens. He won an absolute majority in the first round. He succeeded Herbert Schmalstieg, the mayor of Hanover for 34 years on 1 November 2006. Weil held the office for 7 years, up to 2013 state election. Due to legal restrictions, Weil was automatically removed from the office of mayor when he became Minister President of Lower Saxony on 19 February 2013.
From 29 January 2008 to 2011, Weil monthly answered questions from citizens in the TV program Warum Herr Weil (Why Mr. Weil) which airs every third Tuesday every month on HR Fernsehen.
On 18 September 2011 Weil announced that he would apply for the top candidate of the SPD for the 2013 state election in Lower Saxony. He was elected as the top candidate with 53.3% of votes on 27 September 2011. On 20 January 2012 he was voted as the chairman of SPD Lower Saxony. In March, Weil was unanimously chosen as the SPD direct candidate for the Hanover-Buchholz constituency. On the state convention in Hameln, Weil placed first with 98.95%.
Minister-President of Lower Saxony, 2013–present
Just weeks before the state election, opinion polls indicated that Weil, with the help of the Greens, would easily defeat incumbent Minister-President David McAllister. After McAllister's Christian-liberal coalition had been considered to be the winner until late in the night, Weil's red-green coalition eventually won the election by a wafer-thin majority, resulting in a narrow majority of just one vote in the state parliament. At the time, his victory constituted the twelfth consecutive setback in a state vote for Chancellor Angela Merkel’s CDU party and therefore was widely interpreted as indicative for the national elections later that year. Early on in his tenure, Weil emphasized consolidating Lower Saxony's finances.
As Lower Saxony has a 20 percent stake in Volkswagen (VW), Weil has been an ex-officio member of the company's supervisory board since February 2013. Within the supervisory board, he serves on the mediation and the nomination committees. Only a few months after Weil took office, Germany won a decisive victory over the European Commission in its bid to preserve state influence at VW, when the European Court of Justice rejected an attempt by the commission to abolish a state veto over key decisions such as factory closures, mergers and acquisitions.
In August 2017, Weil called for parliament to be dissolved a few months early and new elections to be held (elections had been planned for 2018), after one deputy, Elke Twesten, who had not been nominated for reelection by the Green Party, had quit her party and joined the CDU in the opposition, costing his coalition government its one-seat parliamentary majority. This had endangered Weil's position because it hypothetically would have enabled the CDU to elect their leader Bernd Althusmann as Minister President by a motion of no confidence.
Prior to the election, the SPD and its coalition had been in very low approval and poll ratings, but following this event the party won the election by a wide margin over the CDU, strongly improving their own result and winning many usual Greens voters for their best result since Gerhard Schröder in 1998. Nonetheless, the red-green coalition lost its majority by two seats due to the weakened Greens, even though the two parties came much nearer to a majority than deemed possible in the latest polls. Despite the rough election campaign between SPD and CDU and heavy accusations over the party affiliation change as a manipulative move to bypass voters and shift the parliamentary majority, Weil succeeded in negotiating and forming a grand coalition with the CDU and Althusmann after the election. In November 2017, he was again elected Minister President with the votes of SPD and CDU.
Role in national politics
In his capacity as Minister-President, Weil was elected vice president of the Bundesrat from 1 March 2013, and served as President of the Bundesrat from November 2013 to October 2014. On the Bundesrat, he is a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and deputy chairman of the Committee on European Affairs.
In the negotiations to form a Grand Coalition of Chancellor Angela Merkel's Christian Democrats (CDU together with the Bavarian CSU) and the SPD following the 2013 federal elections, Weil was part of the SPD delegation in the working group on energy policy, led by Peter Altmaier and Hannelore Kraft.
In the negotiations to form a so-called traffic light coalition of the SPD, the Green Party and the Free Democratic Party (FDP) following the 2021 federal elections, Weil was part of his party's delegation in the working group on climate change and energy policy, co-chaired by Matthias Miersch, Oliver Krischer and Lukas Köhler.
Weil was nominated by his party as delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 2022.
Other activities
Corporate boards
Deutsche Messe AG, chairman of the supervisory board (2009–2012)
Sparkasse Hannover, chairman of the supervisory board (2006–2013)
Non-profit organizations
Business Forum of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, member of the political advisory board (since 2018)
Robert Enke Foundation, chairman of the board of trustees
Kestner Gesellschaft, member of the board of trustees
Freundeskreis Hannover, member of the board of trustees
Deutsches Museum, member of the board of trustees
Hannover Medical School, member of the board of trustees
German Association of Local Utilities (VKU), president (2007–2012)
Rotary International, member
Honours
2023 Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Personal life
In 1987, Weil married public health expert Rosemarie Kerkow-Weil (born 1954), the former president of Leibniz University Hannover who teaches at the HAWK Hochschule Hildesheim/Holzminden/Göttingen. They have one son.
References
^ "Major Setback for Merkel: Last-Minute Win for Germany's SPD and Greens". Der Spiegel. 21 January 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
^ Hebel, Christina (19 February 2013). "Neuer Niedersachsen-Premier Weil: Der Anti-Schröder startet durch" . Spiegel Online (in German). Retrieved 19 February 2013.
^ Official home page of Stephan Weil (in German). Retrieved 21 January 2013.
^ "Bürgermeister Strauch gratuliert Stephan Weil" (in German). City of Hanover. 19 February 2013. Archived from the original on 12 April 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2013.
^ Ich will Ministerpräsident werden! (in German). Retrieved 21 January 2013.
^ Stephan Weil, der 95,5 Prozent-Mann Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine (in German). Retrieved 21 January 2013
^ Das SPD-Damenduell ist entschieden Archived 2 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine (in German). Retrieved 21 January 2013.
^ David Crossland (21 January 2013), CDU Loses Lower Saxony: State Defeat Heralds Tough Re-Election Fight for Merkel Spiegel Online.
^ David Crossland (21 January 2013), CDU Loses Lower Saxony: State Defeat Heralds Tough Re-Election Fight for Merkel Spiegel Online.
^ Stephan Weil takes reigns of center-left coalition in Lower Saxony Deutsche Welle, 19 February 2013.
^ Committees of the Supervisory Board Volkswagen.
^ Michele Sinner (22 October 2013), EU's top court rules Germany can keep VW veto law Reuters.
^ Erik Kirschbaum and Jan Schwartz (4 August 2017), Boon for Merkel as SPD-Greens lose Lower Saxony majority Reuters.
^ Guy Chazan (4 August 2017), SPD suffers blow with loss of majority in Lower Saxony Financial Times.
^ Stephan Weil neuer Vizepräsident des Bundesrats (in German). Welt. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
^ Ampel-Koalition: Das sind die Verhandlungsteams von SPD, Grünen und FDP Deutschlandfunk, October 27, 2021.
^ 17th Federal Convention, 13 February 2022, List of Members Bundestag.
^ Bernd Westphal wird neuer Beirats-Vorsitzender beim Wirtschaftsforum der SPD Business Forum of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, press release of 7 June 2018.
^ "Rede: Ordensverleihung an Ministerpräsidenten". Der Bundespräsident (in German). 23 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stephan Weil.
Official website
Biography Archived 5 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine on spd-kibewue.de
Political offices
Preceded byHerbert Schmalstieg
Mayor of Hanover 2006–2013
Succeeded byStefan Schostok
Preceded byDavid McAllister
Prime Minister of Lower Saxony 2013–present
Incumbent
Party political offices
Preceded byOlaf Lies
Chairman of the Social Democratic Partyin Lower Saxony 2012–present
Incumbent
vteMinisters-President of Lower Saxony
Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf
Heinrich Hellwege
Georg Diederichs
Alfred Kubel
Ernst Albrecht
Gerhard Schröder
Gerhard Glogowski
Sigmar Gabriel
Christian Wulff
David McAllister
Stephan Weil
vteCurrent heads of government of the States of GermanyStates
Winfried Kretschmann (Baden-Württemberg)
Markus Söder (Bavaria)
Kai Wegner (Berlin)
Dietmar Woidke (Brandenburg)
Andreas Bovenschulte (Bremen)
Peter Tschentscher (Hamburg)
Boris Rhein (Hesse)
Stephan Weil (Lower Saxony)
Manuela Schwesig (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern)
Hendrik Wüst (North Rhine-Westphalia)
Malu Dreyer (Rhineland-Palatinate)
Anke Rehlinger (Saarland)
Michael Kretschmer (Saxony)
Reiner Haseloff (Saxony-Anhalt)
Daniel Günther (Schleswig-Holstein)
Bodo Ramelow (Thuringia)
vtePresidents of the German Bundesrat
Karl Arnold
Hans Ehard
Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf
Reinhold Maier
Georg August Zinn
Peter Altmeier
Kai-Uwe von Hassel
Kurt Sieveking
Willy Brandt
Wilhelm Kaisen
Franz-Josef Röder
Franz Meyers
Kurt Georg Kiesinger
Georg Diederichs
Helmut Lemke
Klaus Schütz
Herbert Weichmann
Franz-Josef Röder
Hans Koschnick
Heinz Kühn
Alfons Goppel
Hans Filbinger
Alfred Kubel
Albert Osswald
Bernhard Vogel
Gerhard Stoltenberg
Dietrich Stobbe
Hans-Ulrich Klose
Werner Zeyer
Johannes Rau
Franz Josef Strauss
Lothar Späth
Ernst Albrecht
Holger Börner
Walter Wallmann
Björn Engholm
Walter Momper
Henning Voscherau
Alfred Gomolka
Berndt Seite
Oskar Lafontaine
Klaus Wedemeier
Edmund Stoiber
Erwin Teufel
Gerhard Schröder
Hans Eichel
Roland Koch
Kurt Biedenkopf
Kurt Beck
Klaus Wowereit
Wolfgang Böhmer
Dieter Althaus
Matthias Platzeck
Peter Harry Carstensen
Harald Ringstorff
Ole von Beust
Peter Müller
Jens Böhrnsen
Hannelore Kraft
Horst Seehofer
Winfried Kretschmann
Stephan Weil
Volker Bouffier
Stanislaw Tillich
Malu Dreyer
Michael Müller
Daniel Günther
Dietmar Woidke
Reiner Haseloff
Bodo Ramelow
Peter Tschentscher
Manuela Schwesig
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Poland
People
Deutsche Biographie
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Lower Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Green party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_%2790/The_Greens"},{"link_name":"2013 Lower Saxony state election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Lower_Saxony_state_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spiegelann-1"},{"link_name":"Minister President of Lower Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"Alliance '90/The Greens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_%2790/The_Greens"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"President of the Bundesrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Bundesrat"},{"link_name":"President of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Minister President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"CDU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany"}],"text":"Stephan Weil (born 15 December 1958) is a German politician and the leader of the Social Democratic Party in Lower Saxony. On 20 January 2013, the SPD and the Green party won the 2013 Lower Saxony state election by one seat.[1] On 19 February 2013, he was elected Minister President of Lower Saxony with the votes of SPD and Alliance '90/The Greens.[2]\nFrom 1 November 2013 until 31 October 2014 he was President of the Bundesrat and ex officio deputy to the President of Germany. In November 2017, he was again elected Minister President with the votes of SPD and CDU.","title":"Stephan Weil"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover"},{"link_name":"abitur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitur"},{"link_name":"mandatory community service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zivildienst"},{"link_name":"law degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_degree"},{"link_name":"Göttingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen"},{"link_name":"state examination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_examination"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"public prosecutor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_prosecutor"},{"link_name":"judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judge"},{"link_name":"ministerial council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministerial_Committee"}],"text":"Weil has lived in Hanover since 1965, where he completed the abitur at the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gymnasium. After his mandatory community service in 1978 he began a law degree in Göttingen, which he finished with his first state examination in 1983.[3] He then worked as a lawyer in Hanover, and later a public prosecutor and judge in the Lower Saxony ministry of justice. In 1994, Weil became a member of the ministerial council of Lower Saxony.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chairman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman"},{"link_name":"Jusos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jusos"},{"link_name":"city treasurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_treasurer"}],"text":"In his early years, Weil served as chairman of the SPD Jusos in Hanover. From 1997 until late October 2006 he held the office of the city treasurer.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CDU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Alliance '90/The Greens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_%2790/The_Greens"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"HR Fernsehen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessischer_Rundfunk"},{"link_name":"2013 state election in Lower Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Lower_Saxony_state_election"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Hanover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover"},{"link_name":"Buchholz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchholz,_Soltau-Fallingbostel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hameln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hameln"}],"sub_title":"Mayor of Hannover, 2006–2013","text":"In May 2006 he was chosen as the SPD candidate for the Hanover mayoral election on 10 September 2006 against the CDU politician Dirk Topeffer and Ingrid Wagemann of Alliance '90/The Greens. He won an absolute majority in the first round. He succeeded Herbert Schmalstieg, the mayor of Hanover for 34 years on 1 November 2006. Weil held the office for 7 years, up to 2013 state election. Due to legal restrictions, Weil was automatically removed from the office of mayor when he became Minister President of Lower Saxony on 19 February 2013.[4]From 29 January 2008 to 2011, Weil monthly answered questions from citizens in the TV program Warum Herr Weil (Why Mr. Weil) which airs every third Tuesday every month on HR Fernsehen.On 18 September 2011 Weil announced that he would apply for the top candidate of the SPD for the 2013 state election in Lower Saxony. He was elected as the top candidate with 53.3% of votes on 27 September 2011.[5] On 20 January 2012 he was voted as the chairman of SPD Lower Saxony.[6] In March, Weil was unanimously chosen as the SPD direct candidate for the Hanover-Buchholz constituency.[7] On the state convention in Hameln, Weil placed first with 98.95%.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Lower_Saxony_state_election"},{"link_name":"Minister-President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lower_Saxony"},{"link_name":"David McAllister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_McAllister"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Angela Merkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel"},{"link_name":"CDU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"national elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_German_federal_election"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Volkswagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"European Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Commission"},{"link_name":"European Court of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Elke Twesten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elke_Twesten"},{"link_name":"Bernd Althusmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernd_Althusmann"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Schröder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der"},{"link_name":"Minister President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Lower_Saxony"}],"sub_title":"Minister-President of Lower Saxony, 2013–present","text":"Just weeks before the state election, opinion polls indicated that Weil, with the help of the Greens, would easily defeat incumbent Minister-President David McAllister.[8] After McAllister's Christian-liberal coalition had been considered to be the winner until late in the night, Weil's red-green coalition eventually won the election by a wafer-thin majority, resulting in a narrow majority of just one vote in the state parliament. At the time, his victory constituted the twelfth consecutive setback in a state vote for Chancellor Angela Merkel’s CDU party and therefore was widely interpreted as indicative for the national elections later that year.[9] Early on in his tenure, Weil emphasized consolidating Lower Saxony's finances.[10]As Lower Saxony has a 20 percent stake in Volkswagen (VW), Weil has been an ex-officio member of the company's supervisory board since February 2013. Within the supervisory board, he serves on the mediation and the nomination committees.[11] Only a few months after Weil took office, Germany won a decisive victory over the European Commission in its bid to preserve state influence at VW, when the European Court of Justice rejected an attempt by the commission to abolish a state veto over key decisions such as factory closures, mergers and acquisitions.[12]In August 2017, Weil called for parliament to be dissolved a few months early and new elections to be held (elections had been planned for 2018), after one deputy, Elke Twesten, who had not been nominated for reelection by the Green Party, had quit her party and joined the CDU in the opposition, costing his coalition government its one-seat parliamentary majority. This had endangered Weil's position because it hypothetically would have enabled the CDU to elect their leader Bernd Althusmann as Minister President by a motion of no confidence.[13][14]Prior to the election, the SPD and its coalition had been in very low approval and poll ratings, but following this event the party won the election by a wide margin over the CDU, strongly improving their own result and winning many usual Greens voters for their best result since Gerhard Schröder in 1998. Nonetheless, the red-green coalition lost its majority by two seats due to the weakened Greens, even though the two parties came much nearer to a majority than deemed possible in the latest polls. Despite the rough election campaign between SPD and CDU and heavy accusations over the party affiliation change as a manipulative move to bypass voters and shift the parliamentary majority, Weil succeeded in negotiating and forming a grand coalition with the CDU and Althusmann after the election. In November 2017, he was again elected Minister President with the votes of SPD and CDU.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vice president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_president"},{"link_name":"Bundesrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"President of the Bundesrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Bundesrat"},{"link_name":"Grand Coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_coalition_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Angela Merkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel"},{"link_name":"CSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"2013 federal elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_German_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Peter Altmaier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Altmaier"},{"link_name":"Hannelore Kraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannelore_Kraft"},{"link_name":"traffic light coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_light_coalition"},{"link_name":"Green Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens"},{"link_name":"Free Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"2021 federal elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_German_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Matthias Miersch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Miersch"},{"link_name":"Oliver Krischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Krischer"},{"link_name":"Lukas Köhler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukas_K%C3%B6hler"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Federal Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Convention_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"President of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_German_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Role in national politics","text":"In his capacity as Minister-President, Weil was elected vice president of the Bundesrat from 1 March 2013,[15] and served as President of the Bundesrat from November 2013 to October 2014. On the Bundesrat, he is a member of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and deputy chairman of the Committee on European Affairs.In the negotiations to form a Grand Coalition of Chancellor Angela Merkel's Christian Democrats (CDU together with the Bavarian CSU) and the SPD following the 2013 federal elections, Weil was part of the SPD delegation in the working group on energy policy, led by Peter Altmaier and Hannelore Kraft.In the negotiations to form a so-called traffic light coalition of the SPD, the Green Party and the Free Democratic Party (FDP) following the 2021 federal elections, Weil was part of his party's delegation in the working group on climate change and energy policy, co-chaired by Matthias Miersch, Oliver Krischer and Lukas Köhler.[16]Weil was nominated by his party as delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 2022.[17]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deutsche Messe AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Messe_AG"}],"sub_title":"Corporate boards","text":"Deutsche Messe AG, chairman of the supervisory board (2009–2012)\nSparkasse Hannover, chairman of the supervisory board (2006–2013)","title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Robert Enke Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Enke"},{"link_name":"Kestner Gesellschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kestner_Gesellschaft"},{"link_name":"Deutsches Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Museum"},{"link_name":"Hannover Medical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover_Medical_School"},{"link_name":"Rotary International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_International"}],"sub_title":"Non-profit organizations","text":"Business Forum of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, member of the political advisory board (since 2018)[18]\nRobert Enke Foundation, chairman of the board of trustees\nKestner Gesellschaft, member of the board of trustees\nFreundeskreis Hannover, member of the board of trustees\nDeutsches Museum, member of the board of trustees\nHannover Medical School, member of the board of trustees\nGerman Association of Local Utilities (VKU), president (2007–2012)\nRotary International, member","title":"Other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_6_GrVK_Stern_Band.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Der_Bundespr%C3%A4sident_2023_g585-19"}],"text":"2023 Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany[19]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health"},{"link_name":"Leibniz University Hannover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz_University_Hannover"}],"text":"In 1987, Weil married public health expert Rosemarie Kerkow-Weil (born 1954), the former president of Leibniz University Hannover who teaches at the HAWK Hochschule Hildesheim/Holzminden/Göttingen. They have one son.","title":"Personal life"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Major Setback for Merkel: Last-Minute Win for Germany's SPD and Greens\". Der Spiegel. 21 January 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/last-minute-win-for-germany-s-spd-and-greens-a-878690.html","url_text":"\"Major Setback for Merkel: Last-Minute Win for Germany's SPD and Greens\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel","url_text":"Der Spiegel"}]},{"reference":"Hebel, Christina (19 February 2013). \"Neuer Niedersachsen-Premier Weil: Der Anti-Schröder startet durch\" [New Lower Saxony PM Weil: The Anti-Schröder takes off]. Spiegel Online (in German). Retrieved 19 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/niedersachsens-neuer-ministerpraesident-weil-der-anti-schroeder-a-884355.html","url_text":"\"Neuer Niedersachsen-Premier Weil: Der Anti-Schröder startet durch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Spiegel","url_text":"Spiegel Online"}]},{"reference":"\"Bürgermeister Strauch gratuliert Stephan Weil\" [Mayor Strauch congratulates Stephan Weil] (in German). City of Hanover. 19 February 2013. Archived from the original on 12 April 2013. Retrieved 19 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130412080352/http://www.hannover.de/Service/Presse-Medien/Landeshauptstadt-Hannover/Aktuelle-Meldungen-und-Veranstaltungen/B%C3%BCrgermeister-Strauch-gratuliert-Stephan-Weil","url_text":"\"Bürgermeister Strauch gratuliert Stephan Weil\""},{"url":"http://www.hannover.de/Service/Presse-Medien/Landeshauptstadt-Hannover/Aktuelle-Meldungen-und-Veranstaltungen/B%C3%BCrgermeister-Strauch-gratuliert-Stephan-Weil","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rede: Ordensverleihung an Ministerpräsidenten\". Der Bundespräsident (in German). 23 November 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bundespraesident.de/SharedDocs/Reden/DE/Frank-Walter-Steinmeier/Reden/2023/11/231124-OV-MP-Laender.html","url_text":"\"Rede: Ordensverleihung an Ministerpräsidenten\""}]}]
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Weil\""},{"Link":"http://www.hannover.de/Service/Presse-Medien/Landeshauptstadt-Hannover/Aktuelle-Meldungen-und-Veranstaltungen/B%C3%BCrgermeister-Strauch-gratuliert-Stephan-Weil","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ndr.de/regional/niedersachsen/spitzenkandidat119.html","external_links_name":"Ich will Ministerpräsident werden!"},{"Link":"http://www.haz.de/Nachrichten/Politik/Niedersachsen/Stephan-Weil-der-95-5-Prozent-Mann","external_links_name":"Stephan Weil, der 95,5 Prozent-Mann"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131002134024/http://www.haz.de/Nachrichten/Politik/Niedersachsen/Stephan-Weil-der-95-5-Prozent-Mann","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.haz.de/Hannover/Aus-der-Stadt/Uebersicht/Das-SPD-Damenduell-ist-entschieden","external_links_name":"Das SPD-Damenduell ist entschieden"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131002134043/http://www.haz.de/Hannover/Aus-der-Stadt/Uebersicht/Das-SPD-Damenduell-ist-entschieden","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/merkel-s-reelection-bid-suffers-setback-in-lower-saxony-election-a-878719.html","external_links_name":"CDU Loses Lower Saxony: State Defeat Heralds Tough Re-Election Fight for Merkel"},{"Link":"http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/merkel-s-reelection-bid-suffers-setback-in-lower-saxony-election-a-878719.html","external_links_name":"CDU Loses Lower Saxony: State Defeat Heralds Tough Re-Election Fight for Merkel"},{"Link":"http://www.dw.com/en/stephan-weil-takes-reigns-of-center-left-coalition-in-lower-saxony/a-16610504","external_links_name":"Stephan Weil takes reigns of center-left coalition in Lower Saxony"},{"Link":"http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/content/en/the_group/senior_management/committees.html","external_links_name":"Committees of the Supervisory Board"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/cbusiness-us-court-germany-volkswagen-idCABRE99L0CZ20131022","external_links_name":"EU's top court rules Germany can keep VW veto law"},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-election-lowersaxony-idUSKBN1AK1D9","external_links_name":"Boon for Merkel as SPD-Greens lose Lower Saxony majority"},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/content/6cf9d638-7905-11e7-90c0-90a9d1bc9691","external_links_name":"SPD suffers blow with loss of majority in Lower Saxony"},{"Link":"https://www.welt.de/newsticker/news3/ns/article114034589/Stephan-Weil-neuer-Vizepraesident-des-Bundesrats.html","external_links_name":"Stephan Weil neuer Vizepräsident des Bundesrats"},{"Link":"https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/ampel-koalition-das-sind-die-verhandlungsteams-von-spd.1939.de.html","external_links_name":"Ampel-Koalition: Das sind die Verhandlungsteams von SPD, Grünen und FDP"},{"Link":"https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/878348/b21e5621b2f3de04e328535bd589e151/mitglieder_bv_2022-data.pdf","external_links_name":"17th Federal Convention, 13 February 2022, List of Members"},{"Link":"https://www.spd-wirtschaftsforum.de/presse/bernd-westphal-wird-neuer-beirats-vorsitzender-beim-wirtschaftsforum-der-spd/","external_links_name":"Bernd Westphal wird neuer Beirats-Vorsitzender beim Wirtschaftsforum der SPD"},{"Link":"https://www.bundespraesident.de/SharedDocs/Reden/DE/Frank-Walter-Steinmeier/Reden/2023/11/231124-OV-MP-Laender.html","external_links_name":"\"Rede: Ordensverleihung an Ministerpräsidenten\""},{"Link":"http://www.stephan-weil.info/","external_links_name":"Official 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamam
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Yamam
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["1 History","1.1 Operational record after the Second Intifada","1.2 Operational record during Operation Breakwater (2022–2023)","1.3 Operational record during the Hamas led-attack on October 7, 2023, and afterwards","2 Selection and training","3 Honors","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Israel's National Counter-Terrorism Unit
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Yamam" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Centralized Special Unit / Israel's National Counter-Terror UnitYAMAM ימ"מYamam officers in full gear during raid training, armed with M4A1 rifles and operating police dog (K9)Active1974–presentCountryIsraelAgency Israel PoliceTypePolice tactical unitRoleDomestic counter-terrorism, hostage rescue and law enforcementPart of Israel Border PoliceMottoאֶרְדּוֹף אוֹיְבַי וְאַשִּׂיגֵם, וְלֹא אָשׁוּב עַד כַּלּוֹתָםStructureOperators~ 200 officersNotablesSignificant operation(s)First IntifadaSecond IntifadaIsrael–Hamas war
Yamam (Hebrew: יחידה מרכזית מיוחדת, romanized: Yeḥida Merkazit Meyuḥedet; Special Central Unit), also known as National Counter-Terrorism Unit, is Israel's national counter-terrorism unit, one of four special units of the Israel Border Police. The Yamam is capable of both hostage-rescue operations and offensive take-over raids against terrorist targets in civilian areas. Besides military and counter-terrorism duties, it also performs tactical unit duties and undercover police work.
History
YAMAM operators in a special visit by Israeli officials, 2017
YAMAM snipers with Barrett MRAD and ghillie suits during a counter-terror/hostage-rescue demonstration in the Israel Border Police's training base.
The Yamam was established in late 1974 after the Ma'alot massacre, where a failed rescue operation by the Sayeret Matkal commando unit of the Israel Defense Forces resulted in the murder of 21 schoolchildren before the hostage takers were killed. Since hostage rescue tactics in friendly territory differ from those used in hostile areas, it was decided to establish an elite police unit which develops and practices a special CQB (Close Quarters Battles) doctrine for counter-terrorism operations in friendly territory and hostage rescue.
Operational record after the Second Intifada
On May 23, 2006, a Yamam force, using intelligence provided by the Shin-Bet, arrested Ibrahim Hamed after an IDF Caterpillar D9 armored bulldozer started ramming the house in which he was hiding.
On September 23, 2014, a Yamam force, together with Israel Defense Forces Combat Engineering Corps bulldozers, killed the two Hamas members accused of killing three Israeli teens in June 2014.
Operational record during Operation Breakwater (2022–2023)
Video from the helmet camera of YAMAM operator.
On April 2, 2022, YAMAM operators killed 3 Palestinian Islamic Jihad militants, reportedly on their way to an attack.
On August 19, 2022, YAMAM operators killed Ibrahim al-Nabulsi, a commander of the Lions' Den militant group.
On October 25, 2022, YAMAM led a combined raid (with the Israel Defense Forces and the Shin Bet) on what the IDF said was the Lions' Den headquarters and bomb lab in Nablus.
On January 26, 2023, YAMAM led a combined raid (with the Israel Defense Forces and the Shin Bet) on Jenin refugee camp, which the IDF said was targeted against members of Palestinian Islamic Jihad who were planning an attack. Nine Palestinians were killed in the attack, including an unarmed civilian.
Operational record during the Hamas led-attack on October 7, 2023, and afterwards
On October 7, 2023, YAMAM forces were the first to respond to the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel and the numerous massacres conducted by Palestinians in Israeli communities and towns. YAMAM operators killed in combat 200 armed Hamas gunmen and conducted several hostage rescue operations. YAMAM lost 9 operators and officers who were killed in action.
On February 12, 2024, YAMAM rescued two Israeli hostages in Rafah, together with the Shin Bet and the Israeli Defense Forces, in a military covert raid code-named Operation Golden Hand.
On June 8, 2024, YAMAM rescued four hostages in the Nuseirat Refugee Camp, together with the Shin Bet and the Israeli Defense Forces, in Operation Arnon. During the operation, Squad Commander Arnon Zamora, 36, was killed in combat. Noa Argamani, an Israeli citizen kidnapped in the Re'im Music festival massacre, was rescued in the operation. During the operation, according to the IDF, under 100 Palestinians were killed. According to Hamas, 210 were killed.
Selection and training
Yamam recruits veterans of Israel Defense Forces and Israel Border Police combat units who completed their compulsory service. Applicants must have served in a regular IDF combat unit and completed a commander's course (Rifleman 08), served in an IDF special forces unit, or served in a Border Police Mista'arvim unit. The unit's training course lasts seven months, divided into three months of basic counter-terrorism training during which recruits go through basic combat training, as well as training in hand-to-hand combat, urban combat, and use of specialized weapons, followed by four months of advanced training.
Honors
The unit received number of honor citations (TZALASH, ציון לשבח) from the Commissioner of the Israeli Police: 2011, 2014, 2016, 2020, and 2022.
In 2022 the unit received an honor citation from the Israel Defense Forces Chief of the General Staff (צל"ש הרמטכ"ל) for their fighting during Operation Breakwater.
See also
Israeli take-over and hostage rescue units:
Sayeret Matkal
Shayetet 13 (naval take-over)
LOTAR Eilat (reserves)
Metzada Unit (Israeli Prison Service)
Israeli Special Forces:
Sayeret
Israeli security forces:
Israel Border Police
Yamas (another Border Police special forces unit)
Israeli police
Israeli Defence Forces
Shin Bet
Similar foreign counter terrorism units:
List of police tactical units
National Security Guard
References
^ Harel, Amos (May 23, 2006). "IDF arrests most-wanted Hamas bomb mastermind in West Bank". Haaretz. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2014.
^ לוי, רון בן ישי ואליאור (September 23, 2014). "החשבון נסגר: ישראל חיסלה את רוצחי הנערים". Ynet. Archived from the original on October 20, 2022. Retrieved May 8, 2023 – via www.ynet.co.il.
^ יהושוע, יוסי; אל-חי, ליאור (April 2, 2022). "מפקד הפלגה הוותיק מהימ"מ נפצע קשה בחיסול המחבלים: "עם ישראל חייב לו הרבה"". Ynet.
^ "N12 – המחבל איבראהים א-נאבולסי חוסל על ידי לוחמי צה"ל וימ"מ בשכם". August 9, 2022. Archived from the original on October 16, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
^ זיתון, יואב; קימון, אלישע בן (August 9, 2022). "3 שעות קרב בלב הקסבה: טילי מטאדור שוגרו למבנה שבו שהה המחבל". Ynet.
^ קימון, אלישע בן; חלבי, עינב (October 24, 2022). "מבצע לילי בלב שכם: הושמדה מעבדת המטענים של גוב האריות, 5 חמושים נהרגו". Ynet.
^ "Nine Palestinians killed by Israeli troops in Jenin clash". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on January 26, 2023. Retrieved January 27, 2023.
^ "קצין בכיר: לוחמי הימ"מ חיסלו 200 מחבלים; תשעה לוחמים נהרגו ו-35 נפצעו | ישראל היום". October 14, 2023.
^ זיתון, יואב; חלבי, עינב; צ'כנובר, יעל (February 12, 2024). "ההגעה החשאית, גל התקיפות - והחילוץ: "הלוחמים הגנו בגופם על לואיס ופרננדו"". Ynet.
^ Barnes, Julian E.; Bergman, Ronen; Shear, Michael D. (June 8, 2024). "U.S. Intelligence Helped Israel Rescue Four Hostages in Gaza". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
^ "Four hostages seized at Nova festival freed in Gaza raid". www.bbc.com. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
^ i24NEWS (June 8, 2024). "Israeli security forces rescue 4 hostages from Gaza: Noa Argamani, Shlomi Ziv, Almog Meir Jan and Andrey Kozlov". I24news. Retrieved June 9, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Stambaugh, Sophie Tanno,Paul P. Murphy,Allegra Goodwin,Benjamin Brown,Hadas Gold,Abeer Salman,Ibrahim Dahman,Kareem Khadder,Gianluca Mezzofiore,Alex (October 8, 2023). "What we know about the people captured by Hamas". CNN. Retrieved June 9, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "IDF says under 100 Palestinian casualties, including terrorists, in rescue op; Hamas claims 210 'martyrs' | The Times of Israel". web.archive.org. June 8, 2024. Retrieved June 9, 2024.
^ ISRAEL’S ANSWER TO TERRORISTS
^ גיוס לימ"מ - היחידה המיוחדת ללוחמה בטרור
^ מחלקים עיטורים: המשטרה עושה כבוד לימ"מ (Hebrew), ynet, April 6, 2011.
^ Announcement in the Israeli Police website, 2014.
^ התפרסמה רשימת מקבלי העיטורים והצל"שים של משטרת ישראל (Hebrew), Israel HaYom, 2016.
^ מפקד הימ"מ: הקורונה מעסיקה את המשטרה, ואנחנו נלחמים בפשיעה (Hebrew), Walla!, November 2020.
^ "טקס הענקת עיטורים וציונים לשבח במשטרת ישראל 2022".
^ על פעילותן במבצע "שובר גלים": היחידות והגדודים שיקבלו צל"שים, תעודות הצטיינות והערכה – הרשימה המלאה, IDF website, November 2022 (Hebrew).
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to YAMAM.
YAMAM (in Hebrew) – official site (Israeli Police official website) (2014 archive)
"'We Try to Learn Every Terrorist Attack': Inside the Top-Secret Israeli Anti-Terrorism Operation That's Changing the Game", Vanity Fair, 2018
"Inside the Ya'ma'm: Israel's Top Secret Hostage Rescue and Counterterrorist Unit", Esquire, 2018
vteLaw enforcement in IsraelIsrael Police
Israel Border Police
Civil Guard
National Traffic Police
Lahav 433
Yamam
Yamas
Yasam
Bomb Disposal Unit
Flag of IsraelOther
Israel Prison Service
Military Police Corps
Authority control databases: National
Israel
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew"},{"link_name":"counter-terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-terrorism"},{"link_name":"Israel Border Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Border_Police"},{"link_name":"tactical unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_tactical_unit"}],"text":"Israel's National Counter-Terrorism UnitYamam (Hebrew: יחידה מרכזית מיוחדת, romanized: Yeḥida Merkazit Meyuḥedet; Special Central Unit), also known as National Counter-Terrorism Unit, is Israel's national counter-terrorism unit, one of four special units of the Israel Border Police. The Yamam is capable of both hostage-rescue operations and offensive take-over raids against terrorist targets in civilian areas. Besides military and counter-terrorism duties, it also performs tactical unit duties and undercover police work.","title":"Yamam"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magav-Facebook--Yamam-0006.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YAMAM-sniper-0022.jpg"},{"link_name":"snipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniper"},{"link_name":"Barrett MRAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrett_MRAD"},{"link_name":"ghillie suits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghillie_suit"},{"link_name":"Israel Border Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Border_Police"},{"link_name":"Ma'alot massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27alot_massacre"},{"link_name":"Sayeret Matkal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayeret_Matkal"},{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"CQB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CQB"}],"text":"YAMAM operators in a special visit by Israeli officials, 2017YAMAM snipers with Barrett MRAD and ghillie suits during a counter-terror/hostage-rescue demonstration in the Israel Border Police's training base.The Yamam was established in late 1974 after the Ma'alot massacre, where a failed rescue operation by the Sayeret Matkal commando unit of the Israel Defense Forces resulted in the murder of 21 schoolchildren before the hostage takers were killed. Since hostage rescue tactics in friendly territory differ from those used in hostile areas, it was decided to establish an elite police unit which develops and practices a special CQB (Close Quarters Battles) doctrine for counter-terrorism operations in friendly territory and hostage rescue.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shin-Bet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin-Bet"},{"link_name":"Ibrahim Hamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Hamed"},{"link_name":"IDF Caterpillar D9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDF_Caterpillar_D9"},{"link_name":"armored bulldozer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_bulldozer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"Combat Engineering Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Engineering_Corps"},{"link_name":"bulldozers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_equipment"},{"link_name":"Hamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas"},{"link_name":"killing three Israeli teens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_kidnapping_and_murder_of_Israeli_teenagers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Operational record after the Second Intifada","text":"On May 23, 2006, a Yamam force, using intelligence provided by the Shin-Bet, arrested Ibrahim Hamed after an IDF Caterpillar D9 armored bulldozer started ramming the house in which he was hiding.[1]\nOn September 23, 2014, a Yamam force, together with Israel Defense Forces Combat Engineering Corps bulldozers, killed the two Hamas members accused of killing three Israeli teens in June 2014.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palestinian Islamic Jihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Islamic_Jihad"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Lions' Den militant group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lions%27_Den_(militant_group)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"Shin Bet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Bet"},{"link_name":"bomb lab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device"},{"link_name":"Nablus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nablus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"Shin Bet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Bet"},{"link_name":"Jenin refugee camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenin_Camp"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Operational record during Operation Breakwater (2022–2023)","text":"Video from the helmet camera of YAMAM operator.On April 2, 2022, YAMAM operators killed 3 Palestinian Islamic Jihad militants, reportedly on their way to an attack.[3]\nOn August 19, 2022, YAMAM operators killed Ibrahim al-Nabulsi, a commander of the Lions' Den militant group.[4][5]\nOn October 25, 2022, YAMAM led a combined raid (with the Israel Defense Forces and the Shin Bet) on what the IDF said was the Lions' Den headquarters and bomb lab in Nablus.[6]\nOn January 26, 2023, YAMAM led a combined raid (with the Israel Defense Forces and the Shin Bet) on Jenin refugee camp, which the IDF said was targeted against members of Palestinian Islamic Jihad who were planning an attack. Nine Palestinians were killed in the attack, including an unarmed civilian.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Rafah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafah"},{"link_name":"Shin Bet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Bet"},{"link_name":"Israeli Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"Operation Golden Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Golden_Hand"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Nuseirat Refugee Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuseirat_refugee_camp"},{"link_name":"Shin Bet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Bet"},{"link_name":"Israeli Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"Operation Arnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Arnon"},{"link_name":"Arnon Zamora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnon_Zamora"},{"link_name":"Noa Argamani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidnapping_of_Noa_Argamani"},{"link_name":"Re'im Music festival massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%27im_music_festival_massacre"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Operational record during the Hamas led-attack on October 7, 2023, and afterwards","text":"On October 7, 2023, YAMAM forces were the first to respond to the 2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel and the numerous massacres conducted by Palestinians in Israeli communities and towns. YAMAM operators killed in combat 200 armed Hamas gunmen and conducted several hostage rescue operations. YAMAM lost 9 operators and officers who were killed in action.[8]On February 12, 2024, YAMAM rescued two Israeli hostages in Rafah, together with the Shin Bet and the Israeli Defense Forces, in a military covert raid code-named Operation Golden Hand.[9]On June 8, 2024, YAMAM rescued four hostages in the Nuseirat Refugee Camp, together with the Shin Bet and the Israeli Defense Forces, in Operation Arnon. During the operation, Squad Commander Arnon Zamora, 36, was killed in combat. Noa Argamani, an Israeli citizen kidnapped in the Re'im Music festival massacre, was rescued in the operation.[10][11][12][13] During the operation, according to the IDF, under 100 Palestinians were killed. According to Hamas, 210 were killed.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"Israel Border Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Border_Police"},{"link_name":"Mista'arvim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mista%27arvim"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Yamam recruits veterans of Israel Defense Forces and Israel Border Police combat units who completed their compulsory service. Applicants must have served in a regular IDF combat unit and completed a commander's course (Rifleman 08), served in an IDF special forces unit, or served in a Border Police Mista'arvim unit. The unit's training course lasts seven months, divided into three months of basic counter-terrorism training during which recruits go through basic combat training, as well as training in hand-to-hand combat, urban combat, and use of specialized weapons, followed by four months of advanced training.[15][16]","title":"Selection and training"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Israeli Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Police"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"Chief of the General Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"Operation Breakwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Breakwater"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"The unit received number of honor citations (TZALASH, ציון לשבח) from the Commissioner of the Israeli Police: 2011,[17] 2014,[18] 2016,[19] 2020,[20] and 2022.[21]In 2022 the unit received an honor citation from the Israel Defense Forces Chief of the General Staff (צל\"ש הרמטכ\"ל) for their fighting during Operation Breakwater.[22]","title":"Honors"}]
|
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[{"reference":"Harel, Amos (May 23, 2006). \"IDF arrests most-wanted Hamas bomb mastermind in West Bank\". Haaretz. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.haaretz.com/news/idf-arrests-most-wanted-hamas-bomb-mastermind-in-west-bank-1.188413","url_text":"\"IDF arrests most-wanted Hamas bomb mastermind in West Bank\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haaretz","url_text":"Haaretz"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304225053/http://www.haaretz.com/news/idf-arrests-most-wanted-hamas-bomb-mastermind-in-west-bank-1.188413","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"לוי, רון בן ישי ואליאור (September 23, 2014). \"החשבון נסגר: ישראל חיסלה את רוצחי הנערים\". Ynet. Archived from the original on October 20, 2022. Retrieved May 8, 2023 – via www.ynet.co.il.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4574136,00.html","url_text":"\"החשבון נסגר: ישראל חיסלה את רוצחי הנערים\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221020084429/https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4574136,00.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"יהושוע, יוסי; אל-חי, ליאור (April 2, 2022). \"מפקד הפלגה הוותיק מהימ\"מ נפצע קשה בחיסול המחבלים: \"עם ישראל חייב לו הרבה\"\". Ynet.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-61033350,00.html","url_text":"\"מפקד הפלגה הוותיק מהימ\"מ נפצע קשה בחיסול המחבלים: \"עם ישראל חייב לו הרבה\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"N12 – המחבל איבראהים א-נאבולסי חוסל על ידי לוחמי צה\"ל וימ\"מ בשכם\". August 9, 2022. Archived from the original on October 16, 2022. Retrieved November 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mako.co.il/news-military/2022_q3/Article-5ba16baeab08281027.htm","url_text":"\"N12 – המחבל איבראהים א-נאבולסי חוסל על ידי לוחמי צה\"ל וימ\"מ בשכם\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221016092614/https://www.mako.co.il/news-military/2022_q3/Article-5ba16baeab08281027.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"זיתון, יואב; קימון, אלישע בן (August 9, 2022). \"3 שעות קרב בלב הקסבה: טילי מטאדור שוגרו למבנה שבו שהה המחבל\". Ynet.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-61729260,00.html","url_text":"\"3 שעות קרב בלב הקסבה: טילי מטאדור שוגרו למבנה שבו שהה המחבל\""}]},{"reference":"קימון, אלישע בן; חלבי, עינב (October 24, 2022). \"מבצע לילי בלב שכם: הושמדה מעבדת המטענים של גוב האריות, 5 חמושים נהרגו\". Ynet.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-62102250,00.html","url_text":"\"מבצע לילי בלב שכם: הושמדה מעבדת המטענים של גוב האריות, 5 חמושים נהרגו\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nine Palestinians killed by Israeli troops in Jenin clash\". The Irish Times. Archived from the original on January 26, 2023. Retrieved January 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/world/middle-east/2023/01/26/nine-palestinians-killed-by-israeli-troops-in-jenin-clash/","url_text":"\"Nine Palestinians killed by Israeli troops in Jenin clash\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230126152909/https://www.irishtimes.com/world/middle-east/2023/01/26/nine-palestinians-killed-by-israeli-troops-in-jenin-clash/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"קצין בכיר: לוחמי הימ\"מ חיסלו 200 מחבלים; תשעה לוחמים נהרגו ו-35 נפצעו | ישראל היום\". 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תשעה לוחמים נהרגו ו-35 נפצעו | ישראל היום\""},{"Link":"https://www.ynet.co.il/news/article/rywsfgdsa","external_links_name":"\"ההגעה החשאית, גל התקיפות - והחילוץ: \"הלוחמים הגנו בגופם על לואיס ופרננדו\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/08/world/middleeast/us-intelligence-israel-hostage-rescue.html","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Intelligence Helped Israel Rescue Four Hostages in Gaza\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cd11z2j34k4o","external_links_name":"\"Four hostages seized at Nova festival freed in Gaza raid\""},{"Link":"https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel-at-war/artc-idf-rescues-4-israeli-hostages-from-gaza-noa-argamani-shlomi-ziv-almog-meir-jan-and-andrey-kozlov","external_links_name":"\"Israeli security forces rescue 4 hostages from Gaza: Noa Argamani, Shlomi Ziv, Almog Meir Jan and Andrey Kozlov\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/08/europe/israel-hostages-hamas-what-we-know-intl/index.html","external_links_name":"\"What we know about the people captured by Hamas\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240608180103/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-says-under-100-palestinian-casualties-including-terrorists-in-rescue-op-hamas-claims-210-martyrs/","external_links_name":"\"IDF says under 100 Palestinian casualties, including terrorists, in rescue op; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nexplanon
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Etonogestrel
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["1 Medical uses","2 Contraindications","3 Side effects","4 Overdose","5 Interactions","6 Device description","6.1 Insertion and removal","6.2 Fertility after removal","6.3 Differences","7 Pharmacology","7.1 Pharmacodynamics","7.2 Pharmacokinetics","8 Chemistry","9 History","10 Society and culture","10.1 Generic names","10.2 Brand names","10.3 Availability","11 Research","12 See also","13 References","14 Further reading","15 External links"]
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Chemical compound
EtonogestrelClinical dataTrade namesCirclet, Implanon, Nexplanon, othersOther namesORG-3236; SCH-900702 (with EETooltip ethinylestradiol); 3-Ketodesogestrel; 3-Oxodesogestrel; 11-Methylenelevonorgestrel; 11-Methylene-17α-ethynyl-18-methyl-19-nortestosterone; 11-Methylene-17α-ethynyl-18-methylestr-4-en-17β-ol-3-oneAHFS/Drugs.comProfessional Drug FactsMedlinePlusa604032Pregnancycategory
AU: B3
Routes ofadministrationSubcutaneous implant, vaginal ringDrug classProgestogen; ProgestinATC codeG03AC08 (WHO) Legal statusLegal status
AU: S4 (Prescription only)
CA: ℞-only
UK: POM (Prescription only)
US: ℞-only
EU: Rx-only
In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic dataBioavailabilityImplant: 100%Vaginal ring: 100%Protein binding≥98% (66% to albumin, 32% to SHBGTooltip sex hormone-binding globulin)MetabolismLiver (CYP3A4)Elimination half-life21–38 hoursExcretionUrine (major), feces (minor)Identifiers
IUPAC name
(8S,9S,10R,13S,14S,17R)-13-Ethyl-17-ethynyl-17-hydroxy-11-methylidene-2,6,7,8,9,10,12,14,15,16-decahydro-1H-cyclopentaphenanthren-3-one
CAS Number54048-10-1 YPubChem CID21729469IUPHAR/BPS7590DrugBankDB00294 YChemSpider5292944 YUNII304GTH6RNHKEGGD04104 YChEBICHEBI:50777 YChEMBLChEMBL1531 YCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID9046782 ECHA InfoCard100.053.561 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC22H28O2Molar mass324.464 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image
SMILES
CC12CC(=C)3(1CC2(C#C)O)CCC4=CC(=O)CC34
InChI
InChI=1S/C22H28O2/c1-4-21-13-14(3)20-17-9-7-16(23)12-15(17)6-8-18(20)19(21)10-11-22(21,24)5-2/h2,12,17-20,24H,3-4,6-11,13H2,1H3/t17-,18-,19-,20+,21-,22-/m0/s1 YKey:GCKFUYQCUCGESZ-BPIQYHPVSA-N Y
(verify)
Etonogestrel birth control implantImplanonBackgroundTypeHormonalProgestin-only implantFirst use1998 IndonesiaSynonymsEtonogestrel contraceptive implantTrade namesImplanon, Nexplanon, othersAHFS/Drugs.comFDA Professional Drug InformationFailure rates (first year)Perfect use0.05%Typical use0.05%UsageDuration effect3 to 5 yearsReversibilityYesUser remindersRequires removal after the 3–5 yearsAdvantages and disadvantagesSTI protectionNoWeightMay cause weight gainPeriod disadvantagesMay cause irregular or prolonged bleedingPeriod advantagesMinimizes pain. In 33% no periods.BenefitsLong-term contraception.
Etonogestrel is a medication which is used as a means of birth control for women. It is available as an implant placed under the skin of the upper arm under the brand names Nexplanon and Implanon. It is a progestin that is also used in combination with ethinylestradiol, an estrogen, as a vaginal ring under the brand names NuvaRing and Circlet. Etonogestrel is effective as a means of birth control and lasts at least three or four years with some data showing effectiveness for five years. Following removal, fertility quickly returns.
Side effects of etonogestrel include menstrual irregularities, breast tenderness, mood changes, acne, headaches, vaginitis, and others. Etonogestrel is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen, and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progestogens like progesterone. It works by stopping ovulation, thickening the mucus around the opening of the cervix, and altering the lining of the uterus. It has very weak androgenic and glucocorticoid activity and no other important hormonal activity.
Etonogestrel was patented in 1972 and introduced for medical use in 1998. It became available in the United States in 2006. Etonogestrel implants are approved in more than 90 countries and used by about three million women globally as of 2010.
A closely related and more widely known and used progestin, desogestrel, is a prodrug of etonogestrel in the body.
Medical uses
Etonogestrel is used in hormonal contraception in form of the etonogestrel contraceptive implant and the contraceptive vaginal ring (brand names NuvaRing, Circlet), the latter in combination with ethinylestradiol.
Etonogestrel birth control implants are a type of long-acting reversible contraception, which has been shown to be one of the most effective form of birth control. The failure rate of the implants is 0.05% for both perfect use and typical use because the method requires no user action after placement. Studies of one type, which include over 2,467 women-years of exposure, found no pregnancies.
Other studies have found some failures with this method, some attributed to failures of the method itself and others to improper placement, drug interactions, or conception prior to method insertion.
In comparison, tubal sterilization has a failure rate of 0.5% and IUDs have a failure rate of 0.2–0.8%. A single implant is approved for three years with data showing effectiveness for five years.
Contraindications
See also: Progestin § Contraindications
Women should not use implants if they:
are, or think they are, pregnant
are allergic to etonogestrel
have vaginal bleeding that has not been explained
have some forms of severe liver disease.
Women should not use combined hormone contraceptives (CHC) if they have migraines with auras.
A full list of contraindications can be found in the WHO Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use 2015 and the CDC United States Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use 2016.
Side effects
See also: Desogestrel § Side effects, and Progestin § Side effects
Irregular bleeding and spotting: Many women will experience some type of irregular, unpredictable, prolonged, frequent, or infrequent bleeding. Some women also experience amenorrhea. For some women, prolonged bleeding will decline after the first three months of use. However, other women may experience this bleeding pattern through all five years of use. While these patterns are not dangerous, they are the most common reason that women give for discontinuing the use of the implant. After removal, bleeding patterns return to previous patterns in most women.
Insertion complications: Some minor side effects such as bruising, skin irritation, or pain around the insertion site are common. However, there are some rare complications that can occur, such as infection or expulsion. In some cases, a serious complication occurs when the provider fails to insert, and the rod is left in the inserter. An Australian study reported 84 pregnancies as a result of such failure.
Migration: Although very rare, the rod can sometimes move slightly within the arm. This can make removal more difficult. It is possible that insertion in the same site as a previous implant increases the likelihood of migration. Rods can be located only through high-frequency ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It can be located using traditional X-ray or CT-scan because of the inclusion of barium sulphate. There have been rare reports of implants having reached the lung via the pulmonary artery. Correct subdermal insertion over the triceps muscle reduces the risk of these events.
Possible weight gain: Some women may experience slight weight gain when using the implant. However, current studies are not conclusive because they do not compare the weight of women using implants with a control group of women not using the implant. The average increase in body weight in studies was less than 5 pounds (2,25 kg) over 2 years.
Ovarian cysts: A small portion of women using implants and other contraceptive implants develop ovarian cysts. Usually these cysts will disappear without treatment.
Pregnancy: it is recommended that implants be removed if a pregnancy does occur. However, there is no evidence to suggest that the implant has a negative effect on pregnancy or a developing fetus.
Acne: Acne has been self-reported to be a side effect, and is listed as a side effect by the FDA. However, a study of users found that a majority of users with acne before their insertion reported that their acne had decreased, and only 16% of those who did not have acne before insertion developed acne.
Other possible symptoms: Other symptoms that have been reported in trials of implants include headache, emotional lability, depression, abdominal pain, loss of libido, and vaginal dryness. However, there have been no studies that conclusively determine that these symptoms are caused by the implant.
Overdose
See also: Progestin § Overdose
No serious side effects are expected when overdosing contraceptives in general.
Interactions
See also: Progestin § Interactions
Efavirenz, an inducer of the liver enzyme CYP3A4, appears to decrease etonogestrel levels and increase rates of undesired pregnancy among implant users.
Similar effects are expected for other CYP3A4 inducers, but it is not known whether these are clinically relevant. The opposite is true of CYP3A4 inhibitors such as ketoconazole, itraconazole and clarithromycin: they might increase etonogestrel concentrations in the body.
Device description
A removed rod
Nexplanon/Implanon consists of a single rod made of ethylene vinylacetate copolymer that is 4 cm long and 2 mm in diameter. It is similar to a matchstick in size. The rod contains 68 mg of etonogestrel (sometimes called 3-keto-destrogestrel), a type of progestin. Peak serum etonogestrel concentrations have been found to reach 781–894 pg/mL in the first few weeks, gradually decreasing to 192–261 pg/mL after one year, 154–194 pg/mL after two years, and 156–177 pg/mL after three years, maintaining ovulation suppression and contraceptive efficacy. Serum levels maintain relatively stable through 36 months, which implies that the method may be effective for longer than three years.
Although not formally approved by the manufacturer for more than three years, studies have shown it remains a highly effective contraceptive for five years.
It is a type of progestogen-only contraception.
Insertion and removal
Implantation of Implanon
An experienced clinician must perform the insertion of implants to ensure proper insertion and minimize the risk of nerve damage or misplacement, which could result in pregnancy. Before insertion, the arm is washed with a cleaning solution and a local anesthetic is applied to the upper arm around the insertion area. A needle-like applicator is used to insert the rod under the skin into the subdermal tissue on the inner side of the arm posterior to the groove between the biceps and triceps muscles. The average time for insertion is 0.5 to 1 minute. A bandage should be kept on the insertion site for 24 hours afterwards. Bruising and mild discomfort are common after insertion. Serious insertion site complications such as infection can occur very rarely, in less than 1% of patients. If a woman receives an implant outside the first five days of her period, she should wait to have sex or use a backup method of contraception (such as a condom, female condom, diaphragm, sponge, or emergency contraception) for the following week after insertion to prevent pregnancy. However, if the implant is inserted during the first five days of a woman's period, she is protected for that cycle and beyond.
Removal of Implanon
Implants can be removed at any time if pregnancy is desired. The rod must also be removed by an experienced clinician. At removal, a local anesthetic is again used around the implant area at the distal end. If the provider cannot feel the implant, imaging tests may be necessary to locate the rod before it can be removed. A small incision is made in the skin over the end of the implant site. In some cases, a fibrous sheath may have formed around the implant, in which case the sheath must be incised. The implant is removed using forceps. The removal procedure lasts, on average, 3 to 3.5 minutes.
Fertility after removal
Within a week of removal, the hormones from the device leave the body and etonogestrel is undetectable in most users. Most women will begin to ovulate within six weeks of removal.
Fertility levels will return to what they were before implant insertion.
Differences
Nexplanon and Implanon NXT are essentially identical to Implanon except Nexplanon and Implanon NXT have 15 mg of barium sulphate added to the core, so it is detectable by x-ray. Nexplanon and Implanon NXT also has a pre-loaded applicator for easier insertion.
Pharmacology
The mechanism of action of progestin-only contraceptives depends on the progestin activity and dose. Intermediate dose progestin-only contraceptives like Nexplanon or Implanon allow some follicular development but inhibit ovulation in almost all cycles as the primary mechanism of action. Ovulation was not observed in studies of Implanon in the first two years of use and only rarely in the third year with no pregnancies. A secondary mechanism of action is the progestogenic increase in cervical mucus viscosity which inhibits sperm penetration. Hormonal contraceptives also have effects on the endometrium that theoretically could affect implantation, however no scientific evidence indicates that prevention of implantation actually results from their use.
Pharmacodynamics
Etonogestrel is a progestogen, or an agonist of the progesterone receptor. It is less androgenic than levonorgestrel and norethisterone, and it does not cause a decrease in sex hormone-binding globulin levels. However, it is still associated with acne in up to 13.5% of patients when used as an implant, though this side effect only accounts for 1.3% of premature removals of the implant. In addition to its progestogenic and weak androgenic activity, etonogestrel binds to the glucocorticoid receptor with about 14% of the affinity of dexamethasone (relative to 1% for levonorgestrel) and has very weak glucocorticoid activity. Etonogestrel has no other hormonal activity (e.g., estrogenic, antimineralocorticoid). Some inhibition of 5α-reductase and hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes has been observed with etonogestrel in vitro, similarly to other 19-nortestosterone progestins.
Relative affinities (%) of etonogestrel and metabolites
Compound
PRTooltip Progesterone receptor
ARTooltip Androgen receptor
ERTooltip Estrogen receptor
GRTooltip Glucocorticoid receptor
MRTooltip Mineralocorticoid receptor
SHBGTooltip Sex hormone-binding globulin
CBGTooltip Corticosteroid binding globulin
Etonogestrel
150
20
0
14
0
15
0
5α-Dihydroetonogestrel
9
17
0
?
?
?
?
Sources: Values are percentages (%). Reference ligands (100%) were prome-gestone for the PRTooltip progesterone receptor, metribolone for the ARTooltip androgen receptor, E2 for the ERTooltip estrogen receptor, DEXATooltip dexamethasone for the GRTooltip glucocorticoid receptor, aldosterone for the MRTooltip mineralocorticoid receptor, DHTTooltip dihydrotestosterone for SHBGTooltip sex hormone-binding globulin, and cortisol for CBGTooltip Corticosteroid-binding globulin. Sources:
vte Glucocorticoid activity of selected steroids in vitro
Steroid
Class
TRTooltip Thrombin receptor (↑)a
GRTooltip glucocorticoid receptor (%)b
Dexamethasone
Corticosteroid
++
100
Ethinylestradiol
Estrogen
–
0
Etonogestrel
Progestin
+
14
Gestodene
Progestin
+
27
Levonorgestrel
Progestin
–
1
Medroxyprogesterone acetate
Progestin
+
29
Norethisterone
Progestin
–
0
Norgestimate
Progestin
–
1
Progesterone
Progestogen
+
10
Footnotes: a = Thrombin receptor (TR) upregulation (↑) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). b = RBATooltip Relative binding affinity (%) for the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Strength: – = No effect. + = Pronounced effect. ++ = Strong effect. Sources:
Pharmacokinetics
The bioavailability of etonogestrel when given as a subcutaneous implant or as a vaginal ring is 100%. Steady-state levels of etonogestrel are achieved within one week upon insertion as an implant or vaginal ring. The mean volume of distribution of etonogestrel is 201 L. The plasma protein binding of the medication is at least 98%, with 66% bound to albumin and 32% bound to sex hormone-binding globulin. Etonogestrel is metabolized in the liver by CYP3A4. The biological activity of its metabolites is unknown. The elimination half-life of etonogestrel is about 25 to 29 hours. Following removal of an etonogestrel-containing implant, levels of the medication were below the limits of assay detection by one week. The major portion of etonogestrel is eliminated in urine and a minor portion is eliminated in feces.
Chemistry
See also: List of progestogens
Etonogestrel, also known as 11-methylene-17α-ethynyl-18-methyl-19-nortestosterone or as 11-methylene-17α-ethynyl-18-methylestr-4-en-17β-ol-3-one, is a synthetic estrane steroid and a derivative of testosterone. It is more specifically a derivative of norethisterone (17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone) and is a member of the gonane (18-methylestrane) subgroup of the 19-nortestosterone family of progestins. Etonogestrel is the C3 ketone derivative of desogestrel and the C11 methylene derivative of levonorgestrel and is also known as 3-ketodesogestrel and as 11-methylenelevonorgestrel.
History
The possibility of the subdermal contraceptive implant began when silicone was discovered in the 1940s and found to be bio-compatible with the human body.
In 1964, Folkman and Long published the first study demonstrating that such a rod could be used to deliver drugs.
In 1966 Dziuk and Cook published a study that looked at release rates and suggested that the rods could be well suited for contraception. After a study that used implants with progestogens for contraception, the Population Council developed and patented Norplant and Jadelle. Norplant has six rods and is considered a first-generation implant. Jadelle (Norplant II), a two-rod implant, and other single rod implants that followed, were developed because of complications resulting from Norplant's six-rod system. The Jadelle system contains two silicone rods mixed with levonorgestrel. In 1990 De Nijs patented a co-axial extrusion technique of ethylene vinylacetate copolymers and 3-keto-desogestrel (etonogestrel) for the preparation of long-acting contraceptive devices, such as Implanon, Nexplanon and Nuvaring. The single rods were less visible under the skin and used etonogestrel as opposed to levonorgestrel in the hopes that it would reduce side effects.
Desogestrel (3-deketoetonogestrel), a prodrug of etonogestrel, was introduced for medical use in 1981.
Norplant was used internationally beginning in 1983 and was marketed in the United States and the United Kingdom in 1993. There were many complications associated with Norplant removal in the United States and it was taken off the market in 2002. Although Jadelle was approved by the FDA, it has never been marketed in the United States, but it is widely used in Africa and Asia.
Etonogestrel itself was first introduced as Implanon in Indonesia in 1998, was marketed in the United Kingdom shortly thereafter, and approved for use in the United States in 2006. Nexplanon was developed to eliminate the problem of non-insertion and localization of Implanon by changing the inserter device and making the rod radiopaque. As of January 2012, Implanon is no longer being marketed and Nexplanon is the only available single-rod implant.
Society and culture
Generic names
Etonogestrel is the generic name of the drug and its INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name, USANTooltip United States Adopted Name, and BANTooltip British Approved Name. It is also known by its developmental code name ORG-3236.
Brand names
Etonogestrel is marketed under the brand names Circlet, Implanon, Nexplanon, and NuvaRing.
Availability
Etonogestrel is available widely throughout the world, including in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, elsewhere throughout Europe, South Africa, Latin America, South, East, and Southeast Asia, and elsewhere in the world.
Research
An etonogestrel-releasing intrauterine device was under development for use as a form of birth control for women but development was discontinued in 2015.
Etonogestrel has been studied for use as a potential male contraceptive.
See also
Ethinylestradiol/etonogestrel
References
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Further reading
Bennink HJ (September 2000). "The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Implanon, a single-rod etonogestrel contraceptive implant". Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 5 (Suppl 2): 12–20. doi:10.1080/14730782.2000.12288981. PMID 11246602. S2CID 67921250.
Varma R, Mascarenhas L (June 2001). "Endometrial effects of etonogestrel (Implanon) contraceptive implant". Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 13 (3): 335–41. doi:10.1097/00001703-200106000-00015. PMID 11396660. S2CID 45520124.
"Etonogestrel implant (Implanon) for contraception". Drug Ther Bull. 39 (8): 57–9. August 2001. PMID 11526801.
Gaffield ME, Curtis KM, Mohllajee AP, Peterson HB (February 2006). "Medical eligibility criteria for new contraceptive methods: combined hormonal patch, combined hormonal vaginal ring and the etonogestrel implant". Contraception. 73 (2): 134–44. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2005.08.002. PMID 16413844.
Wagner MS, Arias RD, Nucatola DL (August 2007). "The combined etonogestrel/ethinyl estradiol contraceptive vaginal ring". Expert Opin Pharmacother. 8 (11): 1769–77. doi:10.1517/14656566.8.11.1769. PMID 17685892. S2CID 42412888.
Mansour D, Bahamondes L, Critchley H, Darney P, Fraser IS (March 2011). "The management of unacceptable bleeding patterns in etonogestrel-releasing contraceptive implant users". Contraception. 83 (3): 202–10. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2010.08.001. PMID 21310280.
"In brief: etonogestrel (nexplanon) contraceptive implant". The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics. 54 (1383): 12. February 2012. PMID 22354222.
Stuebe AM, Bryant AG, Lewis R, Muddana A (May 2016). "Association of Etonogestrel-Releasing Contraceptive Implant with Reduced Weight Gain in an Exclusively Breastfed Infant: Report and Literature Review". Breastfeed Med. 11 (4): 203–6. doi:10.1089/bfm.2016.0017. PMC 4860664. PMID 27032034.
López-Picado A, Lapuente O, Lete I (April 2017). "Efficacy and side-effects profile of the ethinylestradiol and etonogestrel contraceptive vaginal ring: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 22 (2): 131–146. doi:10.1080/13625187.2017.1287351. PMID 28256919. S2CID 24447820.
External links
Etonogestrel implant - AdisInsight
Ethinylestradiol/etonogestrel vaginal ring - AdisInsight
vteBirth control methodsRelated topics
Comparison of birth control methods
Male contraception
Preventing sexually-transmitted infections
Over-the-counter oral contraceptives
Oral contraceptive formulations
Long-acting reversible contraception (LARC)
Intrauterine device (Hormonal IUD
Copper IUD)
Contraceptive implant (Etonogestrel implant, Levonorgestrel implant)
Sterilization
Tubal ligation (female)
Vasectomy (male)
Hormonal contraceptionCombined estrogen–progestogen
Oral pill
Extended cycle Pill
Contraceptive patch
Monthly injections
Vaginal ring
Progestogen-only
Multi-month injections
Progestogen-only pill
Vaginal ring
SERMs
Ormeloxifene
Barrier Methods
External condom
Internal condom
Cervical cap
Diaphragm
Contraceptive sponge
Emergency Contraception(Post-intercourse)
Copper IUD
Ulipristal acetate
Levonorgestrel
Low-dose mifepristone
Yuzpe regimen
Spermicides
Vaginal pH modulation
Nonoxynol-9
BehavioralIncluding vaginal intercourse
Breastfeeding method
Calendar (rhythm) methods
Fertility awareness methods
Withdrawal
Avoiding vaginal intercourse
Non-penetrative sex
Abstinence
Experimental
Male contraceptives in development
vteActive molecules in hormonal contraceptivesAndrogens
Male-only: Dimethandrolone
Testosterone buciclate
Testosterone undecanoate
Trestolone
Estrogens
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Estradiol
Estradiol benzoate
Estradiol cypionate
Estradiol enanthate
Estradiol valerate
Ethinylestradiol
Mestranol
Ormeloxifene
ProgestogensFirst generation (estranes)
Ethisterone
Etynodiol diacetate
Lynestrenol
Norethisterone (norethindrone)
Norethisterone acetate
Norethisterone enanthate
Noretynodrel
Quingestanol
Second generation
Estranes: Norethisterone enanthate
Norgestrienone
Gonanes: Levonorgestrel
Norelgestromin
Norgestrel
Third generation (gonanes)
Desogestrel
Etonogestrel
Gestodene
Norgestimate
Fourth generation
Estranes: Dienogest
Norpregnanes: Segesterone acetate
Demegestone
Nomegestrol acetate
Promegestone
Trimegestone
Spironolactone derivatives: Drospirenone
Pregnanes
Chlormadinone acetate
Medrogestone
Medroxyprogesterone acetate
Megestrol acetate
Miscellaneous
Mifepristone
Ulipristal acetate
Algestone acetophenide
Dydrogesterone
Gestrinone
Progesterone
Proligestone
Pharmacodynamics
vteProgestogens and antiprogestogensProgestogens(and progestins)PRTooltip Progesterone receptor agonists
Progesterone derivatives: Progesterone
Quingestrone
Retroprogesterone derivatives: Dydrogesterone
Trengestone
17α-Hydroxyprogesterone (and closely related) derivatives: 17α-Hydroxylated: Acetomepregenol (mepregenol diacetate)
Algestone acetophenide (dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide)
Anagestone acetate
Chlormadinone acetate
Chlormethenmadinone acetate
Cyproterone acetate
Delmadinone acetate
Flugestone acetate (flurogestone acetate)
Flumedroxone acetate
Hydroxyprogesterone acetate
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate
Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate
Medroxyprogesterone acetate#
Megestrol acetate
Melengestrol acetate
Methenmadinone acetate
Osaterone acetate
Pentagestrone acetate
Proligestone; 17α-Methylated: Medrogestone; Others: Haloprogesterone
19-Norprogesterone derivatives: 17α-Hydroxylated: Gestonorone caproate (gestronol hexanoate)
Nomegestrol acetate
Norgestomet
Segesterone acetate (nestorone, elcometrine); 17α-Methylated: Demegestone
Promegestone
Trimegestone
Testosterone derivatives: Estranes: Danazol
Dimethisterone
Ethisterone
19-Nortestosterone derivatives: Estranes: Allylestrenol
Altrenogest
Dienogest
Etynodiol diacetate
Lynestrenol
Norethisterone (norethindrone)#
Norethisterone acetate
Norethisterone enanthate
Noretynodrel
Norgesterone
Norgestrienone
Normethandrone (methylestrenolone)
Norvinisterone
Oxendolone
Quingestanol acetate
Tibolone; Gonanes: Desogestrel
Etonogestrel
Gestodene
Gestrinone
Levonorgestrel#
Norelgestromin
Norgestimate
Norgestrel
Spirolactone derivatives: Drospirenone
Others: Anabolic–androgenic steroids (e.g., nandrolone and esters, trenbolone and esters, ethylestrenol, norethandrolone, others)
AntiprogestogensSPRMsTooltip Selective progesterone receptor modulators
Telapristone§
Ulipristal acetate
PRTooltip Progesterone receptor antagonists
Aglepristone
Mifepristone
#WHO-EM
‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
†Phase III
§Never to phase III
See also
Progesterone receptor modulators
Androgens and antiandrogens
Estrogens and antiestrogens
List of progestogens
vteAndrogen receptor modulatorsARTooltip Androgen receptorAgonists
Testosterone derivatives: 4-Androstenediol
4-Dehydroepiandrosterone (4-DHEA)
4-Hydroxytestosterone
4,17α-Dimethyltestosterone
5-Androstenedione
11-Ketotestosterone
11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione
Adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione, 11-oxoandrostenedione)
Androstenediol (5-androstenediol)
Androstenediol 3β-acetate
Androstenediol 17β-acetate
Androstenediol diacetate
Androstenediol dipropionate
Androstenedione (4-androstenedione)
Atamestane
Boldenone
Boldenone undecylenate
Boldione (1,4-androstadienedione)
Clostebol
Clostebol acetate
Clostebol caproate
Clostebol propionate
Cloxotestosterone
Cloxotestosterone acetate
Dehydroandrosterone
DHEA (androstenolone, prasterone; 5-DHEA)
DHEA enanthate (prasterone enanthate)
DHEA sulfate
Exemestane
Formestane
Plomestane
Quinbolone
Silandrone
Testosterone# (+dutasteride)
Testosterone esters
Polytestosterone phloretin phosphate
5α-Dihydrotestosterone derivatives: 1-Androstenediol
1-Androstenedione
1-Androsterone (1-andro, 1-DHEA)
1-Testosterone
3α-Androstanediol
5α-Androst-2-en-17-one
7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone
11-Ketodihydrotestosterone
Androsterone
Bolazine
Bolazine capronate
Dihydroethyltestosterone
Dihydrofluoxymesterone
Dihydromethylandrostenediol
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (androstanolone, stanolone)
Dihydrotestosterone esters
Drostanolone
Drostanolone propionate
Epiandrosterone
Epitiostanol
Mepitiostane
Mesabolone
Mesterolone
Mesterolone cipionate
Methyldiazinol
Nisterime
Nisterime acetate
Prostanozol
Stenbolone
Stenbolone acetate
Testifenon (testiphenon, testiphenone)
19-Nortestosterone derivatives: 7α-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione (MENT dione, trestione)
11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone
11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate
19-Nor-5-androstenediol
19-Nor-5-androstenedione
19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone
Bolandiol
Bolandiol dipropionate
Bolandione (19-nor-4-androstenedione)
Bolmantalate (nandrolone adamantoate)
Dienedione
Dienolone
Dimethandrolone
Dimethandrolone buciclate
Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate
Dimethandrolone undecanoate
LS-1727 (nandrolone 17β-N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosocarbamate)
Methoxydienone (methoxygonadiene)
Nandrolone
Nandrolone esters
Norclostebol
Norclostebol acetate
Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethisterone)
Oxabolone
Oxabolone cipionate (oxabolone cypionate)
Trenbolone
Trenbolone acetate
Trenbolone enanthate
Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate
Trenbolone undecanoate
Trendione
Trestolone (MENT)
Trestolone acetate
Trestolone enanthate
5α-Dihydro-19-nortestosterone derivatives: 5α-Dihydronandrolone
5α-Dihydrotrestolone
19-Norandrosterone
17α-Alkylated testosterone derivatives: Bolasterone
Calusterone
Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol (CDMA)
Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone (CDMT)
Chloromethylandrostenediol (CMA)
Enestebol
Ethyltestosterone
Fluoxymesterone
Formebolone
Hydroxystenozole
Metandienone (methandrostenolone)
Methandriol (methylandrostenediol)
Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate
Methandriol diacetate
Methandriol dipropionate
Methandriol propionate
Methylclostebol (chloromethyltestosterone)
Methyltestosterone (+esterified estrogens)
Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether
Oxymesterone
Penmesterol
Tiomesterone
17α-Alkylated 5α-dihydrotestosterone derivatives: Androisoxazole
Desoxymethyltestosterone
Furazabol
Mebolazine (dimethazine)
Mestanolone
Metenolone
Metenolone acetate
Metenolone enanthate
Methasterone
Methyl-1-testosterone
Methylepitiostanol
Methylstenbolone
Oxandrolone
Oxymetholone
Stanozolol
17α-Alkylated 19-nortestosterone derivatives: Bolenol
Dimethyldienolone
Dimethyltrienolone
Ethyldienolone
Ethylestrenol
Methyldienolone
Methylhydroxynandrolone (MOHN, MHN)
Metribolone
Mibolerone
Norboletone
Norethandrolone
Propetandrol
RU-2309
Tetrahydrogestrinone
17α-Alkylated 5α-dihydro-19-nortestosterone derivatives: 5α-Dihydronorethandrolone
5α-Dihydronormethandrone
17α-Vinyltestosterone derivatives: Norvinisterone (vinylnortestosterone)
17α-Vinyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: Vinyltestosterone
17α-Ethynyltestosterone derivatives: Danazol
Ethinylandrostenediol
Ethandrostate
Ethisterone (ethynyltestosterone)
5α-Dihydro-17α-ethynyltestosterone derivatives: 17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol
17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol
Dihydroethisterone
17α-Ethynyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: Δ4-Tibolone
Desogestrel
Etonogestrel
Etynodiol
Etynodiol diacetate
Gestodene
Gestrinone
Levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel esters (e.g., levonorgestrel butanoate)
Lynestrenol
Lynestrenol phenylpropionate
Norethisterone
Norethisterone esters (e.g., norethisterone acetate, norethisterone enanthate)
Norgestrel
Norgestrienone
Quingestanol
Quingestanol acetate
Tibolone
5α-Dihydro-17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives: 5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel
5α-Dihydronorethisterone
Progesterone derivatives: 6α-Methylprogesterone
Medroxyprogesterone acetate
Megestrol acetate
Others/unsorted: 3-Keto-5α-abiraterone
5α-Androstane
Alternariol
Cl-4AS-1
Drupanol
Trilostane
ZM-182345
SARMsTooltip Selective androgen receptor modulator
Nonsteroidal: 198RL26
ACP-105
AC-262,536
Acetothiolutamide
Acetoxolutamide
Andarine (acetamidoxolutamide, androxolutamide, GTx-007, S-4)
BMS-564,929
DTIB
Enobosarm (ostarine, MK-2866, GTx-024, S-22)
FTBU-1
GLPG-0492
GSK2881078
GSK-4336A
GSK-8698
LG121071 (LGD-121071)
LGD-2226
LGD-2941 (LGD-122941)
LGD-3303
LGD-4033
LY305
JNJ-26146900
JNJ-28330835
JNJ-37654032
OPK-88004 (LY-2452473, TT-701)
ORM-11984
PF-06260414
R-1
RU-59063
S-1
S-23
S-40503
S-101479
Vosilasarm
Steroidal: EM-9017
MK-0773
TFM-4AS-1
YK-11
Antagonists
Steroidal: 7α-Thioprogesterone
7α-Thiospironolactone
7α-Thiomethylspironolactone
11α-Hydroxyprogesterone
15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate
Abiraterone
Abiraterone acetate
Allyltestosterone
Benorterone
BOMT
Canrenoic acid
Canrenone
Chlormadinone acetate
Clascoterone
Clometerone
Cyproheptadine
Cyproterone
Cyproterone acetate
Delanterone
Delmadinone acetate
Dicirenone
Dienogest
Drospirenone
DU-41165
Edogestrone
EM-4350
EM-5854
EM-5855
EM-6537
Epitestosterone
Galeterone
Guggulsterone
Ludaterone
Medrogestone
Megestrol acetate
Mespirenone
Metogest
Mexrenone
Mifepristone
Nomegestrol acetate
Nordinone
Osaterone
Osaterone acetate
Oxendolone
Potassium canrenoate
Promegestone
Prorenone
Rosterolone
RU-15328
SC-5233 (spirolactone)
Spironolactone
Spirorenone
Spiroxasone
Topterone
Trimegestone
Trimethyltrienolone (R-2956)
Zanoterone
Nonsteroidal: 5N-Bicalutamide
AA560
Antarlides
Arabilin
Apalutamide
Atraric acid
AZD-3514
Bakuchiol
Bavdegalutamide
BAY-1024767
Bicalutamide
Bisphenols (e.g., BADGE, BFDGE, bisphenol A, bisphenol F, bisphenol S)
BMS-501949
BMS-570511
BMS-641988
CH5137291
Cimetidine
Cioteronel
Cyanonilutamide
Darolutamide
DDT (via metabolite p,p’-DDE)
Dieldrin
DIMP
Endosulfan
Enzalutamide
EPI-001
Fenarimol
Flutamide
Hydroxyflutamide
Inocoterone
Inocoterone acetate
Ketoconazole
Ketodarolutamide
Lavender oil
LG-105
LG-120907
LGD-1331
Linuron
Masofaniten
Methiocarb
N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide
N-Desmethylapalutamide
N-Desmethylenzalutamide
Nilutamide
ONC1-13B
Pentomone
PF-998425
Phenothrin
Prochloraz
Procymidone
Proxalutamide
Pyrilutamide
Ralaniten (EPI-002)
Ralaniten acetate (EPI-506)
RD-162
Rezvilutamide
Ro 2-7239
Ro 5-2537
RU-22930
RU-56187
RU-57073
RU-58642
RU-58841
Seviteronel
Thalidomide
Topilutamide (fluridil)
Valproic acid
Vinclozolin
YM-580
YM-92088
YM-175735
GPRC6AAgonists
Cations (incl. aluminium, calcium, gadolinium, magnesium, strontium, zinc)
Dehydroandrosterone
Dihydrotestosterone
Estradiol
L-α-Amino acids (incl. L-arginine, L-lysine, L-ornithine)
Osteocalcin
SHBGTooltip Sex hormone-binding globulin
Testosterone
See also
Receptor/signaling modulators
Androgens and antiandrogens
Estrogen receptor modulators
Progesterone receptor modulators
List of androgens and anabolic steroids
vteGlucocorticoid receptor modulatorsGRTooltip Glucocorticoid receptorAgonists
Cortisol-like and related (16-unsubstituted): 3α,5α-Tetrahydrocorticosterone
5α-Dihydrocorticosterone
9α-Fluorocortisone (alfluorone)
11-Dehydrocorticosterone (11-oxocorticosterone, 17-deoxycortisone)
11-Dehydrocorticosterone acetate
11-Deoxycorticosterone (desoxycortone, deoxycortone, desoxycorticosterone)
Desoxycortone esters
11-Deoxycortisol (cortodoxone, cortexolone)
Cortifen (cortiphen, kortifen)
Cortodoxone acetate
21-Deoxycortisol
Δ7-Prednisolone
Δ7-Prednisolone 21-acetate
Amebucort
Chloroprednisone
Chloroprednisone acetate
Cloprednol
Cloprednol acetate
Corticosterone
Corticosterone acetate
Corticosterone benzoate
Cortisol (hydrocortisone)
Benzodrocortisone (hydrocortisone benzoate)
Hydrocortamate (hydrocortisone diethylaminoacetate)
Hydrocortisone esters
Cortisone
Cortisone acetate
Deprodone
Deprodone propionate
Dichlorisone
Dichlorisone acetate
Dichlorisone diacetate
Difluprednate
Endrisone (endrysone)
Etiprednol
Etiprednol dicloacetate (etiprednol dichloroacetate)
Fludrocortisone (fludrocortone)
Fludrocortisone acetate
Fluorometholone
Fluorometholone acetate
Fluperolone
Fluperolone acetate
Fluprednisolone
Fluprednisolone esters
Halopredone
Halopredone acetate (halopredone diacetate)
Isoflupredone (9α-fluoroprednisolone)
Isoflupredone acetate
Loteprednol
Mazipredone (depersolone)
Medrysone
Methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone esters
Prebediolone
Prebediolone acetate
Prednisolone
Prednazate
Prednazoline
Prednicarbate (prednisolone ethylcarbonate propionate)
Prednimustine
Prednisolamate (prednisolone diethylaminoacetate)
Prednisolone esters
Prednisone
Prednisone esters
Pregnenolone
Pregnenolone acetate
Pregnenolone succinate (pregnenolone hemisuccinate)
Resocortol
Tipredane
Tixocortol
Butixocort (tixocortol butyrate)
Butixocort propionate
Tixocortol pivalate
Methasones and related (16-substituted): 16α-Methyl-11-oxoprednisolone
Alclometasone
Alclometasone dipropionate
Amelometasone
Beclometasone (beclomethasone)
Beclometasone esters
Betamethasone (betametasone)
Betamethasone esters
Cortobenzolone (betamethasone salicylate)
Ciclometasone (ciclomethasone, cyclomethasone)
Clobetasol
Clobetasol propionate
Clobetasone
Clobetasone butyrate
Clocortolone
Clocortolone esters
Cloticasone
Cloticasone propionate
Cormetasone (cormethasone)
Cormetasone acetate
Descinolone
Desoximetasone (desoxymethasone)
Dexamethasone (dexametasone)
Dexamethasone esters
Diflorasone
Diflorasone diacetate
Diflucortolone
Diflucortolone pivalate
Diflucortolone valerate
Dimesone
Dimesone acetate
Doxibetasol (doxybetasol)
Fluclorolone
Flumetasone (flumethasone)
Flumetasone acetate
Flumetasone pivalate
Fluocinolone
Fluocortin
Fluocortin butyl (fluocortin butylate)
Fluocortolone
Fluocortolone esters
Fluprednidene (fluprednylidene)
Fluprednidene acetate
Fluticasone
Fluticasone furoate
Fluticasone propionate
Halocortolone
Halometasone
Icometasone
Icometasone enbutate (icometasone butyrate acetate)
Isoprednidene
Locicortolone (locicortone)
Locicortolone dicibate (locicortone dicibate)
Meclorisone
Meclorisone dibutyrate
Meprednisone (methylprednisone)
Meprednisone acetate
Meprednisone hydrogen succinate (methylprednisone hemisuccinate)
Mometasone
Mometasone furoate
Paramethasone
Paramethasone acetate
Paramethasone disodium phosphate
Paramethasone phosphate
Prednylidene
Prednylidene diethylaminoacetate
Rimexolone
Ticabesone
Ticabesone propionate
Timobesone
Timobesone acetate
Triamcinolone
Triamcinolone diacetate
Ulobetasol (halobetasol)
Ulobetasol propionate
Vamorolone
Cyclic ketals (16,17-cyclized): Acrocinonide (triamcinolone acroleinide)
Amcinafal (triamcinolone pentanonide)
Amcinafide (triamcinolone acetophenide)
Amcinonide (triamcinolone acetate cyclopentanonide)
Budesonide
Ciclesonide
Cicortonide
Deflazacort (azacort)
Descinolone acetonide
Desonide (hydroxyprednisolone acetonide)
Desonide disodium phosphate
Desonide pivalate
Dexbudesonide
Drocinonide
Drocinonide phosphate
Fluazacort
Fluclorolone acetonide (flucloronide)
Fludroxycortide (flurandrenolone, flurandrenolide)
Flumoxonide
Flunisolide
Flunisolide acetate
Fluocinolone acetonide
Ciprocinonide (fluocinolone acetonide cyclopropylcarboxylate)
Fluocinonide (fluocinolide, fluocinolone acetonide acetate)
Procinonide (fluocinolone acetonide propionate)
Formocortal
Halcinonide
Itrocinonide
Rofleponide
Rofleponide palmitate
Tralonide
Triamcinolone acetonide
Flupamesone (triamcinolone acetonide metembonate)
Triamcinolone acetonide esters
Triamcinolone aminobenzal benzamidoisobutyrate (TBI-PAB)
Triclonide
Others/atypical (other expanded steroid ring systems, homosteroids, and non-pregnane steroids): Cortisuzol
Cortivazol
Domoprednate
Naflocort
Nicocortonide
Nicocortonide acetate
Nivacortol (nivazol)
Oxisopred
RU-26988
RU-28362
Non-corticosteroids with some glucocorticoid activity: 15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate
17α-Hydroxyprogesterone
Bromoketoprogesterone
Chlormadinone acetate
Cyproterone
Cyproterone acetate
Danazol
Delmadinone acetate
Desogestrel
DU-41165
Etonogestrel
Flugestone
Flugestone acetate (flurogestone acetate)
Fluoromedroxyprogesterone acetate
Fluoxymesterone
Gestodene
Medrogestone
Medroxyprogesterone acetate
Megestrol acetate
Metribolone
Norgestomet
Osaterone acetate
Progesterone
Promegestone
RU-2309
Quingestrone
Segesterone acetate (nestorone)
Tetrahydrogestrinone
Nonsteroidal glucocorticoids: AZD-5423
GSK-9027
Mixed(SEGRMsTooltip Selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists)
Dagrocorat
Fosdagrocorat
Mapracorat
Antagonists
7α-Hydroxy-DHEA
17α-Methylprogesterone
Aglepristone
Asoprisnil
Asoprisnil ecamate
C108297
C113176
CORT-108297
Cyproterone acetate
Dazucorilant
Exicorilant (CORT-125281)
Guggulsterone
Ketoconazole
Lilopristone
LLY-2707
Metapristone (RU-42633)
Miconazole
Mifepristone (RU-486)
Miricorilant (CORT-118335)
Onapristone
ORG-34116
ORG-34517 (SCH-900636)
ORG-34850
Pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile
Relacorilant (CORT-125134)
RTI 3021–012
RTI 3021–022
Telapristone
Tibolone
Toripristone
Ulipristal acetate
Zavacorilant
Others
Antisense oligonucleotides: IONIS-GCCRRx (ISIS-426115)
See also
Receptor/signaling modulators
Glucocorticoids and antiglucocorticoids
Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators
List of corticosteroids
vteProgesterone receptor modulatorsPRTooltip Progesterone receptorAgonists
Progesterone derivatives: 3β-Dihydroprogesterone
5α-Dihydroprogesterone
6α-Methylprogesterone
9α-Bromo-11-ketoprogesterone
11-Dehydroprogesterone
11-Deoxycorticosterone
16α-Hydroxyprogesterone
17α-Methyl-11-deoxycorticosterone acetate
20α-Dihydroprogesterone
20β-Dihydroprogesterone
Dimepregnen
Diosgenin
P1-185
Progesterone
Progesterone 3-acetyl enol ether
Quingestrone
Retroprogesterone derivatives: 20α-Dihydrodydrogesterone
20α-Dihydrotrengestone
DU-41164
DU-41165
Dydrogesterone
Retroprogesterone
Ro 6-3129
Trengestone
17α-Substituted progesterone derivatives: 6α-Methyl-17α-bromoprogesterone
15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate
16-Methylene-17α-hydroxyprogesterone acetate
17α-Bromoprogesterone
17α-Hydroxyprogesterone (hydroxyprogesterone)
17α-Methylprogesterone
Acetomepregenol (mepregenol diacetate)
Algestone
Algestone acetonide
Algestone acetophenide
Anagestone
Anagestone acetate
Bromethenmadinone
Bromethenmadinone acetate
Butagest (buterol)
Chlormadinone
Chlormadinone acetate
Chlormadinone caproate
Chlormethenmadinone
Chlormethenmadinone acetate
Cismadinone
Cismadinone acetate
Clogestone
Clogestone acetate
Clomegestone
Clomegestone acetate
Cymegesolate
Cyproterone acetate
Delmadinone
Delmadinone acetate
Edogestrone
Flugestone
Flugestone acetate
Fluorometholone
Fluorometholone acetate
Flumedroxone
Flumedroxone acetate
Fluoromedroxyprogesterone acetate
Gestaclone
Gestobutanoyl
Haloprogesterone
Hydromadinone
Hydromadinone acetate
Hydroxyprogesterone acetate
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate (hydroxyprogesterone hexanoate)
Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate (hydroxyprogesterone enanthate)
Hydroxyprogesterone heptanoate benzilic acid hydrazone
Mecigestone (pentarane B)
Medrogestone
Medroxyprogesterone
Medroxyprogesterone acetate
Medroxyprogesterone caproate
Megestrol
Megestrol acetate
Megestrol caproate
Melengestrol
Melengestrol acetate
Methenmadinone
Methenmadinone acetate
Methenmadinone caproate
Mometasone
Mometasone furoate
Osaterone
Osaterone acetate
Pentagestrone
Pentagestrone acetate
Pentarane A
Proligestone
Triamcinolone acetonide
19-Norprogesterone derivatives: 17α-Methyl-19-norprogesterone
18-Methylsegesterone acetate
19-Norprogesterone
Amadinone
Amadinone acetate
Demegestone
Fluoro ethyl norprogesterone
Fluoro furanyl norprogesterone
Gestadienol
Gestadienol acetate
Gestonorone acetate (gestronol acetate)
Gestonorone caproate (gestronol hexanoate)
Gestronol (gestonorone)
Nomegestrol
Nomegestrol acetate
Norgestomet
ORG-2058
Oxogestone
Oxogestone phenpropionate (xinogestone)
Promegestone
Segesterone
Segesterone acetate (nestorone)
Trimegestone
Testosterone derivatives: Progestins: 6,6-Difluoronorethisterone
6,6-Difluoronorethisterone acetate
17α-Allyl-19-nortestosterone
Allylestrenol
Altrenogest
Chloroethynylnorgestrel
Cingestol
Danazol
Desogestrel
Dienogest
Ethinylandrostenediol
Ethandrostate
Ethisterone
Ethynerone
Etonogestrel
Etynodiol
Etynodiol diacetate
Gestodene
Gestrinone
Levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel esters (e.g., levonorgestrel butanoate)
Lynestrenol
Lynestrenol phenylpropionate
Metynodiol
Metynodiol diacetate
Norelgestromin
Norethisterone (norethindrone)
Norethisterone esters (e.g., norethisterone acetate, norethisterone enanthate)
Noretynodrel
Norgesterone
Norgestimate
Norgestrel
Norgestrienone
Norvinisterone
Oxendolone
Quingestanol
Quingestanol acetate
Tibolone
Tigestol
Tosagestin; Anabolic–androgenic steroids: 11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone
11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate
19-Nor-5-androstenediol
19-Nor-5-androstenedione
19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone
Bolandiol
Bolandiol dipropionate
Bolandione
Dimethisterone
Dienedione
Dienolone
Dimethandrolone
Dimethandrolone buciclate
Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate
Dimethandrolone undecanoate
Dimethyldienolone
Dimethyltrienolone
Ethyldienolone
Ethylestrenol (ethylnandrol)
Methyldienolone
Metribolone (R-1881)
Methoxydienone (methoxygonadiene)
Mibolerone
Nandrolone
Nandrolone esters (e.g., nandrolone decanoate, nandrolone phenylpropionate)
Norethandrolone
Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethandrolone, normethisterone)
RU-2309
Tetrahydrogestrinone
Trenbolone (trienolone)
Trenbolone esters (e.g., trenbolone acetate, trenbolone enanthate)
Trendione
Trestolone
Trestolone acetate
Spirolactone derivatives: Canrenoic acid
Canrenone
Drospirenone
Mespirenone
Potassium canrenoate
Prorenone
SC-5233 (spirolactone)
SC-8109
Spironolactone
Spirorenone
Nonsteroidal: 3,8-Dihydrodiligustilide
LG-2527
LG-100128
Riligustilide
RWJ-26819
RWJ-49853
RWJ-60130
Tanaproget
ZM-182345
Unknown: ORG-47241
ORG-201745
Mixed(SPRMsTooltip Selective progesterone receptor modulators)
Steroidal: Dihydroethisterone
5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel
5α-Dihydronorethisterone
Asoprisnil
Asoprisnil ecamate
Guggulsterone
J1042
LG-120838
Metapristone (RU-42633)
Mifepristone (RU-486)
ORF-9371
ORF-9326
ORG-31710
ORG-33628
RMI-12936
Telapristone
Ulipristal acetate
Vilaprisan
ZK-137316
Nonsteroidal: Apigenin
Kaempferol
LG-120920
Naringenin
PRA-910
Syringic acid
Antagonists
Steroidal: Aglepristone
Lilopristone
Lonaprisan
Onapristone
ORG-31710
ORG-31806
ORG-33628
RTI 3021–022
Toripristone
Zanoterone
Nonsteroidal: Darolutamide
LG-001447
LG-100127
LG-100128
LG-120830
LG-121046
Valproic acid
ZM-150271
ZM-172406
mPRTooltip Membrane progesterone receptor(PAQRTooltip Progestin and adipoQ receptor)Agonists
5α-Dihydroprogesterone
5β-Dihydroprogesterone
11-Deoxycortisone (21-hydroxyprogesterone)
11-Deoxycortisol (17α,21-dihydroxyprogesterone)
17α-Hydroxyprogesterone
Allopregnanolone
Mifepristone
Pregnenolone
Progesterone
Antagonists
Mifepristone
See also
Receptor/signaling modulators
Progestogens and antiprogestogens
Androgen receptor modulators
Estrogen receptor modulators
List of progestogens
Portal: Medicine
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"birth control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonal_contraceptive"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NexplanonLabel-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NuvaRingLabel-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndexNominum2000-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LemkeWilliams2012-13"},{"link_name":"progestin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progestin"},{"link_name":"ethinylestradiol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethinylestradiol"},{"link_name":"estrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)"},{"link_name":"vaginal ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraceptive_vaginal_ring"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drugs.com-14"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ham2016-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lot2016-11"},{"link_name":"fertility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO2015Use-15"},{"link_name":"Side effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_effect"},{"link_name":"menstrual irregularities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menstrual_irregularities"},{"link_name":"breast tenderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_tenderness"},{"link_name":"mood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"acne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne"},{"link_name":"vaginitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginitis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NexplanonLabel-4"},{"link_name":"progestin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progestin"},{"link_name":"progestogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progestogen_(medication)"},{"link_name":"agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonist"},{"link_name":"progesterone receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone_receptor"},{"link_name":"biological target","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_target"},{"link_name":"progesterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16112947i-16"},{"link_name":"ovulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulation"},{"link_name":"mucus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucus"},{"link_name":"cervix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervix"},{"link_name":"uterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterus"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pat2010-17"},{"link_name":"androgenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen"},{"link_name":"glucocorticoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoid"},{"link_name":"hormonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonal_agent"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16112947i-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CarcioANP-BC2014-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mayeaux2012-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fis2006-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CarcioANP-BC2014-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mayeaux2012-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pat2010-17"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sen2008-21"},{"link_name":"desogestrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desogestrel"},{"link_name":"prodrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodrug"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16112947i-16"}],"text":"Etonogestrel is a medication which is used as a means of birth control for women.[4][5][12][13] It is available as an implant placed under the skin of the upper arm under the brand names Nexplanon and Implanon. It is a progestin that is also used in combination with ethinylestradiol, an estrogen, as a vaginal ring under the brand names NuvaRing and Circlet.[14] Etonogestrel is effective as a means of birth control and lasts at least three or four years with some data showing effectiveness for five years.[9][11] Following removal, fertility quickly returns.[15]Side effects of etonogestrel include menstrual irregularities, breast tenderness, mood changes, acne, headaches, vaginitis, and others.[4] Etonogestrel is a progestin, or a synthetic progestogen, and hence is an agonist of the progesterone receptor, the biological target of progestogens like progesterone.[16] It works by stopping ovulation, thickening the mucus around the opening of the cervix, and altering the lining of the uterus.[17] It has very weak androgenic and glucocorticoid activity and no other important hormonal activity.[16]Etonogestrel was patented in 1972 and introduced for medical use in 1998.[18][19][20] It became available in the United States in 2006.[18][19] Etonogestrel implants are approved in more than 90 countries and used by about three million women globally as of 2010.[17][21]A closely related and more widely known and used progestin, desogestrel, is a prodrug of etonogestrel in the body.[16]","title":"Etonogestrel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NexplanonLabel-4"},{"link_name":"contraceptive vaginal ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraceptive_vaginal_ring"},{"link_name":"ethinylestradiol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethinylestradiol"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NuvaRingLabel-5"},{"link_name":"long-acting reversible contraception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-acting_reversible_contraception"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winner2012-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guttmacher-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ray2007-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Funk2005-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flores2005-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harr1993-27"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guttmacher-23"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rob2018-28"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lot2016-11"}],"text":"Etonogestrel is used in hormonal contraception in form of the etonogestrel contraceptive implant[4] and the contraceptive vaginal ring (brand names NuvaRing, Circlet), the latter in combination with ethinylestradiol.[5]Etonogestrel birth control implants are a type of long-acting reversible contraception, which has been shown to be one of the most effective form of birth control.[22] The failure rate of the implants is 0.05% for both perfect use and typical use because the method requires no user action after placement.[23] Studies of one type, which include over 2,467 women-years of exposure, found no pregnancies.[24][25][26]Other studies have found some failures with this method, some attributed to failures of the method itself and others to improper placement, drug interactions, or conception prior to method insertion.[27]In comparison, tubal sterilization has a failure rate of 0.5% and IUDs have a failure rate of 0.2–0.8%.[23] A single implant is approved for three years with data showing effectiveness for five years.[28][11]","title":"Medical uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Progestin § Contraindications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progestin#Contraindications"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"See also: Progestin § ContraindicationsWomen should not use implants if they:[29]are, or think they are, pregnant\nare allergic to etonogestrel\nhave vaginal bleeding that has not been explained\nhave some forms of severe liver disease.Women should not use combined hormone contraceptives (CHC) if they have migraines with auras.[30]A full list of contraindications can be found in the WHO Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use 2015 and the CDC United States Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use 2016.","title":"Contraindications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Desogestrel § Side effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desogestrel#Side_effects"},{"link_name":"Progestin § Side effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progestin#Side_effects"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adams2009-31"},{"link_name":"amenorrhea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenorrhea"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ray2007-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Funk2005-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flores2005-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ray2007-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ray2007-24"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith2002-32"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harr1993-27"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith2002-32"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ray2007-24"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ray2007-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Funk2005-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ray2007-24"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brache2002-34"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ray2007-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Funk2005-25"},{"link_name":"emotional lability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_lability"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ray2007-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Funk2005-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flores2005-26"}],"text":"See also: Desogestrel § Side effects, and Progestin § Side effectsIrregular bleeding and spotting: Many women will experience some type of irregular, unpredictable, prolonged, frequent, or infrequent bleeding.[31] Some women also experience amenorrhea. For some women, prolonged bleeding will decline after the first three months of use. However, other women may experience this bleeding pattern through all five years of use. While these patterns are not dangerous, they are the most common reason that women give for discontinuing the use of the implant. After removal, bleeding patterns return to previous patterns in most women.[24][25][26]Insertion complications: Some minor side effects such as bruising, skin irritation, or pain around the insertion site are common.[24] However, there are some rare complications that can occur, such as infection or expulsion.[24][32] In some cases, a serious complication occurs when the provider fails to insert, and the rod is left in the inserter. An Australian study reported 84 pregnancies as a result of such failure.[27]Migration: Although very rare, the rod can sometimes move slightly within the arm. This can make removal more difficult. It is possible that insertion in the same site as a previous implant increases the likelihood of migration.[32] Rods can be located only through high-frequency ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).[24] It can be located using traditional X-ray or CT-scan because of the inclusion of barium sulphate. There have been rare reports of implants having reached the lung via the pulmonary artery.[33] Correct subdermal insertion over the triceps muscle reduces the risk of these events.Possible weight gain: Some women may experience slight weight gain when using the implant.[24] However, current studies are not conclusive because they do not compare the weight of women using implants with a control group of women not using the implant. The average increase in body weight in studies was less than 5 pounds (2,25 kg) over 2 years.[25]Ovarian cysts: A small portion of women using implants and other contraceptive implants develop ovarian cysts.[24] Usually these cysts will disappear without treatment.[34]Pregnancy: it is recommended that implants be removed if a pregnancy does occur. However, there is no evidence to suggest that the implant has a negative effect on pregnancy or a developing fetus.[24]Acne: Acne has been self-reported to be a side effect, and is listed as a side effect by the FDA. However, a study of users found that a majority of users with acne before their insertion reported that their acne had decreased, and only 16% of those who did not have acne before insertion developed acne.[25]Other possible symptoms: Other symptoms that have been reported in trials of implants include headache, emotional lability, depression, abdominal pain, loss of libido, and vaginal dryness.[24] However, there have been no studies that conclusively determine that these symptoms are caused by the implant.[25][26]","title":"Side effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Progestin § Overdose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progestin#Overdose"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AC-35"}],"text":"See also: Progestin § OverdoseNo serious side effects are expected when overdosing contraceptives in general.[35]","title":"Overdose"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Progestin § Interactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progestin#Interactions"},{"link_name":"Efavirenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efavirenz"},{"link_name":"inducer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inducer"},{"link_name":"CYP3A4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP3A4"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"ketoconazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketoconazole"},{"link_name":"itraconazole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itraconazole"},{"link_name":"clarithromycin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarithromycin"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AC-35"}],"text":"See also: Progestin § InteractionsEfavirenz, an inducer of the liver enzyme CYP3A4, appears to decrease etonogestrel levels[36] and increase rates of undesired pregnancy among implant users.Similar effects are expected for other CYP3A4 inducers, but it is not known whether these are clinically relevant. The opposite is true of CYP3A4 inhibitors such as ketoconazole, itraconazole and clarithromycin: they might increase etonogestrel concentrations in the body.[35]","title":"Interactions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Implanon_04.jpg"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adams2009-31"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ray2007-24"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fda_label-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maka1998-38"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rob2018-28"},{"link_name":"progestogen-only contraception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progestogen-only_contraception"}],"text":"A removed rodNexplanon/Implanon consists of a single rod made of ethylene vinylacetate copolymer that is 4 cm long and 2 mm in diameter.[31] It is similar to a matchstick in size. The rod contains 68 mg of etonogestrel (sometimes called 3-keto-destrogestrel), a type of progestin.[24] Peak serum etonogestrel concentrations have been found to reach 781–894 pg/mL in the first few weeks, gradually decreasing to 192–261 pg/mL after one year, 154–194 pg/mL after two years, and 156–177 pg/mL after three years, maintaining ovulation suppression and contraceptive efficacy.[37] Serum levels maintain relatively stable through 36 months, which implies that the method may be effective for longer than three years.[38]Although not formally approved by the manufacturer for more than three years, studies have shown it remains a highly effective contraceptive for five years.[28]It is a type of progestogen-only contraception.","title":"Device description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ray2007-24"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Funk2005-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flores2005-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ray2007-24"},{"link_name":"condom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condom"},{"link_name":"female condom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_condom"},{"link_name":"diaphragm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_(contraceptive)"},{"link_name":"emergency contraception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_contraception"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bedsider.org-41"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ray2007-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ray2007-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Funk2005-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flores2005-26"}],"sub_title":"Insertion and removal","text":"Implantation of ImplanonAn experienced clinician must perform the insertion of implants to ensure proper insertion and minimize the risk of nerve damage or misplacement, which could result in pregnancy.[39] Before insertion, the arm is washed with a cleaning solution and a local anesthetic is applied to the upper arm around the insertion area.[24] A needle-like applicator is used to insert the rod under the skin into the subdermal tissue on the inner side of the arm posterior to the groove between the biceps and triceps muscles.[40] The average time for insertion is 0.5 to 1 minute.[25][26] A bandage should be kept on the insertion site for 24 hours afterwards. Bruising and mild discomfort are common after insertion.[24] Serious insertion site complications such as infection can occur very rarely, in less than 1% of patients. If a woman receives an implant outside the first five days of her period, she should wait to have sex or use a backup method of contraception (such as a condom, female condom, diaphragm, sponge, or emergency contraception) for the following week after insertion to prevent pregnancy. However, if the implant is inserted during the first five days of a woman's period, she is protected for that cycle and beyond.[41]Removal of ImplanonImplants can be removed at any time if pregnancy is desired. The rod must also be removed by an experienced clinician. At removal, a local anesthetic is again used around the implant area at the distal end.[24] If the provider cannot feel the implant, imaging tests may be necessary to locate the rod before it can be removed. A small incision is made in the skin over the end of the implant site. In some cases, a fibrous sheath may have formed around the implant, in which case the sheath must be incised.[24] The implant is removed using forceps. The removal procedure lasts, on average, 3 to 3.5 minutes.[25][26]","title":"Device description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ray2007-24"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maka1998-38"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davies1993-42"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO2015Use-15"}],"sub_title":"Fertility after removal","text":"Within a week of removal, the hormones from the device leave the body and etonogestrel is undetectable in most users.[24] Most women will begin to ovulate within six weeks of removal.[38][42]\nFertility levels will return to what they were before implant insertion.[15]","title":"Device description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"barium sulphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barium_sulfate#Radiocontrast_agent"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mansour2010-43"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rob2018-28"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reuters2011Jan05-44"}],"sub_title":"Differences","text":"Nexplanon and Implanon NXT are essentially identical to Implanon except Nexplanon and Implanon NXT have 15 mg of barium sulphate added to the core, so it is detectable by x-ray.[43][28] Nexplanon and Implanon NXT also has a pre-loaded applicator for easier insertion.[44]","title":"Device description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"progestin-only contraceptives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progestogen-only_contraception"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-glasier-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-implanon_spc-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"The mechanism of action of progestin-only contraceptives depends on the progestin activity and dose.[45] Intermediate dose progestin-only contraceptives like Nexplanon or Implanon allow some follicular development but inhibit ovulation in almost all cycles as the primary mechanism of action. Ovulation was not observed in studies of Implanon in the first two years of use and only rarely in the third year with no pregnancies. A secondary mechanism of action is the progestogenic increase in cervical mucus viscosity which inhibits sperm penetration.[46] Hormonal contraceptives also have effects on the endometrium that theoretically could affect implantation, however no scientific evidence indicates that prevention of implantation actually results from their use.[47]","title":"Pharmacology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"progestogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progestogen_(medication)"},{"link_name":"agonist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonist"},{"link_name":"progesterone receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progesterone_receptor"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16112947i-16"},{"link_name":"androgenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgenic"},{"link_name":"levonorgestrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levonorgestrel"},{"link_name":"norethisterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norethisterone"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Danby2015-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Golan2008-49"},{"link_name":"sex hormone-binding globulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SperoffDarney2010-50"},{"link_name":"acne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acne"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LentzLobo2012-51"},{"link_name":"glucocorticoid receptor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor"},{"link_name":"affinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affinity_(pharmacology)"},{"link_name":"dexamethasone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexamethasone"},{"link_name":"glucocorticoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoid"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16112947i-16"},{"link_name":"estrogenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen_(medication)"},{"link_name":"antimineralocorticoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimineralocorticoid"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16112947i-16"},{"link_name":"inhibition of 5α-reductase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5%CE%B1-reductase_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"cytochrome P450","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450"},{"link_name":"in vitro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro"},{"link_name":"19-nortestosterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19-nortestosterone"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid16112947i-16"}],"sub_title":"Pharmacodynamics","text":"Etonogestrel is a progestogen, or an agonist of the progesterone receptor.[16] It is less androgenic than levonorgestrel and norethisterone,[48][49] and it does not cause a decrease in sex hormone-binding globulin levels.[50] However, it is still associated with acne in up to 13.5% of patients when used as an implant, though this side effect only accounts for 1.3% of premature removals of the implant.[51] In addition to its progestogenic and weak androgenic activity, etonogestrel binds to the glucocorticoid receptor with about 14% of the affinity of dexamethasone (relative to 1% for levonorgestrel) and has very weak glucocorticoid activity.[16] Etonogestrel has no other hormonal activity (e.g., estrogenic, antimineralocorticoid).[16] Some inhibition of 5α-reductase and hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes has been observed with etonogestrel in vitro, similarly to other 19-nortestosterone progestins.[16]","title":"Pharmacology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bioavailability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioavailability"},{"link_name":"subcutaneous implant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subcutaneous_implant"},{"link_name":"vaginal ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaginal_ring"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NexplanonLabel-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NuvaRingLabel-5"},{"link_name":"Steady-state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steady-state_(pharmacokinetics)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NexplanonLabel-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NuvaRingLabel-5"},{"link_name":"volume of distribution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_of_distribution"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NexplanonLabel-4"},{"link_name":"plasma protein binding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding"},{"link_name":"albumin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_serum_albumin"},{"link_name":"sex hormone-binding globulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NexplanonLabel-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NuvaRingLabel-5"},{"link_name":"metabolized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism"},{"link_name":"liver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver"},{"link_name":"CYP3A4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CYP3A4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NexplanonLabel-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NuvaRingLabel-5"},{"link_name":"biological activity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_activity"},{"link_name":"metabolites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolite"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NexplanonLabel-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NuvaRingLabel-5"},{"link_name":"elimination half-life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimination_half-life"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NexplanonLabel-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NuvaRingLabel-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NexplanonLabel-4"},{"link_name":"eliminated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elimination_(pharmacology)"},{"link_name":"urine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine"},{"link_name":"feces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feces"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NexplanonLabel-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NuvaRingLabel-5"}],"sub_title":"Pharmacokinetics","text":"The bioavailability of etonogestrel when given as a subcutaneous implant or as a vaginal ring is 100%.[4][5] Steady-state levels of etonogestrel are achieved within one week upon insertion as an implant or vaginal ring.[4][5] The mean volume of distribution of etonogestrel is 201 L.[4] The plasma protein binding of the medication is at least 98%, with 66% bound to albumin and 32% bound to sex hormone-binding globulin.[4][5] Etonogestrel is metabolized in the liver by CYP3A4.[4][5] The biological activity of its metabolites is unknown.[4][5] The elimination half-life of etonogestrel is about 25 to 29 hours.[4][5] Following removal of an etonogestrel-containing implant, levels of the medication were below the limits of assay detection by one week.[4] The major portion of etonogestrel is eliminated in urine and a minor portion is eliminated in feces.[4][5]","title":"Pharmacology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of progestogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_progestogens"},{"link_name":"estrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrane"},{"link_name":"derivative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_derivative"},{"link_name":"testosterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testosterone"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndexNominum2000-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drugs.com-14"},{"link_name":"norethisterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norethisterone"},{"link_name":"gonane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonane"},{"link_name":"19-nortestosterone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19-nortestosterone"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BruckerKing2015-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shoupe2007-55"},{"link_name":"ketone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketone"},{"link_name":"desogestrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desogestrel"},{"link_name":"methylene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylene_group"},{"link_name":"levonorgestrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levonorgestrel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ryan1999-1"}],"text":"See also: List of progestogensEtonogestrel, also known as 11-methylene-17α-ethynyl-18-methyl-19-nortestosterone or as 11-methylene-17α-ethynyl-18-methylestr-4-en-17β-ol-3-one, is a synthetic estrane steroid and a derivative of testosterone.[12][14] It is more specifically a derivative of norethisterone (17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone) and is a member of the gonane (18-methylestrane) subgroup of the 19-nortestosterone family of progestins.[54][55] Etonogestrel is the C3 ketone derivative of desogestrel and the C11 methylene derivative of levonorgestrel and is also known as 3-ketodesogestrel and as 11-methylenelevonorgestrel.[1]","title":"Chemistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lapido2005-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Folk1964-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dziuk1966-58"},{"link_name":"Norplant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norplant"},{"link_name":"Jadelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadelle"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARHP2008-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lapido2005-56"},{"link_name":"Desogestrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desogestrel"},{"link_name":"prodrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodrug"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RunnebaumRabe2012-6"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Holtsclaw2007-61"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARHP2008-59"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CarcioANP-BC2014-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mayeaux2012-19"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GlasierWinikoff1999-62"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CarcioANP-BC2014-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mayeaux2012-19"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mansour2010-43"}],"text":"The possibility of the subdermal contraceptive implant began when silicone was discovered in the 1940s and found to be bio-compatible with the human body.[56]\nIn 1964, Folkman and Long published the first study demonstrating that such a rod could be used to deliver drugs.[57]\nIn 1966 Dziuk and Cook published a study that looked at release rates and suggested that the rods could be well suited for contraception.[58] After a study that used implants with progestogens for contraception, the Population Council developed and patented Norplant and Jadelle.[59] Norplant has six rods and is considered a first-generation implant. Jadelle (Norplant II), a two-rod implant, and other single rod implants that followed, were developed because of complications resulting from Norplant's six-rod system. The Jadelle system contains two silicone rods mixed with levonorgestrel. In 1990 De Nijs patented a co-axial extrusion technique of ethylene vinylacetate copolymers and 3-keto-desogestrel (etonogestrel) for the preparation of long-acting contraceptive devices, such as Implanon, Nexplanon and Nuvaring.[60] The single rods were less visible under the skin and used etonogestrel as opposed to levonorgestrel in the hopes that it would reduce side effects.[56]Desogestrel (3-deketoetonogestrel), a prodrug of etonogestrel, was introduced for medical use in 1981.[6][61]Norplant was used internationally beginning in 1983 and was marketed in the United States and the United Kingdom in 1993. There were many complications associated with Norplant removal in the United States and it was taken off the market in 2002. Although Jadelle was approved by the FDA, it has never been marketed in the United States, but it is widely used in Africa and Asia.[59]Etonogestrel itself was first introduced as Implanon in Indonesia in 1998,[18][19] was marketed in the United Kingdom shortly thereafter,[62] and approved for use in the United States in 2006.[18][19] Nexplanon was developed to eliminate the problem of non-insertion and localization of Implanon by changing the inserter device and making the rod radiopaque.[43] As of January 2012, Implanon is no longer being marketed and Nexplanon is the only available single-rod implant.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Society and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"generic name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_term"},{"link_name":"INN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Nonproprietary_Name"},{"link_name":"USAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Adopted_Name"},{"link_name":"BAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Approved_Name"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndexNominum2000-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drugs.com-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndexNominum2000-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drugs.com-14"}],"sub_title":"Generic names","text":"Etonogestrel is the generic name of the drug and its INNTooltip International Nonproprietary Name, USANTooltip United States Adopted Name, and BANTooltip British Approved Name.[12][14] It is also known by its developmental code name ORG-3236.[12][14]","title":"Society and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IndexNominum2000-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drugs.com-14"}],"sub_title":"Brand names","text":"Etonogestrel is marketed under the brand names Circlet, Implanon, Nexplanon, and NuvaRing.[12][14]","title":"Society and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Drugs.com-14"}],"sub_title":"Availability","text":"Etonogestrel is available widely throughout the world, including in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Ireland, elsewhere throughout Europe, South Africa, Latin America, South, East, and Southeast Asia, and elsewhere in the world.[14]","title":"Society and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"intrauterine device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intrauterine_device"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AdisInsight-IUD-63"},{"link_name":"male contraceptive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_contraceptive"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid20933120-64"}],"text":"An etonogestrel-releasing intrauterine device was under development for use as a form of birth control for women but development was discontinued in 2015.[63]Etonogestrel has been studied for use as a potential male contraceptive.[64]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/14730782.2000.12288981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F14730782.2000.12288981"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11246602","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11246602"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"67921250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:67921250"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1097/00001703-200106000-00015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1097%2F00001703-200106000-00015"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11396660","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11396660"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"45520124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45520124"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"11526801","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11526801"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.contraception.2005.08.002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2005.08.002"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"16413844","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16413844"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1517/14656566.8.11.1769","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1517%2F14656566.8.11.1769"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"17685892","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17685892"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"42412888","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42412888"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.contraception.2010.08.001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.contraception.2010.08.001"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"21310280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21310280"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"22354222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22354222"},{"link_name":"\"Association of Etonogestrel-Releasing Contraceptive Implant with Reduced Weight Gain in an Exclusively Breastfed Infant: Report and Literature Review\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4860664"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1089/bfm.2016.0017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1089%2Fbfm.2016.0017"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4860664","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4860664"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"27032034","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27032034"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/13625187.2017.1287351","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F13625187.2017.1287351"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"28256919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28256919"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"24447820","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24447820"}],"text":"Bennink HJ (September 2000). \"The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Implanon, a single-rod etonogestrel contraceptive implant\". Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 5 (Suppl 2): 12–20. doi:10.1080/14730782.2000.12288981. PMID 11246602. S2CID 67921250.\nVarma R, Mascarenhas L (June 2001). \"Endometrial effects of etonogestrel (Implanon) contraceptive implant\". Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol. 13 (3): 335–41. doi:10.1097/00001703-200106000-00015. PMID 11396660. S2CID 45520124.\n\"Etonogestrel implant (Implanon) for contraception\". Drug Ther Bull. 39 (8): 57–9. August 2001. PMID 11526801.\nGaffield ME, Curtis KM, Mohllajee AP, Peterson HB (February 2006). \"Medical eligibility criteria for new contraceptive methods: combined hormonal patch, combined hormonal vaginal ring and the etonogestrel implant\". Contraception. 73 (2): 134–44. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2005.08.002. PMID 16413844.\nWagner MS, Arias RD, Nucatola DL (August 2007). \"The combined etonogestrel/ethinyl estradiol contraceptive vaginal ring\". Expert Opin Pharmacother. 8 (11): 1769–77. doi:10.1517/14656566.8.11.1769. PMID 17685892. S2CID 42412888.\nMansour D, Bahamondes L, Critchley H, Darney P, Fraser IS (March 2011). \"The management of unacceptable bleeding patterns in etonogestrel-releasing contraceptive implant users\". Contraception. 83 (3): 202–10. doi:10.1016/j.contraception.2010.08.001. PMID 21310280.\n\"In brief: etonogestrel (nexplanon) contraceptive implant\". The Medical Letter on Drugs and Therapeutics. 54 (1383): 12. February 2012. PMID 22354222.\nStuebe AM, Bryant AG, Lewis R, Muddana A (May 2016). \"Association of Etonogestrel-Releasing Contraceptive Implant with Reduced Weight Gain in an Exclusively Breastfed Infant: Report and Literature Review\". Breastfeed Med. 11 (4): 203–6. doi:10.1089/bfm.2016.0017. PMC 4860664. PMID 27032034.\nLópez-Picado A, Lapuente O, Lete I (April 2017). \"Efficacy and side-effects profile of the ethinylestradiol and etonogestrel contraceptive vaginal ring: a systematic review and meta-analysis\". Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 22 (2): 131–146. doi:10.1080/13625187.2017.1287351. PMID 28256919. S2CID 24447820.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"A removed rod","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Implanon_04.jpg/310px-Implanon_04.jpg"},{"image_text":"Implantation of Implanon"},{"image_text":"Removal of Implanon"}]
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[{"title":"Ethinylestradiol/etonogestrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethinylestradiol/etonogestrel"}]
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[{"reference":"Ryan KJ (1999). Kistner's Gynecology and Women's Health. Mosby. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-323-00201-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=i8xsAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Kistner's Gynecology and Women's Health"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-00201-1","url_text":"978-0-323-00201-1"}]},{"reference":"\"NEXPLANON : Etonogestrel extended release subdermal implant\" (PDF). Pdf.hres.ca. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-06-10. Retrieved 2022-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://pdf.hres.ca/dpd_pm/00060728.PDF","url_text":"\"NEXPLANON : Etonogestrel extended release subdermal implant\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220610025026/https://pdf.hres.ca/dpd_pm/00060728.PDF","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"List of nationally authorised medicinal products : Active substance: etonogestrel : Procedure no.: PSUSA/00001331/202109\" (PDF). Ema.europa.eu. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-06-10. Retrieved 2022-06-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ema.europa.eu/documents/psusa/etonogestrel-list-nationally-authorised-medicinal-products-psusa/00001331/202109_en.pdf","url_text":"\"List of nationally authorised medicinal products : Active substance: etonogestrel : Procedure no.: PSUSA/00001331/202109\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220610025027/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/psusa/etonogestrel-list-nationally-authorised-medicinal-products-psusa/00001331/202109_en.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nexplanon- etonogestrel implant\". DailyMed. 18 November 2019. Archived from the original on 10 June 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreplanet
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LibrePlanet
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["1 History","2 LibrePlanet conference","2.1 Notable events","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Community project promoting free software
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LibrePlanetFrequencyAnnually, usually during late MarchLocation(s)Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S., Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.Inaugurated2009FounderFree Software FoundationMost recent18-19 March 2023Previous event2023Next event2024Organised byFree Software FoundationPeopleRichard M. StallmanSponsorsAudeo, OpenInventionNetwork, Whole Foods Market Charles River Plaza Boston MA, Google, openSUSE, redhat, EFFWebsitelibreplanet.org
LibrePlanet (literally, "Free Planet") is a community project created and supported by the Free Software Foundation. Its objective is the promotion of free software around the world by bringing every year an international conference to local communities and organizations.
History
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The project was born in 2006, at a gathering of members associated with the Free Software Foundation and the will to organize into geographical groups. The wiki serves as the primary portal for people who want to become involved in free software activism in local, grassroots modes of cooperation.
LibrePlanet conference
The conference is organized annually by the Free Software Foundation in or around Boston, Massachusetts and staffed by a mixture of foundation staff and community volunteers. The conference replaces and incorporates the FSF annual members meeting which ran around the same time each year.
Each conference has its own theme and a website. The event typically includes a speech from FSF president, Richard Stallman and FSF executive director John Sullivan, the Free Software awards well as members of the wider free software community and the free software awards ceremony
Notable events
Edward Snowden spoke at the convention in 2016.
LibrePlanet 2020 13-15 March: In-person components were canceled due to the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak. Instead a virtual conference and livestream was held.
Richard Stallman announced he would be rejoining the FSF board of directors at the 2021 conference.
See also
Libre Software Meeting
Linux-libre
References
^ LibrePlanet teams. Teams are groups in various cities and towns across the world that host local meetups and conferences and other events.
^ "LibrePlanet: Conference/2011". LibrePlanet. Archived from the original on Sep 2, 2023.
^ "2006 Member Meeting". LibrePlanet. Retrieved 2023-07-18.
^ "libreplanet's media". GNU MediaGoblin - LibrePlanet. Retrieved 2021-05-21.
^ Edward Snowden; Daniel Kahn Gillmor (Mar 23, 2016). "Libreplanet 2016: The Last Lighthouse: Free Software In Dark Times" (video, WebM). GNU MediaGoblin - LibrePlanet. Free Software Foundation. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
^ Gold, Jon (19 March 2016). "Edward Snowden: Privacy can't depend on corporations standing up to the government". Network World. Retrieved 2 June 2016.
^ Popa, Bogdan (22 March 2016). "Snowden Used Free Software Because He Was Afraid of Backdoors in Microsoft Apps". SoftPedia News. Retrieved 2 June 2016. NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden attended the Free Software Foundation LibrePlanet 2016 conference remotely from Russia to discuss the advantages of free applications, explaining that he couldn't trust Microsoft software when revealing government's surveillance programs in 2013.
^ Kooyman, Zoë (Mar 9, 2020). "LibrePlanet 2020: In-person component canceled, but we'll see you online". Free Software Foundation. Archived from the original on May 6, 2023.
^ Stallman, Richard (May 5, 2021). "Unjust computing clamps down". GNU MediaGoblin - LibrePlanet. Retrieved 2021-05-21.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to LibrePlanet.
Official website
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[]
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[{"title":"Libre Software Meeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libre_Software_Meeting"},{"title":"Linux-libre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux-libre"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Davids_Cathedral
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St Davids Cathedral
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["1 Early history","2 Present cathedral","3 Cathedral life","4 List of deans","5 Local legends","6 Burials","7 Organ","7.1 List of organists","8 In popular culture","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]
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Coordinates: 51°52′55″N 5°16′06″W / 51.88194°N 5.26833°W / 51.88194; -5.26833Not to be confused with St David's Cathedral, Cardiff or St David's Cathedral, Hobart.
Church in Pembrokeshire, WalesSaint Davids CathedralEglwys Gadeiriol TyddewiSt Davids Cathedral from the gatehouse (April 2008)51°52′55″N 5°16′06″W / 51.88194°N 5.26833°W / 51.88194; -5.26833LocationSt Davids, PembrokeshireCountryWalesDenominationChurch in WalesPrevious denominationEnglish ChurchRoman CatholicChurch of EnglandWebsitewww.stdavidscathedral.org.uk HistoryAuthorising papal bull1123Foundedc. AD 589Founder(s)St DavidConsecrated1131Relics heldSt DavidArchitectureArchitect(s)Medieval masons John Nash (18th century) George Gilbert Scott (19th century)StyleRomanesque architecture, English Gothic architectureGroundbreaking1181CompletedMid-13th centurySpecificationsLength90 metres (300 ft)Nave width22.5 metres (74 ft)Height35 metres (115 ft)AdministrationDioceseSt DavidsClergyBishop(s)Dorrien DaviesDeanSarah Rowland JonesSubdeanLeigh RichardsonPrecentorLeigh RichardsonCanon ChancellorPatrick ThomasCanon PastorSheridan JamesCanon TreasurerSian JonesAssistant priest(s)Gillian ButcherLaityOrganist/Director of musicSimon PearceOrganist(s)Laurence JohnChapter clerkArwel DaviesVergerChris CooksBusiness managerJudith Leigh
St Davids Cathedral (Welsh: Eglwys Gadeiriol Tyddewi) is an Anglican cathedral situated in St Davids, Britain's smallest city, in the county of Pembrokeshire, near the most westerly point of Wales.
Early history
The monastic community was founded by Saint David, Abbot of Menevia, who died in 589. Between 645 and 1097, the community was attacked many times by raiders, including the Vikings; however it was of such note as both a religious and an intellectual centre that King Alfred summoned help from the monastic community at St Davids in rebuilding the intellectual life of the Kingdom of Wessex. Many of the bishops were murdered by raiders and marauders, including Bishop Moregenau in 999 and Bishop Abraham in 1080. The stone that marked his grave, known as the "Abraham Stone", is intricately carved with early Celtic symbols and is now on permanent display within the Cathedral Exhibition at Porth-y-Tŵr.
In 1081, William the Conqueror visited St Davids to pray, and thus recognised it as a holy and respected place. In 1089, the shrine of David was vandalised and stripped of its precious metals. In 1090, the Welsh scholar Rhigyfarch wrote his Latin Life of David, highlighting David's sanctity, thus beginning the almost cult-like status he achieved.
In 1115, with the area under Norman control, King Henry I of England appointed Bishop Bernard as Bishop of St Davids. He began to improve life within the community, and commenced construction of a new cathedral. In 1123, Pope Calixtus II granted Bishop Bernard's request to bestow a papal privilege upon St Davids, making it a centre of pilgrimage for the Western world; the Pope decreed that "Two pilgrimages to St Davids is equal to one to Rome, and three pilgrimages to one to Jerusalem". The new cathedral was quickly constructed and Bishop Bernard consecrated it in 1131. Henry II of England's visit in 1171 saw the following of David increase and the need for a larger cathedral.
The present cathedral was begun in 1181 and completed not long after. Problems beset the new building and the community in its infancy: the collapse of the new tower in 1220 and earthquake damage in 1247/48.
Bishops Palace as it appears today
Under Bishop Gower (1328–1347) the cathedral was modified further, with the rood screen and the Bishops Palace intended as permanent reminders of his episcopacy; the palace is now a picturesque ruin.
In 1365, Bishop Adam Houghton and John of Gaunt began to build St Mary's College and a chantry. He later added the cloister, which connects it to the cathedral.
The episcopacy of Edward Vaughan (1509–1522) saw the building of the Holy Trinity chapel, with its fan vaulting which some say inspired the roof of King's College, Cambridge. This period also saw great developments for the nave, whose roof and Irish oak ceiling were constructed between 1530 and 1540. Bishop Barlow, unlike his predecessor as bishop, wished to suppress the following of David, and stripped St David's shrine of its jewels and confiscated the relics of St David and St Justinian in order to counteract "superstition" in 1538. In 1540, the body of Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond and father of Henry VII, was brought to be entombed in front of the high altar from the dissolved Greyfriars' Priory in Carmarthen.
The establishment of the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell greatly affected many cathedrals and churches, and was particularly felt in St Davids. The cathedral was all but destroyed by Cromwell's forces and the lead was stripped from the Bishops Palace roof.
Present cathedral
Tower and south transept
West end, nave south transept and tower flying the dean's flag
St Davids from renovated cloisters
There is a pronounced slope to the floor of the cathedral, amounting to a height difference of nearly four metres between the east and west ends, and the building is still shifting minutely.
The Welsh architect John Nash was commissioned to restore the west front in 1793 to repair the damage done two hundred years previously. Eclectic in style (with Gothic and Perpendicular characteristics – the latter attributed partly to his destruction of the windows of the chapel of St Mary's College in order to reuse that tracery for his west front), his work soon proved to be substandard (as had his previous work on the chapter house). Within a century the Nash west front had become unstable and the whole building was restored by George Gilbert Scott between 1862 and 1870. The lady chapel was restored by public subscription in 1901 and the eastern chapels were restored through a legacy of the Countess of Maidstone, granddaughter of Bishop John Jenkinson, between 1901 and 1910.
The cathedral suffered the pains of disestablishment in 1923, as did the whole Church in Wales. The diocese was made smaller by the removal of the Archdeaconry of Brecon to form the new Diocese of Swansea and Brecon. However, this left a large area as a diocese to govern and St Davids began to deteriorate as the centre of the diocese, being nowhere near the centre – the bishop's residence had been at Carmarthen since the 16th century, but administration and the focus moved from the cathedral to the diocese's now largest town.
The 1950s saw the appointment of the Reverend Carl Witton-Davies as dean; appointed in his thirties, his driving vision and energy was short-lived as he was offered what some was believed as a preferment as Archdeacon of Oxford, but did not leave that position for the rest of his service in the church. The cathedral began to have life again and the famous Welsh Youth Pilgrimages to St Davids (Cymry'r Groes) led many to a life of service in the church and provided the Church in Wales with inspired clergy for a decade following. It was Grade I-listed by Cadw in 1951.
The 1960s saw the restoration of St Mary's College as the cathedral hall, for the use of the cathedral parish and for use as an area for art exhibitions and poetry readings. It was dedicated by Archbishop Edwin Morris in 1966 and the inaugural event was a poetry reading by the poet R. S. Thomas, who served as a vicar in the Bangor diocese.
During the 1980s a number of official events in cathedral life took place: in 1981, Charles, Prince of Wales, visited to celebrate the 800th anniversary of the consecration of the cathedral; and on Maundy Thursday 1982, Queen Elizabeth II distributed the Royal Maundy at the cathedral. This was the first occasion that the ceremony had taken place outside England. In 1989–90, the 1,400th anniversary of the death of St David was presided over by the Archbishop of Wales, George Noakes, who was also diocesan Bishop of St Davids.
The decades leading to and immediately following the year 2000 have been the most notable in the cathedral's history since its construction. First, the British Government decided to reinstate the title of "city" to St Davids and this was formally conferred by Queen Elizabeth II on 1 June 1995. The task that lay before the dean, the Very Reverend Wyn Evans, on his appointment in 1994 was huge: a new organ was badly needed and the west front needed extensive restoration. It was also thought to be time for the cathedral to invest in its future by creating a visitor centre within the bell tower, enlarging the peal of bells from eight to ten and by the "reconstruction", or completion, of the cathedral cloisters to house the cathedral choir, vestries, an education suite, rooms for parish use and a refectory as a reminder of the monastic beginnings. The first project was the restoration of the west front, with the original quarry that was used for stone at Caerbwdi Bay being reopened. This phase was completed in 1998, in time for the organ to be dismantled and rebuilt by the organ builders Harrison and Harrison of Durham. The organ was completed in the middle months of 2000 and dedicated on 15 October that year.
The ring of bells was cast by Whitechapel Bell Foundry of London and presented as a gift by the American Friends of St Davids Cathedral. The substantial task of rebuilding the cloisters as an education centre and refectory began in 2003 and was completed in May 2007. The translation of Wyn Evans from dean to bishop led to the appointment of Jonathan Lean as dean in 2009.
The bells are not hung in the central tower of the cathedral but in the old gatehouse, Porth y Twr. There are 10 bells, with the heaviest weighing 24 long cwt 3 qr 25 lb (2,797 lb or 1,269 kg) in D. The back eight bells were cast in 1928 by Mears & Stainbank, London and two trebles added in 2000 cast by Whitechapel Bell Foundry, London.
Details of the bells:
Bell
Weight
Note
Diameter
Cast year
Foundry
long measure
lb
kg
inches
mm
1
5 long cwt 1 qr 3 lb
591
268
F♯
2000
Whitechapel Bell Foundry
2
5 long cwt 1 qr 23 lb
611
277
E
2000
Whitechapel Bell Foundry
3
5 long cwt 2 qr 22 lb
638
289
D
30.00
762
1928
Mears & Stainbank
4
5 long cwt 3 qr 23 lb
667
303
C♯
31.00
787
1928
Mears & Stainbank
5
7 long cwt 0 qr 13 lb
797
362
B
33.00
838
1928
Mears & Stainbank
6
8 long cwt 2 qr 3 lb
955
433
A
35.75
908
1928
Mears & Stainbank
7
10 long cwt 3 qr 13 lb
1,217
552
G
39.00
991
1928
Mears & Stainbank
8
11 long cwt 2 qr 23 lb
1,311
595
F♯
41.00
1,041
1928
Mears & Stainbank
9
17 long cwt 1 qr 2 lb
1,934
877
E
46.00
1,168
1928
Mears & Stainbank
10
24 long cwt 3 qr 25 lb
2,797
1,269
D
52.00
1,321
1928
Mears & Stainbank
The restored Shrine of St David was unveiled and re-dedicated by the Right Reverend Wyn Evans, Bishop of St Davids, at a Choral Eucharist on St Davids Day 2012.
Cathedral life
Porth y Twr, viewed from beside the cathedral
There are at least three services said or sung per day, each week, with sung services on five out of seven days.
The cathedral choir at St Davids was the first cathedral choir in the United Kingdom to use girls and men as the main choir, rather than boys and men. (Salisbury Cathedral introduced boys and girls earlier on an equal basis, whereas St Davids uses girls as their "main" cathedral choristers.) There is also a boys' choir whose weekly Evensong is a major event within the cathedral week. They sing with the vicars choral regularly.
The St Davids Cathedral Festival runs through the Whitsun school holiday each year and showcases some of the world's best performers. The week sees performers, both professional and young, play in front of thousands. The cathedral choir serve as a highlight each year, being a very popular concert, as well as the Festival Chorus and Orchestra who perform a major work on the final night of the festival.
List of deans
Before 1840 the senior residentiary cleric was the precentor and not a dean due to a complication during the dissolution of the monasteries. Since 1840 the title "Dean" has been appended to that of Precentor, hence the deans of St Davids are formally the "Dean and Precentor" and their seat being on what is normally regarded in most places the cantoris side, with a stall "in quire" reserved for the bishop.
1839–1878 Llewelyn Lewellin (title of Dean granted in 1840)
1878–1895 James Allen
1895–1897 Owen Phillips
1897–1903 David Howell
1904–1918 James Allan Smith
1919–1930 William Williams
1931–1940 David Watcyn Morgan
1940–1949 Albert Parry
1950–1957 Carlyle Witton-Davies (afterwards Archdeacon of Oxford, 1957)
1957–1972 Edward Jenkins
1972–1984 Lawrence Bowen
1984–1990 Gordon MacWilliam
1990–1994 Bertie Lewis
1994–2008 Wyn Evans (afterwards Bishop of St Davids)
2009–2017 Jonathan Lean
2018–present Sarah Rowland Jones
Sarah Caroline Rowland Jones (born 8 September 1959, Stoke-on-Trent) was instituted as Dean of St Davids on 5 May 2018. Having served in the Diplomatic Service, she trained for the ministry at St John's College, Nottingham; she was then made deacon at Petertide 1999 (26 June) and ordained priest the following Petertide (24 June 2000) — both times by Alwyn Rice Jones, Bishop of St Asaph and Archbishop of Wales, at St Asaph Cathedral. She served in South Africa, 2003–2013 (where she also married Justus Marcus, late Regional Bishop of Saldanha Bay, Diocese of Cape Town), then returned to Wales as Priest-in-Charge of St John the Baptist Church, Cardiff until her appointment to the Deanery.
Local legends
Gerald of Wales (Giraldus Cambrensis) in the 13th century relates the strange story of a marble footbridge leading from the church over the Alun rivulet in St Davids. The marble stone was called "Llechllafar" ("the talking stone") because it once spoke when a corpse was carried over it to the cemetery for interment. The effort of speech had caused it to break, despite its size of ten feet in length, six in breadth and one in thickness. This bridge was worn smooth due to its age and the thousands of people who had walked over it, however the superstition was so great that corpses were no longer carried over it. This ancient bridge was replaced in the 16th century and its present whereabouts are not known.
Another legend is that Merlin had prophesied the death on Llechllafar of an English king, conqueror of Ireland, who had been injured by a man with a red hand. King Henry II, whilst on a pilgrimage to Saint Davids, having come over from Ireland, heard of the prophecy and crossed Llechllafar without ill effect. He boasted that Merlin was a liar, to which a bystander replied that the King would not conquer Ireland and was therefore not the king of the prophecy. This turned out to be true, for Henry never did conquer the whole of Ireland.
Burials
Rhys ap Gruffydd
Gerald of Wales
Thomas Fastolf
Adam Houghton
Edward Vaughan (bishop)
Benedict Nichols
Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond (father of Henry VII)
Organ
A specification of the organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register.
List of organists
See also: List of musicians at Welsh cathedrals
1509 John Norman
1563 Thomas Elliot
c.1570–c.1586 Thomas Tomkins (father of the composer Thomas Tomkins)
1713 R. Mordant
1714 Henry Mordant
1719 Richard Tomkins
1719 Williarn Bishop
1720 Henry Williams
1725 Matthew Maddox
1734 Matthew Philpott
1793 Arthur Richardson
1827 John Barrett
1851 William Peregrine Propert
1883 Frederick Garton
1894 D. John Codner
1896 Herbert C. Morris
1922 Joseph Soar
1953 Peter Boorman
1977 Nicholas Jackson
1984 Malcolm Watts
1990 Kerry Beaumont
1995 Geraint Bowen
2001 Timothy Noon
2007 Alexander Mason
2011 Daniel Cook
2013 Oliver Waterer
2021 Simon Pearce
In popular culture
The cathedral's exterior and overall design were used as the basis of the fictional Nemeton monastery in the video game Koudelka and its sequels Shadow Hearts and Shadow Hearts: Covenant.
See also
Chapel of St Non – on the coast near St Davids
References
^ Alderson, Alf. "Exploring Britain's smallest city". Visit Wales.
^ "A Brief History". St Davids Cathedral.
^ Williams, Glanmor (24 May 2008). "Houghton, Adam (died 1389)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13863. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "About us". St Davids Cathedral. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
^ Cadw. "St David's Cathedral (Grade I) (12538)". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
^ "News Archive 2012". St Davids Cathedral.
^ "The Choir". St Davids Cathedral. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
^ a b c "Rowland Jones, Sarah Caroline". Who's Who. A & C Black. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "St Davids Cathedral". Archived from the original on 6 June 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
^ "Petertide ordinations". Church Times. No. 7118. 16 July 1999. p. 20. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 6 August 2023 – via UK Press Online archives.
^ "Petertide ordinations". Church Times. No. 7168. 7 July 2000. p. 20. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 6 August 2023 – via UK Press Online archives.
^ a b Giraldus De Barri (1806). The Itinerary of Archbishop Baldwin Through Wales, A. D. MCLXXXVIII. Translated by Hoare, Sir Richard Colt. London: William Miller. pp. 6–8.
^ a b Phillips, Rev. James (1909). The History of Pembrokeshire. London: Elliot Stock. pp. 205–206.
^ a b Jones, William Basil; Freeman, Edward Augustus (1856), The History and Antiquities of Saint Davids, London: J. H. & J. Parker, p. 222
^ "Pembrokeshire (Dyfed), St Davids Cathedral of St David & St Andrew". National Pipe Organ Register. The British Institute of Organ Studies. 2005. Retrieved 19 November 2008.
^ "St Andrew and St David". English Cathedrals Music. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
^ Irving, John (10 October 2019). "Thomas Tomkins". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/27515. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Kikuta, Hiroki (25 October 2000). "Nemeton Monastery" (in Japanese). Retrieved 4 October 2020.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to St David's Cathedral.
Official website
Cathedral Festival website
American Friends of St Davids Cathedral
vteCathedrals of the Church in Wales
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Brecon
Llandaff
Newport
St Asaph
St David's
vteDeans in the Church in Wales
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St David's Cathedral, Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_David%27s_Cathedral,_Cardiff"},{"link_name":"St David's Cathedral, Hobart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_David%27s_Cathedral,_Hobart"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_language"},{"link_name":"St Davids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Davids"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Pembrokeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"}],"text":"Not to be confused with St David's Cathedral, Cardiff or St David's Cathedral, Hobart.Church in Pembrokeshire, WalesSt Davids Cathedral (Welsh: Eglwys Gadeiriol Tyddewi) is an Anglican cathedral situated in St Davids, Britain's smallest city,[1] in the county of Pembrokeshire, near the most westerly point of Wales.","title":"St Davids Cathedral"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monastic community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastic_community"},{"link_name":"Saint David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_David"},{"link_name":"Abbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot"},{"link_name":"Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings"},{"link_name":"King Alfred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Alfred"},{"link_name":"Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessex"},{"link_name":"Moregenau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moregenau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Celtic symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_art"},{"link_name":"Porth-y-Tŵr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porth-y-T%C5%B5r"},{"link_name":"William the Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"Rhigyfarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhigyfarch"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Normandy"},{"link_name":"Henry I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Bishop of St Davids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Davids"},{"link_name":"Pope Calixtus II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Calixtus_II"},{"link_name":"papal privilege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_privilege"},{"link_name":"pilgrimage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimage"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Henry II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bishops-palace.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bishop Gower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_de_Gower"},{"link_name":"rood screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rood_screen"},{"link_name":"Bishops Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Davids_Bishops_Palace"},{"link_name":"Adam Houghton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Houghton"},{"link_name":"John of Gaunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Gaunt"},{"link_name":"chantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantry"},{"link_name":"cloister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloister"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Edward Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Vaughan_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"fan vaulting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fan_vault"},{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"King's College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"link_name":"Bishop Barlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Barlow_(bishop_of_Chichester)"},{"link_name":"Edmund Tudor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Tudor,_1st_Earl_of_Richmond"},{"link_name":"Carmarthen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmarthen"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England"},{"link_name":"Oliver Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell"}],"text":"The monastic community was founded by Saint David, Abbot of Menevia, who died in 589. Between 645 and 1097, the community was attacked many times by raiders, including the Vikings; however it was of such note as both a religious and an intellectual centre that King Alfred summoned help from the monastic community at St Davids in rebuilding the intellectual life of the Kingdom of Wessex. Many of the bishops were murdered by raiders and marauders, including Bishop Moregenau in 999 and Bishop Abraham in 1080. The stone that marked his grave, known as the \"Abraham Stone\", is intricately carved with early Celtic symbols and is now on permanent display within the Cathedral Exhibition at Porth-y-Tŵr.In 1081, William the Conqueror visited St Davids to pray, and thus recognised it as a holy and respected place. In 1089, the shrine of David was vandalised and stripped of its precious metals. In 1090, the Welsh scholar Rhigyfarch wrote his Latin Life of David, highlighting David's sanctity, thus beginning the almost cult-like status he achieved.In 1115, with the area under Norman control, King Henry I of England appointed Bishop Bernard as Bishop of St Davids. He began to improve life within the community, and commenced construction of a new cathedral. In 1123, Pope Calixtus II granted Bishop Bernard's request to bestow a papal privilege upon St Davids, making it a centre of pilgrimage for the Western world; the Pope decreed that \"Two pilgrimages to St Davids is equal to one to Rome, and three pilgrimages to one to Jerusalem\".[2] The new cathedral was quickly constructed and Bishop Bernard consecrated it in 1131. Henry II of England's visit in 1171 saw the following of David increase and the need for a larger cathedral.The present cathedral was begun in 1181 and completed not long after. Problems beset the new building and the community in its infancy: the collapse of the new tower in 1220 and earthquake damage in 1247/48.Bishops Palace as it appears todayUnder Bishop Gower (1328–1347) the cathedral was modified further, with the rood screen and the Bishops Palace intended as permanent reminders of his episcopacy; the palace is now a picturesque ruin.In 1365, Bishop Adam Houghton and John of Gaunt began to build St Mary's College and a chantry. He later added the cloister, which connects it to the cathedral.[3]The episcopacy of Edward Vaughan (1509–1522) saw the building of the Holy Trinity chapel, with its fan vaulting which some[who?] say inspired the roof of King's College, Cambridge. This period also saw great developments for the nave, whose roof and Irish oak ceiling were constructed between 1530 and 1540. Bishop Barlow, unlike his predecessor as bishop, wished to suppress the following of David, and stripped St David's shrine of its jewels and confiscated the relics of St David and St Justinian in order to counteract \"superstition\" in 1538. In 1540, the body of Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond and father of Henry VII, was brought to be entombed in front of the high altar from the dissolved Greyfriars' Priory in Carmarthen.The establishment of the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell greatly affected many cathedrals and churches, and was particularly felt in St Davids. The cathedral was all but destroyed by Cromwell's forces and the lead was stripped from the Bishops Palace roof.","title":"Early history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StDavidsCathedral_Tower%26SouthTransept.JPG"},{"link_name":"transept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transept"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StDavids-wyrdlight-2N16.jpg"},{"link_name":"nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Davids_from_Cloisters_Pembrokeshire.JPG"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"John Nash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Nash_(architect)"},{"link_name":"George Gilbert Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gilbert_Scott"},{"link_name":"lady chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_chapel"},{"link_name":"John Jenkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jenkinson_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"disestablishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disestablishment"},{"link_name":"diocese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_St_Davids"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Swansea and Brecon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Swansea_and_Brecon"},{"link_name":"dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Archdeacon of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Edwin Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Edwin_Morris"},{"link_name":"R. S. Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._S._Thomas"},{"link_name":"Charles, Prince of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Maundy Thursday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maundy_Thursday"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Royal Maundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Maundy"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"George Noakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Noakes"},{"link_name":"Bishop of St Davids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Davids"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"cloisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloisters"},{"link_name":"refectory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refectory"},{"link_name":"Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham,_England"},{"link_name":"Whitechapel Bell Foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry"},{"link_name":"long cwt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundredweight"},{"link_name":"St David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_David"},{"link_name":"Right Reverend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_Reverend"},{"link_name":"Wyn Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyn_Evans"},{"link_name":"Bishop of St Davids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Davids"},{"link_name":"Choral Eucharist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist"},{"link_name":"St Davids Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Davids_Day"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Tower and south transeptWest end, nave south transept and tower flying the dean's flagSt Davids from renovated cloistersThere is a pronounced slope to the floor of the cathedral, amounting to a height difference of nearly four metres between the east and west ends, and the building is still shifting minutely.[4]The Welsh architect John Nash was commissioned to restore the west front in 1793 to repair the damage done two hundred years previously. Eclectic in style (with Gothic and Perpendicular characteristics – the latter attributed partly to his destruction of the windows of the chapel of St Mary's College in order to reuse that tracery for his west front), his work soon proved to be substandard (as had his previous work on the chapter house). Within a century the Nash west front had become unstable and the whole building was restored by George Gilbert Scott between 1862 and 1870. The lady chapel was restored by public subscription in 1901 and the eastern chapels were restored through a legacy of the Countess of Maidstone, granddaughter of Bishop John Jenkinson, between 1901 and 1910.The cathedral suffered the pains of disestablishment in 1923, as did the whole Church in Wales. The diocese was made smaller by the removal of the Archdeaconry of Brecon to form the new Diocese of Swansea and Brecon. However, this left a large area as a diocese to govern and St Davids began to deteriorate as the centre of the diocese, being nowhere near the centre – the bishop's residence had been at Carmarthen since the 16th century, but administration and the focus moved from the cathedral to the diocese's now largest town.The 1950s saw the appointment of the Reverend Carl Witton-Davies as dean; appointed in his thirties, his driving vision and energy was short-lived as he was offered what some was believed as a preferment as Archdeacon of Oxford, but did not leave that position for the rest of his service in the church. The cathedral began to have life again and the famous Welsh Youth Pilgrimages to St Davids (Cymry'r Groes) led many to a life of service in the church and provided the Church in Wales with inspired clergy for a decade following. It was Grade I-listed by Cadw in 1951.[5]The 1960s saw the restoration of St Mary's College as the cathedral hall, for the use of the cathedral parish and for use as an area for art exhibitions and poetry readings. It was dedicated by Archbishop Edwin Morris in 1966 and the inaugural event was a poetry reading by the poet R. S. Thomas, who served as a vicar in the Bangor diocese.During the 1980s a number of official events in cathedral life took place: in 1981, Charles, Prince of Wales, visited to celebrate the 800th anniversary of the consecration of the cathedral; and on Maundy Thursday 1982, Queen Elizabeth II distributed the Royal Maundy at the cathedral. This was the first occasion that the ceremony had taken place outside England. In 1989–90, the 1,400th anniversary of the death of St David was presided over by the Archbishop of Wales, George Noakes, who was also diocesan Bishop of St Davids.The decades leading to and immediately following the year 2000 have been the most notable in the cathedral's history since its construction.[citation needed] First, the British Government decided to reinstate the title of \"city\" to St Davids and this was formally conferred by Queen Elizabeth II on 1 June 1995. The task that lay before the dean, the Very Reverend Wyn Evans, on his appointment in 1994 was huge: a new organ was badly needed and the west front needed extensive restoration. It was also thought to be time for the cathedral to invest in its future by creating a visitor centre within the bell tower, enlarging the peal of bells from eight to ten and by the \"reconstruction\", or completion, of the cathedral cloisters to house the cathedral choir, vestries, an education suite, rooms for parish use and a refectory as a reminder of the monastic beginnings. The first project was the restoration of the west front, with the original quarry that was used for stone at Caerbwdi Bay being reopened. This phase was completed in 1998, in time for the organ to be dismantled and rebuilt by the organ builders Harrison and Harrison of Durham. The organ was completed in the middle months of 2000 and dedicated on 15 October that year.The ring of bells was cast by Whitechapel Bell Foundry of London and presented as a gift by the American Friends of St Davids Cathedral. The substantial task of rebuilding the cloisters as an education centre and refectory began in 2003 and was completed in May 2007. The translation of Wyn Evans from dean to bishop led to the appointment of Jonathan Lean as dean in 2009.The bells are not hung in the central tower of the cathedral but in the old gatehouse, Porth y Twr. There are 10 bells, with the heaviest weighing 24 long cwt 3 qr 25 lb (2,797 lb or 1,269 kg) in D. The back eight bells were cast in 1928 by Mears & Stainbank, London and two trebles added in 2000 cast by Whitechapel Bell Foundry, London.\nDetails of the bells:The restored Shrine of St David was unveiled and re-dedicated by the Right Reverend Wyn Evans, Bishop of St Davids, at a Choral Eucharist on St Davids Day 2012.[6]","title":"Present cathedral"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Porth_y_Twr,_St_David%27s_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1591193.jpg"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Salisbury Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Evensong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Prayer_(Anglican)"},{"link_name":"Whitsun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitsun"}],"text":"Porth y Twr, viewed from beside the cathedralThere are at least three services said or sung per day, each week, with sung services on five out of seven days.The cathedral choir at St Davids was the first cathedral choir in the United Kingdom to use girls and men as the main choir, rather than boys and men.[7] (Salisbury Cathedral introduced boys and girls earlier on an equal basis, whereas St Davids uses girls as their \"main\" cathedral choristers.) There is also a boys' choir whose weekly Evensong is a major event within the cathedral week. They sing with the vicars choral regularly.The St Davids Cathedral Festival runs through the Whitsun school holiday each year and showcases some of the world's best performers. The week sees performers, both professional and young, play in front of thousands. The cathedral choir serve as a highlight each year, being a very popular concert, as well as the Festival Chorus and Orchestra who perform a major work on the final night of the festival.","title":"Cathedral life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precentor"},{"link_name":"dissolution of the monasteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_monasteries"},{"link_name":"Llewelyn Lewellin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llewelyn_Lewellin"},{"link_name":"James Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Allen_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Owen Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Phillips_(priest)"},{"link_name":"David Howell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Howell_(priest)"},{"link_name":"James Allan Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Allan_Smith"},{"link_name":"William Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Williams_(priest)"},{"link_name":"David Watcyn Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Watcyn_Morgan"},{"link_name":"Albert Parry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Parry"},{"link_name":"Carlyle Witton-Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlyle_Witton-Davies"},{"link_name":"Archdeacon of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Edward Jenkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Jenkins_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Lawrence Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Bowen"},{"link_name":"Gordon MacWilliam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_MacWilliam"},{"link_name":"Bertie Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertie_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Wyn Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyn_Evans"},{"link_name":"Bishop of St Davids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Davids"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Lean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Lean"},{"link_name":"Stoke-on-Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-srj-ww-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Diplomatic Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Diplomatic_Service"},{"link_name":"St John's College, Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Nottingham"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-srj-ww-8"},{"link_name":"Petertide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petertide"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Alwyn Rice Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwyn_Rice_Jones"},{"link_name":"Bishop of St Asaph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_St_Asaph"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"St Asaph Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Asaph_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Justus Marcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justus_Marcus"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Saldanha Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Saldanha_Bay"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"Priest-in-Charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priest-in-Charge"},{"link_name":"St John the Baptist Church, Cardiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist_Church,_Cardiff"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-srj-ww-8"}],"text":"Before 1840 the senior residentiary cleric was the precentor and not a dean due to a complication during the dissolution of the monasteries. Since 1840 the title \"Dean\" has been appended to that of Precentor, hence the deans of St Davids are formally the \"Dean and Precentor\" and their seat being on what is normally regarded in most places the cantoris side, with a stall \"in quire\" reserved for the bishop.1839–1878 Llewelyn Lewellin (title of Dean granted in 1840)\n1878–1895 James Allen\n1895–1897 Owen Phillips\n1897–1903 David Howell\n1904–1918 James Allan Smith\n1919–1930 William Williams\n1931–1940 David Watcyn Morgan\n1940–1949 Albert Parry\n1950–1957 Carlyle Witton-Davies (afterwards Archdeacon of Oxford, 1957)\n1957–1972 Edward Jenkins\n1972–1984 Lawrence Bowen\n1984–1990 Gordon MacWilliam\n1990–1994 Bertie Lewis\n1994–2008 Wyn Evans (afterwards Bishop of St Davids)\n2009–2017 Jonathan Lean\n2018–present Sarah Rowland JonesSarah Caroline Rowland Jones (born 8 September 1959, Stoke-on-Trent)[8] was instituted as Dean of St Davids on 5 May 2018.[9] Having served in the Diplomatic Service, she trained for the ministry at St John's College, Nottingham;[8] she was then made deacon at Petertide 1999 (26 June)[10] and ordained priest the following Petertide (24 June 2000) — both times by Alwyn Rice Jones, Bishop of St Asaph and Archbishop of Wales, at St Asaph Cathedral.[11] She served in South Africa, 2003–2013 (where she also married Justus Marcus, late Regional Bishop of Saldanha Bay, Diocese of Cape Town), then returned to Wales as Priest-in-Charge of St John the Baptist Church, Cardiff until her appointment to the Deanery.[8]","title":"List of deans"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gerald of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giraldus_Cambrensis"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barri1806-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phillips-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones-14"},{"link_name":"Merlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlin"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barri1806-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phillips-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones-14"}],"text":"Gerald of Wales (Giraldus Cambrensis) in the 13th century relates the strange story of a marble footbridge leading from the church over the Alun rivulet in St Davids. The marble stone was called \"Llechllafar\" (\"the talking stone\") because it once spoke when a corpse was carried over it to the cemetery for interment. The effort of speech had caused it to break, despite its size of ten feet in length, six in breadth and one in thickness. This bridge was worn smooth due to its age and the thousands of people who had walked over it, however the superstition was so great that corpses were no longer carried over it.[12] This ancient bridge was replaced in the 16th century and its present whereabouts are not known.[13][14]Another legend is that Merlin had prophesied the death on Llechllafar of an English king, conqueror of Ireland, who had been injured by a man with a red hand. King Henry II, whilst on a pilgrimage to Saint Davids, having come over from Ireland, heard of the prophecy and crossed Llechllafar without ill effect. He boasted that Merlin was a liar, to which a bystander replied that the King would not conquer Ireland and was therefore not the king of the prophecy.[12] This turned out to be true, for Henry never did conquer the whole of Ireland.[13][14]","title":"Local legends"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rhys ap Gruffydd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhys_ap_Gruffydd"},{"link_name":"Gerald of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Thomas Fastolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Fastolf"},{"link_name":"Adam Houghton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Houghton"},{"link_name":"Edward Vaughan (bishop)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Vaughan_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Benedict Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Nichols"},{"link_name":"Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Tudor,_1st_Earl_of_Richmond"},{"link_name":"Henry VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England"}],"text":"Rhys ap Gruffydd\nGerald of Wales\nThomas Fastolf\nAdam Houghton\nEdward Vaughan (bishop)\nBenedict Nichols\nEdmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond (father of Henry VII)","title":"Burials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"A specification of the organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register.[15]","title":"Organ"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of musicians at Welsh cathedrals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_musicians_at_Welsh_cathedrals"},{"link_name":"Thomas Tomkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Tomkins"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Kerry Beaumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Beaumont"},{"link_name":"Geraint Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraint_Bowen_(musician)"}],"sub_title":"List of organists","text":"See also: List of musicians at Welsh cathedrals1509 John Norman\n1563 Thomas Elliot\nc.1570–c.1586 Thomas Tomkins (father of the composer Thomas Tomkins)[16][17]\n1713 R. Mordant\n1714 Henry Mordant\n1719 Richard Tomkins\n1719 Williarn Bishop\n1720 Henry Williams\n1725 Matthew Maddox\n1734 Matthew Philpott\n1793 Arthur Richardson\n1827 John Barrett\n1851 William Peregrine Propert\n1883 Frederick Garton\n1894 D. John Codner\n1896 Herbert C. Morris\n1922 Joseph Soar\n1953 Peter Boorman\n1977 Nicholas Jackson\n1984 Malcolm Watts\n1990 Kerry Beaumont\n1995 Geraint Bowen\n2001 Timothy Noon\n2007 Alexander Mason\n2011 Daniel Cook\n2013 Oliver Waterer\n2021 Simon Pearce","title":"Organ"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Koudelka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koudelka"},{"link_name":"Shadow Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Hearts"},{"link_name":"Shadow Hearts: Covenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_Hearts:_Covenant"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The cathedral's exterior and overall design were used as the basis of the fictional Nemeton monastery in the video game Koudelka and its sequels Shadow Hearts and Shadow Hearts: Covenant.[18]","title":"In popular culture"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Bishops Palace as it appears today","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bishops-palace.jpg/220px-Bishops-palace.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tower and south transept","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/StDavidsCathedral_Tower%26SouthTransept.JPG/220px-StDavidsCathedral_Tower%26SouthTransept.JPG"},{"image_text":"West end, nave south transept and tower flying the dean's flag","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/StDavids-wyrdlight-2N16.jpg/220px-StDavids-wyrdlight-2N16.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Davids from renovated cloisters","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/St_Davids_from_Cloisters_Pembrokeshire.JPG/220px-St_Davids_from_Cloisters_Pembrokeshire.JPG"},{"image_text":"Porth y Twr, viewed from beside the cathedral","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Porth_y_Twr%2C_St_David%27s_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1591193.jpg/200px-Porth_y_Twr%2C_St_David%27s_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1591193.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Chapel of St Non","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_of_St_Non"}]
|
[{"reference":"Alderson, Alf. \"Exploring Britain's smallest city\". Visit Wales.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.visitwales.com/destinations/west-wales/pembrokeshire/5-fantastic-places-st-davids","url_text":"\"Exploring Britain's smallest city\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Brief History\". St Davids Cathedral.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stdavidscathedral.org.uk/index.php?id=931","url_text":"\"A Brief History\""}]},{"reference":"Williams, Glanmor (24 May 2008). \"Houghton, Adam (died 1389)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13863.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F13863","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/13863"}]},{"reference":"\"About us\". St Davids Cathedral. Retrieved 19 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stdavidscathedral.org.uk/about-us","url_text":"\"About us\""}]},{"reference":"Cadw. \"St David's Cathedral (Grade I) (12538)\". National Historic Assets of Wales. Retrieved 25 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadw","url_text":"Cadw"},{"url":"https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=12538","url_text":"\"St David's Cathedral (Grade I) (12538)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Assets_of_Wales","url_text":"National Historic Assets of Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"News Archive 2012\". St Davids Cathedral.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stdavidscathedral.org.uk/index.php?id=951","url_text":"\"News Archive 2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Choir\". St Davids Cathedral. Retrieved 28 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stdavidscathedral.org.uk/index.php?id=699","url_text":"\"The Choir\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rowland Jones, Sarah Caroline\". Who's Who. A & C Black.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U290723","url_text":"\"Rowland Jones, Sarah Caroline\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)","url_text":"Who's Who"}]},{"reference":"\"St Davids Cathedral\". Archived from the original on 6 June 2018. Retrieved 19 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180606154838/http://www.stdavidscathedral.org.uk/index.php?id=760","url_text":"\"St Davids Cathedral\""},{"url":"http://www.stdavidscathedral.org.uk/index.php?id=760","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Petertide ordinations\". Church Times. No. 7118. 16 July 1999. p. 20. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 6 August 2023 – via UK Press Online archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://ukpressonline.co.uk/page-link/ChTm_1999_7_16_20","url_text":"\"Petertide ordinations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Times","url_text":"Church Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-658X","url_text":"0009-658X"}]},{"reference":"\"Petertide ordinations\". Church Times. No. 7168. 7 July 2000. p. 20. ISSN 0009-658X. Retrieved 6 August 2023 – via UK Press Online archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://ukpressonline.co.uk/page-link/ChTm_2000_7_7_20","url_text":"\"Petertide ordinations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Times","url_text":"Church Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-658X","url_text":"0009-658X"}]},{"reference":"Giraldus De Barri (1806). The Itinerary of Archbishop Baldwin Through Wales, A. D. MCLXXXVIII. Translated by Hoare, Sir Richard Colt. London: William Miller. pp. 6–8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JslcAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA6","url_text":"The Itinerary of Archbishop Baldwin Through Wales, A. D. MCLXXXVIII"}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Rev. James (1909). The History of Pembrokeshire. London: Elliot Stock. pp. 205–206.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jones, William Basil; Freeman, Edward Augustus (1856), The History and Antiquities of Saint Davids, London: J. H. & J. Parker, p. 222","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Freeman","url_text":"Freeman, Edward Augustus"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=of4HAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA222","url_text":"The History and Antiquities of Saint Davids"}]},{"reference":"\"Pembrokeshire (Dyfed), St Davids Cathedral of St David & St Andrew\". National Pipe Organ Register. The British Institute of Organ Studies. 2005. Retrieved 19 November 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.npor.org.uk/cgi-bin/Rsearch.cgi?Fn=Rsearch&rec_index=R00087","url_text":"\"Pembrokeshire (Dyfed), St Davids Cathedral of St David & St Andrew\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Andrew and St David\". English Cathedrals Music. Retrieved 16 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.churchmusic.org.uk/cathmus/stdavids.php","url_text":"\"St Andrew and St David\""}]},{"reference":"Irving, John (10 October 2019). \"Thomas Tomkins\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/27515.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F27515","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/27515"}]},{"reference":"Kikuta, Hiroki (25 October 2000). \"Nemeton Monastery\" (in Japanese). Retrieved 4 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroki_Kikuta","url_text":"Kikuta, Hiroki"},{"url":"http://www.zephyr.dti.ne.jp/~deadtech/koudelkaweb/k-nemeton.html","url_text":"\"Nemeton Monastery\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Davids_Cathedral¶ms=51_52_55_N_5_16_06_W_region:GB-PEM_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°52′55″N 5°16′06″W / 51.88194°N 5.26833°W / 51.88194; -5.26833"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St_Davids_Cathedral¶ms=51_52_55_N_5_16_06_W_region:GB-PEM_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°52′55″N 5°16′06″W / 51.88194°N 5.26833°W / 51.88194; -5.26833"},{"Link":"https://www.stdavidscathedral.org.uk/","external_links_name":"www.stdavidscathedral.org.uk"},{"Link":"https://www.visitwales.com/destinations/west-wales/pembrokeshire/5-fantastic-places-st-davids","external_links_name":"\"Exploring Britain's smallest city\""},{"Link":"http://www.stdavidscathedral.org.uk/index.php?id=931","external_links_name":"\"A Brief History\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F13863","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/13863"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://www.stdavidscathedral.org.uk/about-us","external_links_name":"\"About us\""},{"Link":"https://cadwpublic-api.azurewebsites.net/reports/listedbuilding/FullReport?lang=en&id=12538","external_links_name":"\"St David's Cathedral (Grade I) (12538)\""},{"Link":"http://www.stdavidscathedral.org.uk/index.php?id=951","external_links_name":"\"News Archive 2012\""},{"Link":"http://www.stdavidscathedral.org.uk/index.php?id=699","external_links_name":"\"The Choir\""},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U290723","external_links_name":"\"Rowland Jones, Sarah Caroline\""},{"Link":"https://www.ukwhoswho.com/page/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180606154838/http://www.stdavidscathedral.org.uk/index.php?id=760","external_links_name":"\"St Davids Cathedral\""},{"Link":"http://www.stdavidscathedral.org.uk/index.php?id=760","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ukpressonline.co.uk/page-link/ChTm_1999_7_16_20","external_links_name":"\"Petertide ordinations\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-658X","external_links_name":"0009-658X"},{"Link":"https://ukpressonline.co.uk/page-link/ChTm_2000_7_7_20","external_links_name":"\"Petertide ordinations\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-658X","external_links_name":"0009-658X"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JslcAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA6","external_links_name":"The Itinerary of Archbishop Baldwin Through Wales, A. D. MCLXXXVIII"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=of4HAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA222","external_links_name":"The History and Antiquities of Saint Davids"},{"Link":"http://www.npor.org.uk/cgi-bin/Rsearch.cgi?Fn=Rsearch&rec_index=R00087","external_links_name":"\"Pembrokeshire (Dyfed), St Davids Cathedral of St David & St Andrew\""},{"Link":"http://www.churchmusic.org.uk/cathmus/stdavids.php","external_links_name":"\"St Andrew and St David\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F27515","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/27515"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"http://www.zephyr.dti.ne.jp/~deadtech/koudelkaweb/k-nemeton.html","external_links_name":"\"Nemeton Monastery\""},{"Link":"https://www.stdavidscathedral.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927235221/http://www.stdavidscathedralcloisters.org.uk/index.php?id=691","external_links_name":"Cathedral Festival website"},{"Link":"http://www.afsdc.org/","external_links_name":"American Friends of St Davids Cathedral"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000446817083","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/143098750","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82239205","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/place/acba9aab-7c8c-402c-935e-f596e51b4442","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz place"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devang_Gandhi
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Devang Gandhi
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["1 References"]
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Indian cricket player.
This biography of a living person includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Devang GandhiPersonal informationBorn (1971-09-06) 6 September 1971 (age 52)Bhavnagar, GujaratBattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm mediumCareer statistics
Competition
Test
ODI
Matches
4
3
Runs scored
204
49
Batting average
34.00
16.33
100s/50s
0/2
0/0
Top score
88
30
Catches/stumpings
3/–
0/–Source: ESPNcricinfo, 18 November 2022
Devang Jayant Gandhi pronunciationⓘ (born 6 September 1971) is a former Indian cricketer. He was a right-handed opening batsman and a very occasional right-arm medium-pace bowler. He played for Bengal, Hadleigh and Thundersley Cricket Club, Essex.
Despite the 1999–2000 tour of Australia exposing Gandhi's weakness in technique against faster deliveries, his domestic form stayed constant, having had a good start to his international career in India. Successive stands with Sadagoppan Ramesh in New Zealand lifted Gandhi's Test average above 50. Poor performances saw him dropped during the Australian tour. Gandhi played domestic cricket for Bengal in the Ranji Trophy and East Zone in the Duleep Trophy before retiring after the 2005–06 season. Gandhi also had two seasons playing for Gwersyllt Park CC, who play in the North Wales cricket league. He was appointed as a national selector for Indian cricket team. A former Indian opening batsman, Devang Gandhi, featured for India in 4 Tests and 3 ODIs. Despite showing a lot of promise at the beginning of his international career, Gandhi's inability to handle short-pitched bowling meant that his days as an Indian opener were limited.
He made his international debut in the first Test against New Zealand in Mohali in 1999. Even though he got out for a duck in the first innings, he cemented his place in the team by scoring 75 in the second essay and put on 137 runs for the opening wicket with Sadagoppan Ramesh. His good form continued in the second Test as well. He was the top scorer for India in the game, making 88 and 31 not out as India won the game by 8 wickets.
With India winning the series 1-0 and his average being close to 50 after three Tests, many started believing that Gandhi was destined to be a formidable opener. With the success he found during the New Zealand series, he was selected for India's tour of Australia in 1999–00. However, the tour Down Under turned out to be a disastrous affair for Gandhi.
His poor technique against the short ball got highlighted during the first Test match in Adelaide. It was not just his scores of 4 and 0, but how he never looked comfortable against the rising ball and Glenn McGrath exploited his weakness to put India under pressure right from the beginning.
Gandhi played two ODIs against Australia during the tri-series that followed the Tests. He registered scores of 6 and 13 in those two games and never played for India again. He played 95 first-class matches during his career, collecting 6111 runs at an average of 42.73. He retired in April 2006.
References
Devang Gandhi retires from first-class cricket, from ESPNcricinfo, 27 April 2006
This biographical article related to Indian cricket is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"Link":"http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/28770.html","external_links_name":"ESPNcricinfo"},{"Link":"http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/245504.html","external_links_name":"Devang Gandhi retires from first-class cricket"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devang_Gandhi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_national_cerebral_palsy_football_team
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Argentina national cerebral palsy football team
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["1 Overview","2 Ranking","3 Players","4 Results","4.1 IFCPF World Championships","4.2 Paralympic Games","5 References","6 External links"]
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Argentina national cerebral palsy football teamShirt badge/Association crestNickname(s)TigresFederationArgentine Cerebral Palsy Football FederationIFCPF ranking6Highest IFCPF ranking6 (August 2013, November 2014, 2016)Lowest IFCPF ranking9 (September 2011)
Home colours
Away colours
World ChampionshipAppearances2 (First in 2011)Best result7Parapan American GamesAppearances1
The Argentina national cerebral palsy football team (nicknamed Los Tigres) is the national football team that represents Argentina in international competitions. The team is managed by the "Argentine Cerebral Palsy Football Federation" Spanish: Federación Argentina de Fútbol de Parálisis Cerebral (FAFPC). Their best world ranking sixth and their lowest was ninth. Argentina has competed at both the IFCPF World Championships and the Paralympic Games, but has never finished in the medals in either event.
Overview
The team in 2012
In 2012, the team was coached by Osvaldo Hernández. In February 2014, an IFCPF coaching workshop was held in Brazil to try to further develop the sport. Chilean, Brazilian and Argentine coaches participated in it.
National team development is supported by an International Federation of Cerebral Palsy Football (IFCPF) recognized national championship. Recognized years for the national IFCPF recognized competition include 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015.
In 2016, after getting an endorsement by the World AntiDoping Agency (WADA), the IFCPF Anti-Doping Code was formally amended to allow for out of competition testing. This was done through a WADA approved Whereabouts Programme managed through ADAMS. Drawing from players in a Registered Testing Pool, players from this country were included ahead of the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio.
Ranking
Argentina was ranked sixth in the world by the IFCPF in 2016. The team is also ranked second in the Americas in 2016. In August 2013 and November 2014, Argentina was also ranked sixth in the world. In September 2012, the team was ranked eighth. In September 2011, Argentina was ranked ninth.
Players
There have been a number of players for the Argentine squad.
Name
Number
Classification
Years active
Ref
Alberto Alabarce
2013
Fabricio Álvarez
2013
Fabio Miguel Coria
9
FT8
2012
Maximiliano Fernández
6
FT7
2012
Matías Fernández Romano
11
FT6
2012
Carlos Ferreira
15
FT7
2012
Claudio Figuera
14
FT7
2012
Ezequiel Jaime
4
FT7
2012
Rodrigo Luque
2013
Rodrigo Lugrin
10
FT7
2012
Rodrigo Luquez
3
FT8
2012
Antonio Medina
7
FT5
2012
Mariano Moranas
2
FT8
2012
Sergio Gutiérrez
12
FT7
2012
Gustavo Nahuelquin
1
FT5
2012
Gaston Rodríguez
8
FT7
2012
Brian David Vivot
5
FT7
2012
Results
Argentina has participated in a number of international tournaments. Six teams participated in the Toronto hosted American Cup in 2014. Group A included Venezuela, Argentina and Canada. Group B included Mexico, Brazil and the United States. The tournament was important for preparations for the 2015 Parapan American Games, and because it was the last major continental level competition of the year. The team participated in the 2015 Parapan American Games, where they came away with a silver medal.
Argentina and the Netherlands warm up ahead of a match at the 2016 Salou tournament
Competition
Location
Year
Total Teams
Result
Ref
Pre-Paralympic Tournament
Salou, Spain
2016
7
7
Footie 7 Tournament
Povao de Varzim, Portugal
2015
5
2
Parapan American Games
Toronto, Canada
2015
2
America Cup
Toronto, Canada
2014
6
2
Parapan American Youth Games
Buenos Aires, Argentina
2013
6
Intercontinental Cup
Barcelona, Spain
2013
16
Défi Sportif Tournament
Canada
2013
4
1
British Paralympic World Cup
Nottingham, England
2012
12
Yevpretoria Ukraine
Yevpatoria, Crimea, Ukraine
2012
8
IFCPF World Championships
Argentina has participated in the IFCPF World Championships.
World Championships
Location
Total Teams
Result
Ref
2015 IFCPF World Championships
England
15
8
2011 CPSIRA World Championships
Netherlands
16
7
Paralympic Games
Argentina has participated in 7-a-side football at the Paralympic Games. They have never won a medal.
Paralympic Results
Games
Results
Ref
2012 Summer Paralympics
6
2004 Summer Paralympics
4
2000 Summer Paralympics
5
1996 Summer Paralympics
2016 Summer Paralympics
Argentina qualified for the Paralympics through the 2015 Parapan American Games in Toronto after Iran's qualifying spot was withdrawn because of a lack of competitors in their region.
The draw for the tournament was held on May 6 at the 2016 Pre Paralympic Tournament in Salou, Spain. Argentina was put into Group B with the United States, Netherlands and Russia. Iran qualified for the 2016 Rio Games following the suspension of Russia. The IPC ruled that there could not be a redraw for the groups. This resulted in Iran being put into Group A with the Netherlands, Argentina and the United States. The tournament where the Paralympic draw took place featured 7 of the 8 teams participating in Rio. It was the last major preparation event ahead of the Rio Games for all teams participating. Argentina finished 7th after losing placement matches to the United States 4 - 3 and Ireland 0 - 3.
Going into the Rio Games, the team was hoping to build on good results earlier in past two years and win a medal.
Pos
Teamvte
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
Ukraine
3
3
0
0
10
2
+8
9
Semi finals
2
Brazil (H)
3
2
0
1
10
4
+6
6
3
Great Britain
3
1
0
2
7
5
+2
3
5th–6th place match
4
Ireland
3
0
0
3
2
18
−16
0
7th–8th place match
Source: Paralympic.org(H) Hosts
References
^ "Torneo Nacional de Fútbol PC 7 y 5". Data Chaco. Data Chaco. April 26, 2013. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
^ "Fm Sol 89.1 Mhz — San Luis del Palmar — Corrientes — Confederación de Deportes entrega ayuda". Fm Sol 89.1 Mhz — San Luis del Palmar — Corrientes. Archived from the original on 2016-09-11. Retrieved 2016-08-29.
^ "Our Members — CP Football". IFCPF. IFCPF. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "ARG v RUS" (PDF). CPISRA. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 14, 2016. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
^ "2016 - Coach Education Workshops — CP Football". www.ifcpf.com. Archived from the original on 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2016-08-27.
^ "National Championships 2015". CP Football. CP Football. 2016. Archived from the original on August 17, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
^ "IFCPF Newsletter" (PDF). CP Football. CP Football. June 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
^ "Ranking — CP Football". CP Football. CP Football. Archived from the original on July 26, 2015. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
^ "Americas Ranking — CP Football". CP Football. CP Football. Archived from the original on July 26, 2015. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
^ "World Ranking 2014". CPISRA. November 8, 2014. Archived from the original on August 29, 2016. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
^ "World Ranking List Football 7-a-side updated after Intercontinental Cup 2013, Barcelona Spain" (PDF). CPISRA. CPISRA. August 2013. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved August 26, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ "World Ranking List 2012 Football 7-a-side after PG Londen 2012" (PDF). CPISRA. September 13, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 28, 2016. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
^ "Football_7-a-side_CPISRA_World_Ranking_List" (PDF). CPISRA. September 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 21, 2016. Retrieved August 26, 2016.
^ a b c "Expectativas por la entrega de premios a los destacados". Retrieved 2016-08-29.
^ "Copa America Toronto 2014". Periódico Realidad Geselina (in Spanish). September 25, 2014. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
^ a b c "DUNCAN CORONEL DESPIDIÓ EL AÑO CON UNA CONCENTRACIÓN CON "LOS TIGRES" | El fundador Online". elfundadoronline.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2016-08-29.
^ a b "LARGARON LOS JUEGOS PARAPANAMERICANOS | El fundador Online". elfundadoronline.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 2016-08-29.
^ "IFCPF Newsletter" (PDF). CP Football. CP Football. June 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
^ "Tournaments — CP Football". www.ifcpf.com. Retrieved 2016-08-25.
^ "Successful Footie 7 International Tournament in Portugal — CP Football". www.ifcpf.com. Retrieved 2016-08-25.
^ "2014 America Cup Event Summary". CPISRA. 2014. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
^ "Newsletter — January 2015 1st edition" (PDF). CP Football. January 1, 2015. Retrieved August 28, 2016.
^ "2013 Buenos Aires Argentina ParaPanAm | CPISRA". cpisra.org. Retrieved 2016-08-25.
^ "Match Reports: Intercontinental Cup 2013, Barcelona | CPISRA". cpisra.org. Archived from the original on 2015-09-26. Retrieved 2016-08-25.
^ "Défi Sportif Tournament May 2013 – Match Reports | CPISRA". cpisra.org. Archived from the original on 2015-10-17. Retrieved 2016-08-25.
^ "2012 Nottingham British Paralympic World Cup | CPISRA". cpisra.org. Archived from the original on 2015-10-17. Retrieved 2016-08-25.
^ "2012 Yevpretoria Ukraine | CPISRA". cpisra.org. Archived from the original on 2015-09-27. Retrieved 2016-08-26.
^ run2 (2015). "Fixtures & Results — Cerebral Palsy Football World Championships 2015". 2015 CP Football World Championships. IFCPF. Archived from the original on March 27, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "2011 Final Results". CPISRA. CPISRA. 2011. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
^ a b c d e "Paralympic Games — CP Football". CP Football. IFCPF. Retrieved August 25, 2016.
^ "Paralympic Qualification Update". IFCPF. IFCPF. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
^ "Football 7-a-side Paralympic Draw complete for Rio 2016". IFCPF. IFCPF. 10 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
^ "Football 7-a-side Paralympic Draw complete for Rio 2016". IFCPF. IFCPF. 10 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
^ "Rio2016 Football 7-a-side vacant slots — CP Football". www.ifcpf.com. Retrieved 2016-08-25.
^ "Schedule". IFCPF. IFCPF. Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
^ "Ireland — USA". IFCPF. IFCPF. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
^ "USA — Argentina". IFCPF. IFCPF. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
^ "Argentina — Ireland". IFCPF. IFCPF. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Argentina national Paralympic 7-a-side football team.
FAFPC on Facebook
Official website (archived)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Argentina national cerebral palsy football team (nicknamed Los Tigres)[1][2] is the national football team that represents Argentina in international competitions. The team is managed by the \"Argentine Cerebral Palsy Football Federation\" Spanish: Federación Argentina de Fútbol de Parálisis Cerebral (FAFPC). [3] Their best world ranking sixth and their lowest was ninth. Argentina has competed at both the IFCPF World Championships and the Paralympic Games, but has never finished in the medals in either event.","title":"Argentina national cerebral palsy football team"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paralympic_7-a-side_Football_Argentina_Team.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"International Federation of Cerebral Palsy Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Cerebral_Palsy_Football"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:532-7"}],"text":"The team in 2012In 2012, the team was coached by Osvaldo Hernández.[4] In February 2014, an IFCPF coaching workshop was held in Brazil to try to further develop the sport. Chilean, Brazilian and Argentine coaches participated in it.[5]National team development is supported by an International Federation of Cerebral Palsy Football (IFCPF) recognized national championship. Recognized years for the national IFCPF recognized competition include 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015.[6]In 2016, after getting an endorsement by the World AntiDoping Agency (WADA), the IFCPF Anti-Doping Code was formally amended to allow for out of competition testing. This was done through a WADA approved Whereabouts Programme managed through ADAMS. Drawing from players in a Registered Testing Pool, players from this country were included ahead of the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio.[7]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-americas-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Argentina was ranked sixth in the world by the IFCPF in 2016.[8] The team is also ranked second in the Americas in 2016.[9] In August 2013 and November 2014, Argentina was also ranked sixth in the world.[10][11] In September 2012, the team was ranked eighth.[12] In September 2011, Argentina was ranked ninth.[13]","title":"Ranking"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"There have been a number of players for the Argentine squad.","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2015 Parapan American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Parapan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salon_2016_Argentina_v_Netherlands.jpeg"}],"text":"Argentina has participated in a number of international tournaments. Six teams participated in the Toronto hosted American Cup in 2014. Group A included Venezuela, Argentina and Canada. Group B included Mexico, Brazil and the United States. The tournament was important for preparations for the 2015 Parapan American Games, and because it was the last major continental level competition of the year.[15] The team participated in the 2015 Parapan American Games, where they came away with a silver medal.[16][17]Argentina and the Netherlands warm up ahead of a match at the 2016 Salou tournament","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"IFCPF World Championships","text":"Argentina has participated in the IFCPF World Championships.","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Salou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salou"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_national_cerebral_palsy_football_team"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia_national_cerebral_palsy_football_team"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-16"},{"link_name":"Paralympic.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.paralympic.org/static/info/rio-2016/eng/ft/engft_football-7-a-side-summary-men.htm"}],"sub_title":"Paralympic Games","text":"Argentina has participated in 7-a-side football at the Paralympic Games. They have never won a medal.[30]Paralympic Results2016 Summer ParalympicsArgentina qualified for the Paralympics through the 2015 Parapan American Games in Toronto after Iran's qualifying spot was withdrawn because of a lack of competitors in their region.[31][32]The draw for the tournament was held on May 6 at the 2016 Pre Paralympic Tournament in Salou, Spain. Argentina was put into Group B with the United States, Netherlands and Russia.[33] Iran qualified for the 2016 Rio Games following the suspension of Russia. The IPC ruled that there could not be a redraw for the groups. This resulted in Iran being put into Group A with the Netherlands, Argentina and the United States.[34] The tournament where the Paralympic draw took place featured 7 of the 8 teams participating in Rio. It was the last major preparation event ahead of the Rio Games for all teams participating.[35] Argentina finished 7th after losing placement matches to the United States 4 - 3 and Ireland 0 - 3.[36][37][38]Going into the Rio Games, the team was hoping to build on good results earlier in past two years and win a medal.[16]Source: Paralympic.org(H) Hosts","title":"Results"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The team in 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Paralympic_7-a-side_Football_Argentina_Team.jpg/220px-Paralympic_7-a-side_Football_Argentina_Team.jpg"},{"image_text":"Argentina and the Netherlands warm up ahead of a match at the 2016 Salou tournament","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Salon_2016_Argentina_v_Netherlands.jpeg/220px-Salon_2016_Argentina_v_Netherlands.jpeg"}]
| null |
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Football\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifcpf.com/news/successfull-footie-7-international-tournament-in-portugal","external_links_name":"\"Successful Footie 7 International Tournament in Portugal — CP Football\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924003245/http://cpisra.org/dir/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/America-Cup-Event-Summary.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"2014 America Cup Event Summary\""},{"Link":"http://cpisra.org/dir/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/America-Cup-Event-Summary.xlsx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ifcpf.com/static/upload/raw/a83ea584-44ee-a067-9951-b4eddd0b6852/20150117+Newsletter+January+2015+1st+edition.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Newsletter — January 2015 1st edition\""},{"Link":"http://cpisra.org/dir/2013-buenos-aires-argentina-parapanam/","external_links_name":"\"2013 Buenos Aires Argentina ParaPanAm | CPISRA\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150926060528/http://cpisra.org/dir/match-reports-intercontinental-cup-2013-barcelona/","external_links_name":"\"Match Reports: Intercontinental Cup 2013, Barcelona | CPISRA\""},{"Link":"http://cpisra.org/dir/match-reports-intercontinental-cup-2013-barcelona/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151017023707/http://cpisra.org/dir/defi-sportif-tournament-may-2013-match-reports/","external_links_name":"\"Défi Sportif Tournament May 2013 – Match Reports | CPISRA\""},{"Link":"http://cpisra.org/dir/defi-sportif-tournament-may-2013-match-reports/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151017023647/http://cpisra.org/dir/2012-nottingham-british-paralympic-world-cup/","external_links_name":"\"2012 Nottingham British Paralympic World Cup | CPISRA\""},{"Link":"http://cpisra.org/dir/2012-nottingham-british-paralympic-world-cup/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150927015741/http://cpisra.org/dir/2012-yevpretoria-ukraine/","external_links_name":"\"2012 Yevpretoria Ukraine | CPISRA\""},{"Link":"http://cpisra.org/dir/2012-yevpretoria-ukraine/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160327163417/http://cp2015.com/fixtures_results/","external_links_name":"\"Fixtures & Results — Cerebral Palsy Football World Championships 2015\""},{"Link":"http://cp2015.com/fixtures_results/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924001555/http://cpisra.org/dir/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/2011-Final-Results-WC-2011-Netherlands.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"2011 Final Results\""},{"Link":"http://cpisra.org/dir/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/2011-Final-Results-WC-2011-Netherlands.xlsx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ifcpf.com/tournaments/paralympic-games","external_links_name":"\"Paralympic Games — CP Football\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifcpf.com/news/paralympic-qualification-update","external_links_name":"\"Paralympic Qualification Update\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifcpf.com/news/football-7-a-side-paralympic-draw-complete-for-rio-2016","external_links_name":"\"Football 7-a-side Paralympic Draw complete for Rio 2016\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifcpf.com/news/football-7-a-side-paralympic-draw-complete-for-rio-2016","external_links_name":"\"Football 7-a-side Paralympic Draw complete for Rio 2016\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifcpf.com/news/rio2016-football-7-a-side-vacant-slots","external_links_name":"\"Rio2016 Football 7-a-side vacant slots — CP Football\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160510134713/http://www.ifcpf.com/tournaments/international-tournament-schedule","external_links_name":"\"Schedule\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifcpf.com/tournaments/international-tournament-schedule","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ifcpf.com/tournaments/match/171","external_links_name":"\"Ireland — USA\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifcpf.com/tournaments/match/170","external_links_name":"\"USA — Argentina\""},{"Link":"http://www.ifcpf.com/tournaments/match/169","external_links_name":"\"Argentina — Ireland\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/ffapc","external_links_name":"FAFPC"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210302194842/http://www.ffapc.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_swirling_flow
|
Von Kármán swirling flow
|
["1 Flow description","2 No rotation at infinity","3 Rigid body rotation at infinity","3.1 Nearly rotating at the same speed, \u007f'\"`UNIQ--postMath-00000043-QINU`\"'\u007f","3.2 Non-Axisymmetric solutions[11]","4 Bödewadt flow","5 Two rotating coaxial disks","6 Applications","7 References","8 Bibliography"]
|
Flow created by a uniformly rotating infinitely long plate disk
Von Kármán swirling flow is a flow created by a uniformly rotating infinitely long plane disk, named after Theodore von Kármán who solved the problem in 1921. The rotating disk acts as a fluid pump and is used as a model for centrifugal fans or compressors. This flow is classified under the category of steady flows in which vorticity generated at a solid surface is prevented from diffusing far away by an opposing convection, the other examples being the Blasius boundary layer with suction, stagnation point flow etc.
Flow description
Consider a planar disk of infinite radius rotating at a constant angular velocity
Ω
{\displaystyle \Omega }
in fluid which is initially at rest everywhere. Near to the surface, the fluid is being turned by the disk, due to friction, which then causes centrifugal forces which move the fluid outwards. This outward radial motion of the fluid near the disk must be accompanied by an inward axial motion of the fluid towards the disk to conserve mass. Theodore von Kármán noticed that the governing equations and the boundary conditions allow a solution such that
u
/
r
,
v
/
r
{\displaystyle u/r,v/r}
and
w
{\displaystyle w}
are functions of
z
{\displaystyle z}
only, where
(
u
,
v
,
w
)
{\displaystyle (u,v,w)}
are the velocity components in cylindrical
(
r
,
θ
,
z
)
{\displaystyle (r,\theta ,z)}
coordinate with
r
=
0
{\displaystyle r=0}
being the axis of rotation and
z
=
0
{\displaystyle z=0}
represents the plane disk. Due to symmetry, pressure of the fluid can depend only on radial and axial coordinate
p
=
p
(
r
,
z
)
{\displaystyle p=p(r,z)}
.
Then the continuity equation and the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations reduce to
2
u
r
+
d
w
d
z
=
0
(
u
r
)
2
−
(
v
r
)
2
+
w
d
(
u
/
r
)
d
z
=
−
1
ρ
∂
p
∂
r
+
ν
d
2
(
u
/
r
)
d
z
2
2
u
v
r
2
+
w
d
(
v
/
r
)
d
z
=
ν
d
2
(
v
/
r
)
d
z
2
w
d
w
d
z
=
−
1
ρ
∂
p
∂
z
+
ν
d
2
w
d
z
2
⇒
p
ρ
=
ν
d
w
d
z
−
1
2
w
2
+
f
(
r
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}&{\frac {2u}{r}}+{\frac {dw}{dz}}=0\\&\left({\frac {u}{r}}\right)^{2}-\left({\frac {v}{r}}\right)^{2}+w{\frac {d(u/r)}{dz}}=-{\frac {1}{\rho }}{\frac {\partial p}{\partial r}}+\nu {\frac {d^{2}(u/r)}{dz^{2}}}\\&{\frac {2uv}{r^{2}}}+w{\frac {d(v/r)}{dz}}=\nu {\frac {d^{2}(v/r)}{dz^{2}}}\\&w{\frac {dw}{dz}}=-{\frac {1}{\rho }}{\frac {\partial p}{\partial z}}+\nu {\frac {d^{2}w}{dz^{2}}}\qquad \Rightarrow \qquad {\frac {p}{\rho }}=\nu {\frac {dw}{dz}}-{\frac {1}{2}}w^{2}+f(r)\end{aligned}}}
where
ν
{\displaystyle \nu }
is the kinematic viscosity.
No rotation at infinity
The Von Karman Swirling Flow similarity velocities and pressure for an infinite rotating disk as a function of the distance above the disk.
Since there is no rotation at large
z
→
∞
{\displaystyle z\rightarrow \infty }
,
p
(
r
,
z
)
{\displaystyle p(r,z)}
becomes independent of
r
{\displaystyle r}
resulting in
p
=
p
(
z
)
{\displaystyle p=p(z)}
. Hence
f
(
r
)
=
constant
{\displaystyle f(r)={\text{constant}}}
and
∂
p
/
∂
r
=
0
{\displaystyle \partial p/\partial r=0}
.
Here the boundary conditions for the fluid
z
>
0
{\displaystyle z>0}
are
u
=
0
,
v
=
Ω
r
,
w
=
0
,
p
=
p
0
for
z
=
0
{\displaystyle u=0,\quad v=\Omega r,\quad w=0,\quad p=p_{0}\quad {\text{ for }}z=0}
u
=
0
,
v
=
0
for
z
→
∞
{\displaystyle u=0,\quad v=0\quad {\text{ for }}z\rightarrow \infty }
Self-similar solution is obtained by introducing following transformation,
η
=
Ω
ν
z
,
u
=
r
Ω
F
(
η
)
,
v
=
r
Ω
G
(
η
)
,
w
=
ν
Ω
H
(
η
)
,
p
=
p
0
+
ρ
ν
Ω
P
(
η
)
,
{\displaystyle \eta ={\sqrt {\frac {\Omega }{\nu }}}z,\quad u=r\Omega F(\eta ),\quad v=r\Omega G(\eta ),\quad w={\sqrt {\nu \Omega }}H(\eta ),\quad p=p_{0}+\rho \nu \Omega P(\eta ),}
where
ρ
{\displaystyle \rho }
is the fluid density.
The self-similar equations are
2
F
+
H
′
=
0
F
2
−
G
2
+
F
′
H
=
F
″
2
F
G
+
G
′
H
=
G
″
P
′
+
H
H
′
−
H
″
=
0
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}2F+H'&=0\\F^{2}-G^{2}+F'H&=F''\\2FG+G'H&=G''\\P'+HH'-H''&=0\end{aligned}}}
with boundary conditions for the fluid
η
>
0
{\displaystyle \eta >0}
are
F
=
0
,
G
=
1
,
H
=
0
,
P
=
0
for
η
=
0
{\displaystyle F=0,\quad G=1,\quad H=0,\quad P=0\quad {\text{ for }}\eta =0}
F
=
0
,
G
=
0
for
η
→
∞
{\displaystyle F=0,\quad G=0\quad {\text{ for }}\eta \rightarrow \infty }
The coupled ordinary differential equations need to be solved numerically and an accurate solution is given by Cochran(1934). The inflow axial velocity at infinity obtained from the numerical integration is
w
=
−
0.886
ν
Ω
{\displaystyle w=-0.886{\sqrt {\nu \Omega }}}
, so the total outflowing volume flux across a cylindrical surface of radius
r
{\displaystyle r}
is
0.886
π
r
2
ν
Ω
{\displaystyle 0.886\pi r^{2}{\sqrt {\nu \Omega }}}
. The tangential stress on the disk is
σ
z
φ
=
μ
(
∂
v
/
∂
z
)
z
=
0
=
ρ
ν
Ω
3
r
G
′
(
0
)
{\displaystyle \sigma _{z\varphi }=\mu (\partial v/\partial z)_{z=0}=\rho {\sqrt {\nu \Omega ^{3}}}rG'(0)}
. Neglecting edge effects, the torque exerted by the fluid on the disk with large (
R
≫
ν
/
Ω
{\displaystyle R\gg {\sqrt {\nu /\Omega }}}
) but finite radius
R
{\displaystyle R}
is
T
=
2
∫
0
R
2
π
r
2
σ
r
θ
d
r
=
π
R
4
ρ
ν
Ω
3
G
′
(
0
)
.
{\displaystyle T=2\int _{0}^{R}2\pi r^{2}\sigma _{r\theta }\,dr=\pi R^{4}\rho {\sqrt {\nu \Omega ^{3}}}G'(0).}
The factor
2
{\displaystyle 2}
is added to account for both sides of the disk. From numerical solution, torque is given by
T
=
−
1.94
R
4
ρ
ν
Ω
3
{\displaystyle T=-1.94R^{4}\rho {\sqrt {\nu \Omega ^{3}}}}
. The torque predicted by the theory is in excellent agreement with the experiment on large disks up to the Reynolds number of about
R
e
=
R
2
Ω
/
ν
=
3
×
10
5
{\displaystyle Re=R^{2}\Omega /\nu =3\times 10^{5}}
, the flow becomes turbulent at high Reynolds number.
Rigid body rotation at infinity
This problem was addressed by George Keith Batchelor(1951). Let
Γ
{\displaystyle \Gamma }
be the angular velocity at infinity. Now the pressure at
z
→
∞
{\displaystyle z\rightarrow \infty }
is
1
2
ρ
Γ
2
r
2
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}\rho \Gamma ^{2}r^{2}}
. Hence
f
(
r
)
=
1
2
ρ
Γ
2
r
2
{\displaystyle f(r)={\frac {1}{2}}\rho \Gamma ^{2}r^{2}}
and
∂
p
/
∂
r
=
Γ
2
{\displaystyle \partial p/\partial r=\Gamma ^{2}}
.
Then the boundary conditions for the fluid
z
>
0
{\displaystyle z>0}
are
u
=
0
,
v
=
Ω
r
,
w
=
0
for
z
=
0
{\displaystyle u=0,\quad v=\Omega r,\quad w=0\quad {\text{ for }}z=0}
u
=
0
,
v
=
Γ
r
for
z
→
∞
{\displaystyle u=0,\quad v=\Gamma r\quad {\text{for }}z\rightarrow \infty }
Self-similar solution is obtained by introducing following transformation,
η
=
Ω
ν
z
,
γ
=
Γ
Ω
,
u
=
r
Ω
F
(
η
)
,
v
=
r
Ω
G
(
η
)
,
w
=
ν
Ω
H
(
η
)
.
{\displaystyle \eta ={\sqrt {\frac {\Omega }{\nu }}}z,\quad \gamma ={\frac {\Gamma }{\Omega }},\quad u=r\Omega F(\eta ),\quad v=r\Omega G(\eta ),\quad w={\sqrt {\nu \Omega }}H(\eta ).}
The self-similar equations are
2
F
+
H
′
=
0
F
2
−
G
2
+
F
′
H
=
F
″
−
γ
2
2
F
G
+
G
′
H
=
G
″
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}2F+H'&=0\\F^{2}-G^{2}+F'H&=F''-\gamma ^{2}\\2FG+G'H&=G''\end{aligned}}}
with boundary conditions for the fluid
η
>
0
{\displaystyle \eta >0}
is
F
=
0
,
G
=
1
,
H
=
0
for
η
=
0
{\displaystyle F=0,\quad G=1,\quad H=0\quad {\text{ for }}\eta =0}
F
=
0
,
G
=
γ
for
η
→
∞
{\displaystyle F=0,\quad G=\gamma \quad {\text{ for }}\eta \rightarrow \infty }
The solution is easy to obtain only for
γ
>
0
{\displaystyle \gamma >0}
i.e., the fluid at infinity rotates in the same sense as the plate. For
γ
<
0
{\displaystyle \gamma <0}
, the solution is more complex, in the sense that many-solution branches occur. Evans(1969) obtained solution for the range
−
1.35
<
γ
<
−
0.61
{\displaystyle -1.35<\gamma <-0.61}
. Zandbergen and Dijkstra showed that the solution exhibits a square root singularity as
γ
−
→
−
0.16053876
{\displaystyle \gamma ^{-}\rightarrow -0.16053876}
and found a second-solution branch merging with the solution found for
γ
→
−
0.16053876
{\displaystyle \gamma \rightarrow -0.16053876}
. The solution of the second branch is continued till
γ
−
→
0.07452563
{\displaystyle \gamma ^{-}\rightarrow 0.07452563}
, at which point, a third-solution branch is found to emerge. They also discovered an infinity of solution branches around the point
γ
−
→
0
{\displaystyle \gamma ^{-}\rightarrow 0}
. Bodoyni(1975) calculated solutions for large negative
γ
{\displaystyle \gamma }
, showed that the solution breaks down at
γ
−
=
−
1.436
{\displaystyle \gamma ^{-}=-1.436}
. If the rotating plate is allowed to have uniform suction velocity at the plate, then meaningful solution can be obtained for
γ
≤
−
0.2
{\displaystyle \gamma \leq -0.2}
.
For
0
<
γ
<
∞
,
γ
≠
1
{\displaystyle 0<\gamma <\infty ,\ \gamma \neq 1}
(
γ
=
1
{\displaystyle \gamma =1}
represents solid body rotation, the whole fluid rotates at the same speed) the solution reaches the solid body rotation at infinity in an oscillating manner from the plate. The axial velocity is negative
w
<
0
{\displaystyle w<0}
for
0
≤
γ
<
1
{\displaystyle 0\leq \gamma <1}
and positive
w
>
0
{\displaystyle w>0}
for
1
<
γ
<
∞
{\displaystyle 1<\gamma <\infty }
. There is an explicit solution when
|
γ
−
1
|
≪
1
{\displaystyle |\gamma -1|\ll 1}
.
Nearly rotating at the same speed,
|
γ
−
1
|
≪
1
{\displaystyle |\gamma -1|\ll 1}
Since both boundary conditions for
G
{\displaystyle G}
are almost equal to one, one would expect the solution for
G
{\displaystyle G}
to slightly deviate from unity. The corresponding scales for
F
{\displaystyle F}
and
H
{\displaystyle H}
can be derived from the self-similar equations. Therefore,
G
=
1
+
G
^
,
H
=
H
^
,
F
=
F
^
|
F
^
|
,
|
G
^
|
,
|
H
^
|
≪
1
{\displaystyle G=1+{\hat {G}},\quad H={\hat {H}},\quad F={\hat {F}}\qquad |{\hat {F}}|,|{\hat {G}}|,|{\hat {H}}|\ll 1}
To the first order approximation(neglecting
F
^
2
,
G
^
2
,
H
^
2
{\displaystyle {\hat {F}}^{2},{\hat {G}}^{2},{\hat {H}}^{2}}
), the self-similar equation becomes
2
F
^
+
H
^
′
=
0
1
+
2
G
^
=
γ
2
−
F
^
″
2
F
^
=
G
^
″
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}2{\hat {F}}+{\hat {H}}'&=0\\1+2{\hat {G}}&=\gamma ^{2}-{\hat {F}}''\\2{\hat {F}}&={\hat {G}}''\end{aligned}}}
with exact solutions
F
(
η
)
=
−
(
γ
−
1
)
e
−
η
sin
η
,
G
(
η
)
=
1
+
(
γ
−
1
)
(
1
−
e
−
η
cos
η
)
,
H
(
η
)
=
(
γ
−
1
)
[
1
−
e
−
η
(
sin
η
+
cos
η
)
]
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}F(\eta )&=-(\gamma -1)e^{-\eta }\sin \eta ,\\G(\eta )&=1+(\gamma -1)(1-e^{-\eta }\cos \eta ),\\H(\eta )&=(\gamma -1).\end{aligned}}}
These solution are similar to an Ekman layer solution.
Non-Axisymmetric solutions
The flow accepts a non-axisymmetric solution with axisymmetric boundary conditions discovered by Hewitt, Duck and Foster. Defining
η
=
Ω
ν
z
,
γ
=
Γ
Ω
,
u
=
r
Ω
[
f
′
(
η
)
+
ϕ
(
η
)
cos
2
θ
]
,
v
=
r
Ω
[
g
(
η
)
−
ϕ
(
η
)
sin
2
θ
]
,
w
=
−
2
ν
Ω
f
(
η
)
,
{\displaystyle \eta ={\sqrt {\frac {\Omega }{\nu }}}z,\quad \gamma ={\frac {\Gamma }{\Omega }},\quad u=r\Omega ,\quad v=r\Omega ,\quad w=-2{\sqrt {\nu \Omega }}f(\eta ),}
and the governing equations are
f
‴
+
2
f
f
″
−
f
′
2
−
ϕ
2
+
g
2
=
γ
2
,
g
″
+
2
(
f
g
′
−
f
′
g
)
=
0
,
ϕ
″
+
2
(
f
ϕ
′
−
f
′
ϕ
)
=
0
,
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}f'''+2ff''-f'^{2}-\phi ^{2}+g^{2}&=\gamma ^{2},\\g''+2(fg'-f'g)&=0,\\\phi ''+2(f\phi '-f'\phi )&=0,\end{aligned}}}
with boundary conditions
f
(
0
)
=
f
′
(
0
)
=
ϕ
(
0
)
=
g
(
0
)
−
1
=
f
′
(
∞
)
=
ϕ
(
∞
)
=
g
(
∞
)
−
γ
=
0.
{\displaystyle f(0)=f'(0)=\phi (0)=g(0)-1=f'(\infty )=\phi (\infty )=g(\infty )-\gamma =0.}
The solution is found to exist from numerical integration for
−
0.14485
≤
γ
≤
0
{\displaystyle -0.14485\leq \gamma \leq 0}
.
Bödewadt flow
Bödewadt flow describes the flow when a stationary disk is placed in a rotating fluid.
Two rotating coaxial disks
This problem was addressed by George Keith Batchelor(1951), Keith Stewartson(1952) and many other researchers. Here the solution is not simple, because of the additional length scale imposed in the problem i.e., the distance
h
{\displaystyle h}
between the two disks. In addition, the uniqueness and existence of a steady solution are also depend on the corresponding Reynolds number
R
e
=
Ω
h
2
/
ν
{\displaystyle Re=\Omega h^{2}/\nu }
.
Then the boundary conditions for the fluid
0
<
z
<
h
{\displaystyle 0<z<h}
are
u
=
0
,
v
=
Ω
r
,
w
=
0
for
z
=
0
{\displaystyle u=0,\quad v=\Omega r,\quad w=0\quad {\text{ for }}z=0}
u
=
0
,
v
=
Γ
r
,
w
=
0
for
z
=
h
.
{\displaystyle u=0,\quad v=\Gamma r,\quad w=0\quad {\text{for }}z=h.}
In terms of
η
{\displaystyle \eta }
, the upper wall location is simply
η
=
Ω
/
ν
h
=
R
e
1
/
2
{\displaystyle \eta ={\sqrt {\Omega /\nu }}h=Re^{1/2}}
. Thus, instead of the scalings
η
=
Ω
ν
z
,
γ
=
Γ
Ω
,
u
=
r
Ω
F
′
(
η
)
,
v
=
r
Ω
G
(
η
)
,
w
=
−
2
ν
Ω
F
(
η
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\eta ={\sqrt {\frac {\Omega }{\nu }}}z,\quad \gamma ={\frac {\Gamma }{\Omega }},\quad u=r\Omega F'(\eta ),\quad v=r\Omega G(\eta ),\quad w=-2{\sqrt {\nu \Omega }}F(\eta )\end{aligned}}}
used before, it is convenient to introduce following transformation,
ξ
=
R
e
−
1
/
2
η
,
f
=
R
e
−
1
/
2
F
,
g
=
G
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\xi =Re^{-1/2}\eta ,\quad f=Re^{-1/2}F,\quad g=G\end{aligned}}}
so that the governing equations become
R
e
−
1
f
‴
+
2
f
f
″
−
f
′
2
+
g
2
=
λ
,
R
e
−
1
g
″
+
2
(
f
g
′
−
f
′
g
)
=
0
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}Re^{-1}f'''+2ff''-f'^{2}+g^{2}=\lambda ,\\Re^{-1}g''+2(fg'-f'g)=0\end{aligned}}}
with six boundary conditions
f
′
=
0
,
g
=
1
,
f
=
0
for
ξ
=
0
{\displaystyle f'=0,\quad g=1,\quad f=0\quad {\text{ for }}\xi =0}
f
′
=
0
,
g
=
γ
,
f
=
0
for
ξ
=
1.
{\displaystyle f'=0,\quad g=\gamma ,\quad f=0\quad {\text{for }}\xi =1.}
and the pressure is given by
p
−
p
o
ρ
=
1
2
λ
r
2
Ω
2
−
2
ν
Ω
(
R
e
f
2
+
f
′
)
.
{\displaystyle {\frac {p-p_{o}}{\rho }}={\frac {1}{2}}\lambda r^{2}\Omega ^{2}-2\nu \Omega (Ref^{2}+f').}
Here boundary conditions are six because pressure is not known either at the top or bottom wall;
λ
{\displaystyle \lambda }
is to be obtained as part of solution. For large Reynolds number
R
e
≫
1
{\displaystyle Re\gg 1}
, Batchelor argued that the fluid in the core would rotate at a constant velocity, flanked by two boundary layers at each disk for
γ
≥
0
{\displaystyle \gamma \geq 0}
and there would be two uniform counter-rotating flow of thickness
ξ
=
1
/
2
{\displaystyle \xi =1/2}
for
γ
=
−
1
{\displaystyle \gamma =-1}
. However, Stewartson predicted that for
γ
=
0
,
−
1
{\displaystyle \gamma =0,-1}
the fluid in the core would not rotate at
R
e
≫
1
{\displaystyle Re\gg 1}
, but just left with two boundary layers at each disk. It turns out, Stewartson predictions were correct (see Stewartson layer).
There is also an exact solution if the two disks are rotating about different axes but for
γ
=
1
{\displaystyle \gamma =1}
.
Applications
Experimental visualization of a methane/air spiral diffusion flame in a von Kármán swirling flow generated by a rotating porous disk burner (false color).
Von Kármán swirling flow finds its applications in wide range of fields, which includes rotating machines, filtering systems, computer storage devices, heat transfer and mass transfer applications, combustion-related problems, planetary formations, geophysical applications etc.
References
^ a b Von Kármán, Theodore (1921). "Über laminare und turbulente Reibung". Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik. 1 (4): 233–252. Bibcode:1921ZaMM....1..233K. doi:10.1002/zamm.19210010401.
^ Schlichting, Hermann and Gersten, Klaus (2017). Boundary-Layer Theory. Springer. ISBN 978-3662529171.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Cochran, W.G. (1934). "The flow due to a rotating disc". Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 30 (3): 365. Bibcode:1934PCPS...30..365C. doi:10.1017/S0305004100012561. S2CID 123003223.
^ a b Schlichting, Hermann (1960). Boundary Layer Theory. New York: McGraw-hill.
^ a b Batchelor, George Keith (1951). "Note on a class of solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations representing steady rotationally-symmetric flow". The Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics. 4: 29–41. doi:10.1093/qjmam/4.1.29.
^ Evans, D. J. "The rotationally symmetric flow of a viscous fluid in the presence of an infinite rotating disc with uniform suction." The Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics 22.4 (1969): 467-485.
^ Zandbergen, P. J., and D. Dijkstra. "Non-unique solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations for the Karman swirling flow." Journal of engineering mathematics 11.2 (1977): 167-188.
^ Dijkstra, D., and P. J. Zandbergen. "Some further investigations on non-unique solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations for the Karman swirling flow." Archiv of Mechanics, Archiwum Mechaniki Stosowanej 30 (1978): 411-419.
^ Bodonyi, R. J. "On rotationally symmetric flow above an infinite rotating disk." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 67.04 (1975): 657-666.
^ a b Batchelor, George Keith (2000). An introduction to fluid dynamics. Cambridge university press. ISBN 978-0521663960.
^ Drazin, Philip G., and Norman Riley. The Navier–Stokes equations: a classification of flows and exact solutions. No. 334. Cambridge University Press, 2006.
^ Hewitt, R. E., P. W. Duck, and M. R. Foster. "Steady boundary-layer solutions for a swirling stratified fluid in a rotating cone." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 384 (1999): 339-374.
^ Bödewadt, V. U. (1940). Die drehströmung über festem grunde. ZAMM‐Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics/Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik, 20(5), 241-253.
^ Stewartson, K. (1953). "On the flow between two rotating coaxial disks". Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 49 (2): 333–341. Bibcode:1953PCPS...49..333S. doi:10.1017/S0305004100028437. S2CID 122805153.
^ a b Urzay, J.; Nagayam, V.; Williams, F.A. (2011). "Theory of the propagation dynamics of spiral edges of diffusion flames in von Kármán swirling flows" (PDF). Combustion and Flame. 158 (2): 255–272. doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.08.015.
Bibliography
Von Kármán, Theodore (1921). "Über laminare und turbulente Reibung". Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik. 1 (4): 233–252. Bibcode:1921ZaMM....1..233K. doi:10.1002/zamm.19210010401.
Batchelor, George Keith (1951). "Note on a class of solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations representing steady rotationally-symmetric flow". The Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics. 4: 29–41. doi:10.1093/qjmam/4.1.29.
Stewartson, K. (1953). "On the flow between two rotating coaxial disks". Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 49 (2): 333–341. Bibcode:1953PCPS...49..333S. doi:10.1017/S0305004100028437. S2CID 122805153.
Batchelor, George Keith (2000). An introduction to fluid dynamics. Cambridge university press. ISBN 978-0521663960.
Landau, Lev D (1987). Fluid Mechanics. Butterworth-Heinenann. ISBN 978-0750627672.
Schlichting, Hermann (1960). Boundary-Layer Theory. New York: McGraw-hill.
Schlichting, Hermann and Gersten, Klaus (2017). Boundary-Layer Theory. Springer. ISBN 978-3662529171.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theodore von Kármán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Von_Karman_1921-1"},{"link_name":"vorticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorticity"},{"link_name":"Blasius boundary layer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blasius_boundary_layer"},{"link_name":"stagnation point flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagnation_point_flow"}],"text":"Von Kármán swirling flow is a flow created by a uniformly rotating infinitely long plane disk, named after Theodore von Kármán who solved the problem in 1921.[1] The rotating disk acts as a fluid pump and is used as a model for centrifugal fans or compressors. This flow is classified under the category of steady flows in which vorticity generated at a solid surface is prevented from diffusing far away by an opposing convection, the other examples being the Blasius boundary layer with suction, stagnation point flow etc.","title":"Von Kármán swirling flow"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Theodore von Kármán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Von_Karman_1921-1"},{"link_name":"Navier–Stokes equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navier%E2%80%93Stokes_equations"}],"text":"Consider a planar disk of infinite radius rotating at a constant angular velocity \n \n \n \n Ω\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Omega }\n \n in fluid which is initially at rest everywhere. Near to the surface, the fluid is being turned by the disk, due to friction, which then causes centrifugal forces which move the fluid outwards. This outward radial motion of the fluid near the disk must be accompanied by an inward axial motion of the fluid towards the disk to conserve mass. Theodore von Kármán[1] noticed that the governing equations and the boundary conditions allow a solution such that \n \n \n \n u\n \n /\n \n r\n ,\n v\n \n /\n \n r\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u/r,v/r}\n \n and \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w}\n \n are functions of \n \n \n \n z\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z}\n \n only, where \n \n \n \n (\n u\n ,\n v\n ,\n w\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (u,v,w)}\n \n are the velocity components in cylindrical \n \n \n \n (\n r\n ,\n θ\n ,\n z\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (r,\\theta ,z)}\n \n coordinate with \n \n \n \n r\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r=0}\n \n being the axis of rotation and \n \n \n \n z\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z=0}\n \n represents the plane disk. Due to symmetry, pressure of the fluid can depend only on radial and axial coordinate \n \n \n \n p\n =\n p\n (\n r\n ,\n z\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p=p(r,z)}\n \n.\nThen the continuity equation and the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations reduce to2\n u\n \n r\n \n \n +\n \n \n \n d\n w\n \n \n d\n z\n \n \n \n =\n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n \n u\n r\n \n \n )\n \n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n \n (\n \n \n v\n r\n \n \n )\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n w\n \n \n \n d\n (\n u\n \n /\n \n r\n )\n \n \n d\n z\n \n \n \n =\n −\n \n \n 1\n ρ\n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n p\n \n \n ∂\n r\n \n \n \n +\n ν\n \n \n \n \n d\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n u\n \n /\n \n r\n )\n \n \n d\n \n z\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n u\n v\n \n \n r\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n +\n w\n \n \n \n d\n (\n v\n \n /\n \n r\n )\n \n \n d\n z\n \n \n \n =\n ν\n \n \n \n \n d\n \n 2\n \n \n (\n v\n \n /\n \n r\n )\n \n \n d\n \n z\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n \n d\n w\n \n \n d\n z\n \n \n \n =\n −\n \n \n 1\n ρ\n \n \n \n \n \n ∂\n p\n \n \n ∂\n z\n \n \n \n +\n ν\n \n \n \n \n d\n \n 2\n \n \n w\n \n \n d\n \n z\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ⇒\n \n \n \n p\n ρ\n \n \n =\n ν\n \n \n \n d\n w\n \n \n d\n z\n \n \n \n −\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n f\n (\n r\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}&{\\frac {2u}{r}}+{\\frac {dw}{dz}}=0\\\\[8pt]&\\left({\\frac {u}{r}}\\right)^{2}-\\left({\\frac {v}{r}}\\right)^{2}+w{\\frac {d(u/r)}{dz}}=-{\\frac {1}{\\rho }}{\\frac {\\partial p}{\\partial r}}+\\nu {\\frac {d^{2}(u/r)}{dz^{2}}}\\\\[8pt]&{\\frac {2uv}{r^{2}}}+w{\\frac {d(v/r)}{dz}}=\\nu {\\frac {d^{2}(v/r)}{dz^{2}}}\\\\[8pt]&w{\\frac {dw}{dz}}=-{\\frac {1}{\\rho }}{\\frac {\\partial p}{\\partial z}}+\\nu {\\frac {d^{2}w}{dz^{2}}}\\qquad \\Rightarrow \\qquad {\\frac {p}{\\rho }}=\\nu {\\frac {dw}{dz}}-{\\frac {1}{2}}w^{2}+f(r)\\end{aligned}}}where \n \n \n \n ν\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\nu }\n \n is the kinematic viscosity.","title":"Flow description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Von_Karman_Swirling_Flow_with_Pressure.png"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Reynolds number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynolds_number"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schlichting_1960-4"}],"text":"The Von Karman Swirling Flow similarity velocities and pressure for an infinite rotating disk as a function of the distance above the disk.Since there is no rotation at large \n \n \n \n z\n →\n ∞\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z\\rightarrow \\infty }\n \n, \n \n \n \n p\n (\n r\n ,\n z\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p(r,z)}\n \n becomes independent of \n \n \n \n r\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r}\n \n resulting in \n \n \n \n p\n =\n p\n (\n z\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p=p(z)}\n \n. Hence \n \n \n \n f\n (\n r\n )\n =\n \n constant\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(r)={\\text{constant}}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n ∂\n p\n \n /\n \n ∂\n r\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\partial p/\\partial r=0}\n \n.Here the boundary conditions for the fluid \n \n \n \n z\n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z>0}\n \n areu\n =\n 0\n ,\n \n v\n =\n Ω\n r\n ,\n \n w\n =\n 0\n ,\n \n p\n =\n \n p\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n for \n \n z\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u=0,\\quad v=\\Omega r,\\quad w=0,\\quad p=p_{0}\\quad {\\text{ for }}z=0}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n u\n =\n 0\n ,\n \n v\n =\n 0\n \n \n for \n \n z\n →\n ∞\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u=0,\\quad v=0\\quad {\\text{ for }}z\\rightarrow \\infty }Self-similar solution is obtained by introducing following transformation,[2]η\n =\n \n \n \n Ω\n ν\n \n \n \n z\n ,\n \n u\n =\n r\n Ω\n F\n (\n η\n )\n ,\n \n v\n =\n r\n Ω\n G\n (\n η\n )\n ,\n \n w\n =\n \n \n ν\n Ω\n \n \n H\n (\n η\n )\n ,\n \n p\n =\n \n p\n \n 0\n \n \n +\n ρ\n ν\n Ω\n P\n (\n η\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\eta ={\\sqrt {\\frac {\\Omega }{\\nu }}}z,\\quad u=r\\Omega F(\\eta ),\\quad v=r\\Omega G(\\eta ),\\quad w={\\sqrt {\\nu \\Omega }}H(\\eta ),\\quad p=p_{0}+\\rho \\nu \\Omega P(\\eta ),}where \n \n \n \n ρ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\rho }\n \n is the fluid density.The self-similar equations are2\n F\n +\n \n H\n ′\n \n \n \n \n =\n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n G\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n F\n ′\n \n H\n \n \n \n =\n \n F\n ″\n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n F\n G\n +\n \n G\n ′\n \n H\n \n \n \n =\n \n G\n ″\n \n \n \n \n \n \n P\n ′\n \n +\n H\n \n H\n ′\n \n −\n \n H\n ″\n \n \n \n \n =\n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}2F+H'&=0\\\\F^{2}-G^{2}+F'H&=F''\\\\2FG+G'H&=G''\\\\P'+HH'-H''&=0\\end{aligned}}}with boundary conditions for the fluid \n \n \n \n η\n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\eta >0}\n \n areF\n =\n 0\n ,\n \n G\n =\n 1\n ,\n \n H\n =\n 0\n ,\n \n P\n =\n 0\n \n \n for \n \n η\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F=0,\\quad G=1,\\quad H=0,\\quad P=0\\quad {\\text{ for }}\\eta =0}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n F\n =\n 0\n ,\n \n G\n =\n 0\n \n \n for \n \n η\n →\n ∞\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F=0,\\quad G=0\\quad {\\text{ for }}\\eta \\rightarrow \\infty }The coupled ordinary differential equations need to be solved numerically and an accurate solution is given by Cochran(1934).[3] The inflow axial velocity at infinity obtained from the numerical integration is \n \n \n \n w\n =\n −\n 0.886\n \n \n ν\n Ω\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle w=-0.886{\\sqrt {\\nu \\Omega }}}\n \n, so the total outflowing volume flux across a cylindrical surface of radius \n \n \n \n r\n \n \n {\\displaystyle r}\n \n is \n \n \n \n 0.886\n π\n \n r\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n ν\n Ω\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0.886\\pi r^{2}{\\sqrt {\\nu \\Omega }}}\n \n. The tangential stress on the disk is \n \n \n \n \n σ\n \n z\n φ\n \n \n =\n μ\n (\n ∂\n v\n \n /\n \n ∂\n z\n \n )\n \n z\n =\n 0\n \n \n =\n ρ\n \n \n ν\n \n Ω\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n r\n \n G\n ′\n \n (\n 0\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sigma _{z\\varphi }=\\mu (\\partial v/\\partial z)_{z=0}=\\rho {\\sqrt {\\nu \\Omega ^{3}}}rG'(0)}\n \n. Neglecting edge effects, the torque exerted by the fluid on the disk with large (\n \n \n \n R\n ≫\n \n \n ν\n \n /\n \n Ω\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R\\gg {\\sqrt {\\nu /\\Omega }}}\n \n) but finite radius \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R}\n \n isT\n =\n 2\n \n ∫\n \n 0\n \n \n R\n \n \n 2\n π\n \n r\n \n 2\n \n \n \n σ\n \n r\n θ\n \n \n \n d\n r\n =\n π\n \n R\n \n 4\n \n \n ρ\n \n \n ν\n \n Ω\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n G\n ′\n \n (\n 0\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T=2\\int _{0}^{R}2\\pi r^{2}\\sigma _{r\\theta }\\,dr=\\pi R^{4}\\rho {\\sqrt {\\nu \\Omega ^{3}}}G'(0).}The factor \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2}\n \n is added to account for both sides of the disk. From numerical solution, torque is given by \n \n \n \n T\n =\n −\n 1.94\n \n R\n \n 4\n \n \n ρ\n \n \n ν\n \n Ω\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle T=-1.94R^{4}\\rho {\\sqrt {\\nu \\Omega ^{3}}}}\n \n. The torque predicted by the theory is in excellent agreement with the experiment on large disks up to the Reynolds number of about \n \n \n \n R\n e\n =\n \n R\n \n 2\n \n \n Ω\n \n /\n \n ν\n =\n 3\n ×\n \n 10\n \n 5\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle Re=R^{2}\\Omega /\\nu =3\\times 10^{5}}\n \n, the flow becomes turbulent at high Reynolds number.[4]","title":"No rotation at infinity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Keith Batchelor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Keith_Batchelor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Batchelor_1951-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schlichting_1960-4"}],"text":"This problem was addressed by George Keith Batchelor(1951).[5] Let \n \n \n \n Γ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Gamma }\n \n be the angular velocity at infinity. Now the pressure at \n \n \n \n z\n →\n ∞\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z\\rightarrow \\infty }\n \n is \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n ρ\n \n Γ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n r\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {1}{2}}\\rho \\Gamma ^{2}r^{2}}\n \n. Hence \n \n \n \n f\n (\n r\n )\n =\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n ρ\n \n Γ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n r\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(r)={\\frac {1}{2}}\\rho \\Gamma ^{2}r^{2}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n ∂\n p\n \n /\n \n ∂\n r\n =\n \n Γ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\partial p/\\partial r=\\Gamma ^{2}}\n \n.\nThen the boundary conditions for the fluid \n \n \n \n z\n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle z>0}\n \n areu\n =\n 0\n ,\n \n v\n =\n Ω\n r\n ,\n \n w\n =\n 0\n \n \n for \n \n z\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u=0,\\quad v=\\Omega r,\\quad w=0\\quad {\\text{ for }}z=0}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n u\n =\n 0\n ,\n \n v\n =\n Γ\n r\n \n \n for \n \n z\n →\n ∞\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u=0,\\quad v=\\Gamma r\\quad {\\text{for }}z\\rightarrow \\infty }Self-similar solution is obtained by introducing following transformation,η\n =\n \n \n \n Ω\n ν\n \n \n \n z\n ,\n \n γ\n =\n \n \n Γ\n Ω\n \n \n ,\n \n u\n =\n r\n Ω\n F\n (\n η\n )\n ,\n \n v\n =\n r\n Ω\n G\n (\n η\n )\n ,\n \n w\n =\n \n \n ν\n Ω\n \n \n H\n (\n η\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\eta ={\\sqrt {\\frac {\\Omega }{\\nu }}}z,\\quad \\gamma ={\\frac {\\Gamma }{\\Omega }},\\quad u=r\\Omega F(\\eta ),\\quad v=r\\Omega G(\\eta ),\\quad w={\\sqrt {\\nu \\Omega }}H(\\eta ).}The self-similar equations are2\n F\n +\n \n H\n ′\n \n \n \n \n =\n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n F\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n G\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n F\n ′\n \n H\n \n \n \n =\n \n F\n ″\n \n −\n \n γ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n F\n G\n +\n \n G\n ′\n \n H\n \n \n \n =\n \n G\n ″\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}2F+H'&=0\\\\[3pt]F^{2}-G^{2}+F'H&=F''-\\gamma ^{2}\\\\[3pt]2FG+G'H&=G''\\end{aligned}}}with boundary conditions for the fluid \n \n \n \n η\n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\eta >0}\n \n isF\n =\n 0\n ,\n \n G\n =\n 1\n ,\n \n H\n =\n 0\n \n \n for \n \n η\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F=0,\\quad G=1,\\quad H=0\\quad {\\text{ for }}\\eta =0}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n F\n =\n 0\n ,\n \n G\n =\n γ\n \n \n for \n \n η\n →\n ∞\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F=0,\\quad G=\\gamma \\quad {\\text{ for }}\\eta \\rightarrow \\infty }The solution is easy to obtain only for \n \n \n \n γ\n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\gamma >0}\n \n i.e., the fluid at infinity rotates in the same sense as the plate. For \n \n \n \n γ\n <\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\gamma <0}\n \n, the solution is more complex, in the sense that many-solution branches occur. Evans(1969)[6] obtained solution for the range \n \n \n \n −\n 1.35\n <\n γ\n <\n −\n 0.61\n \n \n {\\displaystyle -1.35<\\gamma <-0.61}\n \n. Zandbergen and Dijkstra[7][8] showed that the solution exhibits a square root singularity as \n \n \n \n \n γ\n \n −\n \n \n →\n −\n 0.16053876\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\gamma ^{-}\\rightarrow -0.16053876}\n \n and found a second-solution branch merging with the solution found for \n \n \n \n γ\n →\n −\n 0.16053876\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\gamma \\rightarrow -0.16053876}\n \n. The solution of the second branch is continued till \n \n \n \n \n γ\n \n −\n \n \n →\n 0.07452563\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\gamma ^{-}\\rightarrow 0.07452563}\n \n, at which point, a third-solution branch is found to emerge. They also discovered an infinity of solution branches around the point \n \n \n \n \n γ\n \n −\n \n \n →\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\gamma ^{-}\\rightarrow 0}\n \n. Bodoyni(1975)[9] calculated solutions for large negative \n \n \n \n γ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\gamma }\n \n, showed that the solution breaks down at \n \n \n \n \n γ\n \n −\n \n \n =\n −\n 1.436\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\gamma ^{-}=-1.436}\n \n. If the rotating plate is allowed to have uniform suction velocity at the plate, then meaningful solution can be obtained for \n \n \n \n γ\n ≤\n −\n 0.2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\gamma \\leq -0.2}\n \n.[4]For \n \n \n \n 0\n <\n γ\n <\n ∞\n ,\n \n γ\n ≠\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0<\\gamma <\\infty ,\\ \\gamma \\neq 1}\n \n (\n \n \n \n γ\n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\gamma =1}\n \n represents solid body rotation, the whole fluid rotates at the same speed) the solution reaches the solid body rotation at infinity in an oscillating manner from the plate. The axial velocity is negative \n \n \n \n w\n <\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w<0}\n \n for \n \n \n \n 0\n ≤\n γ\n <\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0\\leq \\gamma <1}\n \n and positive \n \n \n \n w\n >\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle w>0}\n \n for \n \n \n \n 1\n <\n γ\n <\n ∞\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1<\\gamma <\\infty }\n \n. There is an explicit solution when \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n γ\n −\n 1\n \n |\n \n ≪\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |\\gamma -1|\\ll 1}\n \n.","title":"Rigid body rotation at infinity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Batchelor_2000-10"},{"link_name":"Ekman layer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekman_layer"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Batchelor_2000-10"}],"sub_title":"Nearly rotating at the same speed, \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n γ\n −\n 1\n \n |\n \n ≪\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle |\\gamma -1|\\ll 1}","text":"Since both boundary conditions for \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n are almost equal to one, one would expect the solution for \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n to slightly deviate from unity. The corresponding scales for \n \n \n \n F\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F}\n \n and \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H}\n \n can be derived from the self-similar equations. Therefore,G\n =\n 1\n +\n \n \n \n G\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n H\n =\n \n \n \n H\n ^\n \n \n \n ,\n \n F\n =\n \n \n \n F\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n |\n \n \n \n \n F\n ^\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n ,\n \n |\n \n \n \n \n G\n ^\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n ,\n \n |\n \n \n \n \n H\n ^\n \n \n \n \n |\n \n ≪\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G=1+{\\hat {G}},\\quad H={\\hat {H}},\\quad F={\\hat {F}}\\qquad |{\\hat {F}}|,|{\\hat {G}}|,|{\\hat {H}}|\\ll 1}To the first order approximation(neglecting \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n F\n ^\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n G\n ^\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n H\n ^\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\hat {F}}^{2},{\\hat {G}}^{2},{\\hat {H}}^{2}}\n \n), the self-similar equation [10] becomes2\n \n \n \n F\n ^\n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n H\n ^\n \n \n \n ′\n \n \n \n \n =\n 0\n \n \n \n \n 1\n +\n 2\n \n \n \n G\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n γ\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n F\n ^\n \n \n \n ″\n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n F\n ^\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n G\n ^\n \n \n \n ″\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}2{\\hat {F}}+{\\hat {H}}'&=0\\\\1+2{\\hat {G}}&=\\gamma ^{2}-{\\hat {F}}''\\\\2{\\hat {F}}&={\\hat {G}}''\\end{aligned}}}with exact solutionsF\n (\n η\n )\n \n \n \n =\n −\n (\n γ\n −\n 1\n )\n \n e\n \n −\n η\n \n \n sin\n \n η\n ,\n \n \n \n \n G\n (\n η\n )\n \n \n \n =\n 1\n +\n (\n γ\n −\n 1\n )\n (\n 1\n −\n \n e\n \n −\n η\n \n \n cos\n \n η\n )\n ,\n \n \n \n \n H\n (\n η\n )\n \n \n \n =\n (\n γ\n −\n 1\n )\n [\n 1\n −\n \n e\n \n −\n η\n \n \n (\n sin\n \n η\n +\n cos\n \n η\n )\n ]\n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}F(\\eta )&=-(\\gamma -1)e^{-\\eta }\\sin \\eta ,\\\\G(\\eta )&=1+(\\gamma -1)(1-e^{-\\eta }\\cos \\eta ),\\\\H(\\eta )&=(\\gamma -1)[1-e^{-\\eta }(\\sin \\eta +\\cos \\eta )].\\end{aligned}}}These solution are similar to an Ekman layer[10] solution.","title":"Rigid body rotation at infinity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Non-Axisymmetric solutions[11]","text":"The flow accepts a non-axisymmetric solution with axisymmetric boundary conditions discovered by Hewitt, Duck and Foster.[12] Definingη\n =\n \n \n \n Ω\n ν\n \n \n \n z\n ,\n \n γ\n =\n \n \n Γ\n Ω\n \n \n ,\n \n u\n =\n r\n Ω\n [\n \n f\n ′\n \n (\n η\n )\n +\n ϕ\n (\n η\n )\n cos\n \n 2\n θ\n ]\n ,\n \n v\n =\n r\n Ω\n [\n g\n (\n η\n )\n −\n ϕ\n (\n η\n )\n sin\n \n 2\n θ\n ]\n ,\n \n w\n =\n −\n 2\n \n \n ν\n Ω\n \n \n f\n (\n η\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\eta ={\\sqrt {\\frac {\\Omega }{\\nu }}}z,\\quad \\gamma ={\\frac {\\Gamma }{\\Omega }},\\quad u=r\\Omega [f'(\\eta )+\\phi (\\eta )\\cos 2\\theta ],\\quad v=r\\Omega [g(\\eta )-\\phi (\\eta )\\sin 2\\theta ],\\quad w=-2{\\sqrt {\\nu \\Omega }}f(\\eta ),}and the governing equations aref\n ‴\n \n +\n 2\n f\n \n f\n ″\n \n −\n \n f\n \n ′\n \n 2\n \n \n \n −\n \n ϕ\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n g\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n γ\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n g\n ″\n \n +\n 2\n (\n f\n \n g\n ′\n \n −\n \n f\n ′\n \n g\n )\n \n \n \n =\n 0\n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n ϕ\n ″\n \n +\n 2\n (\n f\n \n ϕ\n ′\n \n −\n \n f\n ′\n \n ϕ\n )\n \n \n \n =\n 0\n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}f'''+2ff''-f'^{2}-\\phi ^{2}+g^{2}&=\\gamma ^{2},\\\\g''+2(fg'-f'g)&=0,\\\\\\phi ''+2(f\\phi '-f'\\phi )&=0,\\end{aligned}}}with boundary conditionsf\n (\n 0\n )\n =\n \n f\n ′\n \n (\n 0\n )\n =\n ϕ\n (\n 0\n )\n =\n g\n (\n 0\n )\n −\n 1\n =\n \n f\n ′\n \n (\n ∞\n )\n =\n ϕ\n (\n ∞\n )\n =\n g\n (\n ∞\n )\n −\n γ\n =\n 0.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(0)=f'(0)=\\phi (0)=g(0)-1=f'(\\infty )=\\phi (\\infty )=g(\\infty )-\\gamma =0.}The solution is found to exist from numerical integration for \n \n \n \n −\n 0.14485\n ≤\n γ\n ≤\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle -0.14485\\leq \\gamma \\leq 0}\n \n.","title":"Rigid body rotation at infinity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Bödewadt flow describes the flow when a stationary disk is placed in a rotating fluid.[13]","title":"Bödewadt flow"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Keith Batchelor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Keith_Batchelor"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Batchelor_1951-5"},{"link_name":"Keith Stewartson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Stewartson"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Batchelor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Keith_Batchelor"},{"link_name":"Stewartson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Stewartson"},{"link_name":"Stewartson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Stewartson"},{"link_name":"Stewartson layer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewartson_layer"}],"text":"This problem was addressed by George Keith Batchelor(1951),[5] Keith Stewartson(1952)[14] and many other researchers. Here the solution is not simple, because of the additional length scale imposed in the problem i.e., the distance \n \n \n \n h\n \n \n {\\displaystyle h}\n \n between the two disks. In addition, the uniqueness and existence of a steady solution are also depend on the corresponding Reynolds number \n \n \n \n R\n e\n =\n Ω\n \n h\n \n 2\n \n \n \n /\n \n ν\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Re=\\Omega h^{2}/\\nu }\n \n.\nThen the boundary conditions for the fluid \n \n \n \n 0\n <\n z\n <\n h\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0<z<h}\n \n areu\n =\n 0\n ,\n \n v\n =\n Ω\n r\n ,\n \n w\n =\n 0\n \n \n for \n \n z\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u=0,\\quad v=\\Omega r,\\quad w=0\\quad {\\text{ for }}z=0}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n u\n =\n 0\n ,\n \n v\n =\n Γ\n r\n ,\n \n w\n =\n 0\n \n \n for \n \n z\n =\n h\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle u=0,\\quad v=\\Gamma r,\\quad w=0\\quad {\\text{for }}z=h.}In terms of \n \n \n \n η\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\eta }\n \n, the upper wall location is simply \n \n \n \n η\n =\n \n \n Ω\n \n /\n \n ν\n \n \n h\n =\n R\n \n e\n \n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\eta ={\\sqrt {\\Omega /\\nu }}h=Re^{1/2}}\n \n. Thus, instead of the scalingsη\n =\n \n \n \n Ω\n ν\n \n \n \n z\n ,\n \n γ\n =\n \n \n Γ\n Ω\n \n \n ,\n \n u\n =\n r\n Ω\n \n F\n ′\n \n (\n η\n )\n ,\n \n v\n =\n r\n Ω\n G\n (\n η\n )\n ,\n \n w\n =\n −\n 2\n \n \n ν\n Ω\n \n \n F\n (\n η\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}\\eta ={\\sqrt {\\frac {\\Omega }{\\nu }}}z,\\quad \\gamma ={\\frac {\\Gamma }{\\Omega }},\\quad u=r\\Omega F'(\\eta ),\\quad v=r\\Omega G(\\eta ),\\quad w=-2{\\sqrt {\\nu \\Omega }}F(\\eta )\\end{aligned}}}used before, it is convenient to introduce following transformation,ξ\n =\n R\n \n e\n \n −\n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n η\n ,\n \n f\n =\n R\n \n e\n \n −\n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n F\n ,\n \n g\n =\n G\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}\\xi =Re^{-1/2}\\eta ,\\quad f=Re^{-1/2}F,\\quad g=G\\end{aligned}}}so that the governing equations becomeR\n \n e\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n f\n ‴\n \n +\n 2\n f\n \n f\n ″\n \n −\n \n f\n \n ′\n \n 2\n \n \n \n +\n \n g\n \n 2\n \n \n =\n λ\n ,\n \n \n \n \n R\n \n e\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n g\n ″\n \n +\n 2\n (\n f\n \n g\n ′\n \n −\n \n f\n ′\n \n g\n )\n =\n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}Re^{-1}f'''+2ff''-f'^{2}+g^{2}=\\lambda ,\\\\Re^{-1}g''+2(fg'-f'g)=0\\end{aligned}}}with six boundary conditionsf\n ′\n \n =\n 0\n ,\n \n g\n =\n 1\n ,\n \n f\n =\n 0\n \n \n for \n \n ξ\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f'=0,\\quad g=1,\\quad f=0\\quad {\\text{ for }}\\xi =0}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n f\n ′\n \n =\n 0\n ,\n \n g\n =\n γ\n ,\n \n f\n =\n 0\n \n \n for \n \n ξ\n =\n 1.\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f'=0,\\quad g=\\gamma ,\\quad f=0\\quad {\\text{for }}\\xi =1.}and the pressure is given byp\n −\n \n p\n \n o\n \n \n \n ρ\n \n \n =\n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n λ\n \n r\n \n 2\n \n \n \n Ω\n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 2\n ν\n Ω\n (\n R\n e\n \n f\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n f\n ′\n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {p-p_{o}}{\\rho }}={\\frac {1}{2}}\\lambda r^{2}\\Omega ^{2}-2\\nu \\Omega (Ref^{2}+f').}Here boundary conditions are six because pressure is not known either at the top or bottom wall; \n \n \n \n λ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\lambda }\n \n is to be obtained as part of solution. For large Reynolds number \n \n \n \n R\n e\n ≫\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Re\\gg 1}\n \n, Batchelor argued that the fluid in the core would rotate at a constant velocity, flanked by two boundary layers at each disk for \n \n \n \n γ\n ≥\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\gamma \\geq 0}\n \n and there would be two uniform counter-rotating flow of thickness \n \n \n \n ξ\n =\n 1\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\xi =1/2}\n \n for \n \n \n \n γ\n =\n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\gamma =-1}\n \n. However, Stewartson predicted that for \n \n \n \n γ\n =\n 0\n ,\n −\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\gamma =0,-1}\n \n the fluid in the core would not rotate at \n \n \n \n R\n e\n ≫\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle Re\\gg 1}\n \n, but just left with two boundary layers at each disk. It turns out, Stewartson predictions were correct (see Stewartson layer).There is also an exact solution if the two disks are rotating about different axes but for \n \n \n \n γ\n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\gamma =1}\n \n.","title":"Two rotating coaxial disks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spirals_20112-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spirals_20112-15"}],"text":"Experimental visualization of a methane/air spiral diffusion flame in a von Kármán swirling flow generated by a rotating porous disk burner (false color). [15]Von Kármán swirling flow finds its applications in wide range of fields, which includes rotating machines, filtering systems, computer storage devices, heat transfer and mass transfer applications, combustion-related problems,[15] planetary formations, geophysical applications etc.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Von Kármán, Theodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"\"Über laminare und turbulente Reibung\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zenodo.org/record/1447403"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1921ZaMM....1..233K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1921ZaMM....1..233K"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/zamm.19210010401","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2Fzamm.19210010401"},{"link_name":"Batchelor, George Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Keith_Batchelor"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/qjmam/4.1.29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fqjmam%2F4.1.29"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1953PCPS...49..333S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953PCPS...49..333S"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1017/S0305004100028437","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305004100028437"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"122805153","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122805153"},{"link_name":"Batchelor, George Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Keith_Batchelor"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0521663960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521663960"},{"link_name":"Landau, Lev D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0750627672","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0750627672"},{"link_name":"Schlichting, Hermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Schlichting"},{"link_name":"Schlichting, Hermann and Gersten, Klaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Schlichting"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3662529171","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3662529171"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"}],"text":"Von Kármán, Theodore (1921). \"Über laminare und turbulente Reibung\". Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik. 1 (4): 233–252. Bibcode:1921ZaMM....1..233K. doi:10.1002/zamm.19210010401.\nBatchelor, George Keith (1951). \"Note on a class of solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations representing steady rotationally-symmetric flow\". The Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics. 4: 29–41. doi:10.1093/qjmam/4.1.29.\nStewartson, K. (1953). \"On the flow between two rotating coaxial disks\". Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 49 (2): 333–341. Bibcode:1953PCPS...49..333S. doi:10.1017/S0305004100028437. S2CID 122805153.\nBatchelor, George Keith (2000). An introduction to fluid dynamics. Cambridge university press. ISBN 978-0521663960.\nLandau, Lev D (1987). Fluid Mechanics. Butterworth-Heinenann. ISBN 978-0750627672.\nSchlichting, Hermann (1960). Boundary-Layer Theory. New York: McGraw-hill.\nSchlichting, Hermann and Gersten, Klaus (2017). Boundary-Layer Theory. Springer. ISBN 978-3662529171.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"The Von Karman Swirling Flow similarity velocities and pressure for an infinite rotating disk as a function of the distance above the disk.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Von_Karman_Swirling_Flow_with_Pressure.png/300px-Von_Karman_Swirling_Flow_with_Pressure.png"},{"image_text":"Experimental visualization of a methane/air spiral diffusion flame in a von Kármán swirling flow generated by a rotating porous disk burner (false color). [15]"}]
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[{"reference":"Von Kármán, Theodore (1921). \"Über laminare und turbulente Reibung\". Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik. 1 (4): 233–252. Bibcode:1921ZaMM....1..233K. doi:10.1002/zamm.19210010401.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n","url_text":"Von Kármán, Theodore"},{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1447403","url_text":"\"Über laminare und turbulente Reibung\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1921ZaMM....1..233K","url_text":"1921ZaMM....1..233K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzamm.19210010401","url_text":"10.1002/zamm.19210010401"}]},{"reference":"Schlichting, Hermann and Gersten, Klaus (2017). Boundary-Layer Theory. Springer. ISBN 978-3662529171.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Schlichting","url_text":"Schlichting, Hermann and Gersten, Klaus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3662529171","url_text":"978-3662529171"}]},{"reference":"Cochran, W.G. (1934). \"The flow due to a rotating disc\". Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 30 (3): 365. Bibcode:1934PCPS...30..365C. doi:10.1017/S0305004100012561. S2CID 123003223.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1934PCPS...30..365C","url_text":"1934PCPS...30..365C"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305004100012561","url_text":"10.1017/S0305004100012561"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123003223","url_text":"123003223"}]},{"reference":"Schlichting, Hermann (1960). Boundary Layer Theory. New York: McGraw-hill.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Schlichting","url_text":"Schlichting, Hermann"}]},{"reference":"Batchelor, George Keith (1951). \"Note on a class of solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations representing steady rotationally-symmetric flow\". The Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics. 4: 29–41. doi:10.1093/qjmam/4.1.29.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Keith_Batchelor","url_text":"Batchelor, George Keith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fqjmam%2F4.1.29","url_text":"10.1093/qjmam/4.1.29"}]},{"reference":"Batchelor, George Keith (2000). An introduction to fluid dynamics. Cambridge university press. ISBN 978-0521663960.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Keith_Batchelor","url_text":"Batchelor, George Keith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521663960","url_text":"978-0521663960"}]},{"reference":"Stewartson, K. (1953). \"On the flow between two rotating coaxial disks\". Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 49 (2): 333–341. Bibcode:1953PCPS...49..333S. doi:10.1017/S0305004100028437. S2CID 122805153.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953PCPS...49..333S","url_text":"1953PCPS...49..333S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305004100028437","url_text":"10.1017/S0305004100028437"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122805153","url_text":"122805153"}]},{"reference":"Urzay, J.; Nagayam, V.; Williams, F.A. (2011). \"Theory of the propagation dynamics of spiral edges of diffusion flames in von Kármán swirling flows\" (PDF). Combustion and Flame. 158 (2): 255–272. doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.08.015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.stanford.edu/~jurzay/Urzay2011.pdf","url_text":"\"Theory of the propagation dynamics of spiral edges of diffusion flames in von Kármán swirling flows\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.combustflame.2010.08.015","url_text":"10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.08.015"}]},{"reference":"Von Kármán, Theodore (1921). \"Über laminare und turbulente Reibung\". Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik. 1 (4): 233–252. Bibcode:1921ZaMM....1..233K. doi:10.1002/zamm.19210010401.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n","url_text":"Von Kármán, Theodore"},{"url":"https://zenodo.org/record/1447403","url_text":"\"Über laminare und turbulente Reibung\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1921ZaMM....1..233K","url_text":"1921ZaMM....1..233K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzamm.19210010401","url_text":"10.1002/zamm.19210010401"}]},{"reference":"Batchelor, George Keith (1951). \"Note on a class of solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations representing steady rotationally-symmetric flow\". The Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics. 4: 29–41. doi:10.1093/qjmam/4.1.29.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Keith_Batchelor","url_text":"Batchelor, George Keith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fqjmam%2F4.1.29","url_text":"10.1093/qjmam/4.1.29"}]},{"reference":"Stewartson, K. (1953). \"On the flow between two rotating coaxial disks\". Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 49 (2): 333–341. Bibcode:1953PCPS...49..333S. doi:10.1017/S0305004100028437. S2CID 122805153.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1953PCPS...49..333S","url_text":"1953PCPS...49..333S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305004100028437","url_text":"10.1017/S0305004100028437"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122805153","url_text":"122805153"}]},{"reference":"Batchelor, George Keith (2000). An introduction to fluid dynamics. Cambridge university press. ISBN 978-0521663960.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Keith_Batchelor","url_text":"Batchelor, George Keith"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521663960","url_text":"978-0521663960"}]},{"reference":"Landau, Lev D (1987). Fluid Mechanics. Butterworth-Heinenann. ISBN 978-0750627672.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lev_Landau","url_text":"Landau, Lev D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0750627672","url_text":"978-0750627672"}]},{"reference":"Schlichting, Hermann (1960). Boundary-Layer Theory. New York: McGraw-hill.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Schlichting","url_text":"Schlichting, Hermann"}]},{"reference":"Schlichting, Hermann and Gersten, Klaus (2017). Boundary-Layer Theory. Springer. ISBN 978-3662529171.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Schlichting","url_text":"Schlichting, Hermann and Gersten, Klaus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3662529171","url_text":"978-3662529171"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_S.II
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Fokker S.II
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["1 Development","2 Operation history","3 Variants","4 Operators","5 Specifications (S.II)","6 References"]
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Dutch trainer aircraft
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For the 1940s training aircraft, see Fokker S-11.
Fokker S.II
Fokker S.II
Role
Primary trainerType of aircraft
Manufacturer
Fokker
Designer
Reinhold Platz
First flight
1922
Primary user
Royal Netherlands Army Aviation Group
Number built
15+
The Fokker S.II was a 1920s Dutch primary trainer built by the Fokker company for service with the Dutch Army.
Development
S.II demonstrator with Curtiss OX-5 engine as offered to the USAAS.
The S.II was designed by Reinhold Platz as the second Fokker primary trainer, but unlike the earlier S.I monoplane the S.II was an unequal-span single-bay biplane with a fixed cross-axle landing gear. It had side-by-side seating for an instructor and pupil and was originally powered by an 82 kW (110 hp) Thulin rotary engine. The engine was later replaced with a Le Rhone-Oberursel engine.
The aircraft was ordered by the LVA (Dutch Army Aviation) who purchased 15. One aircraft was modified to use a Curtiss OX-5 engine to elicit a response from the United States Army Air Service but they were not interested and the aircraft was returned to standard configuration.
Operation history
The 15 aircraft served with the Dutch Army until 1932 but one of the aircraft were converted to an Ambulance configuration and designated the S.IIA. It was still in service when German forces invaded the Netherlands in 1940. The S.IIA gained national notability in December 1933, when it was used for a mercy flight to carry two sick children and a young woman to hospital.
Variants
The Fokker S.IIA ambulance aircraft
S.II
Production version, 15 built.
S.IIA
One S.II modified to carry stretchers as an ambulance aircraft.
Operators
Netherlands
Dutch Army Aviation
Soviet Union
Soviet Air Force - Two aircraft.
Specifications (S.II)
This aircraft article is missing some (or all) of its specifications. If you have a source, you can help Wikipedia by adding them.
General characteristics
Crew: 2
Powerplant: 1 × Rhône-Oberursel 9-cyl. air-cooled rotary piston engine, 67 kW (90 hp)
Performance
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fokker S.II.
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing, Page 1899
vteFokker aircraftCompany designations pre-1918
M.1
M.2
M.3
M.4
M.5
M.6
M.7
M.8
M.9
M.10
M.14
M.15
M.16
M.17
M.18
M.19
M.21
M.22
V.1
V.2
V.3
V.4
V.5
V.6
V.7
V.8
V.9
V.10
V.11
V.12
V.13
V.14
V.16
V.17
V.18
V.20
V.21
V.22
V.23
V.24
V.25
V.26
V.27
V.28
V.29
V.30
V.31
V.33
V.34
V.35
V.36
V.37
V.38
V.39
V.40
V.41
V.42
V.43
V.44
V.45
W.1
W.2
W.3
W.4
Austro-Hungarian military designations
B.I
B.II
B.III
German military designations
A.I
A.II
A.III
C.I
D.I
D.II
D.III
D.IV
D.V
D.VI
D.VII
D.VIII
Dr.I
E.I
E.II
E.III
E.IV
E.V
F.I
K.I
Company designations post-1918continuingGerman militarystyle designations:
B.I
B.II
B.III
B.IV
B.V
B.VI
C.II
C.III
C.IV
C.V
C.VI
C.VII
C.VIII
C.IX
C.X
C.XI
C.XIV
C.XV
D.IX
D.X
D.XI
D.XII
D.XIII
D.XIV
D.XV
D.XVI
D.XVII
D.XVIII
D.XIX
D.XX
D.XXI
D.22
D.23
D.24
DC.I
DC.II
F.I
F.II
F.III
F.IV
F.V
F.VI
F.VII
F.VIII
F.IX
F.X
F.XI
F.XII
F.XIII
F.XIV
F.XV
F.XVI
F.XVII
F.XVIII
F.XIX
F.XX
F.XXI
F.XXIII
F.25
F26
F27
F28
F.29
F.37
FG.I
FG.II
FG.III
FG.IV
G.I
G.II
G.III
S.I
S.II
S.III
S.IV
S.V
S.VI
S.VII
S.VIII
S.IX
S.X
S.11
S.12
S.13
S.14
S.15
S.16
T.II
T.III
T.IV
T.V
T.VI
T.VII
T.VIII
T.IX
T.10
based onseating:
F.XXII
F.XXIV
F.XXXVI
F.40
50
F.56
60
70
100
130
Atlantic Aircraft
(Fokker America/Atlantic-Fokker)
F-9
F-10
F-11
F-14
AF-15
F-18
F-32
Universal
Super Universal
United States military designationsObservation:
AO-1
CO-4
XO-27
Transports:
T-2
C-2
C-5
C-7
C-14
C-15
C-16
C-20
C-31
RA
Bombers:
XHB-2
XLB-2
XB-8
FT-1
FT-2
Attack:
XA-7
Fighters:
PW-5
PW-6
PW-7
Ambulance:
A-2
Trainer:
TW-4
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fokker S-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_S-11"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Fokker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker"}],"text":"For the 1940s training aircraft, see Fokker S-11.The Fokker S.II was a 1920s Dutch primary trainer built by the Fokker company for service with the Dutch Army.","title":"Fokker S.II"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Experimentele_Fokker_S.II_met_Curtiss_OX-5_motor_2161_027313.jpg"},{"link_name":"Reinhold Platz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinhold_Platz"},{"link_name":"S.I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fokker_S.I"},{"link_name":"Curtiss OX-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_OX-5"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Service"}],"text":"S.II demonstrator with Curtiss OX-5 engine as offered to the USAAS.The S.II was designed by Reinhold Platz as the second Fokker primary trainer, but unlike the earlier S.I monoplane the S.II was an unequal-span single-bay biplane with a fixed cross-axle landing gear. It had side-by-side seating for an instructor and pupil and was originally powered by an 82 kW (110 hp) Thulin rotary engine. The engine was later replaced with a Le Rhone-Oberursel engine.The aircraft was ordered by the LVA (Dutch Army Aviation) who purchased 15. One aircraft was modified to use a Curtiss OX-5 engine to elicit a response from the United States Army Air Service but they were not interested and the aircraft was returned to standard configuration.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"}],"text":"The 15 aircraft served with the Dutch Army until 1932 but one of the aircraft were converted to an Ambulance configuration and designated the S.IIA. It was still in service when German forces invaded the Netherlands in 1940. The S.IIA gained national notability in December 1933, when it was used for a mercy flight to carry two sick children and a young woman to hospital.","title":"Operation history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fokker_S.IIA_ambulance_vliegtuig_(2161_027319).jpg"}],"text":"The Fokker S.IIA ambulance aircraftS.II\nProduction version, 15 built.\nS.IIA\nOne S.II modified to carry stretchers as an ambulance aircraft.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Dutch Army Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dutch_Army_Aviation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Soviet Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force"}],"text":"NetherlandsDutch Army AviationSoviet UnionSoviet Air Force - Two aircraft.","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rhône-Oberursel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rh%C3%B4ne-Oberursel&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"General characteristicsCrew: 2\nPowerplant: 1 × Rhône-Oberursel 9-cyl. air-cooled rotary piston engine, 67 kW (90 hp)Performance","title":"Specifications (S.II)"}]
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[{"image_text":"S.II demonstrator with Curtiss OX-5 engine as offered to the USAAS.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Experimentele_Fokker_S.II_met_Curtiss_OX-5_motor_2161_027313.jpg/220px-Experimentele_Fokker_S.II_met_Curtiss_OX-5_motor_2161_027313.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Fokker S.IIA ambulance aircraft","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Fokker_S.IIA_ambulance_vliegtuig_%282161_027319%29.jpg/220px-Fokker_S.IIA_ambulance_vliegtuig_%282161_027319%29.jpg"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Byzantine
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Byzantine art
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["1 Introduction","2 Periods","2.1 Early Byzantine art","2.2 Age of Justinian","2.3 Seventh-century crisis","2.4 Crisis of iconoclasm","2.5 Macedonian art","2.6 Komnenian age","2.7 Ivory caskets of the Macedonian era (gallery)","2.8 Palaeologan age","3 Legacy","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
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Art of the Byzantine Empire
One of the most famous of the surviving Byzantine mosaics of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople – the image of Christ Pantocrator on the walls of the upper southern gallery, Christ being flanked by the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist; c. 1261; 4.08 x 4.2 m
History of art
Periods and movements
Prehistoric
Ancient
Medieval
Pre-Romanesque
Romanesque
Gothic
Renaissance
Mannerism
Baroque
Rococo
Neoclassicism
Revivalism
Romanticism
Realism
Pre-Raphaelites
Modern
Impressionism
Symbolism
Decorative
Post-Impressionism
Art Nouveau
Fauvism
Expressionism
Cubism
Contemporary
Postmodern
Conceptualism
Pop
Minimalism
RegionsArt of the Middle East
Mesopotamian
Egyptian
Hittite
Persian
Arabian
South Arabian
Phoenician
Ottoman
Art of Central Asia
Art of East Asia
Chinese
Hong Kong
Taiwan
Japanese
Korean
Tibetan
Art of South Asia
Indian
Bhutanese
Newar
Art of Southeast Asia
Indonesian
Filipino
Vietnamese
Thai
Myanmar
Malaysian
Cambodian
Khmer
Lao
Singaporean
Bruneian
Art of Europe
Minoan
Cycladic
Etruscan
Dacian
Celtic
Scythian
Greek
Hellenistic
Iberian
Roman
Byzantine
Anglo-Saxon
Ottonian
Viking
Rus
Art of Africa
Igbo
Yoruba
Benin
Kuba
Luba
Art of the Americas
Pre-Columbian
Maya
Muisca
Inuit
Art of Oceania
Australian
Cook Islands
Hawaiian
Papuan
Religions
Buddhist
Christian
Catholic
Protestant
Hindu
Islamic
Jain
Manichaean
Sikh
Taoist
Vodou
Vodun
Techniques
Sculpture
Painting
Pottery
Calligraphy
Architecture
Photography
Graphic arts
Digital art
Types
Abstract
Art history
Art movement
List
Figurative
Funerary
Naïve
Narrative
Naturalist
vte
Byzantine art comprises the body of artistic products of the Eastern Roman Empire, as well as the nations and states that inherited culturally from the empire. Though the empire itself emerged from the decline of western Rome and lasted until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the start date of the Byzantine period is rather clearer in art history than in political history, if still imprecise. Many Eastern Orthodox states in Eastern Europe, as well as to some degree the Islamic states of the eastern Mediterranean, preserved many aspects of the empire's culture and art for centuries afterward.
A number of contemporary states with the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire were culturally influenced by it without actually being part of it (the "Byzantine commonwealth"). These included Kievan Rus', as well as some non-Orthodox states like the Republic of Venice, which separated from the Byzantine Empire in the 10th century, and the Kingdom of Sicily, which had close ties to the Byzantine Empire and had also been a Byzantine territory until the 10th century with a large Greek-speaking population persisting into the 12th century. Other states having a Byzantine artistic tradition, had oscillated throughout the Middle Ages between being part of the Byzantine Empire and having periods of independence, such as Serbia and Bulgaria. After the fall of the Byzantine capital of Constantinople in 1453, art produced by Eastern Orthodox Christians living in the Ottoman Empire was often called "post-Byzantine." Certain artistic traditions that originated in the Byzantine Empire, particularly in regard to icon painting and church architecture, are maintained in Greece, Cyprus, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Russia and other Eastern Orthodox countries to the present day.
Introduction
Icon of the enthroned Virgin and Child with saints and angels, 6th century, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Sinai
Byzantine art originated and evolved from the Christianized Greek culture of the Eastern Roman Empire; content from both Christianity and classical Greek mythology were artistically expressed through Hellenistic modes of style and iconography. The art of Byzantium never lost sight of its classical heritage; the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, was adorned with a large number of classical sculptures, although they eventually became an object of some puzzlement for its inhabitants (however, Byzantine beholders showed no signs of puzzlement towards other forms of classical media such as wall paintings). The basis of Byzantine art is a fundamental artistic attitude held by the Byzantine Greeks who, like their ancient Greek predecessors, "were never satisfied with a play of forms alone, but stimulated by an innate rationalism, endowed forms with life by associating them with a meaningful content." Although the art produced in the Byzantine Empire was marked by periodic revivals of a classical aesthetic, it was above all marked by the development of a new aesthetic defined by its salient "abstract", or anti-naturalistic character. If classical art was marked by the attempt to create representations that mimicked reality as closely as possible, Byzantine art seems to have abandoned this attempt in favor of a more symbolic approach.
The Arab Saint Arethas depicted in traditional Byzantine style (10th century)
The nature and causes of this transformation, which largely took place during late antiquity, have been a subject of scholarly debate for centuries. Giorgio Vasari attributed it to a decline in artistic skills and standards, which had in turn been revived by his contemporaries in the Italian Renaissance. Although this point of view has been occasionally revived, most notably by Bernard Berenson, modern scholars tend to take a more positive view of the Byzantine aesthetic. Alois Riegl and Josef Strzygowski, writing in the early 20th century, were above all responsible for the revaluation of late antique art. Riegl saw it as a natural development of pre-existing tendencies in Roman art, whereas Strzygowski viewed it as a product of "oriental" influences. Notable recent contributions to the debate include those of Ernst Kitzinger, who traced a "dialectic" between "abstract" and "Hellenistic" tendencies in late antiquity, and John Onians, who saw an "increase in visual response" in late antiquity, through which a viewer "could look at something which was in twentieth-century terms purely abstract and find it representational."
In any case, the debate is purely modern: it is clear that most Byzantine viewers did not consider their art to be abstract or unnaturalistic. As Cyril Mango has observed, "our own appreciation of Byzantine art stems largely from the fact that this art is not naturalistic; yet the Byzantines themselves, judging by their extant statements, regarded it as being highly naturalistic and as being directly in the tradition of Phidias, Apelles, and Zeuxis."
Frescoes in Nerezi near Skopje (1164), with their unique blend of high tragedy, gentle humanity, and homespun realism, anticipate the approach of Giotto and other proto-Renaissance Italian artists.
The subject matter of monumental Byzantine art was primarily religious and imperial: the two themes are often combined, as in the portraits of later Byzantine emperors that decorated the interior of the sixth-century church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. These preoccupations are partly a result of the pious and autocratic nature of Byzantine society, and partly a result of its economic structure: the wealth of the empire was concentrated in the hands of the church and the imperial office, which had the greatest opportunity to undertake monumental artistic commissions.
Religious art was not, however, limited to the monumental decoration of church interiors. One of the most important genres of Byzantine art was the icon, an image of Christ, the Virgin, or a saint, used as an object of veneration in Orthodox churches and private homes alike. Icons were more religious than aesthetic in nature: especially after the end of iconoclasm, they were understood to manifest the unique "presence" of the figure depicted by means of a "likeness" to that figure maintained through carefully maintained canons of representation.
Byzantine illuminated manuscripts were another major genre of Byzantine art. The most commonly illustrated texts were religious, both scripture itself (particularly the Psalms) and devotional or theological texts (such as the Ladder of Divine Ascent of John Climacus or the homilies of Gregory of Nazianzus). Secular texts were also illuminated: important examples include the Alexander Romance and the history of John Skylitzes.
The Byzantines inherited the Early Christian distrust of monumental sculpture in religious art, and produced only reliefs, of which very few survivals are anything like life-size, in sharp contrast to the medieval art of the West, where monumental sculpture revived from Carolingian art onwards. Small ivories were also mostly in relief.
The so-called "minor arts" were very important in Byzantine art and luxury items, including ivories carved in relief as formal presentation Consular diptychs or caskets such as the Veroli casket, hardstone carvings, enamels, glass, jewelry, metalwork, and figured silks were produced in large quantities throughout the Byzantine era, many continuing and adapting late Roman artistic practice though Byzantine silk production only began after they imported silkworms from China in the late sixth century. Many of these were religious in nature, although a large number of objects with secular or non-representational decoration were produced: for example, ivories representing themes from classical mythology. Byzantine ceramics were relatively crude, as pottery was never used at the tables of the rich, who ate off Byzantine silver.
Periods
Interior of the Rotunda of St. George, Thessaloniki, with remnants of the mosaics
Byzantine art and architecture is divided into four periods by convention: the Early period, commencing with the Edict of Milan (when Christian worship was legitimized) and the transfer of the imperial seat to Constantinople, extends to AD 842, with the conclusion of Iconoclasm; the Middle, or high period, begins with the restoration of the icons in 843 and culminates in the Fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders in 1204; the Late period includes the eclectic osmosis between Western European and traditional Byzantine elements in art and architecture, and ends with the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The term post-Byzantine is then used for later years, whereas "Neo-Byzantine" is used for art and architecture from the 19th century onwards, when the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire prompted a renewed appreciation of Byzantium by artists and historians alike.
Early Byzantine art
Leaf from an ivory diptych of Areobindus Dagalaiphus Areobindus, consul in Constantinople, 506. Areobindus is shown above, presiding over the games in the Hippodrome, depicted beneath (Musée national du Moyen Âge)
The St. George Rotunda in Sofia, built in the 4th century, and some remains of Serdica can be seen in the foreground
Two events were of fundamental importance to the development of a unique, Byzantine art. First, the Edict of Milan, issued by the emperors Constantine I and Licinius in 313, allowed for public Christian worship, and led to the development of a monumental, Christian art. Second, the dedication of Constantinople in 330 created a great new artistic centre for the eastern half of the Empire, and a specifically Christian one. Other artistic traditions flourished in rival cities such as Alexandria, Antioch, and Rome, but it was not until all of these cities had fallen - the first two to the Arabs and Rome to the Goths - that Constantinople established its supremacy.
Constantine devoted great effort to the decoration of Constantinople, adorning its public spaces with ancient statuary, and building a forum dominated by a porphyry column that carried a statue of himself. Major Constantinopolitan churches built under Constantine and his son, Constantius II, included the original foundations of Hagia Sophia and the Church of the Holy Apostles.
The next major building campaign in Constantinople was sponsored by Theodosius I. The most important surviving monument of this period is the obelisk and base erected by Theodosius in the Hippodrome which, with the large silver dish called the Missorium of Theodosius I, represents the classic examples of what is sometimes called the "Theodosian Renaissance". The earliest surviving church in Constantinople is the Basilica of St. John at the Stoudios Monastery, built in the fifth century.
Miniatures of the 6th-century Rabula Gospel (a Byzantine Syriac Gospel) display the more abstract and symbolic nature of Byzantine art
Due to subsequent rebuilding and destruction, relatively few Constantinopolitan monuments of this early period survive. However, the development of monumental early Byzantine art can still be traced through surviving structures in other cities. For example, important early churches are found in Rome (including Santa Sabina and Santa Maria Maggiore), and in Thessaloniki (the Rotunda and the Acheiropoietos Basilica).
A number of important illuminated manuscripts, both sacred and secular, survive from this early period. Classical authors, including Virgil (represented by the Vergilius Vaticanus and the Vergilius Romanus) and Homer (represented by the Ambrosian Iliad), were illustrated with narrative paintings. Illuminated biblical manuscripts of this period survive only in fragments: for example, the Quedlinburg Itala fragment is a small portion of what must have been a lavishly illustrated copy of 1 Kings.
Early Byzantine art was also marked by the cultivation of ivory carving. Ivory diptychs, often elaborately decorated, were issued as gifts by newly appointed consuls. Silver plates were another important form of luxury art: among the most lavish from this period is the Missorium of Theodosius I. Sarcophagi continued to be produced in great numbers.
Age of Justinian
Mosaic from San Vitale in Ravenna, showing the Emperor Justinian and Bishop Maximian, surrounded by clerics and soldiers.
Archangel ivory of the early 6th century from Constantinople
Significant changes in Byzantine art coincided with the reign of Justinian I (527–565). Justinian devoted much of his reign to reconquering Italy, North Africa and Spain. He also laid the foundations of the imperial absolutism of the Byzantine state, codifying its laws and imposing his religious views on all his subjects by law.
A significant component of Justinian's project of imperial renovation was a massive building program, which was described in a book, the Buildings, written by Justinian's court historian, Procopius. Justinian renovated, rebuilt, or founded anew countless churches within Constantinople, including Hagia Sophia, which had been destroyed during the Nika riots, the Church of the Holy Apostles, and the Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus. Justinian also built a number of churches and fortifications outside of the imperial capital, including Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai in Egypt, Basilica of Saint Sofia in Sofia and the Basilica of St. John in Ephesus.
Nave of Basilica of Saint Sofia
Several major churches of this period were built in the provinces by local bishops in imitation of the new Constantinopolitan foundations. The Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna, was built by Bishop Maximianus. The decoration of San Vitale includes important mosaics of Justinian and his empress, Theodora, although neither ever visited the church. Also of note is the Euphrasian Basilica in Poreč.
Recent archeological discoveries in the 19th and 20th centuries unearthed a large group of Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East. The eastern provinces of the Eastern Roman Empire inherited a strong artistic tradition from Late Antiquity. Christian mosaic art flourished in this area from the 4th century onwards. The tradition of making mosaics was carried on in the Umayyad era until the end of the 8th century. The most important surviving examples are the Madaba Map, the mosaics of Mount Nebo, Saint Catherine's Monastery and the Church of St Stephen in ancient Kastron Mefaa (now Umm ar-Rasas).
The first fully preserved illuminated biblical manuscripts date to the first half of the sixth century, most notably the Vienna Genesis, the Rossano Gospels, and the Sinope Gospels. The Vienna Dioscurides is a lavishly illustrated botanical treatise, presented as a gift to the Byzantine aristocrat Julia Anicia.
Important ivory sculptures of this period include the Barberini ivory, which probably depicts Justinian himself, and the Archangel ivory in the British Museum. Byzantine silver plate continued to be decorated with scenes drawn from classical mythology; for example, a plate in the Cabinet des Médailles, Paris, depicts Hercules wrestling the Nemean lion.
Seventh-century crisis
Mosaic from the church of Hagios Demetrios in Thessaloniki, late 7th or early 8th century, showing St. Demetrios with the bishop and the eparch
The Age of Justinian was followed by a political decline, since most of Justinian's conquests were lost and the Empire faced acute crisis with the invasions of the Avars, Slavs, Persians and Arabs in the 7th century. Constantinople was also wracked by religious and political conflict.
The most significant surviving monumental projects of this period were undertaken outside of the imperial capital. The church of Hagios Demetrios in Thessaloniki was rebuilt after a fire in the mid-seventh century. The new sections include mosaics executed in a remarkably abstract style. The church of the Koimesis in Nicaea (present-day Iznik), destroyed in the early 20th century but documented through photographs, demonstrates the simultaneous survival of a more classical style of church decoration. The churches of Rome, still a Byzantine territory in this period, also include important surviving decorative programs, especially Santa Maria Antiqua, Sant'Agnese fuori le mura, and the Chapel of San Venanzio in San Giovanni in Laterano. Byzantine mosaicists probably also contributed to the decoration of the early Umayyad monuments, including the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and the Great Mosque of Damascus.
Important works of luxury art from this period include the silver David Plates, produced during the reign of Emperor Heraclius, and depicting scenes from the life of the Hebrew king David. The most notable surviving manuscripts are Syriac gospel books, such as the so-called Syriac Bible of Paris. However, the London Canon Tables bear witness to the continuing production of lavish gospel books in Greek.
The period between Justinian and iconoclasm saw major changes in the social and religious roles of images within Byzantium. The veneration of acheiropoieta, or holy images "not made by human hands," became a significant phenomenon, and in some instances these images were credited with saving cities from military assault. By the end of the seventh century, certain images of saints had come to be viewed as "windows" through which one could communicate with the figure depicted. Proskynesis before images is also attested in texts from the late seventh century. These developments mark the beginnings of a theology of icons.
At the same time, the debate over the proper role of art in the decoration of churches intensified. Three canons of the Quinisext Council of 692 addressed controversies in this area: prohibition of the representation of the cross on church pavements (Canon 73), prohibition of the representation of Christ as a lamb (Canon 82), and a general injunction against "pictures, whether they are in paintings or in what way so ever, which attract the eye and corrupt the mind, and incite it to the enkindling of base pleasures" (Canon 100).
Crisis of iconoclasm
Main article: Byzantine iconoclasm
Helios in his chariot, surrounded by symbols of the months and of the zodiac. From Vat. Gr. 1291, the "Handy Tables" of Ptolemy, produced during the reign of Constantine V
Intense debate over the role of art in worship led eventually to the period of "Byzantine iconoclasm." Sporadic outbreaks of iconoclasm on the part of local bishops are attested in Asia Minor during the 720s. In 726, an underwater earthquake between the islands of Thera and Therasia was interpreted by Emperor Leo III as a sign of God's anger, and may have led Leo to remove a famous icon of Christ from the Chalke Gate outside the imperial palace. However, iconoclasm probably did not become imperial policy until the reign of Leo's son, Constantine V. The Council of Hieria, convened under Constantine in 754, proscribed the manufacture of icons of Christ. This inaugurated the Iconoclastic period, which lasted, with interruptions, until 843.
While iconoclasm severely restricted the role of religious art, and led to the removal of some earlier apse mosaics and (possibly) the sporadic destruction of portable icons, it never constituted a total ban on the production of figural art. Ample literary sources indicate that secular art (i.e. hunting scenes and depictions of the games in the hippodrome) continued to be produced, and the few monuments that can be securely dated to the period (most notably the manuscript of Ptolemy's "Handy Tables" today held by the Vatican) demonstrate that metropolitan artists maintained a high quality of production.
Major churches dating to this period include Hagia Eirene in Constantinople, which was rebuilt in the 760s following its destruction by the 740 earthquake. The interior of Hagia Eirene, which is dominated by a large mosaic cross in the apse, is one of the best-preserved examples of iconoclastic church decoration. The church of Hagia Sophia in Thessaloniki was also rebuilt in the late 8th century.
Certain churches built outside of the empire during this period, but decorated in a figural, "Byzantine," style, may also bear witness to the continuing activities of Byzantine artists. Particularly important in this regard are the original mosaics of the Palatine Chapel in Aachen (since either destroyed or heavily restored) and the frescoes in the Church of Maria foris portas in Castelseprio.
Macedonian art
Main articles: Macedonian art (Byzantine) and Macedonian Renaissance
Mosaics of Nea Moni of Chios (11th century)
An example of Macedonian-era ivorywork from Constantinople: the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste, now in the Bode Museum, Berlin
The rulings of the Council of Hieria were reversed by a new church council in 843, celebrated to this day in the Eastern Orthodox Church as the "Triumph of Orthodoxy." In 867, the installation of a new apse mosaic in Hagia Sophia depicting the Virgin and Child was celebrated by the Patriarch Photios in a famous homily as a victory over the evils of iconoclasm. Later in the same year, the Emperor Basil I, called "the Macedonian," acceded to the throne; as a result the following period of Byzantine art has sometimes been called the "Macedonian Renaissance", although the term is doubly problematic (it was neither "Macedonian", nor, strictly speaking, a "Renaissance").
In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Empire's military situation improved, and patronage of art and architecture increased. New churches were commissioned, and the standard architectural form (the "cross-in-square") and decorative scheme of the Middle Byzantine church were standardised. Major surviving examples include Hosios Loukas in Boeotia, the Daphni Monastery near Athens and Nea Moni on Chios.
There was a revival of interest in the depiction of subjects from classical Greek mythology (as on the Veroli Casket) and in the use of a "classical" Hellenistic styles to depict religious, and particularly Old Testament, subjects (of which the Paris Psalter and the Joshua Roll are important examples).
The Macedonian period also saw a revival of the late antique technique of ivory carving. Many ornate ivory triptychs and diptychs survive, such as the Harbaville Triptych and a triptych at Luton Hoo, dating from the reign of Nicephorus Phocas.
Komnenian age
Mosaic of Daphni Monastery (ca. 1100)
The Macedonian emperors were followed by the Komnenian dynasty, beginning with the reign of Alexios I Komnenos in 1081. Byzantium had recently suffered a period of severe dislocation following the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 and the subsequent loss of Asia Minor to the Turks. However, the Komnenoi brought stability to the empire (1081–1185) and during the course of the twelfth century their energetic campaigning did much to restore the fortunes of the empire. The Komnenoi were great patrons of the arts, and with their support Byzantine artists continued to move in the direction of greater humanism and emotion, of which the Theotokos of Vladimir, the cycle of mosaics at Daphni, and the murals at Nerezi yield important examples. Ivory sculpture and other expensive mediums of art gradually gave way to frescoes and icons, which for the first time gained widespread popularity across the Empire. Apart from painted icons, there were other varieties - notably the mosaic and ceramic ones.
Some of the finest Byzantine work of this period may be found outside the Empire: in the mosaics of Gelati, Kiev, Torcello, Venice, Monreale, Cefalù and Palermo. For instance, Venice's Basilica of St Mark, begun in 1063, was based on the great Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople, now destroyed, and is thus an echo of the age of Justinian. The acquisitive habits of the Venetians mean that the basilica is also a great museum of Byzantine artworks of all kinds (e.g., Pala d'Oro).
Ivory caskets of the Macedonian era (gallery)
Between 900 and 1100, Musée national du Moyen Âge
With images of Cupids (10th century), Walters Art Museum
10th–11th century, Petit Palais
11th–12th century, Museo Nazionale d'Arte Medievale e Moderna (Arezzo)
Palaeologan age
See also: Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty
The Annunciation from Ohrid, one of the most admired icons of the Paleologan mannerism, bears comparison with the finest contemporary works by Italian artists
Centuries of continuous Roman political tradition and Hellenistic civilization underwent a crisis in 1204 with the sacking of Constantinople by the Venetian and French knights of the Fourth Crusade, a disaster from which the Empire recovered in 1261 albeit in a severely weakened state. The destruction by sack or subsequent neglect of the city's secular architecture in particular has left us with an imperfect understanding of Byzantine art.
Although the Byzantines regained the city in 1261, the Empire was thereafter a small and weak state confined to the Greek peninsula and the islands of the Aegean. During their half-century of exile, however, the last great flowing of Anatolian Hellenism began. As Nicaea emerged as the center of opposition under the Laskaris emperors, it spawned a renaissance, attracting scholars, poets, and artists from across the Byzantine world. A glittering court emerged as the dispossessed intelligentsia found in the Hellenic side of their traditions a pride and identity unsullied by association with the hated "latin" enemy. With the recapture of the capital under the new Palaeologan Dynasty, Byzantine artists developed a new interest in landscapes and pastoral scenes, and the traditional mosaic-work (of which the Chora Church in Constantinople is the finest extant example) gradually gave way to detailed cycles of narrative frescoes (as evidenced in a large group of Mystras churches). The icons, which became a favoured medium for artistic expression, were characterized by a less austere attitude, new appreciation for purely decorative qualities of painting and meticulous attention to details, earning the popular name of the Paleologan Mannerism for the period in general.
Venice came to control Byzantine Crete by 1212, and Byzantine artistic traditions continued long after the Ottoman conquest of the last Byzantine successor state in 1461. The Cretan school, as it is today known, gradually introduced Western elements into its style, and exported large numbers of icons to the West. The tradition's most famous artist was El Greco.
Legacy
St Mark's Basilica in Venice, where imported Byzantine mosaicists were succeeded by Italians they had trained
Modern Orthodox mural from Israel using a depiction of the Nativity of Christ little changed in over a millennium
Interior view with the frescoes dating back to 1259, Boyana Church in Sofia, UNESCO World Heritage List landmark.
The Byzantine Empire emerged from the Eastern Roman Empire in the 4th century AD, and its unique culture heavily influenced Western Europe during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Byzantine art was an essential part of this culture and had certain defining characteristics, such as intricate patterns, rich colors, and religious themes depicting important figures in Christianity.
The fall of Constantinople in 1453 was a significant event in the history of the Byzantine Empire, and it had a profound impact on the art world. Many Byzantine artists and intellectuals migrated to Italy, where they played a vital role in shaping the Italian Renaissance. The migration was partly due to the long-standing cultural and commercial ties between the Byzantine Empire and Italian city-states, such as Venice and Florence, as well as the decline of the Byzantine Empire in the preceding centuries.
The influence of Byzantine art on Italian art was significant, with Byzantine artists bringing their techniques and knowledge to Italy, such as the use of gold leaf and mosaics. They also played a significant role in developing perspective, which became a key element of Renaissance art.
The splendour of Byzantine art was always in the mind of early medieval Western artists and patrons, and many of the most important movements in the period were conscious attempts to produce art fit to stand next to both classical Roman and contemporary Byzantine art. This was especially the case for the imperial Carolingian art and Ottonian art. Luxury products from the Empire were highly valued, and reached for example the royal Anglo-Saxon Sutton Hoo burial in Suffolk of the 620s, which contains several pieces of silver. Byzantine silks were especially valued and large quantities were distributed as diplomatic gifts from Constantinople. There are records of Byzantine artists working in the West, especially during the period of iconoclasm, and some works, like the frescos at Castelseprio and miniatures in the Vienna Coronation Gospels, seem to have been produced by such figures.
In particular, teams of mosaic artists were dispatched as diplomatic gestures by emperors to Italy, where they often trained locals to continue their work in a style heavily influenced by Byzantium. Venice and Norman Sicily were particular centres of Byzantine influence. The earliest surviving panel paintings in the West were in a style heavily influenced by contemporary Byzantine icons, until a distinctive Western style began to develop in Italy in the Trecento; the traditional and still influential narrative of Vasari and others has the story of Western painting begin as a breakaway by Cimabue and then Giotto from the shackles of the Byzantine tradition. In general, Byzantine artistic influence on Europe was in steep decline by the 14th century if not earlier, despite the continued importance of migrated Byzantine scholars in the Renaissance in other areas.
Islamic art began with artists and craftsmen mostly trained in Byzantine styles, and though figurative content was greatly reduced, Byzantine decorative styles remained a great influence on Islamic art, and Byzantine artists continued to be imported for important works for some time, especially for mosaics.
The Byzantine era properly defined came to an end with the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, but by this time the Byzantine cultural heritage had been widely diffused, carried by the spread of Orthodox Christianity, to Bulgaria, Serbia, Romania and, most importantly, to Russia, which became the centre of the Orthodox world following the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans. Even under Ottoman rule, Byzantine traditions in icon-painting and other small-scale arts survived, especially in the Venetian-ruled Crete and Rhodes, where a "post-Byzantine" style under increasing Western influence survived for a further two centuries, producing artists including El Greco whose training was in the Cretan School which was the most vigorous post-Byzantine school, exporting great numbers of icons to Europe. The willingness of the Cretan School to accept Western influence was atypical; in most of the post-Byzantine world "as an instrument of ethnic cohesiveness, art became assertively conservative during the Turcocratia" (period of Ottoman rule).
Russian icon painting began by entirely adopting and imitating Byzantine art, as did the art of other Orthodox nations, and has remained extremely conservative in iconography, although its painting style has developed distinct characteristics, including influences from post-Renaissance Western art. All the Eastern Orthodox churches have remained highly protective of their traditions in terms of the form and content of images and, for example, modern Orthodox depictions of the Nativity of Christ vary little in content from those developed in the 6th century.
See also
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Byzantine illuminated manuscripts
Byzantine architecture
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Byzantine silver
Byzantine Iconoclasm
Sacred art
Book of Job in Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts
Notes
^ Michelis 1946; Weitzmann 1981.
^ Kitzinger 1977, pp. 1‒3.
^ Michelis 1946; Ainalov 1961, "Introduction", pp. 3‒8; Stylianou & Stylianou 1985, p. 19; Hanfmann 1967, "Early Christian Sculpture", p. 42; Weitzmann 1984.
^ Bassett 2004.
^ Mango 1963, pp. 53‒75.
^ Ainalov 1961, "The Hellenistic Character of Byzantine Wall Painting", pp. 185‒214.
^ Weitzmann 1981, p. 350.
^ Brendel 1979.
^ Berenson 1954.
^ Elsner 2002, pp. 358‒379.
^ Kitzinger 1977.
^ Onians 1980, pp. 1‒23.
^ Mango 1963, p. 65.
^ Belting 1994.
^ Walker, Alicia (2021). "Cross-Cultural Artistic Interaction in the Early Byzantine Period". In Freeman, Evan (ed.). Smarthistory Guide to Byzantine Art.
^ Bassett 2004.
^ Fowden 1991, pp. 119‒131; Bauer 1996.
^ Mathews 1971; Henck 2001, pp. 279‒304
^ Kiilerich 1998.
^ Mathews 1971.
^ Krautheimer 2000.
^ Spieser 1984; Ćurčić 2000.
^ Wright 1993.
^ Wright 2001.
^ Levin 1985.
^ Volbach 1976.
^ Delbrueck 1929.
^ Dodd 1961.
^ Almagro-Gorbea 2000.
^ Maas 2005.
^ Tr. H.B. Dewing, Procopius VII (Cambridge, 1962).
^ Mainstone 1997.
^ Dark & Özgümüş 2002, pp. 393‒413.
^ Bardill 2000, pp. 1‒11; Mathews 2005.
^ Forsyth & Weitzmann 1973.
^ Thiel 2005.
^ Deichmann 1969.
^ "Eufrasiana Basilica Project". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2007-01-28.
^ Wellesz 1960.
^ Cavallo 1992.
^ Grabar 1948.
^ Mazal 1998.
^ Cutler 1993, pp. 329‒339.
^ Wright 1986, pp. 75‒79.
^ Haldon 1997.
^ Brubaker 2004, pp. 63‒90.
^ Barber 1991, pp. 43‒60.
^ Matthiae 1987.
^ Creswell 1969; Flood 2001.
^ Leader 2000, pp. 407‒427.
^ Leroy 1964.
^ Nordenfalk 1938.
^ Brubaker 1998, pp. 1215‒1254.
^ Bryer & Herrin 1977; Brubaker & Haldon 2001.
^ Stein 1980; The story of the Chalke Icon may be a later invention: Auzépy 1990, pp. 445‒492.
^ Grabar 1984.
^ Wright 1985, pp. 355‒362.
^ Bryer & Herrin 1977, Robin Cormack, "The Arts during the Age of Iconoclasm".
^ Peschlow 1977.
^ Theocharidou 1988.
^ Ash 1995.
^ Byron, Robert (October 1929). "Greco: The Epilogue to Byzantine Culture". The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs. 55 (319): 160–174. JSTOR 864104.
^ Procopiou, Angelo G. (March 1952). "El Greco and Cretan Painting". The Burlington Magazine. 94 (588): 76–74. JSTOR 870678.
^ Kessler 1988, p. 166.
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Kiilerich, Bente (1998). The Obelisk Base in Constantinople. Rome: G. Bretschneider.
Kitzinger, Ernst (1977). Byzantine Art in the Making: Main Lines of Stylistic Development in Mediterranean Art, 3rd‒7th Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0571111541.
Krautheimer, R. (2000). Rome: Profile of a City. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691049618.
Leader, R. (2000). "The David Plates Revisited: Transforming the Secular in Early Byzantium". Art Bulletin. 82 (3): 407‒427. doi:10.2307/3051395. JSTOR 3051395.
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Theocharidou, K. (1988). The Architecture of Hagia Sophia, Thessaloniki, from its Erection up to the Turkish Conquest. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Thiel, Andreas (2005). Die Johanneskirche in Ephesos. Wiesbaden: Isd. ISBN 9783895003547.
Volbach, Wolfgang Fritz (1976). Elfenbeinarbeiten der Spätantike und des frühen Mittelalters. Mainz: von Zabern. ISBN 9783805302807.
Weitzmann, Kurt (1981). Classical Heritage in Byzantine and Near Eastern Art. London: Variorum Reprints.
Weitzmann, Kurt (1984). Greek Mythology in Byzantine Art. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780860780878.
Wellesz, Emmy (1960). The Vienna Genesis. London: T. Yoseloff.
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Further reading
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Alloa, Emmanuel (2013). "Visual Studies in Byzantium". Journal of Visual Culture. 12 (1): 3‒29. doi:10.1177/1470412912468704. S2CID 191395643.
Beckwith, John (1979). Early Christian and Byzantine Art (2nd ed.). Penguin History of Art. ISBN 978-0140560336.
Bühren, Ralf van; Jasiński, Maciej Jan (2024), The invisible divine in the history of art. Is Erwin Panofsky (1892–1968) still relevant for decoding Christian iconography?, in Church, Communication and Culture 9, pp. 1–36. DOI: 10.1080/23753234.2024.23225
Cormack, Robin (2000). Byzantine Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-284211-4.
Cormack, Robin (1985). Writing in Gold, Byzantine Society and its Icons. London: George Philip. ISBN 978-054001085-1.
Eastmond, Antony (2013). The Glory of Byzantium and Early Christendom. London: Phaidon Press. ISBN 978-0714848105.
Evans, Helen C., ed. (2004). Byzantium, Faith and Power (1261‒1557). Metropolitan Museum of Art/Yale University Press. ISBN 978-1588391148.
Evans, Helen C. & Wixom, William D. (1997). The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843‒1261. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. OCLC 853250638.
Freeman, Evan and Anne McClanan, eds. (2021). The Smarthistory Guide to Byzantine Art.
Gerstel, Sharon E. J.; Lauffenburger, Julie A., eds. (2001). A Lost Art Rediscovered. Pennsylvania State University. ISBN 978-0-271-02139-3.
Hurst, Ellen (8 August 2014). "A Beginner's Guide to Byzantine Art". Smarthistory. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
James, Elizabeth (2007). Art and Text in Byzantine Culture (1 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83409-4.
Karahan, Anne (2015). "Patristics and Byzantine Meta-Images. Molding Belief in the Divine from Written to Painted Theology". In Harrison, Carol; Bitton-Ashkelony, Brouria; De Bruyn, Théodore (eds.). Patristic Studies in the Twenty-First Century. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers. pp. 551–576. ISBN 978-2-503-55919-3.
Karahan, Anne (2010). Byzantine Holy Images – Transcendence and Immanence. The Theological Background of the Iconography and Aesthetics of the Chora Church (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta No. 176). Leuven-Paris-Walpole, MA: Peeters Publishers. ISBN 978-90-429-2080-4.
Karahan, Anne (2016). "Byzantine Visual Culture. Conditions of "Right" Belief and some Platonic Outlooks"". Numen: International Review for the History of Religions. 63 (2–3). Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV: 210–244. doi:10.1163/15685276-12341421. ISSN 0029-5973.
Karahan, Anne (2014). "Byzantine Iconoclasm: Ideology and Quest for Power". In Kolrud, K.; Prusac, M. (eds.). Iconoclasm from Antiquity to Modernity. Farnham Surrey: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. pp. 75‒94. ISBN 978-1-4094-7033-5.
Karahan, Anne (2015). "Chapter 10: The Impact of Cappadocian Theology on Byzantine Aesthetics: Gregory of Nazianzus on the Unity and Singularity of Christ". In Dumitraşcu, N. (ed.). The Ecumenical Legacy of the Cappadocians. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 159‒184. ISBN 978-1-137-51394-6.
Karahan, Anne (2012). "Beauty in the Eyes of God. Byzantine Aesthetics and Basil of Caesarea". Byzantion: Revue Internationale des Études Byzantines. 82: 165‒212. eISSN 2294-6209. ISSN 0378-2506.*Karahan, Anne (2013). "The Image of God in Byzantine Cappadocia and the Issue of Supreme Transcendence". Studia Patristica. 59: 97‒111. ISBN 978-90-429-2992-0.
Karahan, Anne (2010). "The Issue of περιχώρησις in Byzantine Holy Images". Studia Patristica. 44: 27‒34. ISBN 978-90-429-2370-6.
Mango, Cyril, ed. (1972). The Art of the Byzantine Empire, 312‒1453: Sources and Documents. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice - Hall.
Obolensky, Dimitri (1974) . The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500‒1453. London: Cardinal. ISBN 9780351176449.
Weitzmann, Kurt, ed. (1979). Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third to Seventh Century. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Byzantine art.
Byzantine Publications Online, freely available for download from Dumbarton Oaks
Lethaby, William (1911). "Byzantine Art" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. 906–911.
Eikonografos.com: Byzantine Icons and Mosaics Archived 2012-03-31 at the Wayback Machine
Anthony Cutler on the economic history of Byzantine mosaics, wall-paintings and icons at Dumbarton Oaks.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg"},{"link_name":"Byzantine mosaics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_mosaics"},{"link_name":"Hagia Sophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Christ Pantocrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator"},{"link_name":"Eastern Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"decline of western Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"Fall of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"Islamic states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_state"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean"},{"link_name":"Byzantine commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_commonwealth"},{"link_name":"Kievan Rus'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27"},{"link_name":"Republic of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman-Arab-Byzantine_culture"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Medieval_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire"},{"link_name":"fall of the Byzantine capital of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"}],"text":"One of the most famous of the surviving Byzantine mosaics of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople – the image of Christ Pantocrator on the walls of the upper southern gallery, Christ being flanked by the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist; c. 1261; 4.08 x 4.2 mByzantine art comprises the body of artistic products of the Eastern Roman Empire,[1] as well as the nations and states that inherited culturally from the empire. Though the empire itself emerged from the decline of western Rome and lasted until the Fall of Constantinople in 1453,[2] the start date of the Byzantine period is rather clearer in art history than in political history, if still imprecise. Many Eastern Orthodox states in Eastern Europe, as well as to some degree the Islamic states of the eastern Mediterranean, preserved many aspects of the empire's culture and art for centuries afterward.A number of contemporary states with the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire were culturally influenced by it without actually being part of it (the \"Byzantine commonwealth\"). These included Kievan Rus', as well as some non-Orthodox states like the Republic of Venice, which separated from the Byzantine Empire in the 10th century, and the Kingdom of Sicily, which had close ties to the Byzantine Empire and had also been a Byzantine territory until the 10th century with a large Greek-speaking population persisting into the 12th century. Other states having a Byzantine artistic tradition, had oscillated throughout the Middle Ages between being part of the Byzantine Empire and having periods of independence, such as Serbia and Bulgaria. After the fall of the Byzantine capital of Constantinople in 1453, art produced by Eastern Orthodox Christians living in the Ottoman Empire was often called \"post-Byzantine.\" Certain artistic traditions that originated in the Byzantine Empire, particularly in regard to icon painting and church architecture, are maintained in Greece, Cyprus, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Russia and other Eastern Orthodox countries to the present day.","title":"Byzantine art"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Encaustic_Virgin.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint Catherine's Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Byzantine_-_Saint_Arethas_-_Walters_4820862.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs"},{"link_name":"late antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_antiquity"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Giorgio Vasari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari"},{"link_name":"Italian Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Bernard Berenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Berenson"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Alois Riegl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Riegl"},{"link_name":"Josef Strzygowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Strzygowski"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ernst Kitzinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Kitzinger"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"John Onians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Onians"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Cyril Mango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Mango"},{"link_name":"Phidias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phidias"},{"link_name":"Apelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apelles"},{"link_name":"Zeuxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeuxis_(painter)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meister_von_Nerezi_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje"},{"link_name":"Giotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto"},{"link_name":"Hagia Sophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia"},{"link_name":"icon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Byzantine illuminated manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_illuminated_manuscripts"},{"link_name":"Ladder of Divine Ascent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladder_of_Divine_Ascent"},{"link_name":"John Climacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Climacus"},{"link_name":"Gregory of Nazianzus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus"},{"link_name":"Alexander Romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Romance"},{"link_name":"John Skylitzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Skylitzes"},{"link_name":"Early Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christian_art"},{"link_name":"monumental sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumental_sculpture"},{"link_name":"reliefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief"},{"link_name":"Carolingian art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_art"},{"link_name":"Consular diptychs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consular_diptych"},{"link_name":"Veroli casket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veroli_casket"},{"link_name":"hardstone carvings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardstone_carving"},{"link_name":"enamels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_enamel"},{"link_name":"glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_glass"},{"link_name":"figured silks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_silk"},{"link_name":"imported silkworms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smuggling_of_silkworm_eggs_into_the_Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Byzantine silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_silver"}],"text":"Icon of the enthroned Virgin and Child with saints and angels, 6th century, Saint Catherine's Monastery, SinaiByzantine art originated and evolved from the Christianized Greek culture of the Eastern Roman Empire; content from both Christianity and classical Greek mythology were artistically expressed through Hellenistic modes of style and iconography.[3] The art of Byzantium never lost sight of its classical heritage; the Byzantine capital, Constantinople, was adorned with a large number of classical sculptures,[4] although they eventually became an object of some puzzlement for its inhabitants[5] (however, Byzantine beholders showed no signs of puzzlement towards other forms of classical media such as wall paintings[6]). The basis of Byzantine art is a fundamental artistic attitude held by the Byzantine Greeks who, like their ancient Greek predecessors, \"were never satisfied with a play of forms alone, but stimulated by an innate rationalism, endowed forms with life by associating them with a meaningful content.\"[7] Although the art produced in the Byzantine Empire was marked by periodic revivals of a classical aesthetic, it was above all marked by the development of a new aesthetic defined by its salient \"abstract\", or anti-naturalistic character. If classical art was marked by the attempt to create representations that mimicked reality as closely as possible, Byzantine art seems to have abandoned this attempt in favor of a more symbolic approach.The Arab Saint Arethas depicted in traditional Byzantine style (10th century)The nature and causes of this transformation, which largely took place during late antiquity, have been a subject of scholarly debate for centuries.[8] Giorgio Vasari attributed it to a decline in artistic skills and standards, which had in turn been revived by his contemporaries in the Italian Renaissance. Although this point of view has been occasionally revived, most notably by Bernard Berenson,[9] modern scholars tend to take a more positive view of the Byzantine aesthetic. Alois Riegl and Josef Strzygowski, writing in the early 20th century, were above all responsible for the revaluation of late antique art.[10] Riegl saw it as a natural development of pre-existing tendencies in Roman art, whereas Strzygowski viewed it as a product of \"oriental\" influences. Notable recent contributions to the debate include those of Ernst Kitzinger,[11] who traced a \"dialectic\" between \"abstract\" and \"Hellenistic\" tendencies in late antiquity, and John Onians,[12] who saw an \"increase in visual response\" in late antiquity, through which a viewer \"could look at something which was in twentieth-century terms purely abstract and find it representational.\"In any case, the debate is purely modern: it is clear that most Byzantine viewers did not consider their art to be abstract or unnaturalistic. As Cyril Mango has observed, \"our own appreciation of Byzantine art stems largely from the fact that this art is not naturalistic; yet the Byzantines themselves, judging by their extant statements, regarded it as being highly naturalistic and as being directly in the tradition of Phidias, Apelles, and Zeuxis.\"[13]Frescoes in Nerezi near Skopje (1164), with their unique blend of high tragedy, gentle humanity, and homespun realism, anticipate the approach of Giotto and other proto-Renaissance Italian artists.The subject matter of monumental Byzantine art was primarily religious and imperial: the two themes are often combined, as in the portraits of later Byzantine emperors that decorated the interior of the sixth-century church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople. These preoccupations are partly a result of the pious and autocratic nature of Byzantine society, and partly a result of its economic structure: the wealth of the empire was concentrated in the hands of the church and the imperial office, which had the greatest opportunity to undertake monumental artistic commissions.Religious art was not, however, limited to the monumental decoration of church interiors. One of the most important genres of Byzantine art was the icon, an image of Christ, the Virgin, or a saint, used as an object of veneration in Orthodox churches and private homes alike. Icons were more religious than aesthetic in nature: especially after the end of iconoclasm, they were understood to manifest the unique \"presence\" of the figure depicted by means of a \"likeness\" to that figure maintained through carefully maintained canons of representation.[14]Byzantine illuminated manuscripts were another major genre of Byzantine art. The most commonly illustrated texts were religious, both scripture itself (particularly the Psalms) and devotional or theological texts (such as the Ladder of Divine Ascent of John Climacus or the homilies of Gregory of Nazianzus). Secular texts were also illuminated: important examples include the Alexander Romance and the history of John Skylitzes.The Byzantines inherited the Early Christian distrust of monumental sculpture in religious art, and produced only reliefs, of which very few survivals are anything like life-size, in sharp contrast to the medieval art of the West, where monumental sculpture revived from Carolingian art onwards. Small ivories were also mostly in relief.The so-called \"minor arts\" were very important in Byzantine art and luxury items, including ivories carved in relief as formal presentation Consular diptychs or caskets such as the Veroli casket, hardstone carvings, enamels, glass, jewelry, metalwork, and figured silks were produced in large quantities throughout the Byzantine era, many continuing and adapting late Roman artistic practice though Byzantine silk production only began after they imported silkworms from China in the late sixth century.[15] Many of these were religious in nature, although a large number of objects with secular or non-representational decoration were produced: for example, ivories representing themes from classical mythology. Byzantine ceramics were relatively crude, as pottery was never used at the tables of the rich, who ate off Byzantine silver.","title":"Introduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abside_00311.JPG"},{"link_name":"Rotunda of St. George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_of_Galerius_and_Rotunda#Rotunda_of_Galerius"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"Edict of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Iconoclasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclasm"}],"text":"Interior of the Rotunda of St. George, Thessaloniki, with remnants of the mosaicsByzantine art and architecture is divided into four periods by convention: the Early period, commencing with the Edict of Milan (when Christian worship was legitimized) and the transfer of the imperial seat to Constantinople, extends to AD 842, with the conclusion of Iconoclasm; the Middle, or high period, begins with the restoration of the icons in 843 and culminates in the Fall of Constantinople to the Crusaders in 1204; the Late period includes the eclectic osmosis between Western European and traditional Byzantine elements in art and architecture, and ends with the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The term post-Byzantine is then used for later years, whereas \"Neo-Byzantine\" is used for art and architecture from the 19th century onwards, when the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire prompted a renewed appreciation of Byzantium by artists and historians alike.","title":"Periods"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Areobindus_presides_over_the_games_MNMA_Cluny_13135_n02.jpg"},{"link_name":"Areobindus Dagalaiphus Areobindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areobindus_Dagalaiphus_Areobindus"},{"link_name":"Musée national du Moyen Âge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_du_Moyen_%C3%82ge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG"},{"link_name":"The St. George Rotunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._George,_Sofia"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"Serdica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serdica"},{"link_name":"Edict of Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Constantine I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I"},{"link_name":"Licinius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licinius"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Arabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs"},{"link_name":"Goths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goths"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"forum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_of_Constantine"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Constantius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantius_II"},{"link_name":"Hagia Sophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia"},{"link_name":"Church of the Holy Apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Theodosius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_I"},{"link_name":"Hippodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippodrome_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Missorium of Theodosius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missorium_of_Theodosius_I"},{"link_name":"Stoudios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoudios"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RabulaGospelsFolio13vAscension.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rabula Gospel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabula_Gospel"},{"link_name":"Santa Sabina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Sabina"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria Maggiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"Rotunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_and_Tomb_of_Galerius"},{"link_name":"Acheiropoietos Basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Acheiropoietos"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Virgil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil"},{"link_name":"Vergilius Vaticanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergilius_Vaticanus"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Vergilius Romanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vergilius_Romanus"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Homer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer"},{"link_name":"Ambrosian Iliad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosian_Iliad"},{"link_name":"Quedlinburg Itala fragment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quedlinburg_Itala_fragment"},{"link_name":"1 Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_Kings"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"ivory carving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_carving"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"diptychs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diptych"},{"link_name":"consuls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Missorium of Theodosius I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missorium_of_Theodosius_I"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Sarcophagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcophagi"}],"sub_title":"Early Byzantine art","text":"Leaf from an ivory diptych of Areobindus Dagalaiphus Areobindus, consul in Constantinople, 506. Areobindus is shown above, presiding over the games in the Hippodrome, depicted beneath (Musée national du Moyen Âge)The St. George Rotunda in Sofia, built in the 4th century, and some remains of Serdica can be seen in the foregroundTwo events were of fundamental importance to the development of a unique, Byzantine art. First, the Edict of Milan, issued by the emperors Constantine I and Licinius in 313, allowed for public Christian worship, and led to the development of a monumental, Christian art. Second, the dedication of Constantinople in 330 created a great new artistic centre for the eastern half of the Empire, and a specifically Christian one. Other artistic traditions flourished in rival cities such as Alexandria, Antioch, and Rome, but it was not until all of these cities had fallen - the first two to the Arabs and Rome to the Goths - that Constantinople established its supremacy.Constantine devoted great effort to the decoration of Constantinople, adorning its public spaces with ancient statuary,[16] and building a forum dominated by a porphyry column that carried a statue of himself.[17] Major Constantinopolitan churches built under Constantine and his son, Constantius II, included the original foundations of Hagia Sophia and the Church of the Holy Apostles.[18]The next major building campaign in Constantinople was sponsored by Theodosius I. The most important surviving monument of this period is the obelisk and base erected by Theodosius in the Hippodrome[19] which, with the large silver dish called the Missorium of Theodosius I, represents the classic examples of what is sometimes called the \"Theodosian Renaissance\". The earliest surviving church in Constantinople is the Basilica of St. John at the Stoudios Monastery, built in the fifth century.[20]Miniatures of the 6th-century Rabula Gospel (a Byzantine Syriac Gospel) display the more abstract and symbolic nature of Byzantine artDue to subsequent rebuilding and destruction, relatively few Constantinopolitan monuments of this early period survive. However, the development of monumental early Byzantine art can still be traced through surviving structures in other cities. For example, important early churches are found in Rome (including Santa Sabina and Santa Maria Maggiore),[21] and in Thessaloniki (the Rotunda and the Acheiropoietos Basilica).[22]A number of important illuminated manuscripts, both sacred and secular, survive from this early period. Classical authors, including Virgil (represented by the Vergilius Vaticanus[23] and the Vergilius Romanus)[24] and Homer (represented by the Ambrosian Iliad), were illustrated with narrative paintings. Illuminated biblical manuscripts of this period survive only in fragments: for example, the Quedlinburg Itala fragment is a small portion of what must have been a lavishly illustrated copy of 1 Kings.[25]Early Byzantine art was also marked by the cultivation of ivory carving.[26] Ivory diptychs, often elaborately decorated, were issued as gifts by newly appointed consuls.[27] Silver plates were another important form of luxury art:[28] among the most lavish from this period is the Missorium of Theodosius I.[29] Sarcophagi continued to be produced in great numbers.","title":"Periods"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_mosaic_of_Emperor_Justinian_and_his_retinue.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ravenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna"},{"link_name":"Justinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Byzantine_ivory_801.jpg"},{"link_name":"Archangel ivory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archangel_ivory"},{"link_name":"Justinian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Procopius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procopius"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Hagia Sophia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Nika riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nika_riots"},{"link_name":"Church of the Holy Apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Hagia_Sophia"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Saint Catherine's Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Mount Sinai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinai"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Basilica of Saint Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sofia_Church,_Sofia"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"Ephesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesus"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg"},{"link_name":"Basilica of Saint Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Sofia_Church,_Sofia"},{"link_name":"Basilica of San Vitale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Vitale"},{"link_name":"Ravenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna"},{"link_name":"Maximianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximianus_of_Ravenna"},{"link_name":"Theodora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodora_(6th_century)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Euphrasian Basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrasian_Basilica"},{"link_name":"Poreč","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pore%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Byzantine_mosaics_in_the_Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Eastern Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Late Antiquity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Antiquity"},{"link_name":"The tradition of making mosaics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_mosaics"},{"link_name":"Umayyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad"},{"link_name":"Madaba Map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madaba_Map"},{"link_name":"Mount Nebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nebo"},{"link_name":"Umm ar-Rasas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm_ar-Rasas"},{"link_name":"Vienna Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Genesis"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Rossano Gospels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossano_Gospels"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Sinope Gospels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinope_Gospels"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Vienna Dioscurides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Dioscurides"},{"link_name":"Julia Anicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Anicia"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Barberini ivory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barberini_ivory"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Archangel ivory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archangel_ivory"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Byzantine silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_silver"},{"link_name":"Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules"},{"link_name":"Nemean lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemean_lion"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Age of Justinian","text":"Mosaic from San Vitale in Ravenna, showing the Emperor Justinian and Bishop Maximian, surrounded by clerics and soldiers.Archangel ivory of the early 6th century from ConstantinopleSignificant changes in Byzantine art coincided with the reign of Justinian I (527–565). Justinian devoted much of his reign to reconquering Italy, North Africa and Spain. He also laid the foundations of the imperial absolutism of the Byzantine state, codifying its laws and imposing his religious views on all his subjects by law.[30]A significant component of Justinian's project of imperial renovation was a massive building program, which was described in a book, the Buildings, written by Justinian's court historian, Procopius.[31] Justinian renovated, rebuilt, or founded anew countless churches within Constantinople, including Hagia Sophia,[32] which had been destroyed during the Nika riots, the Church of the Holy Apostles,[33] and the Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus.[34] Justinian also built a number of churches and fortifications outside of the imperial capital, including Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai in Egypt,[35] Basilica of Saint Sofia in Sofia and the Basilica of St. John in Ephesus.[36]Nave of Basilica of Saint SofiaSeveral major churches of this period were built in the provinces by local bishops in imitation of the new Constantinopolitan foundations. The Basilica of San Vitale in Ravenna, was built by Bishop Maximianus. The decoration of San Vitale includes important mosaics of Justinian and his empress, Theodora, although neither ever visited the church.[37] Also of note is the Euphrasian Basilica in Poreč.[38]Recent archeological discoveries in the 19th and 20th centuries unearthed a large group of Early Byzantine mosaics in the Middle East. The eastern provinces of the Eastern Roman Empire inherited a strong artistic tradition from Late Antiquity. Christian mosaic art flourished in this area from the 4th century onwards. The tradition of making mosaics was carried on in the Umayyad era until the end of the 8th century. The most important surviving examples are the Madaba Map, the mosaics of Mount Nebo, Saint Catherine's Monastery and the Church of St Stephen in ancient Kastron Mefaa (now Umm ar-Rasas).The first fully preserved illuminated biblical manuscripts date to the first half of the sixth century, most notably the Vienna Genesis,[39] the Rossano Gospels,[40] and the Sinope Gospels.[41] The Vienna Dioscurides is a lavishly illustrated botanical treatise, presented as a gift to the Byzantine aristocrat Julia Anicia.[42]Important ivory sculptures of this period include the Barberini ivory, which probably depicts Justinian himself,[43] and the Archangel ivory in the British Museum.[44] Byzantine silver plate continued to be decorated with scenes drawn from classical mythology; for example, a plate in the Cabinet des Médailles, Paris, depicts Hercules wrestling the Nemean lion.[citation needed]","title":"Periods"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meister_der_Demetrius-Kirche_in_Saloniki_002.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hagios Demetrios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagios_Demetrios"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"St. Demetrios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Demetrius_of_Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"Avars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avars_(Carpathians)"},{"link_name":"Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs"},{"link_name":"Arabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabs"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Hagios Demetrios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagios_Demetrios"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Iznik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iznik"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria Antiqua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_Antiqua"},{"link_name":"Sant'Agnese fuori le mura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Agnese_fuori_le_mura"},{"link_name":"San Giovanni in Laterano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Giovanni_in_Laterano"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Umayyad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad"},{"link_name":"Dome of the Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Great Mosque of Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"David Plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Plates"},{"link_name":"Heraclius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclius"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Syriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_language"},{"link_name":"Syriac Bible of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Bible_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"London Canon Tables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Canon_Tables"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"acheiropoieta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acheiropoieta"},{"link_name":"Proskynesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proskynesis"},{"link_name":"icons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Three canons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/trullo.html"},{"link_name":"Quinisext Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinisext_Council"}],"sub_title":"Seventh-century crisis","text":"Mosaic from the church of Hagios Demetrios in Thessaloniki, late 7th or early 8th century, showing St. Demetrios with the bishop and the eparchThe Age of Justinian was followed by a political decline, since most of Justinian's conquests were lost and the Empire faced acute crisis with the invasions of the Avars, Slavs, Persians and Arabs in the 7th century. Constantinople was also wracked by religious and political conflict.[45]The most significant surviving monumental projects of this period were undertaken outside of the imperial capital. The church of Hagios Demetrios in Thessaloniki was rebuilt after a fire in the mid-seventh century. The new sections include mosaics executed in a remarkably abstract style.[46] The church of the Koimesis in Nicaea (present-day Iznik), destroyed in the early 20th century but documented through photographs, demonstrates the simultaneous survival of a more classical style of church decoration.[47] The churches of Rome, still a Byzantine territory in this period, also include important surviving decorative programs, especially Santa Maria Antiqua, Sant'Agnese fuori le mura, and the Chapel of San Venanzio in San Giovanni in Laterano.[48] Byzantine mosaicists probably also contributed to the decoration of the early Umayyad monuments, including the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and the Great Mosque of Damascus.[49]Important works of luxury art from this period include the silver David Plates, produced during the reign of Emperor Heraclius, and depicting scenes from the life of the Hebrew king David.[50] The most notable surviving manuscripts are Syriac gospel books, such as the so-called Syriac Bible of Paris.[51] However, the London Canon Tables bear witness to the continuing production of lavish gospel books in Greek.[52]The period between Justinian and iconoclasm saw major changes in the social and religious roles of images within Byzantium. The veneration of acheiropoieta, or holy images \"not made by human hands,\" became a significant phenomenon, and in some instances these images were credited with saving cities from military assault. By the end of the seventh century, certain images of saints had come to be viewed as \"windows\" through which one could communicate with the figure depicted. Proskynesis before images is also attested in texts from the late seventh century. These developments mark the beginnings of a theology of icons.[53]At the same time, the debate over the proper role of art in the decoration of churches intensified. Three canons of the Quinisext Council of 692 addressed controversies in this area: prohibition of the representation of the cross on church pavements (Canon 73), prohibition of the representation of Christ as a lamb (Canon 82), and a general injunction against \"pictures, whether they are in paintings or in what way so ever, which attract the eye and corrupt the mind, and incite it to the enkindling of base pleasures\" (Canon 100).","title":"Periods"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Helios_in_His_Chariot.jpg"},{"link_name":"Helios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helios"},{"link_name":"Ptolemy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy"},{"link_name":"Constantine V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_V"},{"link_name":"Byzantine iconoclasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_iconoclasm"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Leo III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian"},{"link_name":"Chalke Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalke_Gate"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Constantine V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_V"},{"link_name":"Council of Hieria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Hieria"},{"link_name":"Iconoclastic period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclasm"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Hagia Eirene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Irene"},{"link_name":"740 earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/740_Constantinople_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Palatine Chapel in Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_Chapel_in_Aachen"},{"link_name":"Castelseprio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelseprio_(archaeological_park)"}],"sub_title":"Crisis of iconoclasm","text":"Helios in his chariot, surrounded by symbols of the months and of the zodiac. From Vat. Gr. 1291, the \"Handy Tables\" of Ptolemy, produced during the reign of Constantine VIntense debate over the role of art in worship led eventually to the period of \"Byzantine iconoclasm.\"[54] Sporadic outbreaks of iconoclasm on the part of local bishops are attested in Asia Minor during the 720s. In 726, an underwater earthquake between the islands of Thera and Therasia was interpreted by Emperor Leo III as a sign of God's anger, and may have led Leo to remove a famous icon of Christ from the Chalke Gate outside the imperial palace.[55] However, iconoclasm probably did not become imperial policy until the reign of Leo's son, Constantine V. The Council of Hieria, convened under Constantine in 754, proscribed the manufacture of icons of Christ. This inaugurated the Iconoclastic period, which lasted, with interruptions, until 843.While iconoclasm severely restricted the role of religious art, and led to the removal of some earlier apse mosaics and (possibly) the sporadic destruction of portable icons, it never constituted a total ban on the production of figural art. Ample literary sources indicate that secular art (i.e. hunting scenes and depictions of the games in the hippodrome) continued to be produced,[56] and the few monuments that can be securely dated to the period (most notably the manuscript of Ptolemy's \"Handy Tables\" today held by the Vatican[57]) demonstrate that metropolitan artists maintained a high quality of production.[58]Major churches dating to this period include Hagia Eirene in Constantinople, which was rebuilt in the 760s following its destruction by the 740 earthquake. The interior of Hagia Eirene, which is dominated by a large mosaic cross in the apse, is one of the best-preserved examples of iconoclastic church decoration.[59] The church of Hagia Sophia in Thessaloniki was also rebuilt in the late 8th century.[60]Certain churches built outside of the empire during this period, but decorated in a figural, \"Byzantine,\" style, may also bear witness to the continuing activities of Byzantine artists. Particularly important in this regard are the original mosaics of the Palatine Chapel in Aachen (since either destroyed or heavily restored) and the frescoes in the Church of Maria foris portas in Castelseprio.","title":"Periods"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nea_Moni_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nea Moni of Chios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nea_Moni_of_Chios"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Relieftafel_40_M%C3%A4rtyrer_von_Sebaste_Bodemuseum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Forty Martyrs of Sebaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_Sebaste"},{"link_name":"Bode Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bode_Museum"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Photios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Basil I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_I"},{"link_name":"Macedonian Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(terminology)"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"cross-in-square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-in-square"},{"link_name":"Hosios Loukas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosios_Loukas"},{"link_name":"Boeotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeotia"},{"link_name":"Daphni Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphni_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Nea Moni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nea_Moni"},{"link_name":"Chios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chios"},{"link_name":"Paris Psalter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Psalter"},{"link_name":"Joshua Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Roll"},{"link_name":"ivory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory"},{"link_name":"triptychs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triptych"},{"link_name":"diptychs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diptych"},{"link_name":"Harbaville Triptych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbaville_Triptych"},{"link_name":"Luton Hoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luton_Hoo"},{"link_name":"Nicephorus Phocas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas"}],"sub_title":"Macedonian art","text":"Mosaics of Nea Moni of Chios (11th century)An example of Macedonian-era ivorywork from Constantinople: the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste, now in the Bode Museum, BerlinThe rulings of the Council of Hieria were reversed by a new church council in 843, celebrated to this day in the Eastern Orthodox Church as the \"Triumph of Orthodoxy.\" In 867, the installation of a new apse mosaic in Hagia Sophia depicting the Virgin and Child was celebrated by the Patriarch Photios in a famous homily as a victory over the evils of iconoclasm. Later in the same year, the Emperor Basil I, called \"the Macedonian,\" acceded to the throne; as a result the following period of Byzantine art has sometimes been called the \"Macedonian Renaissance\", although the term is doubly problematic (it was neither \"Macedonian\", nor, strictly speaking, a \"Renaissance\").In the 9th and 10th centuries, the Empire's military situation improved, and patronage of art and architecture increased. New churches were commissioned, and the standard architectural form (the \"cross-in-square\") and decorative scheme of the Middle Byzantine church were standardised. Major surviving examples include Hosios Loukas in Boeotia, the Daphni Monastery near Athens and Nea Moni on Chios.There was a revival of interest in the depiction of subjects from classical Greek mythology (as on the Veroli Casket) and in the use of a \"classical\" Hellenistic styles to depict religious, and particularly Old Testament, subjects (of which the Paris Psalter and the Joshua Roll are important examples).The Macedonian period also saw a revival of the late antique technique of ivory carving. Many ornate ivory triptychs and diptychs survive, such as the Harbaville Triptych and a triptych at Luton Hoo, dating from the reign of Nicephorus Phocas.","title":"Periods"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anastasi_Dafnis.jpg"},{"link_name":"Daphni Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphni_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Komnenian dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comnenus"},{"link_name":"Alexios I Komnenos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos"},{"link_name":"Battle of Manzikert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert"},{"link_name":"Theotokos of Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theotokos_of_Vladimir"},{"link_name":"Daphni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphni_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Nerezi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Panteleimon_(Nerezi)"},{"link_name":"ceramic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic"},{"link_name":"Gelati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelati_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiev"},{"link_name":"Torcello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torcello"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Monreale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monreale"},{"link_name":"Cefalù","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefal%C3%B9"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo"},{"link_name":"Basilica of St Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marco_di_Venezia"},{"link_name":"Church of the Holy Apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles"},{"link_name":"Pala d'Oro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pala_d%27Oro"}],"sub_title":"Komnenian age","text":"Mosaic of Daphni Monastery (ca. 1100)The Macedonian emperors were followed by the Komnenian dynasty, beginning with the reign of Alexios I Komnenos in 1081. Byzantium had recently suffered a period of severe dislocation following the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 and the subsequent loss of Asia Minor to the Turks. However, the Komnenoi brought stability to the empire (1081–1185) and during the course of the twelfth century their energetic campaigning did much to restore the fortunes of the empire. The Komnenoi were great patrons of the arts, and with their support Byzantine artists continued to move in the direction of greater humanism and emotion, of which the Theotokos of Vladimir, the cycle of mosaics at Daphni, and the murals at Nerezi yield important examples. Ivory sculpture and other expensive mediums of art gradually gave way to frescoes and icons, which for the first time gained widespread popularity across the Empire. Apart from painted icons, there were other varieties - notably the mosaic and ceramic ones.Some of the finest Byzantine work of this period may be found outside the Empire: in the mosaics of Gelati, Kiev, Torcello, Venice, Monreale, Cefalù and Palermo. For instance, Venice's Basilica of St Mark, begun in 1063, was based on the great Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople, now destroyed, and is thus an echo of the age of Justinian. The acquisitive habits of the Venetians mean that the basilica is also a great museum of Byzantine artworks of all kinds (e.g., Pala d'Oro).","title":"Periods"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CLUNY-Coffret_entier.JPG"},{"link_name":"Musée national du Moyen Âge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_national_du_Moyen_%C3%82ge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Byzantine_-_Casket_with_Images_of_Cupids_-_Walters_71298.jpg"},{"link_name":"Walters Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Costantinopoli,_cofanetto_decorato_a_rosette_e_scene_mitologiche,_X-XI_sec._02.JPG"},{"link_name":"Petit Palais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit_Palais"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bottega_italo-bizantina,_cofanetto_a_rosette,_XI-XII_sec,_da_fraternita_dei_laici,_02.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Ivory caskets of the Macedonian era (gallery)","text":"Between 900 and 1100, Musée national du Moyen Âge\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWith images of Cupids (10th century), Walters Art Museum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t10th–11th century, Petit Palais\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t11th–12th century, Museo Nazionale d'Arte Medievale e Moderna (Arezzo)","title":"Periods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Palaiologos_dynasty"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ohrid_annunciation_icon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ohrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohrid"},{"link_name":"icons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon"},{"link_name":"mannerism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannerism"},{"link_name":"Venetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France"},{"link_name":"Fourth Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Aegean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Nicaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaea"},{"link_name":"Laskaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laskaris"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Palaeologan Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeologus"},{"link_name":"Chora Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chora_Church"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Mystras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystras"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Crete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Crete"},{"link_name":"last Byzantine successor state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond"},{"link_name":"Cretan school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_school"},{"link_name":"El Greco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Greco"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Palaeologan age","text":"See also: Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynastyThe Annunciation from Ohrid, one of the most admired icons of the Paleologan mannerism, bears comparison with the finest contemporary works by Italian artistsCenturies of continuous Roman political tradition and Hellenistic civilization underwent a crisis in 1204 with the sacking of Constantinople by the Venetian and French knights of the Fourth Crusade, a disaster from which the Empire recovered in 1261 albeit in a severely weakened state. The destruction by sack or subsequent neglect of the city's secular architecture in particular has left us with an imperfect understanding of Byzantine art.Although the Byzantines regained the city in 1261, the Empire was thereafter a small and weak state confined to the Greek peninsula and the islands of the Aegean. During their half-century of exile, however, the last great flowing of Anatolian Hellenism began. As Nicaea emerged as the center of opposition under the Laskaris emperors, it spawned a renaissance, attracting scholars, poets, and artists from across the Byzantine world. A glittering court emerged as the dispossessed intelligentsia found in the Hellenic side of their traditions a pride and identity unsullied by association with the hated \"latin\" enemy.[61] With the recapture of the capital under the new Palaeologan Dynasty, Byzantine artists developed a new interest in landscapes and pastoral scenes, and the traditional mosaic-work (of which the Chora Church in Constantinople is the finest extant example) gradually gave way to detailed cycles of narrative frescoes (as evidenced in a large group of Mystras churches). The icons, which became a favoured medium for artistic expression, were characterized by a less austere attitude, new appreciation for purely decorative qualities of painting and meticulous attention to details, earning the popular name of the Paleologan Mannerism for the period in general.Venice came to control Byzantine Crete by 1212, and Byzantine artistic traditions continued long after the Ottoman conquest of the last Byzantine successor state in 1461. The Cretan school, as it is today known, gradually introduced Western elements into its style, and exported large numbers of icons to the West. The tradition's most famous artist was El Greco.[62][63]","title":"Periods"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Veneza118.jpg"},{"link_name":"St Mark's Basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mural_-_Birth_of_Christ.jpg"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Nativity of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boyana_Church_Mural_Paintings.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boyana Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyana_Church"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"World Heritage List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_List"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"The fall of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"intellectuals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_scholars_in_the_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Italian Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"gold leaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_leaf"},{"link_name":"mosaics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic"},{"link_name":"Renaissance art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_art"},{"link_name":"Carolingian art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_art"},{"link_name":"Ottonian art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottonian_art"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon"},{"link_name":"Sutton Hoo burial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_burial"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Byzantine silks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_silk"},{"link_name":"Castelseprio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelseprio_(archaeological_park)"},{"link_name":"Vienna Coronation Gospels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Coronation_Gospels"},{"link_name":"mosaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic"},{"link_name":"where they often trained locals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Antique_and_medieval_mosaics_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Norman Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman-Arab-Byzantine_culture"},{"link_name":"Trecento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trecento"},{"link_name":"Vasari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasari"},{"link_name":"Cimabue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimabue"},{"link_name":"Giotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto"},{"link_name":"Byzantine scholars in the Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_scholars_in_the_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Islamic art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_art"},{"link_name":"mosaics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic"},{"link_name":"fall of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodes"},{"link_name":"El Greco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Greco"},{"link_name":"Cretan School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_School"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Russian icon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_icon"},{"link_name":"depictions of the Nativity of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art"}],"text":"St Mark's Basilica in Venice, where imported Byzantine mosaicists were succeeded by Italians they had trainedModern Orthodox mural from Israel using a depiction of the Nativity of Christ little changed in over a millenniumInterior view with the frescoes dating back to 1259, Boyana Church in Sofia, UNESCO World Heritage List landmark.The Byzantine Empire emerged from the Eastern Roman Empire in the 4th century AD, and its unique culture heavily influenced Western Europe during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Byzantine art was an essential part of this culture and had certain defining characteristics, such as intricate patterns, rich colors, and religious themes depicting important figures in Christianity.The fall of Constantinople in 1453 was a significant event in the history of the Byzantine Empire, and it had a profound impact on the art world. Many Byzantine artists and intellectuals migrated to Italy, where they played a vital role in shaping the Italian Renaissance. The migration was partly due to the long-standing cultural and commercial ties between the Byzantine Empire and Italian city-states, such as Venice and Florence, as well as the decline of the Byzantine Empire in the preceding centuries.The influence of Byzantine art on Italian art was significant, with Byzantine artists bringing their techniques and knowledge to Italy, such as the use of gold leaf and mosaics. They also played a significant role in developing perspective, which became a key element of Renaissance art.The splendour of Byzantine art was always in the mind of early medieval Western artists and patrons, and many of the most important movements in the period were conscious attempts to produce art fit to stand next to both classical Roman and contemporary Byzantine art. This was especially the case for the imperial Carolingian art and Ottonian art. Luxury products from the Empire were highly valued, and reached for example the royal Anglo-Saxon Sutton Hoo burial in Suffolk of the 620s, which contains several pieces of silver. Byzantine silks were especially valued and large quantities were distributed as diplomatic gifts from Constantinople. There are records of Byzantine artists working in the West, especially during the period of iconoclasm, and some works, like the frescos at Castelseprio and miniatures in the Vienna Coronation Gospels, seem to have been produced by such figures.In particular, teams of mosaic artists were dispatched as diplomatic gestures by emperors to Italy, where they often trained locals to continue their work in a style heavily influenced by Byzantium. Venice and Norman Sicily were particular centres of Byzantine influence. The earliest surviving panel paintings in the West were in a style heavily influenced by contemporary Byzantine icons, until a distinctive Western style began to develop in Italy in the Trecento; the traditional and still influential narrative of Vasari and others has the story of Western painting begin as a breakaway by Cimabue and then Giotto from the shackles of the Byzantine tradition. In general, Byzantine artistic influence on Europe was in steep decline by the 14th century if not earlier, despite the continued importance of migrated Byzantine scholars in the Renaissance in other areas.Islamic art began with artists and craftsmen mostly trained in Byzantine styles, and though figurative content was greatly reduced, Byzantine decorative styles remained a great influence on Islamic art, and Byzantine artists continued to be imported for important works for some time, especially for mosaics.The Byzantine era properly defined came to an end with the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, but by this time the Byzantine cultural heritage had been widely diffused, carried by the spread of Orthodox Christianity, to Bulgaria, Serbia, Romania and, most importantly, to Russia, which became the centre of the Orthodox world following the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans. Even under Ottoman rule, Byzantine traditions in icon-painting and other small-scale arts survived, especially in the Venetian-ruled Crete and Rhodes, where a \"post-Byzantine\" style under increasing Western influence survived for a further two centuries, producing artists including El Greco whose training was in the Cretan School which was the most vigorous post-Byzantine school, exporting great numbers of icons to Europe. The willingness of the Cretan School to accept Western influence was atypical; in most of the post-Byzantine world \"as an instrument of ethnic cohesiveness, art became assertively conservative during the Turcocratia\" (period of Ottoman rule).[64]Russian icon painting began by entirely adopting and imitating Byzantine art, as did the art of other Orthodox nations, and has remained extremely conservative in iconography, although its painting style has developed distinct characteristics, including influences from post-Renaissance Western art. All the Eastern Orthodox churches have remained highly protective of their traditions in terms of the form and content of images and, for example, modern Orthodox depictions of the Nativity of Christ vary little in content from those developed in the 6th century.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Michelis 1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMichelis1946"},{"link_name":"Weitzmann 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWeitzmann1981"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Kitzinger 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKitzinger1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Michelis 1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMichelis1946"},{"link_name":"Ainalov 1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAinalov1961"},{"link_name":"Stylianou & Stylianou 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStylianouStylianou1985"},{"link_name":"Hanfmann 1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHanfmann1967"},{"link_name":"Weitzmann 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWeitzmann1984"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Bassett 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBassett2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Mango 1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMango1963"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Ainalov 1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAinalov1961"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Weitzmann 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWeitzmann1981"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Brendel 1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrendel1979"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Berenson 1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBerenson1954"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Elsner 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFElsner2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Kitzinger 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKitzinger1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Onians 1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFOnians1980"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Mango 1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMango1963"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Belting 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBelting1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Smarthistory Guide to Byzantine Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pressbooks.pub/smarthistoryguidetobyzantineart/chapter/cross-cultural-artistic-interaction-in-the-early-byzantine-period/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"Bassett 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBassett2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Fowden 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFowden1991"},{"link_name":"Bauer 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBauer1996"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"Mathews 1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMathews1971"},{"link_name":"Henck 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2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWright2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"Levin 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLevin1985"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Volbach 1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVolbach1976"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Delbrueck 1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDelbrueck1929"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Dodd 1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDodd1961"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"Almagro-Gorbea 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAlmagro-Gorbea2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"Maas 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMaas2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"Procopius VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Procopius/Buildings/home.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"Mainstone 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMainstone1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"Dark & Özgümüş 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDark%C3%96zg%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9F2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"Bardill 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBardill2000"},{"link_name":"Mathews 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMathews2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"Forsyth & Weitzmann 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFForsythWeitzmann1973"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"Thiel 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFThiel2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"Deichmann 1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDeichmann1969"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"\"Eufrasiana Basilica Project\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160303225201/http://nickerson.icomos.org/euf/euf-idx.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nickerson.icomos.org/euf/euf-idx.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-39"},{"link_name":"Wellesz 1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWellesz1960"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-40"},{"link_name":"Cavallo 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCavallo1992"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"Grabar 1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGrabar1948"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-42"},{"link_name":"Mazal 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMazal1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"Cutler 1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCutler1993"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"Wright 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWright1986"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"Haldon 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHaldon1997"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"Brubaker 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrubaker2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-47"},{"link_name":"Barber 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBarber1991"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-48"},{"link_name":"Matthiae 1987","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMatthiae1987"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"Creswell 1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCreswell1969"},{"link_name":"Flood 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFlood2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"Leader 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLeader2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"},{"link_name":"Leroy 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLeroy1964"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-52"},{"link_name":"Nordenfalk 1938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNordenfalk1938"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-53"},{"link_name":"Brubaker 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrubaker1998"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-54"},{"link_name":"Bryer & Herrin 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBryerHerrin1977"},{"link_name":"Brubaker & Haldon 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBrubakerHaldon2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-55"},{"link_name":"Stein 1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStein1980"},{"link_name":"Auzépy 1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAuz%C3%A9py1990"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-56"},{"link_name":"Grabar 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGrabar1984"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-57"},{"link_name":"Wright 1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWright1985"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-58"},{"link_name":"Bryer & Herrin 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBryerHerrin1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-59"},{"link_name":"Peschlow 1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPeschlow1977"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-60"},{"link_name":"Theocharidou 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTheocharidou1988"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-61"},{"link_name":"Ash 1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFAsh1995"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-62"},{"link_name":"Byron, Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Byron"},{"link_name":"The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Burlington_Magazine_for_Connoisseurs"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"864104","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/864104"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-63"},{"link_name":"The Burlington Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Burlington_Magazine"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"870678","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/870678"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-64"},{"link_name":"Kessler 1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKessler1988"}],"text":"^ Michelis 1946; Weitzmann 1981.\n\n^ Kitzinger 1977, pp. 1‒3.\n\n^ Michelis 1946; Ainalov 1961, \"Introduction\", pp. 3‒8; Stylianou & Stylianou 1985, p. 19; Hanfmann 1967, \"Early Christian Sculpture\", p. 42; Weitzmann 1984.\n\n^ Bassett 2004.\n\n^ Mango 1963, pp. 53‒75.\n\n^ Ainalov 1961, \"The Hellenistic Character of Byzantine Wall Painting\", pp. 185‒214.\n\n^ Weitzmann 1981, p. 350.\n\n^ Brendel 1979.\n\n^ Berenson 1954.\n\n^ Elsner 2002, pp. 358‒379.\n\n^ Kitzinger 1977.\n\n^ Onians 1980, pp. 1‒23.\n\n^ Mango 1963, p. 65.\n\n^ Belting 1994.\n\n^ Walker, Alicia (2021). \"Cross-Cultural Artistic Interaction in the Early Byzantine Period\". In Freeman, Evan (ed.). Smarthistory Guide to Byzantine Art.\n\n^ Bassett 2004.\n\n^ Fowden 1991, pp. 119‒131; Bauer 1996.\n\n^ Mathews 1971; Henck 2001, pp. 279‒304\n\n^ Kiilerich 1998.\n\n^ Mathews 1971.\n\n^ Krautheimer 2000.\n\n^ Spieser 1984; Ćurčić 2000.\n\n^ Wright 1993.\n\n^ Wright 2001.\n\n^ Levin 1985.\n\n^ Volbach 1976.\n\n^ Delbrueck 1929.\n\n^ Dodd 1961.\n\n^ Almagro-Gorbea 2000.\n\n^ Maas 2005.\n\n^ Tr. H.B. Dewing, Procopius VII (Cambridge, 1962).\n\n^ Mainstone 1997.\n\n^ Dark & Özgümüş 2002, pp. 393‒413.\n\n^ Bardill 2000, pp. 1‒11; Mathews 2005.\n\n^ Forsyth & Weitzmann 1973.\n\n^ Thiel 2005.\n\n^ Deichmann 1969.\n\n^ \"Eufrasiana Basilica Project\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2007-01-28.\n\n^ Wellesz 1960.\n\n^ Cavallo 1992.\n\n^ Grabar 1948.\n\n^ Mazal 1998.\n\n^ Cutler 1993, pp. 329‒339.\n\n^ Wright 1986, pp. 75‒79.\n\n^ Haldon 1997.\n\n^ Brubaker 2004, pp. 63‒90.\n\n^ Barber 1991, pp. 43‒60.\n\n^ Matthiae 1987.\n\n^ Creswell 1969; Flood 2001.\n\n^ Leader 2000, pp. 407‒427.\n\n^ Leroy 1964.\n\n^ Nordenfalk 1938.\n\n^ Brubaker 1998, pp. 1215‒1254.\n\n^ Bryer & Herrin 1977; Brubaker & Haldon 2001.\n\n^ Stein 1980; The story of the Chalke Icon may be a later invention: Auzépy 1990, pp. 445‒492.\n\n^ Grabar 1984.\n\n^ Wright 1985, pp. 355‒362.\n\n^ Bryer & Herrin 1977, Robin Cormack, \"The Arts during the Age of Iconoclasm\".\n\n^ Peschlow 1977.\n\n^ Theocharidou 1988.\n\n^ Ash 1995.\n\n^ Byron, Robert (October 1929). \"Greco: The Epilogue to Byzantine Culture\". The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs. 55 (319): 160–174. JSTOR 864104.\n\n^ Procopiou, Angelo G. (March 1952). \"El Greco and Cretan Painting\". The Burlington Magazine. 94 (588): 76–74. JSTOR 870678.\n\n^ Kessler 1988, p. 166.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1177/1470412912468704","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1177%2F1470412912468704"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"191395643","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191395643"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0140560336","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140560336"},{"link_name":"Bühren, Ralf van","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralf_van_B%C3%BChren"},{"link_name":"The invisible divine in the history of art. Is Erwin Panofsky (1892–1968) still relevant for decoding Christian iconography?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23753234.2024.2322546"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/byzantineart00corm"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-284211-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-284211-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-054001085-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-054001085-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0714848105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714848105"},{"link_name":"Byzantium, Faith and Power (1261‒1557)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/byzantiumfaithpo0000unse"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1588391148","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1588391148"},{"link_name":"The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843‒1261","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.metmuseum.org/research/metpublications/The_Glory_of_Byzantium_Art_and_Culture_of_the_Middle_Byzantine_Era_AD_843_1261"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"853250638","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/853250638"},{"link_name":"The Smarthistory Guide to Byzantine Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//smarthistory.org/guide-to-byzantine-art/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-271-02139-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02139-3"},{"link_name":"\"A Beginner's Guide to Byzantine Art\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//smarthistory.org/a-beginners-guide-to-byzantine-art/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-83409-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83409-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-503-55919-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-55919-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-429-2080-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-2080-4"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1163/15685276-12341421","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F15685276-12341421"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0029-5973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0029-5973"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4094-7033-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-7033-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-137-51394-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-51394-6"},{"link_name":"eISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2294-6209","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/2294-6209"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0378-2506","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0378-2506"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-429-2992-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-2992-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-429-2370-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-2370-6"},{"link_name":"Obolensky, Dimitri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitri_Obolensky"},{"link_name":"The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500‒1453","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=RlBoAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780351176449","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780351176449"},{"link_name":"Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third to Seventh Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p15324coll10/id/156533"}],"text":"Alloa, Emmanuel (2013). \"Visual Studies in Byzantium\". Journal of Visual Culture. 12 (1): 3‒29. doi:10.1177/1470412912468704. S2CID 191395643.\nBeckwith, John (1979). Early Christian and Byzantine Art (2nd ed.). Penguin History of Art. ISBN 978-0140560336.\nBühren, Ralf van; Jasiński, Maciej Jan (2024), The invisible divine in the history of art. Is Erwin Panofsky (1892–1968) still relevant for decoding Christian iconography?, in Church, Communication and Culture 9, pp. 1–36. DOI: 10.1080/23753234.2024.23225\nCormack, Robin (2000). Byzantine Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-284211-4.\nCormack, Robin (1985). Writing in Gold, Byzantine Society and its Icons. London: George Philip. ISBN 978-054001085-1.\nEastmond, Antony (2013). The Glory of Byzantium and Early Christendom. London: Phaidon Press. ISBN 978-0714848105.\nEvans, Helen C., ed. (2004). Byzantium, Faith and Power (1261‒1557). Metropolitan Museum of Art/Yale University Press. ISBN 978-1588391148.\nEvans, Helen C. & Wixom, William D. (1997). The Glory of Byzantium: Art and Culture of the Middle Byzantine Era, A.D. 843‒1261. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. OCLC 853250638.\nFreeman, Evan and Anne McClanan, eds. (2021). The Smarthistory Guide to Byzantine Art.\nGerstel, Sharon E. J.; Lauffenburger, Julie A., eds. (2001). A Lost Art Rediscovered. Pennsylvania State University. ISBN 978-0-271-02139-3.\nHurst, Ellen (8 August 2014). \"A Beginner's Guide to Byzantine Art\". Smarthistory. Retrieved 20 April 2016.\nJames, Elizabeth (2007). Art and Text in Byzantine Culture (1 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83409-4.\nKarahan, Anne (2015). \"Patristics and Byzantine Meta-Images. Molding Belief in the Divine from Written to Painted Theology\". In Harrison, Carol; Bitton-Ashkelony, Brouria; De Bruyn, Théodore (eds.). Patristic Studies in the Twenty-First Century. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers. pp. 551–576. ISBN 978-2-503-55919-3.\nKarahan, Anne (2010). Byzantine Holy Images – Transcendence and Immanence. The Theological Background of the Iconography and Aesthetics of the Chora Church (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta No. 176). Leuven-Paris-Walpole, MA: Peeters Publishers. ISBN 978-90-429-2080-4.\nKarahan, Anne (2016). \"Byzantine Visual Culture. Conditions of \"Right\" Belief and some Platonic Outlooks\"\". Numen: International Review for the History of Religions. 63 (2–3). Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV: 210–244. doi:10.1163/15685276-12341421. ISSN 0029-5973.\nKarahan, Anne (2014). \"Byzantine Iconoclasm: Ideology and Quest for Power\". In Kolrud, K.; Prusac, M. (eds.). Iconoclasm from Antiquity to Modernity. Farnham Surrey: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. pp. 75‒94. ISBN 978-1-4094-7033-5.\nKarahan, Anne (2015). \"Chapter 10: The Impact of Cappadocian Theology on Byzantine Aesthetics: Gregory of Nazianzus on the Unity and Singularity of Christ\". In Dumitraşcu, N. (ed.). The Ecumenical Legacy of the Cappadocians. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 159‒184. ISBN 978-1-137-51394-6.\nKarahan, Anne (2012). \"Beauty in the Eyes of God. Byzantine Aesthetics and Basil of Caesarea\". Byzantion: Revue Internationale des Études Byzantines. 82: 165‒212. eISSN 2294-6209. ISSN 0378-2506.*Karahan, Anne (2013). \"The Image of God in Byzantine Cappadocia and the Issue of Supreme Transcendence\". Studia Patristica. 59: 97‒111. ISBN 978-90-429-2992-0.\nKarahan, Anne (2010). \"The Issue of περιχώρησις in Byzantine Holy Images\". Studia Patristica. 44: 27‒34. ISBN 978-90-429-2370-6.\nMango, Cyril, ed. (1972). The Art of the Byzantine Empire, 312‒1453: Sources and Documents. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice - Hall.\nObolensky, Dimitri (1974) [1971]. The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500‒1453. London: Cardinal. ISBN 9780351176449.\nWeitzmann, Kurt, ed. (1979). Age of Spirituality: Late Antique and Early Christian Art, Third to Seventh Century. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Icon of the enthroned Virgin and Child with saints and angels, 6th century, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Sinai","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Encaustic_Virgin.jpg/220px-Encaustic_Virgin.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Arab Saint Arethas depicted in traditional Byzantine style (10th century)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Byzantine_-_Saint_Arethas_-_Walters_4820862.jpg/220px-Byzantine_-_Saint_Arethas_-_Walters_4820862.jpg"},{"image_text":"Frescoes in Nerezi near Skopje (1164), with their unique blend of high tragedy, gentle humanity, and homespun realism, anticipate the approach of Giotto and other proto-Renaissance Italian artists.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Meister_von_Nerezi_001.jpg/260px-Meister_von_Nerezi_001.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interior of the Rotunda of St. George, Thessaloniki, with remnants of the mosaics","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Abside_00311.JPG/220px-Abside_00311.JPG"},{"image_text":"Leaf from an ivory diptych of Areobindus Dagalaiphus Areobindus, consul in Constantinople, 506. Areobindus is shown above, presiding over the games in the Hippodrome, depicted beneath (Musée national du Moyen Âge)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Areobindus_presides_over_the_games_MNMA_Cluny_13135_n02.jpg/220px-Areobindus_presides_over_the_games_MNMA_Cluny_13135_n02.jpg"},{"image_text":"The St. George Rotunda in Sofia, built in the 4th century, and some remains of Serdica can be seen in the foreground","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG/220px-StGeorgeRotundaSofia.JPG"},{"image_text":"Miniatures of the 6th-century Rabula Gospel (a Byzantine Syriac Gospel) display the more abstract and symbolic nature of Byzantine art","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/RabulaGospelsFolio13vAscension.jpg/220px-RabulaGospelsFolio13vAscension.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mosaic from San Vitale in Ravenna, showing the Emperor Justinian and Bishop Maximian, surrounded by clerics and soldiers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/The_mosaic_of_Emperor_Justinian_and_his_retinue.jpg/260px-The_mosaic_of_Emperor_Justinian_and_his_retinue.jpg"},{"image_text":"Archangel ivory of the early 6th century from Constantinople","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Byzantine_ivory_801.jpg/220px-Byzantine_ivory_801.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nave of Basilica of Saint Sofia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg/260px-StSophiaChurch-Sofia-10.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mosaic from the church of Hagios Demetrios in Thessaloniki, late 7th or early 8th century, showing St. Demetrios with the bishop and the eparch","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Meister_der_Demetrius-Kirche_in_Saloniki_002.jpg/220px-Meister_der_Demetrius-Kirche_in_Saloniki_002.jpg"},{"image_text":"Helios in his chariot, surrounded by symbols of the months and of the zodiac. From Vat. Gr. 1291, the \"Handy Tables\" of Ptolemy, produced during the reign of Constantine V","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Helios_in_His_Chariot.jpg/240px-Helios_in_His_Chariot.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mosaics of Nea Moni of Chios (11th century)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Nea_Moni_01.jpg/220px-Nea_Moni_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"An example of Macedonian-era ivorywork from Constantinople: the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste, now in the Bode Museum, Berlin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Relieftafel_40_M%C3%A4rtyrer_von_Sebaste_Bodemuseum.jpg/220px-Relieftafel_40_M%C3%A4rtyrer_von_Sebaste_Bodemuseum.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mosaic of Daphni Monastery (ca. 1100)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Anastasi_Dafnis.jpg/220px-Anastasi_Dafnis.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Annunciation from Ohrid, one of the most admired icons of the Paleologan mannerism, bears comparison with the finest contemporary works by Italian artists","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ohrid_annunciation_icon.jpg/200px-Ohrid_annunciation_icon.jpg"},{"image_text":"St Mark's Basilica in Venice, where imported Byzantine mosaicists were succeeded by Italians they had trained","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Veneza118.jpg/220px-Veneza118.jpg"},{"image_text":"Modern Orthodox mural from Israel using a depiction of the Nativity of Christ little changed in over a millennium","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Mural_-_Birth_of_Christ.jpg/220px-Mural_-_Birth_of_Christ.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interior view with the frescoes dating back to 1259, Boyana Church in Sofia, UNESCO World Heritage List landmark.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Boyana_Church_Mural_Paintings.jpg/220px-Boyana_Church_Mural_Paintings.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Byzantine Empire portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire"},{"title":"Byzantine illuminated manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_illuminated_manuscripts"},{"title":"Byzantine architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_architecture"},{"title":"Byzantine mosaics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_mosaics"},{"title":"Macedonian art (Byzantine)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_art_(Byzantine)"},{"title":"Byzantine silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_silver"},{"title":"Byzantine Iconoclasm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm"},{"title":"Sacred art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_art"},{"title":"Book of Job in Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Job_in_Byzantine_illuminated_manuscripts"}]
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[{"reference":"Walker, Alicia (2021). \"Cross-Cultural Artistic Interaction in the Early Byzantine Period\". In Freeman, Evan (ed.). Smarthistory Guide to Byzantine Art.","urls":[{"url":"https://pressbooks.pub/smarthistoryguidetobyzantineart/chapter/cross-cultural-artistic-interaction-in-the-early-byzantine-period/","url_text":"Smarthistory Guide to Byzantine Art"}]},{"reference":"\"Eufrasiana Basilica Project\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2007-01-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225201/http://nickerson.icomos.org/euf/euf-idx.htm","url_text":"\"Eufrasiana Basilica Project\""},{"url":"http://nickerson.icomos.org/euf/euf-idx.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Byron, Robert (October 1929). \"Greco: The Epilogue to Byzantine Culture\". The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs. 55 (319): 160–174. JSTOR 864104.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Byron","url_text":"Byron, Robert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Burlington_Magazine_for_Connoisseurs","url_text":"The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/864104","url_text":"864104"}]},{"reference":"Procopiou, Angelo G. (March 1952). \"El Greco and Cretan Painting\". The Burlington Magazine. 94 (588): 76–74. JSTOR 870678.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Burlington_Magazine","url_text":"The Burlington Magazine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/870678","url_text":"870678"}]},{"reference":"Ainalov, D.V. (1961). The Hellenistic Origins of Byzantine Art. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EhuaAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Hellenistic Origins of Byzantine Art"}]},{"reference":"Almagro-Gorbea, M., ed. (2000). El Disco de Teodosio. Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia. ISBN 9788489512603.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=m7LqEeTUyxQC","url_text":"El Disco de Teodosio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788489512603","url_text":"9788489512603"}]},{"reference":"Ash, John (1995). A Byzantine Journey. London: Random House Incorporated. ISBN 9780679409342.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/byzantinejourney00ashj","url_text":"A Byzantine Journey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679409342","url_text":"9780679409342"}]},{"reference":"Auzépy, M.-F. (1990). \"La destruction de l'icône du Christ de la Chalcé par Léon III: propagande ou réalité?\". Byzantion. 60: 445‒492.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Barber, C. (1991). \"The Koimesis Church, Nicaea: The Limits of Representation on the Eve of Iconoclasm\". Jahrbuch der österreichischen Byzantinistik. 41: 43‒60.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bardill, J. (2000). \"The Church of Sts. Sergius and Bacchus in Constantinople and the Monophysite Refugees\". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 54: 1‒11. doi:10.2307/1291830. JSTOR 1291830.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291830","url_text":"10.2307/1291830"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291830","url_text":"1291830"}]},{"reference":"Bassett, Sarah (2004). The Urban Image of Late Antique Constantinople. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521827232.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BmySQgAACAAJ","url_text":"The Urban Image of Late Antique Constantinople"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521827232","url_text":"9780521827232"}]},{"reference":"Bauer, Franz Alto (1996). Stadt, Platz und Denkmal in der Spätantike. Mainz: P. von Zabern. ISBN 9783805318426.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Slh0QgAACAAJ","url_text":"Stadt, Platz und Denkmal in der Spätantike"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783805318426","url_text":"9783805318426"}]},{"reference":"Belting, Hans (1994). Likeness and Presence: A History of the Image before the Era of Art. Translated by Jephcott, Edmund. Chicago: Chicago University Press. ISBN 9780226042152.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kuWm7jVWFiEC","url_text":"Likeness and Presence: A History of the Image before the Era of Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226042152","url_text":"9780226042152"}]},{"reference":"Berenson, Bernard (1954). The Arch of Constantine, or, the Decline of Form. London: Chapman and Hall.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Brendel, Otto J. (1979). Prolegomena to the Study of Roman Art. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300022681.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/prolegomenatostu0000bren","url_text":"Prolegomena to the Study of Roman Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300022681","url_text":"9780300022681"}]},{"reference":"Brubaker, Leslie; Haldon, John (2001). Byzantium in the Iconoclast Era (ca. 680-850): The Sources. Birmingham: Ashgate.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Brubaker, L. (1998). \"Icons before iconoclasm?, Morfologie sociali e culturali in europa fra tarda antichita e alto medioevo\". Settimane di Studio del Centro Italiano di Studi Sull' Alto Medioevo. 45: 1215‒1254.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Brubaker, L. (2004). \"Elites and Patronage in Early Byzantium: The Evidence from Hagios Demetrios in Thessalonike\". In Haldon, John; et al. (eds.). The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East: Elites Old and New. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 63‒90.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bryer, A.; Herrin, Judith, eds. (1977). Iconoclasm: Papers Given at the Ninth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, University of Birmingham, March 1975. Birmingham: Center for Byzantine Studies. ISBN 9780704402263.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aZ7YAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Iconoclasm: Papers Given at the Ninth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, University of Birmingham, March 1975"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780704402263","url_text":"9780704402263"}]},{"reference":"Cavallo, Guglielmo (1992). Il codex purpureus rossanensis. Rome: Graz.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Creswell, Keppel A.C. (1969). Early Muslim Architecture. New York: Clarendon Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SjX4DAEACAAJ","url_text":"Early Muslim Architecture"}]},{"reference":"Ćurčić, Slobodan (2000). Some Observations and Questions Regarding Early Christian Architecture in Thessaloniki. Thessaloniki: Υπουργείον Πολιτισμού: Εφορεία Βυζαντινών Αρχαιοτήτων Θεσσαλονίκης. ISBN 9789608674905.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bYAjNgAACAAJ","url_text":"Some Observations and Questions Regarding Early Christian Architecture in Thessaloniki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789608674905","url_text":"9789608674905"}]},{"reference":"Cutler, A. (1993). \"Barberiniana: Notes on the Making, Content, and Provenance of Louvre OA. 9063\". Tesserae: Festschrift für Josef Engemann, Jahrbuch für Antike und Christentum, Ergänzungsband. 18: 329‒339.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dark, K.; Özgümüş, F. (2002). \"New Evidence for the Byzantine Church of the Holy Apostles from Fatih Camii, Istanbul\". Oxford Journal of Archaeology. 21 (4): 393‒413. doi:10.1111/1468-0092.00170.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-0092.00170","url_text":"10.1111/1468-0092.00170"}]},{"reference":"Deichmann, Friedrich Wilhelm (1969). Ravenna: Hauptstadt des spätantiken Abendlandes. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner. ISBN 9783515020053.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fczpAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Ravenna: Hauptstadt des spätantiken Abendlandes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783515020053","url_text":"9783515020053"}]},{"reference":"Delbrueck, R. (1929). Die Consulardiptychen und Verwandte Denkmäler. Berlin: De Gruyter.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X6VqmQEACAAJ","url_text":"Die Consulardiptychen und Verwandte Denkmäler"}]},{"reference":"Dodd, Erica Cruikshank (1961). Byzantine Silver Stamps. Washington: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Trustees for Harvard University.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erica_Cruikshank_Dodd","url_text":"Dodd, Erica Cruikshank"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/byzantin00dodd","url_text":"Byzantine Silver Stamps"}]},{"reference":"Elsner, J. (2002). \"The Birth of Late Antiquity: Riegl and Strzygowski in 1901\". Art History. 25 (3): 358‒379. doi:10.1111/1467-8365.00326.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-8365.00326","url_text":"10.1111/1467-8365.00326"}]},{"reference":"Ene D-Vasilescu, Elena (2021). Michelangelo, the Byzantines, and Plato. Independent Publishing Network. ISBN 9781800498792.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZWRzgEACAAJ","url_text":"Michelangelo, the Byzantines, and Plato"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781800498792","url_text":"9781800498792"}]},{"reference":"Ene D-Vasilescu, Elena (2021). Glimpses into Byzantium. Its Philosophy and Arts. ISBN 9781800498808.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN9781800498808","url_text":"Glimpses into Byzantium. Its Philosophy and Arts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781800498808","url_text":"9781800498808"}]},{"reference":"Flood, Finbarr Barry (2001). The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Making of an Umayyad Visual Culture. Leiden: Brill.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Forsyth, George H.; Weitzmann, Kurt (1973). The Monastery of St. Catherine at Mount Sinai: The Church and Fortress of Justinian. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fowden, Garth (1991). \"Constantine's Porphyry Column: The Earliest Literary Allusion\". Journal of Roman Studies. 81: 119‒131. doi:10.2307/300493. JSTOR 300493. S2CID 162363159.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F300493","url_text":"10.2307/300493"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/300493","url_text":"300493"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162363159","url_text":"162363159"}]},{"reference":"Grabar, André (1984). L'iconoclasme byzantin: Le dossier archéologique (2nd ed.). Paris: Flammarion. ISBN 9782080126030.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=D9GfAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"L'iconoclasme byzantin: Le dossier archéologique"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782080126030","url_text":"9782080126030"}]},{"reference":"Grabar, André (1948). Les peintures de l'évangéliaire de Sinope (Bibliothèque nationale, Suppl. gr. 1286). Paris: Bibliothèque nationale.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7wRiswEACAAJ","url_text":"Les peintures de l'évangéliaire de Sinope (Bibliothèque nationale, Suppl. gr. 1286)"}]},{"reference":"Haldon, John (1997) [1990]. Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hanfmann, George Maxim Anossov (1967). Classical Sculpture. Greenwich, CT: New York Graphic Society.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Henck, N. (2001). \"Constantius ho Philoktistes?\" (PDF). Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 55: 279‒304. doi:10.2307/1291822. JSTOR 1291822. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-12. Retrieved 2014-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140512214929/http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/dumbarton-oaks-papers/dop55/dp55ch14.pdf","url_text":"\"Constantius ho Philoktistes?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291822","url_text":"10.2307/1291822"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291822","url_text":"1291822"},{"url":"http://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/dumbarton-oaks-papers/dop55/dp55ch14.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kessler, Herbert L. (1988). \"On the State of Medieval Art History\". The Art Bulletin. 70 (2): 166–187. doi:10.1080/00043079.1988.10788561. JSTOR 3051115.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00043079.1988.10788561","url_text":"10.1080/00043079.1988.10788561"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3051115","url_text":"3051115"}]},{"reference":"Kiilerich, Bente (1998). The Obelisk Base in Constantinople. Rome: G. Bretschneider.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bente_Kiilerich","url_text":"Kiilerich, Bente"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nS2HQgAACAAJ","url_text":"The Obelisk Base in Constantinople"}]},{"reference":"Kitzinger, Ernst (1977). Byzantine Art in the Making: Main Lines of Stylistic Development in Mediterranean Art, 3rd‒7th Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0571111541.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0571111541","url_text":"978-0571111541"}]},{"reference":"Krautheimer, R. (2000). Rome: Profile of a City. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691049618.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kZN4QgAACAAJ","url_text":"Rome: Profile of a City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691049618","url_text":"9780691049618"}]},{"reference":"Leader, R. (2000). \"The David Plates Revisited: Transforming the Secular in Early Byzantium\". Art Bulletin. 82 (3): 407‒427. doi:10.2307/3051395. JSTOR 3051395.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3051395","url_text":"10.2307/3051395"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3051395","url_text":"3051395"}]},{"reference":"Leroy, Jules (1964). Les manuscrits syriaques à peintures conservés dans les bibliothèques d'Europe et d'Orient; contribution à l'étude de l'iconographie des Églises de langue syriaque. Paris: Librairie orientaliste P. Geuthner.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZTgAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Les manuscrits syriaques à peintures conservés dans les bibliothèques d'Europe et d'Orient; contribution à l'étude de l'iconographie des Églises de langue syriaque"}]},{"reference":"Levin, I. (1985). The Quedlinburg Itala: The Oldest Illustrated Biblical Manuscript. Leiden: E.J. Brill. ISBN 9789004070936.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B5thQgAACAAJ","url_text":"The Quedlinburg Itala: The Oldest Illustrated Biblical Manuscript"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004070936","url_text":"9789004070936"}]},{"reference":"Maas, M., ed. (2005). The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139826877.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=77QZBAAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139826877","url_text":"9781139826877"}]},{"reference":"Mainstone, Rowland J. (1997). Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure, and Liturgy of Justinian's Great Church. New York: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 9780500279458.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=buQRK64RlPgC","url_text":"Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure, and Liturgy of Justinian's Great Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780500279458","url_text":"9780500279458"}]},{"reference":"Mango, Cyril (1963). \"Antique Statuary and the Byzantine Beholder\". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 17: 53‒75. doi:10.2307/1291190. JSTOR 1291190.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291190","url_text":"10.2307/1291190"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291190","url_text":"1291190"}]},{"reference":"Mathews, Thomas F. (1971). The Early Churches of Constantinople: Architecture and Liturgy. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. ISBN 9780271001081.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UmzqAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Early Churches of Constantinople: Architecture and Liturgy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780271001081","url_text":"9780271001081"}]},{"reference":"Mathews, Thomas F. (2005). \"The Palace Church of Sts. Sergius and Bacchus in Constantinople\". In Emerick, J.J.; Delliyannis, D.M. (eds.). Archaeology in Architecture: Studies in Honor of Cecil L. Striker. Mainz: von Zabern. ISBN 9783805334921.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PyXqAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"The Palace Church of Sts. Sergius and Bacchus in Constantinople\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783805334921","url_text":"9783805334921"}]},{"reference":"Matthiae, Guglielmo (1987). Pittura romana del medioevo. Rome: Fratelli Palombi. ISBN 9788876212345.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zv03AQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Pittura romana del medioevo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788876212345","url_text":"9788876212345"}]},{"reference":"Mazal, Otto (1998). Der Wiener Dioskurides: Codex medicus Graecus 1 der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek. Graz: Akademische Druck u. Verlagsanstalt. ISBN 9783201016995.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NQ7juAEACAAJ","url_text":"Der Wiener Dioskurides: Codex medicus Graecus 1 der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783201016995","url_text":"9783201016995"}]},{"reference":"Michelis, Panayotis A. (1946). An Aesthetic Approach to Byzantine Art. Athens: Pyrsoú.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nordenfalk, Carl (1938). Die spätantiken Kanontafeln. Göteborg: O. Isacsons boktryckeri a.-b.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/MN41671ucmf_3","url_text":"Die spätantiken Kanontafeln"}]},{"reference":"Onians, J. (1980). \"Abstraction and Imagination in Late Antiquity\". Art History. 3: 1‒23. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8365.1980.tb00061.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/wiley/abstraction-and-imagination-in-late-antiquity-Yqim42kufW","url_text":"\"Abstraction and Imagination in Late Antiquity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8365.1980.tb00061.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1467-8365.1980.tb00061.x"}]},{"reference":"Peschlow, Urs (1977). Die Irenenkirche in Istanbul. Tübingen: E. Wasmuth. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistics_Research_Laboratory
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Ballistic Research Laboratory
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["1 History","1.1 Formation","1.2 World War II","1.3 Development of electronic computers","1.4 Post-World War II","2 Advisors and consultants","3 Research","3.1 Computers","3.2 Interior ballistics","3.3 Exterior ballistics","3.4 Terminal ballistics","3.5 Vulnerability analysis","3.6 Weapon systems","4 Model 91/38","5 Projects","6 See also","7 External links","8 References"]
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Coordinates: 39°28′32″N 76°6′41″W / 39.47556°N 76.11139°W / 39.47556; -76.11139Defunct center for the United States Army's research efforts in ballistics
The Ballistic Research Laboratory (BRL) was a leading U.S. Army research establishment situated at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland that specialized in ballistics (interior, exterior, and terminal) as well as vulnerability and lethality analysis. BRL served as a major Army center for research and development in technologies related to weapon phenomena, armor, electronic devices, and high-speed computing. In 1992, BRL was disestablished and its mission, personnel, and facilities were incorporated into the newly created Army Research Laboratory (ARL).
BRL is perhaps best known for commissioning the creation of ENIAC, the first electronic general-purpose digital computer.
History
Formation
The history of the Ballistic Research Laboratory dates back to World War I with the Office of the Chief of Ordnance (OCO) within the U.S. Army. During the first year of U.S. involvement in the war, the OCO was responsible for supervising ballistic firings at Sandy Hook Proving Ground in New Jersey and computing firing tables for the Army. These firing tables played a vital role in the war effort, because field artillery units heavily relied on them to determine the proper angle of elevation that a specific projectile required to hit a target at a specific range with a given propellant charge. They were also used to predict the projectile's trajectory and correct for variations in atmospheric temperature, air density, wind, and other factors. However, Sandy Hook Proving Ground was closed down in 1917 due to its inadequate size and its close proximity to New York Harbor, and operations were moved to the newly established Aberdeen Proving Ground in Harford County. By early 1918, almost all of the OCO's test firings were conducted at Aberdeen Proving Ground.
As the war continued, the Chief of Ordnance created a Ballistics Branch for the OCO on April 6, 1918, to keep up with the rapidly increasing demand for firing tables and other ballistic data. The first Head of the Ballistic Branch was Major Forest Moulton, a former astronomy professor at the University of Chicago. During his tenure as the head of the branch, Moulton significantly expanded the Ballistics Branch, greatly advancing the Army's theoretical and experimental ballistics work as well as recruiting a large number of highly educated scientists to the staff.
After the end of World War I, the OCO was reorganized into four major parts in 1919 to accommodate for peacetime operations requirements: the General Office, the Manufacturing Service, the Field Service, and the Technical Staff. In 1935, the Research Division was created at Aberdeen Proving Ground and placed under the control of the Technical Staff. Led by Colonel Hermann H. Zornig, the Research Division initially consisted of only thirty people; however, despite the small staff size, the group supervised six different sections of ballistic work: Interior Ballistics, Exterior Ballistics, Ballistics Measurements, Ordnance Engineering, Computing, and War Reserve. The Internal Ballistics Section was responsible for mathematical and experimental research that advanced the theory of interior ballistics and the investigation of gun design principles. It also conducted effect-of-fire investigations, which studied the behavior of projectiles and bombs as well as their individual components as they approached a target. The Exterior Ballistics Section focused on the trajectories and flight characteristics of projectiles and bombs, which influenced the design of new munitions. The Ballistics Measurements Section developed improved ballistic measuring devices, while the Ordnance Engineering Section made kinematic and mechanical analyses of gun mechanisms and gun mounts. The Computing Section was tasked with preparing firing and bombing tables for standard ammunition and bombs, and the War Reserve Section was responsible for the surveillance of stored ammunition.
In 1938, the Research Division was renamed the Ballistic Research Laboratory and Colonel Zornig became its first director. This development was made largely in recognition of the Research Division's importance to the U.S. Army, and, in 1939, the Army Air Corps contributed funds to BRL for a new building to house additional laboratory facilities as a show of gratitude for the lab's work on bomb ballistics. As a result of the change, the Interior Ballistics Section was broken down into Mathematical (transferred to the Exterior Ballistics Section), Mechanics and Heat, Physical Chemistry, and Effect of Fire Units, while the Computing Section was divided into Ground Gunfire, Bombing, and Air Gunfire Units.
World War II
The Ballistics Research Laboratory further expanded its capabilities and quickly rose to prominence during the timespan of World War II. Compared to its initial staff of 65 people with a $120,000 annual budget in 1940, BRL grew to have over 700 personnel with an annual budget of $1.6 million by 1945. It was responsible for conducting basic and technical research in ballistics and other related scientific fields as well as overseeing the development of computing techniques, the preparation of ballistic tables for guns, bombs, and rockets, and the provision of information regarding the use of various weapons during combat. Unlike civilian laboratories whose productions were inherently restricted by anticipations of market demand, BRL owned a significant portion of its success to how the development of their instruments and technologies reflected only what the Army needed. Enough flexibility was provided to the lab so that it could improvise solutions to particular problems and later refine those improvisations for wider use.
In 1940, Zornig established a Scientific Advisory Council, with which he appointed eminent American scientists and engineers to undertake various assignments for BRL. The original members of the committee consisted of aerodynamicist Hugh Dryden, physicist Albert Hull, physical chemist Bernard Lewis, astronomer Henry Russell, physicist Isidor Rabi, physical chemist Harold Urey, aerospace engineer Theodore von Karman, and mathematician John von Neumann.
For the majority of the war, a substantial amount of the BRL effort was directed toward testing weapons and computing firing and bombing tables. However, the lab was also involved in significantly improving the quality control of stockpiled ammunition as well as training and deploying technical service teams to calibrate guns on the battlefield. In addition, BRL provided technical analysis assistance to the U.S. Army and Army Air Forces, such as determining the optimum bomb pattern for bombing runs, improving the accuracy of aerial gunnery, and conducting studies on the vulnerability of the German 88-mm gun to fragmenting shells. In August 1943, Ordnance Department Order 80 designated the BRL as the principal research organization of the U.S. Army's Ordnance Department.
One of the major events that took place at BRL during the war was the installation of the first supersonic wind tunnel in the United States. The recommendation to construct a wind tunnel at Aberdeen Proving Ground was made in 1940 by Theodore von Karman, a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee. Karman proposed that a wind tunnel would greatly enhance ballistic research since it could produce both subsonic and supersonic velocities. Soon afterwards, the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology was commissioned with designing a wind tunnel that could produce velocities up to Mach 4.3. However, the wind tunnel was not constructed until the fall of 1943 and was not ready for use until November 1944. Upon its completion, Edwin Hubble, the Chief of the External Ballistics Branch, was arranged as the first head of the Supersonic Wind Tunnel with BRL Assistant Director Robert Kent assigned as the second head. The wind tunnel was primarily used to obtain basic design information for the development and modification of bombs, rockets, and other fin-stabilized projectiles.
Near the end of World War II, BRL also conducted a series of experiments assessing the vulnerability and survivability of U.S. Army aircraft.
Development of electronic computers
During the interwar period between the First and Second World War, the need for a faster and more efficient method of constructing artillery firing tables prompted BRL to consider the potential applications of digital computation. In 1935, before the Research Division became BRL, the Technical Staff acquired a copy of the Bush differential analyzer, which could compute a 60-second trajectory in about 15 minutes compared to about 20 hours performed by a person with a desk calculator. However, even the differential analyzer was not enough to keep up with the needs of the U.S. Army. By 1941, the production of firing tables was so far behind that BRL rushed to find any means of expediting the ballistic computation process. To ease the burden of work, the lab trained almost 100 female graduates from colleges all over the Northeast to calculate ballistic firing tables. When the Women's Army Corps was formed, those assigned to ballistic computation were trained in Philadelphia and deployed to Aberdeen Proving Ground. During this time, Colonel Paul Gillon of the OCO had his attention on the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania. Gillon, who oversaw the ballistic computations needed for the firing and bombing tables, knew that an upgraded version of the Bush differential analyzer existed at the Moore School.
In 1942, John Mauchly and John Presper Eckert at the Moore School submitted a proposal to the Ballistic Research Laboratory that detailed the creation of a high-speed computation device for computing ballistic trajectories. On June 5, 1943, the Army Ordnance Corps and the University of Pennsylvania signed a six-month contract in the amount of $61,700 (equivalent to $1,086,395 in 2023) for the construction of the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, or ENIAC.
Known as “Project PX,” the secret construction of the pilot model took place at the Moore School with Eckert as chief engineer and Mauchly as principal consultant. However, building the ENIAC proved to be more arduous than expected. By 1944, only two of the four accumulators were completed. At this point, BRL had only fallen further behind the demand for firing tables. While the number of table requests reached forty a week, BRL could only produce about fifteen. But despite the slow progress, the finished accumulators performed twice as fast as the initial stipulated speed, operating at 200,000 pulses a second. Impressed by this demonstration, BRL agreed to increase the number of accumulators in the ENIAC from four to twenty, delaying its completion even further but obtaining a much more powerful machine in exchange. As a result, the ENIAC wasn't finished until November 1945, three months after the end of the war. Throughout the course of ENIAC's construction, nine additional supplements were made to the initial contract, increasing the Project PX's overall cost to $486,800 (equivalent to $8,238,708 in 2023).
While ENIAC never saw use during World War II, its first job upon completion was to calculate the feasibility of a proposed design for the hydrogen bomb. But while ENIAC could perform ballistic calculations at impressive speeds, it was held back by its lack of internally stored program capability. It took scientists a month to complete the calculation due to the thousands of steps involved as well as ENIAC's inability to store programs or remember more than twenty ten-digit numbers. Nevertheless, the electronic computer revealed several flaws in the proposed design of the bomb that would have been nearly impossible to identify otherwise. The formal dedication of the ENIAC took place on February 15, 1946, at the Moore School, and the machine was moved to its permanent home at Aberdeen Proving Ground in January 1947. During a formal demonstration of the ENIAC in 1946, the Army showed the machine could solve 5,000 addition problems in one second as well as 50 multiplication problems in one second. While the Bush differential analyzer could compute a 60-second trajectory in about 15 minutes, the ENIAC could do the same in about 30 seconds. In 1948, BRL converted ENIAC into an internally stored-fixed program computer and used it to perform calculations on not just ballistics but also for weather prediction, cosmic ray studies, thermal ignition, and other scientific tasks. In addition, it was also made available to universities free of charge.
But even before ENIAC was operational, BRL had already started to plan for the development of a stored-program computer known as the Electronic Discrete Variable Computer, or EDVAC. In 1944, in the middle of ENIAC's development, Mauchley and Eckert proposed the creation of EDVAC to make up for ENIAC's shortcomings. Unlike its predecessor, the EDVAC was planned to have a central processor and a memory for both data and programs. During this time, John von Neumann became involved in the work on both ENIAC and EDVAC and was among those who supported funding the EDVAC project. In October 1944, the Ordnance Department issued a contract and $105,600 (equivalent to $1,827,738 in 2023) in funding for the development of this new machine with supervision of the project assigned to BRL. Built as a collaborative effort between BRL, the Moore School, the Institute for Advanced Studies, and the National Bureau of Standards, EDVAC was completed and installed at BRL in 1949. However, it wasn't operational until 1952 due to design issues. By then, BRL had already acquired the Ordnance Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (ORDVAC), which the lab had commissioned the University of Illinois to build. As a result, BRL was the world's largest computer center for a brief time in 1952 with ENIAC, EDVAC, and ORVAC all in its possession.
Post-World War II
After World War II, the six branches at BRL were raised to laboratory status in August 1945, leading to the formation of the Interior Ballistics Laboratory, the Exterior Ballistics Laboratory, the Terminal Ballistics Laboratory, the Ordnance Engineering Laboratory, the Ballistic Measurements Laboratory, and the Computing Laboratory. These six labs were collectively referred to as the Ballistic Research Laboratories. In 1953, BRL replaced the Ordnance Engineering Laboratory with another laboratory called the Weapons Systems Laboratory to increase research in weapon effectiveness and vulnerability assessment. The post-war era also saw BRL administer more of its research through private contractors and other government agencies. About 25 percent of the total appropriation for research from 1953 to 1956 was channeled in this way. In 1958, BRL established the Future Weapons System Agency to provide an unbiased source of advice on new weapon development programs to the Ordnance Corps.
Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, BRL increased its focus on target acquisition, guidance, and control technology and expanded its research to include more sophisticated weapon systems. At the same time, the lab discontinued research for which the technology had sufficiently matured and transferred much of its routine or service operations to other agencies. This transition included the transfer of its Pulse Radiation Facility to the Army Test and Evaluation Command, the transfer of the Tandem Van de Graaff Accelerator to the University of Pennsylvania, and the closure of the BRL wind tunnels. In 1962, as part of the Army's major reorganization effort, BRL was placed under the new U.S. Army Materiel Command (AMC) alongside other groups such as the Harry Diamond Laboratory and the Human Engineering Laboratories. But unlike the other organizations at Aberdeen Proving Ground, BRL was classified as a Class II Activity, which made it separate from the administration of the Aberdeen Proving Ground Command and allowed BRL to receive funds directly from AMC.
As Army leaders continued to streamline the research labs in an effort to eliminate overlapping functions, the Ballistic Research Laboratories underwent several organizational changes. In 1968, BRL's Ballistic Measurements Laboratory became the Signature and Propagation Laboratory, which remained under BRL. In 1969, the Ballistic Research Laboratories added yet another laboratory called the Nuclear Defense Laboratory, which was renamed as the Nuclear Effects Laboratory upon consolidation. In the early 1970s, BRL replaced its Signature and Propagation Laboratory with the newly formed Concepts Analysis Laboratory and replaced its Nuclear Effects Laboratory with the Radiation Laboratory. Finally, in 1976, the Ballistic Research Laboratories merged all of the existing laboratories under its command and to become the new Ballistic Research Laboratory once more. As a result, the seven laboratories were turned into six new divisions: the Interior Ballistics Division, the Launch and Flight Division, the Terminal Ballistics Division, the Ballistic Modeling Division, the Vulnerability Analysis Division, and the Computer Support Division.
In 1992, the Ballistic Research Laboratory was one of the seven Army laboratories that was consolidated to form the U.S. Army Research Laboratory. Its operations were divided into three parts, each of which merged into different ARL directorates. The bulk of BRL formed the core of the Weapons Technology Directorate, which later became the Weapons and Materials Research Directorate. BRL's computer technology elements migrated to the Advanced Computational and Information Sciences Directorate, which later became the Computational and Information Sciences Directorate. Lastly, BRL's vulnerability analysis component became a part of ARL's Survivability/Lethality Analysis Directorate.
Advisors and consultants
A photo of the BRL Scientific Advisory Committee members in September 1940
From 1940 to 1977, the Scientific Advisory Committee helped advise the Director of BRL on the scientific and technical aspects of ballistic weapons. The committee was first established by BRL director Col. Hermann Zornig with the aid of American mathematician Oswald Veblen, the chief scientist of BRL. Composed of highly acclaimed scientists and engineers, the committee influenced many of BRL's decisions regarding new facilities, kept the lab informed about the latest advancements in various scientific fields, and provided insight into the causes of common problems. Members of the Scientific Advisory Committee were also generally available for individual consultation on specific matters.
Original members of the Scientific Advisory Committee
Hugh Dryden
American aeronautical scientist and the first director of NASA
Albert Hull
American physicist and inventor of the magnetron
Bernard Lewis
Physical chemist and president of Combustion and Explosives Research, Inc.
Henry Russell
American astronomer who developed the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram
Isidor Rabi
American physicist and Nobel Prize laureate who discovered nuclear magnetic resonance
Harold Urey
American physical chemist and Nobel Prize laureate who discovered deuterium
Theodore von Karman
Hungarian-American mathematician and aerospace engineer
John von Neumann
Hungarian-American mathematician and scientist for the Manhattan Project
Over time, several prominent figures joined the Scientific Advisory Committee. These members included cosmic ray physicist Thomas H. Johnson, mathematician Edward J. McShane, physicist David L. Webster, and aeronautical scientist Clark Millikan. The Scientific Advisory Committee was later disbanded in 1969 but re-established again by BRL director Robert Eichelberger in 1973. However, the committee was permanently abolished in April 1977 as a result of efforts by President Jimmy Carter’s administration to decrease the number of committees used by federal agencies. Members of the last committee were chemist Joseph E. Mayer, aerospace engineer Homer J. Stewart, Army Maj. General Leslie Earl Simon, Army Lt. General Austin Betts, explosives expert J. V. Kaufman, Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army Charles Poor, computer scientist Morris Rubinoff, physicist Martin Summerfield, and aeronautical engineer Herbert K. Weiss.
Other consultants for BRL included astronomer Dorrit Hoffleit; chemists John Gamble Kirkwood (recipient of the Langmuir Award), George Kistiakowsky (recipient of the Medal for Merit, Medal of Freedom, National Medal of Science, and the Priestley Medal), and Franklin Long; computer scientist Herman Goldstine (recipient of the National Medal of Science); mathematicians George Carrier (recipient of the National Medal of Science) and Richard Courant; mechanical engineer Howard Wilson Emmons; and physicists Walker Bleakney (a pioneer of mass spectrometry), Joseph O. Hirschfelder (recipient of the National Medal of Science), Norman Ramsey (Nobel laureate), Robert G. Sachs (founder and director of Argonne National Laboratory), and L.H. Thomas (the first fellow in IBM's Watson Research Center).
Research
The Ballistic Research Laboratory acted as a principal research establishment for the U.S. Army to conduct research that contributed to weapon design and use. However, the scope of their work was not just limited to munitions as BRL research spanned a wide range of physical and mathematical sciences in order to enhance different facets of the Army's complex weapon systems. The laboratory also conducted research in atmospheric sciences, which was eventually transferred to the Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory in 1976.
Computers
As high-speed computation became a major Army priority, BRL played a major role in the development of the modern computer as the lab worked to increase the pace of military calculations. In addition to aiding the development of some of the world's earliest electronic computers, BRL focused on making advancements in both hardware and software with an emphasis on augmenting the speed of operation, ease of programming, and overall economy of their computers. After the successful demonstration of its early electronic computers, BRL continued to invest heavily in high speed computation research. In 1956, researchers at BRL began developing a new computer on their own called the Ballistic Research Laboratories Electronic Scientific Computer, or BRLESC. Completed in 1961, it was very briefly considered the world's fastest computer before it was quickly outperformed by the IBM 7030 Stretch. In 1967, BRL developed a solid-state digital computer called the BRLESC II, which was designed to run 200 times faster than the ORDVAC. BRLESC I and II became the last computers designed and developed by BRL. After performing around-the-clock operations for more than a decade, both the BRLESC I and II were shut down in 1978. Despite this, BRL continued to conduct research on high-speed computing and was involved in the development of new hardware and software such as the Heterogeneous Element Processor and ping.
Interior ballistics
Interior ballistics research at BRL focused primarily on improving the propulsion of munitions and increasing the speed of Army missiles. In working toward this goal, BRL developed new propellants that provided more power and energy while maintaining stability and control. Such work entailed analyzing the chemistry of flames, the mechanics of the launching process, and the propellants’ physical and chemical properties. More specific objectives that the researchers word toward included increased muzzle velocity, better burning of propellants, the elimination of hang fires, the reduction of bore erosion, the reduction of muzzle flash and smoke, decreased gun weight, and better recoil mechanisms. Early in its history, BRL's two principal objectives were to learn more about the fundamental processes of interior ballistics to design better guns and to develop more accurate methods of predicting how those guns would perform. This meant that many of the studies that the lab conducted concentrated on issues surrounding how the propellant interacted with the munition. BRL researchers also focused heavily on the physical chemistry of the propellants as well as the thermodynamic qualities of the powder gases produced from burning the propellant. BRL research in interior ballistics led to a wider range of propellants for different weapon systems that achieved higher velocities. As artillery technology became more sophisticated, BRL used its electronic computers to develop digital programs that simulated the interior ballistic performance of its weapon systems. Interior ballistic data from gun firings also helped BRL researchers create models to guide the design of future munitions. By the mid-20th century, the lab had started developing propellants for advanced rockets and large caliber ammunition. Researchers were also engaged in studies pertaining to ignition, combustion, weapon kinematics, and gun barrel erosion.
Exterior ballistics
Exterior ballistics research at BRL focused on the outward design of Army missiles and the aerodynamic phenomena that influence their flight. In addition to known forces such as drag and lift, BRL researchers were tasked with analyzing potential factors that could influence a projectile's behavior such as the effects of the Magnus force and moment. Both theoretical and experimental studies helped BRL researchers create new techniques for designing aerodynamically stable missiles. One of the most important tasks that BRL performed was developing techniques for predicting the dynamic stability of proposed spin-stabilized missile designs. However, researchers also analyzed designs for fin-stabilized projectiles as well. Other areas of research included analysis on boundary layers, heating rates, and the chemical interactions between the travelling projectile and the surrounding air and electric fields. BRL's exterior ballistics division was not solely responsible for developing better projectiles and firing techniques. This section of the lab was also in charge of preparing the firing and bombing tables for soldiers in the field. During World War II, weapon accuracy became a critical focal point for BRL researchers, who directed much of their wartime effort toward refining the ballistic performance of the projectiles. In order to test the performance of different projectiles under various conditions, the lab relied heavily on the supersonic wind tunnels and aerodynamic ranges installed at Aberdeen Proving Ground. The wind tunnels were used extensively during the late 1950s for BRL's cross-wind program, which arose from the Army's need to obtain aerodynamic data in order to prepare firing tables for aircraft rounds fired at large initial yaw angles. During the Space Race, BRL assisted in the development of several spacecraft, including the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo Projects. The lab also engaged in research regarding high altitude atmospheric physics research, fluid physics, and experimental aeroballistics as well as the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles.
Terminal ballistics
Terminal ballistics research at BRL studied the underlying effects of weapons upon striking their target. BRL researchers in this field conducted experimental and theoretical work on the impact behavior of projectiles and investigated topics such as the mechanisms of penetration, fragmentation, wound ballistics, detonation, shockwave propagation, and combustion. During the post-World War II era in particular, BRL intensified its terminal ballistics research in response to the Army's need for more destructive weapon systems with greater firepower and the rapid advancement of instruments that could provide more precise data about a weapon's terminal effectiveness. This division of the lab also focused on investigating nuclear physics and participated in nuclear blast field tests. BRL developed and provided all instrumentation for measuring air blasts, shock velocities, and hydrostatic pressures for Operation Buster-Jangle and Operation Tumbler-Snapper in 1952, Operation Upshot-Knothole in 1953, Operation Castle in 1954, and Operation Teapot in 1955. The laboratory also conducted air blast research during Operation Blowdown in 1963 and Operation Distant Plain in 1966 and 1967. In addition, a large portion of the basic research was directed toward the development of predictive mathematical models and computer programs. While terminal ballistics played a large role in weapon design and evaluation, BRL used the experimental data to develop protective technologies as well, including various kinds of tank armor. The lab also conducted research into the effects of laser beams starting in the 1960s.
Vulnerability analysis
Around the end of World War II, BRL was assigned by the Office of the Chief of Ordnance to conduct vulnerability analysis of combat aircraft and munitions and to implement plans to reduce those vulnerabilities. Over time, BRL expanded this role to evaluate all types of weapon systems and vehicles and applied their findings to improve future designs. The laboratory not only conducted vulnerability analysis on American weapon systems to enhance their performance, but it also analyzed enemy combat systems to pinpoint their weaknesses. While this was a relatively small duty compared to some of its other functions, vulnerability analysis and reduction nevertheless became the central focus for an entire division within BRL as researchers conducted studies concerning methods to increase the effectiveness of Army technology. Throughout the Vietnam War, BRL researchers were tasked with continually analyzing combat damage to U.S. aircraft. The laboratory also tested nuclear weapons effects on aerial vehicles and missiles by using high explosive charges to simulate the blast from a nuclear weapon. In general, BRL functioned as the Army's lead laboratory in vulnerability analysis in regards to combat and other external damage, whereas the Army's Vulnerability Assessment Laboratory conducted vulnerability analysis in regards to electronic warfare susceptibility.
Weapon systems
Weapon systems research at BRL generally referred to the study of various munitions from an operational analysis viewpoint. These studies focused on enhancing the effectiveness of various weapons such as guns and rockets against a wide variety of targets from personnel to armed tanks. This research was primarily done to assess and predict how each weapon system would perform in a given situation. Beginning in the early 1950s, BRL relied on operations research techniques to evaluate both the weapon systems and the experimental approach with which they were evaluated. The lab also incorporated concepts from game theory to develop programs that simulated battles that allowed them to analyze different tactics and the use of particular weapons in certain situations. Data collected from these studies, largely with the assistance of BRL's electronic computers, helped guide weapon development for the Army as BRL researchers formulated which weapon system performed best against specific targets under various circumstances. After 1968, the focus of weapon systems research shifted to developing new technical approaches to solving Army problems. BRL researchers also planned for the possibility of total nuclear war and thus focused heavily on evaluating intercontinental ballistic missiles, air defense platforms, and advanced submarine systems. BRL also conducted numerous studies that took factors such as cost-effectiveness and ammunition availability into consideration.
Model 91/38
On March 27, 1964, the U.S. Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, according to the 36th U.S. President's Commission (commonly known as the Warren Commission), played host to one of the most famous rifles in U.S. history. On that date, three expert marksmen test-fired a Mannlicher–Carcano Type 38, the rifle used by Lee Harvey Oswald to assassinate President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963. Only one of the three was able to fire three shots somewhat close to the established official time limit attributed to Oswald. But unlike Oswald from the 6th floor of the Texas School Book Depository Building, these marksmen were allowed to use a gun rest and to take as much time as they needed to line up their first shot at a stationary target. Oswald shot at a moving target.
Although later research has shown that Oswald had much more time than originally thought, as computed by counting the frames of the original Zapruder Film as opposed to the time line originally published in LIFE Magazine and used in the Warren Commission Report, which had the numbers confused, thus giving a much shorter time of engagement. After accounting for that error, it was found that it was easy to duplicate the attack by Oswald. Later research showed that Oswald was left-handed and used a different technique to shoot rapidly. He rested the fore-stock of the rifle on a box stacked in front of the window and held the rifle with his left hand and sighted through the scope with his left eye as is normal for Left Side Dominant People. He then worked the bolt with his right hand without releasing his grip, or trigger hold. Later, this would allow experts, including an Army Security Agency Special Operations Detachment Designated Marksman, to duplicate that supposed attack, including shooting at a moving target, and to easily beat the supposed time line published by LIFE Magazine.
Projects
Betty Holberton (right foreground) programming the ENIAC computer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, BRL building 328 (1940s/1950s)
The Ballistic Research Laboratory participated in the development of many original technologies and techniques as part of its Army mission. Examples include the following:
ENIAC: The first electronic general-purpose digital computer; it was designed primarily to calculate artillery firing and bombing tables for the U.S. Army.
EDVAC: An early electronic store-program computer that was the first to implement binary coded decimal.
ORVAC: The first electronic computer to have a compiler; it used a programming language created by BRL researchers called FORAST.
BRLESC: An early electronic computer that used a hexadecimal notation system.
Ballistic camera: A night-time camera system first devised by BRL in 1941 to locate and record the flashing lights of an approaching aircraft and the signal indicating its release of a bomb; it was used during experimental range bombing tests to calculate bombing tables.
Piezoelectric gauge: A device used to measure changes in acceleration, strain, pressure, and force by taking advantage of the piezoelectric effect. BRL scientists developed a unique variant of the piezoelectric gauge for blast-measurement work.
MIL-STD-105: A U.S. military standard based on a sampling technique to determine the acceptability of ammunition quality during production.
Doppler Velocity and Position (DOVAP) instrumentation system: An early electronic missile-tracking system that tracked the trajectory of a guided missile throughout its flight by noting its velocity and position at all times.
Intercept Ground Optical Recording (IGOR) system: An optical recording instrument that used telescopes and high-speed cameras to measure the relative trajectories of ground-to-air missiles.
BRL microwave interferometer: A modified version of a microwave interferometer that determined the travel time of a projectile's passage through a gun's bore.
BRL microwave spectrometer: An instrument that measures the microwave wavelengths emitted by a sample to obtain information about the structure and chemical bonding of its molecular components.
Kerr cell camera: A high-speed camera system used to photograph the detonation of high explosives.
DOPLOC: A radio reflection Doppler tracking system used to track satellites that do not emit radio-frequency signals, or “dark satellites.” From 1957 to 1961, it obtained launch and orbital information on numerous satellites and space probes, including Explorer, Tiros, Transit, Lunik, and Pioneer.
Small Missile Telecamera (SMT): A camera system originally designed to accurately determine the trajectory of small, high-speed missiles; BRL further modified it to obtain some of the earliest exposures of SPUTNIK II.
Space Probe Optical Recording Telescope (SPORT): A tracking telescope designed specifically for studying the effects of the atmosphere upon the transmission of light. Developed by BRL, it was used to support NASA during Project Echo.
Laser speckle interferometry: An imaging technique developed by BRL to obtain information on target signatures through the statistical processing of laser-scattering patterns.
Shell pusher: A device designed by BRL to push projectiles through large caliber gun tubes with a force of up to 250,000 lbs.
M829: An armor-piercing tank round developed by BRL for the M1 Abrams tank.
Computer Man: A special anatomical computer model of the human body used for wound ballistics research. It featured cross-sectional slices of the human body that were coded according to type of tissue, location, and damage susceptibility.
Geometric Information for Targets (GIFT) computer model: A Fortran computer program that provided an illustration of the target and its component from any view along with calculations of its aerodynamic properties. It was mainly used for vulnerability analysis.
AVVAM-1: A computer model developed by BRL that assessed the vulnerability of armored vehicles.
MGM-51 Shillelagh: An anti-tank guided missile intended to serve as ammunition for the MBT-70 tank. BRL worked with other Army organizations to develop the launcher for this projectile.
Sense and Destroy ARMor (SADARM): a “smart” fire-and-forget submunition designed to search and destroy tanks when deployed. BRL aided in its development through its research in millimeter wave phenomena and armor penetration research.
M900: A 105 mm artillery round used by the Army's M1 tanks during Operation Desert Shield/Storm. BRL identified the propellant compatible with the M900 just as its development was about to be canceled prematurely.
M712 Copperhead: A 155 mm cannon-launched guided projectile intended to disable heavily armored targets. BRL devised firing table data and graphical fire-control devices during its development to increase its accuracy.
BRL-CAD: A solid-modeling computer-aided design (CAD) system initially developed by BRL for vulnerability analysis and weapons modeling. It is the oldest known public version-controlled codebase in the world.
Ping: An administration network troubleshooting tool used to test the reachability of a host on a network by sending out signals and measuring how fast it responds.
75mm gun M2–M6: The standard gun system mounted on American tanks and bomber aircraft. For the M3 variant, BRL modified the design by increasing the length of the tube and improving the metallurgy.
M2 Browning machine gun: A heavy 0.50 caliber machine gun. BRL conducted the first complete kinematic analysis of the M2 Browning, from which a method to determine the forces transmitted to the back plate were developed.
Hispano-Suiza HS.820: A 20 mm automatic aircraft gun. During World War II, BRL conducted troubleshooting operations for the original model and designed a lightweight variant for turret mounting.
Shaped charge: An explosive charge employed in artillery shells as high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) rounds and in fin-stabilized rocket-type projectiles. BRL conducted investigations to increase its effectiveness through metallurgy and other methods.
M24A1 gun: a 20-mm aircraft gun. BRL developed a soft-recoil system for the M24A1 to reduce the recoil forces, which led to the development of soft recoil systems for the T121 30-mm gun for the B-47 and B-52 aircraft.
Convair B-36 Peacemaker: A strategic bomber aircraft used by the U.S. Air Force. After investigating the misfires with the mounted M24 turret guns, BRL developed a modified firing circuit for the aircraft.
M16 rifle: A type of military rifle. BRL developed a kinematic model of the M16AI rifle that accurately simulated the firearm's performance and helped improve its design.
M549: An explosive 155 mm howitzer round. BRL conducted several studies to improve its accuracy for colder weather.
M48 Patton: An American main battle tank. BRL conducted vulnerability analysis on this tank series during the Vietnam War and was able to identify causes for their combat losses.
M1 Abrams: An American battle tank designed for modern ground warfare. BRL was heavily involved in many aspects of its development and subsequent modifications, especially with its mounted gun and its armor system.
MIM-46 Mauler: A self-propelled anti-aircraft missile system designed to defeat low-flying combat aircraft and short-range ballistic missiles. BRL conducted extensive studies that predicted its performance against certain targets.
M988 Sergeant York: An anti-aircraft gun system used for aerial defense. BRL was assigned to evaluate its performance with 30-, 35-, and 40-mm rounds and played a major role in implementing a digital computer in its control system. As a result, the M988 Sergeant York became the first Army air defense gun to use a digital fire control system.
Bell UH-1 Iroquois: A utility military helicopter used during the Vietnam War. BRL aided the development of the mounted weapon system for variants specifically designed for combat.
M864: A 155 mm artillery shell. BRL conducted numerous studies to resolve many of its design issues.
Bell AH-15 Cobra: An attack helicopter used by the U.S. Army. BRL provided calculations for the helicopter to implement XM261 warheads as part of its arsenal.
Bradley Fighting Vehicle: An armored vehicle platform used primarily to transport infantry units while providing cover fire. BRL helped improve the vehicle's gun system.
M256 cannon: A 120 mm smoothbore tank gun for the M1 Abrams. BRL helped improve the design of the gun tube and developed technology that increased its accuracy by 15 percent.
M830: A high explosive anti-tank round designed for the M1 Abrams. The concept for the projectile was developed by BRL, which later conducted simulation studies that assessed the behavior and viability of the projectile and determined that it would enhance the Abrams tank's performance.
Chobham armor: A composite armor developed for armored vehicles. It was tested by BRL and later implemented on the M1 Abrams.
In addition, BRL provided research support for the development of the following missiles: the Atlas, Titan, and Minuteman ballistic missiles, the two-stage Pershing tactical missile, Hawk and Lance ground-to-air missiles, the Davy Crockett nuclear weapon system, the Nike Zeus anti-ballistic missile, the Polaris ballistic missile, the Skybolt ballistic missile, the Sergeant surface-to-surface missile, the Mercury launch vehicle, and the Saturn V rocket.
BRL developed the 16-inch HARP gun used for Project HARP
BRL participated in several large-scale research programs that led to notable scientific milestones. These include the following:
Project HARP: A joint project between the U.S. Army and the Canadian military during the 1960s to obtain meteorological information on the upper atmosphere and study the ballistics of re-entry vehicles. As part of this program, BRL developed the 16-inch HARP gun, which holds the world record for the highest altitude a gun-fired projectile had achieved.
International Geophysical Year: An international scientific project that honed in on advancing research in eleven different fields of earth science. BRL conducted studies using rocket flights that led to several noteworthy results, including the first simultaneous measurement of the Earth's magnetic field and the ionosphere’s electron charge.
Operation Dominic: A series of nuclear test explosions conducted by the United States in 1962. During this program, BRL launched 29 sounding rockets to measure the atmospheric characteristics and debris motions associated with the nuclear bursts.
MBT-70: A joint project between the United States and West Germany to develop a new main battle tank. Much of BRL's role was in researching an effective armor system for the vehicle.
See also
Harry Diamond Laboratories
Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory
External links
DEVCOM ARL Computing History
References
^ "Appendix K: Ballistic Research Laboratory". Achieving Leadership in Materials Technology for the Army of the Future: A Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 1986. doi:10.17226/18915. ISBN 978-0-309-31115-1.
^ a b "The Genealogy of ARL" (PDF). 1997. p. 19. ARL-P 360-2.
^ a b c d Moye, William (1996). "ENIAC: The Army-Sponsored Revolution". History of Computing Information. Archived from the original on April 3, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Barber, Gordon (1956). Ballisticians in War and Peace: A History of the United States Army Ballistics Research Laboratory (PDF). Vol. 1. ADA300523. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2020 – via Defense Technical Information Center.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Bergin, Thomas, ed. (2000). 50 Years of Army Computing: From ENIAC to MSRC (PDF). U.S. Army Research Laboratory. ISBN 0-9702316-1-X. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 24, 2020 – via Defense Technical Information Center.
^ Cronin, Charlotte (September 26, 2014). "The First Years of Aberdeen Proving Ground". The Baltimore Sun.
^ "Professor Forest R. Moulton". United States Army Ordnance Corps.
^ a b c Goldstine, Herman (2008). The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400820139.
^ a b c Shrader, Charles (2006). History of Operations Research in the United States Army, Volume 1: 1942-1962 (PDF). U.S. Army Center of Military History.
^ a b Green, Constance; Thomson, Harry; Roots, Peter (1990). The Ordnance Department: Planning Munitions for War (PDF). United States in World War II: The Technical Services. U.S. Army Center of Military History.
^ a b Simon, Leslie; Grubbs, Frank; Zaroodny, Serge (1971). Robert Harrington Kent: 1886-1961 (PDF). National Academy of Sciences.
^ Augarten, Stan (1984). "The Ballistics Research Laboratory and Firing Tables". BIT by BIT: An Illustrated History of Computers. New York: Ticknor and Fields. ISBN 0-89919-268-8.
^ Deitz, Paul (January 29, 1996). "Colonel Paul Gillon -- Grandfather of ENIAC". History of Computing Information. Archived from the original on April 2, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ Henderson, Harry (2014). A to Z of Computer Scientists. Facts on File, Incorporated. ISBN 9781438109183.
^ Augarten, Stan (1984). "Project PX and the ENIAC". BIT by BIT: An Illustrated History of Computers. New York: Ticknor and Fields. ISBN 0-89919-268-8.
^ a b Augarten, Stan (1984). "ENIAC's Hydrogen Bomb Calculations". BIT by BIT: An Illustrated History of Computers. New York: Ticknor and Fields. ISBN 0-89919-268-8.
^ Chodos, Alan, ed. (2002). "This Month in Physics History: August 1946: The Moore School Lectures". APS News. 11 (8).
^ Weik, Martin. "The ENIAC Story". History of Computing Information. Archived from the original on April 2, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Important ENIAC Dates". History of Computing Information. Archived from the original on April 2, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ Augarten, Stan (1984). "Stored-Program Computing". BIT by BIT: An Illustrated History of Computers. New York: Ticknor and Fields. ISBN 0-89919-268-8.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Ballisticians in War and Peace: A History of the United States Army Ballistics Research Laboratory (PDF). Vol. 2. 1976. A300524. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 16, 2022 – via Defense Technical Information Center.
^ Burkhart, Ford (March 17, 1998). "Thomas H. Johnson, 98, Cosmic Ray Physicist". The New York Times.
^ "Clark Blanchard Millikan (1903-1966)" (PDF). Engineering and Science. 29 (4): 20–22. January 1966 – via Caltech Magazine.
^ "BRL Scientific Advisory Committee Revived". Army Research and Development. 14 (3): 10. 1973.
^ a b c d e BRL. U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratories.
^ deBey, A.L.G.; Richard, V.W. (March 1963). "The DOPLOC Dark Satellite Tracking System" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center. AD0403879. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 16, 2022.
^ Chiang, F.P. (February 10, 1991). "Development of CASI (Computer Aided Speckle Interferometry) and LSS (Laser Speckle Sensor) with Application to Material Response under High Strain Rate, High Temperature, Vibration and Fatigue" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center. A248517. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 16, 2022.
^ a b c d e f g h Ballisticians in War and Peace: A History of the United States Army Ballistics Research Laboratory (PDF). Vol. 3. 1992. A300522. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 2, 2019 – via Defense Technical Information Center.
^ Dykstra, Phillip (April 2013). "The BRL-CAD Package: An Overview" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center. ARL-RP-432. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 17, 2022.
^ Mauff, Brandy (August 31, 2021). "A Brief History of Ping or How a Thousand Lines of Code Changed Networking Forever".
^ Starry, Donn; Hofmann, George, eds. (2014). Camp Colt to Desert Storm: The History of the U.S. Armored Forces. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813146584.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen Proving Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Proving_Ground"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_ballistics"},{"link_name":"exterior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_ballistics"},{"link_name":"terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_ballistics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Army Research Laboratory (ARL)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Research_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-2"},{"link_name":"ENIAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Defunct center for the United States Army's research efforts in ballisticsThe Ballistic Research Laboratory (BRL) was a leading U.S. Army research establishment situated at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland that specialized in ballistics (interior, exterior, and terminal) as well as vulnerability and lethality analysis. BRL served as a major Army center for research and development in technologies related to weapon phenomena, armor, electronic devices, and high-speed computing.[1] In 1992, BRL was disestablished and its mission, personnel, and facilities were incorporated into the newly created Army Research Laboratory (ARL).[2]BRL is perhaps best known for commissioning the creation of ENIAC, the first electronic general-purpose digital computer.[3]","title":"Ballistic Research Laboratory"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Office of the Chief of Ordnance (OCO)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Ordnance_of_the_United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Sandy Hook Proving Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Proving_Ground"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"field artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_artillery"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"New York Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen Proving Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Proving_Ground"},{"link_name":"Harford County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harford_County,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Major Forest Moulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Ray_Moulton"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"Army Air Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"sub_title":"Formation","text":"The history of the Ballistic Research Laboratory dates back to World War I with the Office of the Chief of Ordnance (OCO) within the U.S. Army. During the first year of U.S. involvement in the war, the OCO was responsible for supervising ballistic firings at Sandy Hook Proving Ground in New Jersey and computing firing tables for the Army.[4] These firing tables played a vital role in the war effort, because field artillery units heavily relied on them to determine the proper angle of elevation that a specific projectile required to hit a target at a specific range with a given propellant charge. They were also used to predict the projectile's trajectory and correct for variations in atmospheric temperature, air density, wind, and other factors.[5] However, Sandy Hook Proving Ground was closed down in 1917 due to its inadequate size and its close proximity to New York Harbor, and operations were moved to the newly established Aberdeen Proving Ground in Harford County. By early 1918, almost all of the OCO's test firings were conducted at Aberdeen Proving Ground.[4][6]As the war continued, the Chief of Ordnance created a Ballistics Branch for the OCO on April 6, 1918, to keep up with the rapidly increasing demand for firing tables and other ballistic data.[4] The first Head of the Ballistic Branch was Major Forest Moulton, a former astronomy professor at the University of Chicago. During his tenure as the head of the branch, Moulton significantly expanded the Ballistics Branch, greatly advancing the Army's theoretical and experimental ballistics work as well as recruiting a large number of highly educated scientists to the staff.[4][7]After the end of World War I, the OCO was reorganized into four major parts in 1919 to accommodate for peacetime operations requirements: the General Office, the Manufacturing Service, the Field Service, and the Technical Staff. In 1935, the Research Division was created at Aberdeen Proving Ground and placed under the control of the Technical Staff. Led by Colonel Hermann H. Zornig, the Research Division initially consisted of only thirty people; however, despite the small staff size, the group supervised six different sections of ballistic work: Interior Ballistics, Exterior Ballistics, Ballistics Measurements, Ordnance Engineering, Computing, and War Reserve. The Internal Ballistics Section was responsible for mathematical and experimental research that advanced the theory of interior ballistics and the investigation of gun design principles. It also conducted effect-of-fire investigations, which studied the behavior of projectiles and bombs as well as their individual components as they approached a target. The Exterior Ballistics Section focused on the trajectories and flight characteristics of projectiles and bombs, which influenced the design of new munitions. The Ballistics Measurements Section developed improved ballistic measuring devices, while the Ordnance Engineering Section made kinematic and mechanical analyses of gun mechanisms and gun mounts. The Computing Section was tasked with preparing firing and bombing tables for standard ammunition and bombs, and the War Reserve Section was responsible for the surveillance of stored ammunition.[4]In 1938, the Research Division was renamed the Ballistic Research Laboratory and Colonel Zornig became its first director.[8] This development was made largely in recognition of the Research Division's importance to the U.S. Army, and, in 1939, the Army Air Corps contributed funds to BRL for a new building to house additional laboratory facilities as a show of gratitude for the lab's work on bomb ballistics. As a result of the change, the Interior Ballistics Section was broken down into Mathematical (transferred to the Exterior Ballistics Section), Mechanics and Heat, Physical Chemistry, and Effect of Fire Units, while the Computing Section was divided into Ground Gunfire, Bombing, and Air Gunfire Units.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-10"},{"link_name":"Hugh Dryden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Latimer_Dryden"},{"link_name":"Albert Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_W._Hull"},{"link_name":"Bernard Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis_(scientist)"},{"link_name":"Henry Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell"},{"link_name":"Isidor Rabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi"},{"link_name":"Harold Urey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Urey"},{"link_name":"Theodore von Karman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"John von Neumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"German 88-mm gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8.8_cm_Flak_18/36/37/41"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-9"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army's Ordnance Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Ordnance_Corps"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"supersonic wind tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersonic_wind_tunnel"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Aeronautical_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"California Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Edwin Hubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Hubble"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-9"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"The Ballistics Research Laboratory further expanded its capabilities and quickly rose to prominence during the timespan of World War II. Compared to its initial staff of 65 people with a $120,000 annual budget in 1940, BRL grew to have over 700 personnel with an annual budget of $1.6 million by 1945.[4] It was responsible for conducting basic and technical research in ballistics and other related scientific fields as well as overseeing the development of computing techniques, the preparation of ballistic tables for guns, bombs, and rockets, and the provision of information regarding the use of various weapons during combat.[9] Unlike civilian laboratories whose productions were inherently restricted by anticipations of market demand, BRL owned a significant portion of its success to how the development of their instruments and technologies reflected only what the Army needed. Enough flexibility was provided to the lab so that it could improvise solutions to particular problems and later refine those improvisations for wider use.[4]In 1940, Zornig established a Scientific Advisory Council, with which he appointed eminent American scientists and engineers to undertake various assignments for BRL.[10] The original members of the committee consisted of aerodynamicist Hugh Dryden, physicist Albert Hull, physical chemist Bernard Lewis, astronomer Henry Russell, physicist Isidor Rabi, physical chemist Harold Urey, aerospace engineer Theodore von Karman, and mathematician John von Neumann.[8]For the majority of the war, a substantial amount of the BRL effort was directed toward testing weapons and computing firing and bombing tables. However, the lab was also involved in significantly improving the quality control of stockpiled ammunition as well as training and deploying technical service teams to calibrate guns on the battlefield. In addition, BRL provided technical analysis assistance to the U.S. Army and Army Air Forces, such as determining the optimum bomb pattern for bombing runs, improving the accuracy of aerial gunnery, and conducting studies on the vulnerability of the German 88-mm gun to fragmenting shells.[9] In August 1943, Ordnance Department Order 80 designated the BRL as the principal research organization of the U.S. Army's Ordnance Department.[4]One of the major events that took place at BRL during the war was the installation of the first supersonic wind tunnel in the United States. The recommendation to construct a wind tunnel at Aberdeen Proving Ground was made in 1940 by Theodore von Karman, a member of the Scientific Advisory Committee. Karman proposed that a wind tunnel would greatly enhance ballistic research since it could produce both subsonic and supersonic velocities. Soon afterwards, the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology was commissioned with designing a wind tunnel that could produce velocities up to Mach 4.3. However, the wind tunnel was not constructed until the fall of 1943 and was not ready for use until November 1944.[4] Upon its completion, Edwin Hubble, the Chief of the External Ballistics Branch, was arranged as the first head of the Supersonic Wind Tunnel with BRL Assistant Director Robert Kent assigned as the second head.[11] The wind tunnel was primarily used to obtain basic design information for the development and modification of bombs, rockets, and other fin-stabilized projectiles.[4]Near the end of World War II, BRL also conducted a series of experiments assessing the vulnerability and survivability of U.S. Army aircraft.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Bush differential analyzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_differential_analyzer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"Women's Army Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_Army_Corps"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Moore School of Electrical Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore_School_of_Electrical_Engineering"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"John Mauchly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mauchly"},{"link_name":"John Presper Eckert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Presper_Eckert"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"accumulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accumulator_(computing)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"hydrogen bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bomb"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-16"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"weather prediction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_forecasting"},{"link_name":"cosmic ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Electronic Discrete Variable Computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDVAC"},{"link_name":"EDVAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDVAC"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"National Bureau of Standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Standards"},{"link_name":"Ordnance Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (ORDVAC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORDVAC"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"}],"sub_title":"Development of electronic computers","text":"During the interwar period between the First and Second World War, the need for a faster and more efficient method of constructing artillery firing tables prompted BRL to consider the potential applications of digital computation.[4] In 1935, before the Research Division became BRL, the Technical Staff acquired a copy of the Bush differential analyzer, which could compute a 60-second trajectory in about 15 minutes compared to about 20 hours performed by a person with a desk calculator.[5] However, even the differential analyzer was not enough to keep up with the needs of the U.S. Army.[4] By 1941, the production of firing tables was so far behind that BRL rushed to find any means of expediting the ballistic computation process.[5] To ease the burden of work, the lab trained almost 100 female graduates from colleges all over the Northeast to calculate ballistic firing tables. When the Women's Army Corps was formed, those assigned to ballistic computation were trained in Philadelphia and deployed to Aberdeen Proving Ground.[12] During this time, Colonel Paul Gillon of the OCO had his attention on the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania. Gillon, who oversaw the ballistic computations needed for the firing and bombing tables, knew that an upgraded version of the Bush differential analyzer existed at the Moore School.[13]In 1942, John Mauchly and John Presper Eckert at the Moore School submitted a proposal to the Ballistic Research Laboratory that detailed the creation of a high-speed computation device for computing ballistic trajectories.[14] On June 5, 1943, the Army Ordnance Corps and the University of Pennsylvania signed a six-month contract in the amount of $61,700 (equivalent to $1,086,395 in 2023) for the construction of the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, or ENIAC.[5]Known as “Project PX,” the secret construction of the pilot model took place at the Moore School with Eckert as chief engineer and Mauchly as principal consultant.[3] However, building the ENIAC proved to be more arduous than expected. By 1944, only two of the four accumulators were completed. At this point, BRL had only fallen further behind the demand for firing tables. While the number of table requests reached forty a week, BRL could only produce about fifteen. But despite the slow progress, the finished accumulators performed twice as fast as the initial stipulated speed, operating at 200,000 pulses a second. Impressed by this demonstration, BRL agreed to increase the number of accumulators in the ENIAC from four to twenty, delaying its completion even further but obtaining a much more powerful machine in exchange. As a result, the ENIAC wasn't finished until November 1945, three months after the end of the war.[15] Throughout the course of ENIAC's construction, nine additional supplements were made to the initial contract, increasing the Project PX's overall cost to $486,800 (equivalent to $8,238,708 in 2023).[5]While ENIAC never saw use during World War II, its first job upon completion was to calculate the feasibility of a proposed design for the hydrogen bomb.[16] But while ENIAC could perform ballistic calculations at impressive speeds, it was held back by its lack of internally stored program capability.[17] It took scientists a month to complete the calculation due to the thousands of steps involved as well as ENIAC's inability to store programs or remember more than twenty ten-digit numbers. Nevertheless, the electronic computer revealed several flaws in the proposed design of the bomb that would have been nearly impossible to identify otherwise.[16] The formal dedication of the ENIAC took place on February 15, 1946, at the Moore School, and the machine was moved to its permanent home at Aberdeen Proving Ground in January 1947.[18] During a formal demonstration of the ENIAC in 1946, the Army showed the machine could solve 5,000 addition problems in one second as well as 50 multiplication problems in one second.[19] While the Bush differential analyzer could compute a 60-second trajectory in about 15 minutes, the ENIAC could do the same in about 30 seconds.[5] In 1948, BRL converted ENIAC into an internally stored-fixed program computer and used it to perform calculations on not just ballistics but also for weather prediction, cosmic ray studies, thermal ignition, and other scientific tasks. In addition, it was also made available to universities free of charge.[3]But even before ENIAC was operational, BRL had already started to plan for the development of a stored-program computer known as the Electronic Discrete Variable Computer, or EDVAC. In 1944, in the middle of ENIAC's development, Mauchley and Eckert proposed the creation of EDVAC to make up for ENIAC's shortcomings. Unlike its predecessor, the EDVAC was planned to have a central processor and a memory for both data and programs.[20] During this time, John von Neumann became involved in the work on both ENIAC and EDVAC and was among those who supported funding the EDVAC project. In October 1944, the Ordnance Department issued a contract and $105,600 (equivalent to $1,827,738 in 2023) in funding for the development of this new machine with supervision of the project assigned to BRL.[3] Built as a collaborative effort between BRL, the Moore School, the Institute for Advanced Studies, and the National Bureau of Standards, EDVAC was completed and installed at BRL in 1949. However, it wasn't operational until 1952 due to design issues. By then, BRL had already acquired the Ordnance Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (ORDVAC), which the lab had commissioned the University of Illinois to build. As a result, BRL was the world's largest computer center for a brief time in 1952 with ENIAC, EDVAC, and ORVAC all in its possession.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-11"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"},{"link_name":"Army Test and Evaluation Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Test_and_Evaluation_Command"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Materiel Command (AMC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Materiel_Command"},{"link_name":"Harry Diamond Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Diamond_Laboratories"},{"link_name":"Human Engineering Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Engineering_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-2"}],"sub_title":"Post-World War II","text":"After World War II, the six branches at BRL were raised to laboratory status in August 1945, leading to the formation of the Interior Ballistics Laboratory, the Exterior Ballistics Laboratory, the Terminal Ballistics Laboratory, the Ordnance Engineering Laboratory, the Ballistic Measurements Laboratory, and the Computing Laboratory.[4] These six labs were collectively referred to as the Ballistic Research Laboratories.[11] In 1953, BRL replaced the Ordnance Engineering Laboratory with another laboratory called the Weapons Systems Laboratory to increase research in weapon effectiveness and vulnerability assessment.[21] The post-war era also saw BRL administer more of its research through private contractors and other government agencies. About 25 percent of the total appropriation for research from 1953 to 1956 was channeled in this way.[4] In 1958, BRL established the Future Weapons System Agency to provide an unbiased source of advice on new weapon development programs to the Ordnance Corps.[21]Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, BRL increased its focus on target acquisition, guidance, and control technology and expanded its research to include more sophisticated weapon systems. At the same time, the lab discontinued research for which the technology had sufficiently matured and transferred much of its routine or service operations to other agencies. This transition included the transfer of its Pulse Radiation Facility to the Army Test and Evaluation Command, the transfer of the Tandem Van de Graaff Accelerator to the University of Pennsylvania, and the closure of the BRL wind tunnels. In 1962, as part of the Army's major reorganization effort, BRL was placed under the new U.S. Army Materiel Command (AMC) alongside other groups such as the Harry Diamond Laboratory and the Human Engineering Laboratories. But unlike the other organizations at Aberdeen Proving Ground, BRL was classified as a Class II Activity, which made it separate from the administration of the Aberdeen Proving Ground Command and allowed BRL to receive funds directly from AMC.[21]As Army leaders continued to streamline the research labs in an effort to eliminate overlapping functions, the Ballistic Research Laboratories underwent several organizational changes. In 1968, BRL's Ballistic Measurements Laboratory became the Signature and Propagation Laboratory, which remained under BRL. In 1969, the Ballistic Research Laboratories added yet another laboratory called the Nuclear Defense Laboratory, which was renamed as the Nuclear Effects Laboratory upon consolidation. In the early 1970s, BRL replaced its Signature and Propagation Laboratory with the newly formed Concepts Analysis Laboratory and replaced its Nuclear Effects Laboratory with the Radiation Laboratory. Finally, in 1976, the Ballistic Research Laboratories merged all of the existing laboratories under its command and to become the new Ballistic Research Laboratory once more. As a result, the seven laboratories were turned into six new divisions: the Interior Ballistics Division, the Launch and Flight Division, the Terminal Ballistics Division, the Ballistic Modeling Division, the Vulnerability Analysis Division, and the Computer Support Division.[21]In 1992, the Ballistic Research Laboratory was one of the seven Army laboratories that was consolidated to form the U.S. Army Research Laboratory. Its operations were divided into three parts, each of which merged into different ARL directorates. The bulk of BRL formed the core of the Weapons Technology Directorate, which later became the Weapons and Materials Research Directorate. BRL's computer technology elements migrated to the Advanced Computational and Information Sciences Directorate, which later became the Computational and Information Sciences Directorate. Lastly, BRL's vulnerability analysis component became a part of ARL's Survivability/Lethality Analysis Directorate.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ballistic_Research_Lab_Advisory_Committee_First_Meeting.gif"},{"link_name":"Oswald Veblen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswald_Veblen"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-8"},{"link_name":"Hugh Dryden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Dryden"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Albert Hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_W._Hull"},{"link_name":"magnetron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavity_magnetron"},{"link_name":"Bernard Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lewis_(scientist)"},{"link_name":"Henry Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell"},{"link_name":"Hertzsprung-Russell diagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertzsprung%E2%80%93Russell_diagram"},{"link_name":"Isidor Rabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi"},{"link_name":"nuclear magnetic resonance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance"},{"link_name":"Harold Urey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Urey"},{"link_name":"deuterium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterium"},{"link_name":"Theodore von Karman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"John von Neumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project"},{"link_name":"Edward J. McShane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_J._McShane"},{"link_name":"David L. Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_L._Webster"},{"link_name":"Clark Millikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Blanchard_Millikan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-10"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"President Jimmy Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Carter"},{"link_name":"Joseph E. Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Edward_Mayer"},{"link_name":"Homer J. Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer_Joseph_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Leslie Earl Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Earl_Simon"},{"link_name":"Martin Summerfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Summerfield"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"},{"link_name":"Dorrit Hoffleit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorrit_Hoffleit"},{"link_name":"John Gamble Kirkwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gamble_Kirkwood"},{"link_name":"Langmuir Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langmuir_award"},{"link_name":"George Kistiakowsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Kistiakowsky"},{"link_name":"Medal for Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_for_Merit"},{"link_name":"Medal of Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_Freedom_(1945)"},{"link_name":"National Medal of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Priestley Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priestley_Medal"},{"link_name":"Franklin Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_A._Long"},{"link_name":"Herman Goldstine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Goldstine"},{"link_name":"George Carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Carrier"},{"link_name":"Richard Courant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Courant"},{"link_name":"mechanical engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineer"},{"link_name":"Howard Wilson Emmons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Wilson_Emmons"},{"link_name":"Walker Bleakney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_Bleakney"},{"link_name":"mass spectrometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_spectrometry"},{"link_name":"Joseph O. Hirschfelder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_O._Hirschfelder"},{"link_name":"Norman Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr."},{"link_name":"Robert G. Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_G._Sachs"},{"link_name":"Argonne National Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"L.H. Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llewellyn_Thomas"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"Watson Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Research_Center"}],"text":"A photo of the BRL Scientific Advisory Committee members in September 1940From 1940 to 1977, the Scientific Advisory Committee helped advise the Director of BRL on the scientific and technical aspects of ballistic weapons. The committee was first established by BRL director Col. Hermann Zornig with the aid of American mathematician Oswald Veblen, the chief scientist of BRL. Composed of highly acclaimed scientists and engineers, the committee influenced many of BRL's decisions regarding new facilities, kept the lab informed about the latest advancements in various scientific fields, and provided insight into the causes of common problems.[21] Members of the Scientific Advisory Committee were also generally available for individual consultation on specific matters.[4]Original members of the Scientific Advisory Committee[8]\n\n\n\nHugh Dryden\n\nAmerican aeronautical scientist and the first director of NASA\n\n\nAlbert Hull\n\nAmerican physicist and inventor of the magnetron\n\n\nBernard Lewis\n\nPhysical chemist and president of Combustion and Explosives Research, Inc.\n\n\nHenry Russell\n\nAmerican astronomer who developed the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram\n\n\nIsidor Rabi\n\nAmerican physicist and Nobel Prize laureate who discovered nuclear magnetic resonance\n\n\nHarold Urey\n\nAmerican physical chemist and Nobel Prize laureate who discovered deuterium\n\n\nTheodore von Karman\n\nHungarian-American mathematician and aerospace engineer\n\n\nJohn von Neumann\n\nHungarian-American mathematician and scientist for the Manhattan ProjectOver time, several prominent figures joined the Scientific Advisory Committee. These members included cosmic ray physicist Thomas H. Johnson, mathematician Edward J. McShane, physicist David L. Webster, and aeronautical scientist Clark Millikan.[10][22][23] The Scientific Advisory Committee was later disbanded in 1969 but re-established again by BRL director Robert Eichelberger in 1973.[24] However, the committee was permanently abolished in April 1977 as a result of efforts by President Jimmy Carter’s administration to decrease the number of committees used by federal agencies. Members of the last committee were chemist Joseph E. Mayer, aerospace engineer Homer J. Stewart, Army Maj. General Leslie Earl Simon, Army Lt. General Austin Betts, explosives expert J. V. Kaufman, Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army Charles Poor, computer scientist Morris Rubinoff, physicist Martin Summerfield, and aeronautical engineer Herbert K. Weiss.[21]Other consultants for BRL included astronomer Dorrit Hoffleit; chemists John Gamble Kirkwood (recipient of the Langmuir Award), George Kistiakowsky (recipient of the Medal for Merit, Medal of Freedom, National Medal of Science, and the Priestley Medal), and Franklin Long; computer scientist Herman Goldstine (recipient of the National Medal of Science); mathematicians George Carrier (recipient of the National Medal of Science) and Richard Courant; mechanical engineer Howard Wilson Emmons; and physicists Walker Bleakney (a pioneer of mass spectrometry), Joseph O. Hirschfelder (recipient of the National Medal of Science), Norman Ramsey (Nobel laureate), Robert G. Sachs (founder and director of Argonne National Laboratory), and L.H. Thomas (the first fellow in IBM's Watson Research Center).","title":"Advisors and consultants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-25"},{"link_name":"Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_Sciences_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"}],"text":"The Ballistic Research Laboratory acted as a principal research establishment for the U.S. Army to conduct research that contributed to weapon design and use. However, the scope of their work was not just limited to munitions as BRL research spanned a wide range of physical and mathematical sciences in order to enhance different facets of the Army's complex weapon systems.[25] The laboratory also conducted research in atmospheric sciences, which was eventually transferred to the Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory in 1976.[21]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"BRLESC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRLESC"},{"link_name":"IBM 7030 Stretch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_7030_Stretch"},{"link_name":"Heterogeneous Element Processor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterogeneous_Element_Processor"},{"link_name":"ping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping_(networking_utility)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"}],"sub_title":"Computers","text":"As high-speed computation became a major Army priority, BRL played a major role in the development of the modern computer as the lab worked to increase the pace of military calculations. In addition to aiding the development of some of the world's earliest electronic computers, BRL focused on making advancements in both hardware and software with an emphasis on augmenting the speed of operation, ease of programming, and overall economy of their computers.[4] After the successful demonstration of its early electronic computers, BRL continued to invest heavily in high speed computation research. In 1956, researchers at BRL began developing a new computer on their own called the Ballistic Research Laboratories Electronic Scientific Computer, or BRLESC. Completed in 1961, it was very briefly considered the world's fastest computer before it was quickly outperformed by the IBM 7030 Stretch. In 1967, BRL developed a solid-state digital computer called the BRLESC II, which was designed to run 200 times faster than the ORDVAC. BRLESC I and II became the last computers designed and developed by BRL. After performing around-the-clock operations for more than a decade, both the BRLESC I and II were shut down in 1978. Despite this, BRL continued to conduct research on high-speed computing and was involved in the development of new hardware and software such as the Heterogeneous Element Processor and ping.[5]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Interior ballistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_ballistics"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-25"},{"link_name":"hang fires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hang_fire"},{"link_name":"muzzle flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzzle_flash"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"}],"sub_title":"Interior ballistics","text":"Interior ballistics research at BRL focused primarily on improving the propulsion of munitions and increasing the speed of Army missiles. In working toward this goal, BRL developed new propellants that provided more power and energy while maintaining stability and control.[25] Such work entailed analyzing the chemistry of flames, the mechanics of the launching process, and the propellants’ physical and chemical properties. More specific objectives that the researchers word toward included increased muzzle velocity, better burning of propellants, the elimination of hang fires, the reduction of bore erosion, the reduction of muzzle flash and smoke, decreased gun weight, and better recoil mechanisms. Early in its history, BRL's two principal objectives were to learn more about the fundamental processes of interior ballistics to design better guns and to develop more accurate methods of predicting how those guns would perform. This meant that many of the studies that the lab conducted concentrated on issues surrounding how the propellant interacted with the munition. BRL researchers also focused heavily on the physical chemistry of the propellants as well as the thermodynamic qualities of the powder gases produced from burning the propellant. BRL research in interior ballistics led to a wider range of propellants for different weapon systems that achieved higher velocities.[4] As artillery technology became more sophisticated, BRL used its electronic computers to develop digital programs that simulated the interior ballistic performance of its weapon systems. Interior ballistic data from gun firings also helped BRL researchers create models to guide the design of future munitions. By the mid-20th century, the lab had started developing propellants for advanced rockets and large caliber ammunition. Researchers were also engaged in studies pertaining to ignition, combustion, weapon kinematics, and gun barrel erosion.[21]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Exterior ballistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_ballistics"},{"link_name":"Magnus force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_force"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-25"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Space Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Race"},{"link_name":"Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_space_capsule"},{"link_name":"Gemini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gemini"},{"link_name":"Apollo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program"},{"link_name":"intercontinental ballistic missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"}],"sub_title":"Exterior ballistics","text":"Exterior ballistics research at BRL focused on the outward design of Army missiles and the aerodynamic phenomena that influence their flight. In addition to known forces such as drag and lift, BRL researchers were tasked with analyzing potential factors that could influence a projectile's behavior such as the effects of the Magnus force and moment. Both theoretical and experimental studies helped BRL researchers create new techniques for designing aerodynamically stable missiles. One of the most important tasks that BRL performed was developing techniques for predicting the dynamic stability of proposed spin-stabilized missile designs. However, researchers also analyzed designs for fin-stabilized projectiles as well. Other areas of research included analysis on boundary layers, heating rates, and the chemical interactions between the travelling projectile and the surrounding air and electric fields.[4][25] BRL's exterior ballistics division was not solely responsible for developing better projectiles and firing techniques. This section of the lab was also in charge of preparing the firing and bombing tables for soldiers in the field. During World War II, weapon accuracy became a critical focal point for BRL researchers, who directed much of their wartime effort toward refining the ballistic performance of the projectiles. In order to test the performance of different projectiles under various conditions, the lab relied heavily on the supersonic wind tunnels and aerodynamic ranges installed at Aberdeen Proving Ground. The wind tunnels were used extensively during the late 1950s for BRL's cross-wind program, which arose from the Army's need to obtain aerodynamic data in order to prepare firing tables for aircraft rounds fired at large initial yaw angles.[4] During the Space Race, BRL assisted in the development of several spacecraft, including the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo Projects. The lab also engaged in research regarding high altitude atmospheric physics research, fluid physics, and experimental aeroballistics as well as the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles.[21]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terminal ballistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_ballistics"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-25"},{"link_name":"nuclear physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_physics"},{"link_name":"Operation Buster-Jangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Buster%E2%80%93Jangle"},{"link_name":"Operation Tumbler-Snapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Tumbler%E2%80%93Snapper"},{"link_name":"Operation Upshot-Knothole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Upshot%E2%80%93Knothole"},{"link_name":"Operation Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Castle"},{"link_name":"Operation Teapot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Teapot"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Operation Blowdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Blowdown"},{"link_name":"Operation Distant Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Distant_Plain"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"}],"sub_title":"Terminal ballistics","text":"Terminal ballistics research at BRL studied the underlying effects of weapons upon striking their target. BRL researchers in this field conducted experimental and theoretical work on the impact behavior of projectiles and investigated topics such as the mechanisms of penetration, fragmentation, wound ballistics, detonation, shockwave propagation, and combustion.[25] During the post-World War II era in particular, BRL intensified its terminal ballistics research in response to the Army's need for more destructive weapon systems with greater firepower and the rapid advancement of instruments that could provide more precise data about a weapon's terminal effectiveness. This division of the lab also focused on investigating nuclear physics and participated in nuclear blast field tests. BRL developed and provided all instrumentation for measuring air blasts, shock velocities, and hydrostatic pressures for Operation Buster-Jangle and Operation Tumbler-Snapper in 1952, Operation Upshot-Knothole in 1953, Operation Castle in 1954, and Operation Teapot in 1955.[4] The laboratory also conducted air blast research during Operation Blowdown in 1963 and Operation Distant Plain in 1966 and 1967. In addition, a large portion of the basic research was directed toward the development of predictive mathematical models and computer programs. While terminal ballistics played a large role in weapon design and evaluation, BRL used the experimental data to develop protective technologies as well, including various kinds of tank armor. The lab also conducted research into the effects of laser beams starting in the 1960s.[21]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vulnerability analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerability_assessment"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"}],"sub_title":"Vulnerability analysis","text":"Around the end of World War II, BRL was assigned by the Office of the Chief of Ordnance to conduct vulnerability analysis of combat aircraft and munitions and to implement plans to reduce those vulnerabilities. Over time, BRL expanded this role to evaluate all types of weapon systems and vehicles and applied their findings to improve future designs. The laboratory not only conducted vulnerability analysis on American weapon systems to enhance their performance, but it also analyzed enemy combat systems to pinpoint their weaknesses. While this was a relatively small duty compared to some of its other functions, vulnerability analysis and reduction nevertheless became the central focus for an entire division within BRL as researchers conducted studies concerning methods to increase the effectiveness of Army technology. Throughout the Vietnam War, BRL researchers were tasked with continually analyzing combat damage to U.S. aircraft. The laboratory also tested nuclear weapons effects on aerial vehicles and missiles by using high explosive charges to simulate the blast from a nuclear weapon. In general, BRL functioned as the Army's lead laboratory in vulnerability analysis in regards to combat and other external damage, whereas the Army's Vulnerability Assessment Laboratory conducted vulnerability analysis in regards to electronic warfare susceptibility.[21]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-25"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"}],"sub_title":"Weapon systems","text":"Weapon systems research at BRL generally referred to the study of various munitions from an operational analysis viewpoint. These studies focused on enhancing the effectiveness of various weapons such as guns and rockets against a wide variety of targets from personnel to armed tanks. This research was primarily done to assess and predict how each weapon system would perform in a given situation.[25] Beginning in the early 1950s, BRL relied on operations research techniques to evaluate both the weapon systems and the experimental approach with which they were evaluated. The lab also incorporated concepts from game theory to develop programs that simulated battles that allowed them to analyze different tactics and the use of particular weapons in certain situations. Data collected from these studies, largely with the assistance of BRL's electronic computers, helped guide weapon development for the Army as BRL researchers formulated which weapon system performed best against specific targets under various circumstances. After 1968, the focus of weapon systems research shifted to developing new technical approaches to solving Army problems. BRL researchers also planned for the possibility of total nuclear war and thus focused heavily on evaluating intercontinental ballistic missiles, air defense platforms, and advanced submarine systems. BRL also conducted numerous studies that took factors such as cost-effectiveness and ammunition availability into consideration.[21]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warren Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Commission"},{"link_name":"Mannlicher–Carcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannlicher%E2%80%93Carcano"},{"link_name":"Type 38","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcano"},{"link_name":"Lee Harvey Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald"},{"link_name":"assassinate President John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_President_John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Texas School Book Depository","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_School_Book_Depository"}],"text":"On March 27, 1964, the U.S. Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory, according to the 36th U.S. President's Commission (commonly known as the Warren Commission), played host to one of the most famous rifles in U.S. history. On that date, three expert marksmen test-fired a Mannlicher–Carcano Type 38, the rifle used by Lee Harvey Oswald to assassinate President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963. Only one of the three was able to fire three shots somewhat close to the established official time limit attributed to Oswald.[citation needed] But unlike Oswald from the 6th floor of the Texas School Book Depository Building, these marksmen were allowed to use a gun rest and to take as much time as they needed to line up their first shot at a stationary target. Oswald shot at a moving target.Although later research has shown that Oswald had much more time than originally thought, as computed by counting the frames of the original Zapruder Film as opposed to the time line originally published in LIFE Magazine and used in the Warren Commission Report, which had the numbers confused, thus giving a much shorter time of engagement. After accounting for that error, it was found that it was easy to duplicate the attack by Oswald. Later research showed that Oswald was left-handed and used a different technique to shoot rapidly. He rested the fore-stock of the rifle on a box stacked in front of the window and held the rifle with his left hand and sighted through the scope with his left eye as is normal for Left Side Dominant People. He then worked the bolt with his right hand without releasing his grip, or trigger hold. Later, this would allow experts, including an Army Security Agency Special Operations Detachment Designated Marksman, to duplicate that supposed attack, including shooting at a moving target, and to easily beat the supposed time line published by LIFE Magazine.","title":"Model 91/38"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg"},{"link_name":"Betty Holberton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Holberton"},{"link_name":"ENIAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"ENIAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"EDVAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDVAC"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"compiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"BRLESC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRLESC"},{"link_name":"hexadecimal notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal_notation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"MIL-STD-105","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIL-STD-105"},{"link_name":"U.S. military standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Standard"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Doppler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"SPUTNIK II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_2"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Project Echo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Echo"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"},{"link_name":"M829","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M829"},{"link_name":"M1 Abrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_Abrams"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"},{"link_name":"Fortran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"},{"link_name":"MGM-51 Shillelagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-51_Shillelagh"},{"link_name":"MBT-70 tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBT-70"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"},{"link_name":"Sense and Destroy ARMor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_and_Destroy_ARMor"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"},{"link_name":"M1 tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_Abrams"},{"link_name":"Operation Desert Shield/Storm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Desert_Shield/Storm"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-28"},{"link_name":"M712 Copperhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M712_Copperhead"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-28"},{"link_name":"BRL-CAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRL-CAD"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Ping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ping_(networking_utility)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"75mm gun M2–M6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/75mm_gun_M2%E2%80%93M6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"M2 Browning machine gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2_Browning"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Hispano-Suiza HS.820","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispano-Suiza_HS.820"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Shaped charge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaped_charge"},{"link_name":"high-explosive anti-tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-explosive_anti-tank"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"B-47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-47_Stratojet"},{"link_name":"B-52 aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Convair B-36 Peacemaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair_B-36_Peacemaker"},{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"M16 rifle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M16_rifle"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"},{"link_name":"M549","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M549"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"},{"link_name":"M48 Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M48_Patton"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"},{"link_name":"M1 Abrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_Abrams"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"},{"link_name":"MIM-46 Mauler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIM-46_Mauler"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"},{"link_name":"Bell UH-1 Iroquois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_UH-1_Iroquois"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"},{"link_name":"M864","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M864"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-28"},{"link_name":"Bell AH-15 Cobra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_AH-1_Cobra"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-28"},{"link_name":"Bradley Fighting Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Fighting_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-28"},{"link_name":"M1 Abrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_Abrams"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-28"},{"link_name":"M830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M830"},{"link_name":"M1 Abrams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M1_Abrams"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-28"},{"link_name":"Chobham armor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chobham_armour"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_missile"},{"link_name":"Titan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_missile"},{"link_name":"Minuteman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minuteman_missile"},{"link_name":"Pershing tactical missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pershing_missile"},{"link_name":"Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawk_missile"},{"link_name":"Lance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM-52_Lance"},{"link_name":"Davy Crockett nuclear weapon system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davy_Crockett_(nuclear_device)"},{"link_name":"Nike Zeus anti-ballistic missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike_Zeus"},{"link_name":"Polaris ballistic missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaris_ballistic_missile"},{"link_name":"Skybolt ballistic missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GAM-87_Skybolt"},{"link_name":"Sergeant surface-to-surface missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant_(missile)"},{"link_name":"Saturn V rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V_rocket"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Project_Harp.jpg"},{"link_name":"Project HARP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_HARP"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"},{"link_name":"International Geophysical Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year"},{"link_name":"Earth's magnetic field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_magnetic_field"},{"link_name":"ionosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionosphere"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"},{"link_name":"Operation Dominic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dominic"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"},{"link_name":"MBT-70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBT-70"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-21"}],"text":"Betty Holberton (right foreground) programming the ENIAC computer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, BRL building 328 (1940s/1950s)The Ballistic Research Laboratory participated in the development of many original technologies and techniques as part of its Army mission. Examples include the following:ENIAC: The first electronic general-purpose digital computer; it was designed primarily to calculate artillery firing and bombing tables for the U.S. Army.[5]\nEDVAC: An early electronic store-program computer that was the first to implement binary coded decimal.[5]\nORVAC: The first electronic computer to have a compiler; it used a programming language created by BRL researchers called FORAST.[5]\nBRLESC: An early electronic computer that used a hexadecimal notation system.[5]\nBallistic camera: A night-time camera system first devised by BRL in 1941 to locate and record the flashing lights of an approaching aircraft and the signal indicating its release of a bomb; it was used during experimental range bombing tests to calculate bombing tables.[4]\nPiezoelectric gauge: A device used to measure changes in acceleration, strain, pressure, and force by taking advantage of the piezoelectric effect. BRL scientists developed a unique variant of the piezoelectric gauge for blast-measurement work.[4]\nMIL-STD-105: A U.S. military standard based on a sampling technique to determine the acceptability of ammunition quality during production.[4]\nDoppler Velocity and Position (DOVAP) instrumentation system: An early electronic missile-tracking system that tracked the trajectory of a guided missile throughout its flight by noting its velocity and position at all times.[4]\nIntercept Ground Optical Recording (IGOR) system: An optical recording instrument that used telescopes and high-speed cameras to measure the relative trajectories of ground-to-air missiles.[4]\nBRL microwave interferometer: A modified version of a microwave interferometer that determined the travel time of a projectile's passage through a gun's bore.[4]\nBRL microwave spectrometer: An instrument that measures the microwave wavelengths emitted by a sample to obtain information about the structure and chemical bonding of its molecular components.[4]\nKerr cell camera: A high-speed camera system used to photograph the detonation of high explosives.[4]\nDOPLOC: A radio reflection Doppler tracking system used to track satellites that do not emit radio-frequency signals, or “dark satellites.” From 1957 to 1961, it obtained launch and orbital information on numerous satellites and space probes, including Explorer, Tiros, Transit, Lunik, and Pioneer.[21][26]\nSmall Missile Telecamera (SMT): A camera system originally designed to accurately determine the trajectory of small, high-speed missiles; BRL further modified it to obtain some of the earliest exposures of SPUTNIK II.[21]\nSpace Probe Optical Recording Telescope (SPORT): A tracking telescope designed specifically for studying the effects of the atmosphere upon the transmission of light. Developed by BRL, it was used to support NASA during Project Echo.[21]\nLaser speckle interferometry: An imaging technique developed by BRL to obtain information on target signatures through the statistical processing of laser-scattering patterns.[21][27]\nShell pusher: A device designed by BRL to push projectiles through large caliber gun tubes with a force of up to 250,000 lbs.[21]\nM829: An armor-piercing tank round developed by BRL for the M1 Abrams tank.[21]\nComputer Man: A special anatomical computer model of the human body used for wound ballistics research. It featured cross-sectional slices of the human body that were coded according to type of tissue, location, and damage susceptibility.[21]\nGeometric Information for Targets (GIFT) computer model: A Fortran computer program that provided an illustration of the target and its component from any view along with calculations of its aerodynamic properties. It was mainly used for vulnerability analysis.[21]\nAVVAM-1: A computer model developed by BRL that assessed the vulnerability of armored vehicles.[21]\nMGM-51 Shillelagh: An anti-tank guided missile intended to serve as ammunition for the MBT-70 tank. BRL worked with other Army organizations to develop the launcher for this projectile.[21]\nSense and Destroy ARMor (SADARM): a “smart” fire-and-forget submunition designed to search and destroy tanks when deployed. BRL aided in its development through its research in millimeter wave phenomena and armor penetration research.[21]\nM900: A 105 mm artillery round used by the Army's M1 tanks during Operation Desert Shield/Storm. BRL identified the propellant compatible with the M900 just as its development was about to be canceled prematurely.[28]\nM712 Copperhead: A 155 mm cannon-launched guided projectile intended to disable heavily armored targets. BRL devised firing table data and graphical fire-control devices during its development to increase its accuracy.[28]\nBRL-CAD: A solid-modeling computer-aided design (CAD) system initially developed by BRL for vulnerability analysis and weapons modeling. It is the oldest known public version-controlled codebase in the world.[28][29]\nPing: An administration network troubleshooting tool used to test the reachability of a host on a network by sending out signals and measuring how fast it responds.[30]\n75mm gun M2–M6: The standard gun system mounted on American tanks and bomber aircraft. For the M3 variant, BRL modified the design by increasing the length of the tube and improving the metallurgy.[4]\nM2 Browning machine gun: A heavy 0.50 caliber machine gun. BRL conducted the first complete kinematic analysis of the M2 Browning, from which a method to determine the forces transmitted to the back plate were developed.[4]\nHispano-Suiza HS.820: A 20 mm automatic aircraft gun. During World War II, BRL conducted troubleshooting operations for the original model and designed a lightweight variant for turret mounting.[4]\nShaped charge: An explosive charge employed in artillery shells as high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) rounds and in fin-stabilized rocket-type projectiles. BRL conducted investigations to increase its effectiveness through metallurgy and other methods.[4]\nM24A1 gun: a 20-mm aircraft gun. BRL developed a soft-recoil system for the M24A1 to reduce the recoil forces, which led to the development of soft recoil systems for the T121 30-mm gun for the B-47 and B-52 aircraft.[4]\nConvair B-36 Peacemaker: A strategic bomber aircraft used by the U.S. Air Force. After investigating the misfires with the mounted M24 turret guns, BRL developed a modified firing circuit for the aircraft.[4]\nM16 rifle: A type of military rifle. BRL developed a kinematic model of the M16AI rifle that accurately simulated the firearm's performance and helped improve its design.[21]\nM549: An explosive 155 mm howitzer round. BRL conducted several studies to improve its accuracy for colder weather.[21]\nM48 Patton: An American main battle tank. BRL conducted vulnerability analysis on this tank series during the Vietnam War and was able to identify causes for their combat losses.[21]\nM1 Abrams: An American battle tank designed for modern ground warfare. BRL was heavily involved in many aspects of its development and subsequent modifications, especially with its mounted gun and its armor system.[21]\nMIM-46 Mauler: A self-propelled anti-aircraft missile system designed to defeat low-flying combat aircraft and short-range ballistic missiles. BRL conducted extensive studies that predicted its performance against certain targets.[21]\nM988 Sergeant York: An anti-aircraft gun system used for aerial defense. BRL was assigned to evaluate its performance with 30-, 35-, and 40-mm rounds and played a major role in implementing a digital computer in its control system. As a result, the M988 Sergeant York became the first Army air defense gun to use a digital fire control system.[21]\nBell UH-1 Iroquois: A utility military helicopter used during the Vietnam War. BRL aided the development of the mounted weapon system for variants specifically designed for combat.[21]\nM864: A 155 mm artillery shell. BRL conducted numerous studies to resolve many of its design issues.[28]\nBell AH-15 Cobra: An attack helicopter used by the U.S. Army. BRL provided calculations for the helicopter to implement XM261 warheads as part of its arsenal.[28]\nBradley Fighting Vehicle: An armored vehicle platform used primarily to transport infantry units while providing cover fire. BRL helped improve the vehicle's gun system.[28]\nM256 cannon: A 120 mm smoothbore tank gun for the M1 Abrams. BRL helped improve the design of the gun tube and developed technology that increased its accuracy by 15 percent.[28]\nM830: A high explosive anti-tank round designed for the M1 Abrams. The concept for the projectile was developed by BRL, which later conducted simulation studies that assessed the behavior and viability of the projectile and determined that it would enhance the Abrams tank's performance.[28]\nChobham armor: A composite armor developed for armored vehicles. It was tested by BRL and later implemented on the M1 Abrams.[31]In addition, BRL provided research support for the development of the following missiles: the Atlas, Titan, and Minuteman ballistic missiles, the two-stage Pershing tactical missile, Hawk and Lance ground-to-air missiles, the Davy Crockett nuclear weapon system, the Nike Zeus anti-ballistic missile, the Polaris ballistic missile, the Skybolt ballistic missile, the Sergeant surface-to-surface missile, the Mercury launch vehicle, and the Saturn V rocket.[21]BRL developed the 16-inch HARP gun used for Project HARPBRL participated in several large-scale research programs that led to notable scientific milestones. These include the following:Project HARP: A joint project between the U.S. Army and the Canadian military during the 1960s to obtain meteorological information on the upper atmosphere and study the ballistics of re-entry vehicles. As part of this program, BRL developed the 16-inch HARP gun, which holds the world record for the highest altitude a gun-fired projectile had achieved.[21]\nInternational Geophysical Year: An international scientific project that honed in on advancing research in eleven different fields of earth science. BRL conducted studies using rocket flights that led to several noteworthy results, including the first simultaneous measurement of the Earth's magnetic field and the ionosphere’s electron charge.[21]\nOperation Dominic: A series of nuclear test explosions conducted by the United States in 1962. During this program, BRL launched 29 sounding rockets to measure the atmospheric characteristics and debris motions associated with the nuclear bursts.[21]\nMBT-70: A joint project between the United States and West Germany to develop a new main battle tank. Much of BRL's role was in researching an effective armor system for the vehicle.[21]","title":"Projects"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A photo of the BRL Scientific Advisory Committee members in September 1940","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Ballistic_Research_Lab_Advisory_Committee_First_Meeting.gif/220px-Ballistic_Research_Lab_Advisory_Committee_First_Meeting.gif"},{"image_text":"Betty Holberton (right foreground) programming the ENIAC computer in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, BRL building 328 (1940s/1950s)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg/220px-Glen_Beck_and_Betty_Snyder_program_the_ENIAC_in_building_328_at_the_Ballistic_Research_Laboratory.jpg"},{"image_text":"BRL developed the 16-inch HARP gun used for Project HARP","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Project_Harp.jpg/220px-Project_Harp.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Harry Diamond Laboratories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Diamond_Laboratories"},{"title":"Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_Sciences_Laboratory"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Appendix K: Ballistic Research Laboratory\". Achieving Leadership in Materials Technology for the Army of the Future: A Report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 1986. doi:10.17226/18915. ISBN 978-0-309-31115-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nap.edu/read/18915/chapter/21","url_text":"Achieving Leadership in Materials Technology for the Army of the Future: A Report"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.17226%2F18915","url_text":"10.17226/18915"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-31115-1","url_text":"978-0-309-31115-1"}]},{"reference":"\"The Genealogy of ARL\" (PDF). 1997. p. 19. ARL-P 360-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arl.army.mil/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/ARL-P-360-2-The-Genealogy-of-ARL.pdf","url_text":"\"The Genealogy of ARL\""}]},{"reference":"Moye, William (1996). \"ENIAC: The Army-Sponsored Revolution\". History of Computing Information. Archived from the original on April 3, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210403020457/https://ftp.arl.army.mil/~mike/comphist/96summary/","url_text":"\"ENIAC: The Army-Sponsored Revolution\""}]},{"reference":"Barber, Gordon (1956). Ballisticians in War and Peace: A History of the United States Army Ballistics Research Laboratory (PDF). Vol. 1. ADA300523. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2020 – via Defense Technical Information Center.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a300523.pdf","url_text":"Ballisticians in War and Peace: A History of the United States Army Ballistics Research Laboratory"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200327131607/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a300523.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bergin, Thomas, ed. (2000). 50 Years of Army Computing: From ENIAC to MSRC (PDF). U.S. Army Research Laboratory. ISBN 0-9702316-1-X. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 24, 2020 – via Defense Technical Information Center.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a431730.pdf","url_text":"50 Years of Army Computing: From ENIAC to MSRC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9702316-1-X","url_text":"0-9702316-1-X"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201124042905/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a431730.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cronin, Charlotte (September 26, 2014). \"The First Years of Aberdeen Proving Ground\". The Baltimore Sun.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baltimoresun.com/maryland/harford/aegis/ph-ag-doc-cronin-column-0926-20140926-story.html","url_text":"\"The First Years of Aberdeen Proving Ground\""}]},{"reference":"\"Professor Forest R. Moulton\". United States Army Ordnance Corps.","urls":[{"url":"https://goordnance.army.mil/hof/1969/moulton.html","url_text":"\"Professor Forest R. Moulton\""}]},{"reference":"Goldstine, Herman (2008). The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400820139.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400820139","url_text":"9781400820139"}]},{"reference":"Shrader, Charles (2006). History of Operations Research in the United States Army, Volume 1: 1942-1962 (PDF). U.S. Army Center of Military History.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.army.mil/html/books/hist_op_research/CMH_70-102-1.pdf","url_text":"History of Operations Research in the United States Army, Volume 1: 1942-1962"}]},{"reference":"Green, Constance; Thomson, Harry; Roots, Peter (1990). The Ordnance Department: Planning Munitions for War (PDF). United States in World War II: The Technical Services. U.S. Army Center of Military History.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.army.mil/html/books/010/10-9/CMH_Pub_10-9.pdf","url_text":"The Ordnance Department: Planning Munitions for War"}]},{"reference":"Simon, Leslie; Grubbs, Frank; Zaroodny, Serge (1971). Robert Harrington Kent: 1886-1961 (PDF). National Academy of Sciences.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/kent-robert.pdf","url_text":"Robert Harrington Kent: 1886-1961"}]},{"reference":"Augarten, Stan (1984). \"The Ballistics Research Laboratory and Firing Tables\". BIT by BIT: An Illustrated History of Computers. New York: Ticknor and Fields. ISBN 0-89919-268-8.","urls":[{"url":"http://ds-wordpress.haverford.edu/bitbybit/bit-by-bit-contents/chapter-four/the-ballistics-research-laboratory-and-firing-tables/","url_text":"\"The Ballistics Research Laboratory and Firing Tables\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89919-268-8","url_text":"0-89919-268-8"}]},{"reference":"Deitz, Paul (January 29, 1996). \"Colonel Paul Gillon -- Grandfather of ENIAC\". History of Computing Information. Archived from the original on April 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210402222702/https://ftp.arl.army.mil/~mike/comphist/96gillon/index.html","url_text":"\"Colonel Paul Gillon -- Grandfather of ENIAC\""}]},{"reference":"Henderson, Harry (2014). A to Z of Computer Scientists. Facts on File, Incorporated. ISBN 9781438109183.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmm_Axdor8C","url_text":"A to Z of Computer Scientists"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438109183","url_text":"9781438109183"}]},{"reference":"Augarten, Stan (1984). \"Project PX and the ENIAC\". BIT by BIT: An Illustrated History of Computers. New York: Ticknor and Fields. ISBN 0-89919-268-8.","urls":[{"url":"http://ds-wordpress.haverford.edu/bitbybit/bit-by-bit-contents/chapter-four/4-8-project-px-and-the-eniac/","url_text":"\"Project PX and the ENIAC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89919-268-8","url_text":"0-89919-268-8"}]},{"reference":"Augarten, Stan (1984). \"ENIAC's Hydrogen Bomb Calculations\". BIT by BIT: An Illustrated History of Computers. New York: Ticknor and Fields. ISBN 0-89919-268-8.","urls":[{"url":"http://ds-wordpress.haverford.edu/bitbybit/bit-by-bit-contents/chapter-four/4-9-eniacs-hydrogen-bomb-calculations/","url_text":"\"ENIAC's Hydrogen Bomb Calculations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89919-268-8","url_text":"0-89919-268-8"}]},{"reference":"Chodos, Alan, ed. (2002). \"This Month in Physics History: August 1946: The Moore School Lectures\". APS News. 11 (8).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200208/history.cfm","url_text":"\"This Month in Physics History: August 1946: The Moore School Lectures\""}]},{"reference":"Weik, Martin. \"The ENIAC Story\". History of Computing Information. Archived from the original on April 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210402210146/https://ftp.arl.army.mil/~mike/comphist/eniac-story.html","url_text":"\"The ENIAC Story\""}]},{"reference":"\"Important ENIAC Dates\". History of Computing Information. Archived from the original on April 2, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210402222638/https://ftp.arl.army.mil/~mike/comphist/dates.html","url_text":"\"Important ENIAC Dates\""}]},{"reference":"Augarten, Stan (1984). \"Stored-Program Computing\". BIT by BIT: An Illustrated History of Computers. New York: Ticknor and Fields. ISBN 0-89919-268-8.","urls":[{"url":"http://ds-wordpress.haverford.edu/bitbybit/bit-by-bit-contents/chapter-five/5-1-stored-program-computing/","url_text":"\"Stored-Program Computing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89919-268-8","url_text":"0-89919-268-8"}]},{"reference":"Ballisticians in War and Peace: A History of the United States Army Ballistics Research Laboratory (PDF). Vol. 2. 1976. A300524. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 16, 2022 – via Defense Technical Information Center.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a300524.pdf","url_text":"Ballisticians in War and Peace: A History of the United States Army Ballistics Research Laboratory"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220216170744/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a300524.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Burkhart, Ford (March 17, 1998). \"Thomas H. Johnson, 98, Cosmic Ray Physicist\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/17/us/thomas-h-johnson-98-cosmic-ray-physicist.html/","url_text":"\"Thomas H. Johnson, 98, Cosmic Ray Physicist\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clark Blanchard Millikan (1903-1966)\" (PDF). Engineering and Science. 29 (4): 20–22. January 1966 – via Caltech Magazine.","urls":[{"url":"https://calteches.library.caltech.edu/253/2/ES29.4.1966.pdf","url_text":"\"Clark Blanchard Millikan (1903-1966)\""}]},{"reference":"\"BRL Scientific Advisory Committee Revived\". Army Research and Development. 14 (3): 10. 1973.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=QNtxcc85zYkC&q=BRL+scientific+advisory+committee+members","url_text":"\"BRL Scientific Advisory Committee Revived\""}]},{"reference":"BRL. U.S. Army Ballistic Research Laboratories.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cWKsijKVe0oC","url_text":"BRL"}]},{"reference":"deBey, A.L.G.; Richard, V.W. (March 1963). \"The DOPLOC Dark Satellite Tracking System\" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center. AD0403879. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0403879.pdf","url_text":"\"The DOPLOC Dark Satellite Tracking System\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220216174952/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0403879.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chiang, F.P. (February 10, 1991). \"Development of CASI (Computer Aided Speckle Interferometry) and LSS (Laser Speckle Sensor) with Application to Material Response under High Strain Rate, High Temperature, Vibration and Fatigue\" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center. A248517. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a248517.pdf","url_text":"\"Development of CASI (Computer Aided Speckle Interferometry) and LSS (Laser Speckle Sensor) with Application to Material Response under High Strain Rate, High Temperature, Vibration and Fatigue\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220216170744/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a248517.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ballisticians in War and Peace: A History of the United States Army Ballistics Research Laboratory (PDF). Vol. 3. 1992. A300522. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 2, 2019 – via Defense Technical Information Center.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a300522.pdf","url_text":"Ballisticians in War and Peace: A History of the United States Army Ballistics Research Laboratory"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190502132741/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a300522.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dykstra, Phillip (April 2013). \"The BRL-CAD Package: An Overview\" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center. ARL-RP-432. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a585918.pdf","url_text":"\"The BRL-CAD Package: An Overview\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220217015325/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a585918.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mauff, Brandy (August 31, 2021). \"A Brief History of Ping or How a Thousand Lines of Code Changed Networking Forever\".","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.paessler.com/a-brief-history-of-ping","url_text":"\"A Brief History of Ping or How a Thousand Lines of Code Changed Networking Forever\""}]},{"reference":"Starry, Donn; Hofmann, George, eds. (2014). Camp Colt to Desert Storm: The History of the U.S. Armored Forces. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 9780813146584.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Hfw2AgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Camp Colt to Desert Storm: The History of the U.S. Armored Forces"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813146584","url_text":"9780813146584"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band-aid_(Computing)
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Jury rigging
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["1 Rigging","2 Similar terms","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
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Term for a makeshift repair
Not to be confused with Jury tampering.
Look up jury-rig in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Model showing a method for jury-rigging a rudder
In maritime transport and sailing, jury rigging is making temporary makeshift running repairs with only the tools and materials on board. It originates from sail-powered boats and ships. Jury-rigging can be applied to any part of a ship; be it its super-structure (hull, decks), propulsion systems (mast, sails, rigging, engine, transmission, propeller), or controls (helm, rudder, centreboard, daggerboards, rigging).
Similarly, a jury mast is a replacement mast after a dismasting. If necessary, a yard would also be fashioned and stayed to allow a watercraft to resume making way.
Rigging
Three variations of the jury mast knot.
A sail-powered boat may carry a limited amount of repair materials, from which some form of jury-rig can be fashioned. Additionally, anything salvageable, such as a spar or spinnaker pole, could be adapted to carry a makeshift sail.
Ships typically carried a selection of spare parts such as topmasts. However, due to their much larger size, at up to 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) in diameter, the lower masts were too large to carry as spares. Example jury-rig configurations include:
A spare topmast
The main boom of a brig
Replacing the foremast with the mizzenmast (mentioned in William N. Brady's The Kedge Anchor, or Young Sailors' Assistant, 1852)
The bowsprit set upright and tied to the stump of the original mast.
The jury mast knot may provide anchor points for securing makeshift stays and shrouds to support a jury mast, although there is differing evidence of the knot's actual historical use.
Jury-rigs are not limited to sail-powered boats. Any unpowered watercraft can carry jury sail. A rudder, tiller, or any other component can be jury-rigged by improvising a repair out of materials at hand.
Similar terms
Jerry-built things, which are things 'built unsubstantially of bad materials', has a separate unknown etymology. It is probably linked to earlier pejorative uses of the word jerry, attested as early as 1721, and may have been influenced by jury-rigged. The blended terms jerry rigging and jerry-rigged are also common.
Afro engineering (short for African engineering) or nigger-rigging is a fix that is temporary, done quickly, technically improperly, or without attention to or care for detail. It can also be shoddy, second-rate workmanship, with whatever available materials. Nigger-rigging originated in the 1950s United States; the term was euphemized as afro engineering in the 1970s and later again as ghetto rigging. The terms have been used in the U.S. auto mechanic industry to describe quick makeshift repairs. These phrases have largely fallen out of common usage due to their colloquial nature, but are occasionally used within the African-American community.
Another American expression is redneck technology.
To MacGyver (or MacGyverize) something is to rig up something in a hurry using materials at hand, from the title character of the American television show of the same name, who specialized in such improvisation stunts.
In New Zealand, having a Number 8 wire mentality means to have the ability to make or repair something using any materials at hand, such as standard farm fencing wire.
In British slang, bodge and bodging refer to doing a job serviceably but inelegantly using whatever tools and materials are at hand; the term derives from bodging, for expedient woodturning using unseasoned, green wood (especially branches recently removed from a nearby tree).
The chiefly American term do-it-yourself (DIY) relatedly refers to creating, repairing, or modifying things without professional or expert assistance.
Similar concepts in other languages include: jugaad in Hindi and jugaar in Urdu, urawaza (裏技) in Japanese, tapullo in Genoese dialect, tǔ fǎ (土法) in Chinese, Trick 17 in German, desenrascar in Portuguese an gambiarra in Brazilian Portuguese, système D in French, jua kali in Swahili. Several equivalent terms in South Africa are n boer maak 'n plan in Afrikaans, izenzele in Zulu, iketsetse in Sotho, and itirele in Tswana.
See also
Kludge – Umaintainable solution
Repurposing – Using object intended for one purpose in alternative way
References
^ a b "jury-rigged". www.Lexico.com. Oxford English Dictionary. 2022. Archived from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
^ The Oxford English Dictionary, Volume V, H-K. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1933. p. 637, corrected reprinting 1966.
^ Hamel, Charles (August 2006) . "Investigations – nœud de capelage or jury rig knot". Charles.Hamel.free.fr. Charles Hamel. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
^ Hamel, Charles (August 2006) . "Jury rig investigation – nœud de capelage jury rig mast knot is it only ornamental or utilitarian (with secondary evolution to ornamental)?". Charles.Hamel.free.fr. Charles Hamel. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
^ Hamel, Charles (August 2006) . "Jury rig investigation 2 – nœud de capelage jury rig mast knot is it only ornamental or utilitarian (with secondary evolution to ornamental)?". Charles.Hamel.free.fr. Charles Hamel. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
^ Israel, Mark (29 September 1997). "jerry-built" / "jury-rigged". www.Yaelf.com. alt.usage.english Word Origins FAQ. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
^ William Morris; Mary Morris (1988). Morris Dictionary of Words and Phrase Origins, 2nd Edition. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 321–322.
^ Wilton, Dave. "jerry-built / jury rig". www.WordOrigins.org. Word Origins.org. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2013.
^ "'Jury-rigged' vs. 'jerry-rigged'". Dictionary.com. 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
^ a b Green, Jonathan (2005). Cassell's Dictionary of Slang (2 ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 10, African engineering. ISBN 978-0-304-36636-1 – via Google Books.
^ a b Green, Jonathan (2005). Cassell's Dictionary of Slang (2 ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 1003, nigger rig n.; nigger rig v.; nigger rigged. ISBN 978-0-304-36636-1 – via Google Books.
^ Partridge, Eric (2006). The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English: J-Z. Taylor & Francis. p. 1370, nigger-rig. ISBN 978-0-415-25938-5 – via Google Books.
^ Jackson, Shirley A. (2015). Routledge International Handbook of Race, Class, and Gender. Routledge. Intersections of discourse: Racetalk and class talk. ISBN 978-0-415-63271-3 – via Google Books. 'I can't even nigger-rig it.' ... 'The proper terminology is Afro-engineering.' Here, blackness is demarcated in a classed way. 'Nigger-rigging' is a quick, temporary fix to a problem, but it is a solution that is second rate to the 'right' way. ... declares that this type of knowledge is racialized and classed in a way that deems it inherently inferior. ... implies that black ingenuity and innovation as sub-par and second rate to white ingenuity and innovation. ... By responding indirectly ... consents to this classed usage of the word 'nigger'. Not only does this trivialize whether the slur's usage is inappropriate in the first place, but it equates 'nigger-rigging' with 'Afro-engineering'. ... denotes these terms as synonymous, thus imposing an even more classed meaning to this racial slur.
^ Poteet, Jim; Poteet, Lewis (1992). Car & Motorcycle Slang. toExcel an imprint of iUniverse.com Inc. p. 14, Afro engineering. ISBN 978-0-595-01080-6 – via Google Books.
^ Eisiminger, Sterling K. (1991). The Consequence of Error and Other Language Essays. P. Lang. p. 327. ISBN 978-0-82041-472-0 – via Google Books.
^ Eisiminger, Sterling (1979). Aman, Reinhold (ed.). "A Glossary of Ethnic Slurs in American English". Maledicta. 3 (2). Maledicta Press: 167. Afro engineering
^ Green, Jonathon (1996). Words Apart: The Language of Prejudice. Kyle Cathie. pp. 59. ISBN 978-1-85626-216-3.
^ Droney, Damien (2014). "Ironies of Laboratory Work during Ghana's Second Age of Optimism". Cultural Anthropology. 29 (2). p. 363–384, Ironic Africa. doi:10.14506/ca29.2.10.
^ See, e.g.: Kelly, Kevin (2 August 2006). "Street Use: Redneck Technology". KK.org. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
^ Rich, John (2006). Warm Up the Snake: a Hollywood Memoir. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. p. 167. ISBN 9780472115785. OCLC 67240539.
^ "Time to 'break free' of No 8 wire mentality". www.Stuff.co.nz. New Zealand: Stuff. 26 July 2012.
^ Campbell, Angus Donald (2017). "Lay Designers: Grassroots Innovation for Appropriate Change" (PDF). Massachusetts Institute of Technology – via AngusDonaldCampbell.com.
Further reading
Harland, John (1984). Seamanship in the Age of Sail. Naval Institute Press.
External links
Media related to Jury rigging at Wikimedia Commons
vteSails, spars and riggingincluding limited use*, outdated†Rigs (jury rigging)Textile
Bermuda
B&R
Cat
Fore-and-aft
Gaff
Gunter
Junk*
Ljungström
Mast-aft
Pinisi
Square
Other
Rotorsail*
Turbosail*
Wingsail
Sails (sailing rigs)Three-sided
Asymmetrical spinnaker
Crab claw*
Gennaker
Genoa
Jib
Lateen
Mainsail (Bermuda rig)
Raffee
Ringtail*
Screecher*
Spinnaker
Staysail
Trysail*
Four-sided
Course
Fisherman†
Foresail
Junk sail*
Lug sail
Mainsail (square rig)
Moonraker*
Ringtail*
Royal
Skysail*
Spanker
Spritsail (square-rigged)†
Spritsail* (Optimist)
Studding*
Tanja sail
Topgallant
Topsail
Watersail*
Components
Batten
Bolt rope
Cringle
Emblems
Draft
Jackline
Reefing points
Roach
Sailcloth
Spreader patch
Tell-tale
SparsOn bow
Bowsprit
sprit topmast
Dolphin striker
Jackstaff
Jibboom
Pelican striker
On mast
Boom
Boomkin
Gaff
Truck
Crosstrees
Spinnaker pole
Spreader
Sprit
Yard
RiggingStanding
Bobstay
Lazy jack
Running backstay
Shroud
ratlines
Stay mouse†
Stays
backstay
forestay
Running
Boomkicker*
Boom vang
Braces
Buntlines
Cunningham
Clewlines
Downhaul
Guy
Halyard
peak
throat
Outhaul
Preventer
Sheet
Tack
Topping lift
Components
Baggywrinkle
Belaying pin*
Block
Cleat
bitts
Clevis pin
Deadeye
Earing
Fairlead
Footrope
Gasket
Parrel beads
Ring bolt
Roller furling
Shackle
Swivel
gooseneck
Trapeze
Traveller
Turnbuckle
Winch
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It originates from sail-powered boats and ships. 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Brady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_N._Brady&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"bowsprit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowsprit"},{"link_name":"jury mast knot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury_mast_knot"},{"link_name":"stays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stays_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"shrouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shroud_(sailing)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamel1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamel2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamel3-5"},{"link_name":"unpowered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_propulsion"},{"link_name":"rudder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudder"},{"link_name":"tiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiller"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lexico-1"}],"text":"Three variations of the jury mast knot.A sail-powered boat may carry a limited amount of repair materials, from which some form of jury-rig can be fashioned. Additionally, anything salvageable, such as a spar or spinnaker pole, could be adapted to carry a makeshift sail.Ships typically carried a selection of spare parts such as topmasts. However, due to their much larger size, at up to 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) in diameter, the lower masts were too large to carry as spares. Example jury-rig configurations include:A spare topmast\nThe main boom of a brig\nReplacing the foremast with the mizzenmast (mentioned in William N. Brady's The Kedge Anchor, or Young Sailors' Assistant, 1852)\nThe bowsprit set upright and tied to the stump of the original mast.The jury mast knot may provide anchor points for securing makeshift stays and shrouds to support a jury mast, although there is differing evidence of the knot's actual historical use.[3][4][5]Jury-rigs are not limited to sail-powered boats. Any unpowered watercraft can carry jury sail. A rudder, tiller, or any other component can be jury-rigged by improvising a repair out of materials at hand.[1]","title":"Rigging"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-alt.usage.english-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morris-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilton-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's1-10"},{"link_name":"nigger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigger"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's2-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPD-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's1-10"},{"link_name":"euphemized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemism"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's2-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Routledge-13"},{"link_name":"auto mechanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_mechanic"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Auto_Slang-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CoE-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maledicta-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LoP-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CultAnth-18"},{"link_name":"redneck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redneck"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"MacGyver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacGyver_(1985_TV_series)#%22MacGyver%22_and_%22MacGyverism%22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Number 8 wire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_8_wire"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"bodging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodging"},{"link_name":"woodturning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodturning"},{"link_name":"do-it-yourself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do-it-yourself"},{"link_name":"jugaad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugaad"},{"link_name":"urawaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urawaza"},{"link_name":"Genoese dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoese_dialect"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese"},{"link_name":"système D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_D"},{"link_name":"Swahili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_language"},{"link_name":"Afrikaans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrikaans"},{"link_name":"Zulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zulu_language"},{"link_name":"Sotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotho_language"},{"link_name":"Tswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tswana_language"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Jerry-built things, which are things 'built unsubstantially of bad materials', has a separate unknown etymology. It is probably linked to earlier pejorative uses of the word jerry, attested as early as 1721, and may have been influenced by jury-rigged.[6][7][8] The blended terms jerry rigging and jerry-rigged are also common.[9]\nAfro engineering (short for African engineering)[10] or nigger-rigging[11] is a fix that is temporary, done quickly, technically improperly, or without attention to or care for detail. It can also be shoddy, second-rate workmanship, with whatever available materials.[12] Nigger-rigging originated in the 1950s United States;[10] the term was euphemized as afro engineering in the 1970s[11][13] and later again as ghetto rigging. The terms have been used in the U.S. auto mechanic industry to describe quick makeshift repairs.[14] These phrases have largely fallen out of common usage due to their colloquial nature, but are occasionally used within the African-American community.[15][16][17][18]\nAnother American expression is redneck technology.[19]\nTo MacGyver (or MacGyverize) something is to rig up something in a hurry using materials at hand, from the title character of the American television show of the same name, who specialized in such improvisation stunts.[20]\nIn New Zealand, having a Number 8 wire mentality means to have the ability to make or repair something using any materials at hand, such as standard farm fencing wire.[21]\nIn British slang, bodge and bodging refer to doing a job serviceably but inelegantly using whatever tools and materials are at hand; the term derives from bodging, for expedient woodturning using unseasoned, green wood (especially branches recently removed from a nearby tree).\nThe chiefly American term do-it-yourself (DIY) relatedly refers to creating, repairing, or modifying things without professional or expert assistance.\nSimilar concepts in other languages include: jugaad in Hindi and jugaar in Urdu, urawaza (裏技) in Japanese, tapullo in Genoese dialect, tǔ fǎ (土法) in Chinese, Trick 17 in German, desenrascar in Portuguese an gambiarra in Brazilian Portuguese, système D in French, jua kali in Swahili. Several equivalent terms in South Africa are n boer maak 'n plan in Afrikaans, izenzele in Zulu, iketsetse in Sotho, and itirele in Tswana.[22]","title":"Similar terms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naval Institute Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press"}],"text":"Harland, John (1984). Seamanship in the Age of Sail. Naval Institute Press.","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Model showing a method for jury-rigging a rudder","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Jurry_rigged_rudder.jpg/220px-Jurry_rigged_rudder.jpg"},{"image_text":"Three variations of the jury mast knot.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Jury-mast-knot-variations.jpg/220px-Jury-mast-knot-variations.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Kludge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kludge"},{"title":"Repurposing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repurposing"}]
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[{"reference":"\"jury-rigged\". www.Lexico.com. Oxford English Dictionary. 2022. Archived from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220123095751/https://www.lexico.com/definition/jury-rigged","url_text":"\"jury-rigged\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary","url_text":"Oxford English Dictionary"},{"url":"https://www.lexico.com/definition/jury-rigged","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"The Oxford English Dictionary, Volume V, H-K. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1933. p. 637, corrected reprinting 1966.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon_Press","url_text":"Clarendon Press"}]},{"reference":"Hamel, Charles (August 2006) [September 2005]. \"Investigations – nœud de capelage or jury rig knot\". Charles.Hamel.free.fr. Charles Hamel. Retrieved 26 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://charles.hamel.free.fr/knots-and-cordages/Investigation.html","url_text":"\"Investigations – nœud de capelage or jury rig knot\""}]},{"reference":"Hamel, Charles (August 2006) [September 2005]. \"Jury rig investigation – nœud de capelage jury rig mast knot is it only ornamental or utilitarian (with secondary evolution to ornamental)?\". Charles.Hamel.free.fr. Charles Hamel. Retrieved 26 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://charles.hamel.free.fr/knots-and-cordages/Jury_rig_investigation.html","url_text":"\"Jury rig investigation – nœud de capelage jury rig mast knot is it only ornamental or utilitarian (with secondary evolution to ornamental)?\""}]},{"reference":"Hamel, Charles (August 2006) [September 2005]. \"Jury rig investigation 2 – nœud de capelage jury rig mast knot is it only ornamental or utilitarian (with secondary evolution to ornamental)?\". Charles.Hamel.free.fr. Charles Hamel. Retrieved 26 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://charles.hamel.free.fr/knots-and-cordages/Jury-rig-follow-on.html","url_text":"\"Jury rig investigation 2 – nœud de capelage jury rig mast knot is it only ornamental or utilitarian (with secondary evolution to ornamental)?\""}]},{"reference":"Israel, Mark (29 September 1997). \"jerry-built\" / \"jury-rigged\". www.Yaelf.com. alt.usage.english Word Origins FAQ. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 28 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130927182352/http://www.yaelf.com/aueFAQ/mifjrrybltjryrggd.shtml","url_text":"\"jerry-built\" / \"jury-rigged\""},{"url":"http://www.yaelf.com/aueFAQ/mifjrrybltjryrggd.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"William Morris; Mary Morris (1988). Morris Dictionary of Words and Phrase Origins, 2nd Edition. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 321–322.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins","url_text":"HarperCollins"}]},{"reference":"Wilton, Dave. \"jerry-built / jury rig\". www.WordOrigins.org. Word Origins.org. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160919083623/http://www.WordOrigins.org/index.php/site/comments/jerry_built_jury_rig/","url_text":"\"jerry-built / jury rig\""},{"url":"http://www.wordorigins.org/index.php/site/comments/jerry_built_jury_rig/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Jury-rigged' vs. 'jerry-rigged'\". Dictionary.com. 2017. Retrieved 20 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dictionary.com/e/jury-rigged-vs-jerry-rigged/","url_text":"\"'Jury-rigged' vs. 'jerry-rigged'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary.com","url_text":"Dictionary.com"}]},{"reference":"Green, Jonathan (2005). Cassell's Dictionary of Slang (2 ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 10, African engineering. ISBN 978-0-304-36636-1 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC","url_text":"Cassell's Dictionary of Slang"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson","url_text":"Weidenfeld & Nicolson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-36636-1","url_text":"978-0-304-36636-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Books","url_text":"Google Books"}]},{"reference":"Green, Jonathan (2005). Cassell's Dictionary of Slang (2 ed.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 1003, nigger rig n.; nigger rig v.; nigger rigged. ISBN 978-0-304-36636-1 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5GpLcC4a5fAC","url_text":"Cassell's Dictionary of Slang"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weidenfeld_%26_Nicolson","url_text":"Weidenfeld & Nicolson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-36636-1","url_text":"978-0-304-36636-1"}]},{"reference":"Partridge, Eric (2006). The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English: J-Z. Taylor & Francis. p. 1370, nigger-rig. ISBN 978-0-415-25938-5 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Partridge","url_text":"Partridge, Eric"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mAdUqLrKw4YC","url_text":"The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English: J-Z"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis","url_text":"Taylor & Francis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25938-5","url_text":"978-0-415-25938-5"}]},{"reference":"Jackson, Shirley A. (2015). Routledge International Handbook of Race, Class, and Gender. Routledge. Intersections of discourse: Racetalk and class talk. ISBN 978-0-415-63271-3 – via Google Books. 'I can't even nigger-rig it.' ... 'The proper terminology is Afro-engineering.' Here, blackness is demarcated in a classed way. 'Nigger-rigging' is a quick, temporary fix to a problem, but it is a solution that is second rate to the 'right' way. ... declares that this type of knowledge is racialized and classed in a way that deems it inherently inferior. ... implies that black ingenuity and innovation as sub-par and second rate to white ingenuity and innovation. ... By responding indirectly ... consents to this classed usage of the word 'nigger'. Not only does this trivialize whether the slur's usage is inappropriate in the first place, but it equates 'nigger-rigging' with 'Afro-engineering'. ... denotes these terms as synonymous, thus imposing an even more classed meaning to this racial slur.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JBEWBAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Routledge International Handbook of Race, Class, and Gender"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-63271-3","url_text":"978-0-415-63271-3"}]},{"reference":"Poteet, Jim; Poteet, Lewis (1992). Car & Motorcycle Slang. toExcel an imprint of iUniverse.com Inc. p. 14, Afro engineering. ISBN 978-0-595-01080-6 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=973n3OipN-4C","url_text":"Car & Motorcycle Slang"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-595-01080-6","url_text":"978-0-595-01080-6"}]},{"reference":"Eisiminger, Sterling K. (1991). The Consequence of Error and Other Language Essays. P. Lang. p. 327. ISBN 978-0-82041-472-0 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-dPlAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Consequence of Error and Other Language Essays"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-82041-472-0","url_text":"978-0-82041-472-0"}]},{"reference":"Eisiminger, Sterling (1979). Aman, Reinhold (ed.). \"A Glossary of Ethnic Slurs in American English\". Maledicta. 3 (2). Maledicta Press: 167. Afro engineering","urls":[]},{"reference":"Green, Jonathon (1996). Words Apart: The Language of Prejudice. Kyle Cathie. pp. 59. ISBN 978-1-85626-216-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wordsapartlangua0000gree","url_text":"Words Apart: The Language of Prejudice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Cathie","url_text":"Kyle Cathie"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wordsapartlangua0000gree/page/59","url_text":"59"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85626-216-3","url_text":"978-1-85626-216-3"}]},{"reference":"Droney, Damien (2014). \"Ironies of Laboratory Work during Ghana's Second Age of Optimism\". Cultural Anthropology. 29 (2). p. 363–384, Ironic Africa. doi:10.14506/ca29.2.10.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.14506%2Fca29.2.10","url_text":"\"Ironies of Laboratory Work during Ghana's Second Age of Optimism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.14506%2Fca29.2.10","url_text":"10.14506/ca29.2.10"}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Kevin (2 August 2006). \"Street Use: Redneck Technology\". KK.org. Retrieved 20 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Kelly_(editor)","url_text":"Kelly, Kevin"},{"url":"https://kk.org/streetuse/redneck-technology/","url_text":"\"Street Use: Redneck Technology\""}]},{"reference":"Rich, John (2006). Warm Up the Snake: a Hollywood Memoir. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. p. 167. ISBN 9780472115785. OCLC 67240539.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press","url_text":"University of Michigan Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472115785","url_text":"9780472115785"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/67240539","url_text":"67240539"}]},{"reference":"\"Time to 'break free' of No 8 wire mentality\". www.Stuff.co.nz. New Zealand: Stuff. 26 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/farming/7358384/Time-to-break-free-of-No-8-wire-mentality","url_text":"\"Time to 'break free' of No 8 wire mentality\""}]},{"reference":"Campbell, Angus Donald (2017). \"Lay Designers: Grassroots Innovation for Appropriate Change\" (PDF). Massachusetts Institute of Technology – via AngusDonaldCampbell.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.angusdonaldcampbell.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/006_DESI_a_00424_Campbell_WEB_vB.pdf","url_text":"\"Lay Designers: Grassroots Innovation for Appropriate Change\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology","url_text":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology"}]},{"reference":"Harland, John (1984). Seamanship in the Age of Sail. Naval Institute Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press","url_text":"Naval Institute Press"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Torkaman
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Bandar Torkaman
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["1 Economy","2 Tourism","3 Environment","4 Carpets","5 Culture","5.1 Traditions","5.2 Food","5.3 Dress","5.4 Sports and recreation","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]
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Coordinates: 36°54′05″N 54°04′25″E / 36.90139°N 54.07361°E / 36.90139; 54.07361City in Golestan province, Iran
For the administrative division of Golestan province, see Torkaman County. For other places with a similar name, see Torkaman.
City in Golestan, IranBandar Torkaman
Persian: بندرتركمنCityIranian Turkmen in Bandar TorkamanBandar TorkamanCoordinates: 36°54′05″N 54°04′25″E / 36.90139°N 54.07361°E / 36.90139; 54.07361CountryIranProvinceGolestanCountyTorkamanDistrictCentralPopulation (2016) • Total53,970Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)Bandar Torkaman at GEOnet Names Server
Bandar Torkaman (Persian: بندرتركمن) is a city in the Central District of Torkaman County, Golestan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
At the 2006 National Census, its population was 45,045 in 9,755 households. The following census in 2011 counted 48,736 people in 11,869 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 53,970 people in 14,512 households.
Bandar Torkaman is a port on the Caspian Sea. It is approximately 375 km (233 mi) from Tehran. Some 3 km (1.9 mi) west of Bandar Torkaman is Ashooradeh Island.
Economy
The economy is based on agriculture, handicrafts, animal husbandry, fishing and tourism, with 50 percent of Iranian caviar being extracted near this port. Ashouradeh Island attracts many tourists. Bandar Torkaman is also called "Cotton Island". Cotton is grown abundantly in the harbor which makes Bandar Torkaman a strategic cotton-cultivator in the country.
Tourism
A picture of the Bandar Torkaman pier
In the past, the city was equipped with three big jetties and was used by the Allied Forces during the World War II for transportation of equipment. However, two jetties have sunk and presently, due to poor equipment and the gradual decline of water, Bandar Torkaman possesses only one jetty, is no longer bustling and is mostly used to communicate with Ashouradeh Island.
During Norouz (New Iranian Year) and summers, this jetty is full of seasonal merchants who bring Turkman fabricated objects to the city for sale. Ashouradeh Island is a main attraction in the region.
Environment
During the colder months of the year, the Gomishan lagoon, Bandar Torkaman's highly biodiverse wetland habitat, hosts many thousands of migrating birds from icy Siberia, far to the northeast, including cranes, ducks, storks and geese.
Carpets
Carpet-weaving is a major source of income for the inhabitants. Turkmen cushions, carpets, prayer rugs, and felt mats woven in this region are not only sold in other cities within Iran but are also exported throughout the world (See Persian rugs). Turkmen cushions and carpets are known for their ancient patterns. Jajim (rustic textiles, similar to mats or blankets), and Palas (homespun woolen cloth), woven by local craftspeople, are yet further regional art-forms which showcase the time-honoured traditions and skills of the Turkmen of northeastern Iran, who share a common cultural heritage with their neighbors in nearby Turkmenistan.
Culture
Traditions
During the Ramadan mourning season the residents rejoice, feast, and spray rose water and perfume in the mosques. On the first day of Ramazan they cook special oily bread and distribute them in the mosques and to neighbors. Also on the night of Ghadr, the young ones receive presents from their elders, mostly in the form of cash. Then they go to the market and buy sweetmeats and candy and hold a feast in their homes.
In Bandar Torkaman, the 'Laleh' singing ceremony has been performed for many centuries. Women assemble and sing Laleh' which is a melancholy song. Its composer is unknown, but the song laments the hard life of brides in ancient times among Turkmans, historical events, love of life, and the pain of separation from the tribe and homeland. In old times the brides were separated from their natives tribes and were taken to distant regions by their husbands and often never again saw their parents. Thus in their loneliness it was the following charming and melancholy song which gave them comfort:
Tell me if the mountain beside our village still stands? Are the jungles there still full of fruit? O white birds which are flying, tell me if my clan and friends are safe and sound.
For five days during Fitr or Qorban (sacrifice) holidays the Turkman rejoice and feast. They open their house gates to permit any stranger who is passing the town to step into the house and join their feast.
When a child is being born they repeat the old proverb which says: "If the newborn is a son he will become a farmer and if a girl she will become carpet weaver." This shows the importance they attach to farming and carpet weaving.
In the past, when Turkman tribesmen moved from one place to another, they did not carry some of their heavy belongings and instead buried them in graves; because of the sanctity of graveyards, nobody dared to steal the items.
When courting, the groom-to-be must prepare a Qatlama, which is a special sweetmeat. If the bride's family accepts the Qatlama, it means that they agree to the wedding. The family of the bride-groom adorns a camel with ornamented clothes and lays a litter on it to mount the bride over the animal and carry her to the groom's house. The camel is driven by a respected elder among the tribe and at times by the groom himself. However, with the arrival of cars, this tradition has been abandoned in most cities; but in remote mountainous regions such as Gelidagh, Maraveh tappeh, Dashli boroon and Kalaleh, the bride is still carried away according to the tradition.
Turkmans hold an interesting ceremony for circumcision. On that occasion they hold a big feast and invite all their relatives, cook the famous Bulamaq and after cooking they mix it with sugar to sweeten it.
In this city, the people who arrive at the age of 63 hold a feast for having attained the age of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and kill a white sheep to serve the guests.
Food
The Turkmans have varied dishes and in there is also a special place where a specific dish is cooked. Chekdirmeh and Soozmeh are the daily food of the Turkmans which are normally made of rice and oil. Among other dishes one can refer to are Chourba (Shourba), which is made of vegetable and boiled meat; Oonash, a soup made of dough strings or vermicelli; Qateqliash, which is a kind of soup made of yoghurt, rice and garlic; Swidliash, composed of milk and rice; Bulamaq, composed of oil and rice, and Qatoorqa, made of smoked and ground wheat, rice and sugar.
Dress
Traditional dress includes a skin cap and a loose red garment called Doon for men, Kooyink a loose skirt for women, Yaliq (worn by women at home instead of chador), and Boorik, a hat worn by girls before marriage, are the only traditional items which have survived in this northern port. Normally after marriage the girl replaces Boorik with Alangi which is another hat.
Sports and recreation
Horse racing is the most important recreation in Bandar Torkaman which takes place in the spring and autumn. The competition is held in the main racing field which is about 100 hectares in size. The horse racing competition in Bandar Torkaman has many admirers in the country, especially in Tehran and Gonbade Kavoos. Even fans from the Persian Gulf States visit Bandar Torkaman to watch the races.
One of the favorite sports among the Turkmans is the traditional Goorehesh wrestling in which two rivals wrestle with each other without age or weight limitation. They take hold of each other's belt and the one who succeeds to lay the rival's back on the ground is pronounced winner and receives a present called Bayraq, which is either a ram or ewe. Ram is a symbol of uprightness and bravery among Turkmans and is much respected by them. To praise the strength and valor of a youth, he is said to resemble a ram.
Dagger (sword) play is another popular sport among Turkman youth. This is a religious/mystical ceremony in which the youth wear loose colorful garments, congregate in a field and raise their hands on their heads in the form of prayer. The man who bears the sword sings musical odes with a charming voice and the ceremony continues until they tighten their circle into a knot. The sword bearer then raises the sword as a token of valor and other members firmly grasp each other's hands as a token of valor and solidarity.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bandar Torkaman.
Iran portal
Notes
^ Also Romanized as Bandar-e Torkaman, Bandar-e Torkeman, and Bandar-e Torkman; formerly Bandar Shah (بَندَرِ شاه), also Romanized as Bandar-e Shāh and Bandar Shāh; Turkmen: Bender-Türkmen
References
^ OpenStreetMap contributors (15 October 2023). "Bandar Torkaman, Torkaman County" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 27. Archived from the original (Excel) on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
^ Bandar Torkaman can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3055138" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ "Extraction of Bandar Torkaman (formerly Bandar Shah) and Gomishan parts from Gorgan County and creation of a county called Torkaman County centered on Bandar Torkaman". Laws and Regulations Portal of the Islamic Republic of Iran (in Persian). Revolutionary Council of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Archived from the original on 3 May 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2024.
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 27. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 27. Archived from the original (Excel) on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
External links
Official Website
Bandar-e Torkaman entry in Encyclopaedia Iranica
Authority control databases
VIAF
vteGolestan Province, IranCapital
Gorgan
Counties and citiesAliabad County
Aliabad-e Katul
Fazelabad
Aqqala County
Aqqala
Anbar Olum
Azadshahr County
Azadshahr
Neginshahr
Now Deh Khanduz
Bandar-e Gaz County
Bandar-e Gaz
Now Kandeh
Galikash County
Galikash
Gonbad-e Qabus County
Gonbad-e Qabus
Incheh Borun
Gorgan County
Gorgan
Sarkhon Kalateh
Kalaleh County
Kalaleh
Kordkuy County
Kordkuy
Maraveh Tappeh County
Maraveh Tappeh
Minudasht County
Minudasht
Ramian County
Ramian
Daland
Khan Bebin
Torkaman County
Bandar Torkaman
Gomishan
Siminshahr
Sights
Alma Gol Lake
Alangdareh
Ashuradeh
Great Wall of Gorgan
Golestan National Park
Gonbad-e Qabus Tower
ShirAbad Waterfall
Naharkhoran
Gomishan lake
Voshmgir dam
Miankaleh peninsula
Makhtum Quli Farghi's mausoleum
Radkan Dome
populated places
List of cities, towns and villages in Golestan Province
vte Torkaman CountyCapital
Bandar Torkaman
DistrictsCentralCities
Bandar Torkaman
Rural Districts and villagesJafarbay-ye Jonubi(South Jafarbay)
Anah Hajji
Ashurabad
Chapaqli
Eskeleh
Eyvanabad
Gamishli Nazar
Hashemanli
Khambarabad
Niazabad
Panj Peykar
Pikhi Hajji
Qarah Qashli
Qarah Tappeh
Qareh Su
Safar Hajji
Seydabad
Si Joval
Urkat Hajji
Yamut
Zaboli Mahalleh-ye Olya
Zaboli Mahalleh-ye Sofla
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Torkaman County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torkaman_County"},{"link_name":"Torkaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torkaman_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Torkaman_County)"},{"link_name":"Torkaman County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torkaman_County"},{"link_name":"Golestan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golestan_province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Torkaman_County-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2006_census-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_census-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016_census-2"},{"link_name":"Caspian Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea"},{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"},{"link_name":"Ashooradeh Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashooradeh_Island"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070410130742/http://www.ashooradeh.com/aboute.htm"}],"text":"City in Golestan province, IranFor the administrative division of Golestan province, see Torkaman County. For other places with a similar name, see Torkaman.City in Golestan, IranBandar Torkaman (Persian: بندرتركمن)[a] is a city in the Central District of Torkaman County, Golestan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.[4]At the 2006 National Census, its population was 45,045 in 9,755 households.[5] The following census in 2011 counted 48,736 people in 11,869 households.[6] The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 53,970 people in 14,512 households.[2]Bandar Torkaman is a port on the Caspian Sea. It is approximately 375 km (233 mi) from Tehran. Some 3 km (1.9 mi) west of Bandar Torkaman is Ashooradeh Island.[1]","title":"Bandar Torkaman"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The economy is based on agriculture, handicrafts, animal husbandry, fishing and tourism, with 50 percent of Iranian caviar being extracted near this port. Ashouradeh Island attracts many tourists. Bandar Torkaman is also called \"Cotton Island\". Cotton is grown abundantly in the harbor which makes Bandar Torkaman a strategic cotton-cultivator in the country.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bandar-e_torkaman_quay.jpg"},{"link_name":"Norouz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norouz"}],"text":"A picture of the Bandar Torkaman pierIn the past, the city was equipped with three big jetties and was used by the Allied Forces during the World War II for transportation of equipment. However, two jetties have sunk and presently, due to poor equipment and the gradual decline of water, Bandar Torkaman possesses only one jetty, is no longer bustling and is mostly used to communicate with Ashouradeh Island. \nDuring Norouz (New Iranian Year) and summers, this jetty is full of seasonal merchants who bring Turkman fabricated objects to the city for sale. Ashouradeh Island is a main attraction in the region.","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"During the colder months of the year, the Gomishan lagoon, Bandar Torkaman's highly biodiverse wetland habitat, hosts many thousands of migrating birds from icy Siberia, far to the northeast, including cranes, ducks, storks and geese.","title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian rugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_rugs"},{"link_name":"Jajim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jajim"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan"}],"text":"Carpet-weaving is a major source of income for the inhabitants. Turkmen cushions, carpets, prayer rugs, and felt mats woven in this region are not only sold in other cities within Iran but are also exported throughout the world (See Persian rugs). Turkmen cushions and carpets are known for their ancient patterns. Jajim (rustic textiles, similar to mats or blankets), and Palas (homespun woolen cloth), woven by local craftspeople, are yet further regional art-forms which showcase the time-honoured traditions and skills of the Turkmen of northeastern Iran, who share a common cultural heritage with their neighbors in nearby Turkmenistan.","title":"Carpets"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan"},{"link_name":"Islamic prophet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_prophet"},{"link_name":"Muhammad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad"}],"sub_title":"Traditions","text":"During the Ramadan mourning season the residents rejoice, feast, and spray rose water and perfume in the mosques. On the first day of Ramazan they cook special oily bread and distribute them in the mosques and to neighbors. Also on the night of Ghadr, the young ones receive presents from their elders, mostly in the form of cash. Then they go to the market and buy sweetmeats and candy and hold a feast in their homes.In Bandar Torkaman, the 'Laleh' singing ceremony has been performed for many centuries. Women assemble and sing Laleh' which is a melancholy song. Its composer is unknown, but the song laments the hard life of brides in ancient times among Turkmans, historical events, love of life, and the pain of separation from the tribe and homeland. In old times the brides were separated from their natives tribes and were taken to distant regions by their husbands and often never again saw their parents. Thus in their loneliness it was the following charming and melancholy song which gave them comfort:Tell me if the mountain beside our village still stands? Are the jungles there still full of fruit? O white birds which are flying, tell me if my clan and friends are safe and sound.For five days during Fitr or Qorban (sacrifice) holidays the Turkman rejoice and feast. They open their house gates to permit any stranger who is passing the town to step into the house and join their feast.When a child is being born they repeat the old proverb which says: \"If the newborn is a son he will become a farmer and if a girl she will become carpet weaver.\" This shows the importance they attach to farming and carpet weaving.In the past, when Turkman tribesmen moved from one place to another, they did not carry some of their heavy belongings and instead buried them in graves; because of the sanctity of graveyards, nobody dared to steal the items.When courting, the groom-to-be must prepare a Qatlama, which is a special sweetmeat. If the bride's family accepts the Qatlama, it means that they agree to the wedding. The family of the bride-groom adorns a camel with ornamented clothes and lays a litter on it to mount the bride over the animal and carry her to the groom's house. The camel is driven by a respected elder among the tribe and at times by the groom himself. However, with the arrival of cars, this tradition has been abandoned in most cities; but in remote mountainous regions such as Gelidagh, Maraveh tappeh, Dashli boroon and Kalaleh, the bride is still carried away according to the tradition.Turkmans hold an interesting ceremony for circumcision. On that occasion they hold a big feast and invite all their relatives, cook the famous Bulamaq and after cooking they mix it with sugar to sweeten it.In this city, the people who arrive at the age of 63 hold a feast for having attained the age of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and kill a white sheep to serve the guests.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vermicelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermicelli"}],"sub_title":"Food","text":"The Turkmans have varied dishes and in there is also a special place where a specific dish is cooked. Chekdirmeh and Soozmeh are the daily food of the Turkmans which are normally made of rice and oil. Among other dishes one can refer to are Chourba (Shourba), which is made of vegetable and boiled meat; Oonash, a soup made of dough strings or vermicelli; Qateqliash, which is a kind of soup made of yoghurt, rice and garlic; Swidliash, composed of milk and rice; Bulamaq, composed of oil and rice, and Qatoorqa, made of smoked and ground wheat, rice and sugar.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Dress","text":"Traditional dress includes a skin cap and a loose red garment called Doon for men, Kooyink a loose skirt for women, Yaliq (worn by women at home instead of chador), and Boorik, a hat worn by girls before marriage, are the only traditional items which have survived in this northern port. Normally after marriage the girl replaces Boorik with Alangi which is another hat.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian Gulf States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf_States"},{"link_name":"Bandar Torkaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bandar_Torkaman"},{"link_name":"Iran portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iran"}],"sub_title":"Sports and recreation","text":"Horse racing is the most important recreation in Bandar Torkaman which takes place in the spring and autumn. The competition is held in the main racing field which is about 100 hectares in size. The horse racing competition in Bandar Torkaman has many admirers in the country, especially in Tehran and Gonbade Kavoos. Even fans from the Persian Gulf States visit Bandar Torkaman to watch the races.One of the favorite sports among the Turkmans is the traditional Goorehesh wrestling in which two rivals wrestle with each other without age or weight limitation. They take hold of each other's belt and the one who succeeds to lay the rival's back on the ground is pronounced winner and receives a present called Bayraq, which is either a ram or ewe. Ram is a symbol of uprightness and bravery among Turkmans and is much respected by them. To praise the strength and valor of a youth, he is said to resemble a ram.Dagger (sword) play is another popular sport among Turkman youth. This is a religious/mystical ceremony in which the youth wear loose colorful garments, congregate in a field and raise their hands on their heads in the form of prayer. The man who bears the sword sings musical odes with a charming voice and the ceremony continues until they tighten their circle into a knot. The sword bearer then raises the sword as a token of valor and other members firmly grasp each other's hands as a token of valor and solidarity.Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bandar Torkaman.Iran portal","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"Turkmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmen_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"^ Also Romanized as Bandar-e Torkaman, Bandar-e Torkeman, and Bandar-e Torkman; formerly Bandar Shah (بَندَرِ شاه), also Romanized as Bandar-e Shāh and Bandar Shāh; Turkmen: Bender-Türkmen[3]","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A picture of the Bandar Torkaman pier","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Bandar-e_torkaman_quay.jpg/220px-Bandar-e_torkaman_quay.jpg"}]
| null |
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_management
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Bandwidth management
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["1 Bandwidth management mechanisms and techniques","2 Link performance","3 Tools and techniques","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Capacity control on a communications network
This article is in list format but may read better as prose. You can help by converting this article, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (November 2020)
Bandwidth management is the process of measuring and controlling the communications (traffic, packets) on a network link, to avoid filling the link to capacity or overfilling the link, which would result in network congestion and poor performance of the network. Bandwidth is described by bit rate and measured in units of bits per second (bit/s) or bytes per second (B/s).
Bandwidth management mechanisms and techniques
Bandwidth management mechanisms may be used to further engineer performance and includes:
Traffic shaping (rate limiting):
Token bucket
Leaky bucket
TCP rate control - artificially adjusting TCP window size as well as controlling the rate of ACKs being returned to the sender
Scheduling algorithms:
Weighted fair queuing (WFQ)
Class based weighted fair queuing
Weighted round robin (WRR)
Deficit weighted round robin (DWRR)
Hierarchical Fair Service Curve (HFSC)
Congestion avoidance:
RED, WRED - Lessens the possibility of port queue buffer tail-drops and this lowers the likelihood of TCP global synchronization
Policing (marking/dropping the packet in excess of the committed traffic rate and burst size)
Explicit congestion notification
Buffer tuning - allows you to modify the way a router allocates buffers from its available memory, and helps prevent packet drops during a temporary burst of traffic.
Bandwidth reservation protocols / algorithms
Resource reservation protocol (RSVP) - is the means by which applications communicate their requirements to the network in an efficient and robust manner.
Constraint-based Routing Label Distribution Protocol (CR-LDP)
Top-nodes algorithm
Traffic classification - categorising traffic according to some policy in order that the above techniques can be applied to each class of traffic differently
Link performance
Issues which may limit the performance of a given link include:
TCP determines the capacity of a connection by flooding it until packets start being dropped (slow start)
Queueing in routers results in higher latency and jitter as the network approaches (and occasionally exceeds) capacity
TCP global synchronization when the network reaches capacity results in waste of bandwidth
Burstiness of web traffic requires spare bandwidth to rapidly accommodate the bursty traffic
Lack of widespread support for explicit congestion notification and quality of service management on the Internet
Internet Service Providers typically retain control over queue management and quality of service at their end of the link
Window Shaping allows higher end products to reduce traffic flows, which reduce queue depth and allow more users to share more bandwidth fairly
Tools and techniques
Packet sniffer is a program or a device that eavesdrops on the network traffic by grabbing information traveling over a network
Network traffic measurement
See also
Bandwidth cap
Bandwidth management is a subset of network management and performance management
Bandwidth management using NetFlow and IPFIX data
Bandwidth throttling
Customer service unit a device to balance the data rate on user's telecommunication equipment
INASP runs bandwidth management training workshops and produces reports
Network congestion avoidance lists some techniques for prevention and management of congestion on routers
Network traffic measurement is a subset of network monitoring
Traffic shaping and rate limiting are bandwidth management (traffic control) techniques
References
^ a b https://www.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/BWroundtable_report-1.0.pdf Internet Society on Bandwidth Management
^ "Bits Per Second". www.edrm.net. Retrieved 2020-07-23.
^ IETF RFC 2475 "An Architecture for Differentiated Services" section 2.3.3.3 - Internet standard definition of "Shaper"
^ AppNeta. "Rate Limiting Detection: Bandwidth and Latency". Appneta. Retrieved 2020-07-23.
^ "TCP Rate Control" (PDF).
^ Handley, Mark; Padhye, Jitendra; Floyd, Sally; Widmer, Joerg (2008). "TCP Friendly Rate Control (TFRC): Protocol Specification". tools.ietf.org. doi:10.17487/RFC5348. Retrieved 2020-07-23.
^ Stiliadis, D.; Varma, A. (1998). "Latency-rate servers: A general model for analysis of traffic scheduling algorithms" (PDF). IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking. 6 (5): 611. doi:10.1109/90.731196. S2CID 206475858. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2020-07-23.
^ "Traffic Shaping and Policing (Congestion Avoidance, Policing, Shaping, and Link Efficiency Mechanisms)". what-when-how.com. Retrieved 2023-12-27.
^ "Buffer Tuning" (PDF).
^ Sonia Fahmy; Raj Jain (2000). "Resource ReSerVation Protocol (RSVP)" (PDF). In Rafael Osso (ed.). Handbook of Emerging Communications Technologies: The Next Decade. CRC Press. S2CID 18245741 – via Washington University in St. Louis.
^ "Sniffers Basics and Detection" (PDF).
"Deploying IP and MPLS QoS for Multiservice Networks: Theory and Practice" by John Evans, Clarence Filsfils (Morgan Kaufmann, 2007, ISBN 0-12-370549-5)
External links
Bandwidth Management Tools, Strategies, and Issues
TechSoup for Libraries: Bandwidth Management
The True Price of Bandwidth Monitoring
Sniffers Basics and Detection
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"network congestion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_congestion"},{"link_name":"bit rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_rate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Bandwidth management is the process of measuring and controlling the communications (traffic, packets) on a network link, to avoid filling the link to capacity or overfilling the link,[1] which would result in network congestion and poor performance of the network. Bandwidth is described by bit rate and measured in units of bits per second (bit/s) or bytes per second (B/s).[2]","title":"Bandwidth management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Traffic shaping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_shaping"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"rate limiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_limiting"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Token bucket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Token_bucket"},{"link_name":"Leaky bucket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaky_bucket"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Scheduling algorithms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduling_algorithms"},{"link_name":"Weighted fair queuing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_fair_queuing"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Class based weighted fair queuing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_based_weighted_fair_queuing"},{"link_name":"Weighted round robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_round_robin"},{"link_name":"Deficit weighted round robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deficit_weighted_round_robin"},{"link_name":"Hierarchical Fair Service Curve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_Fair_Service_Curve"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"RED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_congestion_avoidance"},{"link_name":"WRED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_random_early_detection"},{"link_name":"port queue buffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_port_(software)"},{"link_name":"tail-drops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_congestion_avoidance"},{"link_name":"TCP global synchronization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP_global_synchronization"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Explicit congestion notification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit_congestion_notification"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Resource reservation protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_reservation_protocol"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Constraint-based Routing Label Distribution Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint-based_Routing_Label_Distribution_Protocol"},{"link_name":"Top-nodes algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top-nodes_algorithm"},{"link_name":"Traffic classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_classification"}],"text":"Bandwidth management mechanisms may be used to further engineer performance and includes:Traffic shaping[3] (rate limiting):[4]\nToken bucket\nLeaky bucket\nTCP rate control - artificially adjusting TCP window size as well as controlling the rate of ACKs being returned to the sender[5][6]\nScheduling algorithms:\nWeighted fair queuing (WFQ)[7]\nClass based weighted fair queuing\nWeighted round robin (WRR)\nDeficit weighted round robin (DWRR)\nHierarchical Fair Service Curve (HFSC)\nCongestion avoidance:[1]\nRED, WRED - Lessens the possibility of port queue buffer tail-drops and this lowers the likelihood of TCP global synchronization\nPolicing (marking/dropping the packet in excess of the committed traffic rate and burst size)[8]\nExplicit congestion notification\nBuffer tuning - [9] allows you to modify the way a router allocates buffers from its available memory, and helps prevent packet drops during a temporary burst of traffic.\nBandwidth reservation protocols / algorithms\nResource reservation protocol (RSVP) - is the means by which applications communicate their requirements to the network in an efficient and robust manner.[10]\nConstraint-based Routing Label Distribution Protocol (CR-LDP)\nTop-nodes algorithm\nTraffic classification - categorising traffic according to some policy in order that the above techniques can be applied to each class of traffic differently","title":"Bandwidth management mechanisms and techniques"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TCP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol"},{"link_name":"slow start","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP_congestion_control#Slow_start"},{"link_name":"latency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latency_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"jitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jitter"},{"link_name":"TCP global synchronization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP_global_synchronization"},{"link_name":"Burstiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burstiness"},{"link_name":"explicit congestion notification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_congestion#IP_ECN"},{"link_name":"quality of service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_service"},{"link_name":"Internet Service Providers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISPs"},{"link_name":"Window Shaping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_congestion#TCP_window_shaping"}],"text":"Issues which may limit the performance of a given link include:TCP determines the capacity of a connection by flooding it until packets start being dropped (slow start)\nQueueing in routers results in higher latency and jitter as the network approaches (and occasionally exceeds) capacity\nTCP global synchronization when the network reaches capacity results in waste of bandwidth\nBurstiness of web traffic requires spare bandwidth to rapidly accommodate the bursty traffic\nLack of widespread support for explicit congestion notification and quality of service management on the Internet\nInternet Service Providers typically retain control over queue management and quality of service at their end of the link\nWindow Shaping allows higher end products to reduce traffic flows, which reduce queue depth and allow more users to share more bandwidth fairly","title":"Link performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Packet sniffer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_sniffer"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Network traffic measurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_traffic_measurement"}],"text":"Packet sniffer[11] is a program or a device that eavesdrops on the network traffic by grabbing information traveling over a network\nNetwork traffic measurement","title":"Tools and techniques"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Bandwidth cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_cap"},{"title":"network management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_management"},{"title":"performance management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_management"},{"title":"NetFlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetFlow"},{"title":"Bandwidth throttling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_throttling"},{"title":"Customer service unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_service_unit"},{"title":"INASP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INASP"},{"title":"Network congestion avoidance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_congestion_avoidance"},{"title":"Network traffic measurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_traffic_measurement"},{"title":"network monitoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_monitoring"},{"title":"Traffic shaping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_shaping"},{"title":"rate limiting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rate_limiting"}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Holiday
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Bank holiday
|
["1 List of current holidays","1.1 Notes","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Type of public holiday
This article is about the type of public holiday in the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland and the Crown dependencies. For other uses, see Bank holiday (disambiguation).
A bank holiday is a national public holiday in the United Kingdom and the Crown Dependencies, and a colloquial term for a public holiday in the Republic of Ireland. In the United Kingdom, the term refers to all public holidays, be they set out in statute, declared by royal proclamation, or held by convention under common law. In the Republic of Ireland, there are some bank holidays which are not public holidays.
The term "bank holiday" refers to the fact that banking institutions typically close for business on such holidays, as they once used to do on certain saint's days.
List of current holidays
See also: Public holidays in the United Kingdom, Public holidays in Scotland, Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland, Public holidays in the Isle of Man, Public holidays in Jersey, and Public holidays in Guernsey
Current bank and public holidays
Date
Name
England andWales (8)
Scotland (9)
NorthernIreland(10)
Republic ofIreland (10)
Isle of Man(10)
Jersey andGuernsey (9)
1 January
New Year's Day
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
2 January
2 January
Y
First Monday in February, or 1 February if the date falls on a Friday
Imbolc / Saint Brigid's Day
Y
17 March
Saint Patrick's Day
Y
Y
The Friday before Easter Sunday
Good Friday
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
The Monday after Easter Sunday
Easter Monday
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
First Monday in May
Early May bank holiday
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
9 May
Liberation Day
Y
Last Monday in May
Spring Bank Holiday / Late May Bank Holiday
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
First Monday in June
June Bank Holiday
Y
First Friday in June
Senior Race Day
Y
5 July
Tynwald Day
Y
12 July
The Twelfth (Battle of the Boyne)
Y
First Monday in August
Summer Bank Holiday
Y
Y
Last Monday in August
August Bank Holiday
Y
Y
Y
Y
Last Monday in October
October Bank Holiday
Y
30 November
St Andrew's Day
Y
25 December
Christmas Day
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
26 December
Boxing Day / St Stephen's Day
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Notes
^ a b c d e When the stated date falls on a Saturday or Sunday, the following Monday is normally designated a bank holiday instead. When Christmas Day and New Year's Day fall on a Saturday (and thus 26 December and 2 January on a Sunday), the following Tuesday 28 December (and Tuesday 4 January in Scotland) are also bank holidays.
^ In 1995 this holiday was moved to Monday 8 May and in 2020 to Friday 8 May – to commemorate the 50th and 75th anniversary of VE Day.
^ In 2011 an additional public holiday was declared to ensure that most people would have a chance to celebrate the Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton, making a four-day weekend as May Day was on the following Monday.
^ In 2002, 2012, and 2022 this holiday was moved to early June to mark Queen Elizabeth II's Golden, Diamond, and Platinum Jubilees. All three were paired with a second extra holiday to create a four-day weekend.
^ a b When Christmas Day falls on a Saturday (and thus 26 December on a Sunday), and when Christmas Day falls on a Sunday (and thus 26 December on a Monday), the Monday following Christmas Day is designated a bank holiday by the 1971 Act.
^ When Christmas Day falls on a Saturday (and thus 26 December on a Sunday), the following Tuesday 28 December is also normally designated a bank holiday by proclamation. See e.g. "No. 63425". The London Gazette. 23 July 2021. p. 13140. When Christmas Day falls on a Sunday (and thus 26 December on a Monday), the following Tuesday 27 December is designated a bank holiday by the 1971 Act.
See also
List of holidays by country
Bank Holidays Act 1871
Proposed St David's Day bank holiday
References
^ Pyper, Doug (18 December 2015). "Briefing paper - Bank and public holidays" (PDF). House of Commons Library.
^ "UK bank holidays". gov.uk. 17 March 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
^ Ryan-Christensen, Aoife (2 February 2024). "All you need to know about bank holidays in Ireland". RTÉ.ie.
^ "bank holiday". Britannica. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
^ a b Bank holidays and British Summer Time, Directgov, archived from the original on 13 May 2012, retrieved 15 April 2012
^ Bank holidays, NIDirect, 6 April 2012, retrieved 15 April 2012
^ Public holidays, Citizens Information Board, 20 January 2020
^ "Bank Holidays". Government of the Isle of Man. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
^ "Royal Wedding: Prince William and Kate set date". BBC. 23 November 2010. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 23 November 2010.
External links
UK bank holidays
Scotland Bank Holidays - Scottish Government
Text of the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from legislation.gov.uk.
Public holidays (Ireland)
Bank holidays (Ireland)
vtePublic holidays by countryvtePublic holidays in AfricaSovereign states
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Eswatini
Ethiopia
Gabon
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
States with limitedrecognition
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Somaliland
Dependencies andother territories
Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain)
Madeira (Portugal)
Mayotte / Réunion (France)
Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)
Western Sahara
vtePublic holidays in AsiaSovereign states
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Cyprus
East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Egypt
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Philippines
Qatar
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
States withlimited recognition
Abkhazia
Northern Cyprus
Palestine
South Ossetia
Taiwan
Dependencies andother territories
British Indian Ocean Territory
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Hong Kong
Macau
Category
Asia portal
vtePublic holidays in EuropeSovereign states
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Kazakhstan
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
North Macedonia
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Vatican City
States with limitedrecognition
Abkhazia
Kosovo
Northern Cyprus
South Ossetia
Transnistria
Dependencies andother entities
Åland
Faroe Islands
Gibraltar
Guernsey
Isle of Man
Jersey
Svalbard
Other entities
European Union
vtePublic holidays in North AmericaSovereign states
Antigua and Barbuda
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Canada
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Dependencies andother territories
Anguilla
Aruba
Bermuda
Bonaire
British Virgin Islands
Cayman Islands
Curaçao
Greenland
Guadeloupe
Martinique
Montserrat
Puerto Rico
Saint Barthélemy
Saint Martin
Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Saba
Sint Eustatius
Sint Maarten
Turks and Caicos Islands
United States Virgin Islands
vtePublic holidays in OceaniaSovereign states
Australia
Federated States of Micronesia
Fiji
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Nauru
New Zealand
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Associated statesof New Zealand
Cook Islands
Niue
Dependenciesand other territories
American Samoa
Christmas Island
Clipperton Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Easter Island
French Polynesia
Guam
Hawaii
New Caledonia
Norfolk Island
Northern Mariana Islands
Pitcairn Islands
Tokelau
Wallis and Futuna
vtePublic holidays in South AmericaSovereign states
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Guyana
Paraguay
Peru
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela
Dependencies andother territories
Falkland Islands
French Guiana
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bank holiday (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_holiday_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"public holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holiday"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Crown Dependencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Dependencies"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"royal proclamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_proclamation"},{"link_name":"convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_(norm)"},{"link_name":"common law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking"},{"link_name":"saint's days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_of_saints"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"This article is about the type of public holiday in the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland and the Crown dependencies. For other uses, see Bank holiday (disambiguation).A bank holiday is a national public holiday in the United Kingdom and the Crown Dependencies, and a colloquial term for a public holiday in the Republic of Ireland. In the United Kingdom, the term refers to all public holidays, be they set out in statute, declared by royal proclamation, or held by convention under common law.[1][2] In the Republic of Ireland, there are some bank holidays which are not public holidays.[3]The term \"bank holiday\" refers to the fact that banking institutions typically close for business on such holidays, as they once used to do on certain saint's days.[4]","title":"Bank holiday"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Public holidays in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Public holidays in Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Public holidays in the Isle of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Isle_of_Man"},{"link_name":"Public holidays in Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Public holidays in Guernsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Guernsey"}],"text":"See also: Public holidays in the United Kingdom, Public holidays in Scotland, Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland, Public holidays in the Isle of Man, Public holidays in Jersey, and Public holidays in Guernsey","title":"List of current holidays"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-monday_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-monday_9-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-monday_9-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-monday_9-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-monday_9-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mayday-1995_10-0"},{"link_name":"VE Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VE_Day"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-royal-wedding_12-0"},{"link_name":"Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_William_and_Catherine_Middleton"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-qe2-jubilees_13-0"},{"link_name":"Golden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Platinum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25th_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25th_14-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28th_15-0"},{"link_name":"\"No. 63425\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/63425/page/13140"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ a b c d e When the stated date falls on a Saturday or Sunday, the following Monday is normally designated a bank holiday instead. When Christmas Day and New Year's Day fall on a Saturday (and thus 26 December and 2 January on a Sunday), the following Tuesday 28 December (and Tuesday 4 January in Scotland) are also bank holidays.\n\n^ In 1995 this holiday was moved to Monday 8 May and in 2020 to Friday 8 May – to commemorate the 50th and 75th anniversary of VE Day.\n\n^ In 2011 an additional public holiday was declared to ensure that most people would have a chance to celebrate the Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton, making a four-day weekend as May Day was on the following Monday.[9]\n\n^ In 2002, 2012, and 2022 this holiday was moved to early June to mark Queen Elizabeth II's Golden, Diamond, and Platinum Jubilees. All three were paired with a second extra holiday to create a four-day weekend.\n\n^ a b When Christmas Day falls on a Saturday (and thus 26 December on a Sunday), and when Christmas Day falls on a Sunday (and thus 26 December on a Monday), the Monday following Christmas Day is designated a bank holiday by the 1971 Act. \n\n^ When Christmas Day falls on a Saturday (and thus 26 December on a Sunday), the following Tuesday 28 December is also normally designated a bank holiday by proclamation. See e.g. \"No. 63425\". The London Gazette. 23 July 2021. p. 13140. When Christmas Day falls on a Sunday (and thus 26 December on a Monday), the following Tuesday 27 December is designated a bank holiday by the 1971 Act.","title":"List of current holidays"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of holidays by country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_holidays_by_country"},{"title":"Bank Holidays Act 1871","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Holidays_Act_1871"},{"title":"Proposed St David's Day bank holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposed_St_David%27s_Day_bank_holiday"}]
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[{"reference":"\"No. 63425\". The London Gazette. 23 July 2021. p. 13140.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/63425/page/13140","url_text":"\"No. 63425\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Pyper, Doug (18 December 2015). \"Briefing paper - Bank and public holidays\" (PDF). House of Commons Library.","urls":[{"url":"http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN06170/SN06170.pdf","url_text":"\"Briefing paper - Bank and public holidays\""}]},{"reference":"\"UK bank holidays\". gov.uk. 17 March 2014. Retrieved 9 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.uk/bank-holidays","url_text":"\"UK bank holidays\""}]},{"reference":"Ryan-Christensen, Aoife (2 February 2024). \"All you need to know about bank holidays in Ireland\". RTÉ.ie.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/brainstorm/2024/0202/1312750-bank-holidays-2023-ireland-history-traditions-legal/","url_text":"\"All you need to know about bank holidays in Ireland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89.ie","url_text":"RTÉ.ie"}]},{"reference":"\"bank holiday\". Britannica. Retrieved 5 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/bank-holiday","url_text":"\"bank holiday\""}]},{"reference":"Bank holidays and British Summer Time, Directgov, archived from the original on 13 May 2012, retrieved 15 April 2012","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120513045219/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Employment/Employees/Timeoffandholidays/DG_073741","url_text":"Bank holidays and British Summer Time"},{"url":"http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Employment/Employees/Timeoffandholidays/DG_073741","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bank holidays, NIDirect, 6 April 2012, retrieved 15 April 2012","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nidirect.gov.uk/bank-holidays","url_text":"Bank holidays"}]},{"reference":"Public holidays, Citizens Information Board, 20 January 2020","urls":[{"url":"http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/employment/employment_rights_and_conditions/leave_and_holidays/public_holidays_in_ireland.html","url_text":"Public holidays"}]},{"reference":"\"Bank Holidays\". Government of the Isle of Man. Retrieved 24 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gov.im/categories/home-and-neighbourhood/bank-holidays/","url_text":"\"Bank Holidays\""}]},{"reference":"\"Royal Wedding: Prince William and Kate set date\". BBC. 23 November 2010. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 23 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11818049","url_text":"\"Royal Wedding: Prince William and Kate set date\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101124010903/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11818049","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/63425/page/13140","external_links_name":"\"No. 63425\""},{"Link":"http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN06170/SN06170.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Briefing paper - Bank and public holidays\""},{"Link":"https://www.gov.uk/bank-holidays","external_links_name":"\"UK bank holidays\""},{"Link":"https://www.rte.ie/brainstorm/2024/0202/1312750-bank-holidays-2023-ireland-history-traditions-legal/","external_links_name":"\"All you need to know about bank holidays in Ireland\""},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/bank-holiday","external_links_name":"\"bank holiday\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120513045219/http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Employment/Employees/Timeoffandholidays/DG_073741","external_links_name":"Bank holidays and British Summer Time"},{"Link":"http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Employment/Employees/Timeoffandholidays/DG_073741","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nidirect.gov.uk/bank-holidays","external_links_name":"Bank holidays"},{"Link":"http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/employment/employment_rights_and_conditions/leave_and_holidays/public_holidays_in_ireland.html","external_links_name":"Public holidays"},{"Link":"https://www.gov.im/categories/home-and-neighbourhood/bank-holidays/","external_links_name":"\"Bank Holidays\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11818049","external_links_name":"\"Royal Wedding: Prince William and Kate set date\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101124010903/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-11818049","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/Employment/Employees/Timeoffandholidays/DG_073741","external_links_name":"UK bank holidays"},{"Link":"https://www.mygov.scot/scotland-bank-holidays/","external_links_name":"Scotland Bank Holidays - Scottish Government"},{"Link":"https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1971/80","external_links_name":"Text of the Banking and Financial Dealings Act 1971"},{"Link":"https://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/employment/employment_rights_and_conditions/leave_and_holidays/public_holidays_in_ireland.html","external_links_name":"Public holidays (Ireland)"},{"Link":"https://www.bankholidays.ie/","external_links_name":"Bank holidays (Ireland)"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_Secrecy_Act
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Bank Secrecy Act
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["1 History","2 Reports","2.1 Currency transaction reports","2.2 Suspicious activity report","2.3 FBAR","2.4 Other reports","3 Sanctions","4 Additional information","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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1970 act of the United States Congress
Bank Secrecy Act of 1970Other short titlesCurrency and Foreign Transactions Reporting ActReports of Currency and Foreign TransactionsDomestic Currency TransactionsReports of Exports and Imports of Monetary InstrumentsForeign TransactionsLong titleAn Act to amend the Federal Deposit Insurance Act to require insured banks to maintain certain records, to require that certain transactions in U.S. currency be reported to the Department of the Treasury, and for other purposes.Acronyms (colloquial)BSANicknamesFederal Deposit Insurance Act AmendmentsEnacted bythe 91st United States CongressEffectiveOctober 26, 1970CitationsPublic law91-508Statutes at Large84 Stat. 1114-2 aka 84 Stat. 1118CodificationTitles amended12 U.S.C.: Banks and Banking15 U.S.C.: Commerce and TradeU.S.C. sections amended12 U.S.C. ch. 13 § 172412 U.S.C. ch. 16 § 181315 U.S.C. ch. 2B § 78aLegislative historyIntroduced in the House as H.R. 15073Passed the House on May 25, 1970 (302-0)Signed into law by President Richard Nixon on October 26, 1970United States Supreme Court casesCalifornia Bankers Assn. v. Shultz, 416 U.S. 21 (1974)United States v. Miller, 425 U.S. 435 (1976)United States v. $8,850, 461 U.S. 555 (1983)Ratzlaf v. United States, 510 U.S. 135 (1994)United States v. Bajakajian, 524 U.S. 321 (1998)Bittner v. United States, No. 21-1195, 598 U.S. ___ (2023)
The Bank Secrecy Act of 1970 (BSA), also known as the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act, is a U.S. law requiring financial institutions in the United States to assist U.S. government agencies in detecting and preventing money laundering. Specifically, the act requires financial institutions to keep records of cash purchases of negotiable instruments, file reports if the daily aggregate exceeds $10,000, and report suspicious activity that may signify money laundering, tax evasion, or other criminal activities.
The BSA is sometimes referred to as an anti-money laundering law (AML) or jointly as BSA/AML.
History
The BSA was originally passed by the U.S. Congress in 1970 and signed by President Richard Nixon into law on October 26, 1970. Shortly after passage, several groups attempted to have the courts rule the law unconstitutional, claiming it violated both Fourth Amendment rights against unwarranted search and seizure, and Fifth Amendment rights of due process. Several cases were combined before the Supreme Court in California Bankers Assn. v. Shultz, 416 U.S. 21 (1974), which ruled that the Act did not violate the Constitution. Until the 1980s, there was a "prolonged period of inaction", but financial institutions eventually complied with the BSA's reporting requirements.
The statute has been amended several times, including provisions in Title III of the USA PATRIOT Act, which amended the BSA to require financial institutions to establish anti-money-laundering programs by establishing internal policies, procedures, and controls, designating compliance officers, providing ongoing employee training, and testing their programs through independent audits. There was an attempt to include another amendment in 2018, called the Illicit Arts and Antiquities Trafficking Prevention Act (IAATP). As the name implies, its aim was to restrict illegal trafficking of art in the United States which has the highest rates of money laundering in the world. It was not passed in the United States House of Representatives. This was because the aim of the IAATP did not directly correspond with the aim of the BSA which, according to Congressman Luke Messer, sponsor of the bill, is to "counteract terrorist financing and crack down on terrorist organizations like ISIS".
Reports
BSA regulations require all financial institutions to submit five types of reports. Individuals must file an individual filing requirement.
Currency transaction reports
Main article: Currency transaction report
A currency transaction report (CTR) reports cash transactions exceeding $10,000 in one business day, regardless of whether it's in one transaction or several cash transactions. It is filed electronically with the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) and is identified as FinCEN Form 112 (formerly Form 104).
CTRs include an individual's bank account number, name, address, and social security number. SAR reports, required when transactions indicate behavior designed to elude CTRs (or many other types of suspicious activities), include somewhat more detailed information and usually include investigation efforts on the part of the financial institution to assess the validity or nature of the transactions. A single CTR filed for a client's account is usually of no concern to the authorities, while multiple CTRs from varying institutions or a SAR suggest that activity may be suspicious.
Suspicious activity report
Main article: Suspicious activity report
A suspicious activity report (SAR) must report any cash transaction where the customer seems to be trying to avoid BSA reporting requirements by not filing CTR or monetary instrument log (MIL), for example. A SAR must also be filed if the customer's actions suggest that they are laundering money or otherwise violating federal criminal laws and committing wire transfer fraud, check fraud, or mysterious disappearances. These reports are filed with FinCEN and are identified as Treasury Department Form 90-22.47 and OCC Form 8010-9, 8010-1. This requirement and its accompanying implied gag order was added by the Annunzio-Wylie Anti-Money Laundering Act § 1517(b) (part of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1992, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 102–550, 106 Stat. 3762, 4060).
A financial institution is not allowed to inform a business or consumer that a SAR is being filed, and all the reports mandated by the BSA are exempt from disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act.
FBAR
Main article: FinCEN Form 114
U.S. citizens and residents with a financial interest in or authority over foreign bank accounts or "foreign financial accounts" with an aggregate value of $10,000 or more are required to file a Foreign Bank Account Report (FBAR) with the U.S. Treasury by October 15 every year. It is identified as FinCEN Form 114 (formerly Treasury Department Form 90-22.1). Additionally, they must report the interest or dividend income from the accounts on Schedule B of the Form 1040 tax form and, if a higher threshold is exceeded, also report the amounts and interest on Form 8938. Proponents of FBAR argue that it helps the United States deter financial crimes and encourage whistle-blowing for financial crimes, while critics argue that FBAR wastes time and money, "perversely discouraging compliance" without focusing on "likely criminal activity".
Other reports
A MIL must indicate cash purchases of monetary instruments, such as money orders, cashier's checks, and traveler's checks valued between $3,000 and $10,000. This form is required to be kept on record at the financial institution for at least five years, and produced at the request of examiners or audit to verify compliance.
The "Report of International Transportation of Currency or Monetary Instruments", also referred to as a Currency and Monetary Instrument Report (CMIR), must be filed by each person or institution that physically transports, mails, or ships, or causes to be physically transported, mailed, shipped, or received, currency, traveler's checks, and certain other monetary instruments in an aggregate amount exceeding $10,000 into or out of the United States must file a CMIR. It is identified as FinCEN Form 105 Report.
Banks are required to file a Designation of Exempt Person (FinCEN Form 110) to designate an exempt customer for the purpose of CTR reporting under the BSA. In addition, banks use this form once every two years to renew exemptions for eligible non-listed business and payroll customers.
It also requires any business receiving one or more related cash payments totaling more than $10,000 to file IRS/FinCEN Form 8300.
Sanctions
There are heavy penalties for individuals and financial institutions that fail to file CTRs, MILs, or SARs. There are also penalties for banks who disclose to its client that it has filed a SAR about the client. Penalties include heavy fines and prison sentences. IRC §6038D requires that all U.S. persons, individuals, corporations, partnerships, LLCs, and trusts, provide timely information regarding their foreign accounts, otherwise a $10,000 penalty will result for every month it is late (subject to a certain maximum penalty).
In 1998, the Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Bajakajian that the government may not confiscate money from an individual for failure to report it on a Currency and Other Monetary Instruments Report (CMIR), as such punishment would be "grossly disproportional to the gravity of offense" and unconstitutional under the Excessive Fines clause of the Eighth Amendment. Bajakajian and his family had tried to take $357,144 out of the United States in their luggage, and the government had seized it under the Bank Secrecy Act, which allows forfeiture of "any property, real or personal, involved in such offense". It was the first time the Supreme Court struck down the federal government's "aggressive use of forfeiture".
In March 2010, Wachovia admitted to "serious and systemic" violations of the Bank Secrecy Act for laundering $378 billion between 2004 and 2007, the largest violation in terms of a dollar amount. It allowed Mexican and Colombian drug cartels to launder money through casas de cambio by willfully failing to set up an effective anti-money-laundering program.
In 2022, Arthur Hayes, entrepreneur and co-founder and former CEO of cryptocurrency exchange BitMEX, pled guilty to Bank Secrecy Act violations and was sentenced to six months of home detention, two years of probation, and a $10 million fine.
Additional information
An entire industry has developed around providing software to analyze transactions in an attempt to identify transactions or patterns of transactions called structuring, which requires SAR filing. Financial institutions are subject to penalties for failing to properly file CTRs and SARs, such as heavy fines and regulatory restrictions, including charter revocation.
These software applications effectively monitor customer transactions on a daily basis and, using a customer's past transactions and account profile, provide a "whole picture" of the customer to the bank management. Transaction monitoring can include cash deposits and withdrawals, wire transfers, and ACH activity. In the banking industry, these applications are known as "BSA software" or "anti-money laundering software".
See also
Banks portal
Casino regulations under the Bank Secrecy Act
Continuing Criminal Enterprise
Customer Identification Program
FATF Blacklist
Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering
Financial Crimes Enforcement Network
Financial Services Authority
Know your customer
Money Laundering Control Act
Suspicious activity report
SWIFT
References
^ Vértesy, László (2007). "The Place and Theory of Banking Law – Or Arising of a New Branch of Law: Law of Financial Industries". Collega. 2-3. XI. Rochester, New York. SSRN 3198092.
^ Meltzer, P. E. (1991). "Keeping Drug Money from Reaching the Wash Cycle: A Guide to the Bank Secrecy Act". Banking Law Journal. 108 (3): 230–255.
^ "FinCEN's Mandate From Congress". Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. Archived from the original on 2021-09-07. Retrieved August 30, 2021.
^ a b Linn, Courtney J. (2010). "Redefining the Bank Secrecy Act: Currency Reporting and the Crime of Structuring". Santa Clara Law Review. 50 (2): 407–513.
^ Purkey, Hannah (April 2010). "The Art of Money Laundering". Florida Journal of International Law.
^ Nicyper, Dean; Lauren, Bursey (30 April 2019). "How Anti-Money Laundering Legislation Could Impact the Art Market". Artsy. Withers. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
^ "Forms". Archived from the original on 2013-06-26. Retrieved 2013-06-28.
^ 31 CFR 1020.320 (formerly 31 CFR 103.21); 12 CFR 12.11
^ "Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBAR)". Archived from the original on 2016-05-16. Retrieved 2022-07-11.
^ IRS Publication 4261
^ "Bittner v. United States (BRIEF OF AMICUS CURIAE NATIONAL WHISTLEBLOWER CENTER SUPPORTING RESPONDENT）" (PDF). Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
^ Christians, Allison (October 13, 2014). "Paperwork and Punishment: It's Time to Fix FBAR". Tax Notes International. 73. SSRN 2510544.
^ 31 USCA 5316(a)
^ 31 CFR 103.22(d)(3)(i)
^ 31 CFR 103.22(d)(5)(i)
^ "Publication 1544 (Rev. September 2012). Reporting Cash Payments of Over $10,000" (PDF). IRS. 2012-09-21. Retrieved 2013-06-28.
^ "Getting into Compliance with Your Foreign Account Reporting". 22 March 2017.
^ "FATCA and FBAR Reporting & 7 Practical Implications". Tax Attorney. 2014-03-27. Retrieved 2019-02-22.
^ Savage, David G. (4 November 1997). "U.S. Supreme Court to Hear Forfeiture Case". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
^ Greenhouse, Linda (23 June 1998). "Supreme Court Roundup; Justices Narrow the Uses of Forfeiture". New York Times. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
^ Sanati, Cyrus (29 June 2010). "Money Laundering: The Drug Problem at Banks". New York Times. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
^ Voreacos, David. "Wachovia to Pay $160 to End Money Laundering Probe". Businessweek. Archived from the original on March 23, 2010.
^ Evan Perez; Glenn R. Simpson (26 April 2008). "Wachovia Is Under Scrutiny In Latin Drug-Money Probe". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 6 February 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
^ Vulliamy, Ed (2 April 2012). "How a big US bank laundered billions from Mexico's murderous drug gangs". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
^ "Founder And CEO Of Off-Shore Cryptocurrency Derivatives Platform Sentenced For Violating The Bank Secrecy Act". U.S. Attorney’s Office Southern District of New York. 20 May 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
External links
Banking Secrecy Act Comptroller's Handbook Department of the Treasury, Comptroller of the Currency, Administrator of the National Banks December 2000.
31 USC Sec 5311–5332
Patterns of Abuse: Assessing Bank Secrecy Act Compliance and Enforcement: Hearing before the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, March 7, 2013
Public Law 91-508, 91st Congress, H.R. 15073: Federal Deposit Insurance Act, amendments, 1970 Bank Secrecy Act
Section 16. Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBAR)
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._law"},{"link_name":"financial institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_institution"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"government agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_agency"},{"link_name":"money laundering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_laundering"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"negotiable instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiable_instrument"},{"link_name":"tax evasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_evasion"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"anti-money laundering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-money_laundering"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Bank Secrecy Act of 1970 (BSA), also known as the Currency and Foreign Transactions Reporting Act, is a U.S. law requiring financial institutions in the United States to assist U.S. government agencies in detecting and preventing money laundering.[1] Specifically, the act requires financial institutions to keep records of cash purchases of negotiable instruments, file reports if the daily aggregate exceeds $10,000, and report suspicious activity that may signify money laundering, tax evasion, or other criminal activities.[2]The BSA is sometimes referred to as an anti-money laundering law (AML) or jointly as BSA/AML.[3]","title":"Bank Secrecy Act"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Congress"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"Fourth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_of_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Fifth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_of_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"of due process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_Process_Clause"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"California Bankers Assn. v. Shultz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Bankers_Assn._v._Shultz"},{"link_name":"416","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_416"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Reports"},{"link_name":"21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/416/21/"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-linn-4"},{"link_name":"Title III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_PATRIOT_Act,_Title_III"},{"link_name":"USA PATRIOT Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_PATRIOT_Act"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-linn-4"}],"text":"The BSA was originally passed by the U.S. Congress in 1970 and signed by President Richard Nixon into law on October 26, 1970. Shortly after passage, several groups attempted to have the courts rule the law unconstitutional, claiming it violated both Fourth Amendment rights against unwarranted search and seizure, and Fifth Amendment rights of due process. Several cases were combined before the Supreme Court in California Bankers Assn. v. Shultz, 416 U.S. 21 (1974), which ruled that the Act did not violate the Constitution. Until the 1980s, there was a \"prolonged period of inaction\", but financial institutions eventually complied with the BSA's reporting requirements.[4]The statute has been amended several times, including provisions in Title III of the USA PATRIOT Act, which amended the BSA to require financial institutions to establish anti-money-laundering programs by establishing internal policies, procedures, and controls, designating compliance officers, providing ongoing employee training, and testing their programs through independent audits. There was an attempt to include another amendment in 2018, called the Illicit Arts and Antiquities Trafficking Prevention Act (IAATP). As the name implies, its aim was to restrict illegal trafficking of art in the United States which has the highest rates of money laundering in the world.[5] It was not passed in the United States House of Representatives. This was because the aim of the IAATP did not directly correspond with the aim of the BSA which, according to Congressman Luke Messer, sponsor of the bill, is to \"counteract terrorist financing and crack down on terrorist organizations like ISIS\".[6][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"individual filing requirement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Individual_filing_requirement"}],"text":"BSA regulations require all financial institutions to submit five types of reports. Individuals must file an individual filing requirement.","title":"Reports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"several cash transactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuring"},{"link_name":"Financial Crimes Enforcement Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-test-7"},{"link_name":"bank account","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_account"},{"link_name":"social security number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_security_number"}],"sub_title":"Currency transaction reports","text":"A currency transaction report (CTR) reports cash transactions exceeding $10,000 in one business day, regardless of whether it's in one transaction or several cash transactions. It is filed electronically with the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) and is identified as FinCEN Form 112 (formerly Form 104).[7]CTRs include an individual's bank account number, name, address, and social security number. SAR reports, required when transactions indicate behavior designed to elude CTRs (or many other types of suspicious activities), include somewhat more detailed information and usually include investigation efforts on the part of the financial institution to assess the validity or nature of the transactions. A single CTR filed for a client's account is usually of no concern to the authorities, while multiple CTRs from varying institutions or a SAR suggest that activity may be suspicious.","title":"Reports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"gag order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gag_order"},{"link_name":"Housing and Community Development Act of 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_and_Community_Development_Act_of_1992"},{"link_name":"Pub. L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Law_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"102–550","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/102/550"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"3762","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-106-3762"},{"link_name":"Freedom of Information Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)"}],"sub_title":"Suspicious activity report","text":"A suspicious activity report (SAR) must report any cash transaction where the customer seems to be trying to avoid BSA reporting requirements by not filing CTR or monetary instrument log (MIL), for example. A SAR must also be filed if the customer's actions suggest that they are laundering money or otherwise violating federal criminal laws and committing wire transfer fraud, check fraud, or mysterious disappearances. These reports are filed with FinCEN and are identified as Treasury Department Form 90-22.47 and OCC Form 8010-9, 8010-1.[8] This requirement and its accompanying implied gag order was added by the Annunzio-Wylie Anti-Money Laundering Act § 1517(b) (part of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1992, Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 102–550, 106 Stat. 3762, 4060).A financial institution is not allowed to inform a business or consumer that a SAR is being filed, and all the reports mandated by the BSA are exempt from disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act.","title":"Reports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Treasury"},{"link_name":"FinCEN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Form 1040","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_1040"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"FBAR","text":"U.S. citizens and residents with a financial interest in or authority over foreign bank accounts or \"foreign financial accounts\" with an aggregate value of $10,000 or more are required to file a Foreign Bank Account Report (FBAR) with the U.S. Treasury by October 15 every year. It is identified as FinCEN Form 114 (formerly Treasury Department Form 90-22.1).[9][10] Additionally, they must report the interest or dividend income from the accounts on Schedule B of the Form 1040 tax form and, if a higher threshold is exceeded, also report the amounts and interest on Form 8938. Proponents of FBAR argue that it helps the United States deter financial crimes and encourage whistle-blowing for financial crimes,[11] while critics argue that FBAR wastes time and money, \"perversely discouraging compliance\" without focusing on \"likely criminal activity\".[12]","title":"Reports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"money orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_order"},{"link_name":"cashier's checks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cashier%27s_check"},{"link_name":"traveler's checks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traveler%27s_check"},{"link_name":"traveler's checks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traveler%27s_check"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Other reports","text":"A MIL must indicate cash purchases of monetary instruments, such as money orders, cashier's checks, and traveler's checks valued between $3,000 and $10,000. This form is required to be kept on record at the financial institution for at least five years, and produced at the request of examiners or audit to verify compliance.The \"Report of International Transportation of Currency or Monetary Instruments\", also referred to as a Currency and Monetary Instrument Report (CMIR), must be filed by each person or institution that physically transports, mails, or ships, or causes to be physically transported, mailed, shipped, or received, currency, traveler's checks, and certain other monetary instruments in an aggregate amount exceeding $10,000 into or out of the United States must file a CMIR.[13] It is identified as FinCEN Form 105 Report.Banks are required to file a Designation of Exempt Person (FinCEN Form 110) to designate an exempt customer for the purpose of CTR reporting under the BSA.[14] In addition, banks use this form once every two years to renew exemptions for eligible non-listed business and payroll customers.[15]It also requires any business receiving one or more related cash payments totaling more than $10,000 to file IRS/FinCEN Form 8300.[16]","title":"Reports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_(penalty)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States v. Bajakajian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Bajakajian"},{"link_name":"Eighth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"forfeiture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_forfeiture_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Wachovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wachovia"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cyrus-21"},{"link_name":"Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_drug_war"},{"link_name":"Colombian drug cartels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_Colombia"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbweek-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eperez-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Arthur Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Hayes_(banker)"},{"link_name":"BitMEX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitMEX"},{"link_name":"home detention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_arrest"},{"link_name":"probation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probation"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"There are heavy penalties for individuals and financial institutions that fail to file CTRs, MILs, or SARs. There are also penalties for banks who disclose to its client that it has filed a SAR about the client. Penalties include heavy fines and prison sentences. IRC §6038D requires that all U.S. persons, individuals, corporations, partnerships, LLCs, and trusts, provide timely information regarding their foreign accounts, otherwise a $10,000 penalty will result for every month it is late (subject to a certain maximum penalty).[17][18]In 1998, the Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Bajakajian that the government may not confiscate money from an individual for failure to report it on a Currency and Other Monetary Instruments Report (CMIR), as such punishment would be \"grossly disproportional to the gravity of [the] offense\" and unconstitutional under the Excessive Fines clause of the Eighth Amendment. Bajakajian and his family had tried to take $357,144 out of the United States in their luggage, and the government had seized it under the Bank Secrecy Act, which allows forfeiture of \"any property, real or personal, involved in such offense\".[19] It was the first time the Supreme Court struck down the federal government's \"aggressive use of forfeiture\".[20]In March 2010, Wachovia admitted to \"serious and systemic\" violations of the Bank Secrecy Act for laundering $378 billion between 2004 and 2007, the largest violation in terms of a dollar amount.[21] It allowed Mexican and Colombian drug cartels to launder money through casas de cambio by willfully failing to set up an effective anti-money-laundering program.[22][23][24]In 2022, Arthur Hayes, entrepreneur and co-founder and former CEO of cryptocurrency exchange BitMEX, pled guilty to Bank Secrecy Act violations and was sentenced to six months of home detention, two years of probation, and a $10 million fine.[25]","title":"Sanctions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"structuring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuring"},{"link_name":"ACH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_Clearing_House"},{"link_name":"anti-money laundering software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-money_laundering_software"}],"text":"An entire industry has developed around providing software to analyze transactions in an attempt to identify transactions or patterns of transactions called structuring, which requires SAR filing. Financial institutions are subject to penalties for failing to properly file CTRs and SARs, such as heavy fines and regulatory restrictions, including charter revocation.These software applications effectively monitor customer transactions on a daily basis and, using a customer's past transactions and account profile, provide a \"whole picture\" of the customer to the bank management. Transaction monitoring can include cash deposits and withdrawals, wire transfers, and ACH activity. In the banking industry, these applications are known as \"BSA software\" or \"anti-money laundering software\".","title":"Additional information"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Banks portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Banks"},{"title":"Casino regulations under the Bank Secrecy Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino_regulations_under_the_Bank_Secrecy_Act"},{"title":"Continuing Criminal Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing_Criminal_Enterprise"},{"title":"Customer Identification Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_Identification_Program"},{"title":"FATF Blacklist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FATF_Blacklist"},{"title":"Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Action_Task_Force_on_Money_Laundering"},{"title":"Financial Crimes Enforcement Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network"},{"title":"Financial Services Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Services_Authority"},{"title":"Know your customer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know_your_customer"},{"title":"Money Laundering Control Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_Laundering_Control_Act"},{"title":"Suspicious activity report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspicious_activity_report"},{"title":"SWIFT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWIFT"}]
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[{"reference":"Vértesy, László (2007). \"The Place and Theory of Banking Law – Or Arising of a New Branch of Law: Law of Financial Industries\". Collega. 2-3. XI. Rochester, New York. SSRN 3198092.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)","url_text":"SSRN"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3198092","url_text":"3198092"}]},{"reference":"Meltzer, P. E. (1991). \"Keeping Drug Money from Reaching the Wash Cycle: A Guide to the Bank Secrecy Act\". Banking Law Journal. 108 (3): 230–255.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=132406","url_text":"\"Keeping Drug Money from Reaching the Wash Cycle: A Guide to the Bank Secrecy Act\""}]},{"reference":"\"FinCEN's Mandate From Congress\". Financial Crimes Enforcement Network. Archived from the original on 2021-09-07. Retrieved August 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fincen.gov/resources/statutes-regulations/fincens-mandate-congress","url_text":"\"FinCEN's Mandate From Congress\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network","url_text":"Financial Crimes Enforcement Network"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210907234940/https://www.fincen.gov/resources/statutes-regulations/fincens-mandate-congress","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Linn, Courtney J. (2010). \"Redefining the Bank Secrecy Act: Currency Reporting and the Crime of Structuring\". Santa Clara Law Review. 50 (2): 407–513.","urls":[{"url":"http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1058&context=lawreview","url_text":"\"Redefining the Bank Secrecy Act: Currency Reporting and the Crime of Structuring\""}]},{"reference":"Purkey, Hannah (April 2010). \"The Art of Money Laundering\". Florida Journal of International Law.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Nicyper, Dean; Lauren, Bursey (30 April 2019). \"How Anti-Money Laundering Legislation Could Impact the Art Market\". Artsy. Withers. Retrieved 29 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-anti-money-laundering-legislation-impact-art-market","url_text":"\"How Anti-Money Laundering Legislation Could Impact the Art Market\""}]},{"reference":"\"Forms\". Archived from the original on 2013-06-26. Retrieved 2013-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130626060005/http://www.fincen.gov/forms/bsa_forms/","url_text":"\"Forms\""},{"url":"http://www.fincen.gov/forms/bsa_forms/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBAR)\". Archived from the original on 2016-05-16. Retrieved 2022-07-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160516010101/https://www.irs.gov/Businesses/Small-Businesses-%26-Self-Employed/Report-of-Foreign-Bank-and-Financial-Accounts-FBAR","url_text":"\"Report of Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts (FBAR)\""},{"url":"https://www.irs.gov/Businesses/Small-Businesses-&-Self-Employed/Report-of-Foreign-Bank-and-Financial-Accounts-FBAR","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bittner v. United States (BRIEF OF AMICUS CURIAE NATIONAL WHISTLEBLOWER CENTER SUPPORTING RESPONDENT）\" (PDF). Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved 23 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/21/21-1195/242647/20221006180654090_NWC%20Brief.pdf","url_text":"\"Bittner v. United States (BRIEF OF AMICUS CURIAE NATIONAL WHISTLEBLOWER CENTER SUPPORTING RESPONDENT）\""}]},{"reference":"Christians, Allison (October 13, 2014). \"Paperwork and Punishment: It's Time to Fix FBAR\". Tax Notes International. 73. SSRN 2510544.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)","url_text":"SSRN"},{"url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2510544","url_text":"2510544"}]},{"reference":"\"Publication 1544 (Rev. September 2012). Reporting Cash Payments of Over $10,000\" (PDF). IRS. 2012-09-21. Retrieved 2013-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p1544.pdf","url_text":"\"Publication 1544 (Rev. September 2012). Reporting Cash Payments of Over $10,000\""}]},{"reference":"\"Getting into Compliance with Your Foreign Account Reporting\". 22 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://moskowitzllp.com/getting-into-compliance-with-your-foreign-account-reporting-part-i/","url_text":"\"Getting into Compliance with Your Foreign Account Reporting\""}]},{"reference":"\"FATCA and FBAR Reporting & 7 Practical Implications\". Tax Attorney. 2014-03-27. Retrieved 2019-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://klasing-associates.com/fatca-fbar-reporting-seven-practical-implications/","url_text":"\"FATCA and FBAR Reporting & 7 Practical Implications\""}]},{"reference":"Savage, David G. (4 November 1997). \"U.S. Supreme Court to Hear Forfeiture Case\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 6 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1997/nov/04/local/me-50095","url_text":"\"U.S. Supreme Court to Hear Forfeiture Case\""}]},{"reference":"Greenhouse, Linda (23 June 1998). \"Supreme Court Roundup; Justices Narrow the Uses of Forfeiture\". New York Times. Retrieved 6 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/23/us/supreme-court-roundup-justices-narrow-the-uses-of-forfeiture.html","url_text":"\"Supreme Court Roundup; Justices Narrow the Uses of Forfeiture\""}]},{"reference":"Sanati, Cyrus (29 June 2010). \"Money Laundering: The Drug Problem at Banks\". New York Times. 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Retrieved 6 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120917664876446995","url_text":"\"Wachovia Is Under Scrutiny In Latin Drug-Money Probe\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20180206123851/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120917664876446995","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Vulliamy, Ed (2 April 2012). \"How a big US bank laundered billions from Mexico's murderous drug gangs\". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/03/us-bank-mexico-drug-gangs","url_text":"\"How a big US bank laundered billions from Mexico's murderous drug gangs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Founder And CEO Of Off-Shore Cryptocurrency Derivatives Platform Sentenced For Violating The Bank Secrecy Act\". U.S. Attorney’s Office Southern District of New York. 20 May 2020. Retrieved 17 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.justice.gov/usao-sdny/pr/founder-and-ceo-shore-cryptocurrency-derivatives-platform-sentenced-violating-bank","url_text":"\"Founder And CEO Of Off-Shore Cryptocurrency Derivatives Platform Sentenced For Violating The Bank Secrecy Act\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Australians
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English Australians
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["1 History","1.1 18th and 19th centuries","1.2 Post-Federation English immigration","2 Demographics","3 Cultural influence","4 Notable people","4.1 English convicts transported to Australia","4.2 Prime Ministers","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
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This article is about Australians of English descent. For English people of Australian descent, see Australians in the United Kingdom.
Australians of English birth or descent
Ethnic group
English AustraliansStatue of English-born Arthur Phillip, first colonial Governor of New South WalesTotal population8,385,928 (by ancestry, 2021)(33% of the Australian population)
927,490 (by birth, 2021)Regions with significant populationsAll states and territories of AustraliaLanguagesEnglishReligion
Christianity
Anglicanism
Catholicism
Irreligion
Related ethnic groupsAnglo-Celtic Australians, Scottish Australians, Irish Australians, Welsh Australians, Cornish Australians
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vte
People of English ancestry as a fraction of total persons, in Australia, Australia, according to the 2011 census results.
English Total Responses as a fraction of total persons, in Inner Sydney, Australia, according to the 2011 census results.
English Australians, also known as Anglo-Australians, are Australians whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in England. In the 2021 census, 8,385,928 people, or 33% of the Australian population, stated that they had English ancestry (whether sole or partial). It is the largest self-identified ancestry in Australia. People of ethnic English origin have been the largest group to migrate to Australia since the establishment of the Colony of New South Wales in 1788.
English Australians are a subset of Anglo-Celtic Australians, who are themselves a subset of European Australians. Other subsets of Anglo-Celtic Australians (that is, Australians with ancestry originating in the British Isles) include Irish Australians, Scottish Australians and Welsh Australians. There is a tendency to refer to these ancestries collectively due to their long history in Australia and the high degree of intermixture which has occurred over centuries. In light of this history, there is a tendency for Australians with English or other Anglo-Celtic ancestries to simply identify their ancestry as 'Australian'.
History
18th and 19th centuries
English born population of New South Wales, 1846-1891
Year
Population
Ref(s)
1851
51,122
1861
84,152
1871
87,334
1881
107,574
1891
149,232
Source: NSW colonial census
New South Wales was established in 1788 by the British government as a penal colony. Visitors described the English character of Sydney for at least the first 50 years after 1788, noting the traditional English appearance of the churches overlooking the convict barracks. First-generation colonial Sydney residents were predominantly English. 160,000 convicts came to Australia between 1788 and 1850. Between 1788 and 1840, 80,000 English convicts were transported to New South Wales, with the greatest numbers coming between 1825 and 1835. The New South Wales Census of 1846 accounted for 57,349 born in England, 47,547 born in Ireland and 14,406 born in Scotland. Until 1859, 2.2 million (73%) of the free settlers who immigrated were British in origin.
Many more English people immigrated to Victoria by the gold rush of the 1850s. By 1854 there were 97,943 English-born people in Victoria. Immigration policies and assistance schemes helped maintain high levels of immigration from England. Of the 1 million immigrants who arrived between 1860 and 1900, just over half came from England.
Between 1840 and 1870 there were more Irish than English assisted migrants which did not change until the 1870s, when there were more English.
At least 75 per cent of all overseas-born people in Australia during the 19th century were from the British Isles. The proportion who had been born in England or Wales remained quite stable (at about 47 per cent) from 1861 to 1911, as did the proportion born in
Scotland (about 12 per cent).
English settlers more often came from the South than the North of England.
Post-Federation English immigration
English-born population of Australia, 1911–present
Year
Population
Ref(s)
1911
346,030
1921
446,124
1933
486,831
1947
381,592
1954
478,411
1961
556,478
1971
842,032
1981
889,124
1991
896,336
2001
847,365
2011
911,593
2021
927,490
No Religion (46.4%) Anglicanism (29.9%) Catholicism (10.4%) Not stated (2.5%) Uniting Church (1.7%) Other Christian (9%)
https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/2102_AUS
Australians of English ancestry made up more than 50 per cent of the population at the time of Federation (1901). From 1922 the Empire Settlement Act assisted thousands of migrants from England. After the Second World War, even as immigration from other countries expanded dramatically, English citizens had almost unrestricted entry into Australia. Arthur Calwell, Minister for Immigration, wanted nine out of ten new immigrants to be UK-born. The majority of England-born migrants received assisted passages until the scheme was abolished in 1982.
Among the notable English-born were politicians such as Henry Parkes, and Joseph Cook; in retailing and media: John Norton, Anthony Hordern and John Fairfax.
Surges of English immigration in the 1910s, 1920s, 1950s and 1960s sustained the English-born as the largest single immigrant group throughout the 20th century. In 1978 Australians of predominantly English ancestry made up over 45 per cent of the population. English ancestry was reported by 6.6 million people (46%) in 1986, and 6.4 million (37%) in 2001. While the English-born continue to be well-represented among immigrants to Australia, the overall decline of English immigration to Australia since the 1980s has meant that the English-born are declining as a proportion of immigrants to Australia. Regardless, Australian society continues to be influenced by its strong English heritage.
Demographics
In the 2021 census, 8,385,928 people, or 33% of the Australian population, stated that they had English ancestry (whether wholly or partial).
English ancestral origin census
Year
Population
%
Population change
% change
Ref(s)
1986
6,607,228
42.3
2001
6,358,880
33.9
2006
6,283,647
31.6
2011
7,238,533
33.7
2016
7,852,224
36.1
2021
8,385,928
33
Cultural influence
People of English descent were by far the single most influential ethnic group in colonial Australia. The founding of Australia by English people is still evident in place names, Australia's common law legal system, popular dishes such as fish and chips and Sunday Roast and English as Australia's national language.
In Sydney, at least 50 suburban names are derived directly from 20 English counties, of which the largest numbers are from Kent, Surrey and London. Among the best known are Surry Hills, Croydon, Hornsby, Epping, Chipping Norton, Brighton-le-Sands, Bexley, Canterbury, Ryde, Kensington, Lewisham and Penshurst.
Notable people
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English convicts transported to Australia
James Blackburn – known for contributions to Australian architecture and civil engineering
William Bland – naval surgeon transported for killing a man in a duel; prospered and was involved in philanthropy; had a seat in the legislative assembly
William Buckley – escaped and lived with Aboriginal people for many years
John Cadman – had been a publican; as a convict became Superintendent of Boats in Sydney; Cadmans Cottage is a cottage granted to him
Daniel Cooper – successful merchant
Margaret Dawson – First Fleet, "founding mother"
William Field – Tasmanian businessman and landowner
Francis Greenway – Australian architect
William Henry Groom – successful auctioneer and politician; served in the inaugural Australian Parliament
William Hutchinson – public servant and pastoralist
Mark Jeffrey – wrote famous autobiography
Henry Kable – First Fleet convict, arrived with wife and son (Susannah Holmes, also a convict, and Henry) filed 1st lawsuit in Australia, became wealthy businessman
Simeon Lord – pioneer merchant and magistrate in Australia
Nathaniel Lucas – one of the first convicts on Norfolk Island, where he became Master carpenter, later farmed successfully, built windmills, and was Superintendent of carpenters in Sydney
Isaac Nichols – entrepreneur, first Postmaster
William Redfern – one of the few surgeon convicts
Mary Reibey – operated a fleet of ships
Henry Savery – Australia's first novelist; author of Quintus Servinton
Robert Sidaway – opened Australia's first theatre
William Sykes – historically interesting because he left a brief diary and a bundle of letters
John Tawell – served his sentence, became a prosperous chemist, returned to England after 15 years, and after some time murdered a mistress, for which he was hanged
Samuel Terry – wealthy merchant and philanthropist
James Hardy Vaux – author of Australia's first full length autobiography and dictionary
Mary Wade – youngest female convict transported to Australia (age 11); had 21 children and at the time of her death had over 300 living descendants
Joseph Wild – explorer
Solomon Wiseman – merchant and operated ferry on Hawkesbury River, hence town name of Wisemans Ferry
Prime Ministers
Edmund BartonAlfred DeakinRobert MenziesJohn GortonGough WhitlamJohn Howard
Further information: List of Prime Ministers of Australia
The majority of Prime Ministers of Australia have been of at least partial English ancestry. To date all Australian Prime Ministers have had whole or partial Anglo-Celtic ancestry.
Edmund Barton, 1st Prime Minister, 1901–1903 (English parents)
Alfred Deakin, 2nd Prime Minister, 1903–1904, 1905–08, 1909–10 (English parents)
Joseph Cook, 6th Prime Minister, 1913–1914 (born in Silverdale, Staffordshire, England)
Billy Hughes, 7th Prime Minister, 1915–1923 (born in London, England)
Earle Page, 11th Prime Minister, 1939 (father from London, England)
Robert Menzies, 12th Prime Minister, 1939–1941, 1949-66 (maternal grandparents born in Penzance, England)
Harold Holt, 17th Prime Minister, 1966–1967 (English descent)
John McEwen, 18th Prime Minister, 1967–1968 (partial English descent)
John Gorton, 19th Prime Minister, 1968–1971 (English father)
William McMahon, 20th Prime Minister, 1971–1972 (partial English descent)
Gough Whitlam, 21st Prime Minister, 1972–1975 (English descent)
Malcolm Fraser, 22nd Prime Minister, 1975–1983 (partial English descent)
Bob Hawke, 23rd Prime Minister, 1983–1991 (English descent; all great-grandparents born in England, seven from Cornwall, England and one from Cheshire, England)
Paul Keating, 24th Prime Minister, 1991–1996 (maternal English descent)
John Howard, 25th Prime Minister, 1996–2007 (partial English descent)
Kevin Rudd, 26th Prime Minister, 2007–10, 2013 (his 4th great-grandparents, convicts Thomas Rudd from London and Mary Cable from Essex, England)
Julia Gillard, 27th Prime Minister, 2010–2013 (paternal grandparents born in England)
Tony Abbott, 28th Prime Minister, 2013–2015 (English father; born in London, England of English, Dutch, Scottish and Welsh descent)
Malcolm Turnbull, 29th Prime Minister, 2015–2018 (maternal grandmother, May Lansbury (née Morle), born in England)
Scott Morrison, 30th Prime Minister, 2018 (English ancestry)
See also
England portalAustralia portal
Australia–United Kingdom relations
Australian British
European emigration
Demographics of Australia
Anglo-Celtic Australians
European Australians
White people#Australia
Irish Australians
Scottish Australians
Welsh Australians
English diaspora
English Americans
English Canadians
European New Zealanders
Immigration to Australia
English New Zealanders
List of locations in Australia with an English name
English Argentines
English Chileans
References
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^ a b "History of immigration from England". museumvictoria.com.au. Archived from the original on 30 July 2008. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
^ "Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia (Feature Article)". January 1995. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
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^ "Australia's founding felons get a long-delayed pardon". The New York Times. 19 November 1982.
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^ "Ancestry Information Operations Unlimited Company - Press Releases". www.ancestryeurope.lu. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
^ a b "History of immigration from England, Immigration Museum, Melbourne, Australia". Archived from the original on 30 July 2008.
^ CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING, 30 JUNE 1986 CENSUS 86 MULTICULTURAL AUSTRALIA (Page: 8)
^ J. Jupp, The English in Australia, Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 103
^ CENSUS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA TAKEN FOR THE NIGHT BETWEEN THE 2nd and 3rd APRIL, 1911. VOLUME II. (Page: 115-116)
^ CENSUS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA TAKEN FOR THE NIGHT BETWEEN THE PART 3rd and 4th April, 1921. (Page: 49-50)
^ CENSUS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA 30th JUNE, 1933. BIRTHPLACE
^ CENSUS OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA, 1947. BIRTHPLACE of PERSONS: Census, 30 June 1947.
^ a b CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING, 30 JUNE 1966 COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA No. I.-Population, by Birthplace: Australia, Censuses, 1921 to 1966 (Page: 13)
^ CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING, 30 JUNE 1971 COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA TABLE 4. POPULATION BY BIRTHPLACE (Page: 2)
^ "CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING, 30 JUNE 1981 SUMMARY CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSONS AND DWELLINGS AUSTRALIA" (PDF). Retrieved 12 December 2023.
^ CENSUS CHARACTERISTICS OF AUSTRALIA 1991 CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING Birthplace (countries)
^ Statistics, c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of (21 March 2006). "Media Release - Making Australia's Communities Count (Media Release)". www.abs.gov.au.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "2011 Australia, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics".
^ a b "2021 Australia, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics".
^ a b James Jupp (1 October 2001). The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins. Cambridge University Press. pp. 336–. ISBN 978-0-521-80789-0. Retrieved 17 March 2012.
^ The Australian encyclopaedia, Volume 4, Grolier Society of Australia, 1983, p. 35
^ Statistics, c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of (3 June 2003). "Chapter - Population characteristics: Ancestry of Australia's population". www.abs.gov.au.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "2021 Australia, Census All persons QuickStats". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
^ Khoo, eSiew-An; McDonald, Peter F. (2003). The Transformation of Australia's Population: 1970-2030. UNSW Press. ISBN 9780868405025.
^ "2001 Census results". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2001. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
^ "A Picture of the Nation: the Statistician's Report on the 2006 Census" (PDF). Australia’s close links to Europe. p. 39. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
^ "2011 Census data". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 21 June 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2022.
^ "2016 Australia, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics".
^ Adair, Daryl (1998). "Conformity, Diversity, and Difference in Antipodean Physical Culture: The Indelible Influence of Immigration, Ethnicity, and Race during the Formative Years of Organized Sport in Australia, c. 1788–1918". In Cronin, Mike; Mayall, David (eds.). Sporting Nationalisms: Identity, Ethnicity, Immigration and Assimilation. Routledge. p. 22. ISBN 9780714644493.
^ D. Richards 'Transported to New South Wales: medical convicts 1788–1850' British Medical Journal Vol 295, 19–26 December 1987, p. 1609
^ Edmund Barton Archived 9 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Nma.gov.au. Retrieved on 2012-03-17.
^ Australia's Prime Ministers Archived 29 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Primeministers.naa.gov.au (18 March 1902). Retrieved on 2012-03-17.
^ Fitzhardinge, Laurence (1964). William Morris Hughes: A Political Biography / Vol. 1: That Fiery Particle, 1862–1914. Angus & Robertson. ISBN 0207137463.
^ Earle Christmas Grafton Page. Adbonline.anu.edu.au. Retrieved on 2012-03-17.
^ Allan Martin (1993). Robert Menzies: A Life / Vol. 1, 1894–1943. Melbourne University Press. p. 4.
^ Golding, Peter S. (1996). Black Jack McEwen: Political Gladiator. Melbourne University Press. p. 35. ISBN 0522847188.
^ Christopher Zinn Obituaries: Sir John Gorton. The Guardian. 21 May 2002
^ "Genealogy of John Malcolm Fraser". Geni. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
^ "Genealogy of Bob Hawke". Geni. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
^ "Précis of Julia Eileen Gillard's Ancestry". Mormon News Room Online. 19 August 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2014.
^ Tony Abbott. Retrieved on 2013-10-2013.
^ "Lansbury, Coral Magnolia (1929–1991)". Biography – Coral Magnolia Lansbury – Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 15 September 2015. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^ "Will privilege drown his message?". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 September 2008.
Further reading
Haines, Robin F. Emigration and the labouring poor: Australian recruitment in Britain and Ireland, 1831–60 (Springer, 1997).
Richards, Eric. Britannia's children: emigration from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland since 1600 (A&C Black, 2004) online.
Richards, Eric. "How did poor people emigrate from the British Isles to Australia in the nineteenth century?" Journal of British Studies 32.3 (1993): 250-279. online
External links
James Jupp - Australian National University (2008). "English". Dictionary of Sydney. Retrieved 4 October 2015. (English in Sydney)
vteAncestry of AustraliansAncestral background of Australian citizensIndigenous
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Beninese
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Kenyan
Liberian
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Trinidadian and Tobagonian
Asia
Afghan
Hazara
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Mon
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Chinese
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Madurese
Sundanese
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Kazakh
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Malaysian
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Kadazan
Temoq
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Pakistani
Baloch
Hazara
Pashtun
Punjabi
Sindhi
Pathan
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Tamil
Tajik
Tatar
Thai
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Hmong
Mien
Europe
Albanian
Anglo-Celtic
Cornish
English
Irish
Northern Irish
Scottish
Welsh
Austrian
Belgian
Belarusian
Bosnian
Bulgarian
Croatian
Cypriot
Czech
Danish
Dutch
Estonian
French
Finnish
German
Greek
Hungarian
Icelandic
Italian
Latvian
Lithuanian
Macedonian
Maltese
Montenegrin
Norwegian
Polish
Portuguese
Romani
Romanian
Russian
Serbian
Slovak
Slovene
Spanish
Swedish
Swiss
Ukrainian
Middle EastandNorth Africa
Arab
Algerian
Bahraini
Egyptian
Emirati
Iraqi
Jordanian
Kuwaiti
Lebanese
Libyan
Moroccan
Palestinian
Saudi
Somali
Syrian
Tunisian
Assyrian
Bari
Berber
Coptic
Chaldean
Darfur
Dinka
Iranian
Israeli/Jewish
Kurdish
Mandaean
Nubian
Nuer
South Sudanese
Sudanese
Turkish
Yezidi
Oceania
Fijian
Indo-Fijian
Niuean
Ni-Vanuatu
New Zealander
Māori
Papua New Guinean
Samoan
South Sea Islander
Tongan
according to Reflecting a Nation: Stories from the 2011 Census, 2012–2013 and Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australians in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australians_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_1078_English_Total_Responses.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Inner_Sydney_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_1078_English_Total_Responses.svg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sydneyjournal-3"},{"link_name":"Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australians"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-1"},{"link_name":"ancestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-1"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"},{"link_name":"Colony of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_immigration_from_England-4"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Celtic Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Celtic_Australians"},{"link_name":"European Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Australians"},{"link_name":"British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles"},{"link_name":"Irish Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Australians"},{"link_name":"Scottish Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Australians"},{"link_name":"Welsh Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Australians"},{"link_name":"Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australians"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"This article is about Australians of English descent. For English people of Australian descent, see Australians in the United Kingdom.Australians of English birth or descentEthnic groupPeople of English ancestry as a fraction of total persons, in Australia, Australia, according to the 2011 census results.English Total Responses as a fraction of total persons, in Inner Sydney, Australia, according to the 2011 census results.English Australians, also known as Anglo-Australians,[3] are Australians whose ancestry originates wholly or partly in England. In the 2021 census, 8,385,928 people, or 33% of the Australian population, stated that they had English ancestry (whether sole or partial).[1] It is the largest self-identified ancestry in Australia.[1] People of ethnic English origin have been the largest group to migrate to Australia since the establishment of the Colony of New South Wales in 1788.[4]English Australians are a subset of Anglo-Celtic Australians, who are themselves a subset of European Australians. Other subsets of Anglo-Celtic Australians (that is, Australians with ancestry originating in the British Isles) include Irish Australians, Scottish Australians and Welsh Australians. There is a tendency to refer to these ancestries collectively due to their long history in Australia and the high degree of intermixture which has occurred over centuries. In light of this history, there is a tendency for Australians with English or other Anglo-Celtic ancestries to simply identify their ancestry as 'Australian'.[5]","title":"English Australians"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LifeMagazine1944-05-22-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dictionaryofsydney-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-museumvictoria-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dictionaryofsydney-9"},{"link_name":"British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles"},{"link_name":"England or Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_England"},{"link_name":"North of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_England"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"18th and 19th centuries","text":"New South Wales was established in 1788 by the British government as a penal colony.[7] Visitors described the English character of Sydney for at least the first 50 years after 1788, noting the traditional English appearance of the churches overlooking the convict barracks. First-generation colonial Sydney residents were predominantly English. 160,000 convicts came to Australia between 1788 and 1850.[8] Between 1788 and 1840, 80,000 English convicts were transported to New South Wales, with the greatest numbers coming between 1825 and 1835. The New South Wales Census of 1846 accounted for 57,349 born in England, 47,547 born in Ireland and 14,406 born in Scotland.[9] Until 1859, 2.2 million (73%) of the free settlers who immigrated were British in origin.[10]Many more English people immigrated to Victoria by the gold rush of the 1850s. By 1854 there were 97,943 English-born people in Victoria. Immigration policies and assistance schemes helped maintain high levels of immigration from England. Of the 1 million immigrants who arrived between 1860 and 1900, just over half came from England.[11]Between 1840 and 1870 there were more Irish than English assisted migrants which did not change until the 1870s, when there were more English.[9]At least 75 per cent of all overseas-born people in Australia during the 19th century were from the British Isles. The proportion who had been born in England or Wales remained quite stable (at about 47 per cent) from 1861 to 1911, as did the proportion born in\nScotland (about 12 per cent).[12]English settlers more often came from the South than the North of England.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglicanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism"},{"link_name":"Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Uniting Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniting_Church"},{"link_name":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/2102_AUS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/2102_AUS"},{"link_name":"Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jupp-25"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-museumvictoria-11"},{"link_name":"Henry Parkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Parkes"},{"link_name":"Joseph Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cook"},{"link_name":"John Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Norton_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"Anthony Hordern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hordern"},{"link_name":"John Fairfax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fairfax"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dictionaryofsydney-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dictionaryofsydney-9"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_immigration_from_England-4"}],"sub_title":"Post-Federation English immigration","text":"No Religion (46.4%) Anglicanism (29.9%) Catholicism (10.4%) Not stated (2.5%) Uniting Church (1.7%) Other Christian (9%)\nhttps://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/2102_AUSAustralians of English ancestry made up more than 50 per cent of the population at the time of Federation (1901).[25] From 1922 the Empire Settlement Act assisted thousands of migrants from England. After the Second World War, even as immigration from other countries expanded dramatically, English citizens had almost unrestricted entry into Australia. Arthur Calwell, Minister for Immigration, wanted nine out of ten new immigrants to be UK-born.[11] The majority of England-born migrants received assisted passages until the scheme was abolished in 1982.Among the notable English-born were politicians such as Henry Parkes, and Joseph Cook; in retailing and media: John Norton, Anthony Hordern and John Fairfax.[9]Surges of English immigration in the 1910s, 1920s, 1950s and 1960s sustained the English-born as the largest single immigrant group throughout the 20th century.[9] In 1978 Australians of predominantly English ancestry made up over 45 per cent of the population.[26] English ancestry was reported by 6.6 million people (46%) in 1986, and 6.4 million (37%) in 2001.[27] While the English-born continue to be well-represented among immigrants to Australia, the overall decline of English immigration to Australia since the 1980s has meant that the English-born are declining as a proportion of immigrants to Australia. Regardless, Australian society continues to be influenced by its strong English heritage.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Australian_census"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"In the 2021 census, 8,385,928 people, or 33% of the Australian population, stated that they had English ancestry (whether wholly or partial).[28]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"common law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_law"},{"link_name":"fish and chips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_chips"},{"link_name":"Sunday Roast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Roast"},{"link_name":"English counties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_counties"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Surry Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surry_Hills,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Hornsby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornsby,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Epping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epping,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Chipping Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chipping_Norton,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Brighton-le-Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton-le-Sands,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Bexley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bexley,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Ryde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryde,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Kensington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kensington,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Lewisham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewisham,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Penshurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penshurst,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sydneyjournal-3"}],"text":"People of English descent were by far the single most influential ethnic group in colonial Australia.[34] The founding of Australia by English people is still evident in place names, Australia's common law legal system, popular dishes such as fish and chips and Sunday Roast and English as Australia's national language.In Sydney, at least 50 suburban names are derived directly from 20 English counties, of which the largest numbers are from Kent, Surrey and London. Among the best known are Surry Hills, Croydon, Hornsby, Epping, Chipping Norton, Brighton-le-Sands, Bexley, Canterbury, Ryde, Kensington, Lewisham and Penshurst.[3]","title":"Cultural influence"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Blackburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Blackburn_(architect)"},{"link_name":"William Bland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bland"},{"link_name":"naval surgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship%27s_doctor"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"William Buckley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Buckley_(convict)"},{"link_name":"John Cadman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cadman_(convict)"},{"link_name":"Cadmans Cottage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmans_Cottage"},{"link_name":"Daniel Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Cooper_(convict_and_merchant)"},{"link_name":"Margaret Dawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Dawson"},{"link_name":"First Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Fleet"},{"link_name":"William Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Field_(Australian_pastoralist)"},{"link_name":"Francis Greenway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Greenway"},{"link_name":"William Henry Groom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Groom"},{"link_name":"William Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hutchinson_(superintendent)"},{"link_name":"Mark Jeffrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Jeffrey"},{"link_name":"Henry Kable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kable"},{"link_name":"Simeon Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_Lord"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Lucas"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Island"},{"link_name":"Isaac Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Nichols"},{"link_name":"William Redfern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Redfern"},{"link_name":"Mary Reibey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Reibey"},{"link_name":"Henry Savery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Savery"},{"link_name":"Quintus Servinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Servinton"},{"link_name":"Robert Sidaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sidaway"},{"link_name":"William Sykes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sykes_(convict)"},{"link_name":"John Tawell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tawell"},{"link_name":"Samuel Terry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Terry"},{"link_name":"James Hardy Vaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hardy_Vaux"},{"link_name":"Mary Wade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Wade"},{"link_name":"Joseph Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Wild"},{"link_name":"explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explorer"},{"link_name":"Solomon Wiseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Wiseman"}],"sub_title":"English convicts transported to Australia","text":"James Blackburn – known for contributions to Australian architecture and civil engineering\nWilliam Bland – naval surgeon transported for killing a man in a duel; prospered and was involved in philanthropy; had a seat in the legislative assembly[35]\nWilliam Buckley – escaped and lived with Aboriginal people for many years\nJohn Cadman – had been a publican; as a convict became Superintendent of Boats in Sydney; Cadmans Cottage is a cottage granted to him\nDaniel Cooper – successful merchant\nMargaret Dawson – First Fleet, \"founding mother\"\nWilliam Field – Tasmanian businessman and landowner\nFrancis Greenway – Australian architect\nWilliam Henry Groom – successful auctioneer and politician; served in the inaugural Australian Parliament\nWilliam Hutchinson – public servant and pastoralist\nMark Jeffrey – wrote famous autobiography\nHenry Kable – First Fleet convict, arrived with wife and son (Susannah Holmes, also a convict, and Henry) filed 1st lawsuit in Australia, became wealthy businessman\nSimeon Lord – pioneer merchant and magistrate in Australia\nNathaniel Lucas – one of the first convicts on Norfolk Island, where he became Master carpenter, later farmed successfully, built windmills, and was Superintendent of carpenters in Sydney\nIsaac Nichols – entrepreneur, first Postmaster\nWilliam Redfern – one of the few surgeon convicts\nMary Reibey – operated a fleet of ships\nHenry Savery – Australia's first novelist; author of Quintus Servinton\nRobert Sidaway – opened Australia's first theatre\nWilliam Sykes – historically interesting because he left a brief diary and a bundle of letters\nJohn Tawell – served his sentence, became a prosperous chemist, returned to England after 15 years, and after some time murdered a mistress, for which he was hanged\nSamuel Terry – wealthy merchant and philanthropist\nJames Hardy Vaux – author of Australia's first full length autobiography and dictionary\nMary Wade – youngest female convict transported to Australia (age 11); had 21 children and at the time of her death had over 300 living descendants\nJoseph Wild – explorer\nSolomon Wiseman – merchant and operated ferry on Hawkesbury River, hence town name of Wisemans Ferry","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edmund_Barton.PNG"},{"link_name":"Edmund Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Barton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AlfredDeakin.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Alfred Deakin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Deakin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_Menzies_1950s.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robert Menzies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Menzies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JohnGorton1968.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Gorton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gorton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gough_Whitlam_1972_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Gough Whitlam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gough_Whitlam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Howard_John_BANNER.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard"},{"link_name":"List of Prime Ministers of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Prime Ministers of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Celtic_Australians"},{"link_name":"Edmund Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Barton"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Alfred Deakin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Deakin"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Joseph Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Cook"},{"link_name":"Silverdale, Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silverdale,_Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Billy Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Hughes"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Earle Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earle_Page"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Robert Menzies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Menzies"},{"link_name":"Penzance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penzance"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Harold Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Holt"},{"link_name":"John McEwen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McEwen"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p35-41"},{"link_name":"John Gorton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gorton"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"William McMahon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McMahon"},{"link_name":"Gough Whitlam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gough_Whitlam"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jupp-25"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Bob Hawke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Hawke"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Paul Keating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Keating"},{"link_name":"John Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard"},{"link_name":"Kevin Rudd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Rudd"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Julia Gillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Gillard"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Tony Abbott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Abbott"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Turnbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Turnbull"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adb-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Scott Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Morrison"}],"sub_title":"Prime Ministers","text":"Edmund BartonAlfred DeakinRobert MenziesJohn GortonGough WhitlamJohn HowardFurther information: List of Prime Ministers of AustraliaThe majority of Prime Ministers of Australia have been of at least partial English ancestry. To date all Australian Prime Ministers have had whole or partial Anglo-Celtic ancestry.Edmund Barton, 1st Prime Minister, 1901–1903 (English parents[36])\nAlfred Deakin, 2nd Prime Minister, 1903–1904, 1905–08, 1909–10 (English parents[37])\nJoseph Cook, 6th Prime Minister, 1913–1914 (born in Silverdale, Staffordshire, England)\nBilly Hughes, 7th Prime Minister, 1915–1923 (born in London, England[38])\nEarle Page, 11th Prime Minister, 1939 (father from London, England[39])\nRobert Menzies, 12th Prime Minister, 1939–1941, 1949-66 (maternal grandparents born in Penzance, England[40])\nHarold Holt, 17th Prime Minister, 1966–1967 (English descent)\nJohn McEwen, 18th Prime Minister, 1967–1968 (partial English descent[41])\nJohn Gorton, 19th Prime Minister, 1968–1971 (English father[42])\nWilliam McMahon, 20th Prime Minister, 1971–1972 (partial English descent)\nGough Whitlam, 21st Prime Minister, 1972–1975 (English descent[25])\nMalcolm Fraser, 22nd Prime Minister, 1975–1983 (partial English descent[43])\nBob Hawke, 23rd Prime Minister, 1983–1991 (English descent; all great-grandparents born in England, seven from Cornwall, England and one from Cheshire, England[44])\nPaul Keating, 24th Prime Minister, 1991–1996 (maternal English descent)\nJohn Howard, 25th Prime Minister, 1996–2007 (partial English descent)\nKevin Rudd, 26th Prime Minister, 2007–10, 2013 (his 4th great-grandparents, convicts Thomas Rudd from London and Mary Cable from Essex, England)\nJulia Gillard, 27th Prime Minister, 2010–2013 (paternal grandparents born in England[45])\nTony Abbott, 28th Prime Minister, 2013–2015 (English father; born in London, England of English, Dutch, Scottish and Welsh descent[46])\nMalcolm Turnbull, 29th Prime Minister, 2015–2018 (maternal grandmother, May Lansbury (née Morle), born in England[47][48])\nScott Morrison, 30th Prime Minister, 2018 (English ancestry)","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=JknDbX3ae1MC&pg=PR9"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-british-studies/article/how-did-poor-people-emigrate-from-the-british-isles-to-australia-in-the-nineteenth-century/6170881E4ADABA80D94E62FC4DBFD7DB"}],"text":"Haines, Robin F. Emigration and the labouring poor: Australian recruitment in Britain and Ireland, 1831–60 (Springer, 1997).Richards, Eric. Britannia's children: emigration from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland since 1600 (A&C Black, 2004) online.\nRichards, Eric. \"How did poor people emigrate from the British Isles to Australia in the nineteenth century?\" Journal of British Studies 32.3 (1993): 250-279. online","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"People of English ancestry as a fraction of total persons, in Australia, Australia, according to the 2011 census results.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_1078_English_Total_Responses.svg/220px-Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Australia_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_1078_English_Total_Responses.svg.png"},{"image_text":"English Total Responses as a fraction of total persons, in Inner Sydney, Australia, according to the 2011 census results.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Inner_Sydney_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_1078_English_Total_Responses.svg/220px-Australian_Census_2011_demographic_map_-_Inner_Sydney_by_SLA_-_BCP_field_1078_English_Total_Responses.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"England portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:England"},{"title":"Australia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Australia"},{"title":"Australia–United Kingdom relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations"},{"title":"Australian British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_British"},{"title":"European emigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_emigration"},{"title":"Demographics of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Australia"},{"title":"Anglo-Celtic Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Celtic_Australians"},{"title":"European Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Australians"},{"title":"White people#Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_people#Australia"},{"title":"Irish Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Australians"},{"title":"Scottish Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Australians"},{"title":"Welsh Australians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_Australians"},{"title":"English diaspora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_diaspora"},{"title":"English Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Americans"},{"title":"English Canadians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Canadians"},{"title":"European New Zealanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_New_Zealanders"},{"title":"Immigration to Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_Australia"},{"title":"English New Zealanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_New_Zealanders"},{"title":"List of locations in Australia with an English name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_locations_in_Australia_with_an_English_name"},{"title":"English Argentines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Argentines"},{"title":"English Chileans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Chileans"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"2021 Australia, Census All persons QuickStats\". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 27 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/AUS","url_text":"\"2021 Australia, Census All persons QuickStats\""}]},{"reference":"\"2016 People in Australia who were born in England, Census Country of birth QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics\". www.abs.gov.au. Retrieved 12 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2016/2102_0","url_text":"\"2016 People in Australia who were born in England, Census Country of birth QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"The English in Sydney, Sydney Journal\". 2008. Retrieved 27 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/journals/index.php/sydney_journal/article/viewFile/658/679","url_text":"\"The English in Sydney, Sydney Journal\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of immigration from England\". museumvictoria.com.au. Archived from the original on 30 July 2008. Retrieved 27 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080730043450/http://museumvictoria.com.au/origins/history.aspx?pid=17","url_text":"\"History of immigration from England\""},{"url":"http://museumvictoria.com.au/origins/history.aspx?pid=17","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia (Feature Article)\". January 1995. Retrieved 27 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/[email protected]/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/49f609c83cf34d69ca2569de0025c182!OpenDocument","url_text":"\"Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Australia (Feature Article)\""}]},{"reference":"Morison, Samuel Eliot (22 May 1944). \"The Gilberts & Marshalls: A distinguished historian recalls the past of two recently captured Pacific groups\". Life Magazine. Retrieved 1 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison","url_text":"Morison, Samuel Eliot"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bk8EAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Thomas+Gilbert%22+captain+pacific&pg=PA91","url_text":"\"The Gilberts & Marshalls: A distinguished historian recalls the past of two recently captured Pacific groups\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Magazine","url_text":"Life Magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"Australia's founding felons get a long-delayed pardon\". The New York Times. 19 November 1982.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1982/11/19/world/australia-s-founding-felons-get-a-long-delayed-pardon.html","url_text":"\"Australia's founding felons get a long-delayed pardon\""}]},{"reference":"\"English | The Dictionary of Sydney\". dictionaryofsydney.org. Retrieved 12 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/english","url_text":"\"English | The Dictionary of Sydney\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ancestry Information Operations Unlimited Company - Press Releases\". www.ancestryeurope.lu. Archived from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 13 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170525033607/http://www.ancestryeurope.lu/press/press-releases/uk/2008/06/historical-records-reveal-oz-ancestors-of-16-million-brits/","url_text":"\"Ancestry Information Operations Unlimited Company - Press Releases\""},{"url":"http://www.ancestryeurope.lu/press/press-releases/uk/2008/06/historical-records-reveal-oz-ancestors-of-16-million-brits/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History of immigration from England, Immigration Museum, Melbourne, Australia\". Archived from the original on 30 July 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080730043450/http://museumvictoria.com.au/origins/history.aspx?pid=17","url_text":"\"History of immigration from England, Immigration Museum, Melbourne, Australia\""},{"url":"http://museumvictoria.com.au/origins/history.aspx?pid=17","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING, 30 JUNE 1981 SUMMARY CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSONS AND DWELLINGS AUSTRALIA\" (PDF). Retrieved 12 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/free.nsf/0/6DB3D211B739EB5FCA2575830012DFDD/$File/24430_1981_SC_PD_Australia.pdf","url_text":"\"CENSUS OF POPULATION AND HOUSING, 30 JUNE 1981 SUMMARY CHARACTERISTICS OF PERSONS AND DWELLINGS AUSTRALIA\""}]},{"reference":"Statistics, c=AU; o=Commonwealth of Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of (21 March 2006). \"Media Release - Making Australia's Communities Count (Media Release)\". www.abs.gov.au.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/mediareleasesbytitle/D18C8DDC2B130EE0CA257137007563F5?OpenDocument","url_text":"\"Media Release - Making Australia's Communities Count (Media Release)\""}]},{"reference":"\"2011 Australia, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2011/0","url_text":"\"2011 Australia, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Australia, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/AUS","url_text":"\"2021 Australia, Census All persons QuickStats | Australian Bureau of Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"James Jupp (1 October 2001). The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins. Cambridge University Press. pp. 336–. ISBN 978-0-521-80789-0. 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ISBN 9780714644493.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714644493","url_text":"9780714644493"}]},{"reference":"Fitzhardinge, Laurence (1964). William Morris Hughes: A Political Biography / Vol. 1: That Fiery Particle, 1862–1914. Angus & Robertson. ISBN 0207137463.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_%26_Robertson","url_text":"Angus & Robertson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0207137463","url_text":"0207137463"}]},{"reference":"Allan Martin (1993). Robert Menzies: A Life / Vol. 1, 1894–1943. Melbourne University Press. p. 4.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Golding, Peter S. (1996). Black Jack McEwen: Political Gladiator. Melbourne University Press. p. 35. ISBN 0522847188.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0522847188","url_text":"0522847188"}]},{"reference":"\"Genealogy of John Malcolm Fraser\". Geni. Retrieved 26 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geni.com/people/John-Fraser/6000000015354904022","url_text":"\"Genealogy of John Malcolm Fraser\""}]},{"reference":"\"Genealogy of Bob Hawke\". Geni. Retrieved 26 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geni.com/people/Robert-Hawke/6000000016768296402","url_text":"\"Genealogy of Bob Hawke\""}]},{"reference":"\"Précis of Julia Eileen Gillard's Ancestry\". Mormon News Room Online. 19 August 2013. Retrieved 16 August 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mormonnewsroom.org.au/article/precis-julia-gillard-ancestry","url_text":"\"Précis of Julia Eileen Gillard's Ancestry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lansbury, Coral Magnolia (1929–1991)\". Biography – Coral Magnolia Lansbury – Australian Dictionary of Biography. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 15 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/lansbury-coral-magnolia-17182","url_text":"Biography – Coral Magnolia Lansbury – Australian Dictionary of Biography"}]},{"reference":"\"Will privilege drown his message?\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 17 September 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/will-privilege-drown-his-message/2008/09/16/1221330837605.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap2","url_text":"\"Will privilege drown his message?\""}]},{"reference":"James Jupp - Australian National University (2008). \"English\". Dictionary of Sydney. Retrieved 4 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/english","url_text":"\"English\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Sydney","url_text":"Dictionary of Sydney"}]}]
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Stories from the Census, 2016"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Write_Filter
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Enhanced Write Filter
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["1 Operating modes","2 Use in Windows Vista","3 Potential pitfalls","4 References"]
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Enhanced Write Filter (or EWF) is a component of Windows XP Embedded and Windows Embedded Standard 7 which stores volume changes on another medium instead of applying them to the original volume. EWF allows the writes to be discarded or committed to the original volume later (either directly or through inaction based on the configuration). As this minimizes writes to a specified hard disk, EWF and FBWF (File-Based Write Filter) have become popular in enthusiast computing as a way of decreasing wear of solid-state drives on netbooks and CarPCs.
Operating modes
EWF has three main operating modes: EWF Disk, EWF RAM, and EWF RAM Reg. In each mode, the location of the EWF volume (which stores the configuration) and the overlay volume (which stores file changes) is different. EWF Disk stores the overlay data outside the primary disk, allowing an external disk such as a CompactFlash to be used as an overlay. The EWF volume is stored in an unpartitioned space on the disk. EWF RAM stores the overlay data in the RAM and the EWF volume in an unpartitioned space on the disk. EWF RAM Reg is same as EWF RAM except the EWF volume is stored in Windows Registry.
Use in Windows Vista
As is the case with the appropriation of EWF in CarPCs, which are more often based on Windows XP because of its smaller "footprint," it has been used with similar effect in Windows Vista NetBooks to diminish write activity to, and so enhance the lifespan of solid-state drives (SSD). Due to changes in Windows Vista, however, the Disk Mode can not be used.
Potential pitfalls
Unlike most commercial RAM disks, EWF cannot reclaim the RAM after files have been deleted from it. In EWF RAM (and EWF RAM Reg) mode, the memory consumed only ever increases. Eventually the system will have no more free space and will crash.
Automatic adjustment of daylight saving time is not compatible with EWF, causing incorrect time settings at each reboot.
References
^ Enhanced Write Filter
^ File-Based Write Filter
^ EWF RAM Mode
^ Write Filters and Automatic Adjustment of Daylight Saving Time (Standard 7 SP1)
vteMicrosoft Windows components
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Windows XP Embedded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_XP_Embedded"},{"link_name":"Windows Embedded Standard 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Standard_7"},{"link_name":"volume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volume_(computing)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"enthusiast computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthusiast_computing"},{"link_name":"solid-state drives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drive"},{"link_name":"netbooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netbook"},{"link_name":"CarPCs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CarPC&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Enhanced Write Filter (or EWF) is a component of Windows XP Embedded and Windows Embedded Standard 7 which stores volume changes on another medium instead of applying them to the original volume.[1] EWF allows the writes to be discarded or committed to the original volume later (either directly or through inaction based on the configuration). As this minimizes writes to a specified hard disk, EWF and FBWF (File-Based Write Filter)[2] have become popular in enthusiast computing as a way of decreasing wear of solid-state drives on netbooks and CarPCs.","title":"Enhanced Write Filter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CompactFlash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CompactFlash"},{"link_name":"unpartitioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_partitioning"},{"link_name":"RAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory"},{"link_name":"Windows Registry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Registry"}],"text":"EWF has three main operating modes: EWF Disk, EWF RAM, and EWF RAM Reg. In each mode, the location of the EWF volume (which stores the configuration) and the overlay volume (which stores file changes) is different. EWF Disk stores the overlay data outside the primary disk, allowing an external disk such as a CompactFlash to be used as an overlay. The EWF volume is stored in an unpartitioned space on the disk. EWF RAM stores the overlay data in the RAM and the EWF volume in an unpartitioned space on the disk. EWF RAM Reg is same as EWF RAM except the EWF volume is stored in Windows Registry.","title":"Operating modes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"solid-state drives (SSD)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drive"}],"text":"As is the case with the appropriation of EWF in CarPCs, which are more often based on Windows XP because of its smaller \"footprint,\" it has been used with similar effect in Windows Vista NetBooks to diminish write activity to, and so enhance the lifespan of solid-state drives (SSD). Due to changes in Windows Vista, however, the Disk Mode can not be used.","title":"Use in Windows Vista"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RAM disks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAM_disk"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Unlike most commercial RAM disks, EWF cannot reclaim the RAM after files have been deleted from it. In EWF RAM (and EWF RAM Reg) mode, the memory consumed only ever increases. Eventually the system will have no more free space and will crash.[3]Automatic adjustment of daylight saving time is not compatible with EWF, causing incorrect time settings at each reboot.[4]","title":"Potential pitfalls"}]
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[]
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[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar-Ilan_University
|
Bar-Ilan University
|
["1 History","2 Academics","3 Awards and recognition","4 Notable alumni","5 Notable faculty","6 Gallery","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 32°4′4″N 34°50′33″E / 32.06778°N 34.84250°E / 32.06778; 34.84250Public researhc university in Ramat Gan, Israel
"Bar-Ilan" redirects here. For other uses, see Bar-Ilan (disambiguation).
Bar-Ilan Universityאוניברסיטת בר-אילן (Hebrew)Other nameBIUMottoImpacting tomorrow, todayTypePublic researchEstablished1955PresidentArie ZabanRectorAmnon AlbeckPrincipalZohar YinonAdministrative staff1,250Students20,000Doctoral students2,200+LocationRamat Gan, Tel Aviv District, Israel32°4′4″N 34°50′33″E / 32.06778°N 34.84250°E / 32.06778; 34.84250CampusUrbanColors Dark green and sky blueWebsitewww.biu.ac.il
Academic rankingsNationalARWU5GlobalARWU401–500QS=545THE501–600
Aerial view of Bar-Ilan University
Anna & Max Webb and Family Psychology Building at the Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
Bar-Ilan University (BIU, Hebrew: אוניברסיטת בר-אילן, Universitat Bar-Ilan) is a public research university in the Tel Aviv District city of Ramat Gan, Israel. Established in 1955, Bar Ilan is Israel's second-largest academic institution. It has 20,000 students and 1,350 faculty members.
Bar-Ilan's mission is to "blend Jewish tradition with modern technologies and scholarship and the university endeavors to ... teach the Jewish heritage to all its students while providing academic education." The university is among the best in the Middle East in the field of computer science, engineering , engineering physics and applied physics. on 2024 the university got donation of 260 million dollars, one of the biggest donations to university in Israel.
History
Bar-Ilan's first graduation ceremony in 1959
Wengrowsky Family Lookout and Visitors' Center a.k.a. Lev HaCampus (lit. heart of the campus)
Bar-Ilan Faculty of engineering
HaMachon HaGavoah LeTorah campus bet midrash and midrasha
Bar-Ilan University has Jewish-American roots: It was conceived in Atlanta in a meeting of the American Mizrahi organization in 1950, and was founded by Professor Pinkhos Churgin, an American Orthodox rabbi and educator, who was president from 1955 to 1957 where he was succeeded by Joseph H. Lookstein who was president from 1957 to 1967. When it was opened in 1955, it was described by The New York Times "as Cultural Link Between the Republic and America". Presidents who followed were Max Jammer (1967–77), Emanuel Rackman (1977–86), Michael Albeck (1986–89), Ernest Krausz (1989), Zvi Arad (1989–92), and Shlomo Eckstein (1992–96).
The university was named for Rabbi Meir Bar-Ilan (originally Meir Berlin), a Religious Zionist leader who served as the inspiration for its establishment. Although he was trained in Orthodox seminaries in Berlin, he believed there was a need for an institution providing a dual curriculum of secular academic studies and religious Torah studies.
BIU's student population is diverse and includes both Jewish and non-Jewish students.
At least five courses in Jewish studies are required for graduation (Non-Jewish students can choose general courses instead). These are available as academic Jewish studies courses, as well as through more traditional Torah study, offered primarily by the Machon HaGavoah LeTorah, established in the 1970s. The "Machon" operates a Kollel / Bet midrash for men, and a Midrasha for women. The Kollel offers traditional yeshiva studies with an emphasis on Talmud and Halakha (Jewish law), while the midrasha offers courses in "Tanakh" (The Bible), practical Halakha, and Machshavah (Jewish philosophy). The Midrasha is the largest in Israel. These programs are open to all students free of charge.
Yitzhak Rabin's convicted assassin, Yigal Amir, was a student of law and computer science at Bar-Ilan, prompting charges that the university had become a hotbed of political extremism. One of the steps taken by the university following the 1995 assassination was to encourage dialogue between left-wing and right-wing students.
Under university president Moshe Kaveh (1996–2013), Bar-Ilan underwent a major expansion, with new buildings added on the northern side of the campus. New science programs have been introduced, including a multidisciplinary brain research center and a center for nanotechnology. The university has placed archaeology as one of its priorities, and this includes excavations such as the Tell es-Safi/Gath archaeological excavations and the recently opened Bar-Ilan University/Weizmann Institute of Science joint program in Archaeological Sciences.
Bar-Ilan's Faculty of Law made headlines in 2008 by achieving the highest average Israeli bar exam grade of 81.9 by its graduates. Daniel Hershkowitz was university president from 2013 to 2017.
Arie Zaban was elected as the president of the university in 2017.
In June 2024, the university received a $260 million donation from the estate of an anonymous American donor, the largest bequest in the university's history and the second largest ever to an Israeli university. The donation is earmarked for science and technology, specifically to recruit researchers, build laboratories, and create partnerships.
Academics
Bar-Ilan University has nine faculties: Exact Sciences, Life Sciences, Social Sciences, Education, Humanities, Jewish Studies, Medicine, Engineering, and Law. There is also a special Unit of Interdisciplinary Studies. At the undergraduate level, as mentioned, ten courses in Jewish studies related subjects are required from all students.
Bar-Ilan offers several special programs, including its international B.A. program, taught entirely in English, and is the first university in Israel to offer a full undergraduate program taught entirely in English. Currently, students can choose between a B.A. degree in interdisciplinary social sciences, where students can choose between a macro track in economics, political sciences, and sociology, or the Micro Track in Criminology, Psychology, and Sociology, or a major in communications, with a minor in either English literature or political science. The degrees are internationally recognized and are open to students from all over the world.
In addition, Bar-Ilan offers a preparatory program that readies new immigrants for Israeli colleges. The university also runs a one-year overseas program called Torah Im Derech Eretz Program, which combines traditional Kollel Torah studies in the morning, separate for men and women, as well as co-ed general university studies and Jewish history classes in the afternoon. Many American students enrolled in regular programs of study in the university also take these Jewish history classes to fulfill their Jewish studies requirements.
Bar-Ilan also houses several research institutions such as the above-mentioned Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, focused on neuroscience, which may have their own requirements.
Awards and recognition
The Bar Ilan Responsa Project was awarded the Israel Prize in 2007. The university's Bible project, in danger of being eliminated by continued budget cuts, was saved at the last minute by an anonymous donor.
In its capacity as a business school, Bar-Ilan was placed as the fourth best business school in Africa and the Middle East in the 2010 QS Global 200 Business Schools Report.
Notable alumni
See also: Category:Bar-Ilan University alumni
Zvi Arad (1942–2018) – mathematician, acting president of Bar-Ilan University, president of Netanya Academic College
Ami Ayalon – former head of the Shin Bet and member of the Knesset for the Labor Party.
Michael Ben-Ari – Israeli politician and formerly a member of the Knesset for the National Union Party.
Kotel Da-Don – Croatian Orthodox rabbi of the Bet Israel community in Zagreb.
Avi Dichter – former minister of home front defence. Former Shin Bet director.
Yuval Diskin – 12th director of the Israeli Internal Security Service Shin Bet.
Esther Farbstein – Holocaust scholar
Baruch Fischer - Professor Emeritus in the Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Technion
Tzipi Hotovely – Israeli diplomat and former politician who serves as the current ambassador of Israel to the United Kingdom. Formerly deputy minister of foreign affairs, minister of diaspora affairs, minister of settlement affairs, and as a member of the Knesset for the Likud Party
Gila Gamliel – Israeli politician for the Likud Party. Formerly minister for social equality, and minister of environmental protection
Anat Guetta – chair of the Israel Securities Authority (ISA) since 2018
Michael Harris – named the best Israeli in the field of academics, as one of "The 10 Most Successful Israelis in 10 Different Fields in the World" by Maariv in April 2012.
Joseph Klafter – chemical physics professor, the eighth president of Tel Aviv University
Joshua Kulp – Talmudic scholar
Norman Lebrecht (born 1948) – British commentator on music and cultural affairs, and novelist
Tzipi Livni – Israeli lawyer and politician, head of the Opposition from 2009 to 2012. Formerly minister of justice, and in charge of negotiations with the Palestinians
Gadeer Mreeh (born 1984) – first woman of Druze descent to become a member of the Knesset
Orit Peleg – professor of biophysics at the University of Colorado
Tzipi Hotovely
Tzipi Livni
Gila Gamliel
Revital Swid
Michal Waldiger
Orit Peleg
Notable faculty
See also: Category:Academic staff of Bar-Ilan University
Doron Aurbach
Nathan Aviezer
Moshe Bar
Avi Bell
Pinkhos Churgin
Cyril Domb
Shlomo Eckstein
Avraham Faust
Adam Ferziger
Jonathan Fox
Hillel Furstenberg
Ruth Halperin-Kaddari
Oren Harman
Shlomo Havlin
Arye L. Hillman
Max Jammer
Efraim Karsh
Mordechai Kedar
Sarit Kraus
Ernest Krausz
Baruch Kurzweil
Aren Maeir
Nina Pinto-Abecasis
Arie Reich
Tamar Ross
Mary Schaps
Daniel Sperber
Avraham Trahtman
Eli Vakil
Zeev Zalevsky
Gallery
Faculty of engineering
Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center
Centre for the study of philosophy, ethics and Jewish thought
Nanotechnology building
Bar-Ilan Faculty of Medicine
Bar-Ilan Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science
See also
List of universities in Israel
Ashkelon Academic College
Kinneret College
References
^ "ShanghaiRanking's 2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
^ "ShanghaiRanking's 2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
^ "QS World University Rankings 2025: Top global universities". Quacquarelli Symonds. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
^ "World University Rankings 2024". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
^ "Bar-Ilan University - BIU". www.biu.ac.il. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
^ Higher Education in Israel: Bar-Ilan University, Jewish Virtual Library
^ "Bar-Ilan University ". EduRank.org - Discover university rankings by location. 11 August 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
^ "Israel's best Applied/Engineering Physics universities ". EduRank.org - Discover university rankings by location. 11 August 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
^ "Transformative gift of $260 million to Bar-Ilan University is one of the largest bequests ever to an Israeli university". www.biu.ac.il. Retrieved 12 June 2024.
^ a b c d "Bar-Ilan Presidents | Bar-Ilan University". .biu.ac.il. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
^ "Bar-Ilan University". Biu.ac.il. 10 May 1955. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
^ "B.A Requirements 2017 and forth | School for Basic Jewish Studies". yesod.biu.ac.il. Retrieved 18 January 2024.
^ בית המדרש , mgl.org.il
^ "Midrasha | Bar-Ilan University". midrasha.biu.ac.il.
^ Wagner, Matthew. "Bar-Ilan again forced to deal with the extremists in its midst". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
^ Kalman, Matthew (12 April 2011). "A Bitter Return to Politics at Israel's Bar-Ilan U." The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved 2 October 2013.
^ "Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar-Ilan University". Biu.ac.il. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
^ "Center for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology. Bar-Ilan University". Nanocenter.biu.ac.il. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
^ "The Tell es-Safi/Gath Archaeological Project". Dig-gath.org. Archived from the original on 19 April 2009. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
^ "Kimmel Center for Archaeological Science". Archived from the original on 29 August 2007. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
^ "Results of the Bar Exam 5.5.08 (Hebrew)" (PDF). Israelbar.org.il. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
^ Ilan, Shahar (3 June 2024). "Bar Ilan University receives 1B shekel anonymous donation to promote Deep Tech research". Calcalist. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
^ "International B.A. Programs: Bar-Ilan University | Israel's premier university for Olim and Overseas students!International B.A. Programs: Bar-Ilan University | Israel's premier university for Olim and Overseas students!". Biuinternational.com. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
^ "Interdisciplinary Social Sciences – BIU InternationalInternational B.A. Programs: Bar-Ilan University". Biuinternational.com. Archived from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
^ a b "Academic Tracks in the Social Sciences – BIU InternationalInternational B.A. Programs: Bar-Ilan University". Biuinternational.com. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
^ "International B.A. Program in Communication – BIU InternationalInternational B.A. Programs: Bar-Ilan University". Biuinternational.com. Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
^ "Bar-Ilan University". BIU. Archived from the original on 15 September 2009. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
^ "The Bar Ilan Responsa Project (Global Jewish Database)". Digento.de. 18 November 2002. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
^ Ilani, Ofri (2 April 2008). "Bar-Ilan University Bible project". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
^ "Top Business Schools". TopMBA.com. Archived from the original on 17 October 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
^ "ISA :: Ms.Anat Guetta". www.isa.gov.il. Retrieved 14 April 2022.
^
^ "Tamar Ross". Academia.edu. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bar-Ilan University.
Official website
BIU History
Bar-Ilan University – Study Programs for Olim/Foreign Students
Bar-Ilan University details in WHED (World Higher Education Database) Website (IAU-001455)
Bar-Ilan responsa website
Bar-Ilan Faculty of Medicine
Bar-Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials (BINA)
Bar-Ilan Faculty of Law
(in Hebrew) Bar-Ilan Students Union
(in Spanish) Amigos Latinoamericanos de la Universidad de Bar-Ilan
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For other uses, see Bar-Ilan (disambiguation).Aerial view of Bar-Ilan UniversityAnna & Max Webb and Family Psychology Building at the Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, IsraelBar-Ilan University (BIU, Hebrew: אוניברסיטת בר-אילן, Universitat Bar-Ilan) is a public research university in the Tel Aviv District city of Ramat Gan, Israel. Established in 1955, Bar Ilan is Israel's second-largest academic institution. 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Lev HaCampus (lit. heart of the campus)Bar-Ilan Faculty of engineeringHaMachon HaGavoah LeTorah campus bet midrash and midrashaBar-Ilan University has Jewish-American roots: It was conceived in Atlanta in a meeting of the American Mizrahi organization in 1950, and was founded by Professor Pinkhos Churgin, an American Orthodox rabbi and educator, who was president from 1955 to 1957 where he was succeeded by Joseph H. Lookstein who was president from 1957 to 1967.[10] When it was opened in 1955, it was described by The New York Times \"as Cultural Link Between the [Israeli] Republic and America\".[11] Presidents who followed were Max Jammer (1967–77), Emanuel Rackman (1977–86), Michael Albeck (1986–89), Ernest Krausz (1989), Zvi Arad (1989–92), and Shlomo Eckstein (1992–96).[10]The university was named for Rabbi Meir Bar-Ilan (originally Meir Berlin), a Religious Zionist leader who served as the inspiration for its establishment. Although he was trained in Orthodox seminaries in Berlin, he believed there was a need for an institution providing a dual curriculum of secular academic studies and religious Torah studies.BIU's student population is diverse and includes both Jewish and non-Jewish students.At least five courses in Jewish studies are required for graduation (Non-Jewish students can choose general courses instead).[12] These are available as academic Jewish studies courses, as well as through more traditional Torah study, offered primarily by the Machon HaGavoah LeTorah, established in the 1970s. The \"Machon\" operates a Kollel / Bet midrash for men,[13] and a Midrasha for women.[14] The Kollel offers traditional yeshiva studies with an emphasis on Talmud and Halakha (Jewish law), while the midrasha offers courses in \"Tanakh\" (The Bible), practical Halakha, and Machshavah (Jewish philosophy). The Midrasha is the largest in Israel. These programs are open to all students free of charge.Yitzhak Rabin's convicted assassin, Yigal Amir, was a student of law and computer science at Bar-Ilan, prompting charges that the university had become a hotbed of political extremism. One of the steps taken by the university following the 1995 assassination was to encourage dialogue between left-wing and right-wing students.[15][16]Under university president Moshe Kaveh (1996–2013), Bar-Ilan underwent a major expansion, with new buildings added on the northern side of the campus. New science programs have been introduced, including a multidisciplinary brain research center [17] and a center for nanotechnology.[18] The university has placed archaeology as one of its priorities, and this includes excavations such as the Tell es-Safi/Gath archaeological excavations[19] and the recently opened Bar-Ilan University/Weizmann Institute of Science joint program in Archaeological Sciences.[20]Bar-Ilan's Faculty of Law made headlines in 2008 by achieving the highest average Israeli bar exam grade of 81.9 by its graduates.[21] Daniel Hershkowitz was university president from 2013 to 2017.[10]Arie Zaban was elected as the president of the university in 2017.[10]In June 2024, the university received a $260 million donation from the estate of an anonymous American donor, the largest bequest in the university's history and the second largest ever to an Israeli university. The donation is earmarked for science and technology, specifically to recruit researchers, build laboratories, and create partnerships.[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Exact Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exact_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Life Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Social Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education"},{"link_name":"Humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities"},{"link_name":"Jewish Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Studies"},{"link_name":"Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine"},{"link_name":"Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biuinternational1-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biuinternational1-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"English literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature"},{"link_name":"political science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_science"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"new immigrants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyah"},{"link_name":"Torah Im Derech Eretz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah_im_Derech_Eretz"},{"link_name":"Kollel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kollel"},{"link_name":"Torah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah"},{"link_name":"Jewish history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_history"},{"link_name":"Jewish studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_studies"},{"link_name":"Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonda_Multidisciplinary_Brain_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"neuroscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience"}],"text":"Bar-Ilan University has nine faculties: Exact Sciences, Life Sciences, Social Sciences, Education, Humanities, Jewish Studies, Medicine, Engineering, and Law. There is also a special Unit of Interdisciplinary Studies. At the undergraduate level, as mentioned, ten courses in Jewish studies related subjects are required from all students.Bar-Ilan offers several special programs, including its international B.A. program,[23] taught entirely in English, and is the first university in Israel to offer a full undergraduate program taught entirely in English. Currently, students can choose between a B.A. degree in interdisciplinary social sciences,[24] where students can choose between a macro track in economics, political sciences, and sociology,[25] or the Micro Track in Criminology, Psychology, and Sociology,[25] or a major in communications,[26] with a minor in either English literature or political science. The degrees are internationally recognized and are open to students from all over the world.[27]In addition, Bar-Ilan offers a preparatory program that readies new immigrants for Israeli colleges. The university also runs a one-year overseas program called Torah Im Derech Eretz Program, which combines traditional Kollel Torah studies in the morning, separate for men and women, as well as co-ed general university studies and Jewish history classes in the afternoon. Many American students enrolled in regular programs of study in the university also take these Jewish history classes to fulfill their Jewish studies requirements.Bar-Ilan also houses several research institutions such as the above-mentioned Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, focused on neuroscience, which may have their own requirements.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bar Ilan Responsa Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Ilan_Responsa_Project"},{"link_name":"Israel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Prize"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"business school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_school"},{"link_name":"QS Global 200 Business Schools Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QS_Global_200_Business_Schools_Report"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"The Bar Ilan Responsa Project was awarded the Israel Prize in 2007.[28] The university's Bible project, in danger of being eliminated by continued budget cuts, was saved at the last minute by an anonymous donor.[29]In its capacity as a business school, Bar-Ilan was placed as the fourth best business school in Africa and the Middle East in the 2010 QS Global 200 Business Schools Report.[30]","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Bar-Ilan University alumni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bar-Ilan_University_alumni"},{"link_name":"Zvi Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvi_Arad"},{"link_name":"Netanya Academic College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netanya_Academic_College"},{"link_name":"Ami Ayalon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ami_Ayalon"},{"link_name":"Shin Bet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Bet"},{"link_name":"Knesset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knesset"},{"link_name":"Labor Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Labor_Party"},{"link_name":"Michael Ben-Ari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ben-Ari"},{"link_name":"National Union Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_(Israel)"},{"link_name":"Kotel Da-Don","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotel_Da-Don"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism"},{"link_name":"Avi Dichter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi_Dichter"},{"link_name":"Shin Bet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Bet"},{"link_name":"Yuval Diskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuval_Diskin"},{"link_name":"Shin Bet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Bet"},{"link_name":"Esther Farbstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esther_Farbstein"},{"link_name":"Baruch Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Fischer"},{"link_name":"Technion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technion"},{"link_name":"Tzipi Hotovely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzipi_Hotovely"},{"link_name":"ambassador of Israel to the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassador_of_Israel_to_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Likud Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likud_Party"},{"link_name":"Gila Gamliel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gila_Gamliel"},{"link_name":"Likud Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likud_Party"},{"link_name":"Anat Guetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anat_Guetta"},{"link_name":"Israel Securities Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Securities_Authority"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-31"},{"link_name":"Michael Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Harris_(academic)"},{"link_name":"Maariv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maariv_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Joseph Klafter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Klafter"},{"link_name":"chemical physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_physics"},{"link_name":"Joshua Kulp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Kulp"},{"link_name":"Norman Lebrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Lebrecht"},{"link_name":"Tzipi Livni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzipi_Livni"},{"link_name":"Gadeer Mreeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadeer_Mreeh"},{"link_name":"Druze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze"},{"link_name":"Knesset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knesset"},{"link_name":"Orit Peleg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orit_Peleg"},{"link_name":"University of Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Colorado"}],"text":"See also: Category:Bar-Ilan University alumniZvi Arad (1942–2018) – mathematician, acting president of Bar-Ilan University, president of Netanya Academic College\nAmi Ayalon – former head of the Shin Bet and member of the Knesset for the Labor Party.\nMichael Ben-Ari – Israeli politician and formerly a member of the Knesset for the National Union Party.\nKotel Da-Don – Croatian Orthodox rabbi of the Bet Israel community in Zagreb.\nAvi Dichter – former minister of home front defence. Former Shin Bet director.\nYuval Diskin – 12th director of the Israeli Internal Security Service Shin Bet.\nEsther Farbstein – Holocaust scholar\nBaruch Fischer - Professor Emeritus in the Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the Technion\nTzipi Hotovely – Israeli diplomat and former politician who serves as the current ambassador of Israel to the United Kingdom. Formerly deputy minister of foreign affairs, minister of diaspora affairs, minister of settlement affairs, and as a member of the Knesset for the Likud Party\nGila Gamliel – Israeli politician for the Likud Party. Formerly minister for social equality, and minister of environmental protection\nAnat Guetta – chair of the Israel Securities Authority (ISA) since 2018[31]\nMichael Harris – named the best Israeli in the field of academics, as one of \"The 10 Most Successful Israelis in 10 Different Fields in the World\" by Maariv in April 2012.[32]\nJoseph Klafter – chemical physics professor, the eighth president of Tel Aviv University\nJoshua Kulp – Talmudic scholar\nNorman Lebrecht (born 1948) – British commentator on music and cultural affairs, and novelist\nTzipi Livni – Israeli lawyer and politician, head of the Opposition from 2009 to 2012. Formerly minister of justice, and in charge of negotiations with the Palestinians\nGadeer Mreeh (born 1984) – first woman of Druze descent to become a member of the Knesset\nOrit Peleg – professor of biophysics at the University of Colorado","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Academic staff of Bar-Ilan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_Bar-Ilan_University"},{"link_name":"Doron Aurbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doron_Aurbach"},{"link_name":"Nathan Aviezer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Aviezer"},{"link_name":"Moshe Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Bar_(neuroscientist)"},{"link_name":"Avi Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avi_Bell"},{"link_name":"Pinkhos Churgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkhos_Churgin"},{"link_name":"Cyril Domb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Domb"},{"link_name":"Shlomo Eckstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Eckstein"},{"link_name":"Avraham Faust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avraham_Faust"},{"link_name":"Adam Ferziger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ferziger"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Fox_(professor_of_politics)"},{"link_name":"Hillel Furstenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillel_Furstenberg"},{"link_name":"Ruth Halperin-Kaddari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Halperin-Kaddari"},{"link_name":"Oren Harman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oren_Harman"},{"link_name":"Shlomo Havlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shlomo_Havlin"},{"link_name":"Arye L. Hillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arye_L._Hillman"},{"link_name":"Max Jammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Jammer"},{"link_name":"Efraim Karsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efraim_Karsh"},{"link_name":"Mordechai Kedar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordechai_Kedar"},{"link_name":"Sarit Kraus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarit_Kraus"},{"link_name":"Ernest Krausz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Krausz"},{"link_name":"Baruch Kurzweil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Kurzweil"},{"link_name":"Aren Maeir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aren_Maeir"},{"link_name":"Nina Pinto-Abecasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nina_Pinto-Abecasis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arie Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arie_Reich"},{"link_name":"Tamar Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamar_Ross"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Mary Schaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Schaps"},{"link_name":"Daniel Sperber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Sperber"},{"link_name":"Avraham Trahtman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avraham_Trahtman"},{"link_name":"Eli Vakil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Vakil"},{"link_name":"Zeev Zalevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeev_Zalevsky"}],"text":"See also: Category:Academic staff of Bar-Ilan UniversityDoron Aurbach\nNathan Aviezer\nMoshe Bar\nAvi Bell\nPinkhos Churgin\nCyril Domb\nShlomo Eckstein\nAvraham Faust\nAdam Ferziger\nJonathan Fox\nHillel Furstenberg\nRuth Halperin-Kaddari\nOren Harman\nShlomo Havlin\nArye L. Hillman\nMax Jammer\nEfraim Karsh\nMordechai Kedar\nSarit Kraus\nErnest Krausz\nBaruch Kurzweil\nAren Maeir\nNina Pinto-Abecasis\nArie Reich\nTamar Ross[33]\nMary Schaps\nDaniel Sperber\nAvraham Trahtman\nEli Vakil\nZeev Zalevsky","title":"Notable faculty"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bar-Ilan_University._Engineering_(11908490355).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%96_%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%A2%22%D7%A9_%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%96%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94_(%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93_(11795483624).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A5_-_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%96_%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C_(11908099463).jpg"},{"link_name":"Jewish thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_thought"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D7%94%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%A1_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A2%22%D7%A9_%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%96%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93_(11513855913).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94_(15472290024).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PXL_20240221_141928029.jpg"}],"text":"Faculty of engineering\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMultidisciplinary Brain Research Center\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCentre for the study of philosophy, ethics and Jewish thought\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNanotechnology building\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBar-Ilan Faculty of Medicine\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBar-Ilan Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science","title":"Gallery"}]
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[{"image_text":"Aerial view of Bar-Ilan University","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Biu_Aerial_photograph_of_Bar-Ilan_University_%2821004322376%29.jpg/220px-Biu_Aerial_photograph_of_Bar-Ilan_University_%2821004322376%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Anna & Max Webb and Family Psychology Building at the Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A2%27%D7%A9_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A1_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%9D_%2811795059335%29_-_fixed.jpg/350px-%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A2%27%D7%A9_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A1_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%9D_%2811795059335%29_-_fixed.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bar-Ilan's first graduation ceremony in 1959","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/First_Graduation_at_Bar_Ilan_University_-_Ogden_Reid_1959.jpg/150px-First_Graduation_at_Bar_Ilan_University_-_Ogden_Reid_1959.jpg"},{"image_text":"Wengrowsky Family Lookout and Visitors' Center a.k.a. Lev HaCampus (lit. heart of the campus)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%96_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A2%22%D7%A9_%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99_%2811562183273%29.jpg/220px-%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%96_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A2%22%D7%A9_%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99_%2811562183273%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bar-Ilan Faculty of engineering","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/PikiWiki_Israel_15922_Unity_park_in_Bar-Ilan_University.JPG/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_15922_Unity_park_in_Bar-Ilan_University.JPG"},{"image_text":"HaMachon HaGavoah LeTorah campus bet midrash and midrasha","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Bar-Ilan_University._Machon_%2817287812905%29.jpg/220px-Bar-Ilan_University._Machon_%2817287812905%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tzipi Hotovely","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Tzipi_Hotovely_-_November_2018.jpg/150px-Tzipi_Hotovely_-_November_2018.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tzipi Livni","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Tzipi_Livni_%2838130112%29.jpg/80px-Tzipi_Livni_%2838130112%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gila Gamliel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Gila_Gamliel.jpg/56px-Gila_Gamliel.jpg"},{"image_text":"Revital Swid","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%9F_%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91.jpg/150px-%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%9F_%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%AA%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91.jpg"},{"image_text":"Michal Waldiger","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Michal_Waldiger_%28cropped%29.jpg/80px-Michal_Waldiger_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Orit Peleg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Orit_Peleg.jpg/115px-Orit_Peleg.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of universities in Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Israel"},{"title":"Ashkelon Academic College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkelon_Academic_College"},{"title":"Kinneret College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinneret_College"}]
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[{"reference":"\"ShanghaiRanking's 2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities\". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Retrieved 10 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023","url_text":"\"ShanghaiRanking's 2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities\""}]},{"reference":"\"ShanghaiRanking's 2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities\". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Retrieved 10 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023","url_text":"\"ShanghaiRanking's 2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities\""}]},{"reference":"\"QS World University Rankings 2025: Top global universities\". Quacquarelli Symonds. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_(2001_film)
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Enigma (2001 film)
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["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production and premiere","4 Reception","5 Historical accuracy","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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2001 film directed by Michael Apted
EnigmaTheatrical release posterDirected byMichael AptedScreenplay byTom StoppardBased onEnigmaby Robert HarrisProduced byMick JaggerLorne MichaelsStarringDougray ScottKate WinsletJeremy NorthamSaffron BurrowsTom HollanderCinematographySeamus McGarveyEdited byRick ShaineMusic byJohn BarryProductioncompaniesJagged FilmsBroadway VideoDistributed byManhattan Pictures International (United States)Miramax Films (International; through Buena Vista International)Release dates
22 January 2001 (2001-01-22) (Sundance)
18 August 2001 (2001-08-18) (Edinburgh)
28 September 2001 (2001-09-28) (UK)
19 April 2002 (2002-04-19) (US)
Running time119 min.CountriesUnited KingdomUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBox office$15.7 million
Enigma is a 2001 espionage thriller film directed by Michael Apted from a screenplay by Tom Stoppard. The script was adapted from the 1995 novel Enigma by Robert Harris, about the Enigma codebreakers of Bletchley Park in the Second World War.
Although the story is highly fictionalised, the process of encrypting German messages during World War II and decrypting them with the Enigma is discussed in detail, and the historical event of the Katyn massacre is highlighted. It was the last film scored by John Barry.
Plot
The story, loosely based on actual events, takes place in March 1943, when the Second World War was at its height. The cryptanalysts at Bletchley Park, Buckinghamshire, have a problem: the Nazi U-boats have changed one of their code reference books used for Enigma machine ciphers, leading to a blackout in the flow of vital naval signals intelligence. The British cryptanalysts have cracked the "Shark" cipher once before, and they need to do it again in order to keep track of U-boat locations.
The film begins with Tom Jericho returning to Bletchley after a month recovering from a nervous breakdown brought on by his failed love affair with a coworker named Claire Romilly. Jericho immediately seeks to see her again and finds that she mysteriously disappeared a few days earlier. He enlists the help of Claire's housemate, Hester Wallace, to follow the trail of clues and learn what has happened to Claire.
Mr. Jericho and Miss Wallace, as they formally address each other, work to decipher intercepts stolen by Claire and determine why she took them. Jericho is closely watched by an MI5 agent, Wigram, who plays cat and mouse with him throughout the film. Meanwhile, U-boats are closing in on a convoy of thirty seven ships from America, giving the code-breakers less than four days to find a solution to reading the changed Shark cipher.
But someone else at Bletchley has a personal interest in the stolen intercepts, and may be responsible for Claire's disappearance.
Cast
Dougray Scott as Tom Jericho
Kate Winslet as Hester Wallace
Saffron Burrows as Claire Romilly
Jeremy Northam as Mr Wigram
Nikolaj Coster-Waldau as Jozef 'Puck' Pukowski
Tom Hollander as Guy Logie
Donald Sumpter as Leveret
Matthew Macfadyen as Cave
Robert Pugh as Skynner
Corin Redgrave as Admiral Trowbridge
Nicholas Rowe as Villiers
Edward Hardwicke as Heaviside
Production and premiere
The scaled-down model of a Second World War U-boat used in the film. The model was donated to the Bletchley Park museum.
The film was shot on location in England, Scotland and the Netherlands, with Bletchley Park mansion substituted by Chicheley Hall. Other locations include the Great Central Railway, Loughborough and Tigh Beg Croft, near Oban, Scotland. Interiors were filmed at Elstree Film Studios.
The film was produced by Mick Jagger of the Rolling Stones. Jagger makes a cameo appearance as an RAF officer at a dance. He also lent the film's design department a four-rotor Enigma encoding machine he owned to ensure the historical accuracy of one of the props. The festivities around the London premiere of the film are shown in the 2001 documentary Being Mick.
Reception
The Sunbeam-Talbot 2-litre driven by the character Tom Jericho in the film.
Critical reviews were largely positive, but there was criticism of the largely fictional storyline, which neither mentions the real codebreaker, Alan Turing, nor gives due credit to the Polish cryptanalysis foundation, the Biuro Szyfrów (Cipher Bureau). The film holds a 'fresh' 72% rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, with the consensus reading, "The well-crafted, twist-filled Enigma is a thinking person's spy thriller." Joe Leydon of Variety compared the film to works by Alfred Hitchcock, and remarked that, 'Overall, "Enigma" plays fair and square while generating suspense with its twisty plot. And while it requires a generous suspension of disbelief to accept a few action-hero gestures by the deeply troubled Jericho, Scott is persuasive and compelling enough as his complex character to drive the narrative.'
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three stars and said, 'What I like about the movie is its combination of suspense and intelligence. If it does not quite explain exactly how decryption works (how could it?), it at least gives us a good idea of how decrypters work, and we understand how crucial Bletchley was—so crucial its existence was kept a secret for 30 years.' On the other end, Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly was far less impressed, saying, 'The legend of how the British cracked the almighty Enigma must have sounded, on paper, like a nifty mathematical thriller—a historic WarGames set at the formative moment of the computer age. On screen, however, Enigma plays as if the scriptwriter, Tom Stoppard, and the director, Michael Apted, were themselves cryptographers; they seem to be making hunt-and-peck stabs at how to translate a tale of arcane numeric formulas into drama.'
The film grossed $6.6 million in the United Kingdom. It grossed $4.3 million in the United States and Canada and $4.8 million in other markets for a worldwide total of $15.7 million.
Historical accuracy
The film and, by association, the book have attracted criticism for their portrayal of the Polish role in Enigma decryption. The historian Norman Davies argues that in the film the fictitious traitor turns out to be Polish, but only slight mention is made of the contributions of prewar Polish Cipher Bureau cryptologists to Allied Enigma decryption efforts, but historically, the only known traitor active at Bletchley Park was British spy John Cairncross, who passed crucial secrets to the Soviet Union.
The film hints that Dougray Scott's character, the brilliant Cambridge mathematician Thomas Jericho is the main code-breaker at Bletchley, equating him with Alan Turing, the original creator of the British Bombe, with the words of Mr Wigram, played by Jeremy Northam:
"But what if someone tells them just how we do do it? Your thinking machine, clackity-clack, day and night, programmed with a menu, thanks to your big brain, that reduces the odds to just a few million-to-one until it locks on to the winning combination. There goes the war…”
Of course Jericho is a totally fictional character, given that Turing was homosexual; his brief engagement to Joan Clarke, who knew about his sexual orientation, was purely platonic. In reality it was unlikely that Turing was involved in code-breaking the Naval four-rotor Enigma Shark in 1943. Notes by Tony Sale do not mention Turing as the "someone in Bletchley Park realised that Short Weather Signals were sent in the three wheel mode" and explained "the Central Met. Station had collated the U-Boat and other reports, they broadcast a general synoptic in their own Met. Code", which used the standard International Met. Code further encoded using bigram tables, as discovered by Mr Archer from the Met. section of Bletchley Park. According to Hugh Alexander, from June 1943 Joan Clarke, Mahon, Pendered and Noskwith were responsible for the whole of the cryptographic work until the end of the war. Strangely, Joan Clarke is not present in the film as none of the team of cryptanalysts are female.
In the film, Cave, from Naval Intelligence, played by Matthew Macfadyen, mentioned Fasson and Grazier gave their lives to rescue the code books from a sinking submarine. There were actually three men who retrieved the books: First Lieutenant Anthony Fasson, Able Seaman Colin Grazier and 16-year-old Tommy Brown from the canteen. Fasson and Grazier did drown while attempting to retrieve electrical equipment from a U-boat U-559 (which Cave describes as its four-rotor enigma) on 30 October 1942, while Brown survived only to die in a house fire during shore-leave before the end of the war. Fasson and Grazier were awarded the George Cross posthumously and Brown was awarded the George Medal. Fictional character Cave states he was completing his last posting on a destroyer, in November '42, when the books were acquired.
There are historical records of the break in the ability of the British to decode the Naval enigma from 10 to 19 March 1943 when the third edition of the weather short signal codebook was deployed.
The Katyn massacre, revealed after the discovery of mass graves of 4,500 Polish officers as depicted in the film, is a historical atrocity committed by Stalinist Russia in 1940. There is no evidence that details of the mass graves were intercepted by British intelligence, although it is possible. The first announcement of the discovery was broadcast by Radio Berlin on 13 April 1943.
See also
The Imitation Game - A 2014 biopic of Alan Turing and his involvement in cracking the Enigma.
U-571 - A 2000 war film involving the capture of an Enigma machine.
Cryptanalysis of the Enigma
List of films about mathematicians
Ultra (cryptography)
German submarine U-505 - A captured submarine - now on display in Chicago - that yielded an Enigma machine.
References
^ Goodridge, Mike (23 April 2001). "Miramax buys UK, Manhattan close to US on Enigma". Screen International. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
^ a b "Enigma at Box Office Mojo". Retrieved 29 September 2010.
^ Sleeve notes from DVD.
^ IMDb: Locations for Enigma Retrieved 2013-04-01
^ "The Film 'Enigma'". The National Museum of Computing. Retrieved 14 February 2024.
^ "Enigma". Rottentomatoes.com. 19 April 2002. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
^ Leydon, Joe (24 January 2001). "Review: 'Enigma'". Variety. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
^ Ebert, Roger. "Enigma Movie Review & Film Summary (2002) - Roger Ebert". Rogerebert.com. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
^ "Enigma". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
^ "Norman Davies oskarża "Enigmę"". Filmweb.pl. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
^ Peter, Laurence (20 July 2009). "How Poles cracked Nazi Enigma secret". BBC News. Retrieved 20 July 2009.
^ "Britain betrayed: The Cambridge spy ring". BBC News. 13 September 1999. Retrieved 25 December 2017.
^ Breaking Shark on the Short Weather Signals - The Breaking of German Naval Enigma by Tony Sale Retrieved 25 November 2017
^ Update to Alan Turing: the Enigma by Andrew Hodges Part 5: Running Up, Turing.org Retrieved 25 November 2017
^ The Documents recovered from U559 - at a price, The Breaking of German Naval Enigma by Tony Sale Retrieved 25 November 2017
^ The boarding of U-559 changed the war – now both sides tell their story, The Guardian, 21 Oct 2017 Retrieved 25 November 2017
^ Teen who rescued Enigma codes from sinking sub died in house fire without knowing the significance of his bravery, The Mirror, 27 Jan 2017 Retrieved 25 November 2017
^ a b Allied Breaking of Naval Enigma, uboat.net Retrieved 25 November 2017
^ The Katyn Wood Massacre, C N Trueman, The History Learning Site, 18 May 2015 Retrieved 25 November 2017
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Enigma (2001 film).
Enigma at IMDb
Enigma at Rotten Tomatoes
Enigma at Box Office Mojo
Review by Andrew Hodges
vteWorks by Robert HarrisCicero Trilogy
Imperium (2006)
Lustrum (2009)
Dictator (2015)
Other fiction
Fatherland (1992)
Enigma (1995)
Archangel (1998)
Pompeii (2003)
The Ghost (2007)
The Fear Index (2011)
An Officer and a Spy (2013)
Conclave (2016)
Munich (2017)
The Second Sleep (2019)
V2 (2020)
Act of Oblivion (2022)
Non-fiction
A Higher Form of Killing: The Secret Story of Gas and Germ Warfare (1982)
Gotcha! The Government, the Media and the Falklands Crisis (1983)
The Making of Neil Kinnock (1984)
Selling Hitler: The Story of the Hitler Diaries (1986)
Good and Faithful Servant: The Unauthorized Biography of Bernard Ingham (1990)
Screenplays
The Ghost Writer (2010)
An Officer and a Spy (2019)
Other screen adaptations
Selling Hitler (1991)
Fatherland (1994)
Enigma (2001)
Archangel (2006)
Munich – The Edge of War (2021)
The Fear Index (2022)
vteWorks directed by Michael AptedFeature films
The Triple Echo (1972)
Stardust (1974)
Trick or Treat (unfinished film) (1975)
The Squeeze (1977)
Agatha (1979)
Coal Miner's Daughter (1980)
Continental Divide (1981)
Gorky Park (1983)
Firstborn (1984)
Critical Condition (1987)
Gorillas in the Mist (1988)
Class Action (1991)
Thunderheart (1992)
Blink (1993)
Nell (1994)
Extreme Measures (1996)
The World Is Not Enough (1999)
Enigma (2001)
Enough (2002)
Amazing Grace (2006)
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (2010)
Chasing Mavericks (2012)
Unlocked (2017)
Documentary films
Bring On the Night (1985)
Incident at Oglala (1992)
Moving the Mountain (1994)
Inspirations (1997)
Me & Isaac Newton (1999)
The Power of the Game (2007)
Television
There's a Hole in Your Dustbin, Delilah (1968)
P'tang, Yang, Kipperbang (1982)
Always Outnumbered (1998)
Documentaries
Up series (1970–2019)
Married in America (2002–06)
vteTom StoppardList of awards and nominationsStage plays
Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead
Enter a Free Man
The Real Inspector Hound
After Magritte
Jumpers
Travesties
Dirty Linen and New-Found-Land
Professional Foul
Every Good Boy Deserves Favour
Night and Day
Dogg's Hamlet, Cahoot's Macbeth
15-Minute Hamlet
Undiscovered Country
On the Razzle
The Real Thing
Rough Crossing
Dalliance
Hapgood
Arcadia
Indian Ink
The Invention of Love
The Coast of Utopia
Rock 'n' Roll
The Hard Problem
Leopoldstadt
Radio plays
Artist Descending a Staircase
The Dog It Was That Died
In the Native State
Darkside
Screenplays
The Romantic Englishwoman
Three Men in a Boat
The Boundary
Despair
Squaring the Circle
Brazil
Empire of the Sun
Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead (also directed)
The Russia House
Billy Bathgate
Poodle Springs
Shakespeare in Love
Enigma
Anna Karenina
Parade's End
Tulip Fever
vteWorks by Lorne MichaelsFilms produced
Gilda Live (also wrote)
Nothing Lasts Forever
Three Amigos (also wrote)
Wayne's World
Coneheads
Wayne's World 2
Lassie
Tommy Boy
Stuart Saves His Family
Black Sheep
Kids in the Hall: Brain Candy
A Night at the Roxbury
Superstar
The Ladies Man
Enigma
Mean Girls (2004)
Hot Rod
Baby Mama
MacGruber
The Guilt Trip
Staten Island Summer
Whiskey Tango Foxtrot
Brother Nature
Masterminds
Mean Girls (2024)
TV series created
Saturday Night Live
Saturday Night Live Weekend Update Thursday
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"espionage thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_film"},{"link_name":"Michael Apted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Apted"},{"link_name":"Tom Stoppard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Stoppard"},{"link_name":"Enigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Robert Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Harris_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"Enigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_machine"},{"link_name":"Bletchley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchley_Park"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Katyn massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyn_massacre"},{"link_name":"John Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barry_(composer)"}],"text":"Enigma is a 2001 espionage thriller film directed by Michael Apted from a screenplay by Tom Stoppard. The script was adapted from the 1995 novel Enigma by Robert Harris, about the Enigma codebreakers of Bletchley Park in the Second World War.Although the story is highly fictionalised, the process of encrypting German messages during World War II and decrypting them with the Enigma is discussed in detail, and the historical event of the Katyn massacre is highlighted. It was the last film scored by John Barry.","title":"Enigma (2001 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"cryptanalysts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptanalysis"},{"link_name":"Bletchley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchley_Park"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"U-boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-boat"},{"link_name":"Enigma machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_machine"},{"link_name":"ciphers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher"},{"link_name":"signals intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signals_intelligence"},{"link_name":"\"Shark\" cipher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptanalysis_of_the_Enigma#M4_(German_Navy_4-rotor_Enigma)"},{"link_name":"MI5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MI5"},{"link_name":"cat and mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_and_mouse"}],"text":"The story, loosely based on actual events, takes place in March 1943, when the Second World War was at its height. The cryptanalysts at Bletchley Park, Buckinghamshire, have a problem: the Nazi U-boats have changed one of their code reference books used for Enigma machine ciphers, leading to a blackout in the flow of vital naval signals intelligence. The British cryptanalysts have cracked the \"Shark\" cipher once before, and they need to do it again in order to keep track of U-boat locations.The film begins with Tom Jericho returning to Bletchley after a month recovering from a nervous breakdown brought on by his failed love affair with a coworker named Claire Romilly. Jericho immediately seeks to see her again and finds that she mysteriously disappeared a few days earlier. He enlists the help of Claire's housemate, Hester Wallace, to follow the trail of clues and learn what has happened to Claire.Mr. Jericho and Miss Wallace, as they formally address each other, work to decipher intercepts stolen by Claire and determine why she took them. Jericho is closely watched by an MI5 agent, Wigram, who plays cat and mouse with him throughout the film. Meanwhile, U-boats are closing in on a convoy of thirty seven ships from America, giving the code-breakers less than four days to find a solution to reading the changed Shark cipher.But someone else at Bletchley has a personal interest in the stolen intercepts, and may be responsible for Claire's disappearance.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dougray Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dougray_Scott"},{"link_name":"Kate Winslet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Winslet"},{"link_name":"Saffron Burrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffron_Burrows"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Northam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Northam"},{"link_name":"Nikolaj Coster-Waldau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaj_Coster-Waldau"},{"link_name":"Tom Hollander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hollander"},{"link_name":"Donald Sumpter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Sumpter"},{"link_name":"Matthew Macfadyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Macfadyen"},{"link_name":"Robert Pugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Pugh"},{"link_name":"Corin Redgrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corin_Redgrave"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Rowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Rowe_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Edward Hardwicke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hardwicke"}],"text":"Dougray Scott as Tom Jericho\nKate Winslet as Hester Wallace\nSaffron Burrows as Claire Romilly\nJeremy Northam as Mr Wigram\nNikolaj Coster-Waldau as Jozef 'Puck' Pukowski\nTom Hollander as Guy Logie\nDonald Sumpter as Leveret\nMatthew Macfadyen as Cave\nRobert Pugh as Skynner\nCorin Redgrave as Admiral Trowbridge\nNicholas Rowe as Villiers\nEdward Hardwicke as Heaviside","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BletcleyPark_SubModel.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bletchley Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchley_Park"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Chicheley Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicheley_Hall"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Great Central Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Central_Railway"},{"link_name":"Loughborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loughborough"},{"link_name":"Oban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oban"},{"link_name":"Elstree Film Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elstree_Film_Studios"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mick Jagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jagger"},{"link_name":"the Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Being Mick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Being_Mick"}],"text":"The scaled-down model of a Second World War U-boat used in the film. The model was donated to the Bletchley Park museum.The film was shot on location in England, Scotland and the Netherlands, with Bletchley Park mansion substituted by Chicheley Hall.[3] Other locations include the Great Central Railway, Loughborough and Tigh Beg Croft, near Oban, Scotland. Interiors were filmed at Elstree Film Studios.[4]The film was produced by Mick Jagger of the Rolling Stones.[5] Jagger makes a cameo appearance as an RAF officer at a dance. He also lent the film's design department a four-rotor Enigma encoding machine he owned to ensure the historical accuracy of one of the props. The festivities around the London premiere of the film are shown in the 2001 documentary Being Mick.","title":"Production and premiere"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sunbeam_Talbot_2_litre_Sports_Tourer_1947.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alan Turing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing"},{"link_name":"Biuro Szyfrów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biuro_Szyfr%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sun-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Owen Gleiberman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Gleiberman"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"hunt-and-peck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt-and-peck"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mojo-2"}],"text":"The Sunbeam-Talbot 2-litre driven by the character Tom Jericho in the film.Critical reviews were largely positive, but there was criticism of the largely fictional storyline, which neither mentions the real codebreaker, Alan Turing, nor gives due credit to the Polish cryptanalysis foundation, the Biuro Szyfrów (Cipher Bureau). The film holds a 'fresh' 72% rating on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, with the consensus reading, \"The well-crafted, twist-filled Enigma is a thinking person's spy thriller.\"[6] Joe Leydon of Variety compared the film to works by Alfred Hitchcock, and remarked that, 'Overall, \"Enigma\" plays fair and square while generating suspense with its twisty plot. And while it requires a generous suspension of disbelief to accept a few action-hero gestures by the deeply troubled Jericho, Scott is persuasive and compelling enough as his complex character to drive the narrative.'[7]Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three stars and said, 'What I like about the movie is its combination of suspense and intelligence. If it does not quite explain exactly how decryption works (how could it?), it at least gives us a good idea of how decrypters work, and we understand how crucial Bletchley was—so crucial its existence was kept a secret for 30 years.'[8] On the other end, Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly was far less impressed, saying, 'The legend of how the British cracked the almighty Enigma must have sounded, on paper, like a nifty mathematical thriller—a historic WarGames set at the formative moment of the computer age. On screen, however, Enigma plays as if the scriptwriter, Tom Stoppard, and the director, Michael Apted, were themselves cryptographers; they seem to be making hunt-and-peck stabs at how to translate a tale of arcane numeric formulas into drama.'[9]The film grossed $6.6 million in the United Kingdom. It grossed $4.3 million in the United States and Canada and $4.8 million in other markets for a worldwide total of $15.7 million.[2]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enigma_machine"},{"link_name":"decryption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decryption"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Norman Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Davies"},{"link_name":"Cipher Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biuro_Szyfr%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"cryptologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptologist"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"John Cairncross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cairncross"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Dougray Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dougray_Scott"},{"link_name":"Bletchley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bletchley_Park"},{"link_name":"Alan Turing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing"},{"link_name":"Bombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombe"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Northam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Northam"},{"link_name":"Joan Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Tony Sale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Sale"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Hugh Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conel_Hugh_O%27Donel_Alexander"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"cryptanalysts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptanalysis"},{"link_name":"Matthew Macfadyen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Macfadyen"},{"link_name":"First Lieutenant Anthony Fasson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Fasson"},{"link_name":"Able Seaman Colin Grazier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Grazier"},{"link_name":"Tommy Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Brown_(NAAFI_assistant)"},{"link_name":"U-559","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-559"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"George Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Cross"},{"link_name":"George Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Medal"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAVAL_ENIGMA-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAVAL_ENIGMA-18"},{"link_name":"Katyn massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katyn_massacre"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"The film and, by association, the book have attracted criticism for their portrayal of the Polish role in Enigma decryption.[10] The historian Norman Davies argues that in the film the fictitious traitor turns out to be Polish, but only slight mention is made of the contributions of prewar Polish Cipher Bureau cryptologists to Allied Enigma decryption efforts,[11] but historically, the only known traitor active at Bletchley Park was British spy John Cairncross, who passed crucial secrets to the Soviet Union.[12]The film hints that Dougray Scott's character, the brilliant Cambridge mathematician Thomas Jericho is the main code-breaker at Bletchley, equating him with Alan Turing, the original creator of the British Bombe, with the words of Mr Wigram, played by Jeremy Northam:\n\"But what if someone tells them just how we do do it? Your thinking machine, clackity-clack, day and night, programmed with a menu, thanks to your big brain, that reduces the odds to just a few million-to-one until it locks on to the winning combination. There goes the war…”\nOf course Jericho is a totally fictional character, given that Turing was homosexual; his brief engagement to Joan Clarke, who knew about his sexual orientation, was purely platonic. In reality it was unlikely that Turing was involved in code-breaking the Naval four-rotor Enigma Shark in 1943. Notes by Tony Sale do not mention Turing as the \"someone in Bletchley Park [who] realised that Short Weather Signals were sent in the three wheel mode\" and explained \"the Central Met. Station had collated the U-Boat and other reports, [and] they broadcast a general synoptic in their own Met. Code\", which used the standard International Met. Code further encoded using bigram tables, as discovered by Mr Archer from the Met. section of Bletchley Park.[13] According to Hugh Alexander, from June 1943 Joan Clarke, Mahon, Pendered and Noskwith were responsible for the whole of the cryptographic work until the end of the war.[14] Strangely, Joan Clarke is not present in the film as none of the team of cryptanalysts are female.In the film, Cave, from Naval Intelligence, played by Matthew Macfadyen, mentioned Fasson and Grazier gave their lives to rescue the code books from a sinking submarine. There were actually three men who retrieved the books: First Lieutenant Anthony Fasson, Able Seaman Colin Grazier and 16-year-old Tommy Brown from the canteen. Fasson and Grazier did drown while attempting to retrieve electrical equipment from a U-boat U-559 (which Cave describes as its four-rotor enigma) on 30 October 1942, while Brown survived only to die in a house fire during shore-leave before the end of the war.[15][16][17] Fasson and Grazier were awarded the George Cross posthumously and Brown was awarded the George Medal.[18] Fictional character Cave states he was completing his last posting on a destroyer, in November '42, when the books were acquired.There are historical records of the break in the ability of the British to decode the Naval enigma from 10 to 19 March 1943 when the third edition of the weather short signal codebook was deployed.[18]The Katyn massacre, revealed after the discovery of mass graves of 4,500 Polish officers as depicted in the film, is a historical atrocity committed by Stalinist Russia in 1940. There is no evidence that details of the mass graves were intercepted by British intelligence, although it is possible. The first announcement of the discovery was broadcast by Radio Berlin on 13 April 1943.[19]","title":"Historical accuracy"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The scaled-down model of a Second World War U-boat used in the film. The model was donated to the Bletchley Park museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/BletcleyPark_SubModel.JPG/220px-BletcleyPark_SubModel.JPG"},{"image_text":"The Sunbeam-Talbot 2-litre driven by the character Tom Jericho in the film.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sunbeam_Talbot_2_litre_Sports_Tourer_1947.jpg/220px-Sunbeam_Talbot_2_litre_Sports_Tourer_1947.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"The Imitation Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Imitation_Game"},{"title":"U-571","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-571_(film)"},{"title":"Cryptanalysis of the Enigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptanalysis_of_the_Enigma"},{"title":"List of films about mathematicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_about_mathematicians"},{"title":"Ultra (cryptography)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)"},{"title":"German submarine U-505","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_submarine_U-505"}]
|
[{"reference":"Goodridge, Mike (23 April 2001). \"Miramax buys UK, Manhattan close to US on Enigma\". Screen International. Retrieved 6 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.screendaily.com/miramax-buys-uk-manhattan-close-to-us-on-enigma/405513.article","url_text":"\"Miramax buys UK, Manhattan close to US on Enigma\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_International","url_text":"Screen International"}]},{"reference":"\"Enigma at Box Office Mojo\". Retrieved 29 September 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=enigma02.htm","url_text":"\"Enigma at Box Office Mojo\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Film 'Enigma'\". The National Museum of Computing. Retrieved 14 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tnmoc.org/bh-17-the-film-enigma","url_text":"\"The Film 'Enigma'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Enigma\". Rottentomatoes.com. 19 April 2002. Retrieved 8 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1113649-enigma/","url_text":"\"Enigma\""}]},{"reference":"Leydon, Joe (24 January 2001). \"Review: 'Enigma'\". Variety. Retrieved 8 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2001/film/markets-festivals/enigma-2-1200466247/","url_text":"\"Review: 'Enigma'\""}]},{"reference":"Ebert, Roger. \"Enigma Movie Review & Film Summary (2002) - Roger Ebert\". Rogerebert.com. Retrieved 8 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/enigma-2002","url_text":"\"Enigma Movie Review & Film Summary (2002) - Roger Ebert\""}]},{"reference":"\"Enigma\". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved 8 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ew.com/article/2002/05/03/enigma","url_text":"\"Enigma\""}]},{"reference":"\"Norman Davies oskarża \"Enigmę\"\". Filmweb.pl. Retrieved 8 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmweb.pl/Norman%20Davies%20oskar%C5%BCa%20%22Enigm%C4%99%22,News,id=3946","url_text":"\"Norman Davies oskarża \"Enigmę\"\""}]},{"reference":"Peter, Laurence (20 July 2009). \"How Poles cracked Nazi Enigma secret\". BBC News. Retrieved 20 July 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8158782.stm","url_text":"\"How Poles cracked Nazi Enigma secret\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Britain betrayed: The Cambridge spy ring\". BBC News. 13 September 1999. Retrieved 25 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1999/09/99/britain_betrayed/444058.stm","url_text":"\"Britain betrayed: The Cambridge spy ring\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enneagram_of_Personality
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Enneagram of Personality
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["1 History","2 Figure","3 Nine types","3.1 Three triads of type patterns","3.2 Wings","3.3 Connecting lines","3.4 Instinctual subtypes","4 Type indicator tests","5 Research and criticism","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
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Model of the human psyche used as a personality typology
For other uses, see Enneagram.
Enneagram figure
The Enneagram of Personality, or simply the Enneagram, is a model of the human psyche which is principally understood and taught as a typology of nine interconnected personality types.
Although the origins and history of ideas associated with the Enneagram of Personality are disputed, contemporary approaches are principally derived from the teachings of the Bolivian psycho-spiritual teacher Oscar Ichazo from the 1950s and the Chilean psychiatrist Claudio Naranjo from the 1970s. Naranjo's theories were also influenced by earlier teachings about personality by George Gurdjieff and the Fourth Way tradition in the first half of the 20th century.
As a typology, the Enneagram defines nine personality types (sometimes called "enneatypes"), which are represented by the points of a geometric figure called an enneagram, which indicate some of the principal connections between the types. There have been different schools of thought among Enneagram teachers and their understandings are not always in agreement.
The Enneagram of Personality is promoted in both business management and spirituality contexts through seminars, conferences, books, magazines, and DVDs. In business contexts, it is often promoted as a means to gain insights into workplace interpersonal dynamics; in spirituality it is commonly presented as a path to states of enlightenment and essence. Proponents in both contexts say it has aided in self-awareness, self-understanding, and self-development.
There has been limited formal psychometric analysis of the Enneagram, and the peer-reviewed research that has been done is not accepted within the relevant academic communities. Though the Enneagram integrates some concepts that parallel other theories of personality, it has been dismissed by personality assessment experts as pseudoscience.
History
The origins and historical development of the Enneagram of Personality are matters of dispute. Similar ideas to the Enneagram of Personality are found in the work of Evagrius Ponticus, a Christian mystic who lived in 4th-century Alexandria in Egypt. Evagrius identified eight logismoi ("deadly thoughts") plus an overarching thought he called "love of self". Evagrius wrote that "The first thought of all is that of love of self ; after this, the eight." In addition to identifying eight deadly thoughts, Evagrius also identified eight "remedies" to these thoughts.
G. I. Gurdjieff (died 1949) is credited with first using the word enneagram and is the only known source for the geometric figure. He did not develop the nine personality types associated with the Enneagram of Personality. Instead, Gurdjieff used the enneagram figure for various other purposes, including sacred dances known as the Gurdjieff movements.
Oscar Ichazo (1931–2020) is credited as the principal source of the contemporary Enneagram of Personality which is largely derived from parts of Ichazo's teachings, such as those on ego-fixations, holy ideas, passions, and virtues. The Bolivian-born Ichazo began teaching programs of self-development in the 1950s. His teaching, which he called "Protoanalysis", uses the enneagram figure among several other symbols and ideas. Ichazo founded the Arica Institute - which was originally based in Chile before moving to the United States in the 1970s - and coined the term "Enneagram of Personality" (which he originally called the "Enneagon of Personality").
Claudio Naranjo (1932–2019) learned the Enneagram of Personality from Ichazo in 1970 and then developed and taught his own understanding of the Enneagram in the United States, principally at the Esalen Institute and to his students in Berkeley, California. Two of his students were Jesuit priests who later adapted the Enneagram for use in Christian spirituality within programs at Loyola University in Chicago. Ichazo originally strongly objected to the Enneagram teachings of Naranjo and other teachers due to what he considered their misinterpretations and misuses of the Enneagram.
Naranjo's teachings became increasingly popular in the United States and elsewhere from the 1970s. Numerous other authors also published books on the Enneagram of Personality in the 1980s and 1990s. Those authors included Don Richard Riso (1987), Helen Palmer (1988), Eli Jaxon-Bear (1989), Elizabeth Wagele (1994), and Richard Rohr (1995). In 1994, the First International Enneagram Conference, attended by around 1,400 participants, was held at Stanford University and co-sponsored by the university's psychiatry department where psychiatrist, Enneagram author, and conference co-director David Daniels was teaching.
Analysis of Google search results over 16 years shows an increase in searches for the word "enneagram" from 2017. Additionally, social media accounts and podcasts about the Enneagram have increased, indicating a growing popularity among millennials. It has been suggested that the rise in popularity of the Enneagram parallels a renewed interest in astrology.
Figure
The enneagram figure is composed of three parts; a circle, an inner triangle (connecting 3-6-9), and an irregular hexagonal "periodic figure" (connecting 1-4-2-8-5-7). According to esoteric spiritual traditions, the circle symbolizes unity, the inner triangle symbolizes the "law of three" and the hexagram represents the "law of seven" (because 1-4-2-8-5-7-1 is the repeating decimal created by dividing one by seven in base 10 arithmetic). These three elements constitute the usual enneagram figure.
Nine types
The table below offers an outline of the principal characteristics of the nine types along with their basic relationships. This table expands upon Oscar Ichazo's ego fixations, holy ideas, passions, and virtues primarily using material from Understanding the Enneagram: The Practical Guide to Personality Types (revised edition) by Don Richard Riso and Russ Hudson as well as Charles Tart's Transpersonal Psychologies. Other theorists may disagree on some aspects. The types are normally referred to by their numbers, but sometimes their "characteristic roles" (which refers to distinctive archetypal characteristics) are used instead. Various labels for each type are commonly used by different authors and teachers. The "stress" and "security" points (sometimes referred to as the "disintegration" and "integration" points) are the types connected by the lines of the enneagram figure and are believed to influence a person in an adverse or relaxed circumstance. According to this hypothesis, someone with a primary One type, for example, may begin to think, feel, and act more like someone with a Four type when stressed or a Seven type when relaxed.
Type
Characteristic role
Ego fixation
Holy idea
Trap
Basic fear
Basic desire
Temptation
Vice / Passion
Virtue
Stress/ Disintegration
Security/ Integration
1
Reformer, Perfectionist
Resentment
Perfection
Perfection
Corruptness, imbalance, being bad
Goodness, integrity, balance
Hypocrisy, hypercriticism
Anger
Serenity
4
7
2
Helper, Giver
Flattery
Freedom, Will
Freedom
Being unlovable
To feel worthy of love
Deny own needs, manipulation
Pride
Humility
8
4
3
Achiever, Performer
Vanity
Hope, Law
Efficiency
Worthlessness
To feel valuable
Pushing self to always be "the best"
Deceit
Truthfulness
9
6
4
Individualist, Romantic
Melancholy
Origin
Authenticity
Having no identity or significance
To be uniquely themselves
To overuse imagination in search of self
Envy
Equanimity (Emotional Balance)
2
1
5
Investigator, Observer
Stinginess
Omniscience, Transparency
Observer
Helplessness, incapability, incompetence
Mastery, understanding
Replacing direct experience with concepts
Avarice
Detachment
7
8
6
Loyalist, Loyal Skeptic
Cowardice
Faith
Security
Being without support or guidance
To have support and guidance
Indecision, doubt, seeking reassurance
Fear
Courage
3
9
7
Enthusiast, Epicure
Planning
Plan, Work, Wisdom
Idealism
Being unfulfilled, trapped, deprived
To be satisfied and content
Thinking fulfillment is somewhere else
Gluttony
Sobriety
1
5
8
Challenger, Protector
Vengeance
Truth
Justice
Being controlled, harmed, violated
To gain influence and be self-sufficient
Thinking they are completely self-sufficient
Lust
Innocence
5
2
9
Peacemaker, Mediator
Indolence
Love
Seeker
Loss, fragmentation, separation
Wholeness, peace of mind
Avoiding conflicts, avoiding self-assertion
Sloth
Action
6
3
Three triads of type patterns
The nine Enneagram personality type patterns are grouped into various triads of three types in which each of the types have multiple common personality issues. The most well-known of these triad groupings is also associated with the three "centers of intelligence" as taught by G. I. Gurdjieff. These three centers are traditionally known as the intellectual, emotional, and instinctual centers. Although each person is understood to always have all three centers active in their personality structure, certain personality issues are more associated with one of the centers depending on a person's dominant type pattern. In Enneagram of Personality teachings each of these centers has a more particular or stronger association with one of the triads of personality types as follows:
The intellectual center is particularly associated with types 5, 6, and 7. People with one of these dominant type patterns are largely motivated by "thinking" issues related to fear.
The emotional center is particularly associated with types 2, 3, and 4. People with one of these dominant type patterns are largely motivated by "feeling" and "image" issues related to anxiety and depression.
The instinctual center is particularly associated with types 8, 9, and 1. People with one of these dominant type patterns are largely motivated by "gut" issues related to anger.
Wings
Most, but not all, Enneagram of Personality enthusiasts teach that a person's basic type is modified, at least to some extent, by the personality dynamics of the two adjacent types as indicated on the enneagram figure. These two types are called "wings". A person with the Three personality type, for example, is understood to have points Two and Four as their wing types. The circle of the enneagram figure may indicate that the types or points exist on a spectrum rather than as distinct types or points unrelated to those adjacent to them. A person may be understood, therefore, to have a core type and one or two wing types which influence but do not change the core type. Empirical research into the wing concept by Anthony Edwards did not support the hypothesis. Related to, but not the same, as the wing concept is Ichazo's viewpoint involving the active, attractive, and function forces. According to him, the type is made from a starting point, referred to as the active force. In turn, the type is also led with an attractive force. This ends with the "function", where the result is the formation of a type in between the two. Naranjo said about the wings that a person "can easily see" their primary type as being between its adjacent wings.
Connecting lines
For some Enneagram theorists the lines connecting the points add further meaning to the information provided by the descriptions of the types. Sometimes called the "security" and "stress" points, or points of "integration" and "disintegration", some theorists believe these connected points also contribute to a person's overall personality. From this viewpoint, therefore, at least four other points affect a person's overall personality; the two points connected by the lines to the core type and the two wing points. The earlier teachings about the connecting lines are now rejected or modified by Enneagram teachers, including Claudio Naranjo who developed them.
Instinctual subtypes
Each of the personality types is understood as having three "instinctual subtypes". These subtypes are believed to be formed according to which one of three instinctual energies of a person is dominantly developed and expressed. The instinctual energies are called "self-preservation", "sexual" (also called "intimacy" or "one-to-one"), and "social". On the instinctual level, people may internally stress and externally express the need to protect themselves (self-preservation), to connect with important others or partners (sexual), or to get along or succeed in groups (social). From this perspective, there are 27 distinct personality patterns, because people of each of the nine types also express themselves as one of the three subtypes. An alternative approach to the subtypes understands them as three domains or clusters of instincts which result in increased probability of survival (the "preserving" domain), increased skill in navigating the social environment (the "navigating" domain), and increased likelihood of reproductive success (the "transmitting" domain). From this understanding the subtypes reflect individual differences in the presence of these three separate clusters of instincts.
It is believed that people function in all three forms of instinctual energies, but one instinct will be more well-developed and dominant.
Type indicator tests
Enneagram type indicator tests have been developed by prominent teachers, such as Don Richard Riso and Russ Hudson who developed the Riso–Hudson Enneagram Type Indicator (RHETI) in 1993. Their research focused on constructing it as a personality measurement instrument. The RHETI has heuristic value but minimal scientific research conducted.
The Stanford Enneagram Discovery Inventory was developed by psychiatry professor David Daniels at Stanford University and was later renamed the Essential Enneagram Test. This assessment was employed to conduct various research studies, including on the personalities of identical twins.
A 2002 review of validation studies of various Enneagram tests found guarded support for their reliability and validity.
Research and criticism
While Enneagram teachings have attained a degree of popularity, they have been categorized by many professionals as a pseudoscience due to their subjectivity and inability to be tested scientifically, and described as "an assessment method of no demonstrated reliability or validity". In 2011, the scientific skeptic Robert Todd Carroll included the Enneagram in a list of pseudoscientific theories that "can't be tested because they are so vague and malleable that anything relevant can be shoehorned to fit the theory".
A 2020 review of Enneagram empirical work found mixed results for the model's reliability and validity. The study noted that the ipsative version of the Riso-Hudson Enneagram Type Indicator (scores on one dimension decrease scores on another dimension) had troubles with validity, whereas the non-ipsative version of the test has been found to have better internal consistency and test-retest reliability. It was found that 87% of individuals were able to accurately predict their Enneagram type (before taking the test) by being read descriptions of each type.
In a Delphi poll of 101 doctoral-level members of psychological organizations such as the American Psychological Association, the Enneagram was among five psychological treatments and tests which were rated by at least 25% of them as being discredited for personality assessment. Experts familiar with the Enneagram rated it with a mean score of 4.14 (3.37 in the first round of the study) which is approximately an equivalent to the option "probably discredited" (3 = possibly discredited, 4 = probably discredited, 5 = certainly discredited).
The Enneagram has also received criticism from religious perspectives. In 2000, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops' Committee on Doctrine produced a draft report on the origins of the Enneagram to aid bishops in their evaluation of its use in their dioceses. The report identified aspects of the intersection between the Enneagram and Roman Catholicism which, in their opinion, warranted scrutiny with potential areas of concern, stating, "While the enneagram system shares little with traditional Christian doctrine or spirituality, it also shares little with the methods and criteria of modern science ... The burden of proof is on proponents of the enneagram to furnish scientific evidence for their claims." Partly in response to Jesuits and members of other religious orders teaching a Christian understanding of the Enneagram of Personality, a 2003 Vatican document called Jesus Christ, the Bearer of the Water of Life. A Christian Reflection on the 'New Age' said that the Enneagram "when used as a means of spiritual growth introduces an ambiguity in the doctrine and the life of the Christian faith".
See also
A. H. Almaas – American writer
16PF Questionnaire – Self-report personality test
Big Five personality traits – Personality model consisting of five broad dimensions
Myers–Briggs Type Indicator – Non-scientific personality questionnaire
Personality psychology – Branch of psychology focused on personality
Revised NEO Personality Inventory – Big Five personality trait inventory
References
^ (from the Greek words ἐννέα and γράμμα [grámma, meaning something "written" or "drawn") "Strong's Greek: 1121. γράμμα (gramma) -- that which is drawn or written, i.e. a letter". biblesuite.com.
^ a b "Enneagram Archives". The Career Project. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
^ a b c d "Page 569". in Ellis, Albert; Abrams, Mike; Dengelegi Abrams, Lidia (2008). "Religious, New Age, and Traditional Approaches to Personality". Personality theories: critical perspectives. SAGE. pp. 529–576. doi:10.4135/9781452231617.n17. ISBN 978-1-4129-7062-4. Ichazo has disowned Naranjo, Palmer and the other Jesuit writers on the Enneagram on the grounds that his descriptions of the nine types represent ego fixations that develop in early childhood in response to trauma.
^ a b c Clarke, Peter (2004). Encyclopedia of new religious movements. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-203-48433-9.
^ Kemp, Daren (2004). New age: a guide : alternative spiritualities from Aquarian conspiracy to Next Age. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1532-2.
^ Thyer, Dr Bruce A.; Pignotti, Monica (15 May 2015). Science and Pseudoscience in Social Work Practice. Springer Publishing Company. p. 49. ISBN 9780826177681.
^ "The Enneagram: A Primer for Psychiatry Residents",American Journal of Psychiatry Residents' Journal, March 6, 2020, pp. 2–5.
^ Sloat, Sarah (28 September 2020). "Why one popular personality test is "pseudoscientific at best"". Inverse. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
^ a b Brandon Medina (17 April 2019). "The Enneagram - A History (Part 1)". Theology Think Tank. Retrieved 18 April 2023.
^ Harmless, W.; Fitzgerald, R.R. (2001). "The saphhire light of the mind: The Skemmata of Evagrius Ponticus". Theological Studies. 62 (3): 498–529. doi:10.1177/004056390106200303. S2CID 170609824.
^ Wiltse, V.; Palmer, H. (July 2011). "Hidden in plain sight: Observations on the origin of the Enneagram". The Enneagram Journal. 4 (1): 4–37.
^ "International Enneagram Association - History". internationalenneagram.org. Archived from the original on 25 November 2012.
^ "To Find Self, Take A Number". Newsweek. 11 September 1994. Retrieved 9 July 2022.
^ a b c Gerber, Marisa (22 April 2020). "The Enneagram is having a moment. You can thank millennials". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
^ Palmer, The Enneagram, p. 36.
^ "The Theory of Process and The Law of Seven". rahul.net.
^ Wagele, Enneagram Made Easy, pp. 1–11. ISBN: 9780062510266
^ Ichazo, Oscar (1982). Interviews with Oscar Ichazo. Arica Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-916-55403-3.
^ Riso, Don Richard; Hudson, Russ (2000). Understanding the Enneagram: The Practical Guide to Personality Types. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-618-00415-7. Understanding the Enneagram: The Practical Guide to Personality Types, revised addition.
^ T. Tart, Charles (1977). Transpersonal Psychologies.
^ Baron, Renee. What Type Am I: Discover Who You Really Are. p. 162.
^ a b Ichazo, Oscar. The Human Process For Enlightenment and Freedom: A Series of Five Lectures. p. 64..
^ Riso, Wisdom of the Enneagram, p. 19.
^ Wagner, Wagner Enneagram Personality Style Scales, p. 2.6.
^ "Clipping the Wings Off the Enneagram: A Study of People's Perceptions of A Ninefold Personality Typology", Social Behavior and Personality, 19 (1) 11-20, 1991.
^ Naranjo, Claudio (1994). Character and Neurosis. p. 20.
^ Riso, Wisdom of the Enneagram, pp. 87–88.
^ Wagner, Wagner Enneagram Personality Style Scales, p. 30.
^ Palmer, The Enneagram in Love and Work, p. 29.
^ Maitri, The Spiritual Dimension of the Enneagram, pp. 263–264.
^ "The Instincts: Taking a Broader View" Archived 7 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, by Mario Sikora, Enneagram Monthly, June 2007.
^ Riso, The Wisdom of the Enneagram, pp. 70–71.
^ Richard., Riso, Don (1995). Discovering your personality type : the new enneagram questionnnaire. Houghton Mifflin Co. OCLC 1033638302.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Newgent, Rebeca, Rebeca (January 2004), "The Riso-Hudson Enneagram Type Indicator: Estimates of Reliability and Validity", Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, vol. 36, pp. 226–237, retrieved 23 December 2010
^ Giordano, Mary Ann Elizabeth; Piedmont, Ralph (2010). "A psychometric evaluation of the Riso-Hudson Type Indicator (RHETI), Version 2.5: Comparison of ipsative and non-ipsative versions and correlations with spiritual outcomes". ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. DAI-B 70/07. Baltimore, Maryland: Loyola College In Maryland: 4524. OCLC 463479495. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
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Newgent, Rebecca A.; Parr, Patricia E.; Newman, Isadore (2002). The Enneagram: trends in validation. Fayetteville, Arkansas: University of Arkansas.
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Further reading
Daniels, David (2000). The Essential Enneagram. HarperOne. ISBN 0-06-251676-0.
Gilbert, Eleonora (2015). Conversations on the Enneagram. Cherry Red Books. ISBN 978-1-909454-34-7.
Goldberg, Michael J. (1999). 9 Ways of Working. Marlowe & Company. ISBN 1-56924-688-2.
Maitri, Sandra (2005). The Enneagram of Passions and Virtues: Finding the Way Home. Tarcher. ISBN 1-58542-406-4.
Naranjo, Claudio (1997). Transformation Through Insight: Enneatypes in Life. Hohm Press. ISBN 0-934252-73-4.
Naranjo, Claudio (1994). Character and Neurosis: An Integrative View. Gateways/IDHHB, Inc. ISBN 0-89556-066-6.
Palmer, Helen (1991). The Enneagram: Understanding Yourself and Others in Your Life. HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 0-06-250683-8.
Riso, Don Richard; Hudson, Russ (1999). Wisdom of the Enneagram. Bantam. ISBN 0-553-37820-1.
Riso, Don Richard; Hudson, Russ (2000). Understanding the Enneagram; the practical guide to personality types. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-00415-7.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Enneagram (Personality).
International Enneagram Association website
"enneagram". The Skeptic's Dictionary.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enneagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enneagram_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enneagram.svg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_model"},{"link_name":"human psyche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyche_(psychology)"},{"link_name":"typology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_typologies"},{"link_name":"personality types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_type"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"Oscar Ichazo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Ichazo"},{"link_name":"Claudio Naranjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Naranjo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-2"},{"link_name":"George Gurdjieff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gurdjieff"},{"link_name":"Fourth Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Way"},{"link_name":"enneagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enneagram_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-3"},{"link_name":"business management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_management"},{"link_name":"spirituality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituality"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kemp-5"},{"link_name":"essence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essence"},{"link_name":"self-development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-development"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke-4"},{"link_name":"psychometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychometric"},{"link_name":"peer-reviewed research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_review"},{"link_name":"relevant academic communities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemic_community"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"pseudoscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"For other uses, see Enneagram.Enneagram figureThe Enneagram of Personality, or simply the Enneagram,[1] is a model of the human psyche which is principally understood and taught as a typology of nine interconnected personality types.[2]Although the origins and history of ideas associated with the Enneagram of Personality are disputed, contemporary approaches are principally derived from the teachings of the Bolivian psycho-spiritual teacher Oscar Ichazo from the 1950s and the Chilean psychiatrist Claudio Naranjo from the 1970s.[2] Naranjo's theories were also influenced by earlier teachings about personality by George Gurdjieff and the Fourth Way tradition in the first half of the 20th century.As a typology, the Enneagram defines nine personality types (sometimes called \"enneatypes\"), which are represented by the points of a geometric figure called an enneagram,[3] which indicate some of the principal connections between the types. There have been different schools of thought among Enneagram teachers and their understandings are not always in agreement.[3]The Enneagram of Personality is promoted in both business management and spirituality contexts through seminars, conferences, books, magazines, and DVDs.[4][5] In business contexts, it is often promoted as a means to gain insights into workplace interpersonal dynamics; in spirituality it is commonly presented as a path to states of enlightenment and essence. Proponents in both contexts say it has aided in self-awareness, self-understanding, and self-development.[4]There has been limited formal psychometric analysis of the Enneagram, and the peer-reviewed research that has been done is not accepted within the relevant academic communities.[6] Though the Enneagram integrates some concepts that parallel other theories of personality,[7] it has been dismissed by personality assessment experts as pseudoscience.[8]","title":"Enneagram of Personality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Evagrius Ponticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evagrius_Ponticus"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harmless_p_511-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wiltse-11"},{"link_name":"G. I. Gurdjieff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._I._Gurdjieff"},{"link_name":"enneagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Way_enneagram"},{"link_name":"Gurdjieff movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurdjieff_movements"},{"link_name":"Oscar Ichazo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Ichazo"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-internationalenneagram-12"},{"link_name":"Protoanalysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protoanalysis"},{"link_name":"Arica Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arica_Institute"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clarke-4"},{"link_name":"Claudio Naranjo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Naranjo"},{"link_name":"Esalen Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esalen_Institute"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ellis-3"},{"link_name":"Don Richard Riso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Richard_Riso"},{"link_name":"Helen Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helen_Palmer_(Enneagram)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q97012476#sitelinks-wikipedia"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Wagele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Wagele"},{"link_name":"Richard Rohr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Rohr"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"university's psychiatry department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University_School_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"David Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dr._David_N._Daniels_(Enneagram)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q112988187#sitelinks-wikipedia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"podcasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podcast"},{"link_name":"millennials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennials"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"astrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"}],"text":"The origins and historical development of the Enneagram of Personality are matters of dispute. Similar ideas to the Enneagram of Personality are found in the work of Evagrius Ponticus, a Christian mystic who lived in 4th-century Alexandria in Egypt.[9] Evagrius identified eight logismoi (\"deadly thoughts\") plus an overarching thought he called \"love of self\". Evagrius wrote that \"The first thought of all is that of love of self [philautia]; after this, [come] the eight.\"[10] In addition to identifying eight deadly thoughts, Evagrius also identified eight \"remedies\" to these thoughts.[11]G. I. Gurdjieff (died 1949) is credited with first using the word enneagram and is the only known source for the geometric figure. He did not develop the nine personality types associated with the Enneagram of Personality. Instead, Gurdjieff used the enneagram figure for various other purposes, including sacred dances known as the Gurdjieff movements.Oscar Ichazo (1931–2020) is credited as the principal source[12] of the contemporary Enneagram of Personality which is largely derived from parts of Ichazo's teachings, such as those on ego-fixations, holy ideas, passions, and virtues. The Bolivian-born Ichazo began teaching programs of self-development in the 1950s. His teaching, which he called \"Protoanalysis\", uses the enneagram figure among several other symbols and ideas. Ichazo founded the Arica Institute - which was originally based in Chile before moving to the United States in the 1970s[3] - and coined the term \"Enneagram of Personality\"[4] (which he originally called the \"Enneagon of Personality\").Claudio Naranjo (1932–2019) learned the Enneagram of Personality from Ichazo in 1970 and then developed and taught his own understanding of the Enneagram in the United States, principally at the Esalen Institute and to his students in Berkeley, California. Two of his students were Jesuit priests who later adapted the Enneagram for use in Christian spirituality within programs at Loyola University in Chicago. Ichazo originally strongly objected to the Enneagram teachings of Naranjo and other teachers due to what he considered their misinterpretations and misuses of the Enneagram.[3]Naranjo's teachings became increasingly popular in the United States and elsewhere from the 1970s. Numerous other authors also published books on the Enneagram of Personality in the 1980s and 1990s. Those authors included Don Richard Riso (1987), Helen Palmer [Wikidata] (1988), Eli Jaxon-Bear (1989), Elizabeth Wagele (1994), and Richard Rohr (1995). In 1994, the First International Enneagram Conference, attended by around 1,400 participants, was held at Stanford University and co-sponsored by the university's psychiatry department[13] where psychiatrist, Enneagram author, and conference co-director David Daniels [Wikidata] was teaching.Analysis of Google search results over 16 years shows an increase in searches for the word \"enneagram\" from 2017.[14] Additionally, social media accounts and podcasts about the Enneagram have increased, indicating a growing popularity among millennials.[14] It has been suggested that the rise in popularity of the Enneagram parallels a renewed interest in astrology.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"enneagram figure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enneagram_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"1-4-2-8-5-7-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/142,857"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The enneagram figure is composed of three parts; a circle, an inner triangle (connecting 3-6-9), and an irregular hexagonal \"periodic figure\" (connecting 1-4-2-8-5-7). According to esoteric spiritual traditions,[15] the circle symbolizes unity, the inner triangle symbolizes the \"law of three\" and the hexagram represents the \"law of seven\" (because 1-4-2-8-5-7-1 is the repeating decimal created by dividing one by seven in base 10 arithmetic).[16] These three elements constitute the usual enneagram figure.[17]","title":"Figure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IchazoInterviews-18"},{"link_name":"Don Richard Riso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Richard_Riso"},{"link_name":"Charles Tart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tart"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Riso-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"archetypal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archetypal"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The table below offers an outline of the principal characteristics of the nine types along with their basic relationships. This table expands upon Oscar Ichazo's ego fixations, holy ideas, passions, and virtues[18] primarily using material from Understanding the Enneagram: The Practical Guide to Personality Types (revised edition) by Don Richard Riso and Russ Hudson as well as Charles Tart's Transpersonal Psychologies.[19][20] Other theorists may disagree on some aspects. The types are normally referred to by their numbers, but sometimes their \"characteristic roles\" (which refers to distinctive archetypal characteristics) are used instead.[21] Various labels for each type are commonly used by different authors and teachers. The \"stress\" and \"security\" points (sometimes referred to as the \"disintegration\" and \"integration\" points) are the types connected by the lines of the enneagram figure and are believed to influence a person in an adverse or relaxed circumstance. According to this hypothesis, someone with a primary One type, for example, may begin to think, feel, and act more like someone with a Four type when stressed or a Seven type when relaxed.","title":"Nine types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"centers of intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_(Fourth_Way)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-22"}],"sub_title":"Three triads of type patterns","text":"The nine Enneagram personality type patterns are grouped into various triads of three types in which each of the types have multiple common personality issues. The most well-known of these triad groupings is also associated with the three \"centers of intelligence\" as taught by G. I. Gurdjieff. These three centers are traditionally known as the intellectual, emotional, and instinctual centers. Although each person is understood to always have all three centers active in their personality structure, certain personality issues are more associated with one of the centers depending on a person's dominant type pattern. In Enneagram of Personality teachings each of these centers has a more particular or stronger association with one of the triads of personality types as follows:The intellectual center is particularly associated with types 5, 6, and 7. People with one of these dominant type patterns are largely motivated by \"thinking\" issues related to fear.\nThe emotional center is particularly associated with types 2, 3, and 4. People with one of these dominant type patterns are largely motivated by \"feeling\" and \"image\" issues related to anxiety and depression.\nThe instinctual center is particularly associated with types 8, 9, and 1. People with one of these dominant type patterns are largely motivated by \"gut\" issues related to anger.[22]","title":"Nine types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Riso,_p.19-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-22"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Wings","text":"Most, but not all, Enneagram of Personality enthusiasts teach that a person's basic type is modified, at least to some extent, by the personality dynamics of the two adjacent types as indicated on the enneagram figure. These two types are called \"wings\". A person with the Three personality type, for example, is understood to have points Two and Four as their wing types. The circle of the enneagram figure may indicate that the types or points exist on a spectrum rather than as distinct types or points unrelated to those adjacent to them. A person may be understood, therefore, to have a core type and one or two wing types which influence but do not change the core type.[23][24] Empirical research into the wing concept by Anthony Edwards did not support the hypothesis.[25] Related to, but not the same, as the wing concept is Ichazo's viewpoint involving the active, attractive, and function forces. According to him, the type is made from a starting point, referred to as the active force. In turn, the type is also led with an attractive force. This ends with the \"function\", where the result is the formation of a type in between the two.[22] Naranjo said about the wings that a person \"can easily see\" their primary type as being between its adjacent wings.[26]","title":"Nine types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-9"}],"sub_title":"Connecting lines","text":"For some Enneagram theorists the lines connecting the points add further meaning to the information provided by the descriptions of the types. Sometimes called the \"security\" and \"stress\" points, or points of \"integration\" and \"disintegration\", some theorists believe these connected points also contribute to a person's overall personality. From this viewpoint, therefore, at least four other points affect a person's overall personality; the two points connected by the lines to the core type and the two wing points.[27][28] The earlier teachings about the connecting lines are now rejected or modified by Enneagram teachers, including Claudio Naranjo who developed them.[9]","title":"Nine types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Instinctual subtypes","text":"Each of the personality types is understood as having three \"instinctual subtypes\". These subtypes are believed to be formed according to which one of three instinctual energies of a person is dominantly developed and expressed. The instinctual energies are called \"self-preservation\", \"sexual\" (also called \"intimacy\" or \"one-to-one\"), and \"social\". On the instinctual level, people may internally stress and externally express the need to protect themselves (self-preservation), to connect with important others or partners (sexual), or to get along or succeed in groups (social).[29] From this perspective, there are 27 distinct personality patterns, because people of each of the nine types also express themselves as one of the three subtypes.[30] An alternative approach to the subtypes understands them as three domains or clusters of instincts which result in increased probability of survival (the \"preserving\" domain), increased skill in navigating the social environment (the \"navigating\" domain), and increased likelihood of reproductive success (the \"transmitting\" domain).[31] From this understanding the subtypes reflect individual differences in the presence of these three separate clusters of instincts.It is believed that people function in all three forms of instinctual energies, but one instinct will be more well-developed and dominant.[32]","title":"Nine types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Don Richard Riso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Richard_Riso"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"heuristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heuristic"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"psychiatry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatry"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"Enneagram type indicator tests have been developed by prominent teachers, such as Don Richard Riso and Russ Hudson who developed the Riso–Hudson Enneagram Type Indicator (RHETI) in 1993.[33] Their research focused on constructing it as a personality measurement instrument. The RHETI has heuristic value[34] but minimal scientific research conducted.[35]The Stanford Enneagram Discovery Inventory[36] was developed by psychiatry professor David Daniels at Stanford University and was later renamed the Essential Enneagram Test. This assessment was employed to conduct various research studies, including on the personalities of identical twins.[37]A 2002 review of validation studies of various Enneagram tests found guarded support for their reliability and validity.[38]","title":"Type indicator tests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pseudoscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ThyerPignotti2015-39"},{"link_name":"scientific skeptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_skeptic"},{"link_name":"Robert Todd Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Todd_Carroll"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Carroll2011-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-41"},{"link_name":"ipsative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipsative"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-41"},{"link_name":"Delphi poll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphi_method"},{"link_name":"American Psychological Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"United States Conference of Catholic Bishops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Jesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ, the Bearer of the Water of Life. A Christian Reflection on the 'New Age'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Christian_reflection_on_the_New_Age"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"text":"While Enneagram teachings have attained a degree of popularity, they have been categorized by many professionals as a pseudoscience due to their subjectivity and inability to be tested scientifically, and described as \"an assessment method of no demonstrated reliability or validity\".[39] In 2011, the scientific skeptic Robert Todd Carroll included the Enneagram in a list of pseudoscientific theories that \"can't be tested because they are so vague and malleable that anything relevant can be shoehorned to fit the theory\".[40]A 2020 review of Enneagram empirical work found mixed results for the model's reliability and validity.[41] The study noted that the ipsative version of the Riso-Hudson Enneagram Type Indicator (scores on one dimension decrease scores on another dimension) had troubles with validity, whereas the non-ipsative version of the test has been found to have better internal consistency and test-retest reliability. It was found that 87% of individuals were able to accurately predict their Enneagram type (before taking the test) by being read descriptions of each type.[41]In a Delphi poll of 101 doctoral-level members of psychological organizations such as the American Psychological Association, the Enneagram was among five psychological treatments and tests which were rated by at least 25% of them as being discredited for personality assessment. Experts familiar with the Enneagram rated it with a mean score of 4.14 (3.37 in the first round of the study) which is approximately an equivalent to the option \"probably discredited\" (3 = possibly discredited, 4 = probably discredited, 5 = certainly discredited).[42]The Enneagram has also received criticism from religious perspectives. In 2000, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops' Committee on Doctrine produced a draft report on the origins of the Enneagram to aid bishops in their evaluation of its use in their dioceses. The report identified aspects of the intersection between the Enneagram and Roman Catholicism which, in their opinion, warranted scrutiny with potential areas of concern, stating, \"While the enneagram system shares little with traditional Christian doctrine or spirituality, it also shares little with the methods and criteria of modern science ... The burden of proof is on proponents of the enneagram to furnish scientific evidence for their claims.\"[43] Partly in response to Jesuits and members of other religious orders teaching a Christian understanding of the Enneagram of Personality, a 2003 Vatican document called Jesus Christ, the Bearer of the Water of Life. A Christian Reflection on the 'New Age' said that the Enneagram \"when used as a means of spiritual growth introduces an ambiguity in the doctrine and the life of the Christian faith\".[44][45]","title":"Research and criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Essential Enneagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/essentialenneagr00dani"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-06-251676-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-251676-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-909454-34-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909454-34-7"},{"link_name":"9 Ways of Working","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/9waysofworkingh00gold"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-56924-688-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56924-688-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-58542-406-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58542-406-4"},{"link_name":"Naranjo, Claudio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Naranjo"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-934252-73-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934252-73-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-89556-066-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89556-066-6"},{"link_name":"The Enneagram: Understanding Yourself and Others in Your Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/enneagramunderst00palm"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-06-250683-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-250683-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-553-37820-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-37820-1"},{"link_name":"Understanding the Enneagram; the practical guide to personality types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/understandingenn00riso_0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-618-00415-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-00415-7"}],"text":"Daniels, David (2000). The Essential Enneagram. HarperOne. ISBN 0-06-251676-0.\nGilbert, Eleonora (2015). Conversations on the Enneagram. Cherry Red Books. ISBN 978-1-909454-34-7.\nGoldberg, Michael J. (1999). 9 Ways of Working. Marlowe & Company. ISBN 1-56924-688-2.\nMaitri, Sandra (2005). The Enneagram of Passions and Virtues: Finding the Way Home. Tarcher. ISBN 1-58542-406-4.\nNaranjo, Claudio (1997). Transformation Through Insight: Enneatypes in Life. Hohm Press. ISBN 0-934252-73-4.\nNaranjo, Claudio (1994). Character and Neurosis: An Integrative View. Gateways/IDHHB, Inc. ISBN 0-89556-066-6.\nPalmer, Helen (1991). The Enneagram: Understanding Yourself and Others in Your Life. HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 0-06-250683-8.\nRiso, Don Richard; Hudson, Russ (1999). Wisdom of the Enneagram. Bantam. ISBN 0-553-37820-1.\nRiso, Don Richard; Hudson, Russ (2000). Understanding the Enneagram; the practical guide to personality types. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-00415-7.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Enneagram figure","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Enneagram.svg/220px-Enneagram.svg.png"}]
|
[{"title":"A. H. Almaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._H._Almaas"},{"title":"16PF Questionnaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16PF_Questionnaire"},{"title":"Big Five personality traits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Five_personality_traits"},{"title":"Myers–Briggs Type Indicator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator"},{"title":"Personality psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_psychology"},{"title":"Revised NEO Personality Inventory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_NEO_Personality_Inventory"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Strong's Greek: 1121. γράμμα (gramma) -- that which is drawn or written, i.e. a letter\". biblesuite.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://biblesuite.com/greek/1121.htm","url_text":"\"Strong's Greek: 1121. γράμμα (gramma) -- that which is drawn or written, i.e. a letter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Enneagram Archives\". The Career Project. Retrieved 18 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecareerproject.org/personality-types-test/enneagram/","url_text":"\"Enneagram Archives\""}]},{"reference":"\"Page 569\".","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4_FOIKi2_tYC&pg=PA569","url_text":"\"Page 569\""}]},{"reference":"Ellis, Albert; Abrams, Mike; Dengelegi Abrams, Lidia (2008). \"Religious, New Age, and Traditional Approaches to Personality\". Personality theories: critical perspectives. SAGE. pp. 529–576. doi:10.4135/9781452231617.n17. ISBN 978-1-4129-7062-4. Ichazo has disowned Naranjo, Palmer and the other Jesuit writers on the Enneagram on the grounds that his descriptions of the nine types represent ego fixations that develop in early childhood in response to trauma.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Ellis_(psychologist)","url_text":"Ellis, Albert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781452231617.n17","url_text":"10.4135/9781452231617.n17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-7062-4","url_text":"978-1-4129-7062-4"}]},{"reference":"Clarke, Peter (2004). Encyclopedia of new religious movements. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-203-48433-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KLipBC05pF8C","url_text":"Encyclopedia of new religious movements"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-48433-9","url_text":"0-203-48433-9"}]},{"reference":"Kemp, Daren (2004). New age: a guide : alternative spiritualities from Aquarian conspiracy to Next Age. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1532-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xz4EWg1WWmMC&pg=PA80","url_text":"New age: a guide : alternative spiritualities from Aquarian conspiracy to Next Age"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press","url_text":"Edinburgh University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-1532-2","url_text":"978-0-7486-1532-2"}]},{"reference":"Thyer, Dr Bruce A.; Pignotti, Monica (15 May 2015). Science and Pseudoscience in Social Work Practice. Springer Publishing Company. p. 49. ISBN 9780826177681.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EQFPCQAAQBAJ","url_text":"Science and Pseudoscience in Social Work Practice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826177681","url_text":"9780826177681"}]},{"reference":"Sloat, Sarah (28 September 2020). \"Why one popular personality test is \"pseudoscientific at best\"\". Inverse. Retrieved 16 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inverse.com/mind-body/enneagram-personality-test-experts-explain","url_text":"\"Why one popular personality test is \"pseudoscientific at best\"\""}]},{"reference":"Brandon Medina (17 April 2019). \"The Enneagram - A History (Part 1)\". Theology Think Tank. Retrieved 18 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://theologythinktank.com/the-enneagram-a-history-part-1/","url_text":"\"The Enneagram - A History (Part 1)\""}]},{"reference":"Harmless, W.; Fitzgerald, R.R. (2001). \"The saphhire light of the mind: The Skemmata of Evagrius Ponticus\". Theological Studies. 62 (3): 498–529. doi:10.1177/004056390106200303. S2CID 170609824.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F004056390106200303","url_text":"10.1177/004056390106200303"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170609824","url_text":"170609824"}]},{"reference":"Wiltse, V.; Palmer, H. (July 2011). \"Hidden in plain sight: Observations on the origin of the Enneagram\". The Enneagram Journal. 4 (1): 4–37.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"International Enneagram Association - History\". internationalenneagram.org. Archived from the original on 25 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121125114645/http://www.internationalenneagram.org/enneagram_history/index.html","url_text":"\"International Enneagram Association - History\""},{"url":"http://www.internationalenneagram.org/enneagram_history/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"To Find Self, Take A Number\". Newsweek. 11 September 1994. Retrieved 9 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsweek.com/find-self-take-number-188156","url_text":"\"To Find Self, Take A Number\""}]},{"reference":"Gerber, Marisa (22 April 2020). \"The Enneagram is having a moment. You can thank millennials\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-04-22/the-enneagram-9-types-mindfulness-self-awareness","url_text":"\"The Enneagram is having a moment. You can thank millennials\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Theory of Process and The Law of Seven\". rahul.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rahul.net/raithel/otfw/93article.html","url_text":"\"The Theory of Process and The Law of Seven\""}]},{"reference":"Ichazo, Oscar (1982). Interviews with Oscar Ichazo. Arica Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-916-55403-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/interviewswithos0000icha","url_text":"Interviews with Oscar Ichazo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-916-55403-3","url_text":"978-0-916-55403-3"}]},{"reference":"Riso, Don Richard; Hudson, Russ (2000). Understanding the Enneagram: The Practical Guide to Personality Types. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-618-00415-7. Understanding the Enneagram: The Practical Guide to Personality Types, revised addition.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/understandingenn00riso_0","url_text":"Understanding the Enneagram: The Practical Guide to Personality Types"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-00415-7","url_text":"978-0-618-00415-7"}]},{"reference":"T. Tart, Charles (1977). Transpersonal Psychologies.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Baron, Renee. What Type Am I: Discover Who You Really Are. p. 162.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ichazo, Oscar. The Human Process For Enlightenment and Freedom: A Series of Five Lectures. p. 64.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Naranjo, Claudio (1994). Character and Neurosis. p. 20.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Richard., Riso, Don (1995). Discovering your personality type : the new enneagram questionnnaire. Houghton Mifflin Co. OCLC 1033638302.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/1033638302","url_text":"Discovering your personality type : the new enneagram questionnnaire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1033638302","url_text":"1033638302"}]},{"reference":"Newgent, Rebeca, Rebeca (January 2004), \"The Riso-Hudson Enneagram Type Indicator: Estimates of Reliability and Validity\", Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, vol. 36, pp. 226–237, retrieved 23 December 2010","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/35984162","url_text":"\"The Riso-Hudson Enneagram Type Indicator: Estimates of Reliability and Validity\""}]},{"reference":"Giordano, Mary Ann Elizabeth; Piedmont, Ralph (2010). \"A psychometric evaluation of the Riso-Hudson Type Indicator (RHETI), Version 2.5: Comparison of ipsative and non-ipsative versions and correlations with spiritual outcomes\". ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. DAI-B 70/07. Baltimore, Maryland: Loyola College In Maryland: 4524. OCLC 463479495. Retrieved 27 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/463479495","url_text":"\"A psychometric evaluation of the Riso-Hudson Type Indicator (RHETI), Version 2.5: Comparison of ipsative and non-ipsative versions and correlations with spiritual outcomes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_Dissertations_and_Theses","url_text":"ProQuest Dissertations and Theses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/463479495","url_text":"463479495"}]},{"reference":"Daniels, David (1998). Stanford Enneagram Discovery Inventory and Guide. Mind Garden. ISBN 9780966660104. OCLC 42860688.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42860688","url_text":"Stanford Enneagram Discovery Inventory and Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780966660104","url_text":"9780966660104"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42860688","url_text":"42860688"}]},{"reference":"\"Personality Differentiation of Identical Twins Reared Together\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://iranenneagram.ir/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/iranenneagram.c009.pdf","url_text":"\"Personality Differentiation of Identical Twins Reared Together\""}]},{"reference":"Newgent, Rebecca A.; Parr, Patricia E.; Newman, Isadore (2002). The Enneagram: trends in validation. Fayetteville, Arkansas: University of Arkansas.","urls":[{"url":"https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED468827","url_text":"The Enneagram: trends in validation"}]},{"reference":"\"Page 64\".","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EQFPCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64","url_text":"\"Page 64\""}]},{"reference":"Thyer, Dr Bruce A.; Pignotti, Monica (2015). \"Pseudoscience in Clinical Assessment\". Science and Pseudoscience in Social Work Practice. pp. 33–74. doi:10.1891/9780826177698.0002. ISBN 978-0-8261-7768-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1891%2F9780826177698.0002","url_text":"10.1891/9780826177698.0002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-7768-1","url_text":"978-0-8261-7768-1"}]},{"reference":"Carroll, Robert (11 January 2011). The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions. John Wiley & Sons. p. 306. ISBN 978-1-118-04563-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6FPqDFx40vYC&pg=PA306","url_text":"The Skeptic's Dictionary: A Collection of Strange Beliefs, Amusing Deceptions, and Dangerous Delusions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-04563-3","url_text":"978-1-118-04563-3"}]},{"reference":"Hook, Joshua N.; Hall, Todd W.; Davis, Don E.; Tongeren, Daryl R. Van; Conner, Mackenzie (2021). \"The Enneagram: A systematic review of the literature and directions for future research\". Journal of Clinical Psychology. 77 (4): 865–883. doi:10.1002/jclp.23097. ISSN 1097-4679. PMID 33332604. S2CID 229316947.","urls":[{"url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jclp.23097","url_text":"\"The Enneagram: A systematic review of the literature and directions for future research\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjclp.23097","url_text":"10.1002/jclp.23097"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1097-4679","url_text":"1097-4679"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33332604","url_text":"33332604"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229316947","url_text":"229316947"}]},{"reference":"Richard Smoley, Jay Kinney (2006). Hidden Wisdom: A Guide to the Western Inner Traditions. Western Mystery Tradition Series (revised, illustrated ed.). Quest Books. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-8356-0844-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1uTgYGT3quAC&pg=PA229","url_text":"Hidden Wisdom: A Guide to the Western Inner Traditions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_Books","url_text":"Quest Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-0844-2","url_text":"978-0-8356-0844-2"}]},{"reference":"Daniels, David (2000). The Essential Enneagram. HarperOne. ISBN 0-06-251676-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/essentialenneagr00dani","url_text":"The Essential Enneagram"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-251676-0","url_text":"0-06-251676-0"}]},{"reference":"Gilbert, Eleonora (2015). Conversations on the Enneagram. Cherry Red Books. ISBN 978-1-909454-34-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909454-34-7","url_text":"978-1-909454-34-7"}]},{"reference":"Goldberg, Michael J. (1999). 9 Ways of Working. Marlowe & Company. ISBN 1-56924-688-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/9waysofworkingh00gold","url_text":"9 Ways of Working"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56924-688-2","url_text":"1-56924-688-2"}]},{"reference":"Maitri, Sandra (2005). The Enneagram of Passions and Virtues: Finding the Way Home. Tarcher. ISBN 1-58542-406-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58542-406-4","url_text":"1-58542-406-4"}]},{"reference":"Naranjo, Claudio (1997). Transformation Through Insight: Enneatypes in Life. Hohm Press. ISBN 0-934252-73-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Naranjo","url_text":"Naranjo, Claudio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-934252-73-4","url_text":"0-934252-73-4"}]},{"reference":"Naranjo, Claudio (1994). Character and Neurosis: An Integrative View. Gateways/IDHHB, Inc. ISBN 0-89556-066-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89556-066-6","url_text":"0-89556-066-6"}]},{"reference":"Palmer, Helen (1991). The Enneagram: Understanding Yourself and Others in Your Life. HarperSanFrancisco. ISBN 0-06-250683-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/enneagramunderst00palm","url_text":"The Enneagram: Understanding Yourself and Others in Your Life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-250683-8","url_text":"0-06-250683-8"}]},{"reference":"Riso, Don Richard; Hudson, Russ (1999). Wisdom of the Enneagram. Bantam. ISBN 0-553-37820-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-37820-1","url_text":"0-553-37820-1"}]},{"reference":"Riso, Don Richard; Hudson, Russ (2000). Understanding the Enneagram; the practical guide to personality types. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-00415-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/understandingenn00riso_0","url_text":"Understanding the Enneagram; the practical guide to personality types"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-00415-7","url_text":"0-618-00415-7"}]},{"reference":"\"enneagram\". The Skeptic's Dictionary.","urls":[{"url":"http://skepdic.com/enneagr.html","url_text":"\"enneagram\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_architect
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Enterprise architecture
|
["1 Introduction","1.1 Definitions","2 Overview","2.1 Schools of thought","2.2 Benefits, challenges, and criticisms","3 Relationship to other disciplines","4 See also","5 External links","6 References"]
|
Business function methodology
Enterprise architecture (EA) is a business function concerned with the structures and behaviours of a business, especially business roles and processes that create and use business data. The international definition according to the Federation of Enterprise Architecture Professional Organizations is "a well-defined practice for conducting enterprise analysis, design, planning, and implementation, using a comprehensive approach at all times, for the successful development and execution of strategy. Enterprise architecture applies architecture principles and practices to guide organizations through the business, information, process, and technology changes necessary to execute their strategies. These practices utilize the various aspects of an enterprise to identify, motivate, and achieve these changes."
The United States Federal Government is an example of an organization that practices EA, in this case with its Capital Planning and Investment Control processes. Companies such as Independence Blue Cross, Intel, Volkswagen AG, and InterContinental Hotels Group also use EA to improve their business architectures as well as to improve business performance and productivity. Additionally, the Federal Enterprise Architecture's reference guide aids federal agencies in the development of their architectures.
Introduction
As a discipline, EA "proactively and holistically lead enterprise responses to disruptive forces by identifying and analyzing the execution of change" towards organizational goals. EA gives business and IT leaders recommendations for policy adjustments and provides best strategies to support and enable business development and change within the information systems the business depends on. EA provides a guide for decision making towards these objectives. The National Computing Centre's EA best practice guidance states that an EA typically "takes the form of a comprehensive set of cohesive models that describe the structure and functions of an enterprise. The individual models in an EA are arranged in a logical manner that provides an ever-increasing level of detail about the enterprise."
Important players within EA include enterprise architects and solutions architects. Enterprise architects are at the top level of the architect hierarchy, meaning they have more responsibilities than solutions architects. While solutions architects focus on their own relevant solutions, enterprise architects focus on solutions for and the impact on the whole organization. Enterprise architects oversee many solution architects and business functions. As practitioners of EA, enterprise architects support an organization's strategic vision by acting to align people, process, and technology decisions with actionable goals and objectives that result in quantifiable improvements toward achieving that vision. The practice of EA "analyzes areas of common activity within or between organizations, where information and other resources are exchanged to guide future states from an integrated viewpoint of strategy, business, and technology."
Definitions
The term enterprise can be defined as an organizational unit, organization, or collection of organizations that share a set of common goals and collaborate to provide specific products or services to customers. In that sense, the term enterprise covers various types of organizations, regardless of their size, ownership model, operational model, or geographical distribution. It includes those organizations' complete sociotechnical system, including people, information, processes, and technologies. Enterprise as a sociotechnical system defines the scope of EA.
The term architecture refers to fundamental concepts or properties of a system in its environment; and embodied in its elements, relationships, and in the principles of its design and evolution. A methodology for developing and using architecture to guide the transformation of a business from a baseline state to a target state, sometimes through several transition states, is usually known as an enterprise architecture framework. A framework provides a structured collection of processes, techniques, artifact descriptions, reference models, and guidance for the production and use of an enterprise-specific architecture description.
Paramount to changing the EA is the identification of a sponsor. Their mission, vision, strategy, and the governance framework define all roles, responsibilities, and relationships involved in the anticipated transformation. Changes considered by enterprise architects typically include innovations in the structure or processes of an organization; innovations in the use of information systems or technologies; the integration and/or standardization of business processes; and improvement of the quality and timeliness of business information.
According to the standard ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010, the product used to describe the architecture of a system is called an architectural description. In practice, an architectural description contains a variety of lists, tables, and diagrams. These are models known as views. In the case of EA, these models describe the logical business functions or capabilities, business processes, human roles and actors, the physical organization structure, data flows and data stores, business applications and platform applications, hardware, and communications infrastructure.
The first use of the term "enterprise architecture" is often incorrectly attributed to John Zachman's 1987 A framework for information systems architecture. The first publication to use it was instead a National Institute of Standards (NIST) Special Publication on the challenges of information system integration. The NIST article describes EA as consisting of several levels. Business unit architecture is the top level and might be a total corporate entity or a sub-unit. It establishes for the whole organization necessary frameworks for "satisfying both internal information needs" as well as the needs of external entities, which include cooperating organizations, customers, and federal agencies. The lower levels of the EA that provide information to higher levels are more attentive to detail on behalf of their superiors. In addition to this structure, business unit architecture establishes standards, policies, and procedures that either enhance or stymie the organization's mission.
The main difference between these two definitions is that Zachman's concept was the creation of individual information systems optimized for business, while NIST's described the management of all information systems within a business unit. The definitions in both publications, however, agreed that due to the "increasing size and complexity of the mplementations of nformation systems... logical construct (or architecture) for defining and controlling the interfaces and... ntegration of all the components of a system" is necessary. Zachman in particular urged for a "strategic planning methodology."
Overview
Schools of thought
Within the field of enterprise architecture, there are three overarching schools: Enterprise IT Design, Enterprise Integrating, and Enterprise Ecosystem Adaption. Which school one subscribes to will impact how they see the EA's purpose and scope, as well as the means of achieving it, the skills needed to conduct it, and the locus of responsibility for conducting it.
Under Enterprise IT Design, the main purpose of EA is to guide the process of planning and designing an enterprise's IT/IS capabilities to meet the desired organizational objectives, often by greater alignment between IT/IS and business concerns. Architecture proposals and decisions are limited to the IT/IS aspects of the enterprise and other aspects service only as inputs. The Enterprise Integrating school believes that the purpose of EA is to create a greater coherency between the various concerns of an enterprise (HR, IT, Operations, etc.), including the link between strategy formulation and execution. Architecture proposals and decisions here encompass all aspects of the enterprise. The Enterprise Ecosystem Adaption school states that the purpose of EA is to foster and maintain the learning capabilities of enterprises so they may be sustainable. Consequently, a great deal of emphasis is put on improving the capabilities of the enterprise to improve itself, to innovate, and to coevolve with its environment. Typically, proposals and decisions encompass both the enterprise and its environment.
Benefits, challenges, and criticisms
The benefits of EA are achieved through its direct and indirect contributions to organizational goals. Notable benefits include support in the areas related to design and re-design of the organizational structures during mergers, acquisitions, or general organizational change; enforcement of discipline and business process standardization, and enablement of process consolidation, reuse, and integration; support for investment decision-making and work prioritization; enhancement of collaboration and communication between project stakeholders and contribution to efficient project scoping and to defining more complete and consistent project deliverabless; and an increase in the timeliness of requirements elicitation and the accuracy of requirement definitions through publishing of the EA documentation.
Other benefits include contribution to optimal system designs and efficient resource allocation during system development and testing; enforcement of discipline and standardization of IT planning activities and contribution to a reduction in time for technology-related decision making; reduction of the system's implementation and operational costs, and minimization of replicate infrastructure services across business units; reduction in IT complexity, consolidation of data and applications, and improvement of interoperability of the systems; more open and responsive IT as reflected through increased accessibility of data for regulatory compliance, and increased transparency of infrastructure changes; and a reduction of business risks from system failures and security breaches. EA also helps reduce risks of project delivery. Establishing EA as an accepted, recognized, functionally integrated and fully involved concept at operational and tactical levels is one of the biggest challenges facing Enterprise Architects today and one of the main reasons why many EA initiatives fail.
A key concern about EA has been the difficulty in arriving at metrics of success because of the broad-brush and often opaque nature of EA projects. Additionally, there have been a number of reports, including those written by Ivar Jacobson, Gartner, Erasmus University Rotterdam and IDS Scheer, Dion Hinchcliffe, and Stanley Gaver, that argue that the frequent failure of EA initiatives makes the concept not worth the effort and that the methodology will fade out quickly.
Relationship to other disciplines
According to the Federation of Enterprise Architecture Professional Organizations (FEAPO), EA interacts with a wide array of other disciplines commonly found in business settings such as performance engineering and management, process engineering and management, IT and enterprise portfolio management, governance and compliance, IT strategic planning, risk analysis, information management, metadata management, organization development, design thinking, systems thinking, and user experience design. The EA of an organization is too complex and extensive to document in its entirety, so knowledge management techniques provide a way to explore and analyze these hidden, tacit, or implicit areas. In return, EA provides a way of documenting the components of an organization and their interaction in a systemic and holistic way that complements knowledge management.
In various venues, EA has been discussed as having a relationship with Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), a particular style of application integration. Research points to EA promoting the use of SOA as an enterprise-wide integration pattern. The broad reach of EA has resulted in this business role being included in the information technology governance processes of many organizations. Analyst firm Real Story Group suggested that EA and the emerging concept of the digital workplace are "two sides to the same coin." The Cutter Consortium described EA as an information and knowledge-based discipline.
See also
Origins of enterprise architecture
Enterprise architecture artifacts
Enterprise architecture framework
Architectural pattern (computer science)
Architecture of Integrated Information Systems
Architecture of Interoperable Information Systems
Architecture domain
John Zachman, promoter of enterprise architecture
Enterprise Architecture Service Life Cycle - SOMF
External links
United States Department of Defense definition of EA (archive)
Media related to Enterprise architecture at Wikimedia Commons
Quotations related to Enterprise architecture at Wikiquote
The dictionary definition of enterprise architecture at Wiktionary
References
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^ "EA-Success". The White House. 2010. Archived from the original on April 30, 2010.
^ Austin, Robert D.; Ritchie, Warren; Garrett, Greggory (October 5, 2005). "Volkswagen of America: Managing IT Priorities". Harvard Business Review.
^ "FEA Practice Guidance Federal Enterprise Architecture Program Management Office OMB" (PDF). The White House. November 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 16, 2010.
^ "Enterprise Architecture (EA)". Gartner. Retrieved July 29, 2013.
^ Jarvis, Bob (2003). Enterprise Architecture: Understanding the Bigger Picture – A Best Practice Guide for Decision Makers in IT. Manchester, England, United Kingdom: The UK National Computing Centre. p. 9.
^ "Planning an EA – Purpose". Enterprise Architecture Book of Knowledge. Mitre Corporation. Archived from the original on October 1, 2013. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
^ "Business Analysis Body of Knowledge". International Institute of Business Analysis. Archived from the original on June 24, 2017.
^ Giachett, R.E. (2010). Design of Enterprise Systems, Theory, Architecture, and Methods. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press.
^ a b "ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010:2011: Systems and software engineering — Architecture description". International Organization for Standardization. November 24, 2011. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
^ Kotusev, Svyatoslav; Kurnia, Sherah (September 1, 2021). "The theoretical basis of enterprise architecture: A critical review and taxonomy of relevant theories". Journal of Information Technology. 36 (3): 275–315. doi:10.1177/0268396220977873. ISSN 0268-3962. S2CID 230545944.
^ a b Zachman, John A. (1999). "A framework for information systems architecture". IBM Systems Journal. 38 (2/3) (reprint ed.): 454–470. doi:10.1147/sj.382.0454. S2CID 12191060.
^ a b Fong, E. N.; Goldfine, E.H. (December 1989). "Information management directions: the integration challenge" (PDF). SIGMOD Record. 18 (4): 40–43. doi:10.1145/74120.74125. S2CID 23939840.
^ Lapalme, J. (November 2012). "Three Schools of Thought on Enterprise Architecture". IT Professional. 14 (6): 37–43. doi:10.1109/MITP.2011.109. S2CID 206469705.
^ Vasilis Boucharas; Marlies van Steenbergen; Slinger Jansen; Sjaak Brinkkemper. The Contribution of Enterprise Architecture to the Achievement of Organizational Goals: Establishing the Enterprise Architecture Benefits Framework, Technical Report (PDF) (Report). Utrecht, The Netherlands: Department of Information and Computing Sciences at Utrecht University. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 4, 2022. Retrieved November 29, 2014.
^ Bert Arnold; Martin Op 't Land; Jan Dietz (2005). "Effects of an architectural approach to the implementation of shared service centers". In Fethi Rabhi; Daniel Veit; Christof Weinhardt (eds.). Financecom05: Second international workshop on Enterprise, applications and services in the finance industry. Regensburg, Germany: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
^ a b c Schekkerman, Jaap. Trends in enterprise architecture 2005: How are organizations progressing? (Report). Institute For Enterprise Architecture Developments. p. 33.
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^ a b Nilsson, Andreas (2008). Management of technochange in an interorganizational E-government project (Report). Proceedings of the 41st Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. p. 209.
^ a b c Varnus, J.; Panaich, N. (July 20, 2009). TOGAF 9 enterprise architecture survey results (PDF) (Report). 23rd Enterprise Architecture Practitioners Conference. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2009.
^ a b c d e f Ross, J.W.; Weill, P. (2005). Understanding the benefits of enterprise architecture (Report). Vol. V. CISR Research Briefings.
^ Quartel, Dick; Steen, Maarten W.A.; Lankhorst, Marc M. (May 1, 2012). "Application and project portfolio valuation using enterprise architecture and business requirements modelling". Enterprise Information Systems. 6 (2): 189–213. Bibcode:2012EntIS...6..189Q. doi:10.1080/17517575.2011.625571. ISSN 1751-7575. S2CID 28199240.
^ Engelsman, W.; Iacob, M.E.; Franken, H.M.; Jonkers, J. (2009). "Architecture-driven requirements engineering". Advances in Enterprise Engineering II (Report). Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. Vol. 28. Honolulu, Hawaii, USA: Proceedings of the 2009 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing. pp. 285–286. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01859-6_8. ISBN 978-3-642-01858-9.
^ a b Kappelman, Leon; McGinnis, Tom; Pettite, Alex; Sidorova, Anna (2008). Enterprise Architecture: Charting the Territory for Academic Research (Report). AMCIS 2008 Proceedings.
^ Pulkkinen, M.; Luostarinen, K.; Naumenko, A. (2007). "Managing information security in a business network of machinery maintenance services business - Enterprise architecture as a coordination tool". Journal of Systems and Software. 80 (10): 1607–1620. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2007.01.044.
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^ Günther, Wendy Arianne (August 2014). Measuring Enterprise Architecture Effectiveness: A Focus on Key Performance Indicators (PDF) (Master's thesis). Universiteit Leiden. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
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^ "Gartner Enterprise Architecture Summit: Architecting the Agile Organization, 26 – 27 September 2007". Gartner. 2007. Archived from the original on August 6, 2007.
^ Roeleven, S.; Broer, J. (2010). Why Two Thirds of Enterprise Architecture Projects Fail (Report). ARIS. Archived from the original on November 13, 2013.
^ Hinchcliffe, Dion (September 3, 2009). "Fixing Enterprise Architecture: Balancing the Forces of Change in the Modern Organization". ebiz. Archived from the original on September 6, 2009.
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^ Richardson, Clay (April 12, 2013). "Design Thinking Reshapes EA For Dynamic Business". Forrester. Archived from the original on April 19, 2013.
^ McKendrick, Joe (May 19, 2010). "Gartner urges more 'design thinking' to break enterprise architecture out of its silo". ZDNet. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
^ Owens, Leslie (February 2, 2010). "Who Owns Information Architecture? All Of Us". Forrester. Archived from the original on February 5, 2010.
^ Evernden, Elaine; Evernden, Roger (2003). Information First - Integrating Knowledge and Information Architecture for Business Advantage. Oxford, England, UK: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-5858-4.
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These practices utilize the various aspects of an enterprise to identify, motivate, and achieve these changes.\"[1]The United States Federal Government is an example of an organization that practices EA, in this case with its Capital Planning and Investment Control processes.[2] Companies such as Independence Blue Cross, Intel, Volkswagen AG,[3] and InterContinental Hotels Group also use EA to improve their business architectures as well as to improve business performance and productivity. Additionally, the Federal Enterprise Architecture's reference guide aids federal agencies in the development of their architectures.[4]","title":"Enterprise architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"decision making","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_making"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"National Computing Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Computing_Centre"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"As a discipline, EA \"proactively and holistically lead[s] enterprise responses to disruptive forces by identifying and analyzing the execution of change\" towards organizational goals. EA gives business and IT leaders recommendations for policy adjustments and provides best strategies to support and enable business development and change within the information systems the business depends on. EA provides a guide for decision making towards these objectives.[5] The National Computing Centre's EA best practice guidance states that an EA typically \"takes the form of a comprehensive set of cohesive models that describe the structure and functions of an enterprise. The individual models in an EA are arranged in a logical manner that provides an ever-increasing level of detail about the enterprise.\"[6]Important players within EA include enterprise architects and solutions architects. Enterprise architects are at the top level of the architect hierarchy, meaning they have more responsibilities than solutions architects. While solutions architects focus on their own relevant solutions, enterprise architects focus on solutions for and the impact on the whole organization. Enterprise architects oversee many solution architects and business functions. As practitioners of EA, enterprise architects support an organization's strategic vision by acting to align people, process, and technology decisions with actionable goals and objectives that result in quantifiable improvements toward achieving that vision. The practice of EA \"analyzes areas of common activity within or between organizations, where information and other resources are exchanged to guide future states from an integrated viewpoint of strategy, business, and technology.\"[7]","title":"Introduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"organizational unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_unit"},{"link_name":"organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"sociotechnical system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociotechnical_system"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Giachetti-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISO42010-10"},{"link_name":"transformation of a business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_transformation"},{"link_name":"enterprise architecture framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_architecture_framework"},{"link_name":"artifact descriptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_architecture_artifacts"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"sponsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sponsor"},{"link_name":"vision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_(business)"},{"link_name":"standardization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardization"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISO42010-10"},{"link_name":"views","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_model"},{"link_name":"business processes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_process"},{"link_name":"data flows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_flow"},{"link_name":"data stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_store"},{"link_name":"business applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_application"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"John Zachman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Zachman"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zachman-12"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIST_SP_500-167-13"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Business unit architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_architecture"},{"link_name":"cooperating organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperate"},{"link_name":"customers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customers"},{"link_name":"federal agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_agency"},{"link_name":"standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_standard"},{"link_name":"policies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policies"},{"link_name":"procedures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedure_(business)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIST_SP_500-167-13"},{"link_name":"strategic planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_planning"},{"link_name":"methodology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodology"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zachman-12"}],"sub_title":"Definitions","text":"The term enterprise can be defined as an organizational unit, organization, or collection of organizations that share a set of common goals and collaborate to provide specific products or services to customers.[8] In that sense, the term enterprise covers various types of organizations, regardless of their size, ownership model, operational model, or geographical distribution. It includes those organizations' complete sociotechnical system,[9] including people, information, processes, and technologies. Enterprise as a sociotechnical system defines the scope of EA.The term architecture refers to fundamental concepts or properties of a system in its environment; and embodied in its elements, relationships, and in the principles of its design and evolution.[10] A methodology for developing and using architecture to guide the transformation of a business from a baseline state to a target state, sometimes through several transition states, is usually known as an enterprise architecture framework. A framework provides a structured collection of processes, techniques, artifact descriptions, reference models, and guidance for the production and use of an enterprise-specific architecture description.[citation needed]Paramount to changing the EA is the identification of a sponsor. Their mission, vision, strategy, and the governance framework define all roles, responsibilities, and relationships involved in the anticipated transformation. Changes considered by enterprise architects typically include innovations in the structure or processes of an organization; innovations in the use of information systems or technologies; the integration and/or standardization of business processes; and improvement of the quality and timeliness of business information.[citation needed]According to the standard ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010,[10] the product used to describe the architecture of a system is called an architectural description. In practice, an architectural description contains a variety of lists, tables, and diagrams. These are models known as views. In the case of EA, these models describe the logical business functions or capabilities, business processes, human roles and actors, the physical organization structure, data flows and data stores, business applications and platform applications, hardware, and communications infrastructure.[11]The first use of the term \"enterprise architecture\" is often incorrectly attributed to John Zachman's 1987 A framework for information systems architecture.[12] The first publication to use it was instead a National Institute of Standards (NIST) Special Publication[13] on the challenges of information system integration.[citation needed] The NIST article describes EA as consisting of several levels. Business unit architecture is the top level and might be a total corporate entity or a sub-unit. It establishes for the whole organization necessary frameworks for \"satisfying both internal information needs\" as well as the needs of external entities, which include cooperating organizations, customers, and federal agencies. The lower levels of the EA that provide information to higher levels are more attentive to detail on behalf of their superiors. In addition to this structure, business unit architecture establishes standards, policies, and procedures that either enhance or stymie the organization's mission.[13]The main difference between these two definitions is that Zachman's concept was the creation of individual information systems optimized for business, while NIST's described the management of all information systems within a business unit. The definitions in both publications, however, agreed that due to the \"increasing size and complexity of the [i]mplementations of [i]nformation systems... logical construct[s] (or architecture) for defining and controlling the interfaces and... [i]ntegration of all the components of a system\" is necessary. Zachman in particular urged for a \"strategic planning methodology.\"[12]","title":"Introduction"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lapalme-14"},{"link_name":"IT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology"},{"link_name":"IS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_science"}],"sub_title":"Schools of thought","text":"Within the field of enterprise architecture, there are three overarching schools: Enterprise IT Design, Enterprise Integrating, and Enterprise Ecosystem Adaption. Which school one subscribes to will impact how they see the EA's purpose and scope, as well as the means of achieving it, the skills needed to conduct it, and the locus of responsibility for conducting it.[14]Under Enterprise IT Design, the main purpose of EA is to guide the process of planning and designing an enterprise's IT/IS capabilities to meet the desired organizational objectives, often by greater alignment between IT/IS and business concerns. Architecture proposals and decisions are limited to the IT/IS aspects of the enterprise and other aspects service only as inputs. The Enterprise Integrating school believes that the purpose of EA is to create a greater coherency between the various concerns of an enterprise (HR, IT, Operations, etc.), including the link between strategy formulation and execution. Architecture proposals and decisions here encompass all aspects of the enterprise. The Enterprise Ecosystem Adaption school states that the purpose of EA is to foster and maintain the learning capabilities of enterprises so they may be sustainable. Consequently, a great deal of emphasis is put on improving the capabilities of the enterprise to improve itself, to innovate, and to coevolve with its environment. Typically, proposals and decisions encompass both the enterprise and its environment.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schekkerman-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bucher-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nilsson-19"},{"link_name":"integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_integration"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-varnus-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rossweill-21"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schekkerman-17"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bucher-18"},{"link_name":"project stakeholders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_stakeholder"},{"link_name":"project scoping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scope_(project_management)"},{"link_name":"deliverabless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deliverables"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nilsson-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-varnus-20"},{"link_name":"requirements elicitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requirements_elicitation"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"optimal system designs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimal_design"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schekkerman-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bucher-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bucher-18"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rossweill-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rossweill-21"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kappelman-24"},{"link_name":"interoperability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperability"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-varnus-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rossweill-21"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kappelman-24"},{"link_name":"open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-closed_principle"},{"link_name":"responsive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsiveness"},{"link_name":"regulatory compliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulatory_compliance"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rossweill-21"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"business risks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_risks"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rossweill-21"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"metrics of success","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_indicator"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Ivar Jacobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivar_Jacobson"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Gartner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartner"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Erasmus University Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erasmus_University_Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"IDS Scheer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDS_Scheer"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Dion Hinchcliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dion_Hinchcliffe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Stanley Gaver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Gaver&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Benefits, challenges, and criticisms","text":"The benefits of EA are achieved through its direct and indirect contributions to organizational goals.[15] Notable benefits include support in the areas related to design and re-design of the organizational structures during mergers, acquisitions, or general organizational change;[16][17][18][19] enforcement of discipline and business process standardization, and enablement of process consolidation, reuse, and integration;[20][21] support for investment decision-making and work prioritization;[17][22][18] enhancement of collaboration and communication between project stakeholders and contribution to efficient project scoping and to defining more complete and consistent project deliverabless;[19][20] and an increase in the timeliness of requirements elicitation and the accuracy of requirement definitions through publishing of the EA documentation.[23]Other benefits include contribution to optimal system designs and efficient resource allocation during system development and testing;[17][18] enforcement of discipline and standardization of IT planning activities and contribution to a reduction in time for technology-related decision making;[18][21] reduction of the system's implementation and operational costs, and minimization of replicate infrastructure services across business units;[21][24] reduction in IT complexity, consolidation of data and applications, and improvement of interoperability of the systems;[20][21][24] more open and responsive IT as reflected through increased accessibility of data for regulatory compliance, and increased transparency of infrastructure changes;[21][25] and a reduction of business risks from system failures and security breaches. EA also helps reduce risks of project delivery.[21][26] Establishing EA as an accepted, recognized, functionally integrated and fully involved concept at operational and tactical levels is one of the biggest challenges facing Enterprise Architects today and one of the main reasons why many EA initiatives fail.[27]A key concern about EA has been the difficulty in arriving at metrics of success because of the broad-brush and often opaque nature of EA projects.[28] Additionally, there have been a number of reports, including those written by Ivar Jacobson,[29] Gartner,[30] Erasmus University Rotterdam and IDS Scheer,[31] Dion Hinchcliffe,[32] and Stanley Gaver,[33] that argue that the frequent failure of EA initiatives makes the concept not worth the effort and that the methodology will fade out quickly.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"performance engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_engineering"},{"link_name":"management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_management"},{"link_name":"process engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_engineering"},{"link_name":"management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_management_(project_management)"},{"link_name":"IT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IT_portfolio_management"},{"link_name":"enterprise portfolio management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_project_management"},{"link_name":"governance and compliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance,_risk_management,_and_compliance"},{"link_name":"risk analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_analysis"},{"link_name":"information management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_management"},{"link_name":"metadata management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata_management"},{"link_name":"organization development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_development"},{"link_name":"design thinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_thinking"},{"link_name":"systems thinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_thinking"},{"link_name":"user experience design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_experience_design"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-feapo-1"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"knowledge management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_management"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Service Oriented Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Oriented_Architecture"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"information technology governance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology_governance"},{"link_name":"Real Story Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Story_Group"},{"link_name":"digital workplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_workplace"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"According to the Federation of Enterprise Architecture Professional Organizations (FEAPO), EA interacts with a wide array of other disciplines commonly found in business settings such as performance engineering and management, process engineering and management, IT and enterprise portfolio management, governance and compliance, IT strategic planning, risk analysis, information management, metadata management, organization development, design thinking, systems thinking, and user experience design.[1][34][35][36] The EA of an organization is too complex and extensive to document in its entirety, so knowledge management techniques provide a way to explore and analyze these hidden, tacit, or implicit areas. In return, EA provides a way of documenting the components of an organization and their interaction in a systemic and holistic way that complements knowledge management.[37]In various venues,[38] EA has been discussed as having a relationship with Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), a particular style of application integration. Research points to EA promoting the use of SOA as an enterprise-wide integration pattern.[39][40] The broad reach of EA has resulted in this business role being included in the information technology governance processes of many organizations. Analyst firm Real Story Group suggested that EA and the emerging concept of the digital workplace are \"two sides to the same coin.\"[41] The Cutter Consortium described EA as an information and knowledge-based discipline.[42]","title":"Relationship to other disciplines"}]
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[{"title":"Origins of enterprise architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_enterprise_architecture"},{"title":"Enterprise architecture artifacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_architecture_artifacts"},{"title":"Enterprise architecture framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_architecture_framework"},{"title":"Architectural pattern (computer science)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_pattern_(computer_science)"},{"title":"Architecture of Integrated Information Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Integrated_Information_Systems"},{"title":"Architecture of Interoperable Information Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Interoperable_Information_Systems"},{"title":"Architecture domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_domain"},{"title":"John Zachman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Zachman"},{"title":"Enterprise Architecture Service Life Cycle - SOMF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-oriented_modeling#Service-oriented_modeling_framework"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Common Perspectives on Enterprise Architecture\" (PDF). Architecture and Governance Magazine. 9 (4): 1. November 2013. Retrieved March 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://feapo.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Common-Perspectives-on-Enterprise-Architecture-Final-1-copy.pdf","url_text":"\"Common Perspectives on Enterprise Architecture\""}]},{"reference":"\"EA-Success\". The White House. 2010. Archived from the original on April 30, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/omb/E-Gov/ea_success.aspx","url_text":"\"EA-Success\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100430152712/http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/E-Gov/ea_success.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Austin, Robert D.; Ritchie, Warren; Garrett, Greggory (October 5, 2005). \"Volkswagen of America: Managing IT Priorities\". Harvard Business Review.","urls":[{"url":"https://lawaspect.com/volkswagen-america-managing/","url_text":"\"Volkswagen of America: Managing IT Priorities\""}]},{"reference":"\"FEA Practice Guidance Federal Enterprise Architecture Program Management Office OMB\" (PDF). The White House. November 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101016043354/http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/fea_docs/FEA_Practice_Guidance_Nov_2007.pdf","url_text":"\"FEA Practice Guidance Federal Enterprise Architecture Program Management Office OMB\""},{"url":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/fea_docs/FEA_Practice_Guidance_Nov_2007.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Enterprise Architecture (EA)\". Gartner. Retrieved July 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gartner.com/it-glossary/enterprise-architecture-ea/","url_text":"\"Enterprise Architecture (EA)\""}]},{"reference":"Jarvis, Bob (2003). Enterprise Architecture: Understanding the Bigger Picture – A Best Practice Guide for Decision Makers in IT. Manchester, England, United Kingdom: The UK National Computing Centre. p. 9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Planning an EA – Purpose\". Enterprise Architecture Book of Knowledge. Mitre Corporation. Archived from the original on October 1, 2013. Retrieved October 3, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131001215616/http://www2.mitre.org/public/eabok/planning_an_ea/purpose.html","url_text":"\"Planning an EA – Purpose\""},{"url":"http://www2.mitre.org/public/eabok/planning_an_ea/purpose.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Business Analysis Body of Knowledge\". International Institute of Business Analysis. Archived from the original on June 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170624233443/http://www.iiba.org/babok-guide.aspx","url_text":"\"Business Analysis Body of Knowledge\""},{"url":"http://www.iiba.org/babok-guide.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Giachett, R.E. (2010). Design of Enterprise Systems, Theory, Architecture, and Methods. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010:2011: Systems and software engineering — Architecture description\". International Organization for Standardization. November 24, 2011. Retrieved March 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iso.org/standard/50508.html","url_text":"\"ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010:2011: Systems and software engineering — Architecture description\""}]},{"reference":"Kotusev, Svyatoslav; Kurnia, Sherah (September 1, 2021). \"The theoretical basis of enterprise architecture: A critical review and taxonomy of relevant theories\". Journal of Information Technology. 36 (3): 275–315. doi:10.1177/0268396220977873. ISSN 0268-3962. S2CID 230545944.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/0268396220977873","url_text":"\"The theoretical basis of enterprise architecture: A critical review and taxonomy of relevant theories\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0268396220977873","url_text":"10.1177/0268396220977873"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0268-3962","url_text":"0268-3962"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:230545944","url_text":"230545944"}]},{"reference":"Zachman, John A. (1999). \"A framework for information systems architecture\". IBM Systems Journal. 38 (2/3) (reprint ed.): 454–470. doi:10.1147/sj.382.0454. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_architecture_framework
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Enterprise architecture framework
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["1 Overview","2 History","3 EA framework topics","3.1 Architecture domain","3.2 Layers of the enterprise architecture","4 Components of enterprise architecture framework","4.1 Enterprise architecture domains and subdomains","4.2 View model","4.3 Standardization","5 Types of enterprise architecture framework","5.1 Consortia-developed frameworks","5.2 Defense industry frameworks","5.3 Government frameworks","5.4 Open-source frameworks","5.5 Proprietary frameworks","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
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Frame in which the architecture of a company is defined
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NIST Enterprise Architecture Model initiated in 1989, one of the earliest frameworks for enterprise architecture.
An enterprise architecture framework (EA framework) defines how to create and use an enterprise architecture. An architecture framework provides principles and practices for creating and using the architecture description of a system. It structures architects' thinking by dividing the architecture description into domains, layers, or views, and offers models – typically matrices and diagrams – for documenting each view. This allows for making systemic design decisions on all the components of the system and making long-term decisions around new design requirements, sustainability, and support.
Overview
Enterprise architecture regards the enterprise as a large and complex system or system of systems. To manage the scale and complexity of this system, an architectural framework provides tools and approaches that help architects abstract from the level of detail at which builders work, to bring enterprise design tasks into focus and produce valuable architecture description documentation.
The components of an architecture framework provide structured guidance that is divided into three main areas:
Descriptions of architecture: how to document the enterprise as a system, from several viewpoints. Each view describes one slice of the architecture; it includes those entities and relationships that address particular concerns of interest to particular stakeholders; it may take the form of a list, a table, a diagram, or a higher level of composite of such.
Methods for designing architecture: processes that architects follow. Usually, an overarching enterprise architecture process, composed of phases, broken into lower-level processes composed of finer grained activities. A process is defined by its objectives, inputs, phases (steps or activities) and outputs. It may be supported by approaches, techniques, tools, principles, rules, and practices.
Organization of architects: guidance on the team structure and the governance of the team, including the skills, experience, and training needed.
History
Overview of Enterprise Architecture Frameworks evolution (1987–2003). On the left: The Zachman Framework 1987, NIST Enterprise Architecture 1989, EAP 1992, TISAF 1997, FEAF 1999 and TEAF 2000. On the right: TAFIM influenced by POSIX, JTA, JTAA, TOGAF 1995, DoD TRM and C4ISR 1996, and DoDAF 2003.
The earliest rudiments of the step-wise planning methodology currently advocated by The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) and other EA frameworks can be traced back to the article of Marshall K. Evans and Lou R. Hague titled "Master Plan for Information Systems" published in 1962 in Harvard Business Review.
Since the 1970s people working in IS/IT have looked for ways to engage business people – to enable business roles and processes - and to influence investment in business information systems and technologies – with a view to the wide and long term benefits of the enterprise. Many of the aims, principles, concepts and methods now employed in EA frameworks were established in the 1980s, and can be found in IS and IT architecture frameworks published in that decade and the next.
By 1980, IBM's Business Systems Planning (BSP) was promoted as a method for analyzing and designing an organization's information architecture, with the following goals:
understand the issues and opportunities with the current applications and technical architecture;
develop a future state and migration path for the technology that supports the enterprise;
provide business executives with a direction and decision making framework for IT capital expenditures;
provide the information system (IS) with a blueprint for development.
In 1982, when working for IBM and with BSP, John Zachman outlined his framework for enterprise-level "Information Systems Architecture". Then and in later papers, Zachman used the word enterprise as a synonym for business. "Although many popular information systems planning methodologies, design approaches, and various tools and techniques do not preclude or are not inconsistent with enterprise-level analysis, few of them explicitly address or attempt to define enterprise architectures." However, in this article the term "Enterprise Architecture" was mentioned only once without any specific definition and all subsequent works of Zachman used the term "Information Systems Architecture".
In 1986, the PRISM architecture framework was developed as a result of the research project sponsored by a group of companies, including IBM, which was seemingly the first published EA framework.
In 1987, John Zachman, who was a marketing specialist at IBM, published the paper, A Framework for Information Systems Architecture. The paper provided a classification scheme for artifacts that describe (at several levels of abstraction) the what, how, where, who, when and why of information systems. Given IBM already employed BSP, Zachman had no need to provide planning process. The paper did not mention enterprise architecture.
In 1989, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) published the NIST Enterprise Architecture Model. This was a five-layer reference model that illustrates the interrelationship of business, information system, and technology domains. It was promoted within the U.S. federal government. It was not an EA framework as we see it now, but it helped to establish the notion of dividing EA into architecture domains or layers. The NIST Enterprise Architecture Model seemingly was the first publication that consistently used the term "Enterprise Architecture".
In 1990, the term "Enterprise Architecture" was formally defined for the first time as an architecture that "defines and interrelates data, hardware, software, and communications resources, as well as the supporting organization required to maintain the overall physical structure required by the architecture".
In 1992, a paper by Zachman and Sowa started thus "John Zachman introduced a framework for information systems architecture (ISA) that has been widely adopted by systems analysts and database designers." The term enterprise architecture did not appear. The paper was about using the ISA framework to describe, “...the overall information system and how it relates to the enterprise and its surrounding environment.” The word enterprise was used as a synonym for business.
In 1993, Stephen Spewak's book Enterprise Architecture Planning (EAP) defined a process for defining architectures for the use of information in support of the business and the plan for implementing those architectures. The business mission is the primary driver. Then the data required to satisfy the mission. Then the applications built to store and provide that data. Finally the technology to implement the applications. Enterprise Architecture Planning is a data-centric approach to architecture planning. An aim is to improve data quality, access to data, adaptability to changing requirements, data interoperability and sharing, and cost containment. EAP has its roots in IBM's Business Systems Planning (BSP).
In 1994, the Open Group selected TAFIM from the US DoD as a basis for development of TOGAF, where architecture meant IT architecture. TOGAF started out taking a strategic and enterprise-wide, but technology-oriented, view. It emerged from the desire to rationalize a messy IT estate. Right up to version 7, TOGAF was still focused on defining and using a Technical Reference Model (or foundation architecture) to define the platform services required from the technologies that an entire enterprise uses to support business applications.
In 1996, the US IT Management Reform Act, more commonly known as the Clinger-Cohen Act, repeatedly directed that a US federal government agency's investment in IT must be mapped to identifiable business benefits. In addition, it made the agency CIO responsible for, “...developing, maintaining and facilitating the implementation of a sound and integrated IT architecture for the executive agency.”
By 1997, Zachman had renamed and refocused his ISA framework as an EA framework; it remained a classification scheme for descriptive artifacts, not a process for planning systems or changes to systems.
In 1998, The Federal CIO Council began developing the Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework (FEAF) in accordance with the priorities enunciated in Clinger-Cohen and issued it in 1999. FEAF was a process much like TOGAF's ADM, in which “The architecture team generates a sequencing plan for the transition of systems, applications, and associated business practices predicated upon a detailed gap analysis .”
In 2001, the US Chief CIO council published A practical guide to Federal Enterprise Architecture, which starts, “An enterprise architecture (EA) establishes the Agency-wide roadmap to achieve an Agency's mission through optimal performance of its core business processes within an efficient information technology (IT) environment."
At that point, the processes in TOGAF, FEAF, EAP and BSP were clearly related.
In 2002/3, in its Enterprise Edition, TOGAF 8 shifted focus from the technology architecture layer to the higher business, data and application layers. It introduced structured analysis, after information technology engineering, which features, for example, mappings of organization units to business functions and data entities to business functions. Today, business functions are often called business capabilities. And many enterprise architects regard their business function/capability hierarchy/map as the fundamental Enterprise Architecture artifact. They relate data entities, use cases, applications and technologies to the functions/capabilities.
In 2006, the popular book Enterprise Architecture As Strategy reported the results of work by MIT's Center for Information System Research. This book emphasises the need for enterprise architects to focus on core business processes ("Companies excel because they've which processes they must execute well, and have implemented the IT systems to digitise those processes.") and to engage business managers with the benefits that strategic cross-organisational process integration and/or standardisation could provide.
A 2008 research project for the development of professional certificates in enterprise and solution architecture by the British Computer Society (BCS) showed that enterprise architecture has always been inseparable from information system architecture, which is natural, since business people need information to make decisions and carry out business processes.
In 2011, the TOGAF 9.1. specification says: "Business planning at the strategy level provides the initial direction to enterprise architecture." Normally, the business principles, business goals, and strategic drivers of the organization are defined elsewhere. In other words, Enterprise Architecture is not a business strategy, planning or management methodology. Enterprise Architecture strives to align business information systems technology with given business strategy, goals and drivers. The TOGAF 9.1 specification clarified, that, "A complete enterprise architecture description should contain all four architecture domains (business, data, application, technology), but the realities of resource and time constraints often mean there is not enough time, funding, or resources to build a top-down, all-inclusive architecture description encompassing all four architecture domains, even if the enterprise scope is less than the full extent of the overall enterprise."
In 2013, TOGAF is the most popular Architecture framework (judged by published certification numbers) that some assume it defines EA. However, some still use the term Enterprise Architecture as a synonym for Business Architecture, rather than covering all four architecture domains - business, data, applications and technology.
EA framework topics
Architecture domain
Layers of the enterprise architecture.
Since Stephen Spewak's Enterprise Architecture Planning (EAP) in 1993 – and perhaps before then – it has been normal to divide enterprises architecture into four architecture domains.
Business architecture,
Data architecture,
Applications architecture,
Technology architecture.
Note that the applications architecture is about the choice of and relationships between applications in the enterprise's application portfolio, not about the internal architecture of a single application (which is often called application architecture).
Many EA frameworks combine data and application domains into a single (digitized) information system layer, sitting below the business (usually a human activity system) and above the technology (the platform IT infrastructure).
Layers of the enterprise architecture
Example of the federal enterprise architecture, which has defined five architectural layers.
For many years, it has been common to regard the architecture domains as layers, with the idea that each layer contains components that execute processes and offer services to the layer above. This way of looking at the architecture domains was evident in TOGAF v1 (1996), which encapsulated the technology component layer behind the platform services defined in the "Technical Reference Model" - very much according to the philosophy of TAFIM and POSIX.
The view of architecture domains as layers can be presented thus:
Environment (the external entities and activities monitored, supported or directed by the business).
Business Layer (business functions offering services to each other and to external entities).
Data Layer (Business information and other valuable stored data)
Information System Layer (business applications offering information services to each other and to business functions)
Technology Layer (generic hardware, network and platform applications offering platform services to each other and to business applications).
Each layer delegates work to the layer below. In each layer, the components, the processes and the services can be defined at a coarse-grained level and decomposed into finer-grained components, processes and services. The graphic shows a variation on this theme.
Components of enterprise architecture framework
In addition to three major framework components discussed above.
Description advice: some kind of Architecture Artifacts Map or Viewpoint Library
Process advice: some kind of Architecture Development Method, with supporting guidance.
Organization advice: including an EA Governance Model
An ideal EA framework should feature:
Business value measurement metrics
EA initiative model
EA maturity model
Enterprise communication model
Most modern EA frameworks (e.g. TOGAF, ASSIMPLER, EAF) include most of the above. Zachman has always focused on architecture description advice.
Enterprise architecture domains and subdomains
Enterprise architecture reference architecture with sub domains
The application and technology domains (not to be confused with business domains) are characterized by domain capabilities and domain services. The capabilities are supported by the services. The application services are also referred to in service-oriented architecture (SOA). The technical services are typically supported by software products.
The data view starts with the data classes which can be decomposed into data subjects which can be further decomposed into data entities. The basic data model type which is most commonly used is called merda (master entity relationship diagrams assessment, see entity-relationship model). The Class, subject and entity forms a hierarchical view of data. Enterprises may have millions of instances of data entities.
The Enterprise Architecture Reference Traditional Model offers a clear distinction between the architecture domains (business, information/data, application/integration and technical/infrastructure). These domains can be further divided into Sub domain disciplines. An example of the EA domain and subdomains is in the image on the right.
Many enterprise architecture teams consist of Individuals with Skills aligned with the Enterprise Architecture Domains and sub-domain disciplines. Here are some examples: enterprise business architect, enterprise documentational architect, enterprise application architect, enterprise infrastructure architect, enterprise information architect, etc.
An example of the list of reference architecture patterns in the application and information architecture domains are available at Architectural pattern (computer science).
View model
Illustration of the 4+1 view model of architecture.
A view model is a framework that defines the set of views or approaches used in systems analysis, systems design, or the construction of an enterprise architecture.
Since the early 1990s, there have been a number of efforts to define standard approaches for describing and analyzing system architectures. Many of the recent Enterprise Architecture frameworks have some kind of set of views defined, but these sets are not always called view models.
Standardization
Perhaps the best-known standard in the field of software architecture and system architecture started life as IEEE 1471, an IEEE Standard for describing the architecture of a software-intensive system approved in 2000.
In its latest version, the standard is published as ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010:2011. The standard defines an architecture framework as conventions, principles and practices for the description of architectures established within a specific domain of application and/or community of stakeholders, and proposes an architecture framework is specified by:
the relevant stakeholders in the domain,
the types of concerns arising in that domain,
architecture viewpoints framing those concerns and
correspondence rules integrating those viewpoints cited before.
Architecture frameworks conforming to the standard can include additional methods, tools, definitions, and practices beyond those specified.
Types of enterprise architecture framework
Just a few of the Enterprise Architecture frameworks utilized today, 2011
Nowadays there are now countless EA frameworks, many more than in the following listing.
Consortia-developed frameworks
ARCON – A Reference Architecture for Collaborative Networks – not focused on a single enterprise but rather on networks of enterprises
The Cloud Security Alliance (Trusted Cloud Initiative) TCI reference architecture.
Generalised Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology (GERAM)
RM-ODP – the Reference Model of Open Distributed Processing (ITU-T Rec. X.901-X.904 | ISO/IEC 10746) defines an enterprise architecture framework for structuring the specifications of open distributed systems.
IDEAS Group – a four-nation effort to develop a common ontology for architecture interoperability
ISO 19439 Framework for enterprise modelling
TOGAF – The Open Group Architecture Framework – a widely used framework including an architectural Development Method and standards for describing various types of architecture.
Defense industry frameworks
AGATE – the France DGA Architecture Framework
DNDAF – the DND/CF Architecture Framework (CAN)
DoDAF – the US Department of Defense Architecture Framework
MODAF – the UK Ministry of Defence Architecture Framework
NAF – the NATO Architecture Framework
Government frameworks
European Space Agency Architectural Framework (ESAAF) - a framework for European space-based Systems of Systems
FDIC Enterprise Architecture Framework
Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework (FEAF) – a framework produced in 1999 by the US Federal CIO Council for use within the US Government (not to be confused with the 2002 Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA) guidance on categorizing and grouping IT investments, issued by the US Federal Office of Management and Budget)
Government Enterprise Architecture (GEA) – a common framework legislated for use by departments of the Queensland Government
Nederlandse Overheid Referentie Architectuur (NORA) – a reference framework from the Dutch Government E-overheid NORA
NIST Enterprise Architecture Model
Treasury Enterprise Architecture Framework (TEAF) – a framework for treasury, published by the US Department of the Treasury in July 2000.
Colombian Enterprise Architecture Framework - MRAE - Marco de Referencia de Arquitectura Empresarial Archived 2021-05-10 at the Wayback Machine a framework for all the Colombian Public Agencies
India Enterprise Architecture (IndEA) framework - IndEA is a reference framework from Government of India.
Open-source frameworks
Enterprise architecture frameworks that are released as open source:
ArchiMate
Lean Architecture Framework (LAF) is a collection of good practices thanks to which the IT environment will respond consistently and quickly to a changing business situation while maintaining its consistent form.
MEGAF (Mega-modeling Architecture Framework) is an infrastructure for realizing architecture frameworks that conform to the definition of architecture framework provided in ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010.
Praxeme, an open enterprise methodology, contains an enterprise architecture framework called the Enterprise System Topology (EST)
TRAK – a general systems-oriented framework based on MODAF 1.2 and released under GPL/GFDL.
Sherwood Applied Business Security Architecture (SABSA) is an open framework and methodology for Enterprise Security Architecture and Service Management, that is risk based and focuses on integrating security into business and IT management.
Proprietary frameworks
ASSIMPLER Framework – an architecture framework, based on the work of Mandar Vanarse at Wipro in 2002
Avancier Methods (AM) Processes and documentation advice for enterprise and solution architects, supported by training and certification.
BRM (Build-Run-Manage) Framework - an architecture framework created by Sanjeev "Sunny" Mishra during his early days at IBM in 2000.
Capgemini Integrated Architecture Framework (IAF) – from Capgemini company in 1993
Dragon1 - An open Visual Enterprise Architecture Method recently recognized by The Open Group as Architecture Framework
DYA framework developed by Sogeti since 2004.
Dynamic Enterprise Enterprise architecture concept based on Web 2.0 technology
Extended Enterprise Architecture Framework - from Institute For Enterprise Architecture Developments in 2003
EACOE Framework – an Enterprise Architecture framework, as an elaboration of the work of John Zachman
IBM Information FrameWork (IFW) – conceived by Roger Evernden in 1996
Infomet - conceived by Pieter Viljoen in 1990
Labnaf - Unified Framework for Driving Enterprise Transformations
Pragmatic Enterprise Architecture Framework (PEAF) - part of Pragmatic Family of Frameworks developed by Kevin Lee Smith, Pragmatic EA, from 2008
Purdue Enterprise Reference Architecture developed by Theodore J. Williams at the Purdue University early 1990s.
Risk- and Cost-Driven Architecture (RCDA), developed by CGI since 2015.
SAP Enterprise Architecture Framework
Service-oriented modeling framework (SOMF), based on the work of Michael Bell
Solution Architecting Mechanism (SAM) – A coherent architecture framework consisting of a set of integral modules.
Zachman Framework – an architecture framework, based on the work of John Zachman at IBM in the 1980s
See also
Architecture patterns (EA reference architecture)
EABOK (The Guide to the Enterprise Architecture Body of Knowledge)
Enterprise architecture
Enterprise architecture artifacts
Enterprise architecture planning
Enterprise engineering
ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010
Reference architecture
References
^ The Chief Information Officers Council (1999). Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework Version 1.1 Archived 2012-02-13 at the Wayback Machine. September 1999.
^ "Tech Target". SearchCIO.
^ The Open Group (2008) TOGAF Version 9. Van Haren Publishing, 1 nov. 2008.p. 73
^ a b Stephen Marley (2003). Architectural Framework. NASA /SCI. At Webarchive.org, retrieved 3-04-2015.
^ Jaap Schekkerman (2004) How to Survive in the Jungle of Enterprise Architecture Frameworks. p.89 gives a similar scheme.
^ US Department of Defense (2001) Department of Defense Technical Reference Model. Version 2.0. 9 April 2001. p. 11, mentioned that also the DoD TRM is influenced by POSIX.
^ Evans, M. K. and Hague, L. R. (1962) Master Plan for Information Systems, Harvard Business Review, Vol. 40, No. 1, pp. 92-103.
^ Kotusev, Svyatoslav (2021) The Practice of Enterprise Architecture: A Modern Approach to Business and IT Alignment (2nd Edition). Melbourne, Australia: SK Publishing.
^ a b c d e Graham Berrisford (2008-13) "A brief history of EA: what is in it and what is not Archived 2013-09-18 at the Wayback Machine" on grahamberrisford.com, last update 16/07/2013. Accessed 16/07?2003
^ John Zachman (1982) Business Systems Planning and Business Information Control Study: A comparison in IBM Systems Journal 21(1). p32.
^ a b John A. Zachman (1987). A Framework for Information Systems Architecture. In: IBM Systems Journal, vol 26, no 3. IBM Publication G321-5298.
^ a b Zachman and Sowa (1992) Extending and formalising the framework of information systems architecture IBM Systems Journal, Vol 31, No 3
^ a b c d Svyatoslav Kotusev (2016). The History of Enterprise Architecture: An Evidence-Based Review. In: Journal of Enterprise Architecture, vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 29-37.
^ W.B. Rigdon (1989). Architectures and Standards. In Information Management Directions: The Integration Challenge (NIST Special Publication 500-167), E.N. Fong, A.H. Goldfine (Eds.), Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), pp.135-150.
^ Richardson, G.L.; Jackson, B.M.; Dickson, G.W. (1990). "A Principles-Based Enterprise Architecture: Lessons from Texaco and Star Enterprise". MIS Quarterly. 14 (4): 385–403. doi:10.2307/249787. JSTOR 249787.
^ Jeanne W. Ross, Peter Weill, and David C. Robertson (2006) Enterprise Architecture As Strategy: Creating a Foundation for Business Execution. Harvard Business Review Press
^ The Open Group (2011) TOGAF® 9.1 > Part II: Architecture Development Method (ADM) > Preliminary Phase. Accessed July 16, 2013
^ The Open Group (2011) TOGAF® 9.1 > Part II: Architecture Development Method (ADM) > Introduction to the ADM. Accessed July 16, 2013
^ TOGAF 9.1 White Paper An Introduction to TOGAF Version 9.1 http://www.opengroup.org/togaf/
^ Niles E Hewlett (2006), The USDA Enterprise Architecture Program Archived 2007-05-08 at the Wayback Machine. PMP CEA, Enterprise Architecture Team, USDA-OCIO. January 25, 2006.
^ FEA Consolidated Reference Model Document Archived 2010-07-05 at the Wayback Machine. whitehouse.gov May 2005.
^ Dennis E. Wisnosky (2011) Engineering Enterprise Architecture: Call to Action. in: Common Defense Quarterly. January 2011, p. 9
^ L.M. Camarinha-Matos, H. Afsarmanesh, Collaborative Networks: Reference Modeling, Springer, 2008.
^ Camarinha-Matos, L.M.; Afsarmanesh, H. (2008). "On reference models for collaborative networked organizations". International Journal Production Research. 46 (9): 2453–2469. doi:10.1080/00207540701737666. S2CID 51802872.
^ "The CSA TCI reference architecture" (PDF). Cloud Security Alliance. Archived from the original on 6 November 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2020.
^ DNDAF Archived 2011-04-24 at the Wayback Machine
^ Gianni, Daniele; Lindman, Niklas; Fuchs, Joachim; Suzic, Robert (2012). "Introducing the European Space Agency Architectural Framework for Space-Based Systems of Systems Engineering". Complex Systems Design & Management. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Complex Systems Design & Management CSDM 2011. Springer. pp. 335–346. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.214.9671. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-25203-7_24. ISBN 978-3-642-25202-0.
^ US Department of the Treasury Chief Information Officer Council (2000). Treasury Enterprise Architecture Framework Archived 2009-03-18 at the Wayback Machine. Version 1, July 2000.
^ https://lafinstitute.org/
^ MEGAF
^ SABSA
^ Avancier Methods (AM)
^ Labnaf
^ Pragmatic EA
^ Solution Architecting Mechanism (SAM)
^ Tony Shan and Winnie Hua (2006). Solution Architecting Mechanism. Proceedings of the 10th IEEE International EDOC Enterprise Computing Conference (EDOC 2006), October 2006, p23-32.
External links
Enterprise Architecture Frameworks: The Fad of the Century (July 2016)
A Comparison of the Top Four Enterprise Architecture Frameworks (July 2021)
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This allows for making systemic design decisions on all the components of the system and making long-term decisions around new design requirements, sustainability, and support.[2]","title":"Enterprise architecture framework"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"system of systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_of_systems"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SM03-4"}],"text":"Enterprise architecture regards the enterprise as a large and complex system or system of systems.[3] To manage the scale and complexity of this system, an architectural framework provides tools and approaches that help architects abstract from the level of detail at which builders work, to bring enterprise design tasks into focus and produce valuable architecture description documentation.The components of an architecture framework provide structured guidance that is divided into three main areas:[4]Descriptions of architecture: how to document the enterprise as a system, from several viewpoints. Each view describes one slice of the architecture; it includes those entities and relationships that address particular concerns of interest to particular stakeholders; it may take the form of a list, a table, a diagram, or a higher level of composite of such.\nMethods for designing architecture: processes that architects follow. Usually, an overarching enterprise architecture process, composed of phases, broken into lower-level processes composed of finer grained activities. A process is defined by its objectives, inputs, phases (steps or activities) and outputs. It may be supported by approaches, techniques, tools, principles, rules, and practices.\nOrganization of architects: guidance on the team structure and the governance of the team, including the skills, experience, and training needed.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Evolution_of_Enterprise_Architecture_Frameworks.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SM03-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Zachman Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachman_Framework"},{"link_name":"NIST Enterprise Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIST_Enterprise_Architecture_Model"},{"link_name":"EAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Architecture_Planning"},{"link_name":"TISAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TISAF"},{"link_name":"FEAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Enterprise_Architecture"},{"link_name":"TEAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_Enterprise_Architecture_Framework"},{"link_name":"TAFIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAFIM"},{"link_name":"POSIX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX"},{"link_name":"TOGAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOGAF"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"C4ISR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C4ISTAR"},{"link_name":"DoDAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoDAF"},{"link_name":"The Open Group Architecture Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Open_Group_Architecture_Framework"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Practice_of_EA-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GB_2013-9"},{"link_name":"Business Systems Planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Systems_Planning"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JZ_1982-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JZ_1987-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JZ_1992-12"},{"link_name":"PRISM architecture framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PRISM_architecture_framework&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HISTORY-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JZ_1987-11"},{"link_name":"artifacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_architecture_artifacts"},{"link_name":"NIST Enterprise Architecture Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIST_Enterprise_Architecture_Model"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HISTORY-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HISTORY-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JZ_1992-12"},{"link_name":"Enterprise Architecture Planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Architecture_Planning"},{"link_name":"Business Systems Planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Systems_Planning"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HISTORY-13"},{"link_name":"TAFIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TAFIM"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GB_2013-9"},{"link_name":"Clinger-Cohen Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinger-Cohen_Act"},{"link_name":"information technology engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology_engineering"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"British Computer Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Computer_Society"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GB_2013-9"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GB_2013-9"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"TOGAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOGAF"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GB_2013-9"}],"text":"Overview of Enterprise Architecture Frameworks evolution (1987–2003).[4][5] On the left: The Zachman Framework 1987, NIST Enterprise Architecture 1989, EAP 1992, TISAF 1997, FEAF 1999 and TEAF 2000. On the right: TAFIM influenced by POSIX, JTA, JTAA, TOGAF 1995, DoD TRM[6] and C4ISR 1996, and DoDAF 2003.The earliest rudiments of the step-wise planning methodology currently advocated by The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) and other EA frameworks can be traced back to the article of Marshall K. Evans and Lou R. Hague titled \"Master Plan for Information Systems\"[7] published in 1962 in Harvard Business Review.[8]Since the 1970s people working in IS/IT have looked for ways to engage business people – to enable business roles and processes - and to influence investment in business information systems and technologies – with a view to the wide and long term benefits of the enterprise. Many of the aims, principles, concepts and methods now employed in EA frameworks were established in the 1980s, and can be found in IS and IT architecture frameworks published in that decade and the next.[9]By 1980, IBM's Business Systems Planning (BSP) was promoted as a method for analyzing and designing an organization's information architecture, with the following goals:understand the issues and opportunities with the current applications and technical architecture;\ndevelop a future state and migration path for the technology that supports the enterprise;\nprovide business executives with a direction and decision making framework for IT capital expenditures;\nprovide the information system (IS) with a blueprint for development.In 1982, when working for IBM and with BSP, John Zachman outlined his framework for enterprise-level \"Information Systems Architecture\". Then and in later papers, Zachman used the word enterprise as a synonym for business. \"Although many popular information systems planning methodologies, design approaches, and various tools and techniques do not preclude or are not inconsistent with enterprise-level analysis, few of them explicitly address or attempt to define enterprise architectures.\"[10] However, in this article the term \"Enterprise Architecture\" was mentioned only once without any specific definition and all subsequent works of Zachman used the term \"Information Systems Architecture\".[11][12]In 1986, the PRISM architecture framework was developed as a result of the research project sponsored by a group of companies, including IBM, which was seemingly the first published EA framework.[13]In 1987, John Zachman, who was a marketing specialist at IBM, published the paper, A Framework for Information Systems Architecture.[11] The paper provided a classification scheme for artifacts that describe (at several levels of abstraction) the what, how, where, who, when and why of information systems. Given IBM already employed BSP, Zachman had no need to provide planning process. The paper did not mention enterprise architecture.In 1989, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) published the NIST Enterprise Architecture Model.[14] This was a five-layer reference model that illustrates the interrelationship of business, information system, and technology domains. It was promoted within the U.S. federal government. It was not an EA framework as we see it now, but it helped to establish the notion of dividing EA into architecture domains or layers. The NIST Enterprise Architecture Model seemingly was the first publication that consistently used the term \"Enterprise Architecture\".[13]In 1990, the term \"Enterprise Architecture\" was formally defined for the first time as an architecture that \"defines and interrelates data, hardware, software, and communications resources, as well as the supporting organization required to maintain the overall physical structure required by the architecture\".[13][15]In 1992, a paper by Zachman and Sowa[12] started thus \"John Zachman introduced a framework for information systems architecture (ISA) that has been widely adopted by systems analysts and database designers.\" The term enterprise architecture did not appear. The paper was about using the ISA framework to describe, “...the overall information system and how it relates to the enterprise and its surrounding environment.” The word enterprise was used as a synonym for business.In 1993, Stephen Spewak's book Enterprise Architecture Planning (EAP) defined a process for defining architectures for the use of information in support of the business and the plan for implementing those architectures. The business mission is the primary driver. Then the data required to satisfy the mission. Then the applications built to store and provide that data. Finally the technology to implement the applications. Enterprise Architecture Planning is a data-centric approach to architecture planning. An aim is to improve data quality, access to data, adaptability to changing requirements, data interoperability and sharing, and cost containment. EAP has its roots in IBM's Business Systems Planning (BSP).[13]In 1994, the Open Group selected TAFIM from the US DoD as a basis for development of TOGAF, where architecture meant IT architecture. TOGAF started out taking a strategic and enterprise-wide, but technology-oriented, view. It emerged from the desire to rationalize a messy IT estate. Right up to version 7, TOGAF was still focused on defining and using a Technical Reference Model (or foundation architecture) to define the platform services required from the technologies that an entire enterprise uses to support business applications.[9]In 1996, the US IT Management Reform Act, more commonly known as the Clinger-Cohen Act, repeatedly directed that a US federal government agency's investment in IT must be mapped to identifiable business benefits. In addition, it made the agency CIO responsible for, “...developing, maintaining and facilitating the implementation of a sound and integrated IT architecture for the executive agency.”By 1997, Zachman had renamed and refocused his ISA framework as an EA framework; it remained a classification scheme for descriptive artifacts, not a process for planning systems or changes to systems.In 1998, The Federal CIO Council began developing the Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework (FEAF) in accordance with the priorities enunciated in Clinger-Cohen and issued it in 1999. FEAF was a process much like TOGAF's ADM, in which “The architecture team generates a sequencing plan for the transition of systems, applications, and associated business practices predicated upon a detailed gap analysis [between baseline and target architectures].”In 2001, the US Chief CIO council published A practical guide to Federal Enterprise Architecture, which starts, “An enterprise architecture (EA) establishes the Agency-wide roadmap to achieve an Agency's mission through optimal performance of its core business processes within an efficient information technology (IT) environment.\"\nAt that point, the processes in TOGAF, FEAF, EAP and BSP were clearly related.In 2002/3, in its Enterprise Edition, TOGAF 8 shifted focus from the technology architecture layer to the higher business, data and application layers. It introduced structured analysis, after information technology engineering, which features, for example, mappings of organization units to business functions and data entities to business functions. Today, business functions are often called business capabilities. And many enterprise architects regard their business function/capability hierarchy/map as the fundamental Enterprise Architecture artifact. They relate data entities, use cases, applications and technologies to the functions/capabilities.In 2006, the popular book Enterprise Architecture As Strategy[16] reported the results of work by MIT's Center for Information System Research. This book emphasises the need for enterprise architects to focus on core business processes (\"Companies excel because they've [decided] which processes they must execute well, and have implemented the IT systems to digitise those processes.\") and to engage business managers with the benefits that strategic cross-organisational process integration and/or standardisation could provide.A 2008 research project for the development of professional certificates in enterprise and solution architecture by the British Computer Society (BCS) showed that enterprise architecture has always been inseparable from information system architecture, which is natural, since business people need information to make decisions and carry out business processes.[9]In 2011, the TOGAF 9.1. specification says: \"Business planning at the strategy level provides the initial direction to enterprise architecture.\"[17] Normally, the business principles, business goals, and strategic drivers of the organization are defined elsewhere.[9] In other words, Enterprise Architecture is not a business strategy, planning or management methodology. Enterprise Architecture strives to align business information systems technology with given business strategy, goals and drivers. The TOGAF 9.1 specification clarified, that, \"A complete enterprise architecture description should contain all four architecture domains (business, data, application, technology), but the realities of resource and time constraints often mean there is not enough time, funding, or resources to build a top-down, all-inclusive architecture description encompassing all four architecture domains, even if the enterprise scope is [...] less than the full extent of the overall enterprise.\"[18]In 2013, TOGAF[19] is the most popular Architecture framework (judged by published certification numbers) that some assume it defines EA.[9] However, some still use the term Enterprise Architecture as a synonym for Business Architecture, rather than covering all four architecture domains - business, data, applications and technology.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"EA framework topics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Layers_of_the_Enterprise_Architecture.jpg"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hwe06-20"},{"link_name":"Enterprise Architecture Planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Architecture_Planning"},{"link_name":"architecture domains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_domain"},{"link_name":"Business architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_architecture"},{"link_name":"Data architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_architecture"},{"link_name":"Applications architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_architecture"},{"link_name":"Technology architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Technology_architecture&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"IT infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IT_infrastructure"}],"sub_title":"Architecture domain","text":"Layers of the enterprise architecture.[20]Since Stephen Spewak's Enterprise Architecture Planning (EAP) in 1993 – and perhaps before then – it has been normal to divide enterprises architecture into four architecture domains.Business architecture,\nData architecture,\nApplications architecture,\nTechnology architecture.Note that the applications architecture is about the choice of and relationships between applications in the enterprise's application portfolio, not about the internal architecture of a single application (which is often called application architecture).Many EA frameworks combine data and application domains into a single (digitized) information system layer, sitting below the business (usually a human activity system) and above the technology (the platform IT infrastructure).","title":"EA framework topics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FEA_Reference_Models.jpg"},{"link_name":"federal enterprise architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_enterprise_architecture"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WH05-21"}],"sub_title":"Layers of the enterprise architecture","text":"Example of the federal enterprise architecture, which has defined five architectural layers.[21]For many years, it has been common to regard the architecture domains as layers, with the idea that each layer contains components that execute processes and offer services to the layer above. This way of looking at the architecture domains was evident in TOGAF v1 (1996), which encapsulated the technology component layer behind the platform services defined in the \"Technical Reference Model\" - very much according to the philosophy of TAFIM and POSIX.The view of architecture domains as layers can be presented thus:Environment (the external entities and activities monitored, supported or directed by the business).\nBusiness Layer (business functions offering services to each other and to external entities).\nData Layer (Business information and other valuable stored data)\nInformation System Layer (business applications offering information services to each other and to business functions)\nTechnology Layer (generic hardware, network and platform applications offering platform services to each other and to business applications).Each layer delegates work to the layer below. In each layer, the components, the processes and the services can be defined at a coarse-grained level and decomposed into finer-grained components, processes and services. The graphic shows a variation on this theme.","title":"EA framework topics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In addition to three major framework components discussed above.Description advice: some kind of Architecture Artifacts Map or Viewpoint Library\nProcess advice: some kind of Architecture Development Method, with supporting guidance.\nOrganization advice: including an EA Governance ModelAn ideal EA framework should feature:Business value measurement metrics\nEA initiative model\nEA maturity model\nEnterprise communication modelMost modern EA frameworks (e.g. TOGAF, ASSIMPLER, EAF) include most of the above. Zachman has always focused on architecture description advice.","title":"Components of enterprise architecture framework"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enterprise_Architecture_Domain_Reference_Architecture.JPG"},{"link_name":"service-oriented architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture"},{"link_name":"entity-relationship model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity-relationship_model"},{"link_name":"Architectural pattern (computer science)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_pattern_(computer_science)"}],"sub_title":"Enterprise architecture domains and subdomains","text":"Enterprise architecture reference architecture with sub domainsThe application and technology domains (not to be confused with business domains) are characterized by domain capabilities and domain services. The capabilities are supported by the services. The application services are also referred to in service-oriented architecture (SOA). The technical services are typically supported by software products.The data view starts with the data classes which can be decomposed into data subjects which can be further decomposed into data entities. The basic data model type which is most commonly used is called merda (master entity relationship diagrams assessment, see entity-relationship model). The Class, subject and entity forms a hierarchical view of data. Enterprises may have millions of instances of data entities.The Enterprise Architecture Reference Traditional Model offers a clear distinction between the architecture domains (business, information/data, application/integration and technical/infrastructure). These domains can be further divided into Sub domain disciplines. An example of the EA domain and subdomains is in the image on the right.Many enterprise architecture teams consist of Individuals with Skills aligned with the Enterprise Architecture Domains and sub-domain disciplines. Here are some examples: enterprise business architect, enterprise documentational architect, enterprise application architect, enterprise infrastructure architect, enterprise information architect, etc.An example of the list of reference architecture patterns in the application and information architecture domains are available at Architectural pattern (computer science).","title":"Components of enterprise architecture framework"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:4%2B1_Architectural_View_Model.svg"},{"link_name":"4+1 view model of architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%2B1"},{"link_name":"view model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_model"},{"link_name":"systems analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_analysis"},{"link_name":"systems design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_design"},{"link_name":"enterprise architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_architecture"}],"sub_title":"View model","text":"Illustration of the 4+1 view model of architecture.A view model is a framework that defines the set of views or approaches used in systems analysis, systems design, or the construction of an enterprise architecture.Since the early 1990s, there have been a number of efforts to define standard approaches for describing and analyzing system architectures. Many of the recent Enterprise Architecture frameworks have some kind of set of views defined, but these sets are not always called view models.","title":"Components of enterprise architecture framework"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"software architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_architecture"},{"link_name":"system architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_architecture"},{"link_name":"IEEE 1471","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1471"},{"link_name":"IEEE Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Standard"},{"link_name":"ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010:2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010"}],"sub_title":"Standardization","text":"Perhaps the best-known standard in the field of software architecture and system architecture started life as IEEE 1471, an IEEE Standard for describing the architecture of a software-intensive system approved in 2000.In its latest version, the standard is published as ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010:2011. The standard defines an architecture framework as conventions, principles and practices for the description of architectures established within a specific domain of application and/or community of stakeholders, and proposes an architecture framework is specified by:the relevant stakeholders in the domain,\nthe types of concerns arising in that domain,\narchitecture viewpoints framing those concerns and\ncorrespondence rules integrating those viewpoints cited before.Architecture frameworks conforming to the standard can include additional methods, tools, definitions, and practices beyond those specified.","title":"Components of enterprise architecture framework"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enterprise_Architecture_frameworks_utilized_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Just a few of the Enterprise Architecture frameworks utilized today, 2011[22]Nowadays there are now countless EA frameworks, many more than in the following listing.","title":"Types of enterprise architecture framework"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARCON00-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ARCON01-24"},{"link_name":"Cloud Security Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_Security_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CSATCI-25"},{"link_name":"Generalised Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalised_Enterprise_Reference_Architecture_and_Methodology"},{"link_name":"RM-ODP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RM-ODP"},{"link_name":"open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_system_(computing)"},{"link_name":"distributed systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_systems"},{"link_name":"IDEAS Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IDEAS_Group"},{"link_name":"ISO 19439","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_19439"},{"link_name":"TOGAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOGAF"},{"link_name":"Open Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Group"}],"sub_title":"Consortia-developed frameworks","text":"ARCON – A Reference Architecture for Collaborative Networks – not focused on a single enterprise but rather on networks of enterprises[23][24]\nThe Cloud Security Alliance (Trusted Cloud Initiative) TCI reference architecture.[25]\nGeneralised Enterprise Reference Architecture and Methodology (GERAM)\nRM-ODP – the Reference Model of Open Distributed Processing (ITU-T Rec. X.901-X.904 | ISO/IEC 10746) defines an enterprise architecture framework for structuring the specifications of open distributed systems.\nIDEAS Group – a four-nation effort to develop a common ontology for architecture interoperability\nISO 19439 Framework for enterprise modelling\nTOGAF – The Open Group Architecture Framework – a widely used framework including an architectural Development Method and standards for describing various types of architecture.","title":"Types of enterprise architecture framework"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AGATE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGATE_(architecture_framework)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"DoDAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DoDAF"},{"link_name":"MODAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MODAF"},{"link_name":"NAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO_Architecture_Framework"}],"sub_title":"Defense industry frameworks","text":"AGATE – the France DGA Architecture Framework\nDNDAF[26] – the DND/CF Architecture Framework (CAN)\nDoDAF – the US Department of Defense Architecture Framework\nMODAF – the UK Ministry of Defence Architecture Framework\nNAF – the NATO Architecture Framework","title":"Types of enterprise architecture framework"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ESAAF-27"},{"link_name":"FDIC Enterprise Architecture Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDIC_Enterprise_Architecture_Framework"},{"link_name":"Federal Enterprise Architecture Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Enterprise_Architecture_Framework"},{"link_name":"US Federal CIO Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Federal_CIO_Council"},{"link_name":"Office of Management and Budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget"},{"link_name":"Government Enterprise Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Enterprise_Architecture"},{"link_name":"Queensland Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Government"},{"link_name":"E-overheid NORA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090708035937/http://www.e-overheid.nl/atlas/referentiearchitectuur/nora/nora.html"},{"link_name":"NIST Enterprise Architecture Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIST_Enterprise_Architecture_Model"},{"link_name":"Treasury Enterprise Architecture Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury_Enterprise_Architecture_Framework"},{"link_name":"treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasury"},{"link_name":"US Department of the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Department_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TEAF00-28"},{"link_name":"Colombian Enterprise Architecture Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colombian_Enterprise_Architecture_Framework&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marco de Referencia de Arquitectura Empresarial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mintic.gov.co/arquitecturati/630/w3-propertyvalue-8114.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210510163329/https://www.mintic.gov.co/arquitecturati/630/w3-propertyvalue-8114.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"IndEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//negd.gov.in/india-enterprise-architecture"}],"sub_title":"Government frameworks","text":"European Space Agency Architectural Framework (ESAAF) - a framework for European space-based Systems of Systems[27]\nFDIC Enterprise Architecture Framework\nFederal Enterprise Architecture Framework (FEAF) – a framework produced in 1999 by the US Federal CIO Council for use within the US Government (not to be confused with the 2002 Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA) guidance on categorizing and grouping IT investments, issued by the US Federal Office of Management and Budget)\nGovernment Enterprise Architecture (GEA) – a common framework legislated for use by departments of the Queensland Government\nNederlandse Overheid Referentie Architectuur (NORA) – a reference framework from the Dutch Government E-overheid NORA\nNIST Enterprise Architecture Model\nTreasury Enterprise Architecture Framework (TEAF) – a framework for treasury, published by the US Department of the Treasury in July 2000.[28]\nColombian Enterprise Architecture Framework - MRAE - Marco de Referencia de Arquitectura Empresarial Archived 2021-05-10 at the Wayback Machine a framework for all the Colombian Public Agencies\nIndia Enterprise Architecture (IndEA) framework - IndEA is a reference framework from Government of India.","title":"Types of enterprise architecture framework"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"open source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Definition"},{"link_name":"ArchiMate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArchiMate"},{"link_name":"Lean Architecture Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lean_Architecture_Framework&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010"},{"link_name":"Praxeme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praxeme"},{"link_name":"TRAK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRAK"},{"link_name":"MODAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MODAF"},{"link_name":"GPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License"},{"link_name":"GFDL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GFDL"},{"link_name":"Sherwood Applied Business Security Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_Applied_Business_Security_Architecture"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Open-source frameworks","text":"Enterprise architecture frameworks that are released as open source:ArchiMate\nLean Architecture Framework (LAF)[29] is a collection of good practices thanks to which the IT environment will respond consistently and quickly to a changing business situation while maintaining its consistent form.\nMEGAF (Mega-modeling Architecture Framework)[30] is an infrastructure for realizing architecture frameworks that conform to the definition of architecture framework provided in ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010.\nPraxeme, an open enterprise methodology, contains an enterprise architecture framework called the Enterprise System Topology (EST)\nTRAK – a general systems-oriented framework based on MODAF 1.2 and released under GPL/GFDL.\nSherwood Applied Business Security Architecture (SABSA)[31] is an open framework and methodology for Enterprise Security Architecture and Service Management, that is risk based and focuses on integrating security into business and IT management.","title":"Types of enterprise architecture framework"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Integrated Architecture Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Architecture_Framework"},{"link_name":"Capgemini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capgemini"},{"link_name":"Dragon1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon1"},{"link_name":"DYA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DYA_framework"},{"link_name":"Sogeti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogeti"},{"link_name":"Dynamic Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Enterprise"},{"link_name":"Extended Enterprise Architecture Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Enterprise_Architecture_Framework"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eacoe.org"},{"link_name":"Information FrameWork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_FrameWork"},{"link_name":"Roger Evernden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Evernden"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Labnaf-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pragmatic_EA-34"},{"link_name":"Purdue Enterprise Reference Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_Enterprise_Reference_Architecture"},{"link_name":"Theodore J. Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_J._Williams"},{"link_name":"Risk- and Cost-Driven Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cgi.com/en/solutions/RCDA-agile-architecture"},{"link_name":"SAP Enterprise Architecture Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAP_Enterprise_Architecture_Framework"},{"link_name":"Service-oriented modeling framework (SOMF)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-oriented_modeling#Service-oriented_modeling_framework"},{"link_name":"Michael Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_B.T._Bell"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tony_Shan-36"},{"link_name":"Zachman Framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachman_Framework"},{"link_name":"John Zachman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Zachman"}],"sub_title":"Proprietary frameworks","text":"ASSIMPLER Framework – an architecture framework, based on the work of Mandar Vanarse at Wipro in 2002\nAvancier Methods (AM)[32] Processes and documentation advice for enterprise and solution architects, supported by training and certification.\nBRM (Build-Run-Manage) Framework - an architecture framework created by Sanjeev \"Sunny\" Mishra during his early days at IBM in 2000.\nCapgemini Integrated Architecture Framework (IAF) – from Capgemini company in 1993\nDragon1 - An open Visual Enterprise Architecture Method recently recognized by The Open Group as Architecture Framework\nDYA framework developed by Sogeti since 2004.\nDynamic Enterprise Enterprise architecture concept based on Web 2.0 technology\nExtended Enterprise Architecture Framework - from Institute For Enterprise Architecture Developments in 2003\nEACOE Framework [3] – an Enterprise Architecture framework, as an elaboration of the work of John Zachman\nIBM Information FrameWork (IFW) – conceived by Roger Evernden in 1996\nInfomet - conceived by Pieter Viljoen in 1990\nLabnaf [33] - Unified Framework for Driving Enterprise Transformations\nPragmatic Enterprise Architecture Framework (PEAF)[34] - part of Pragmatic Family of Frameworks developed by Kevin Lee Smith, Pragmatic EA, from 2008\nPurdue Enterprise Reference Architecture developed by Theodore J. Williams at the Purdue University early 1990s.\nRisk- and Cost-Driven Architecture (RCDA), developed by CGI since 2015.\nSAP Enterprise Architecture Framework\nService-oriented modeling framework (SOMF), based on the work of Michael Bell\nSolution Architecting Mechanism (SAM)[35] – A coherent architecture framework consisting of a set of integral modules.[36]\nZachman Framework – an architecture framework, based on the work of John Zachman at IBM in the 1980s","title":"Types of enterprise architecture framework"}]
|
[{"image_text":"NIST Enterprise Architecture Model initiated in 1989, one of the earliest frameworks for enterprise architecture.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/NIST_Enterprise_Architecture_Model.jpg/240px-NIST_Enterprise_Architecture_Model.jpg"},{"image_text":"Overview of Enterprise Architecture Frameworks evolution (1987–2003).[4][5] On the left: The Zachman Framework 1987, NIST Enterprise Architecture 1989, EAP 1992, TISAF 1997, FEAF 1999 and TEAF 2000. On the right: TAFIM influenced by POSIX, JTA, JTAA, TOGAF 1995, DoD TRM[6] and C4ISR 1996, and DoDAF 2003.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Evolution_of_Enterprise_Architecture_Frameworks.jpg/240px-Evolution_of_Enterprise_Architecture_Frameworks.jpg"},{"image_text":"Layers of the enterprise architecture.[20]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Layers_of_the_Enterprise_Architecture.jpg/320px-Layers_of_the_Enterprise_Architecture.jpg"},{"image_text":"Example of the federal enterprise architecture, which has defined five architectural layers.[21]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/FEA_Reference_Models.jpg/360px-FEA_Reference_Models.jpg"},{"image_text":"Enterprise architecture reference architecture with sub domains","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Enterprise_Architecture_Domain_Reference_Architecture.JPG/320px-Enterprise_Architecture_Domain_Reference_Architecture.JPG"},{"image_text":"Illustration of the 4+1 view model of architecture.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/4%2B1_Architectural_View_Model.svg/354px-4%2B1_Architectural_View_Model.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Just a few of the Enterprise Architecture frameworks utilized today, 2011[22]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Enterprise_Architecture_frameworks_utilized_2011.jpg/240px-Enterprise_Architecture_frameworks_utilized_2011.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Architecture patterns (EA reference architecture)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_pattern_(computer_science)#Examples"},{"title":"EABOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EABOK"},{"title":"Enterprise architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_architecture"},{"title":"Enterprise architecture artifacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_architecture_artifacts"},{"title":"Enterprise architecture planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_architecture_planning"},{"title":"Enterprise engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_engineering"},{"title":"ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010"},{"title":"Reference architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_architecture"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Tech Target\". SearchCIO.","urls":[{"url":"http://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/enterprise-architecture","url_text":"\"Tech Target\""}]},{"reference":"Richardson, G.L.; Jackson, B.M.; Dickson, G.W. (1990). \"A Principles-Based Enterprise Architecture: Lessons from Texaco and Star Enterprise\". MIS Quarterly. 14 (4): 385–403. doi:10.2307/249787. JSTOR 249787.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F249787","url_text":"10.2307/249787"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/249787","url_text":"249787"}]},{"reference":"Camarinha-Matos, L.M.; Afsarmanesh, H. (2008). \"On reference models for collaborative networked organizations\". International Journal Production Research. 46 (9): 2453–2469. doi:10.1080/00207540701737666. S2CID 51802872.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00207540701737666","url_text":"10.1080/00207540701737666"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51802872","url_text":"51802872"}]},{"reference":"\"The CSA TCI reference architecture\" (PDF). Cloud Security Alliance. Archived from the original on 6 November 2016. Retrieved 7 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161106161638/https://downloads.cloudsecurityalliance.org/initiatives/tci/TCI_Reference_Architecture_v2.0.pdf","url_text":"\"The CSA TCI reference architecture\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_Security_Alliance","url_text":"Cloud Security Alliance"},{"url":"https://ea.cloudsecurityalliance.org/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gianni, Daniele; Lindman, Niklas; Fuchs, Joachim; Suzic, Robert (2012). \"Introducing the European Space Agency Architectural Framework for Space-Based Systems of Systems Engineering\". Complex Systems Design & Management. Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Complex Systems Design & Management CSDM 2011. Springer. pp. 335–346. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.214.9671. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-25203-7_24. ISBN 978-3-642-25202-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.214.9671","url_text":"10.1.1.214.9671"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-642-25203-7_24","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-642-25203-7_24"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-25202-0","url_text":"978-3-642-25202-0"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://refill.toolforge.org/ng/result.php?page=Enterprise_architecture_framework&defaults=y","external_links_name":"reFill"},{"Link":"https://citations.toolforge.org/process_page.php?edit=automated_tools&slow=1&page=Enterprise_architecture_framework","external_links_name":"Citation bot"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090708035937/http://www.e-overheid.nl/atlas/referentiearchitectuur/nora/nora.html","external_links_name":"E-overheid NORA"},{"Link":"https://www.mintic.gov.co/arquitecturati/630/w3-propertyvalue-8114.html","external_links_name":"Marco de Referencia de Arquitectura 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remo_3D
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Remo 3D
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["1 References"]
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3D computer graphics software
Remo 3DDeveloper(s)RemographStable releasev3.1
/ February 17, 2024; 3 months ago (2024-02-17)
Operating systemWindows and LinuxType3D computer graphicsLicenseProprietary commercial softwareWebsitewww.remograph.com/products.php
Remo 3D is a 3D computer graphics software specialized in creating 3D models for realtime visualization. As opposed to many other 3D modeling products that are primarily intended for rendering. Remo 3D focuses on supporting realtime features like full control of the model scene graph, and modification of features like degrees-of-freedom nodes (DOF), levels-of-detail (LOD), switches, etc. Remo 3D's primary file format is OpenFlight and it allows for importing from and exporting to different file formats. This makes Remo 3D suitable for creating realtime 3D models intended for use in virtual reality software, simulators and computer games.
The product is developed by the Swedish company Remograph, and it has been on the market since 2005. It has users worldwide, both private and governmental, in defence and civil industries.
Remo 3D has been described in several independent articles, for instance at the vr-news and modsim sites, as well as in the Defence Management Journal
Remo 3D is developed using OpenSceneGraph, FLTK and scriptable using the Lua programming language.
References
^ "3D Modelling with Remo, unarmed and dangerous". Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ "Remo 3D v1.4". 22 August 2008. Archived from the original on 15 January 2012. Retrieved 29 February 2012.
^ "Remograph". Defence Management Journal: 42–43. Archived from the original on November 15, 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
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3D rendering
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"3D computer graphics software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics_software"},{"link_name":"OpenFlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenFlight"},{"link_name":"virtual reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality"},{"link_name":"simulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulators"},{"link_name":"computer games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_games"},{"link_name":"Remograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remograph"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"OpenSceneGraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSceneGraph"},{"link_name":"FLTK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FLTK"},{"link_name":"Lua programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lua_programming_language"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Remo 3D is a 3D computer graphics software specialized in creating 3D models for realtime visualization. As opposed to many other 3D modeling products that are primarily intended for rendering. Remo 3D focuses on supporting realtime features like full control of the model scene graph, and modification of features like degrees-of-freedom nodes (DOF), levels-of-detail (LOD), switches, etc. Remo 3D's primary file format is OpenFlight and it allows for importing from and exporting to different file formats. This makes Remo 3D suitable for creating realtime 3D models intended for use in virtual reality software, simulators and computer games.The product is developed by the Swedish company Remograph, and it has been on the market since 2005. It has users worldwide, both private and governmental, in defence and civil industries.[citation needed]Remo 3D has been described in several independent articles, for instance at the vr-news[1] and modsim[2] sites, as well as in the Defence Management Journal[3]Remo 3D is developed using OpenSceneGraph, FLTK and scriptable using the Lua programming language.[citation needed]","title":"Remo 3D"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"3D Modelling with Remo, unarmed and dangerous\". Retrieved 29 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vr-news.com/2011/07/12/3d-modelling-with-remo-unarmed-and-dangerous/","url_text":"\"3D Modelling with Remo, unarmed and dangerous\""}]},{"reference":"\"Remo 3D v1.4\". 22 August 2008. Archived from the original on 15 January 2012. Retrieved 29 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120115051839/http://v2.modsim.org/Articles/Remo3D/index.html","url_text":"\"Remo 3D v1.4\""},{"url":"http://v2.modsim.org/Articles/Remo3D/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Remograph\". Defence Management Journal: 42–43. Archived from the original on November 15, 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121115091616/http://edition.pagesuite-professional.co.uk/launch.aspx?EID=f6eab4bd-9cb7-4b1f-a0b6-a6ff40fc9191","url_text":"\"Remograph\""},{"url":"http://edition.pagesuite-professional.co.uk/launch.aspx?EID=f6eab4bd-9cb7-4b1f-a0b6-a6ff40fc9191","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.remograph.com/products.php","external_links_name":"www.remograph.com/products.php"},{"Link":"http://www.vr-news.com/2011/07/12/3d-modelling-with-remo-unarmed-and-dangerous/","external_links_name":"\"3D Modelling with Remo, unarmed and dangerous\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120115051839/http://v2.modsim.org/Articles/Remo3D/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Remo 3D v1.4\""},{"Link":"http://v2.modsim.org/Articles/Remo3D/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121115091616/http://edition.pagesuite-professional.co.uk/launch.aspx?EID=f6eab4bd-9cb7-4b1f-a0b6-a6ff40fc9191","external_links_name":"\"Remograph\""},{"Link":"http://edition.pagesuite-professional.co.uk/launch.aspx?EID=f6eab4bd-9cb7-4b1f-a0b6-a6ff40fc9191","external_links_name":"the original"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_State_Transfer
|
REST
|
["1 Principle","2 History","3 Architectural properties","4 Architectural constraints","4.1 Uniform interface","5 Classification models","6 See also","7 References","8 Further reading"]
|
Architectural style for client-server applications
For other uses, see Rest (disambiguation).
This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. (October 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
REST (representational state transfer) is a software architectural style that was created to guide the design and development of the architecture for the World Wide Web. REST defines a set of constraints for how the architecture of a distributed, Internet-scale hypermedia system, such as the Web, should behave. The REST architectural style emphasises uniform interfaces, independent deployment of components, the scalability of interactions between them, and creating a layered architecture to promote caching to reduce user-perceived latency, enforce security, and encapsulate legacy systems.
REST has been employed throughout the software industry to create stateless, reliable web-based applications. An application that adheres to the REST architectural constraints may be informally described as RESTful, although this term is more commonly associated with the design of HTTP-based APIs and what are widely considered best practices regarding the "verbs" (HTTP methods) a resource responds to while having little to do with REST as originally formulated—and is often even at odds with the concept.
Principle
The term representational state transfer was introduced and defined in 2000 by computer scientist Roy Fielding in his doctoral dissertation. It means that a server will respond with the representation of a resource (today, it will most often be an HTML, XML or JSON document) and that resource will contain hypermedia links that can be followed to make the state of the system change. Any such request will in turn receive the representation of a resource, and so on.
An important consequence is that the only identifier that needs to be known is the identifier of the first resource requested, and all other identifiers will be discovered. This means that those identifiers can change without the need to inform the client beforehand and that there can be only loose coupling between client and server.
History
Roy Fielding speaking at OSCON 2008
The Web began to enter everyday use in 1993–1994, when websites for general use started to become available. At the time, there was only a fragmented description of the Web's architecture, and there was pressure in the industry to agree on some standard for the Web interface protocols. For instance, several experimental extensions had been added to the communication protocol (HTTP) to support proxies, and more extensions were being proposed, but there was a need for a formal Web architecture with which to evaluate the impact of these changes.
The W3C and IETF working groups together started work on creating formal descriptions of the Web's three primary standards: URI, HTTP, and HTML. Roy Fielding was involved in the creation of these standards (specifically HTTP 1.0 and 1.1, and URI), and during the next six years he created the REST architectural style, testing its constraints on the Web's protocol standards and using it as a means to define architectural improvements — and to identify architectural mismatches. Fielding defined REST in his 2000 PhD dissertation "Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures" at UC Irvine.
To create the REST architectural style, Fielding identified the requirements that apply when creating a world-wide network-based application, such as the need for a low entry barrier to enable global adoption. He also surveyed many existing architectural styles for network-based applications, identifying which features are shared with other styles, such as caching and client–server features, and those which are unique to REST, such as the concept of resources. Fielding was trying to both categorise the existing architecture of the current implementation and identify which aspects should be considered central to the behavioural and performance requirements of the Web.
By their nature, architectural styles are independent of any specific implementation, and while REST was created as part of the development of the Web standards, the implementation of the Web does not obey every constraint in the REST architectural style. Mismatches can occur due to ignorance or oversight, but the existence of the REST architectural style means that they can be identified before they become standardised. For example, Fielding identified the embedding of session information in URIs as a violation of the constraints of REST which can negatively affect shared caching and server scalability. HTTP cookies also violated REST constraints because they can become out of sync with the browser's application state, making them unreliable; they also contain opaque data that can be a concern for privacy and security.
Architectural properties
The REST architectural style is designed for network-based applications, specifically client-server applications. But more than that, it is designed for Internet-scale usage, so the coupling between the user agent (client) and the origin server must be as loose as possible to facilitate large-scale adoption.
The strong decoupling of client and server together with the text-based transfer of information using a uniform addressing protocol provided the basis for meeting the requirements of the Web: extensibility, anarchic scalability and independent deployment of components, large-grain data transfer, and a low entry-barrier for content readers, content authors and developers alike.
An entity-relationship model of the concepts expressed in the REST architectural style
The constraints of the REST architectural style affect the following architectural properties:
Performance in component interactions, which can be the dominant factor in user-perceived performance and network efficiency;
Scalability allowing the support of large numbers of components and interactions among components;
Simplicity of a uniform interface;
Modifiability of components to meet changing needs (even while the application is running);
Visibility of communication between components by service agents;
Portability of components by moving program code with the data;
Reliability in the resistance to failure at the system level in the presence of failures within components, connectors, or data.
Architectural constraints
The REST architectural style defines six guiding constraints. When these constraints are applied to the system architecture, it gains desirable non-functional properties, such as performance, scalability, simplicity, modifiability, visibility, portability, and reliability.
The formal REST constraints are as follows:
Client/Server - Client are separated from servers by a well-defined interface
Stateless - A specific client does not consume server storage when it is "at rest"
Cache - Responses indicate their own cacheability
Uniform Interface
Layered System - A client cannot ordinarily tell whether it is connected directly to the end server, or to an intermediary along the way
Code on Demand (optional) - Servers are able to temporarily extend or customize the functionality of a client by transferring logic to the client that can be executed within a standard virtual machine
Uniform interface
The uniform interface constraint is fundamental to the design of any RESTful system. It simplifies and decouples the architecture, which enables each part to evolve independently. The four constraints for this uniform interface are:
Resource identification in requests: Individual resources are identified in requests using URIs. The resources themselves are conceptually separate from the representations that are returned to the client. For example, the server could send data from its database as HTML, XML or as JSON—none of which are the server's internal representation.
Resource manipulation through representations: When a client holds a representation of a resource, including any metadata attached, it has enough information to modify or delete the resource's state.
Self-descriptive messages: Each message includes enough information to describe how to process the message. For example, which parser to invoke can be specified by a media type.
Hypermedia as the engine of application state (HATEOAS) - Having accessed an initial URI for the REST application—analogous to a human Web user accessing the home page of a website—a REST client should then be able to use server-provided links dynamically to discover all the available resources it needs. As access proceeds, the server responds with text that includes hyperlinks to other resources that are currently available. There is no need for the client to be hard-coded with information regarding the structure of the server.
Classification models
Several models have been developed to help classify REST APIs according to their adherence to various principles of REST design, such as
the Richardson Maturity Model
the Classification of HTTP-based APIs
the W S3 maturity model
See also
Clean URL – URL intended to improve the usability of a website
Content delivery network – Layer in the internet ecosystem addressing bottlenecks
Domain Application Protocol (DAP)
List of URI schemes – Namespace identifier assigned by IANA
Microservices – Collection of loosely coupled services used to build computer applications
Overview of RESTful API Description Languages – descriptions of computer network interfacesPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
Resource-oriented architecture – Architectural pattern in software design
Resource-oriented computing – Architectural pattern in software design
Service-oriented architecture – Architectural pattern in software design
Web-oriented architecture – Architectural pattern in software design
Web services – Service offered between electronic devices via the internetPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
References
^ a b c d e f Fielding, Roy Thomas (2000). "Chapter 5: Representational State Transfer (REST)". Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures (Ph.D.). University of California, Irvine. Archived from the original on 2021-05-13. Retrieved 2004-08-17.
^ Fielding, Roy T. (2008-10-20). "REST APIs must be hypertext driven". roy.gbiv.com. Archived from the original on 2010-03-18. Retrieved 2016-07-06.
^ Couldry, Nick (2012). Media, Society, World: Social Theory and Digital Media Practice. London: Polity Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780745639208. Archived from the original on 2024-02-27. Retrieved 2021-06-09.
^ Fielding, Roy Thomas (2000). "Chapter 6: Experience and Evaluation". Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures (Ph.D.). University of California, Irvine. Archived from the original on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2023-06-21.
^ "Fielding discussing the definition of the REST term". groups.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on November 5, 2015. Retrieved 2017-08-08.
^ a b Erl, Thomas; Carlyle, Benjamin; Pautasso, Cesare; Balasubramanian, Raj (2012). "5.1". SOA with REST: Principles, Patterns & Constraints for Building Enterprise Solutions with REST. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-701251-0.
^ a b Fielding, Roy Thomas (2000). "Chapter 2: Network-based Application Architectures". Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures (Ph.D.). University of California, Irvine. Archived from the original on 2014-12-16. Retrieved 2014-04-12.
^ Richardson, Leonard; Ruby, Sam (2007). RESTful Web Services. Sebastopol, California: O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-52926-0.
^ "What is REST API?". www.visual-paradigm.com. Archived from the original on 2024-02-24. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
^ Gupta, Lokesh (2 June 2018). "REST HATEOAS". REST API Tutorial. RESTfulAPI.net. Archived from the original on 7 April 2019. Retrieved March 10, 2019.
^ "Classification of HTTP APIs". algermissen.io. Archived from the original on 2023-01-29. Retrieved 2023-01-29.
^ Ivan Salvadori, Frank Siqueira (June 2015). "A Maturity Model for Semantic RESTful Web APIs". Conference: Web Services (ICWS), 2015 IEEE International Conference OnAt. New York. Archived from the original on 2024-02-27. Retrieved 2020-12-14 – via Researchgate.
Further reading
Pautasso, Cesare; Wilde, Erik; Alarcon, Rosa (2014), REST: Advanced Research Topics and Practical Applications, Springer, ISBN 9781461492986
Pautasso, Cesare; Zimmermann, Olaf; Leymann, Frank (April 2008), "Restful web services vs. "big"' web services", Proceedings of the 17th international conference on World Wide Web, pp. 805–814, doi:10.1145/1367497.1367606, ISBN 9781605580852, S2CID 207167438
Ferreira, Otavio (Nov 2009), Semantic Web Services: A RESTful Approach, IADIS, ISBN 978-972-8924-93-5
Fowler, Martin (2010-03-18). "Richardson Maturity Model: steps towards the glory of REST". martinfowler.com. Retrieved 2017-06-26.
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It means that a server will respond with the representation of a resource (today, it will most often be an HTML, XML or JSON document) and that resource will contain hypermedia links that can be followed to make the state of the system change. Any such request will in turn receive the representation of a resource, and so on.An important consequence is that the only identifier that needs to be known is the identifier of the first resource requested, and all other identifiers will be discovered. 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For instance, several experimental extensions had been added to the communication protocol (HTTP) to support proxies, and more extensions were being proposed, but there was a need for a formal Web architecture with which to evaluate the impact of these changes.[4]The W3C and IETF working groups together started work on creating formal descriptions of the Web's three primary standards: URI, HTTP, and HTML. Roy Fielding was involved in the creation of these standards (specifically HTTP 1.0 and 1.1, and URI), and during the next six years he created the REST architectural style, testing its constraints on the Web's protocol standards and using it as a means to define architectural improvements — and to identify architectural mismatches. Fielding defined REST in his 2000 PhD dissertation \"Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures\"[1][5] at UC Irvine.To create the REST architectural style, Fielding identified the requirements that apply when creating a world-wide network-based application, such as the need for a low entry barrier to enable global adoption. He also surveyed many existing architectural styles for network-based applications, identifying which features are shared with other styles, such as caching and client–server features, and those which are unique to REST, such as the concept of resources. Fielding was trying to both categorise the existing architecture of the current implementation and identify which aspects should be considered central to the behavioural and performance requirements of the Web.By their nature, architectural styles are independent of any specific implementation, and while REST was created as part of the development of the Web standards, the implementation of the Web does not obey every constraint in the REST architectural style. Mismatches can occur due to ignorance or oversight, but the existence of the REST architectural style means that they can be identified before they become standardised. For example, Fielding identified the embedding of session information in URIs as a violation of the constraints of REST which can negatively affect shared caching and server scalability. HTTP cookies also violated REST constraints because they can become out of sync with the browser's application state, making them unreliable; they also contain opaque data that can be a concern for privacy and security.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"loose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loose_coupling"},{"link_name":"extensibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensibility"},{"link_name":"anarchic scalability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anarchic_scalability&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"large-grain data transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Large-grain_data_transfer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:REST_information_model.png"},{"link_name":"entity-relationship model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fielding-Ch5-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOA_with_REST-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fielding-Ch2-7"},{"link_name":"Scalability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalability"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fielding-Ch2-7"}],"text":"The REST architectural style is designed for network-based applications, specifically client-server applications. But more than that, it is designed for Internet-scale usage, so the coupling between the user agent (client) and the origin server must be as loose as possible to facilitate large-scale adoption.The strong decoupling of client and server together with the text-based transfer of information using a uniform addressing protocol provided the basis for meeting the requirements of the Web: extensibility, anarchic scalability and independent deployment of components, large-grain data transfer, and a low entry-barrier for content readers, content authors and developers alike.An entity-relationship model of the concepts expressed in the REST architectural styleThe constraints of the REST architectural style affect the following architectural properties:[1][6]Performance in component interactions, which can be the dominant factor in user-perceived performance and network efficiency;[7]\nScalability allowing the support of large numbers of components and interactions among components;\nSimplicity of a uniform interface;\nModifiability of components to meet changing needs (even while the application is running);\nVisibility of communication between components by service agents;\nPortability of components by moving program code with the data;\nReliability in the resistance to failure at the system level in the presence of failures within components, connectors, or data.[7]","title":"Architectural properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOA_with_REST-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Richardson_2007-8"},{"link_name":"non-functional properties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-functional_requirement"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fielding-Ch5-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The REST architectural style defines six guiding constraints.[6][8] When these constraints are applied to the system architecture, it gains desirable non-functional properties, such as performance, scalability, simplicity, modifiability, visibility, portability, and reliability.[1]The formal REST constraints are as follows:[9]Client/Server - Client are separated from servers by a well-defined interface\nStateless - A specific client does not consume server storage when it is \"at rest\"\nCache - Responses indicate their own cacheability\nUniform Interface\nLayered System - A client cannot ordinarily tell whether it is connected directly to the end server, or to an intermediary along the way\nCode on Demand (optional) - Servers are able to temporarily extend or customize the functionality of a client by transferring logic to the client that can be executed within a standard virtual machine","title":"Architectural constraints"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fielding-Ch5-1"},{"link_name":"URIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_resource_identifier"},{"link_name":"HTML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML"},{"link_name":"XML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML"},{"link_name":"JSON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON"},{"link_name":"metadata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata"},{"link_name":"media type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_type"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fielding-Ch5-1"},{"link_name":"HATEOAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HATEOAS"},{"link_name":"home page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_page"},{"link_name":"hyperlinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperlink"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RESTfulAPI.net-10"}],"sub_title":"Uniform interface","text":"The uniform interface constraint is fundamental to the design of any RESTful system.[1] It simplifies and decouples the architecture, which enables each part to evolve independently. The four constraints for this uniform interface are:Resource identification in requests: Individual resources are identified in requests using URIs. The resources themselves are conceptually separate from the representations that are returned to the client. For example, the server could send data from its database as HTML, XML or as JSON—none of which are the server's internal representation.\nResource manipulation through representations: When a client holds a representation of a resource, including any metadata attached, it has enough information to modify or delete the resource's state.\nSelf-descriptive messages: Each message includes enough information to describe how to process the message. For example, which parser to invoke can be specified by a media type.[1]\nHypermedia as the engine of application state (HATEOAS) - Having accessed an initial URI for the REST application—analogous to a human Web user accessing the home page of a website—a REST client should then be able to use server-provided links dynamically to discover all the available resources it needs. As access proceeds, the server responds with text that includes hyperlinks to other resources that are currently available. There is no need for the client to be hard-coded with information regarding the structure of the server.[10]","title":"Architectural constraints"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richardson Maturity Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richardson_Maturity_Model"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Several models have been developed to help classify REST APIs according to their adherence to various principles of REST design, such asthe Richardson Maturity Model\nthe Classification of HTTP-based APIs[11]\nthe W S3 maturity model[12]","title":"Classification models"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"REST: Advanced Research Topics and Practical Applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.springer.com/engineering/signals/book/978-1-4614-9298-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781461492986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461492986"},{"link_name":"Proceedings of the 17th international conference on World Wide Web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jopera.org/docs/publications/2008/restws"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1145/1367497.1367606","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1145%2F1367497.1367606"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781605580852","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781605580852"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"207167438","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207167438"},{"link_name":"Semantic Web Services: A RESTful Approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//otaviofff.github.io/restful-grounding/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-972-8924-93-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-8924-93-5"},{"link_name":"\"Richardson Maturity Model: steps towards the glory of REST\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//martinfowler.com/articles/richardsonMaturityModel.html"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Web_interfaces"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Web_interfaces"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Web_interfaces"},{"link_name":"Web interfaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_API"},{"link_name":"Server-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server-side"},{"link_name":"Protocols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_protocol"},{"link_name":"HTTP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP"},{"link_name":"v2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/2"},{"link_name":"v3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP/3"},{"link_name":"Encryption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTPS"},{"link_name":"WebDAV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebDAV"},{"link_name":"CGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface"},{"link_name":"SCGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Common_Gateway_Interface"},{"link_name":"FCGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FastCGI"},{"link_name":"AJP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_JServ_Protocol"},{"link_name":"WSRP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Services_for_Remote_Portlets"},{"link_name":"WebSocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebSocket"},{"link_name":"Server APIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_application_programming_interface"},{"link_name":"C NSAPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape_Server_Application_Programming_Interface"},{"link_name":"C ASAPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server#Feature_overview"},{"link_name":"C ISAPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Server_Application_Programming_Interface"},{"link_name":"COM ASP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Server_Pages"},{"link_name":"Jakarta Servlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta_Servlet"},{"link_name":"container","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_container"},{"link_name":"CLI OWIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Web_Interface_for_.NET"},{"link_name":"ASP.NET Handler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_handler"},{"link_name":"Python WSGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Server_Gateway_Interface"},{"link_name":"Python ASGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Server_Gateway_Interface"},{"link_name":"Ruby Rack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rack_(web_server_interface)"},{"link_name":"JavaScript JSGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSGI"},{"link_name":"Perl PSGI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plack_(software)#PSGI"},{"link_name":"Portlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Portlet_Specification"},{"link_name":"container","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_Portlet_Specification"},{"link_name":"Apache modules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Apache_modules"},{"link_name":"mod_include","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Side_Includes"},{"link_name":"mod_jk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_jk"},{"link_name":"mod_lisp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_lisp"},{"link_name":"mod_mono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_mono"},{"link_name":"mod_parrot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_parrot"},{"link_name":"mod_perl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_perl"},{"link_name":"mod_php","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP"},{"link_name":"mod_proxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_proxy"},{"link_name":"mod_python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_python"},{"link_name":"mod_wsgi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_wsgi"},{"link_name":"mod_ruby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_ruby"},{"link_name":"Phusion Passenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phusion_Passenger"},{"link_name":"Web service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_service"},{"link_name":"Web resource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_resource"},{"link_name":"WOA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web-oriented_architecture"},{"link_name":"ROA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource-oriented_architecture"},{"link_name":"Open API","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_API"},{"link_name":"Webhook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webhook"},{"link_name":"Application server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_server"},{"link_name":"comparison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_application_servers"},{"link_name":"Scripting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server-side_scripting"},{"link_name":"Client-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client-side"},{"link_name":"Browser APIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)"},{"link_name":"C NPAPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPAPI"},{"link_name":"LiveConnect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPAPI#LiveConnect"},{"link_name":"XPConnect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPAPI#XPConnect"},{"link_name":"C NPRuntime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPAPI#NPRuntime"},{"link_name":"C PPAPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Native_Client#Pepper"},{"link_name":"NaCl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Native_Client"},{"link_name":"ActiveX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActiveX"},{"link_name":"BHO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser_Helper_Object"},{"link_name":"XBAP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XAML_Browser_Applications"},{"link_name":"Web APIs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_API#Client_side"},{"link_name":"WHATWG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHATWG"},{"link_name":"Audio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML_audio"},{"link_name":"Canvas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canvas_element"},{"link_name":"CORS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-origin_resource_sharing"},{"link_name":"DOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Object_Model"},{"link_name":"SSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server-sent_events"},{"link_name":"Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML_video"},{"link_name":"WebSockets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebSocket"},{"link_name":"Web messaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Messaging"},{"link_name":"Web storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_storage"},{"link_name":"Web worker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_worker"},{"link_name":"XMLHttpRequest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMLHttpRequest"},{"link_name":"W3C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium"},{"link_name":"DOM events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOM_event"},{"link_name":"EME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encrypted_Media_Extensions"},{"link_name":"File","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML5_File_API"},{"link_name":"Geolocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W3C_Geolocation_API"},{"link_name":"IndexedDB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indexed_Database_API"},{"link_name":"MSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Source_Extensions"},{"link_name":"SVG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SVG"},{"link_name":"WebAssembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAssembly"},{"link_name":"WebAuthn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebAuthn"},{"link_name":"WebGPU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebGPU"},{"link_name":"WebRTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebRTC"},{"link_name":"WebXR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebXR"},{"link_name":"Khronos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khronos_Group"},{"link_name":"WebCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebCL"},{"link_name":"WebGL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebGL"},{"link_name":"Gears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gears_(software)"},{"link_name":"Web SQL Database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_SQL_Database"},{"link_name":"WebUSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebUSB"},{"link_name":"Ajax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_(programming)"},{"link_name":"Remote scripting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_scripting"},{"link_name":"DHTML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_HTML"},{"link_name":"Browser extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser_extension"},{"link_name":"Mashup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashup_(web_application_hybrid)"},{"link_name":"Web IDL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_IDL"},{"link_name":"Scripting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_web_page#Client-side_scripting"},{"link_name":"Microservices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microservices"},{"link_name":"REST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"GraphQL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GraphQL"},{"link_name":"Web page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_page"},{"link_name":"Static","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_web_page"},{"link_name":"Dynamic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_web_page"},{"link_name":"Web standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_standards"},{"link_name":"Web API security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_API_security"},{"link_name":"Web application","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_application"},{"link_name":"Rich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Internet_Application"},{"link_name":"Single-page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-page_application"},{"link_name":"Progressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_web_app"},{"link_name":"Web framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_framework"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749568#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1747417/"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/7592728-7"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007549941105171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2009000706"}],"text":"Pautasso, Cesare; Wilde, Erik; Alarcon, Rosa (2014), REST: Advanced Research Topics and Practical Applications, Springer, ISBN 9781461492986\nPautasso, Cesare; Zimmermann, Olaf; Leymann, Frank (April 2008), \"Restful web services vs. \"big\"' web services\", Proceedings of the 17th international conference on World Wide Web, pp. 805–814, doi:10.1145/1367497.1367606, ISBN 9781605580852, S2CID 207167438\nFerreira, Otavio (Nov 2009), Semantic Web Services: A RESTful Approach, IADIS, ISBN 978-972-8924-93-5\nFowler, Martin (2010-03-18). \"Richardson Maturity Model: steps towards the glory of REST\". martinfowler.com. Retrieved 2017-06-26.vteWeb interfacesServer-sideProtocols\nHTTP\nv2\nv3\nEncryption\nWebDAV\nCGI\nSCGI\nFCGI\nAJP\nWSRP\nWebSocket\nServer APIs\nC NSAPI\nC ASAPI\nC ISAPI\nCOM ASP\nJakarta Servlet\ncontainer\nCLI OWIN\nASP.NET Handler\nPython WSGI\nPython ASGI\nRuby Rack\nJavaScript JSGI\nPerl PSGI\nPortlet\ncontainer\nApache modules\nmod_include\nmod_jk\nmod_lisp\nmod_mono\nmod_parrot\nmod_perl\nmod_php\nmod_proxy\nmod_python\nmod_wsgi\nmod_ruby\nPhusion Passenger\nTopics\nWeb service vs. Web resource\nWOA vs. ROA\nOpen API\nWebhook\nApplication server\ncomparison\nScripting\nClient-sideBrowser APIs\nC NPAPI\nLiveConnect\nXPConnect\nC NPRuntime\nC PPAPI\nNaCl\nActiveX\nBHO\nXBAP\nWeb APIsWHATWG\nAudio\nCanvas\nCORS\nDOM\nSSE\nVideo\nWebSockets\nWeb messaging\nWeb storage\nWeb worker\nXMLHttpRequest\nW3C\nDOM events\nEME\nFile\nGeolocation\nIndexedDB\nMSE\nSVG\nWebAssembly\nWebAuthn\nWebGPU\nWebRTC\nWebXR\nKhronos\nWebCL\nWebGL\nOthers\nGears\nWeb SQL Database (formerly W3C)\nWebUSB\nTopics\nAjax and Remote scripting vs. DHTML\nBrowser extension\nMashup\nWeb IDL\nScripting\nTopics\nMicroservices\nREST\nGraphQL\nWeb page\nStatic\nDynamic\nWeb standards\nWeb API security\nWeb application\nRich\nSingle-page\nProgressive\nWeb frameworkAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nNational\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Roy Fielding speaking at OSCON 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Roy_Fielding_at_OSCON_2008.jpg/220px-Roy_Fielding_at_OSCON_2008.jpg"},{"image_text":"An entity-relationship model of the concepts expressed in the REST architectural style","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/REST_information_model.png/900px-REST_information_model.png"}]
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[{"title":"Clean URL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_URL"},{"title":"Content delivery network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_delivery_network"},{"title":"Domain Application Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Application_Protocol"},{"title":"List of URI schemes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_URI_schemes"},{"title":"Microservices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microservices"},{"title":"Overview of RESTful API Description Languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overview_of_RESTful_API_Description_Languages"},{"title":"Resource-oriented architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource-oriented_architecture"},{"title":"Resource-oriented computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource-oriented_computing"},{"title":"Service-oriented architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture"},{"title":"Web-oriented architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web-oriented_architecture"},{"title":"Web services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_services"}]
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[{"reference":"Fielding, Roy Thomas (2000). \"Chapter 5: Representational State Transfer (REST)\". Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures (Ph.D.). University of California, Irvine. Archived from the original on 2021-05-13. Retrieved 2004-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertation/rest_arch_style.htm","url_text":"\"Chapter 5: Representational State Transfer (REST)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210513160155/https://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertation/rest_arch_style.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fielding, Roy T. (2008-10-20). \"REST APIs must be hypertext driven\". roy.gbiv.com. Archived from the original on 2010-03-18. Retrieved 2016-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://roy.gbiv.com/untangled/2008/rest-apis-must-be-hypertext-driven","url_text":"\"REST APIs must be hypertext driven\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100318060707/http://roy.gbiv.com/untangled/2008/rest-apis-must-be-hypertext-driven","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Couldry, Nick (2012). Media, Society, World: Social Theory and Digital Media Practice. London: Polity Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780745639208. Archived from the original on 2024-02-27. Retrieved 2021-06-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AcHvP9trbkAC&pg=PA2","url_text":"Media, Society, World: Social Theory and Digital Media Practice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780745639208","url_text":"9780745639208"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240227165043/https://books.google.com/books?id=AcHvP9trbkAC&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fielding, Roy Thomas (2000). \"Chapter 6: Experience and Evaluation\". Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures (Ph.D.). University of California, Irvine. Archived from the original on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2023-06-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertation/evaluation.htm","url_text":"\"Chapter 6: Experience and Evaluation\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230326022001/https://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertation/evaluation.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Fielding discussing the definition of the REST term\". groups.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on November 5, 2015. Retrieved 2017-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151105014201/https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/rest-discuss/conversations/topics/6735","url_text":"\"Fielding discussing the definition of the REST term\""},{"url":"https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/rest-discuss/conversations/topics/6735","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Erl, Thomas; Carlyle, Benjamin; Pautasso, Cesare; Balasubramanian, Raj (2012). \"5.1\". SOA with REST: Principles, Patterns & Constraints for Building Enterprise Solutions with REST. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-701251-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-701251-0","url_text":"978-0-13-701251-0"}]},{"reference":"Fielding, Roy Thomas (2000). \"Chapter 2: Network-based Application Architectures\". Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software Architectures (Ph.D.). University of California, Irvine. Archived from the original on 2014-12-16. Retrieved 2014-04-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertation/net_app_arch.htm","url_text":"\"Chapter 2: Network-based Application Architectures\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141216114322/http://www.ics.uci.edu/~fielding/pubs/dissertation/net_app_arch.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Richardson, Leonard; Ruby, Sam (2007). RESTful Web Services. Sebastopol, California: O'Reilly Media. 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Retrieved 2020-12-14 – via Researchgate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281287283","url_text":"\"A Maturity Model for Semantic RESTful Web APIs\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240227165042/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281287283_A_Maturity_Model_for_Semantic_RESTful_Web_APIs","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pautasso, Cesare; Wilde, Erik; Alarcon, Rosa (2014), REST: Advanced Research Topics and Practical Applications, Springer, ISBN 9781461492986","urls":[{"url":"https://www.springer.com/engineering/signals/book/978-1-4614-9298-6","url_text":"REST: Advanced Research Topics and Practical Applications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461492986","url_text":"9781461492986"}]},{"reference":"Pautasso, Cesare; Zimmermann, Olaf; Leymann, Frank (April 2008), \"Restful web services vs. \"big\"' web services\", Proceedings of the 17th international conference on World Wide Web, pp. 805–814, doi:10.1145/1367497.1367606, ISBN 9781605580852, S2CID 207167438","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jopera.org/docs/publications/2008/restws","url_text":"Proceedings of the 17th international conference on World Wide Web"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1367497.1367606","url_text":"10.1145/1367497.1367606"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781605580852","url_text":"9781605580852"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207167438","url_text":"207167438"}]},{"reference":"Ferreira, Otavio (Nov 2009), Semantic Web Services: A RESTful Approach, IADIS, ISBN 978-972-8924-93-5","urls":[{"url":"https://otaviofff.github.io/restful-grounding/","url_text":"Semantic Web Services: A RESTful Approach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-8924-93-5","url_text":"978-972-8924-93-5"}]},{"reference":"Fowler, Martin (2010-03-18). \"Richardson Maturity Model: steps towards the glory of REST\". martinfowler.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation_management
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Reputation management
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["1 History","1.1 Online","2 Campaigns in popular media","3 Examples","4 Ethics","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Influencing, controlling, enhancing, or concealing of an individual's or group's reputation
This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (January 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Reputation management, originally a public relations term, refers to the influencing, controlling, enhancing, or concealing of an individual's or group's reputation. The growth of the internet and social media led to growth of reputation management companies, with search results as a core part of a client's reputation. Online reputation management, sometimes abbreviated as ORM, focuses on the management of product and service search engine results.
Ethical grey areas include mug shot removal sites, astroturfing customer review sites, censoring complaints, and using search engine optimization tactics to influence results. In other cases, the ethical lines are clear; some reputation management companies are closely connected to websites that publish unverified and libelous statements about people. Such unethical companies charge thousands of dollars to remove these posts – temporarily – from their websites.
This field of public relations has developed extensively with the growth of the internet, social media, and the advent of reputation management companies. The overall outlook of search results has become an integral part of what defines "reputation" and reputation management now exists under two spheres: online and offline reputation management.
Online reputation management focuses on the management of product and service search results within the digital space, which is why it is common to see the same suggested links in the first page of a Google search. A variety of electronic markets and online communities like eBay, Amazon and Alibaba have ORM systems built in, and using effective control nodes can minimize the threat and protect systems from possible misuses and abuses by malicious nodes in decentralized overlay networks.Big data has the potential to be employed in overseeing and enhancing the reputation of organizations.
Offline reputation management shapes public perception of a said entity outside the digital sphere using clearly defined controls and measures towards a desired result that ideally represent what stakeholders think and feel about that entity. The most popular controls for off-line reputation management include social responsibility, media visibility, press releases in print media and sponsorship amongst related tools.
In the 2010s, marketing a company and promoting its products online have become large components of business strategies. Companies are trying to be more aware of how they are perceived by their audiences both inside and outside their target market. A problem which often arises from this is false advertising. In the past, contribution of internet posts and blogs to a company would have been a foreign concept to most corporations and their consumers. However, with more competitors and more clutter, it is increasingly difficult to get noticed and become popular within the realm of online business or among influencers because of how the algorithms that serve users content work on social media.
Reputation management is a marketing technique used to modify a company's reputation in a positive way.
History
Reputation is a social construct based on the opinion other people hold about a person or thing. Before the internet was developed, consumers wanting to learn about a company had fewer options. They had access to resources such as the Yellow Pages, but mostly relied on word-of-mouth. A company's reputation depended on personal experience. A company while it grew and expanded was subject to the market's perception of the brand. Public relations were developed to manage the image and manage the reputation of a company or individual. The concept was initially created to broaden public relations outside of media relations. Academic studies have identified it as a driving force behind Fortune 500 corporate public relations since the beginning of the 21st century.
As of 1988, reputation management was acknowledged as a valuable intangible asset and corporate necessity, which can be one of the most important sources of competitive edge in a fiercely competitive market, and with firms under scrutiny from the business community, regulators, and corporate governance watchdogs; good reputation management practices would to help firms cope with this scrutiny.
As of 2006, reputation management practices reinforce and aid a corporation's branding objectives. Good reputation management practices are helping any entity manage staff confidence as a control tool on public perceptions which if undermined and ignored can be costly, which in the long run may cripple employee confidence, a risk no employer would dare explore as staff morale is one of the most important drivers of company performance.
Online
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Originally, public relations included printed media, events and networking campaigns. At the end of 1990s search engines became widely used. The popularity of the internet introduced new marketing and branding opportunities. Where once journalists were the main source of media content, blogs, review sites and social media gave a voice to consumers regardless of qualification. Public relations became part of online reputation management (ORM). ORM includes traditional reputation strategies of public relations but also focuses on building a long-term reputation strategy that is consistent across all web-based channels and platforms. ORM includes search engine reputation management which is designed to counter negative search results and elevate positive content.
Reputation management (sometimes referred to as rep management or ORM) is the practice of attempting to shape public perception of a person or organization by influencing information about that entity, primarily online. What necessitates this shaping of perceptions being the role of consumers in any organization and the cognizance of how much if ignored these perceptions may harm a company's performance at any time of the year, a risk no entrepreneur or company executive can afford.
Specifically, reputation management involves the monitoring of the reputation of an individual or a brand on the internet, primarily focusing on the various social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, etc. addressing content which is potentially damaging to it, and using customer feedback to try to solve problems before they damage the individual's or brand's reputation. A major part of reputation management involves suppressing negative search results, while highlighting positive ones. For businesses, reputation management usually involves an attempt to bridge the gap between how a company perceives itself and how others view it.
In 2012, there had been an article released titled "Social Media Research in Advertising, Communication, Marketing and Public Relations" written by Hyoungkoo Khang et-al. The references to Kaplan and Haenleins theory of social presence, highlights the "concept of self-presentation."
Khang highlights that "companies must monitor individual's comments regarding service 24/7." This can imply that the reputation of a company does essentially rely on the consumer, as they are the ones that can make or break it. A 2015 study commissioned by the American Association of Advertising Agencies concluded that 4 percent of consumers believed advertisers and marketers practice integrity.
According to Susan Crawford, a cyberlaw specialist from Cardozo Law School, most websites will remove negative content when contacted to avoid litigation. The Wall Street Journal noted that in some cases, writing a letter to a detractor can have unintended consequences, though the company makes an effort to avoid writing to certain website operators that are likely to respond negatively. The company says it respects the First Amendment and does not try to remove "genuinely newsworthy speech." It generally cannot remove major government-related news stories from established publications or court records.
In 2015, Jon Ronson, author of "So You've Been Publicly Shamed", said that reputation management helped some people who became agoraphobic due to public humiliation from online shaming, but that it was an expensive service that many could not afford.
Campaigns in popular media
See also: Strategic lawsuit against public participation
In 2011, controversy around the Taco Bell restaurant chain arose when public accusations were made that their "seasoned beef" product was only made up of only 35% real beef. A class action lawsuit was filed by the law firm Beasley Allen against Taco Bell. The suit was voluntarily withdrawn with Beasley Allen citing that "From the inception of this case, we stated that if Taco Bell would make certain changes regarding disclosure and marketing of its 'seasoned beef' product, the case could be dismissed." Taco Bell responded to the case being withdrawn by launching a reputation management campaign titled "Would it kill you to say you're sorry?" that ran advertisements in various news outlets in print and online, which attempted to draw attention to the voluntary withdrawal of the case.
Examples
Organisations attempt to manage their reputations on websites that many people visit, such as eBay, Wikipedia, and Google. Some of the tactics used by reputation management firms include:
Modifying the way results from searches are displayed on a search engine such as white papers and make appear in priority positive customer testimonials in order to push down negative content.
Publishing original, positive websites and social media profiles, with the aim of outperforming negative results in a search.
Submitting online press releases to authoritative websites in order to promote brand presence and suppress negative content.
Submitting legal take-down requests if they have or pretend to have been libeled.
Getting mentions of the business or individual on third-party sites that rank highly on Google.
Creating fake, positive reviews of the individual or business to counteract negative ones.
Using spambots and denial-of-service attacks to force sites with damaging content off the web entirely.
Astroturfing third-party websites by creating anonymous accounts that create positive reviews or lash out against negative ones.
Proactively offering free products to prominent reviewers.
Removing online mug shots.
Proactively responding to public criticism stemming from recent changes.
Removing or suppressing images that are embarrassing or violate copyright.
Contacting Wikipedia editors to remove allegedly incorrect information from the Wikipedia pages of businesses they represent.
Forbidding any comments
Ethics
The practice of reputation management raises many ethical questions. It is widely disagreed upon where the line for disclosure, astroturfing, and censorship should be drawn. Firms have been known to hire staff to pose as bloggers on third-party sites without disclosing they were paid, and some have been criticized for asking websites to remove negative posts. The exposure of unethical reputation management may itself be risky to the reputation of a firm that attempts it if known.
In 2007 Google declared there to be nothing inherently wrong with reputation management, and even introduced a toolset in 2011 for users to monitor their online identity and request the removal of unwanted content. Many firms are selective about clients they accept. For example, they may avoid individuals who committed violent crimes who are looking to push information about their crimes lower on search results.
In 2010, a study showed that Naymz, one of the first Web 2.0 services to provide utilities for Online Reputation Management (ORM), had developed a method to assess the online reputation of its members (RepScore) that was rather easy to deceive. The study found that the highest level of online reputation was easily achieved by engaging a small social group of nine persons who connect with each other and provide reciprocal positive feedbacks and endorsements. As of December 2017, Naymz was shut down.
In 2015, the online retailer Amazon.com sued 1,114 people who were paid to publish fake five-star reviews for products. These reviews were created using a website for Macrotasking, Fiverr.com. Several other companies offer fake Yelp and Facebook reviews, and one journalist amassed five-star reviews for a business that doesn't exist, from social media accounts that have also given overwhelmingly positive reviews to "a chiropractor in Arizona, a hair salon in London, a limo company in North Carolina, a realtor in Texas, and a locksmith in Florida, among other far-flung businesses". In 2007, a study by the University of California Berkeley found that some sellers on eBay were undertaking reputation management by selling products at a discount in exchange for positive feedback to game the system.
In 2016, the Washington Post detailed 25 court cases, at least 15 of which had false addresses for the defendant. The court cases had similar language and the defendant agreed to the injunction by the plaintiff, which allowed the reputation management company to issue takedown notices to Google, Yelp, Leagle, Ripoff Report, various news sites, and other websites.
See also
Brand safety
Censorship
Greenwashing
Impression management
Online identity management
Online presence management
Peer-to-peer § Security and trust
Reputation capital
Reputation laundering
Reputation marketing
Reputation system
Sentiment analysis
Smear campaign
Sockpuppet
Spin (propaganda)
Streisand effect
Libel
References
^ a b "9 Online Reputation Management Services Entrepreneurs can Achieve by Themselves". Forbes. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
^ Yu, Bin; P. Singh, Munindar (2000). "A social mechanism of reputation management in electronic communities" (PDF). Cooperative Information Agents IV – The Future of Information Agents in Cyberspace. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 1860. Springer. pp. 154–165. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.43.2241. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-45012-2_15. ISBN 978-3-540-67703-1.
^ a b Krolik, Aaron; Hill, Kashmir (2021-04-24). "The Slander Industry". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
^ Mudhakar Srivatsa; Li Xiong; Ling Liu (2005). TrustGuard: Countering Vulnerabilities in Reputation Management for Decentralized Overlay Networks (PDF). WWW '05 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on World Wide Web. doi:10.1145/1060745.1060808. S2CID 1612033. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-10-18.
^ "Reputation management: Using big data to manage and repair organizational reputation". Strategic Direction. 37 (2): 24–25. 2020-01-01. doi:10.1108/SD-11-2020-0203. ISSN 0258-0543.
^ Hall, R. 1992. The Strategic Analysis of Intangible Resources. Strateg. Manage. J. 13(2) 135
^ (What's in a Name? Reputation Building and Corporate Strategy, Fombrun, Charles; Shanley, Mark, Academy of Management Journal; Jun 1990; 33, 2; ABI/INFORM Global, pp 239–240.)
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^ Cook, James (2022-01-04). "The Telegraph: Inside the booming business of reputation management". The Telegraph. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
^ S. Jai, Shankar (June 1, 1999). "Reputation is everything". New Straits Times (Malaysia).
^ Hutton, James G.; Goodman, Michael B.; Alexander, Jill B.; Genest, Christina M. (2001). "Reputation management: the new face of corporate public relations?". Public Relations Review. 27 (3): 247–261. doi:10.1016/S0363-8111(01)00085-6.
^ Weigelt, K., and C. Camerer (1988). "Reputation and corporate strategy: A review of recent theory and applications." Strategic Management Journal 9: 443–454.
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^ "What is reputation management? – Definition from WhatIs.com". WhatIs.com. Retrieved 2015-12-01.
^ Sepandar D. Kamvar; Mario T. Schlosser; Hector Garcia-Molina (2003). "The EigenTrust Algorithm for Reputation Management in P2P Networks" (PDF). Proceedings of the twelfth international conference on World Wide Web. WWW '03 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on World Wide Web. p. 640. doi:10.1145/775152.775242. ISBN 1-58113-680-3.
^ Milo, Moryt (2013-05-17). "Great Businesses Lean Forward, Respond Fast". Silicon Valley Business Journal. Retrieved 2013-09-05.
^ Lieb, Rebecca (July 10, 2012). "How Your Content Strategy Is Critical For Reputation Management". MarketingLand. Retrieved June 12, 2012.
^ "MT Masterclass – Reputation management". Management Today. May 1, 2007.
^ Khang, Hyoungkoo; Ki, Eyun-Jung; Ye, Lan (2012). "Social Media Research in Advertising, Communication, Marketing, and Public Relations, 1997–2010". Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly. 89 (2): 279–298. doi:10.1177/1077699012439853. S2CID 143272082.
^ Khang, Hyoungkoo. "Social Media Research in Advertising, Communication, Marketing, and Public Relations": 280. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Khang, Hyoungkoo (1997–2010). "Social Media Research in Advertising, Communication, Marketing, and Public Relations": 281. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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^ "Suing the Media For Defamation? Read this First! – Minc Law". www.minclaw.com. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
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^ "Alabama's Beasley Allen law firm drops suit against Taco Bell over 'seasoned beef' claims". AL.com. 19 April 2011. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
^ Barclay, Eliza (19 April 2011). "With Lawsuit Over, Taco Bell's Mystery Meat Is A Mystery No Longer". NPR.org. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
^ Macedo, Diane (2011-04-26). "Taco Bell Still Has Beef With Firm That Dropped Lawsuit | Fox News". Fox News. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
^ Resnick, Paul; Zeckhause, Richard (May 2, 2001). "Trust among strangers in internet transactions: Empirical analysis of eBay's reputation system". CiteSeerX 10.1.1.123.5332.
^ Spencer, Stephan (September 12, 2007). "DIY reputation management". CNET. CBS Interactive. Retrieved August 3, 2012.
^ a b Thomas Hoffman (February 12, 2008). "Online reputation management is hot – but is it ethical?". Computerworld. John Amato. Retrieved August 3, 2012.
^ a b Kinzie, Susan; Ellen Nakashima (July 2, 2007). "Calling In Pros to Refine Your Google Image". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 12, 2012.
^ a b c d e f Krazit, Tom (January 11, 2011). "A primer on online reputation management". CNET. Retrieved July 13, 2012.
^ a b Thompson, Nicholas (June 23, 2003). "More Companies Pay Heed to Their 'Word of Mouse' Reputation". The New York Times. Retrieved July 13, 2012.
^ "Published mug shots: A constant reminder of one man's past". CNN.COM. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
^ Giovinco, Steven W (9 May 2015). "Image Reputation Management: What It Is, And Why You Should Care". Medium.com. Medium. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
^ Holiday, Ryan (August 28, 2012). "How to solve your Wikipedia problem". Fortune. Retrieved November 30, 2015.
^ Farmer, Yanick (2018-01-02). "Ethical Decision Making and Reputation Management in Public Relations" (PDF). Journal of Media Ethics. 33 (1): 2–13. doi:10.1080/23736992.2017.1401931. ISSN 2373-6992. S2CID 158618395.
^ "Reputation management: Glitzkrieg". The Economist. Economist Group. March 10, 2011. Retrieved August 3, 2012.
^ Kessler, Sarah (June 16, 2011). "Google Launches Tool for Online Reputation Management". Mashable. Retrieved July 13, 2012.
^ Lazzari, Marco (2010). An experiment on the weakness of reputation algorithms used in professional social networks: the case of Naymz. IADIS International Conference e-Society 2010. Porto. pp. 519–522. ISBN 978-972-8939-07-6.
^ "Don't Be Fooled by Fake Online Reviews Part II — Krebs on Security". krebsonsecurity.com. 19 October 2015.
^ Tuttle, Brad. "Amazon Files Lawsuit Against Writers of Fake Online Reviews". Money.com. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021.
^ Gani, Aisha (18 October 2015). "Amazon sues 1,000 'fake reviewers'". the Guardian.
^ "I created a fake business and bought it an amazing online reputation". Fusion. Archived from the original on 2015-10-19. Retrieved 2015-10-20.
^ Mills, Elinor (January 11, 2007). "Study: eBay sellers gaming the reputation system?". CNET. Retrieved July 14, 2012.
^ Volokh, Eugene; Paul Alan Levy (10 October 2016). "Dozens of suspicious court cases, with missing defendants, aim at getting web pages taken down or deindexed". The Washington Post.
External links
Reputation Management: The Future of Corporate Communications and Public Relations, Tony Langham, Emerald Group Publishing, (2018), ISBN 1-78756-610-2
Reputation Management: The Key to Successful Public Relations and Corporate Communication, John Doorley, Helio Fred Garcia, Routledge, (2011), ISBN 1-135-96602-8
Reputation Management: Building and Protecting Your Company's Profile in a Digital World, Andrew Hiles, AC Black (2011), ISBN 1-84930-056-9
Reputation Management, Sabrina Helm, Kerstin Liehr-Gobbers, Christopher Storck, Springer Science & Business Media (2011), ISBN 3-642-19266-1
vteManagement
Outline of management
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vteConflict-of-interest editing on WikipediaIncidentsCommercial
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_relations"},{"link_name":"influencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_influence"},{"link_name":"reputation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation"},{"link_name":"internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management"},{"link_name":"search results","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_results_page"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes-1"},{"link_name":"search engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"mug shot removal sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mug_shot_publishing_industry"},{"link_name":"astroturfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroturfing"},{"link_name":"customer review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_review"},{"link_name":"sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website"},{"link_name":"search engine optimization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization"},{"link_name":"influence results.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_the_system"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"reputation management companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation_management_companies"},{"link_name":"Google search","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Search"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forbes-1"},{"link_name":"eBay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay"},{"link_name":"Amazon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_(company)"},{"link_name":"Alibaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alibaba_Group"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"stakeholders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakeholder_(corporate)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"print media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_media"},{"link_name":"sponsorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponsorship"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"false advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_advertising"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"clutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clutter_(advertising)"},{"link_name":"social media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Reputation management, originally a public relations term, refers to the influencing, controlling, enhancing, or concealing of an individual's or group's reputation. The growth of the internet and social media led to growth of reputation management companies, with search results as a core part of a client's reputation.[1] Online reputation management, sometimes abbreviated as ORM, focuses on the management of product and service search engine results.[2]Ethical grey areas include mug shot removal sites, astroturfing customer review sites, censoring complaints, and using search engine optimization tactics to influence results. In other cases, the ethical lines are clear; some reputation management companies are closely connected to websites that publish unverified and libelous statements about people.[3] Such unethical companies charge thousands of dollars to remove these posts – temporarily – from their websites.[3]This field of public relations has developed extensively with the growth of the internet, social media, and the advent of reputation management companies. The overall outlook of search results has become an integral part of what defines \"reputation\" and reputation management now exists under two spheres: online and offline reputation management.Online reputation management focuses on the management of product and service search results within the digital space, which is why it is common to see the same suggested links in the first page of a Google search.[1] A variety of electronic markets and online communities like eBay, Amazon and Alibaba have ORM systems built in, and using effective control nodes can minimize the threat and protect systems from possible misuses and abuses by malicious nodes in decentralized overlay networks.[4]Big data has the potential to be employed in overseeing and enhancing the reputation of organizations.[5]Offline reputation management shapes public perception of a said entity outside the digital sphere using clearly defined controls and measures towards a desired result that ideally represent what stakeholders think and feel about that entity.[6] The most popular controls for off-line reputation management include social responsibility, media visibility, press releases in print media and sponsorship amongst related tools.[7]In the 2010s, marketing a company and promoting its products online have become large components of business strategies. Companies are trying to be more aware of how they are perceived by their audiences both inside and outside their target market. A problem which often arises from this is false advertising.[8] In the past, contribution of internet posts and blogs to a company would have been a foreign concept to most corporations and their consumers. However, with more competitors and more clutter, it is increasingly difficult to get noticed and become popular within the realm of online business or among influencers because of how the algorithms that serve users content work on social media.[citation needed]Reputation management is a marketing technique used to modify a company's reputation in a positive way.[9]","title":"Reputation management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"social construct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_constructionism"},{"link_name":"word-of-mouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_of_mouth"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-one-10"},{"link_name":"Fortune 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_500"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"intangible asset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_asset"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Reputation is a social construct based on the opinion other people hold about a person or thing. Before the internet was developed, consumers wanting to learn about a company had fewer options. They had access to resources such as the Yellow Pages, but mostly relied on word-of-mouth. A company's reputation depended on personal experience.[citation needed] A company while it grew and expanded was subject to the market's perception of the brand. Public relations were developed to manage the image and manage the reputation of a company or individual.[citation needed] The concept was initially created to broaden public relations outside of media relations.[10] Academic studies have identified it as a driving force behind Fortune 500 corporate public relations since the beginning of the 21st century.[11]As of 1988, reputation management was acknowledged as a valuable intangible asset and corporate necessity, which can be one of the most important sources of competitive edge in a fiercely competitive market,[12] and with firms under scrutiny from the business community, regulators[vague], and corporate governance watchdogs; good reputation management practices would to help firms cope with this scrutiny.[13]As of 2006, reputation management practices reinforce and aid a corporation's branding objectives. Good reputation management practices are helping any entity manage staff confidence as a control tool on public perceptions which if undermined and ignored can be costly, which in the long run may cripple employee confidence, a risk no employer would dare explore as staff morale is one of the most important drivers of company performance.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"printed media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing"},{"link_name":"search engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine"},{"link_name":"blogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog"},{"link_name":"consumers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-four-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-five-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"social presence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_presence"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"American Association of Advertising Agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Advertising_Agencies"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Susan Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_P._Crawford"},{"link_name":"cyberlaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberlaw"},{"link_name":"Cardozo Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardozo_Law_School"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"First Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Jon Ronson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Ronson"},{"link_name":"\"So You've Been Publicly Shamed\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/So_You%27ve_Been_Publicly_Shamed"},{"link_name":"agoraphobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agoraphobia"},{"link_name":"public humiliation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_humiliation"},{"link_name":"online shaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_shaming"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Online","text":"Originally, public relations included printed media, events and networking campaigns. At the end of 1990s search engines became widely used. The popularity of the internet introduced new marketing and branding opportunities. Where once journalists were the main source of media content, blogs, review sites and social media gave a voice to consumers regardless of qualification. Public relations became part of online reputation management (ORM). ORM includes traditional reputation strategies of public relations but also focuses on building a long-term reputation strategy that is consistent across all web-based channels and platforms. ORM includes search engine reputation management which is designed to counter negative search results and elevate positive content.[15][16]\nReputation management (sometimes referred to as rep management or ORM) is the practice of attempting to shape public perception of a person or organization by influencing information about that entity, primarily online.[17] What necessitates this shaping of perceptions being the role of consumers in any organization and the cognizance of how much if ignored these perceptions may harm a company's performance at any time of the year, a risk no entrepreneur or company executive can afford.[18]Specifically, reputation management involves the monitoring of the reputation of an individual or a brand on the internet, primarily focusing on the various social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, etc. addressing content which is potentially damaging to it, and using customer feedback to try to solve problems before they damage the individual's or brand's reputation.[19] A major part of reputation management involves suppressing negative search results, while highlighting positive ones.[20] For businesses, reputation management usually involves an attempt to bridge the gap between how a company perceives itself and how others view it.[21]In 2012, there had been an article released titled \"Social Media Research in Advertising, Communication, Marketing and Public Relations\" written by Hyoungkoo Khang et-al.[22] The references to Kaplan and Haenleins theory of social presence, highlights the \"concept of self-presentation.\"[23]Khang highlights that \"companies must monitor individual's comments regarding service 24/7.\"[24] This can imply that the reputation of a company does essentially rely on the consumer, as they are the ones that can make or break it. A 2015 study commissioned by the American Association of Advertising Agencies concluded that 4 percent of consumers believed advertisers and marketers practice integrity.[25]According to Susan Crawford, a cyberlaw specialist from Cardozo Law School, most websites will remove negative content when contacted to avoid litigation. The Wall Street Journal noted that in some cases, writing a letter to a detractor can have unintended consequences, though the company makes an effort to avoid writing to certain website operators that are likely to respond negatively. The company says it respects the First Amendment and does not try to remove \"genuinely newsworthy speech.\" It generally cannot remove major government-related news stories from established publications or court records.[26][27][28]In 2015, Jon Ronson, author of \"So You've Been Publicly Shamed\", said that reputation management helped some people who became agoraphobic due to public humiliation from online shaming, but that it was an expensive service that many could not afford.[29][30]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strategic lawsuit against public participation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_lawsuit_against_public_participation"},{"link_name":"Taco Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taco_Bell"},{"link_name":"class action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_action"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"See also: Strategic lawsuit against public participationIn 2011, controversy around the Taco Bell restaurant chain arose when public accusations were made that their \"seasoned beef\" product was only made up of only 35% real beef. A class action lawsuit was filed by the law firm Beasley Allen against Taco Bell. The suit was voluntarily withdrawn with Beasley Allen citing that \"From the inception of this case, we stated that if Taco Bell would make certain changes regarding disclosure and marketing of its 'seasoned beef' product, the case could be dismissed.\"[31][32] Taco Bell responded to the case being withdrawn by launching a reputation management campaign titled \"Would it kill you to say you're sorry?\" that ran advertisements in various news outlets in print and online, which attempted to draw attention to the voluntary withdrawal of the case.[33]","title":"Campaigns in popular media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eBay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia"},{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-C-35"},{"link_name":"white papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_paper"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CW-36"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wash-37"},{"link_name":"suppress negative content.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship"},{"link_name":"they have or pretend to have been libeled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_lawsuit_against_public_participation"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnet-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnet-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnet-38"},{"link_name":"spambots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spambot"},{"link_name":"denial-of-service attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-service_attack"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Astroturfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astroturfing"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnet-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blob-39"},{"link_name":"mug shots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mug_shot"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CNN.Com-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blob-39"},{"link_name":"Removing or suppressing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fortune-42"}],"text":"Organisations attempt to manage their reputations on websites that many people visit, such as eBay,[34] Wikipedia, and Google. Some of the tactics used by reputation management firms include:[35]Modifying the way results from searches are displayed on a search engine such as white papers and make appear in priority positive customer testimonials in order to push down negative content.[36]\nPublishing original, positive websites and social media profiles[clarification needed], with the aim of outperforming negative results in a search.[37]\nSubmitting online press releases to authoritative websites in order to promote brand presence and suppress negative content.\nSubmitting legal take-down requests if they have or pretend to have been libeled.[38]\nGetting mentions of the business or individual on third-party sites that rank highly on Google.[38]\nCreating fake, positive reviews of the individual or business to counteract negative ones.[38]\nUsing spambots and denial-of-service attacks to force sites with damaging content off the web entirely.[citation needed]\nAstroturfing third-party websites by creating anonymous accounts that create positive reviews or lash out against negative ones.[38]\nProactively offering free products to prominent reviewers.[39]\nRemoving online mug shots.[40]\nProactively responding to public criticism stemming from recent changes.[39]\nRemoving or suppressing images that are embarrassing or violate copyright.[41]\nContacting Wikipedia editors to remove allegedly incorrect information from the Wikipedia pages of businesses they represent.[42]\nForbidding any comments","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnet-38"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-four-15"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CW-36"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-E-44"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wash-37"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnet-38"},{"link_name":"Naymz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naymz"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Amazon.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon.com"},{"link_name":"Macrotasking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrotasking"},{"link_name":"Fiverr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiverr"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Yelp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelp"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"University of California Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"eBay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay"},{"link_name":"positive feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_feedback"},{"link_name":"game the system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_the_system"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"The practice of reputation management raises many ethical questions.[38][43] It is widely disagreed upon where the line for disclosure, astroturfing, and censorship should be drawn. Firms have been known to hire staff to pose as bloggers on third-party sites without disclosing they were paid, and some have been criticized for asking websites to remove negative posts.[15][36] The exposure of unethical reputation management may itself be risky to the reputation of a firm that attempts it if known.[44]In 2007 Google declared there to be nothing inherently wrong with reputation management,[37] and even introduced a toolset in 2011 for users to monitor their online identity and request the removal of unwanted content.[45] Many firms are selective about clients they accept. For example, they may avoid individuals who committed violent crimes who are looking to push information about their crimes lower on search results.[38]In 2010, a study showed that Naymz, one of the first Web 2.0 services to provide utilities for Online Reputation Management (ORM), had developed a method to assess the online reputation of its members (RepScore) that was rather easy to deceive. The study found that the highest level of online reputation was easily achieved by engaging a small social group of nine persons who connect with each other and provide reciprocal positive feedbacks and endorsements.[46] As of December 2017, Naymz was shut down.In 2015, the online retailer Amazon.com sued 1,114 people who were paid to publish fake five-star reviews for products. These reviews were created using a website for Macrotasking, Fiverr.com.[47][48][49] Several other companies offer fake Yelp and Facebook reviews, and one journalist amassed five-star reviews for a business that doesn't exist, from social media accounts that have also given overwhelmingly positive reviews to \"a chiropractor in Arizona, a hair salon in London, a limo company in North Carolina, a realtor in Texas, and a locksmith in Florida, among other far-flung businesses\".[50] In 2007, a study by the University of California Berkeley found that some sellers on eBay were undertaking reputation management by selling products at a discount in exchange for positive feedback to game the system.[51]In 2016, the Washington Post detailed 25 court cases, at least 15 of which had false addresses for the defendant. The court cases had similar language and the defendant agreed to the injunction by the plaintiff, which allowed the reputation management company to issue takedown notices to Google, Yelp, Leagle, Ripoff Report, various news sites, and other websites.[52]","title":"Ethics"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"Brand safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand_safety"},{"title":"Censorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship"},{"title":"Greenwashing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwashing"},{"title":"Impression management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impression_management"},{"title":"Online identity management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_identity_management"},{"title":"Online presence management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_presence_management"},{"title":"Peer-to-peer § Security and trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer#Security_and_trust"},{"title":"Reputation capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation_capital"},{"title":"Reputation laundering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation_laundering"},{"title":"Reputation marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation_marketing"},{"title":"Reputation system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation_system"},{"title":"Sentiment analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentiment_analysis"},{"title":"Smear campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smear_campaign"},{"title":"Sockpuppet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sock_puppet_account"},{"title":"Spin (propaganda)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)"},{"title":"Streisand effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streisand_effect"},{"title":"Libel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libel"}]
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Retrieved November 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Holiday","url_text":"Holiday, Ryan"},{"url":"http://fortune.com/2012/08/14/how-to-solve-your-wikipedia-problem-yes-you-have-one/","url_text":"\"How to solve your Wikipedia problem\""}]},{"reference":"Farmer, Yanick (2018-01-02). \"Ethical Decision Making and Reputation Management in Public Relations\" (PDF). Journal of Media Ethics. 33 (1): 2–13. doi:10.1080/23736992.2017.1401931. ISSN 2373-6992. S2CID 158618395.","urls":[{"url":"http://archipel.uqam.ca/12464/1/Ethical%20Decision%20Making%20and%20Reputation%20Management%20in%20Public%20Relations.pdf","url_text":"\"Ethical Decision Making and Reputation Management in Public Relations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23736992.2017.1401931","url_text":"10.1080/23736992.2017.1401931"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2373-6992","url_text":"2373-6992"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158618395","url_text":"158618395"}]},{"reference":"\"Reputation management: Glitzkrieg\". The Economist. Economist Group. March 10, 2011. Retrieved August 3, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.economist.com/node/18330435","url_text":"\"Reputation management: Glitzkrieg\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist","url_text":"The Economist"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economist_Group","url_text":"Economist Group"}]},{"reference":"Kessler, Sarah (June 16, 2011). \"Google Launches Tool for Online Reputation Management\". Mashable. Retrieved July 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://mashable.com/2011/06/16/google-me-on-the-web/","url_text":"\"Google Launches Tool for Online Reputation Management\""}]},{"reference":"Lazzari, Marco (2010). An experiment on the weakness of reputation algorithms used in professional social networks: the case of Naymz. IADIS International Conference e-Society 2010. Porto. pp. 519–522. ISBN 978-972-8939-07-6.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iadisportal.org/digital-library/an-experiment-on-the-weakness-of-reputation-algorithms-used-in-professional-social-networks-the-case-of-naymz","url_text":"An experiment on the weakness of reputation algorithms used in professional social networks: the case of Naymz"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-8939-07-6","url_text":"978-972-8939-07-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Don't Be Fooled by Fake Online Reviews Part II — Krebs on Security\". krebsonsecurity.com. 19 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://krebsonsecurity.com/2015/10/dont-be-fooled-by-fake-online-reviews-part-ii/","url_text":"\"Don't Be Fooled by Fake Online Reviews Part II — Krebs on Security\""}]},{"reference":"Tuttle, Brad. \"Amazon Files Lawsuit Against Writers of Fake Online Reviews\". Money.com. Archived from the original on May 8, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://money.com/amazon-fake-online-reviews/","url_text":"\"Amazon Files Lawsuit Against Writers of Fake Online Reviews\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210508135304/https://money.com/amazon-fake-online-reviews/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gani, Aisha (18 October 2015). \"Amazon sues 1,000 'fake reviewers'\". the Guardian.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/oct/18/amazon-sues-1000-fake-reviewers","url_text":"\"Amazon sues 1,000 'fake reviewers'\""}]},{"reference":"\"I created a fake business and bought it an amazing online reputation\". Fusion. Archived from the original on 2015-10-19. Retrieved 2015-10-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151019060422/http://fusion.net/story/191773/i-created-a-fake-business-and-fooled-thousands-of-people-into-thinking-it-was-real/","url_text":"\"I created a fake business and bought it an amazing online reputation\""},{"url":"http://fusion.net/story/191773/i-created-a-fake-business-and-fooled-thousands-of-people-into-thinking-it-was-real/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mills, Elinor (January 11, 2007). \"Study: eBay sellers gaming the reputation system?\". CNET. Retrieved July 14, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-6149491-7.html","url_text":"\"Study: eBay sellers gaming the reputation system?\""}]},{"reference":"Volokh, Eugene; Paul Alan Levy (10 October 2016). \"Dozens of suspicious court cases, with missing defendants, aim at getting web pages taken down or deindexed\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2016/10/10/dozens-of-suspicious-court-cases-with-missing-defendants-aim-at-getting-web-pages-taken-down-or-deindexed/","url_text":"\"Dozens of suspicious court cases, with missing defendants, aim at getting web pages taken down or deindexed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reputation_management&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/cherylsnappconner/2016/07/19/9-online-reputation-management-services-entrepreneurs-can-achieve-by-themselves","external_links_name":"\"9 Online Reputation Management Services Entrepreneurs can Achieve by Themselves\""},{"Link":"https://www.csc.ncsu.edu/faculty/mpsingh/papers/mas/cia-00.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A social mechanism of reputation management in electronic communities\""},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.43.2241","external_links_name":"10.1.1.43.2241"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-45012-2_15","external_links_name":"10.1007/978-3-540-45012-2_15"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/04/24/technology/online-slander-websites.html","external_links_name":"\"The Slander Industry\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171018180029/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/32fb/d789568c66ccc3b61aa22af350f548809f56.pdf","external_links_name":"TrustGuard: Countering Vulnerabilities in Reputation Management for Decentralized Overlay Networks"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1060745.1060808","external_links_name":"10.1145/1060745.1060808"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1612033","external_links_name":"1612033"},{"Link":"https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/32fb/d789568c66ccc3b61aa22af350f548809f56.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1108/SD-11-2020-0203","external_links_name":"\"Reputation management: Using big data to manage and repair organizational reputation\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1108%2FSD-11-2020-0203","external_links_name":"10.1108/SD-11-2020-0203"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0258-0543","external_links_name":"0258-0543"},{"Link":"https://www.asa.org.uk/advice-online/misleading-advertising.html","external_links_name":"\"Misleading advertising\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2020/01/04/inside-booming-business-online-reputation-management/","external_links_name":"\"The Telegraph: Inside the booming business of reputation management\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0363-8111%2801%2900085-6","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0363-8111(01)00085-6"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bushor.2005.10.006","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.bushor.2005.10.006"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120704104548/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2008-04-30/do-reputation-management-services-work-businessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice","external_links_name":"\"Do Reputation Management Services Work?\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2008-04-30/do-reputation-management-services-work-businessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/04/04/the-growing-business-of-online-reputation-management/","external_links_name":"\"The Growing Business of Online Reputation Management\""},{"Link":"http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/reputation-management","external_links_name":"\"What is reputation management? – Definition from WhatIs.com\""},{"Link":"http://ilpubs.stanford.edu:8090/562/1/2002-56.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The EigenTrust Algorithm for Reputation Management in P2P Networks\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1145%2F775152.775242","external_links_name":"10.1145/775152.775242"},{"Link":"http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/print-edition/2013/05/17/great-businesses-lean-forward-respond.html","external_links_name":"\"Great Businesses Lean Forward, Respond Fast\""},{"Link":"http://marketingland.com/how-your-content-strategy-is-critical-for-reputation-management-16073","external_links_name":"\"How Your Content Strategy Is Critical For Reputation Management\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254120644","external_links_name":"\"Social Media Research in Advertising, Communication, Marketing, and Public Relations, 1997–2010\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1077699012439853","external_links_name":"10.1177/1077699012439853"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143272082","external_links_name":"143272082"},{"Link":"https://www.inc.com/dakota-shane/96-percent-of-consumers-dont-trust-ads-heres-how-to-sell-your-product-without-coming-off-sleazy.html","external_links_name":"\"96 Percent of Consumers Don't Trust Ads. Here's How to Sell Your Product Without Coming Off Sleazy\""},{"Link":"https://www.minclaw.com/suing-the-media-defamation/","external_links_name":"\"Suing the Media For Defamation? Read this First! – Minc Law\""},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/what-doctors-are-doing-about-bad-reviews-online-1498442580","external_links_name":"\"What Doctors Are Doing About Bad Reviews Online\""},{"Link":"https://www.wired.com/2006/11/delete-your-bad-web-rep/","external_links_name":"\"Delete Your Bad Web Rep\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1059-1028","external_links_name":"1059-1028"},{"Link":"https://www.wnyc.org/story/jon-ronson-and-public-shaming/","external_links_name":"\"Jon Ronson And Public Shaming | On the Media\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/19/books/review/jon-ronsons-so-youve-been-publicly-shamed.html","external_links_name":"\"Jon Ronson's 'So You've Been Publicly Shamed'\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"http://blog.al.com/wire/2011/04/alabamas_beasley_allen_law_fir.html","external_links_name":"\"Alabama's Beasley Allen law firm drops suit against Taco Bell over 'seasoned beef' claims\""},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2011/04/22/135539926/with-lawsuit-over-taco-bells-mystery-meat-is-a-mystery-no-longer","external_links_name":"\"With Lawsuit Over, Taco Bell's Mystery Meat Is A Mystery No Longer\""},{"Link":"http://www.foxnews.com/us/2011/04/26/taco-bell-threatens-sue-law-firm-brought-beef-suit.html","external_links_name":"\"Taco Bell Still Has Beef With Firm That Dropped Lawsuit | Fox News\""},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.123.5332","external_links_name":"10.1.1.123.5332"},{"Link":"http://news.cnet.com/8301-13530_3-9773755-28.html","external_links_name":"\"DIY reputation management\""},{"Link":"http://www.computerworld.com/article/2537007/networking/online-reputation-management-is-hot----but-is-it-ethical-.html","external_links_name":"\"Online reputation management is hot – but is it ethical?\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/01/AR2007070101355.html?hpid=artslot","external_links_name":"\"Calling In Pros to Refine Your Google Image\""},{"Link":"http://news.cnet.com/8301-30684_3-20028997-265.html","external_links_name":"\"A primer on online reputation management\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/23/business/technology-more-companies-pay-heed-to-their-word-of-mouse-reputation.html?scp=1&sq=More+Companies+Pay+Heed+to+Their+%E2%80%98Word+of+Mouse%E2%80%99+Reputation&st=cse&pagewanted=all","external_links_name":"\"More Companies Pay Heed to Their 'Word of Mouse' Reputation\""},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2012/05/29/us/mug-shot-websites/","external_links_name":"\"Published mug shots: A constant reminder of one man's past\""},{"Link":"https://medium.com/@recovreputation/image-reputation-management-what-it-is-and-why-you-should-care-311a3e1d0462#.6qj0s1u4c","external_links_name":"\"Image Reputation Management: What It Is, And Why You Should Care\""},{"Link":"http://fortune.com/2012/08/14/how-to-solve-your-wikipedia-problem-yes-you-have-one/","external_links_name":"\"How to solve your Wikipedia problem\""},{"Link":"http://archipel.uqam.ca/12464/1/Ethical%20Decision%20Making%20and%20Reputation%20Management%20in%20Public%20Relations.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ethical Decision Making and Reputation Management in Public Relations\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23736992.2017.1401931","external_links_name":"10.1080/23736992.2017.1401931"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2373-6992","external_links_name":"2373-6992"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158618395","external_links_name":"158618395"},{"Link":"http://www.economist.com/node/18330435","external_links_name":"\"Reputation management: Glitzkrieg\""},{"Link":"http://mashable.com/2011/06/16/google-me-on-the-web/","external_links_name":"\"Google Launches Tool for Online Reputation Management\""},{"Link":"http://www.iadisportal.org/digital-library/an-experiment-on-the-weakness-of-reputation-algorithms-used-in-professional-social-networks-the-case-of-naymz","external_links_name":"An experiment on the weakness of reputation algorithms used in professional social networks: the case of Naymz"},{"Link":"https://krebsonsecurity.com/2015/10/dont-be-fooled-by-fake-online-reviews-part-ii/","external_links_name":"\"Don't Be Fooled by Fake Online Reviews Part II — Krebs on Security\""},{"Link":"https://money.com/amazon-fake-online-reviews/","external_links_name":"\"Amazon Files Lawsuit Against Writers of Fake Online Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210508135304/https://money.com/amazon-fake-online-reviews/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/oct/18/amazon-sues-1000-fake-reviewers","external_links_name":"\"Amazon sues 1,000 'fake reviewers'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151019060422/http://fusion.net/story/191773/i-created-a-fake-business-and-fooled-thousands-of-people-into-thinking-it-was-real/","external_links_name":"\"I created a fake business and bought it an amazing online reputation\""},{"Link":"http://fusion.net/story/191773/i-created-a-fake-business-and-fooled-thousands-of-people-into-thinking-it-was-real/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-6149491-7.html","external_links_name":"\"Study: eBay sellers gaming the reputation system?\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2016/10/10/dozens-of-suspicious-court-cases-with-missing-defendants-aim-at-getting-web-pages-taken-down-or-deindexed/","external_links_name":"\"Dozens of suspicious court cases, with missing defendants, aim at getting web pages taken down or deindexed\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H1x7DwAAQBAJ&q=reputation+management","external_links_name":"Reputation Management: The Future of Corporate Communications and Public Relations"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TWqUAgAAQBAJ&q=reputation+management","external_links_name":"Reputation Management: The Key to Successful Public Relations and Corporate Communication"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9tQbuK5Dw9kC&q=reputation+management","external_links_name":"Reputation Management: Building and Protecting Your Company's Profile in a Digital World"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B1LnTYAqRqYC&q=reputation+management","external_links_name":"Reputation Management"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_Corporation
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Research Corporation
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["1 Grants Programs: Cottrell Scholar Awards","2 Grants Programs: Cottrell College Science Awards","3 Grants Programs: Arizona Partners in Science Awards","4 Strategic Partnerships","5 Presidents","6 Nobel Laureates","7 References","8 External links","8.1 Archival collections"]
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Foundation that supports scientific research
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Research Corporation for Science Advancement (RCSA) is an organization in the United States devoted to the advancement of science, funding research projects in the physical sciences. Since 1912, Research Corporation for Science Advancement has identified trends in science and education, financing many scientific research projects.
The Research Corporation was founded in 1912 by Frederick Gardner Cottrell, scientist, inventor, environmentalist and philanthropist, with initial funding derived from the profits from his patents on the electrostatic precipitator. Research Corporation was the second foundation established in the United States (Andrew Carnegie established the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching in 1906) and America's first foundation devoted solely to the advancement of science. For over 100 years, RCSA has catalyzed transformative research by funding top early-career teacher-scholars at America's colleges and universities.
RCSA seeks to identify and support ideas that could revolutionize and advance entire fields of study. At the same time, RCSA works to improve U.S. science education by advocating that faculty members enhance their teaching and contribution to society by remaining active in research and by involving undergraduates in their work. For many years the foundation has maintained that involving undergraduates in research develops critical thinking, creativity, problem solving, and intellectual independence, and promotes an innovation-oriented culture.
RCSA supports direct grants to academic scientists; conferences that leverage important scientific work that is already under way; advocacy with an emphasis on the research of early-career faculty; promulgating innovative ideas for scientific transformation; the integration of research and science teaching; interdisciplinary research; and building academic cultures that look toward tomorrow's scientific needs.
During the 1920s and 1930s, many scientists took out patents of their developments and assigned them to the Research Corporation in order to guarantee that any profits made from their work would be used for further scientific research (one notable example is Ernest O. Lawrence, who assigned his cyclotron patent to the company). The Research Corporation played a major role in the minds of many scientists of the period in formulating ideal policies about the role of intellectual property in science. It was one of the first foundations in the United States. In 1987, their invention-handing facilities became Research Corporation Technologies, a wholly independent company which handles technology transfer. It was also a major supporter of the research that led to the presentation of Interlingua in 1951.
Grants Programs: Cottrell Scholar Awards
The Cottrell Scholar Awards program (CSA) reinforces the growing awareness that teaching and research are complementary rather than wholly or partially exclusive. RCSA believes this convergence is essential for increasing the number of students who are attracted and retained in science.
Cottrell Scholar Awards are intended to:
Create a culture shift in Ph.D.-granting institutions toward valuing the university scholar;
Increase the attraction and retention of undergraduates in science;
Increase the number of undergraduates from Ph.D.-granting institutions pursuing graduate degrees.
The program provides $100,000 over three years to early-career faculty in chemistry, physics, astronomy, biochemistry and biophysics at major research universities. Cottrell Scholars are chosen not only for their high-quality research, but also for their dedication to the task of teaching undergraduates. There are currently more than 240 Scholars nationwide.
Each award recipient is required to attend at least two annual conferences during the three-year term of the award. These conferences are focused on providing opportunities to share teaching knowledge as well as mentoring from previous award recipients and nationally recognized experts on such topics as navigating career paths, and balancing research and education in the research university environment. Numerous Cottrell Scholars have found the knowledge and recognition the program provides to be major motivating factors in their efforts to push through reforms in undergraduate science curricula at their universities.
In 2011 RCSA did not make any regular Cottrell Scholar Awards; instead, foundation personnel and various Cottrell Scholars focused on revamping and reorienting the program to increase its effectiveness in the coming decade. At the 2011 conference, a new synergistic organization, the Cottrell Scholar Collaborative, was launched. The Collaborative's central goal is to act collectively to change the way undergraduate science education is taught at major American universities.
Grants Programs: Cottrell College Science Awards
The Cottrell College Science Awards (CCSA) program, RCSA's oldest initiative, was created in the early 1970s to promote basic research as a vital component of undergraduate education at primarily undergraduate institutions (PUIs). CCSA has supported the research work of more than 1,300 PUI faculty in more than 400 institutions, and has generated research opportunities for thousands of undergraduates at both public and private institutions. One of RCSA's important goals is to motivate students to pursue careers in research and to become the advanced scientific workforce America will need to remain prosperous and safe in the challenging decades to come.
The awards are intended to:
• Strengthen teacher-scholars while supporting high-quality research at primarily undergraduate institutions;
• Help early-career PUI faculty become competitive for federal funding;
• Encourage faculty to conduct meaningful collaborative work with undergraduate researchers, and;
• Enhance the research culture of science departments at public and private institutions in the U.S.
The CCSA Single-Investigator Award provides research support for early-career faculty with interests in the fields of chemistry, physics and astronomy and in closely related fields that overlap significantly with these three disciplines. RCSA also has a new initiative under the CCSA banner, the Multi-Investigator Awards, to encourage early-career faculty to establish in-house, interdisciplinary research collaborations. This was done to encourage PUI-based researchers to address the increasingly complex problems inherent in modern scientific inquiry.
Grants Programs: Arizona Partners in Science Awards
Arizona Partners in Science, an RCSA program in conjunction with the M.J. Murdock Charitable Trust, provides summer research opportunities for high-school science teachers under the supervision of faculty members at Arizona universities.
The objective of this program is to provide Arizona high-school science teachers the opportunity to work on summer research projects in collaboration with individual science faculty at universities within the state. The main goals are to help improve grade 9-12 science education and increase the number of students who choose to pursue science careers.
Strategic Partnerships
Research Corporation for Science Advancement works with corporations, fellow foundations, and government offices and agencies, as well as educational institutions, across the country.
In order to increase the breadth of its influence, in 2010 Research Corporation established a Strategic Partnerships program charged with increasing its endowment and establishing collaborations with corporations, fellow foundations, government offices and agencies.
Presidents
Years
Name
Previous roles
Education
Notes
Ref
1912-1915
Board of directors
-
-
-
1915-1922
Elon Huntington Hooker
Founder of Hooker Electrochemical Company
University of Rochester bachelor's, Cornell University PhD
Chemist, hydrodynamic engineer
1922-1927
Arthur A. Hamerschlag
Engineer for the US Government in Cuba and Mexico (1888-1892), President of Carnegie Institute of Technology (1903-1921)
1927-1945
Howard Andrews Poillon
Mucker in Alaskan gold mines (1900-1910), Manager of Vanadium Mines (1910-?), Director of RCSA (1920-1927)
Spent one year at Columbia University School of Mines
Formed an engineering consulting firm for mining
1946-1957
Joseph Warren Barker
US Army Officer (?-1925), Professor of Electrical Engineering at MIT, Dean of Engineering Faculty at Columbia University (?-?), Special Assistant to the Secretary of the Navy (World War II)
MIT graduate (1916)
Navy Distinguished Civilian Service Award recipient
1957-1967
J. William Hinkley
Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. (1927-1943), Staff at MIT's Radiation Laboratory (1943-1944), Manager of RCSA's Research Construction Company (1945-1946), Director of RCSA's Patent Management Division (1946-1957)
Died during his tenureship
1968-1982
James Stacy Coles
Chemistry Professor at City College of New York and Middlebury College (?-?), Research Supervisor at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (World War II), Acting Dean and Chemistry Professor at Brown University (?-?), President of Bowdoin College (?-1967)
Degrees from Mansfield State Teachers College and Columbia University
Retired in 1982 but remained Chairman of the RCSA's executive committee until 1984
1982-2002
John P. Schaefer
Assistant Professor of Chemistry at University of California, Berkeley (?-1960); Chemistry Department Head and Dean of the College of Liberal Arts (?-1971), and President of University of Arizona (1971-1982)
Helped found the Center for Creative Photography
Polytechnic Institute bachelor's in chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign PhD in chemistry, California Institute of Technology postdoc
2002
Michael P. Doyle
Taught at University of Arizona, Nankai University, Hope College, and Trinity University; Chemistry and Biochemistry Department Chair at University of Maryland (2003-?); Medicinal Chemistry Department Chair at University of Texas at San Antonio (?-present)
Attended University of St. Thomas and Iowa State University; University of Illinois, Chicago postdoc
2002-2005
John P. Schaefer
-
-
Resumed presidency
2005-2013
James M. Gentile
Dean for the Natural Sciences and Endowed Chair in Biology at Hope College
Saint Mary's University of Minnesota bachelor's and Illinois State University Master's and PhD, Yale School of Medicine postdoc
Received the Alexander Hollaender Research Excellence Award from the EMGS and the Cancer Research Medallion from the National Cancer Institute of Japan; AAAS Fellow
2014-2017
Robert N. Shelton
President of Giant Magellan Telescope Organization (?-?), President of University of Arizona (2006-2011), Executive Director of the Arizona Sports Foundation (2011-2014)
Novel materials physicist
2017
Daniel Gasch
Interim president
2017-present
Daniel I. Linzer
Assistant Professor (1984-?), Associate Dean (1998-2002), Dean (2002-2007), Provost (2007-2017), and Professor of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology (?-present) at Northwestern University
Yale University bachelor's in molecular biophysics and biochemistry (1976), Princeton University PhD in biochemical science (1980), NIH postdoc at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine
Nobel Laureates
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Research Corporation for Science Advancement has funded the early work of at least 40 scientists who have received Nobel Prizes.
Year
Name
Category
RCSA grant(s)
Research topic
Ref
1934
Harold C. Urey
Chemistry
1938
Isotopes
1939
Ernest O. Lawrence
Physics
1931 (renewed 1934, 1935, 1937, 1938), 1939 (renewed 1940, 1941, 1942)
Cyclotron (1931), nuclear physics (1939)
1944
Isidor Isaac Rabi
1931, 1937 (renewed 1938, 1939, 1940)
Molecular beam research (1931), magnetic moment of the atom (1937)
1946
Percy W. Bridgman
1954
Properties of matter under pressure with a particular reference to the properties of alloys
1950
Edward C. Kendall
Physiology or Medicine
1942 (1943, 1944)
Cortical hormones
1952
Felix Bloch
Physics
1939, 1946 (renewed 1947, 1948)
Low voltage generator (1939), nuclear induction and its application to polarized neutrons (1946)
Edward M. Purcell
1946, 1948
Resonance absorption by nuclear magnetic moments
1958
George Beadle
Physiology or Medicine
1944
Induction and detection of biochemical mutations in Neurospora crassa
Edward L. Tatum
1946, 1947, 1971, 1974
Use of isotopes in the study of biosynthesis of amino acids (1946, 1947), characterization of enzymes of morphological mutants of Neurospora (1971, 1974)
1959
Severo Ochoa
1941, 1944, 1951
Intermediary carbohydrate metabolism (1941), respiratory enzymes and the mechanism of the biological oxidation of pyruvic acid (1944), enzyme systems involved in biological oxidations and syntheses (1971)
1961
Robert Hofstadter
Physics
1950
Nuclear electric charge distribution by experiments on the elastic scattering of electrons from nuclei
1964
Feodor Lynen
Physiology or Medicine
1954
Biosynthesis of the fatty acids and isoprene derivatives
1965
Robert B. Woodward
Chemistry
1949 (renewed 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953), 1957
Synthesis of cortisone (1949), structure and synthesis of chlorophyll (1957)
1967
Manfred Eigen
1954
Velocity and mechanism of high speed ionic reactions
1968
Robert W. Holley
Physiology or Medicine
1958
Chemistry of intermediates in protein synthesis
1969
Max Delbrück
1958
Production, characterization and mapping of the phage T2L
1973
Ernst Otto Fischer
Chemistry
1961
Extension of metal microanalysis
1976
William N. Lipscomb Jr.
1959
Determination of the molecular structure of an enzyme, a proteinase from Tetrahymena pyriformis W, by x-ray diffraction methods
1979
Herbert C. Brown
1948, 1949
Effects of structure on the chemistry of addition compounds
George Wald
Physiology or Medicine
1942 (renewed 1943), 1949
Physiological action of thiamin in neuromuscular systems (1942), cozymase-destroying systems in the tissues of freshwater fishes or the conversion of β-Carotene to vitamin A in vitro (1949)
Georg Wittig
Chemistry
1955
Organic anion chemistry
1986
Dudley Herschbach
1998
Mechanical means to decelerate gaseous molecules
1987
Donald J. Cram
1951
Macro-ring compounds containing aromatic nuclei as part of the ring systems
1989
Thomas R. Cech
1977, 1978
Photochemical crosslinking of DNA with psoralens
1990
Elias J. Corey
1958, 1959
Synthesis of electronically unstable organic structures protected by large substituents
1992
Rudolph A. Marcus
1954, 1956
Behavior of the dicarboxylate ions
Edwin G. Krebs
Physiology or Medicine
1958, 1959
Immunochemical studies on glycolytic enzymes
1993
Joseph H. Taylor Jr.
Physics
1970
Temporal variation of pulsars
1995
Frederick Reines
1959 (unrestricted), 1961
Neurons and gamma-rays of extraterrestrial origin
1996
Robert C. Richardson
1972, 1973
Possible superfluid properties of liquid 3He
Robert F. Curl Jr.
Chemistry
1958
Microwave spectra of radicals and molecules
Richard E. Smalley
1976, 1977
Supersonic molecular beam laser spectroscopy of photoactive molecules
1999
Ahmed H. Zewail
1976
Energy transport in high-dimensional solids
2000
Alan G. MacDiarmid
1956, 1957, 1959
Silico-ethyl (SiH3SiH2) compounds
2001
Carl E. Wieman
Physics
1981
Precision test of the Weinberg-Salam theory of weak and electromagnetic interactions.
References
^ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frederick-Gardner-Cottrell
^ "Robert N. Shelton Selected as President of Giant Magellan Telescope Organization | Giant Magellan Telescope".
External links
Research Corporation website
Archival collections
Research Corporation maser and laser patents collection, 1956-1962, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
|
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Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_O._Lawrence"},{"link_name":"cyclotron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclotron"},{"link_name":"intellectual property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"foundations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_(nonprofit_organization)"},{"link_name":"technology transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_transfer"},{"link_name":"Interlingua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingua"}],"text":"Research Corporation for Science Advancement (RCSA) is an organization in the United States devoted to the advancement of science, funding research projects in the physical sciences. Since 1912, Research Corporation for Science Advancement has identified trends in science and education, financing many scientific research projects.The Research Corporation was founded in 1912 by Frederick Gardner Cottrell, scientist, inventor, environmentalist and philanthropist, [1] with initial funding derived from the profits from his patents on the electrostatic precipitator. Research Corporation was the second foundation established in the United States (Andrew Carnegie established the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching in 1906) and America's first foundation devoted solely to the advancement of science. For over 100 years, RCSA has catalyzed transformative research by funding top early-career teacher-scholars at America's colleges and universities.RCSA seeks to identify and support ideas that could revolutionize and advance entire fields of study. At the same time, RCSA works to improve U.S. science education by advocating that faculty members enhance their teaching and contribution to society by remaining active in research and by involving undergraduates in their work. For many years the foundation has maintained that involving undergraduates in research develops critical thinking, creativity, problem solving, and intellectual independence, and promotes an innovation-oriented culture.RCSA supports direct grants to academic scientists; conferences that leverage important scientific work that is already under way; advocacy with an emphasis on the research of early-career faculty; promulgating innovative ideas for scientific transformation; the integration of research and science teaching; interdisciplinary research; and building academic cultures that look toward tomorrow's scientific needs.During the 1920s and 1930s, many scientists took out patents of their developments and assigned them to the Research Corporation in order to guarantee that any profits made from their work would be used for further scientific research (one notable example is Ernest O. Lawrence, who assigned his cyclotron patent to the company). The Research Corporation played a major role in the minds of many scientists of the period in formulating ideal policies about the role of intellectual property in science. It was one of the first foundations in the United States. In 1987, their invention-handing facilities became Research Corporation Technologies, a wholly independent company which handles technology transfer. It was also a major supporter of the research that led to the presentation of Interlingua in 1951.","title":"Research Corporation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Cottrell Scholar Awards program (CSA) reinforces the growing awareness that teaching and research are complementary rather than wholly or partially exclusive. RCSA believes this convergence is essential for increasing the number of students who are attracted and retained in science.Cottrell Scholar Awards are intended to:Create a culture shift in Ph.D.-granting institutions toward valuing the university scholar;\nIncrease the attraction and retention of undergraduates in science;\nIncrease the number of undergraduates from Ph.D.-granting institutions pursuing graduate degrees.The program provides $100,000 over three years to early-career faculty in chemistry, physics, astronomy, biochemistry and biophysics at major research universities. Cottrell Scholars are chosen not only for their high-quality research, but also for their dedication to the task of teaching undergraduates. There are currently more than 240 Scholars nationwide.Each award recipient is required to attend at least two annual conferences during the three-year term of the award. These conferences are focused on providing opportunities to share teaching knowledge as well as mentoring from previous award recipients and nationally recognized experts on such topics as navigating career paths, and balancing research and education in the research university environment. Numerous Cottrell Scholars have found the knowledge and recognition the program provides to be major motivating factors in their efforts to push through reforms in undergraduate science curricula at their universities.In 2011 RCSA did not make any regular Cottrell Scholar Awards; instead, foundation personnel and various Cottrell Scholars focused on revamping and reorienting the program to increase its effectiveness in the coming decade. At the 2011 conference, a new synergistic organization, the Cottrell Scholar Collaborative, was launched. The Collaborative's central goal is to act collectively to change the way undergraduate science education is taught at major American universities.","title":"Grants Programs: Cottrell Scholar Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Cottrell College Science Awards (CCSA) program, RCSA's oldest initiative, was created in the early 1970s to promote basic research as a vital component of undergraduate education at primarily undergraduate institutions (PUIs). CCSA has supported the research work of more than 1,300 PUI faculty in more than 400 institutions, and has generated research opportunities for thousands of undergraduates at both public and private institutions. One of RCSA's important goals is to motivate students to pursue careers in research and to become the advanced scientific workforce America will need to remain prosperous and safe in the challenging decades to come.The awards are intended to: \n• Strengthen teacher-scholars while supporting high-quality research at primarily undergraduate institutions;\n• Help early-career PUI faculty become competitive for federal funding;\n• Encourage faculty to conduct meaningful collaborative work with undergraduate researchers, and;\n• Enhance the research culture of science departments at public and private institutions in the U.S.The CCSA Single-Investigator Award provides research support for early-career faculty with interests in the fields of chemistry, physics and astronomy and in closely related fields that overlap significantly with these three disciplines. RCSA also has a new initiative under the CCSA banner, the Multi-Investigator Awards, to encourage early-career faculty to establish in-house, interdisciplinary research collaborations. This was done to encourage PUI-based researchers to address the increasingly complex problems inherent in modern scientific inquiry.","title":"Grants Programs: Cottrell College Science Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Arizona Partners in Science, an RCSA program in conjunction with the M.J. Murdock Charitable Trust, provides summer research opportunities for high-school science teachers under the supervision of faculty members at Arizona universities.The objective of this program is to provide Arizona high-school science teachers the opportunity to work on summer research projects in collaboration with individual science faculty at universities within the state. The main goals are to help improve grade 9-12 science education and increase the number of students who choose to pursue science careers.","title":"Grants Programs: Arizona Partners in Science Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Research Corporation for Science Advancement works with corporations, fellow foundations, and government offices and agencies, as well as educational institutions, across the country.In order to increase the breadth of its influence, in 2010 Research Corporation established a Strategic Partnerships program charged with increasing its endowment and establishing collaborations with corporations, fellow foundations, government offices and agencies.","title":"Strategic Partnerships"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Presidents"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Research Corporation for Science Advancement has funded the early work of at least 40 scientists who have received Nobel Prizes.","title":"Nobel Laureates"}]
|
[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_toy
|
Mechanical toy
|
["1 Types","2 History","3 In education","4 See also","5 References"]
|
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mechanical toy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Mechanical toy carousel made of wood and metal (mid-19th century)
Mechanical toys are toys powered by mechanical energy. Depending on the mechanism used they can perform a range of motions, from simple to very complex.
Types
The types of mechanical energy used to power mechanical toys include rubber bands, springs, and flywheels.
Mechanical toys use 4 types of different movements, rotary (going around in a circle), linear (moving in a straight line then stopping), reciprocating (moving backwards and forwards continuously in a straight line) and oscillating (moving backwards and forwards in a curve).
Mechanical toys use several types of mechanisms, because Cam toys are powered by a very large cam and even bigger cam follower which transfers the cam rotation to the working area of the toy. The cam is unevenly rotated by placing the rotator out of the ideal center. This transforms the circular motion into motion that moves up and powers the toy.
Crank toys are internally based on cams too but allow more complicated motions. Single rotation of the crank leads to single action in the working area of the toy, and moving the crank forward and backward can result in reversed motion.
Some toys have cameras in them which makes them very expensive.
Gear toys use gear wheels to transfer the power in the toy, to change the speed and direction of motion. They can be powered by hand (with a cram or cam and cam follower) or by wind-up mechanism. The different number of teeth in the gear wheels determine the speed transition from wheel to wheel. By chaining and distributing number of gear wheels this type of mechanical toys allows very complex motions.
Lever toys are mechanical toys that use the mechanical advantage of a lever to transmit and transform movement. Lever toys can use cranks and cams too.
Pulley toys. Pulleys are very similar to gear wheels but two elements are connected by a metal chain or belt from elastic strong material (for example rubber.) Pulleys allow transferring power on distance much easier and with less losses that using number of gear wheels. Using pulleys in mechanical toys also allows to change the angle, the speed and the direction of the motion.
Wind-up toys typically are powered by a metal spring that is tightened by turning it. Then gear wheels and pulleys can transfer the power and control the toy motion.
History
One of the first mechanical toys is the flying pigeon by Archytas of Tarentum created 400-350 BC.
In 16th Century Leonardo da Vinci created his mechanical lion as a present for Louis XII. The lion could walk and reveal a cluster of lilies from his chest.
In 1738 Jacques de Vaucanson created a mechanical robot duck that was able to drink and eat.
Pierre Jaquet-Droz created The Writer, The Draftsman and The Musician - toys that are still present in the museum of Art and History in Switzerland.
In education
The potential educational value of mechanical toys in teaching transversal skills has been recognised by the European Union education project Clockwork objects, enhanced learning: Automata Toys Construction (CLOHE).
Also they play a valid part in teaching young children motor skills and are used in some schools to do this
Mechanical toys were the subject of the Academy Award-winning 1972 short Dutch documentary, This Tiny World.
See also
Automaton
List of Toy Mechanisms
References
^ CLOHE
vteToysBy type
Art
Boys'
Construction set
Doll
Action figure
bobblehead
Cymbal-banging monkey
Puppet
Stuffed
Educational
Electronic game
Fidget
Girls'
Gun
Mechanical
Model car
Office
Optical
Skill
Industry
Toy advertising
Toy Industry Hall of Fame
National Toy Hall of Fame
Organizations
American International Toy Fair
Toy Industry Association
Related topics
List of toys
List of wooden toys
Category
Portal
|
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Depending on the mechanism used they can perform a range of motions, from simple to very complex.","title":"Mechanical toy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mechanical energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_energy"},{"link_name":"rubber bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_band"},{"link_name":"springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(device)"},{"link_name":"flywheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheel"},{"link_name":"rotary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_motion"},{"link_name":"linear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_motion"},{"link_name":"reciprocating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_motion"},{"link_name":"oscillating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillation"},{"link_name":"cam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_(mechanism)"},{"link_name":"cam follower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cam_follower"},{"link_name":"Crank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crank_(mechanism)"},{"link_name":"gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear"},{"link_name":"Wind-up toys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind-up_toy"}],"text":"The types of mechanical energy used to power mechanical toys include rubber bands, springs, and flywheels.Mechanical toys use 4 types of different movements, rotary (going around in a circle), linear (moving in a straight line then stopping), reciprocating (moving backwards and forwards continuously in a straight line) and oscillating (moving backwards and forwards in a curve).Mechanical toys use several types of mechanisms, because Cam toys are powered by a very large cam and even bigger cam follower which transfers the cam rotation to the working area of the toy. The cam is unevenly rotated by placing the rotator out of the ideal center. This transforms the circular motion into motion that moves up and powers the toy.Crank toys are internally based on cams too but allow more complicated motions. Single rotation of the crank leads to single action in the working area of the toy, and moving the crank forward and backward can result in reversed motion.Some toys have cameras in them which makes them very expensive.Gear toys use gear wheels to transfer the power in the toy, to change the speed and direction of motion. They can be powered by hand (with a cram or cam and cam follower) or by wind-up mechanism. The different number of teeth in the gear wheels determine the speed transition from wheel to wheel. By chaining and distributing number of gear wheels this type of mechanical toys allows very complex motions.Lever toys are mechanical toys that use the mechanical advantage of a lever to transmit and transform movement. Lever toys can use cranks and cams too.Pulley toys. Pulleys are very similar to gear wheels but two elements are connected by a metal chain or belt from elastic strong material (for example rubber.) Pulleys allow transferring power on distance much easier and with less losses that using number of gear wheels. Using pulleys in mechanical toys also allows to change the angle, the speed and the direction of the motion.Wind-up toys typically are powered by a metal spring that is tightened by turning it. Then gear wheels and pulleys can transfer the power and control the toy motion.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archytas of Tarentum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archytas_of_Tarentum"},{"link_name":"Leonardo da Vinci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci"},{"link_name":"Louis XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Jacques de Vaucanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Vaucanson"},{"link_name":"Pierre Jaquet-Droz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Jaquet-Droz"}],"text":"One of the first mechanical toys is the flying pigeon by Archytas of Tarentum created 400-350 BC.\nIn 16th Century Leonardo da Vinci created his mechanical lion as a present for Louis XII. The lion could walk and reveal a cluster of lilies from his chest.\nIn 1738 Jacques de Vaucanson created a mechanical robot duck that was able to drink and eat.\nPierre Jaquet-Droz created The Writer, The Draftsman and The Musician - toys that are still present in the museum of Art and History in Switzerland.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"This Tiny World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Tiny_World"}],"text":"The potential educational value of mechanical toys in teaching transversal skills has been recognised by the European Union education project Clockwork objects, enhanced learning: Automata Toys Construction (CLOHE).[1]\nAlso they play a valid part in teaching young children motor skills and are used in some schools to do thisMechanical toys were the subject of the Academy Award-winning 1972 short Dutch documentary, This Tiny World.","title":"In education"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Mechanical toy carousel made of wood and metal (mid-19th century)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/WLA_nyhistorical_Mechanical_toy_carousel_mid-19th_C.jpg/220px-WLA_nyhistorical_Mechanical_toy_carousel_mid-19th_C.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Automaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automaton"},{"title":"List of Toy Mechanisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Toy_Mechanisms&action=edit&redlink=1"}]
|
[]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_research
|
Medical research
|
["1 Impact","2 Phases of medical research","2.1 Basic medical research","2.2 Pre-clinical research","2.3 Clinical research","3 Role of patients and the public","4 Funding","4.1 Government-funded biomedical research","4.2 US federal funding trends","4.3 Privately (industry) funded biomedical research","4.4 Conflicts of interests","4.5 Transparency laws","5 History","5.1 Ancient to 20th century in other regions","5.2 20th and 21st century in the United States","6 Regulations and guidelines","7 Flaws and vulnerabilities","8 Commercialization","9 Fields of research","10 See also","11 References"]
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Wide array of research
For the Biomedical research journals, see Biomedical Research.
"Biomedical research" redirects here. Not to be confused with Biomedical science.
Cell culture vials
The University of Florida Cancer and Genetics Research Complex is an integrated medical research facility.
Medical research (or biomedical research), also known as health research, refers to the process of using scientific methods with the aim to produce knowledge about human diseases, the prevention and treatment of illness, and the promotion of health.
Medical research encompasses a wide array of research, extending from "basic research" (also called bench science or bench research), – involving fundamental scientific principles that may apply to a preclinical understanding – to clinical research, which involves studies of people who may be subjects in clinical trials. Within this spectrum is applied research, or translational research, conducted to expand knowledge in the field of medicine.
Both clinical and preclinical research phases exist in the pharmaceutical industry's drug development pipelines, where the clinical phase is denoted by the term clinical trial. However, only part of the clinical or preclinical research is oriented towards a specific pharmaceutical purpose. The need for fundamental and mechanism-based understanding, diagnostics, medical devices, and non-pharmaceutical therapies means that pharmaceutical research is only a small part of medical research.
Most of the research in the field is pursued by biomedical scientists, but significant contributions are made by other type of biologists. Medical research on humans has to strictly follow the medical ethics sanctioned in the Declaration of Helsinki and the institutional review board where the research is conducted. In all cases, research ethics are expected.
Impact
The increased longevity of humans over the past century can be significantly attributed to advances resulting from medical research. Among the major benefits of medical research have been vaccines for measles and polio, insulin treatment for diabetes, classes of antibiotics for treating a host of maladies, medication for high blood pressure, improved treatments for AIDS, statins and other treatments for atherosclerosis, new surgical techniques such as microsurgery, and increasingly successful treatments for cancer. New, beneficial tests and treatments are expected as a result of the Human Genome Project. Many challenges remain, however, including the appearance of antibiotic resistance and the obesity epidemic.
Phases of medical research
Basic medical research
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on Long Island, home to eight scientists awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, is an internationally renowned basic medical research institution.
Example areas in basic medical research include: cellular and molecular biology, medical genetics, immunology, neuroscience, and psychology. Researchers, mainly in universities or government-funded research institutes, aim to establish an understanding of the cellular, molecular and physiological mechanisms of human health and disease.
Pre-clinical research
Pre-clinical research covers understanding of mechanisms that may lead to clinical research with people. Typically, the work requires no ethical approval, is supervised by scientists rather than physicians, and is carried out in a university or company, rather than a hospital.
Clinical research
Clinical research is carried out with people as the experimental subjects. It is generally supervised by physicians and conducted by nurses in a medical setting, such as a hospital or research clinic, and requires ethical approval.
Role of patients and the public
Further information: Patient and public involvement
Besides being participants in a clinical trial, members of the public can actively collaborate with researchers in designing and conducting medical research. This is known as patient and public involvement (PPI). Public involvement involves a working partnership between patients, caregivers, people with lived experience, and researchers to shape and influence what is researcher and how. PPI can improve the quality of research and make it more relevant and accessible. People with current or past experience of illness can provide a different perspective than professionals and compliment their knowledge. Through their personal knowledge they can identify research topics that are relevant and important to those living with an illness or using a service. They can also help to make the research more grounded in the needs of the specific communities they are part of. Public contributors can also ensure that the research is presented in plain language that is clear to the wider society and the specific groups it is most relevant for.
Funding
Further information: Research funding
The headquarters of the Wellcome Trust in London, United Kingdom
Biomedical research and development expenditures classified by region in 2012 in billions of U.S. dollars:
Region
Total
Public
Industry
United States
119.3
48.9
70.4
Canada
5.3
3.3
2.0
Europe
81.8
28.1
53.6
Asia-Oceania
62.0
19.3
42.7
Total
268.4
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2017)
Research funding in many countries derives from research bodies and private organizations which distribute money for equipment, salaries, and research expenses. United States, Europe, Asia, Canada, and Australia combined spent $265.0 billion in 2011, which reflected growth of 3.5% annually from $208.8 billion in 2004. The United States contributed 49% of governmental funding from these regions in 2011 compared to 57% in 2004.
In the United Kingdom, funding bodies such as the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) and the Medical Research Council derive their assets from UK tax payers, and distribute revenues to institutions by competitive research grants. The Wellcome Trust is the UK's largest non-governmental source of funds for biomedical research and provides over £600 million per year in grants to scientists and funds for research centres.
In the United States, data from ongoing surveys by the National Science Foundation (NSF) show that federal agencies provided only 44% of the $86 billion spent on basic research in 2015. The National Institutes of Health and pharmaceutical companies collectively contribute $26.4 billion and $27 billion, which constitute 28% and 29% of the total, respectively. Other significant contributors include biotechnology companies ($17.9 billion, 19% of total), medical device companies ($9.2 billion, 10% of total), other federal sources, and state and local governments. Foundations and charities, led by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, contributed about 3% of the funding. These funders are attempting to maximize their return on investment in public health. One method proposed to maximize the return on investment in medicine is to fund the development of open source hardware for medical research and treatment.
The enactment of orphan drug legislation in some countries has increased funding available to develop drugs meant to treat rare conditions, resulting in breakthroughs that previously were uneconomical to pursue.
Government-funded biomedical research
Since the establishment of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the mid-1940s, the main source of U.S. federal support of biomedical research, investment priorities and levels of funding have fluctuated. From 1995 to 2010, NIH support of biomedical research increased from 11 billion to 27 billion Despite the jump in federal spending, advancements measured by citations to publications and the number of drugs passed by the FDA remained stagnant over the same time span. Financial projections indicate federal spending will remain constant in the near future.
US federal funding trends
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the agency that is responsible for management of the lion's share of federal funding of biomedical research. It funds over 280 areas directly related to health. Over the past century there were two notable periods of NIH support.
From 1995 to 1996 funding increased from $8.877 billion to $9.366 billion, years which represented the start of what is considered the "doubling period" of rapid NIH support. The second notable period started in 1997 and ended in 2010, a period where the NIH moved to organize research spending for engagement with the scientific community.
Privately (industry) funded biomedical research
Further information: industry-funded research
Since 1980 the share of biomedical research funding from industry sources has grown from 32% to 62%, which has resulted in the development of numerous life-saving medical advances. The relationship between industry and government-funded research in the US has seen great movement over the years. The 1980 Bayh–Dole Act was passed by Congress to foster a more constructive relationship between the collaboration of government and industry funded biomedical research. The Bayh Doyle Act gave private corporations the option of applying for government funded grants for biomedical research which in turn allowed the private corporations to license the technology. Both government and industry research funding increased rapidly from between the years of 1994–2003; industry saw a compound average annual growth rate of 8.1% a year and slowed only slightly to a compound average annual growth rate of 5.8% from 2003 to 2008.
Conflicts of interests
"Conflict of interest" in the field of medical research has been defined as "a set of conditions in which professional judgment concerning a primary interest (such as a person's welfare or the validity of research) tends to be unduly influenced by a secondary interest (such as financial gain)."
Regulation on industry funded biomedical research has seen great changes since Samuel Hopkins Adams declaration. In 1906 congress passed the Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906. In 1912 Congress passed the Shirley Amendment to prohibit the wide dissemination of false information on pharmaceuticals. The Food and Drug Administration was formally created in 1930 under the McNarey Mapes Amendment to oversee the regulation of Food and Drugs in the United States. In 1962 the Kefauver-Harris Amendments to the Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act made it so that before a drug was marketed in the United States the FDA must first approve that the drug was safe. The Kefauver-Harris amendments also mandated that more stringent clinical trials must be performed before a drug is brought to the market. The Kefauver-Harris amendments were met with opposition from industry due to the requirement of lengthier clinical trial periods that would lessen the period of time in which the investor is able to see return on their money. In the pharmaceutical industry patents are typically granted for a 20-year period of time, and most patent applications are submitted during the early stages of the product development. According to Ariel Katz on average after a patent application is submitted it takes an additional 8 years before the FDA approves a drug for marketing. As such this would leave a company with only 12 years to market the drug to see a return on their investments. After a sharp decline of new drugs entering the US market following the 1962 Kefauver-Harris amendments economist Sam Petlzman concluded that cost of loss of innovation was greater than the savings recognized by consumers no longer purchasing ineffective drugs. In 1984 the Hatch-Waxman Act or the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 was passed by congress. The Hatch-Waxman Act was passed with the idea that giving brand manufacturers the ability to extend their patent by an additional 5 years would create greater incentives for innovation and private sector funding for investment.
The relationship that exists with industry funded biomedical research is that of which industry is the financier for academic institutions which in turn employ scientific investigators to conduct research. A fear that exists wherein a project is funded by industry is that firms might negate informing the public of negative effects to better promote their product.
A list of studies shows that public fear of the conflicts of interest that exist when biomedical research is funded by industry can be considered valid after a 2003 publication of "Scope and Impact of Financial Conflicts of Interest in Biomedical Research" in The Journal of American Association of Medicine. This publication included 37 different studies that met specific criteria to determine whether or not an academic institution or scientific investigator funded by industry had engaged in behavior that could be deduced to be a conflict of interest in the field of biomedical research. Survey results from one study concluded that 43% of scientific investigators employed by a participating academic institution had received research related gifts and discretionary funds from industry sponsors. Another participating institution surveyed showed that 7.6% of investigators were financially tied to research sponsors, including paid speaking engagements (34%), consulting arrangements (33%), advisory board positions (32%) and equity (14%). A 1994 study concluded that 58% out of 210 life science companies indicated that investigators were required to withhold information pertaining to their research as to extend the life of the interested companies' patents. Rules and regulations regarding conflict of interest disclosures are being studied by experts in the biomedical research field to eliminate conflicts of interest that could possibly affect the outcomes of biomedical research.
Transparency laws
Two laws which are both still in effect, one passed in 2006 and the other in 2010, were instrumental in defining funding reporting standards for biomedical research, and defining for the first time reporting regulations that were previously not required. The 2006 Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act mandates that all entities receiving over $25,000 in federal funds must report annual spending reports, including disclosure of executive salaries. The 2010 amendment to the act mandates that progress reports be submitted along with financial reporting. Data from the federal mandate is managed and made publicly available on usaspending.gov. Aside from the main source, usaspending.gov, other reporting mechanisms exist: Data specifically on biomedical research funding from federal sources is made publicly available by the National Health Expenditure Accounts (NHEA), data on health services research, approximately 0.1% of federal funding on biomedical research, is available through the Coalition of Health Services Research, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, and the Veterans Health Administration.
Currently, there are not any funding reporting requirements for industry sponsored research, but there has been voluntary movement toward this goal. In 2014, major pharmaceutical stakeholders such as Roche and Johnson and Johnson have made financial information publicly available and Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), the most prominent professional association for biomedical research companies, has recently begun to provide limited public funding reports.
History
Ancient to 20th century in other regions
Further information: History of medicine and History of pharmacy
The earliest narrative describing a medical trial is found in the Book of Daniel, which says that Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar ordered youths of royal blood to eat only red meat and wine for three years, while another group of youths ate only beans and water. The experiment was intended to determine if a diet of vegetables and water was healthier than a diet of wine and red meat. At the experiment endpoint, the trial accomplished its prerogative: the youths who ate only beans and water were noticeably healthier. Scientific curiosity to understand health outcomes from varying treatments has been present for centuries, but it was not until the mid-19th century when an organizational platform was created to support and regulate this curiosity. In 1945, Vannevar Bush said that biomedical scientific research was "the pacemaker of technological progress", an idea which contributed to the initiative to found the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 1948, a historical benchmark that marked the beginning of a near century substantial investment in biomedical research.
20th and 21st century in the United States
The NIH provides more financial support for medical research than any other agency in the world to date and claims responsibility for numerous innovations that have improved global health. The historical funding of biomedical research has undergone many changes over the past century. Innovations such as the polio vaccine, antibiotics and antipsychotic agents, developed in the early years of the NIH lead to social and political support of the agency. Political initiatives in the early 1990s lead to a doubling of NIH funding, spurring an era of great scientific progress. There have been dramatic changes in the era since the turn of the 21st century to date; roughly around the start of the century, the cost of trials dramatically increased while the rate of scientific discoveries did not keep pace.
Biomedical research spending increased substantially faster than GDP growth over the past decade in the US, between the years of 2003 and 2007 spending increased 14% per year, while GDP growth increased 1% over the same period (both measures adjusted for inflation). Industry, not-for-profit entities, state and federal funding spending combined accounted for an increase in funding from $75.5 billion in 2003 to $101.1 billion in 2007. Due to the immediacy of federal financing priorities and stagnant corporate spending during the recession, biomedical research spending decreased 2% in real terms in 2008. Despite an overall increase of investment in biomedical research, there has been stagnation, and in some areas a marked decline in the number of drug and device approvals over the same time period.
As of 2010, industry sponsored research accounts for 58% of expenditures, NIH for 27% of expenditures, state governments for 5% of expenditures, non NIH-federal sources for 5% of expenditures and not-for-profit entities accounted for 4% of support. Federally funded biomedical research expenditures increased nominally, 0.7% (adjusted for inflation), from 2003 to 2007. Previous reports showed a stark contrast in federal investment, from 1994 to 2003, federal funding increased 100% (adjusted for inflation).
The NIH manages the majority, over 85%, of federal biomedical research expenditures. NIH support for biomedical research decreased from $31.8 billion in 2003, to $29.0 billion in 2007, a 25% decline (in real terms adjusted for inflation), while non-NIH federal funding allowed for the maintenance of government financial support levels through the era (the 0.7% four-year increase). Spending from industry-initiated research increased 25% (adjusted for inflation) over the same time period of time, from 2003 to 2007, an increase from $40 billion in 2003, to $58.6 billion in 2007. Industry sourced expenditures from 1994 to 2003 showed industry sponsored research funding increased 8.1%, a stark contrast to 25% increase in recent years.
Of industry sponsored research, pharmaceutical firm spending was the greatest contributor from all industry sponsored biomedical research spending, but only increased 15% (adjusted for inflation) from 2003 to 2007, while device and biotechnology firms accounted for the majority of the spending. The stock performance, a measure that can be an indication of future firm growth or technological direction, has substantially increased for both predominantly medical device and biotechnology producers. Contributing factors to this growth are thought to be less rigorous FDA approval requirements for devices as opposed to drugs, lower cost of trials, lower pricing and profitability of products and predictable influence of new technology due to a limited number of competitors. Another visible shift during the era was a shift in focus to late stage research trials; formerly dispersed, since 1994 an increasingly large portion of industry-sponsored research was late phase trials rather than early-experimental phases now accounting for the majority of industry sponsored research. This shift is attributable to a lower risk investment and a shorter development to market schedule. The low risk preference is also reflected in the trend of large pharmaceutical firms acquiring smaller companies that hold patents to newly developed drug or device discoveries which have not yet passed federal regulation (large companies are mitigating their risk by purchasing technology created by smaller companies in early-phase high-risk studies). Medical research support from universities increased from $22 billion in 2003 to $27.7 billion in 2007, a 7.8% increase (adjusted for inflation). In 2007 the most heavily funded institutions received 20% of HIN medical research funding, and the top 50 institutions received 58% of NIH medical research funding, the percent of funding allocated to the largest institutions is a trend which has increased only slightly over data from 1994. Relative to federal and private funding, health policy and service research accounted for a nominal amount of sponsored research; health policy and service research was funded $1.8 billion in 2003, which increased to $2.2 billion in 2008.
Stagnant rates of investment from the US government over the past decade may be in part attributable to challenges that plague the field. To date, only two-thirds of published drug trial findings have results that can be re-produced, which raises concerns from a US regulatory standpoint where great investment has been made in research ethics and standards, yet trial results remain inconsistent. Federal agencies have called upon greater regulation to address these problems; a spokesman from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, an agency of the NIH, stated that there is "widespread poor reporting of experimental design in articles and grant applications, that animal research should follow a core set of research parameters, and that a concerted effort by all stakeholders is needed to disseminate best reporting practices and put them into practice".
Regulations and guidelines
Medical research is highly regulated. National regulatory authorities are appointed in most countries to oversee and monitor medical research, such as for the development and distribution of new drugs. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration oversees new drug development; in Europe, the European Medicines Agency (see also EudraLex); and in Japan, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. The World Medical Association develops the ethical standards for medical professionals involved in medical research. The most fundamental of them is the Declaration of Helsinki. The International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) works on the creation of rules and guidelines for the development of new medication, such as the guidelines for Good Clinical Practice (GCP). All ideas of regulation are based on a country's ethical standards code. This is why treatment of a particular disease in one country may not be allowed, but is in another.
Flaws and vulnerabilities
A major flaw and vulnerability in biomedical research appears to be the hypercompetition for the resources and positions that are required to conduct science. The competition seems to suppress the creativity, cooperation, risk-taking, and original thinking required to make fundamental discoveries. Other consequences of today's highly pressured environment for research appear to be a substantial number of research publications whose results cannot be replicated, and perverse incentives in research funding that encourage grantee institutions to grow without making sufficient investments in their own faculty and facilities. Other risky trends include a decline in the share of key research grants going to younger scientists, as well as a steady rise in the age at which investigators receive their first funding.
Commercialization
After clinical research, medical therapies are typically commercialized by private companies such as pharmaceutical companies or medical device company. In the United States, one estimate found that in 2011, one-third of Medicare physician and outpatient hospital spending was on new technologies unavailable in the prior decade.
Medical therapies are constantly being researched, so the difference between a therapy which is investigational versus standard of care is not always clear, particularly given cost-effectiveness considerations. Payers have utilization management clinical guidelines which do not pay for "experimental or investigational" therapies, or may require that the therapy is medically necessary or superior to cheaper treatments. For example, proton therapy was approved by the FDA, but private health insurers in the United States considered it unproven or unnecessary given its high cost, although it was ultimately covered for certain cancers.
Fields of research
Fields of biomedical research include:
Aging
Anatomy
Behavioral health
Biochemistry
Biomaterials
Biology
Cellular biology
Molecular biology
Cardiovascular
Biostatistics
Cancer
Chemistry
Diabetes
Endocrinology
Epigenetics
Epidemiology
Genetics
Immunology
Microbiology
Nanomaterials
Neuroendocrinology
Neuroscience
Ophthalmology
Pharmacology
Physiology
Preventive medicine
Psychopharmacology
Public health
Tissue engineering
Virology
Otolaryngology
Toxicology
Angiology
Palliative medicine
See also
Animal testing
Biomedical informatics
Biomedical research in the United States
Biomedical technology
Biomedicine
Cancer research
Gain-of-function research
Medical research scientist
Medical Scientist Training Program
Pharmaceutical company
Preclinical imaging
Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations (US)
References
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vteClinical research and experimental designOverview
Clinical trial
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Randomized controlled trial
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Platform trial
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Cross-sectional study vs. Longitudinal study, Ecological study
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Retrospective
Prospective
Case–control study (Nested case–control study)
Case series
Case study
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MeasuresOccurrenceIncidence, Cumulative incidence, Prevalence, Point prevalence, Period prevalenceAssociationRisk difference, Number needed to treat, Number needed to harm, Risk ratio, Relative risk reduction, Odds ratio, Hazard ratioPopulation impactAttributable fraction among the exposed, Attributable fraction for the population, Preventable fraction among the unexposed, Preventable fraction for the populationOtherClinical endpoint, Virulence, Infectivity, Mortality rate, Morbidity, Case fatality rate, Specificity and sensitivity, Likelihood-ratios, Pre- and post-test probabilityTrial/test types
In vitro
In vivo
Animal testing
Animal testing on non-human primates
First-in-man study
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Seeding trial
Vaccine trial
Analysis of clinical trials
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Intention-to-treat analysis
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Not to be confused with Biomedical science.Cell culture vialsThe University of Florida Cancer and Genetics Research Complex is an integrated medical research facility.Medical research (or biomedical research), also known as health research, refers to the process of using scientific methods with the aim to produce knowledge about human diseases, the prevention and treatment of illness, and the promotion of health.[1]Medical research encompasses a wide array of research, extending from \"basic research\" (also called bench science or bench research),[2] – involving fundamental scientific principles that may apply to a preclinical understanding – to clinical research, which involves studies of people who may be subjects in clinical trials. Within this spectrum is applied research, or translational research, conducted to expand knowledge in the field of medicine.Both clinical and preclinical research phases exist in the pharmaceutical industry's drug development pipelines, where the clinical phase is denoted by the term clinical trial. However, only part of the clinical or preclinical research is oriented towards a specific pharmaceutical purpose. The need for fundamental and mechanism-based understanding, diagnostics, medical devices, and non-pharmaceutical therapies means that pharmaceutical research is only a small part of medical research.Most of the research in the field is pursued by biomedical scientists, but significant contributions are made by other type of biologists. Medical research on humans has to strictly follow the medical ethics sanctioned in the Declaration of Helsinki and the institutional review board where the research is conducted. In all cases, research ethics are expected.","title":"Medical research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vaccines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccine"},{"link_name":"measles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measles"},{"link_name":"polio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polio"},{"link_name":"insulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin"},{"link_name":"diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"antibiotics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic"},{"link_name":"blood pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure"},{"link_name":"AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS"},{"link_name":"statins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statin"},{"link_name":"atherosclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosclerosis"},{"link_name":"microsurgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsurgery"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"Human Genome Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Genome_Project"},{"link_name":"antibiotic resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotic_resistance"},{"link_name":"obesity epidemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obesity_epidemic"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The increased longevity of humans over the past century can be significantly attributed to advances resulting from medical research. Among the major benefits of medical research have been vaccines for measles and polio, insulin treatment for diabetes, classes of antibiotics for treating a host of maladies, medication for high blood pressure, improved treatments for AIDS, statins and other treatments for atherosclerosis, new surgical techniques such as microsurgery, and increasingly successful treatments for cancer. New, beneficial tests and treatments are expected as a result of the Human Genome Project. Many challenges remain, however, including the appearance of antibiotic resistance and the obesity epidemic.[citation needed]","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Phases of medical research"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine"},{"link_name":"basic medical research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_research"},{"link_name":"basic medical research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_research"},{"link_name":"cellular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_biology"},{"link_name":"molecular biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology"},{"link_name":"medical genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_genetics"},{"link_name":"immunology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunology"},{"link_name":"neuroscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience"},{"link_name":"psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Basic medical research","text":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on Long Island, home to eight scientists awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, is an internationally renowned basic medical research institution.Example areas in basic medical research include: cellular and molecular biology, medical genetics, immunology, neuroscience, and psychology. Researchers, mainly in universities or government-funded research institutes, aim to establish an understanding of the cellular, molecular and physiological mechanisms of human health and disease.[citation needed]","title":"Phases of medical research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pre-clinical research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preclinical_development"},{"link_name":"physicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Pre-clinical research","text":"Pre-clinical research covers understanding of mechanisms that may lead to clinical research with people. Typically, the work requires no ethical approval, is supervised by scientists rather than physicians, and is carried out in a university or company, rather than a hospital.[citation needed]","title":"Phases of medical research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clinical research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_research"},{"link_name":"experimental subjects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_subject_research"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Clinical research","text":"Clinical research is carried out with people as the experimental subjects. It is generally supervised by physicians and conducted by nurses in a medical setting, such as a hospital or research clinic, and requires ethical approval.[citation needed]","title":"Phases of medical research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patient and public involvement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_and_public_involvement"},{"link_name":"patient and public involvement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patient_and_public_involvement"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"plain language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_language"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-4"}],"text":"Further information: Patient and public involvementBesides being participants in a clinical trial, members of the public can actively collaborate with researchers in designing and conducting medical research. This is known as patient and public involvement (PPI). Public involvement involves a working partnership between patients, caregivers, people with lived experience, and researchers to shape and influence what is researcher and how.[3] PPI can improve the quality of research and make it more relevant and accessible. People with current or past experience of illness can provide a different perspective than professionals and compliment their knowledge. Through their personal knowledge they can identify research topics that are relevant and important to those living with an illness or using a service. They can also help to make the research more grounded in the needs of the specific communities they are part of. Public contributors can also ensure that the research is presented in plain language that is clear to the wider society and the specific groups it is most relevant for.[4]","title":"Role of patients and the public"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Research funding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_funding"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wellcome.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wellcome Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust"},{"link_name":"Research funding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_funding"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Research"},{"link_name":"Medical Research Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Research_Council_(UK)"},{"link_name":"research grants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_(money)"},{"link_name":"Wellcome Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"National Science Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"National Institutes of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health"},{"link_name":"pharmaceutical companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_company"},{"link_name":"biotechnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology"},{"link_name":"medical device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_devices"},{"link_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_and_Melinda_Gates_Foundation"},{"link_name":"return on investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_on_investment"},{"link_name":"public health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"open source hardware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_hardware"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"orphan drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan_drug"}],"text":"Further information: Research fundingThe headquarters of the Wellcome Trust in London, United KingdomResearch funding in many countries derives from research bodies and private organizations which distribute money for equipment, salaries, and research expenses. United States, Europe, Asia, Canada, and Australia combined spent $265.0 billion in 2011, which reflected growth of 3.5% annually from $208.8 billion in 2004.[6] The United States contributed 49% of governmental funding from these regions in 2011 compared to 57% in 2004.[6]In the United Kingdom, funding bodies such as the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) and the Medical Research Council derive their assets from UK tax payers, and distribute revenues to institutions by competitive research grants. The Wellcome Trust is the UK's largest non-governmental source of funds for biomedical research and provides over £600 million per year in grants to scientists and funds for research centres.[7]In the United States, data from ongoing surveys by the National Science Foundation (NSF) show that federal agencies provided only 44% of the $86 billion spent on basic research in 2015.[8] The National Institutes of Health and pharmaceutical companies collectively contribute $26.4 billion and $27 billion, which constitute 28% and 29% of the total, respectively. Other significant contributors include biotechnology companies ($17.9 billion, 19% of total), medical device companies ($9.2 billion, 10% of total), other federal sources, and state and local governments. Foundations and charities, led by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, contributed about 3% of the funding. These funders are attempting to maximize their return on investment in public health.[9] One method proposed to maximize the return on investment in medicine is to fund the development of open source hardware for medical research and treatment.[10]The enactment of orphan drug legislation in some countries has increased funding available to develop drugs meant to treat rare conditions, resulting in breakthroughs that previously were uneconomical to pursue.","title":"Funding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Institutes_of_Health-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-12"}],"sub_title":"Government-funded biomedical research","text":"Since the establishment of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the mid-1940s, the main source of U.S. federal support of biomedical research, investment priorities and levels of funding have fluctuated. From 1995 to 2010, NIH support of biomedical research increased from 11 billion to 27 billion [11] Despite the jump in federal spending, advancements measured by citations to publications and the number of drugs passed by the FDA remained stagnant over the same time span.[12] Financial projections indicate federal spending will remain constant in the near future.[12]","title":"Funding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Institutes_of_Health-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-National_Institutes_of_Health-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-14"}],"sub_title":"US federal funding trends","text":"The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is the agency that is responsible for management of the lion's share of federal funding of biomedical research.[11] It funds over 280 areas directly related to health.[13] Over the past century there were two notable periods of NIH support.\nFrom 1995 to 1996 funding increased from $8.877 billion to $9.366 billion,[14] years which represented the start of what is considered the \"doubling period\" of rapid NIH support.[11] The second notable period started in 1997 and ended in 2010, a period where the NIH moved to organize research spending for engagement with the scientific community.[14]","title":"Funding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"industry-funded research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry-funded_research"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceC-15"},{"link_name":"Bayh–Dole Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayh%E2%80%93Dole_Act"},{"link_name":"Bayh Doyle Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayh_Doyle_Act&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"license","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/License"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kellogg.northwestern.edu-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Privately (industry) funded biomedical research","text":"Further information: industry-funded researchSince 1980 the share of biomedical research funding from industry sources has grown from 32% to 62%,[15] which has resulted in the development of numerous life-saving medical advances. The relationship between industry and government-funded research in the US has seen great movement over the years. The 1980 Bayh–Dole Act was passed by Congress to foster a more constructive relationship between the collaboration of government and industry funded biomedical research. The Bayh Doyle Act gave private corporations the option of applying for government funded grants for biomedical research which in turn allowed the private corporations to license the technology.[16] Both government and industry research funding increased rapidly from between the years of 1994–2003; industry saw a compound average annual growth rate of 8.1% a year and slowed only slightly to a compound average annual growth rate of 5.8% from 2003 to 2008.[17]","title":"Funding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Conflict of interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_of_interest"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Samuel Hopkins Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Hopkins_Adams"},{"link_name":"Pure Food and Drugs Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Food_and_Drugs_Act"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fda.gov-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fda.gov-19"},{"link_name":"McNarey Mapes Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=McNarey_Mapes_Amendment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fda.gov-19"},{"link_name":"Kefauver-Harris Amendments to the Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kefauver-Harris_Amendments_to_the_Food,_Drug_and_Cosmetics_Act&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fda.gov-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mttlr.org-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mttlr.org-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mttlr.org-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mttlr.org-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fda.gov-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mttlr.org-20"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceC-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceC-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceC-15"}],"sub_title":"Conflicts of interests","text":"\"Conflict of interest\" in the field of medical research has been defined as \"a set of conditions in which professional judgment concerning a primary interest (such as a person's welfare or the validity of research) tends to be unduly influenced by a secondary interest (such as financial gain).\"[18]Regulation on industry funded biomedical research has seen great changes since Samuel Hopkins Adams declaration. In 1906 congress passed the Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906.[19] In 1912 Congress passed the Shirley Amendment to prohibit the wide dissemination of false information on pharmaceuticals.[19] The Food and Drug Administration was formally created in 1930 under the McNarey Mapes Amendment to oversee the regulation of Food and Drugs in the United States.[19] In 1962 the Kefauver-Harris Amendments to the Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act made it so that before a drug was marketed in the United States the FDA must first approve that the drug was safe.[19] The Kefauver-Harris amendments also mandated that more stringent clinical trials must be performed before a drug is brought to the market.[20] The Kefauver-Harris amendments were met with opposition from industry due to the requirement of lengthier clinical trial periods that would lessen the period of time in which the investor is able to see return on their money. In the pharmaceutical industry patents are typically granted for a 20-year period of time, and most patent applications are submitted during the early stages of the product development.[20] According to Ariel Katz on average after a patent application is submitted it takes an additional 8 years before the FDA approves a drug for marketing.[20] As such this would leave a company with only 12 years to market the drug to see a return on their investments. After a sharp decline of new drugs entering the US market following the 1962 Kefauver-Harris amendments economist Sam Petlzman concluded that cost of loss of innovation was greater than the savings recognized by consumers no longer purchasing ineffective drugs.[20] In 1984 the Hatch-Waxman Act or the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984 was passed by congress.[19] The Hatch-Waxman Act was passed with the idea that giving brand manufacturers the ability to extend their patent by an additional 5 years would create greater incentives for innovation and private sector funding for investment.[21]The relationship that exists with industry funded biomedical research is that of which industry is the financier for academic institutions which in turn employ scientific investigators to conduct research. A fear that exists wherein a project is funded by industry is that firms might negate informing the public of negative effects to better promote their product.[20]\nA list of studies shows that public fear of the conflicts of interest that exist when biomedical research is funded by industry can be considered valid after a 2003 publication of \"Scope and Impact of Financial Conflicts of Interest in Biomedical Research\" in The Journal of American Association of Medicine. This publication included 37 different studies that met specific criteria to determine whether or not an academic institution or scientific investigator funded by industry had engaged in behavior that could be deduced to be a conflict of interest in the field of biomedical research. Survey results from one study concluded that 43% of scientific investigators employed by a participating academic institution had received research related gifts and discretionary funds from industry sponsors.[15] Another participating institution surveyed showed that 7.6% of investigators were financially tied to research sponsors, including paid speaking engagements (34%), consulting arrangements (33%), advisory board positions (32%) and equity (14%).[15] A 1994 study concluded that 58% out of 210 life science companies indicated that investigators were required to withhold information pertaining to their research as to extend the life of the interested companies' patents.[15] Rules and regulations regarding conflict of interest disclosures are being studied by experts in the biomedical research field to eliminate conflicts of interest that could possibly affect the outcomes of biomedical research.","title":"Funding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrsa.gov-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrsa.gov-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hrsa.gov-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Biomedical_Research_2009-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-policymed.com-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-policymed.com-24"}],"sub_title":"Transparency laws","text":"Two laws which are both still in effect, one passed in 2006 and the other in 2010, were instrumental in defining funding reporting standards for biomedical research, and defining for the first time reporting regulations that were previously not required. The 2006 Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act mandates that all entities receiving over $25,000 in federal funds must report annual spending reports, including disclosure of executive salaries.[22] The 2010 amendment to the act mandates that progress reports be submitted along with financial reporting.[22] Data from the federal mandate is managed and made publicly available on usaspending.gov.[22] Aside from the main source, usaspending.gov, other reporting mechanisms exist: Data specifically on biomedical research funding from federal sources is made publicly available by the National Health Expenditure Accounts (NHEA), data on health services research, approximately 0.1% of federal funding on biomedical research, is available through the Coalition of Health Services Research, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, and the Veterans Health Administration.[23]Currently, there are not any funding reporting requirements for industry sponsored research, but there has been voluntary movement toward this goal.[24] In 2014, major pharmaceutical stakeholders such as Roche and Johnson and Johnson have made financial information publicly available and Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), the most prominent professional association for biomedical research companies, has recently begun to provide limited public funding reports.[24]","title":"Funding"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_medicine"},{"link_name":"History of pharmacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_pharmacy"},{"link_name":"Book of Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Daniel"},{"link_name":"Nebuchadnezzar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scienceguide.nl-26"}],"sub_title":"Ancient to 20th century in other regions","text":"Further information: History of medicine and History of pharmacyThe earliest narrative describing a medical trial is found in the Book of Daniel, which says that Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar ordered youths of royal blood to eat only red meat and wine for three years, while another group of youths ate only beans and water.[25] The experiment was intended to determine if a diet of vegetables and water was healthier than a diet of wine and red meat. At the experiment endpoint, the trial accomplished its prerogative: the youths who ate only beans and water were noticeably healthier.[25] Scientific curiosity to understand health outcomes from varying treatments has been present for centuries, but it was not until the mid-19th century when an organizational platform was created to support and regulate this curiosity. In 1945, Vannevar Bush said that biomedical scientific research was \"the pacemaker of technological progress\", an idea which contributed to the initiative to found the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 1948, a historical benchmark that marked the beginning of a near century substantial investment in biomedical research.[26]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scienceguide.nl-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fas.org-27"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fas.org-27"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Biomedical_Research_2009-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Biomedical_Research_2009-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Biomedical_Research_2009-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Biomedical_Research_2009-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Biomedical_Research_2009-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Biomedical_Research_2009-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Biomedical_Research_2009-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Biomedical_Research_2009-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Biomedical_Research_2009-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Biomedical_Research_2009-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Biomedical_Research_2009-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Biomedical_Research_2009-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Biomedical_Research_2009-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Biomedical_Research_2009-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Biomedical_Research_2009-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Biomedical_Research_2009-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Biomedical_Research_2009-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Biomedical_Research_2009-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Biomedical_Research_2009-23"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drugabuse.gov-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drugabuse.gov-28"}],"sub_title":"20th and 21st century in the United States","text":"The NIH provides more financial support for medical research than any other agency in the world to date and claims responsibility for numerous innovations that have improved global health.[26] The historical funding of biomedical research has undergone many changes over the past century. Innovations such as the polio vaccine, antibiotics and antipsychotic agents, developed in the early years of the NIH lead to social and political support of the agency. Political initiatives in the early 1990s lead to a doubling of NIH funding, spurring an era of great scientific progress.[27] There have been dramatic changes in the era since the turn of the 21st century to date; roughly around the start of the century, the cost of trials dramatically increased while the rate of scientific discoveries did not keep pace.[27]Biomedical research spending increased substantially faster than GDP growth over the past decade in the US, between the years of 2003 and 2007 spending increased 14% per year, while GDP growth increased 1% over the same period (both measures adjusted for inflation).[23] Industry, not-for-profit entities, state and federal funding spending combined accounted for an increase in funding from $75.5 billion in 2003 to $101.1 billion in 2007.[23] Due to the immediacy of federal financing priorities and stagnant corporate spending during the recession, biomedical research spending decreased 2% in real terms in 2008.[23] Despite an overall increase of investment in biomedical research, there has been stagnation, and in some areas a marked decline in the number of drug and device approvals over the same time period.[23]As of 2010, industry sponsored research accounts for 58% of expenditures, NIH for 27% of expenditures, state governments for 5% of expenditures, non NIH-federal sources for 5% of expenditures and not-for-profit entities accounted for 4% of support.[23] Federally funded biomedical research expenditures increased nominally, 0.7% (adjusted for inflation), from 2003 to 2007.[23] Previous reports showed a stark contrast in federal investment, from 1994 to 2003, federal funding increased 100% (adjusted for inflation).[23]The NIH manages the majority, over 85%, of federal biomedical research expenditures.[23] NIH support for biomedical research decreased from $31.8 billion in 2003, to $29.0 billion in 2007, a 25% decline (in real terms adjusted for inflation), while non-NIH federal funding allowed for the maintenance of government financial support levels through the era (the 0.7% four-year increase). Spending from industry-initiated research increased 25% (adjusted for inflation) over the same time period of time, from 2003 to 2007, an increase from $40 billion in 2003, to $58.6 billion in 2007.[23] Industry sourced expenditures from 1994 to 2003 showed industry sponsored research funding increased 8.1%, a stark contrast to 25% increase in recent years.[23]Of industry sponsored research, pharmaceutical firm spending was the greatest contributor from all industry sponsored biomedical research spending, but only increased 15% (adjusted for inflation) from 2003 to 2007, while device and biotechnology firms accounted for the majority of the spending.[23] The stock performance, a measure that can be an indication of future firm growth or technological direction, has substantially increased for both predominantly medical device and biotechnology producers.[23] Contributing factors to this growth are thought to be less rigorous FDA approval requirements for devices as opposed to drugs, lower cost of trials, lower pricing and profitability of products and predictable influence of new technology due to a limited number of competitors.[23] Another visible shift during the era was a shift in focus to late stage research trials; formerly dispersed, since 1994 an increasingly large portion of industry-sponsored research was late phase trials rather than early-experimental phases now accounting for the majority of industry sponsored research.[23] This shift is attributable to a lower risk investment and a shorter development to market schedule.[23] The low risk preference is also reflected in the trend of large pharmaceutical firms acquiring smaller companies that hold patents to newly developed drug or device discoveries which have not yet passed federal regulation (large companies are mitigating their risk by purchasing technology created by smaller companies in early-phase high-risk studies).[23] Medical research support from universities increased from $22 billion in 2003 to $27.7 billion in 2007, a 7.8% increase (adjusted for inflation).[23] In 2007 the most heavily funded institutions received 20% of HIN medical research funding, and the top 50 institutions received 58% of NIH medical research funding, the percent of funding allocated to the largest institutions is a trend which has increased only slightly over data from 1994.[23] Relative to federal and private funding, health policy and service research accounted for a nominal amount of sponsored research; health policy and service research was funded $1.8 billion in 2003, which increased to $2.2 billion in 2008.[23]Stagnant rates of investment from the US government over the past decade may be in part attributable to challenges that plague the field. To date, only two-thirds of published drug trial findings have results that can be re-produced,[28] which raises concerns from a US regulatory standpoint where great investment has been made in research ethics and standards, yet trial results remain inconsistent. Federal agencies have called upon greater regulation to address these problems; a spokesman from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, an agency of the NIH, stated that there is \"widespread poor reporting of experimental design in articles and grant applications, that animal research should follow a core set of research parameters, and that a concerted effort by all stakeholders is needed to disseminate best reporting practices and put them into practice\".[28]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"European Medicines Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Medicines_Agency"},{"link_name":"EudraLex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EudraLex"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Health,_Labour_and_Welfare"},{"link_name":"World Medical Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Medical_Association"},{"link_name":"Declaration of Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Helsinki"},{"link_name":"International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Conference_on_Harmonisation_of_Technical_Requirements_for_Registration_of_Pharmaceuticals_for_Human_Use"},{"link_name":"Good Clinical Practice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_clinical_practice"}],"text":"Medical research is highly regulated. National regulatory authorities are appointed in most countries to oversee and monitor medical research, such as for the development and distribution of new drugs. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration oversees new drug development; in Europe, the European Medicines Agency (see also EudraLex); and in Japan, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. The World Medical Association develops the ethical standards for medical professionals involved in medical research. The most fundamental of them is the Declaration of Helsinki. The International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) works on the creation of rules and guidelines for the development of new medication, such as the guidelines for Good Clinical Practice (GCP). All ideas of regulation are based on a country's ethical standards code. This is why treatment of a particular disease in one country may not be allowed, but is in another.","title":"Regulations and guidelines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid24733905-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid27786221-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid25561560-34"}],"text":"A major flaw and vulnerability in biomedical research appears to be the hypercompetition for the resources and positions that are required to conduct science. The competition seems to suppress the creativity, cooperation, risk-taking, and original thinking required to make fundamental discoveries. Other consequences of today's highly pressured environment for research appear to be a substantial number of research publications whose results cannot be replicated, and perverse incentives in research funding that encourage grantee institutions to grow without making sufficient investments in their own faculty and facilities.[29][30][31][32][33] Other risky trends include a decline in the share of key research grants going to younger scientists, as well as a steady rise in the age at which investigators receive their first funding.[34]","title":"Flaws and vulnerabilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pharmaceutical companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry"},{"link_name":"medical device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_device"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"standard of care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_of_care"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"utilization management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilization_management"},{"link_name":"medically necessary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_necessity"},{"link_name":"proton therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_therapy"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"After clinical research, medical therapies are typically commercialized by private companies such as pharmaceutical companies or medical device company. In the United States, one estimate found that in 2011, one-third of Medicare physician and outpatient hospital spending was on new technologies unavailable in the prior decade.[35]Medical therapies are constantly being researched, so the difference between a therapy which is investigational versus standard of care is not always clear, particularly given cost-effectiveness considerations.[36] Payers have utilization management clinical guidelines which do not pay for \"experimental or investigational\" therapies, or may require that the therapy is medically necessary or superior to cheaper treatments. For example, proton therapy was approved by the FDA, but private health insurers in the United States considered it unproven or unnecessary given its high cost, although it was ultimately covered for certain cancers.[37]","title":"Commercialization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aging"},{"link_name":"Anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy"},{"link_name":"Behavioral health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_health"},{"link_name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry"},{"link_name":"Biomaterials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomaterials"},{"link_name":"Biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"Cellular biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_biology"},{"link_name":"Molecular biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biology"},{"link_name":"Cardiovascular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular"},{"link_name":"Biostatistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biostatistics"},{"link_name":"Cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"},{"link_name":"Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"Diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"Endocrinology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrinology"},{"link_name":"Epigenetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenetics"},{"link_name":"Epidemiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology"},{"link_name":"Genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"},{"link_name":"Immunology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunology"},{"link_name":"Microbiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbiology"},{"link_name":"Nanomaterials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomaterials"},{"link_name":"Neuroendocrinology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroendocrinology"},{"link_name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience"},{"link_name":"Ophthalmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmology"},{"link_name":"Pharmacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology"},{"link_name":"Physiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiology"},{"link_name":"Preventive medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preventive_medicine"},{"link_name":"Psychopharmacology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopharmacology#Psychopharmacological_research"},{"link_name":"Public health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_health"},{"link_name":"Tissue engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_engineering"},{"link_name":"Virology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virology"},{"link_name":"Otolaryngology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otolaryngology"},{"link_name":"Toxicology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxicology"},{"link_name":"Angiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiology"},{"link_name":"Palliative medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palliative_medicine"}],"text":"Fields of biomedical research include:Aging\nAnatomy\nBehavioral health\nBiochemistry\nBiomaterials\nBiology\nCellular biology\nMolecular biology\nCardiovascular\nBiostatistics\nCancer\nChemistry\nDiabetes\nEndocrinology\nEpigenetics\nEpidemiology\nGenetics\nImmunology\nMicrobiology\nNanomaterials\nNeuroendocrinology\nNeuroscience\nOphthalmology\nPharmacology\nPhysiology\nPreventive medicine \nPsychopharmacology\nPublic health\nTissue engineering\nVirology\nOtolaryngology\nToxicology\nAngiology\nPalliative medicine","title":"Fields of research"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Cell culture vials","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Monoclonal_antibodies4.jpg/220px-Monoclonal_antibodies4.jpg"},{"image_text":"The University of Florida Cancer and Genetics Research Complex is an integrated medical research facility.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/UF_Cancer_Genetics_Complex.JPG/220px-UF_Cancer_Genetics_Complex.JPG"},{"image_text":"Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on Long Island, home to eight scientists awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, is an internationally renowned basic medical research institution.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory.jpg/220px-Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory.jpg"},{"image_text":"The headquarters of the Wellcome Trust in London, United Kingdom","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Wellcome.jpg/220px-Wellcome.jpg"}]
|
[{"title":"Animal testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testing"},{"title":"Biomedical informatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_informatics"},{"title":"Biomedical research in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_research_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Biomedical technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_technology"},{"title":"Biomedicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedicine"},{"title":"Cancer research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer_research"},{"title":"Gain-of-function research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gain-of-function_research"},{"title":"Medical research scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_research_scientist"},{"title":"Medical Scientist Training Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Scientist_Training_Program"},{"title":"Pharmaceutical company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_company"},{"title":"Preclinical imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preclinical_imaging"},{"title":"Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_21_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations"}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_plants
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Medicinal plants
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["1 History","1.1 Prehistoric times","1.2 Ancient times","1.3 Middle Ages","1.4 Early Modern","1.5 19th and 20th centuries","2 Context","3 Phytochemical basis","3.1 Alkaloids","3.2 Glycosides","3.3 Polyphenols","3.4 Terpenes","4 In practice","4.1 Cultivation","4.2 Preparation","4.3 Usage","4.4 Effectiveness","4.5 Regulation","4.6 Drug discovery","4.7 Safety","4.8 Quality, advertising, and labelling","5 Threats","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References"]
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Plants or derivatives used to treat medical conditions in humans or animals
The bark of willow trees contains salicylic acid, the active metabolite of aspirin, and has been used for millennia to relieve pain and reduce fever.
Medicinal plants, also called medicinal herbs, have been discovered and used in traditional medicine practices since prehistoric times. Plants synthesize hundreds of chemical compounds for various functions, including defense and protection against insects, fungi, diseases, and herbivorous mammals.
The earliest historical records of herbs are found from the Sumerian civilization, where hundreds of medicinal plants including opium are listed on clay tablets, c. 3000 BC. The Ebers Papyrus from ancient Egypt, c. 1550 BC, describes over 850 plant medicines. The Greek physician Dioscorides, who worked in the Roman army, documented over 1000 recipes for medicines using over 600 medicinal plants in De materia medica, c. 60 AD; this formed the basis of pharmacopoeias for some 1500 years. Drug research sometimes makes use of ethnobotany to search for pharmacologically active substances, and this approach has yielded hundreds of useful compounds. These include the common drugs aspirin, digoxin, quinine, and opium. The compounds found in plants are diverse, with most in four biochemical classes: alkaloids, glycosides, polyphenols, and terpenes. Few of these are scientifically confirmed as medicines or used in conventional medicine.
Medicinal plants are widely used as folk medicine in non-industrialized societies, mainly because they are readily available and cheaper than modern medicines. The annual global export value of the thousands of types of plants with medicinal properties was estimated to be US$60 billion per year and growing at the rate of 6% per annum. In many countries, there is little regulation of traditional medicine, but the World Health Organization coordinates a network to encourage safe and rational use. The botanical herbal market has been criticized for being poorly regulated and containing placebo and pseudoscience products with no scientific research to support their medical claims. Medicinal plants face both general threats, such as climate change and habitat destruction, and the specific threat of over-collection to meet market demand.
History
Dioscorides's 1st century De materia medica, seen here in a c. 1334 copy in Arabic, describes some 1000 drug recipes based on over 600 plants.
Further information: History of herbalism and History of pharmacy
Prehistoric times
Plants, including many now used as culinary herbs and spices, have been used as medicines, not necessarily effectively, from prehistoric times. Spices have been used partly to counter food spoilage bacteria, especially in hot climates, and especially in meat dishes that spoil more readily. Angiosperms (flowering plants) were the original source of most plant medicines. Human settlements are often surrounded by weeds used as herbal medicines, such as nettle, dandelion and chickweed. Humans were not alone in using herbs as medicines: some animals such as non-human primates, monarch butterflies and sheep ingest medicinal plants when they are ill. Plant samples from prehistoric burial sites are among the lines of evidence that Paleolithic peoples had knowledge of herbal medicine. For instance, a 60,000-year-old Neanderthal burial site, "Shanidar IV", in northern Iraq has yielded large amounts of pollen from eight plant species, seven of which are used now as herbal remedies. Also, a mushroom was found in the personal effects of Ötzi the Iceman, whose body was frozen in the Ötztal Alps for more than 5,000 years. The mushroom was probably used against whipworm.
Ancient times
The Ebers Papyrus (c. 1550 BC) from Ancient Egypt describes the use of hundreds of plant medicines.
In ancient Sumeria, hundreds of medicinal plants including myrrh and opium are listed on clay tablets from around 3000 BC. The ancient Egyptian Ebers Papyrus lists over 800 plant medicines such as aloe, cannabis, castor bean, garlic, juniper, and mandrake.
In antiquity, various cultures across Europe, including the Romans, Celts, and Nordic peoples, also practiced herbal medicine as a significant component of their healing traditions.
The Romans had a rich tradition of herbal medicine, drawing upon knowledge inherited from the Greeks and expanding upon it. Notable works include those of Pedanius Dioscorides, whose "De Materia Medica" served as a comprehensive guide to medicinal plants and remained influential for centuries. Additionally, Pliny the Elder's "Naturalis Historia" contains valuable insights into Roman medical plant practices
Among the Celtic peoples of ancient Europe, herbalism played a vital role in both medicine and spirituality. Druids, the religious leaders of the Celts, were reputed to possess deep knowledge of plants and their medicinal properties. Although written records are scarce, archaeological evidence, such as the discovery of medicinal plants at Celtic sites, provides insight into their herbal practices
In the Nordic regions, including Scandinavia and parts of Germany, herbal medicine was also prevalent in ancient times. The Norse sagas and Eddic poetry often mention the use of herbs for healing purposes. Additionally, archaeological findings, such as the remains of medicinal plants in Viking-age graves, attest to the importance of herbal remedies in Nordic culture
From ancient times to the present, Ayurvedic medicine as documented in the Atharva Veda, the Rig Veda and the Sushruta Samhita has used hundreds of herbs and spices, such as turmeric, which contains curcumin. The Chinese pharmacopoeia, the Shennong Ben Cao Jing records plant medicines such as chaulmoogra for leprosy, ephedra, and hemp. This was expanded in the Tang dynasty Yaoxing Lun. In the fourth century BC, Aristotle's pupil Theophrastus wrote the first systematic botany text, Historia plantarum. In around 60 AD, the Greek physician Pedanius Dioscorides, working for the Roman army, documented over 1000 recipes for medicines using over 600 medicinal plants in De materia medica. The book remained the authoritative reference on herbalism for over 1500 years, into the seventeenth century.
Middle Ages
Illustration of a 1632 copy of Avicenna's 1025 The Canon of Medicine, showing a physician talking to a female patient in a garden, while servants prepare medicines.
During the Middle Ages, herbalism continued to flourish across Europe, with distinct traditions emerging in various regions, often influenced by cultural, religious, indigenous, and geographical factors.
In the Early Middle Ages, Benedictine monasteries preserved medical knowledge in Europe, translating and copying classical texts and maintaining herb gardens. Hildegard of Bingen wrote Causae et Curae ("Causes and Cures") on medicine.
In France, herbalism thrived alongside the practice of medieval medicine, which combined elements of Ancient Greek and Roman traditions. Catholic monastic orders played a significant role in preserving and expanding herbal knowledge. Manuscripts like the "Tractatus de Herbis" from the 15th century depict French herbal remedies and their uses. Monasteries and convents served as centers of learning, where monks and nuns cultivated medicinal gardens. Likewise, in Italy, herbalism flourished with contribution Italian physicians like Matthaeus Platearius who compiled herbal manuscripts, such as the "Circa Instans," which served as practical guides for herbal remedies.
In the Iberian Peninsula, the regions of the North remained independent during the period of Islamic occupation, and retained their traditional and indigenous medical practices. Galicia and Asturias, possessed a rich herbal heritage shaped by its Celtic and Roman influences. The Galician people were known for their strong connection to the land and nature and preserved botanical knowledge, with healers, known as "curandeiros" or "meigas," who relied on local plants for healing purposes The Asturian landscape, characterized by lush forests and mountainous terrain, provided a rich source of medicinal herbs used in traditional healing practices, with "yerbatos," who possessed extensive knowledge of local plants and their medicinal properties Barcelona, located in the Catalonia region of northeastern Spain, was a hub of cultural exchange during the Middle Ages, fostering the preservation and dissemination of medical knowledge. Catalan herbalists, known as "herbolarios," compiled manuscripts detailing the properties and uses of medicinal plants found in the region. The University of Barcelona, founded in 1450, played a pivotal role in advancing herbal medicine through its botanical gardens and academic pursuits.
In Scotland and England, herbalism was deeply rooted in folk traditions and influenced by Celtic, Anglo-Saxon, and Norse practices. Herbal knowledge was passed down through generations, often by wise women known as "cunning folk." The "Physicians of Myddfai," a Welsh herbal manuscript from the 13th century, reflects the blending of Celtic and Christian beliefs in herbal medicine.
In the Islamic Golden Age, scholars translated many classical Greek texts including Dioscorides into Arabic, adding their own commentaries.
Herbalism flourished in the Islamic world, particularly in Baghdad and in Al-Andalus. Among many works on medicinal plants, Abulcasis (936–1013) of Cordoba wrote The Book of Simples, and Ibn al-Baitar (1197–1248) recorded hundreds of medicinal herbs such as Aconitum, nux vomica, and tamarind in his Corpus of Simples. Avicenna included many plants in his 1025 The Canon of Medicine. Abu-Rayhan Biruni, Ibn Zuhr, Peter of Spain, and John of St Amand wrote further pharmacopoeias.
Early Modern
An early illustrated book of medicinal plants, The Grete Herball, 1526
The Early Modern period saw the flourishing of illustrated herbals across Europe, starting with the 1526 Grete Herball. John Gerard wrote his famous The Herball or General History of Plants in 1597, based on Rembert Dodoens, and Nicholas Culpeper published his The English Physician Enlarged.
Many new plant medicines arrived in Europe as products of Early Modern exploration and the resulting Columbian Exchange, in which livestock, crops and technologies were transferred between the Old World and the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries. Medicinal herbs arriving in the Americas included garlic, ginger, and turmeric; coffee, tobacco and coca travelled in the other direction.
In Mexico, the sixteenth century Badianus Manuscript described medicinal plants available in Central America.
19th and 20th centuries
Further information: Pharmacognosy
The place of plants in medicine was radically altered in the 19th century by the application of chemical analysis. Alkaloids were isolated from a succession of medicinal plants, starting with morphine from the poppy in 1806, and soon followed by ipecacuanha and strychnos in 1817, quinine from the cinchona tree, and then many others. As chemistry progressed, additional classes of potentially active substances were discovered in plants. Commercial extraction of purified alkaloids including morphine began at Merck in 1826. Synthesis of a substance first discovered in a medicinal plant began with salicylic acid in 1853. Around the end of the 19th century, the mood of pharmacy turned against medicinal plants, as enzymes often modified the active ingredients when whole plants were dried, and alkaloids and glycosides purified from plant material started to be preferred. Drug discovery from plants continued to be important through the 20th century and into the 21st, with important anti-cancer drugs from yew and Madagascar periwinkle.
Context
Medicinal plants are used with the intention of maintaining health, to be administered for a specific condition, or both, whether in modern medicine or in traditional medicine. The Food and Agriculture Organization estimated in 2002 that over 50,000 medicinal plants are used across the world. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew more conservatively estimated in 2016 that 17,810 plant species have a medicinal use, out of some 30,000 plants for which a use of any kind is documented.
In modern medicine, around a quarter of the drugs prescribed to patients are derived from medicinal plants, and they are rigorously tested. In other systems of medicine, medicinal plants may constitute the majority of what are often informal attempted treatments, not tested scientifically. The World Health Organization estimates, without reliable data, that some 80 percent of the world's population depends mainly on traditional medicine (including but not limited to plants); perhaps some two billion people are largely reliant on medicinal plants. The use of plant-based materials including herbal or natural health products with supposed health benefits, is increasing in developed countries. This brings attendant risks of toxicity and other effects on human health, despite the safe image of herbal remedies. Herbal medicines have been in use since long before modern medicine existed; there was and often still is little or no knowledge of the pharmacological basis of their actions, if any, or of their safety. The World Health Organization formulated a policy on traditional medicine in 1991, and since then has published guidelines for them, with a series of monographs on widely used herbal medicines.
Medicinal plants may provide three main kinds of benefit: health benefits to the people who consume them as medicines; financial benefits to people who harvest, process, and distribute them for sale; and society-wide benefits, such as job opportunities, taxation income, and a healthier labour force. However, development of plants or extracts having potential medicinal uses is blunted by weak scientific evidence, poor practices in the process of drug development, and insufficient financing.
Phytochemical basis
Further information: Phytochemistry
All plants produce chemical compounds which give them an evolutionary advantage, such as defending against herbivores or, in the example of salicylic acid, as a hormone in plant defenses. These phytochemicals have potential for use as drugs, and the content and known pharmacological activity of these substances in medicinal plants is the scientific basis for their use in modern medicine, if scientifically confirmed. For instance, daffodils (Narcissus) contain nine groups of alkaloids including galantamine, licensed for use against Alzheimer's disease. The alkaloids are bitter-tasting and toxic, and concentrated in the parts of the plant such as the stem most likely to be eaten by herbivores; they may also protect against parasites.
Modern knowledge of medicinal plants is being systematised in the Medicinal Plant Transcriptomics Database, which by 2011 provided a sequence reference for the transcriptome of some thirty species. Major classes of plant phytochemicals are described below, with examples of plants that contain them.
Alkaloids
Further information: Alkaloids
Alkaloids are bitter-tasting chemicals, very widespread in nature, and often toxic, found in many medicinal plants. There are several classes with different modes of action as drugs, both recreational and pharmaceutical. Medicines of different classes include atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine (all from nightshade), the traditional medicine berberine (from plants such as Berberis and Mahonia), caffeine (Coffea), cocaine (Coca), ephedrine (Ephedra), morphine (opium poppy), nicotine (tobacco), reserpine (Rauvolfia serpentina), quinidine and quinine (Cinchona), vincamine (Vinca minor), and vincristine (Catharanthus roseus).
The opium poppy Papaver somniferum is the source of the alkaloids morphine and codeine.
The alkaloid nicotine from tobacco binds directly to the body's Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, accounting for its pharmacological effects.
Deadly nightshade, Atropa belladonna, yields tropane alkaloids including atropine, scopolamine and hyoscyamine.
Glycosides
Further information: Glycosides
Anthraquinone glycosides are found in medicinal plants such as rhubarb, cascara, and Alexandrian senna. Plant-based laxatives made from such plants include senna, rhubarb and Aloe.
The cardiac glycosides are powerful drugs from medicinal plants including foxglove and lily of the valley. They include digoxin and digitoxin which support the beating of the heart, and act as diuretics.
Senna alexandrina, containing anthraquinone glycosides, has been used as a laxative for millennia.
The foxglove, Digitalis purpurea, contains digoxin, a cardiac glycoside. The plant was used on heart conditions long before the glycoside was identified.
Digoxin is used to treat atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter and sometimes heart failure.
Polyphenols
Further information: Polyphenol and Health effects of polyphenols
Polyphenols of several classes are widespread in plants, having diverse roles in defenses against plant diseases and predators. They include hormone-mimicking phytoestrogens and astringent tannins. Plants containing phytoestrogens have been administered for centuries for gynecological disorders, such as fertility, menstrual, and menopausal problems. Among these plants are Pueraria mirifica, kudzu, angelica, fennel, and anise.
Many polyphenolic extracts, such as from grape seeds, olives or maritime pine bark, are sold as dietary supplements and cosmetics without proof or legal health claims for medicinal effects. In Ayurveda, the astringent rind of the pomegranate, containing polyphenols called punicalagins, is used as a medicine, with no scientific proof of efficacy.
Angelica, containing phytoestrogens, has long been used for gynaecological disorders.
Polyphenols include phytoestrogens (top and middle), mimics of animal estrogen (bottom).
Terpenes
Further information: Terpenes
Terpenes and terpenoids of many kinds are found in a variety of medicinal plants, and in resinous plants such as the conifers. They are strongly aromatic and serve to repel herbivores. Their scent makes them useful in essential oils, whether for perfumes such as rose and lavender, or for aromatherapy. Some have medicinal uses: for example, thymol is an antiseptic and was once used as a vermifuge (anti-worm medicine).
The essential oil of common thyme (Thymus vulgaris), contains the monoterpene thymol, an antiseptic and antifungal.
Thymol is one of many terpenes found in plants.
In practice
Licensed commercial cultivation of opium poppies, Tasmania, 2010
Main articles: Herbalism and List of plants used in herbalism
Cultivation
Medicinal plants demand intensive management. Different species each require their own distinct conditions of cultivation. The World Health Organization recommends the use of rotation to minimise problems with pests and plant diseases. Cultivation may be traditional or may make use of conservation agriculture practices to maintain organic matter in the soil and to conserve water, for example with no-till farming systems. In many medicinal and aromatic plants, plant characteristics vary widely with soil type and cropping strategy, so care is required to obtain satisfactory yields.
Preparation
A Medieval physician preparing an extract from a medicinal plant, from an Arabic Dioscorides, 1224
Medicinal plants are often tough and fibrous, requiring some form of preparation to make them convenient to administer. According to the Institute for Traditional Medicine, common methods for the preparation of herbal medicines include decoction, powdering, and extraction with alcohol, in each case yielding a mixture of substances. Decoction involves crushing and then boiling the plant material in water to produce a liquid extract that can be taken orally or applied topically. Powdering involves drying the plant material and then crushing it to yield a powder that can be compressed into tablets. Alcohol extraction involves soaking the plant material in cold wine or distilled spirit to form a tincture.
Traditional poultices were made by boiling medicinal plants, wrapping them in a cloth, and applying the resulting parcel externally to the affected part of the body.
When modern medicine has identified a drug in a medicinal plant, commercial quantities of the drug may either be synthesised or extracted from plant material, yielding a pure chemical. Extraction can be practical when the compound in question is complex.
Usage
A herbalist's shop in the souk of Marrakesh, Morocco
Further information: Herbalism, Psychoactive drug, and Drug discovery
Plant medicines are in wide use around the world. In most of the developing world, especially in rural areas, local traditional medicine, including herbalism, is the only source of health care for people, while in the developed world, alternative medicine including use of dietary supplements is marketed aggressively using the claims of traditional medicine. As of 2015, most products made from medicinal plants had not been tested for their safety and efficacy, and products that were marketed in developed economies and provided in the undeveloped world by traditional healers were of uneven quality, sometimes containing dangerous contaminants. Traditional Chinese medicine makes use of a wide variety of plants, among other materials and techniques. Researchers from Kew Gardens found 104 species used for diabetes in Central America, of which seven had been identified in at least three separate studies. The Yanomami of the Brazilian Amazon, assisted by researchers, have described 101 plant species used for traditional medicines.
Drugs derived from plants including opiates, cocaine and cannabis have both medical and recreational uses. Different countries have at various times made use of illegal drugs, partly on the basis of the risks involved in taking psychoactive drugs.
Effectiveness
The bark of the cinchona tree contains the alkaloid quinine, traditionally given for malaria.
Plant medicines have often not been tested systematically, but have come into use informally over the centuries. By 2007, clinical trials had demonstrated potentially useful activity in nearly 16% of herbal extracts; there was limited in vitro or in vivo evidence for roughly half the extracts; there was only phytochemical evidence for around 20%; 0.5% were allergenic or toxic; and some 12% had basically never been studied scientifically. Cancer Research UK caution that there is no reliable evidence for the effectiveness of herbal remedies for cancer.
A 2012 phylogenetic study built a family tree down to genus level using 20,000 species to compare the medicinal plants of three regions, Nepal, New Zealand and the Cape of South Africa. It discovered that the species used traditionally to treat the same types of condition belonged to the same groups of plants in all three regions, giving a "strong phylogenetic signal". Since many plants that yield pharmaceutical drugs belong to just these groups, and the groups were independently used in three different world regions, the results were taken to mean 1) that these plant groups do have potential for medicinal efficacy, 2) that undefined pharmacological activity is associated with use in traditional medicine, and 3) that the use of a phylogenetic groups for possible plant medicines in one region may predict their use in the other regions.
Regulation
The practice of Ayurveda in India, such as the running of this Ayurvedic pharmacy in Rishikesh, is regulated by a government department, AYUSH.
The World Health Organization (WHO) has been coordinating a network called the International Regulatory Cooperation for Herbal Medicines to try to improve the quality of medical products made from medicinal plants and the claims made for them. In 2015, only around 20% of countries had well-functioning regulatory agencies, while 30% had none, and around half had limited regulatory capacity. In India, where Ayurveda has been practised for centuries, herbal remedies are the responsibility of a government department, AYUSH, under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare.
WHO has set out a strategy for traditional medicines with four objectives: to integrate them as policy into national healthcare systems; to provide knowledge and guidance on their safety, efficacy, and quality; to increase their availability and affordability; and to promote their rational, therapeutically sound usage. WHO notes in the strategy that countries are experiencing seven challenges to such implementation, namely in developing and enforcing policy; in integration; in safety and quality, especially in assessment of products and qualification of practitioners; in controlling advertising; in research and development; in education and training; and in the sharing of information.
Drug discovery
The anticancer drug taxol was developed after screening of the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia (foliage and fruit shown) in 1971.
Further information: Drug discovery
The pharmaceutical industry has roots in the apothecary shops of Europe in the 1800s, where pharmacists provided local traditional medicines to customers, which included extracts like morphine, quinine, and strychnine. Therapeutically important drugs like camptothecin (from Camptotheca acuminata, used in traditional Chinese medicine) and taxol (from the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia) were derived from medicinal plants. The Vinca alkaloids vincristine and vinblastine, used as anti-cancer drugs, were discovered in the 1950s from the Madagascar periwinkle, Catharanthus roseus.
Hundreds of compounds have been identified using ethnobotany, investigating plants used by indigenous peoples for possible medical applications. Some important phytochemicals, including curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein and resveratrol are pan-assay interference compounds, meaning that in vitro studies of their activity often provide unreliable data. As a result, phytochemicals have frequently proven unsuitable as the lead substances in drug discovery. In the United States over the period 1999 to 2012, despite several hundred applications for new drug status, only two botanical drug candidates had sufficient evidence of medicinal value to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration.
The pharmaceutical industry has remained interested in mining traditional uses of medicinal plants in its drug discovery efforts. Of the 1073 small-molecule drugs approved in the period 1981 to 2010, over half were either directly derived from or inspired by natural substances. Among cancer treatments, of 185 small-molecule drugs approved in the period from 1981 to 2019, 65% were derived from or inspired by natural substances.
Safety
The Thornapple Datura stramonium has been used for asthma, because it contains the alkaloid atropine, but it is also a powerful and potentially fatal hallucinogen.
Further information: List of herbs with known adverse effects
Plant medicines can cause adverse effects and even death, whether by side-effects of their active substances, by adulteration or contamination, by overdose, or by inappropriate prescription. Many such effects are known, while others remain to be explored scientifically. There is no reason to presume that because a product comes from nature it must be safe: the existence of powerful natural poisons like atropine and nicotine shows this to be untrue. Further, the high standards applied to conventional medicines do not always apply to plant medicines, and dose can vary widely depending on the growth conditions of plants: older plants may be much more toxic than young ones, for instance.
Plant extracts may interact with conventional drugs, both because they may provide an increased dose of similar compounds, and because some phytochemicals interfere with the body's systems that metabolise drugs in the liver including the cytochrome P450 system, making the drugs last longer in the body and have a cumulative effect. Plant medicines can be dangerous during pregnancy. Since plants may contain many different substances, plant extracts may have complex effects on the human body.
Quality, advertising, and labelling
Herbal medicine and dietary supplement products have been criticized as not having sufficient standards or scientific evidence to confirm their contents, safety, and presumed efficacy. A 2013 study found that one-third of herbal products sampled contained no trace of the herb listed on the label, and other products were adulterated with unlisted fillers including potential allergens. Companies often make false claims about their herbal products promising health benefits that aren't backed by evidence to generate more sales. The market for dietary supplements and nutraceuticals grew by 5% during the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to the United States taking action to stop the deceptive marketing of herbal products to combat the virus.
Threats
Where medicinal plants are harvested from the wild rather than cultivated, they are subject to both general and specific threats. General threats include climate change and habitat loss to development and agriculture. A specific threat is over-collection to meet rising demand for medicines. A case in point was the pressure on wild populations of the Pacific yew soon after news of taxol's effectiveness became public. The threat from over-collection could be addressed by cultivation of some medicinal plants, or by a system of certification to make wild harvesting sustainable. A report in 2020 by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew identifies 723 medicinal plants as being at risk of extinction, caused partly by over-collection.
See also
Australian Phytochemical Survey
Ethnomedicine
European Directive on Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products
Plant Resources of Tropical Africa
Notes
^ Farnsworth states that this figure was based on prescriptions from American community pharmacies between 1959 and 1980.
^ Berberine is the main active component of an ancient Chinese herb Coptis chinensis French, which has been administered for what Yin and colleagues state is "diabetes" for thousands of years, although with no sound evidence of efficacy.
^ Tobacco has "probably been responsible for more deaths than any other herb", but it was used as a medicine in the societies encountered by Columbus and was considered a panacea in Europe. It is no longer accepted as medicinal.
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vteMedicinal herbs and fungiHerbs
Alfalfa
Aloe vera
Anise
Borututu
Asthma-plant
Astragalus
Cannabis
medical use
Caraway
Cardamom
Chamomile
Chaparral
Fenugreek
Feverfew
Flaxseed
Ginger
Ginkgo
Ginseng
Goldenseal
Lemon balm
Liquorice
Marigold
Marsh-mallow
Neem
Opium poppy
Oregano
Peppermint
Purple coneflower
Rosemary
Sage
Star anise
Summer savory
Tea tree oil
Thyme
Turmeric
Umckaloabo
Valerian
Verbena
White willow
Yarrow
Za'atar
Fungi
Almond mushroom
Chaga mushroom
Echigoshirayukidake
Lingzhi mushroom
Maitake
Meshima
Morel mushroom
Shiitake
Regional practices
Chinese herbology
Indian herbology
Islamic herbology
Japanese herbology
Korean herbology
Related subjects
Alternative medicine
Doctrine of signatures
Herb garden
Herbal
Herbal tea
Herbalism
Homeopathy
Medicinal plants
List of plants used in herbalism
Authority control databases National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Latvia
Japan
Czech Republic
Other
Historical Dictionary of Switzerland
Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine
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Plants synthesize hundreds of chemical compounds for various functions, including defense and protection against insects, fungi, diseases, and herbivorous mammals.[2]The earliest historical records of herbs are found from the Sumerian civilization, where hundreds of medicinal plants including opium are listed on clay tablets, c. 3000 BC. The Ebers Papyrus from ancient Egypt, c. 1550 BC, describes over 850 plant medicines. The Greek physician Dioscorides, who worked in the Roman army, documented over 1000 recipes for medicines using over 600 medicinal plants in De materia medica, c. 60 AD; this formed the basis of pharmacopoeias for some 1500 years. Drug research sometimes makes use of ethnobotany to search for pharmacologically active substances, and this approach has yielded hundreds of useful compounds. These include the common drugs aspirin, digoxin, quinine, and opium. The compounds found in plants are diverse, with most in four biochemical classes: alkaloids, glycosides, polyphenols, and terpenes. Few of these are scientifically confirmed as medicines or used in conventional medicine.Medicinal plants are widely used as folk medicine in non-industrialized societies, mainly because they are readily available and cheaper than modern medicines. The annual global export value of the thousands of types of plants with medicinal properties was estimated to be US$60 billion per year and growing at the rate of 6% per annum.[citation needed] In many countries, there is little regulation of traditional medicine, but the World Health Organization coordinates a network to encourage safe and rational use. The botanical herbal market has been criticized for being poorly regulated and containing placebo and pseudoscience products with no scientific research to support their medical claims.[3] Medicinal plants face both general threats, such as climate change and habitat destruction, and the specific threat of over-collection to meet market demand.[3]","title":"Medicinal plants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arabic_herbal_medicine_guidebook.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Dioscorides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscorides"},{"link_name":"De materia medica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_materia_medica"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collins2000-4"},{"link_name":"History of herbalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_herbalism"},{"link_name":"History of pharmacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_pharmacy"}],"text":"Dioscorides's 1st century De materia medica, seen here in a c. 1334 copy in Arabic, describes some 1000 drug recipes based on over 600 plants.[4]Further information: History of herbalism and History of pharmacy","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"culinary herbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culinary_herb"},{"link_name":"spices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice"},{"link_name":"food spoilage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_spoilage"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tapsell-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"flowering plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Angio-8"},{"link_name":"herbal medicines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbal_medicine"},{"link_name":"nettle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urtica_dioica"},{"link_name":"dandelion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandelion"},{"link_name":"chickweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickweed"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"primates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate"},{"link_name":"monarch butterflies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch_butterfly"},{"link_name":"sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Shanidar IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanidar_Cave#Shanidar_4.2C_the_.22flower_burial.22"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"mushroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicinal_fungi"},{"link_name":"Ötzi the Iceman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi_the_Iceman"},{"link_name":"Ötztal Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tztal_Alps"},{"link_name":"whipworm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whipworm"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9851424-13"}],"sub_title":"Prehistoric times","text":"Plants, including many now used as culinary herbs and spices, have been used as medicines, not necessarily effectively, from prehistoric times. Spices have been used partly to counter food spoilage bacteria, especially in hot climates,[5][6] and especially in meat dishes that spoil more readily.[7] Angiosperms (flowering plants) were the original source of most plant medicines.[8] Human settlements are often surrounded by weeds used as herbal medicines, such as nettle, dandelion and chickweed.[9][10] Humans were not alone in using herbs as medicines: some animals such as non-human primates, monarch butterflies and sheep ingest medicinal plants when they are ill.[11] Plant samples from prehistoric burial sites are among the lines of evidence that Paleolithic peoples had knowledge of herbal medicine. For instance, a 60,000-year-old Neanderthal burial site, \"Shanidar IV\", in northern Iraq has yielded large amounts of pollen from eight plant species, seven of which are used now as herbal remedies.[12] Also, a mushroom was found in the personal effects of Ötzi the Iceman, whose body was frozen in the Ötztal Alps for more than 5,000 years. The mushroom was probably used against whipworm.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PEbers_c41-bc.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ebers Papyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebers_Papyrus"},{"link_name":"Ancient Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sumner-2000-p17-14"},{"link_name":"Sumeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumer"},{"link_name":"myrrh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrrh"},{"link_name":"opium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium"},{"link_name":"ancient Egyptian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_medicine"},{"link_name":"Ebers Papyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebers_Papyrus"},{"link_name":"aloe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe"},{"link_name":"cannabis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis"},{"link_name":"castor bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castor_bean"},{"link_name":"garlic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic"},{"link_name":"juniper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper"},{"link_name":"mandrake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandragora_(genus)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sumner-2000-p17-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrovska20121%E2%80%935-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Ayurvedic medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda"},{"link_name":"Atharva Veda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atharva_Veda"},{"link_name":"Rig Veda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rig_Veda"},{"link_name":"Sushruta Samhita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita"},{"link_name":"turmeric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turmeric"},{"link_name":"curcumin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcumin"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Chinese pharmacopoeia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_herbology"},{"link_name":"Shennong Ben Cao Jing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shennong_Ben_Cao_Jing"},{"link_name":"chaulmoogra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaulmoogra"},{"link_name":"ephedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephedra_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"hemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sumner-2000-p18-21"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Yaoxing Lun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoxing_Lun"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Aristotle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle"},{"link_name":"Theophrastus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophrastus"},{"link_name":"Historia plantarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Theophrastus)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-philobio11-23"},{"link_name":"Pedanius Dioscorides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides"},{"link_name":"De materia medica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_materia_medica"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collins2000-4"}],"sub_title":"Ancient times","text":"The Ebers Papyrus (c. 1550 BC) from Ancient Egypt describes the use of hundreds of plant medicines.[14]In ancient Sumeria, hundreds of medicinal plants including myrrh and opium are listed on clay tablets from around 3000 BC. The ancient Egyptian Ebers Papyrus lists over 800 plant medicines such as aloe, cannabis, castor bean, garlic, juniper, and mandrake.[14][15]In antiquity, various cultures across Europe, including the Romans, Celts, and Nordic peoples, also practiced herbal medicine as a significant component of their healing traditions.The Romans had a rich tradition of herbal medicine, drawing upon knowledge inherited from the Greeks and expanding upon it. Notable works include those of Pedanius Dioscorides, whose \"De Materia Medica\" served as a comprehensive guide to medicinal plants and remained influential for centuries.[16] Additionally, Pliny the Elder's \"Naturalis Historia\" contains valuable insights into Roman medical plant practices [17]Among the Celtic peoples of ancient Europe, herbalism played a vital role in both medicine and spirituality. Druids, the religious leaders of the Celts, were reputed to possess deep knowledge of plants and their medicinal properties. Although written records are scarce, archaeological evidence, such as the discovery of medicinal plants at Celtic sites, provides insight into their herbal practices [18]In the Nordic regions, including Scandinavia and parts of Germany, herbal medicine was also prevalent in ancient times. The Norse sagas and Eddic poetry often mention the use of herbs for healing purposes. Additionally, archaeological findings, such as the remains of medicinal plants in Viking-age graves, attest to the importance of herbal remedies in Nordic culture [19]From ancient times to the present, Ayurvedic medicine as documented in the Atharva Veda, the Rig Veda and the Sushruta Samhita has used hundreds of herbs and spices, such as turmeric, which contains curcumin.[20] The Chinese pharmacopoeia, the Shennong Ben Cao Jing records plant medicines such as chaulmoogra for leprosy, ephedra, and hemp.[21] This was expanded in the Tang dynasty Yaoxing Lun.[22] In the fourth century BC, Aristotle's pupil Theophrastus wrote the first systematic botany text, Historia plantarum.[23] In around 60 AD, the Greek physician Pedanius Dioscorides, working for the Roman army, documented over 1000 recipes for medicines using over 600 medicinal plants in De materia medica. The book remained the authoritative reference on herbalism for over 1500 years, into the seventeenth century.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Physician_talking_to_a_female_patient_in_a_garden_Wellcome_L0073711.jpg"},{"link_name":"Avicenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna"},{"link_name":"The Canon of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Early Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Benedictine monasteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine_monasteries"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"herb gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_garden"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Hildegard of Bingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Islamic Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Al-Andalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus"},{"link_name":"Abulcasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abulcasis"},{"link_name":"Cordoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain"},{"link_name":"nux vomica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nux_vomica_(herbalism)"},{"link_name":"tamarind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarind"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Castlemanp15-34"},{"link_name":"Avicenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna"},{"link_name":"The Canon of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canon_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jacquart-35"},{"link_name":"Abu-Rayhan Biruni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu-Rayhan_Biruni"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Ibn Zuhr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Zuhr"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Peter of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_of_Spain_(author)"},{"link_name":"John of St Amand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_St_Amand"},{"link_name":"pharmacopoeias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacopoeia"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Middle Ages","text":"Illustration of a 1632 copy of Avicenna's 1025 The Canon of Medicine, showing a physician talking to a female patient in a garden, while servants prepare medicines.During the Middle Ages, herbalism continued to flourish across Europe, with distinct traditions emerging in various regions, often influenced by cultural, religious, indigenous, and geographical factors.In the Early Middle Ages, Benedictine monasteries preserved medical knowledge in Europe, translating and copying classical texts and maintaining herb gardens.[24][25] Hildegard of Bingen wrote Causae et Curae (\"Causes and Cures\") on medicine.[26]In France, herbalism thrived alongside the practice of medieval medicine, which combined elements of Ancient Greek and Roman traditions. Catholic monastic orders played a significant role in preserving and expanding herbal knowledge. Manuscripts like the \"Tractatus de Herbis\" from the 15th century depict French herbal remedies and their uses.[27] Monasteries and convents served as centers of learning, where monks and nuns cultivated medicinal gardens. Likewise, in Italy, herbalism flourished with contribution Italian physicians like Matthaeus Platearius who compiled herbal manuscripts, such as the \"Circa Instans,\" which served as practical guides for herbal remedies.[28]In the Iberian Peninsula, the regions of the North remained independent during the period of Islamic occupation, and retained their traditional and indigenous medical practices. Galicia and Asturias, possessed a rich herbal heritage shaped by its Celtic and Roman influences. The Galician people were known for their strong connection to the land and nature and preserved botanical knowledge, with healers, known as \"curandeiros\" or \"meigas,\" who relied on local plants for healing purposes [29] The Asturian landscape, characterized by lush forests and mountainous terrain, provided a rich source of medicinal herbs used in traditional healing practices, with \"yerbatos,\" who possessed extensive knowledge of local plants and their medicinal properties [30] Barcelona, located in the Catalonia region of northeastern Spain, was a hub of cultural exchange during the Middle Ages, fostering the preservation and dissemination of medical knowledge. Catalan herbalists, known as \"herbolarios,\" compiled manuscripts detailing the properties and uses of medicinal plants found in the region. The University of Barcelona, founded in 1450, played a pivotal role in advancing herbal medicine through its botanical gardens and academic pursuits.[31]In Scotland and England, herbalism was deeply rooted in folk traditions and influenced by Celtic, Anglo-Saxon, and Norse practices. Herbal knowledge was passed down through generations, often by wise women known as \"cunning folk.\" The \"Physicians of Myddfai,\" a Welsh herbal manuscript from the 13th century, reflects the blending of Celtic and Christian beliefs in herbal medicine.[32]In the Islamic Golden Age, scholars translated many classical Greek texts including Dioscorides into Arabic, adding their own commentaries.[33]\nHerbalism flourished in the Islamic world, particularly in Baghdad and in Al-Andalus. Among many works on medicinal plants, Abulcasis (936–1013) of Cordoba wrote The Book of Simples, and Ibn al-Baitar (1197–1248) recorded hundreds of medicinal herbs such as Aconitum, nux vomica, and tamarind in his Corpus of Simples.[34] Avicenna included many plants in his 1025 The Canon of Medicine.[35] Abu-Rayhan Biruni,[36] Ibn Zuhr,[37] Peter of Spain, and John of St Amand wrote further pharmacopoeias.[38]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Grete_Herball,_Title_Page,_1526.jpg"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singer-39"},{"link_name":"The Grete Herball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grete_Herball"},{"link_name":"Early Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Modern"},{"link_name":"herbals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbal"},{"link_name":"Grete Herball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grete_Herball"},{"link_name":"John Gerard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gerard"},{"link_name":"Rembert Dodoens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembert_Dodoens"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Culpeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Culpeper"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singer-39"},{"link_name":"Early Modern exploration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Exploration"},{"link_name":"Columbian Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbian_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Early Modern","text":"An early illustrated book of medicinal plants,[39] The Grete Herball, 1526The Early Modern period saw the flourishing of illustrated herbals across Europe, starting with the 1526 Grete Herball. John Gerard wrote his famous The Herball or General History of Plants in 1597, based on Rembert Dodoens, and Nicholas Culpeper published his The English Physician Enlarged.[39] \nMany new plant medicines arrived in Europe as products of Early Modern exploration and the resulting Columbian Exchange, in which livestock, crops and technologies were transferred between the Old World and the Americas in the 15th and 16th centuries. Medicinal herbs arriving in the Americas included garlic, ginger, and turmeric; coffee, tobacco and coca travelled in the other direction.[40][41]\nIn Mexico, the sixteenth century Badianus Manuscript described medicinal plants available in Central America.[42]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pharmacognosy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacognosy"},{"link_name":"chemical analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"Alkaloids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid"},{"link_name":"morphine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphine"},{"link_name":"poppy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppy"},{"link_name":"ipecacuanha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephaelis_ipecacuanha"},{"link_name":"strychnos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strychnos"},{"link_name":"quinine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinine"},{"link_name":"cinchona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinchona"},{"link_name":"Merck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck_Group"},{"link_name":"Synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_synthesis"},{"link_name":"salicylic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salicylic_acid"},{"link_name":"enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"yew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yew"},{"link_name":"Madagascar periwinkle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar_periwinkle"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atanasov2015-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Petrovska_2012-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APS-45"}],"sub_title":"19th and 20th centuries","text":"Further information: PharmacognosyThe place of plants in medicine was radically altered in the 19th century by the application of chemical analysis. Alkaloids were isolated from a succession of medicinal plants, starting with morphine from the poppy in 1806, and soon followed by ipecacuanha and strychnos in 1817, quinine from the cinchona tree, and then many others. As chemistry progressed, additional classes of potentially active substances were discovered in plants. Commercial extraction of purified alkaloids including morphine began at Merck in 1826. Synthesis of a substance first discovered in a medicinal plant began with salicylic acid in 1853. Around the end of the 19th century, the mood of pharmacy turned against medicinal plants, as enzymes often modified the active ingredients when whole plants were dried, and alkaloids and glycosides purified from plant material started to be preferred. Drug discovery from plants continued to be important through the 20th century and into the 21st, with important anti-cancer drugs from yew and Madagascar periwinkle.[43][44][45]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"modern medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine"},{"link_name":"traditional medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahn-3"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-Hall2012-46"},{"link_name":"Food and Agriculture Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAO-47"},{"link_name":"Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kew2016-48"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-Hall2012-46"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farnsworth1985-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tilburt_2008-51"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-Hall2012-46"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farnsworth1985-49"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ekor2013-52"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ekor2013-52"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cravotto-54"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-Hall2012-46"},{"link_name":"drug development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_development"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahn-3"}],"text":"Medicinal plants are used with the intention of maintaining health, to be administered for a specific condition, or both, whether in modern medicine or in traditional medicine.[3][46] The Food and Agriculture Organization estimated in 2002 that over 50,000 medicinal plants are used across the world.[47] The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew more conservatively estimated in 2016 that 17,810 plant species have a medicinal use, out of some 30,000 plants for which a use of any kind is documented.[48]In modern medicine, around a quarter[a] of the drugs prescribed to patients are derived from medicinal plants, and they are rigorously tested.[46][49] In other systems of medicine, medicinal plants may constitute the majority of what are often informal attempted treatments, not tested scientifically.[50] The World Health Organization estimates, without reliable data, that some 80 percent of the world's population depends mainly on traditional medicine (including but not limited to plants); perhaps some two billion people are largely reliant on medicinal plants.[46][49] The use of plant-based materials including herbal or natural health products with supposed health benefits, is increasing in developed countries.[51] This brings attendant risks of toxicity and other effects on human health, despite the safe image of herbal remedies.[51] Herbal medicines have been in use since long before modern medicine existed; there was and often still is little or no knowledge of the pharmacological basis of their actions, if any, or of their safety. The World Health Organization formulated a policy on traditional medicine in 1991, and since then has published guidelines for them, with a series of monographs on widely used herbal medicines.[52][53]Medicinal plants may provide three main kinds of benefit: health benefits to the people who consume them as medicines; financial benefits to people who harvest, process, and distribute them for sale; and society-wide benefits, such as job opportunities, taxation income, and a healthier labour force.[46] However, development of plants or extracts having potential medicinal uses is blunted by weak scientific evidence, poor practices in the process of drug development, and insufficient financing.[3]","title":"Context"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phytochemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochemistry"},{"link_name":"evolutionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution"},{"link_name":"defending against herbivores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_defense_against_herbivory"},{"link_name":"salicylic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salicylic_acid"},{"link_name":"hormone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_hormone"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDAingredients-55"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahn-3"},{"link_name":"Narcissus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissus_(plant)"},{"link_name":"galantamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galantamine"},{"link_name":"Alzheimer's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"parasites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"transcriptome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcriptome"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-danforth-60"},{"link_name":"phytochemicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytochemical"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Angio-8"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cravotto-54"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meskin-2002-p123-61"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elumalai-63"}],"text":"Further information: PhytochemistryAll plants produce chemical compounds which give them an evolutionary advantage, such as defending against herbivores or, in the example of salicylic acid, as a hormone in plant defenses.[54][55] These phytochemicals have potential for use as drugs, and the content and known pharmacological activity of these substances in medicinal plants is the scientific basis for their use in modern medicine, if scientifically confirmed.[3] For instance, daffodils (Narcissus) contain nine groups of alkaloids including galantamine, licensed for use against Alzheimer's disease. The alkaloids are bitter-tasting and toxic, and concentrated in the parts of the plant such as the stem most likely to be eaten by herbivores; they may also protect against parasites.[56][57][58]Modern knowledge of medicinal plants is being systematised in the Medicinal Plant Transcriptomics Database, which by 2011 provided a sequence reference for the transcriptome of some thirty species.[59] Major classes of plant phytochemicals are described below, with examples of plants that contain them.[8][53][60][61][62]","title":"Phytochemical basis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alkaloids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloids"},{"link_name":"Alkaloids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloids"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aniszewski2007-64"},{"link_name":"atropine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropine"},{"link_name":"scopolamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopolamine"},{"link_name":"hyoscyamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyoscyamine"},{"link_name":"nightshade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightshade"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EMEA-65"},{"link_name":"berberine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberine"},{"link_name":"Berberis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berberis"},{"link_name":"Mahonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahonia"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"caffeine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine"},{"link_name":"Coffea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffea"},{"link_name":"cocaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine"},{"link_name":"Coca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coca"},{"link_name":"ephedrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephedrine"},{"link_name":"Ephedra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephedra_(plant)"},{"link_name":"morphine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphine"},{"link_name":"opium poppy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_poppy"},{"link_name":"nicotine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine"},{"link_name":"tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"reserpine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserpine"},{"link_name":"Rauvolfia serpentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauvolfia_serpentina"},{"link_name":"quinidine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinidine"},{"link_name":"quinine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinine"},{"link_name":"Cinchona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinchona"},{"link_name":"vincamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincamine"},{"link_name":"Vinca minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinca_minor"},{"link_name":"vincristine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincristine"},{"link_name":"Catharanthus roseus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharanthus_roseus"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elumalai-63"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gremigni-70"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Opium_poppy.jpg"},{"link_name":"Papaver somniferum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaver_somniferum"},{"link_name":"alkaloids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloids"},{"link_name":"morphine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphine"},{"link_name":"codeine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codeine"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elumalai-63"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nicotine.svg"},{"link_name":"nicotine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine"},{"link_name":"tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco"},{"link_name":"Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotinic_acetylcholine_receptor"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atropa_belladonna_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Deadly nightshade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadly_nightshade"},{"link_name":"tropane alkaloids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropane_alkaloid"},{"link_name":"atropine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropine"},{"link_name":"scopolamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scopolamine"},{"link_name":"hyoscyamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyoscyamine"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EMEA-65"}],"sub_title":"Alkaloids","text":"Further information: AlkaloidsAlkaloids are bitter-tasting chemicals, very widespread in nature, and often toxic, found in many medicinal plants.[63] There are several classes with different modes of action as drugs, both recreational and pharmaceutical. Medicines of different classes include atropine, scopolamine, and hyoscyamine (all from nightshade),[64] the traditional medicine berberine (from plants such as Berberis and Mahonia),[b] caffeine (Coffea), cocaine (Coca), ephedrine (Ephedra), morphine (opium poppy), nicotine (tobacco),[c] reserpine (Rauvolfia serpentina), quinidine and quinine (Cinchona), vincamine (Vinca minor), and vincristine (Catharanthus roseus).[62][67]The opium poppy Papaver somniferum is the source of the alkaloids morphine and codeine.[62]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe alkaloid nicotine from tobacco binds directly to the body's Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, accounting for its pharmacological effects.[68]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDeadly nightshade, Atropa belladonna, yields tropane alkaloids including atropine, scopolamine and hyoscyamine.[64]","title":"Phytochemical basis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glycosides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosides"},{"link_name":"Anthraquinone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthraquinone"},{"link_name":"glycosides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycosides"},{"link_name":"rhubarb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhubarb"},{"link_name":"cascara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhamnus_purshiana"},{"link_name":"Alexandrian senna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandrian_senna"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"laxatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxative"},{"link_name":"senna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senna_(herb)"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hietala-74"},{"link_name":"rhubarb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhubarb"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mehta-75"},{"link_name":"Aloe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elumalai-63"},{"link_name":"cardiac glycosides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_glycoside"},{"link_name":"foxglove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxglove"},{"link_name":"lily of the valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_of_the_valley"},{"link_name":"digoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digoxin"},{"link_name":"digitoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitoxin"},{"link_name":"diuretics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diuretic"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDAingredients-55"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Senna_alexandrina_Mill.-Cassia_angustifolia_L._(Senna_Plant).jpg"},{"link_name":"Senna alexandrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senna_alexandrina"},{"link_name":"anthraquinone glycosides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senna_glycosides"},{"link_name":"laxative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laxative"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hietala-74"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Digitalis_purpurea2.jpg"},{"link_name":"foxglove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxglove"},{"link_name":"digoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digoxin"},{"link_name":"cardiac glycoside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_glycoside"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDAingredients-55"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Digoxin.svg"},{"link_name":"Digoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digoxin"},{"link_name":"atrial fibrillation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation"},{"link_name":"atrial flutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrial_flutter"},{"link_name":"heart failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDAingredients-55"}],"sub_title":"Glycosides","text":"Further information: GlycosidesAnthraquinone glycosides are found in medicinal plants such as rhubarb, cascara, and Alexandrian senna.[69][70] Plant-based laxatives made from such plants include senna,[71] rhubarb[72] and Aloe.[62]The cardiac glycosides are powerful drugs from medicinal plants including foxglove and lily of the valley. They include digoxin and digitoxin which support the beating of the heart, and act as diuretics.[54]Senna alexandrina, containing anthraquinone glycosides, has been used as a laxative for millennia.[71]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe foxglove, Digitalis purpurea, contains digoxin, a cardiac glycoside. The plant was used on heart conditions long before the glycoside was identified.[54][73]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDigoxin is used to treat atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter and sometimes heart failure.[54]","title":"Phytochemical basis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polyphenol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenol"},{"link_name":"Health effects of polyphenols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_of_polyphenols"},{"link_name":"Polyphenols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenol"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USDAingredients-55"},{"link_name":"phytoestrogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoestrogen"},{"link_name":"tannins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannin"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elumalai-63"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Da_Silva-77"},{"link_name":"gynecological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynecology"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"Pueraria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueraria"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"kudzu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudzu"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"angelica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelica"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"fennel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fennel"},{"link_name":"anise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anise"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"grape seeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape_seed"},{"link_name":"olives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive"},{"link_name":"maritime pine bark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pycnogenol"},{"link_name":"dietary supplements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_supplement"},{"link_name":"cosmetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetics"},{"link_name":"health claims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_claim"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-efsa-83"},{"link_name":"Ayurveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda"},{"link_name":"pomegranate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegranate"},{"link_name":"punicalagins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punicalagin"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-efsa-83"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angelica_sylvestris_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Angelica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelica_sylvestris"},{"link_name":"phytoestrogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoestrogen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phytoestrogens2.png"},{"link_name":"Polyphenols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphenol"},{"link_name":"phytoestrogens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoestrogen"},{"link_name":"estrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrogen"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"sub_title":"Polyphenols","text":"Further information: Polyphenol and Health effects of polyphenolsPolyphenols of several classes are widespread in plants, having diverse roles in defenses against plant diseases and predators.[54] They include hormone-mimicking phytoestrogens and astringent tannins.[62][74] Plants containing phytoestrogens have been administered for centuries for gynecological disorders, such as fertility, menstrual, and menopausal problems.[75] Among these plants are Pueraria mirifica,[76] kudzu,[77] angelica,[78] fennel, and anise.[79]Many polyphenolic extracts, such as from grape seeds, olives or maritime pine bark, are sold as dietary supplements and cosmetics without proof or legal health claims for medicinal effects.[80] In Ayurveda, the astringent rind of the pomegranate, containing polyphenols called punicalagins, is used as a medicine, with no scientific proof of efficacy.[80][81]Angelica, containing phytoestrogens, has long been used for gynaecological disorders.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPolyphenols include phytoestrogens (top and middle), mimics of animal estrogen (bottom).[82]","title":"Phytochemical basis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terpenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpenes"},{"link_name":"Terpenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpenes"},{"link_name":"terpenoids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpenoids"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"resinous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resin"},{"link_name":"conifers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifers"},{"link_name":"essential oils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oils"},{"link_name":"perfumes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfume"},{"link_name":"rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose"},{"link_name":"lavender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavender"},{"link_name":"aromatherapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatherapy"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elumalai-63"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tchen-87"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Singsaas-88"},{"link_name":"thymol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymol"},{"link_name":"vermifuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermifuge"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PubChemThymol-89"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thymian.jpg"},{"link_name":"essential oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oil"},{"link_name":"common thyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_thyme"},{"link_name":"monoterpene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoterpene"},{"link_name":"thymol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thymol"},{"link_name":"antiseptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiseptic"},{"link_name":"antifungal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antifungal_medication"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PubChemThymol-89"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thymol2.svg"},{"link_name":"terpenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpene"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PubChemThymol-89"}],"sub_title":"Terpenes","text":"Further information: TerpenesTerpenes and terpenoids of many kinds are found in a variety of medicinal plants,[83] and in resinous plants such as the conifers. They are strongly aromatic and serve to repel herbivores. Their scent makes them useful in essential oils, whether for perfumes such as rose and lavender, or for aromatherapy.[62][84][85] Some have medicinal uses: for example, thymol is an antiseptic and was once used as a vermifuge (anti-worm medicine).[86]The essential oil of common thyme (Thymus vulgaris), contains the monoterpene thymol, an antiseptic and antifungal.[86]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThymol is one of many terpenes found in plants.[86]","title":"Phytochemical basis"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Papaver_somniferum-Harford-02.JPG"},{"link_name":"opium poppies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_poppy"}],"text":"Licensed commercial cultivation of opium poppies, Tasmania, 2010","title":"In practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"rotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_rotation"},{"link_name":"conservation agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_agriculture"},{"link_name":"no-till farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-till_farming"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHO-90"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"}],"sub_title":"Cultivation","text":"Medicinal plants demand intensive management. Different species each require their own distinct conditions of cultivation. The World Health Organization recommends the use of rotation to minimise problems with pests and plant diseases. Cultivation may be traditional or may make use of conservation agriculture practices to maintain organic matter in the soil and to conserve water, for example with no-till farming systems.[87] In many medicinal and aromatic plants, plant characteristics vary widely with soil type and cropping strategy, so care is required to obtain satisfactory yields.[88]","title":"In practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Folio_Materia_Medica_Dioscurides_Met_13.152.6_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"decoction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decoction"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"tablets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_(pharmacy)"},{"link_name":"tincture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tincture"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ITM1997-93"},{"link_name":"poultices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultice"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mount2015-94"},{"link_name":"synthesised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_synthesis"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atanasov2015-43"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"}],"sub_title":"Preparation","text":"A Medieval physician preparing an extract from a medicinal plant, from an Arabic Dioscorides, 1224Medicinal plants are often tough and fibrous, requiring some form of preparation to make them convenient to administer. According to the Institute for Traditional Medicine, common methods for the preparation of herbal medicines include decoction, powdering, and extraction with alcohol, in each case yielding a mixture of substances. Decoction involves crushing and then boiling the plant material in water to produce a liquid extract that can be taken orally or applied topically.[89] Powdering involves drying the plant material and then crushing it to yield a powder that can be compressed into tablets. Alcohol extraction involves soaking the plant material in cold wine or distilled spirit to form a tincture.[90]Traditional poultices were made by boiling medicinal plants, wrapping them in a cloth, and applying the resulting parcel externally to the affected part of the body.[91]When modern medicine has identified a drug in a medicinal plant, commercial quantities of the drug may either be synthesised or extracted from plant material, yielding a pure chemical.[43] Extraction can be practical when the compound in question is complex.[92]","title":"In practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marrakech_103.JPG"},{"link_name":"herbalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbalist"},{"link_name":"souk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souk"},{"link_name":"Marrakesh, Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakesh,_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Herbalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbalism"},{"link_name":"Psychoactive drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive_drug"},{"link_name":"Drug discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_discovery"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHOtraditional-96"},{"link_name":"traditional medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicine"},{"link_name":"developed world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developed_world"},{"link_name":"alternative medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_medicine"},{"link_name":"dietary supplements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_supplements"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chan2015-97"},{"link_name":"Traditional Chinese medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Kew Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kew_Gardens"},{"link_name":"diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GiovanniniHowes2016-100"},{"link_name":"Yanomami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanomami"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"recreational uses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreational_drug_use"},{"link_name":"use of illegal drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prohibition_of_drugs"},{"link_name":"psychoactive drugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoactive_drug"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"}],"sub_title":"Usage","text":"A herbalist's shop in the souk of Marrakesh, MoroccoFurther information: Herbalism, Psychoactive drug, and Drug discoveryPlant medicines are in wide use around the world.[93] In most of the developing world, especially in rural areas, local traditional medicine, including herbalism, is the only source of health care for people, while in the developed world, alternative medicine including use of dietary supplements is marketed aggressively using the claims of traditional medicine. As of 2015, most products made from medicinal plants had not been tested for their safety and efficacy, and products that were marketed in developed economies and provided in the undeveloped world by traditional healers were of uneven quality, sometimes containing dangerous contaminants.[94] Traditional Chinese medicine makes use of a wide variety of plants, among other materials and techniques.[95] Researchers from Kew Gardens found 104 species used for diabetes in Central America, of which seven had been identified in at least three separate studies.[96][97] The Yanomami of the Brazilian Amazon, assisted by researchers, have described 101 plant species used for traditional medicines.[98][99]Drugs derived from plants including opiates, cocaine and cannabis have both medical and recreational uses. Different countries have at various times made use of illegal drugs, partly on the basis of the risks involved in taking psychoactive drugs.[100]","title":"In practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cinchona_officinalis_001.JPG"},{"link_name":"cinchona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinchona"},{"link_name":"alkaloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid"},{"link_name":"quinine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinine"},{"link_name":"malaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cravotto-54"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cruk-herbs-104"},{"link_name":"phylogenetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogeny"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saslis-LagoudakisSavolainen2012-105"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saslis-LagoudakisSavolainen2012-105"}],"sub_title":"Effectiveness","text":"The bark of the cinchona tree contains the alkaloid quinine, traditionally given for malaria.Plant medicines have often not been tested systematically, but have come into use informally over the centuries. By 2007, clinical trials had demonstrated potentially useful activity in nearly 16% of herbal extracts; there was limited in vitro or in vivo evidence for roughly half the extracts; there was only phytochemical evidence for around 20%; 0.5% were allergenic or toxic; and some 12% had basically never been studied scientifically.[53] Cancer Research UK caution that there is no reliable evidence for the effectiveness of herbal remedies for cancer.[101]A 2012 phylogenetic study built a family tree down to genus level using 20,000 species to compare the medicinal plants of three regions, Nepal, New Zealand and the Cape of South Africa. It discovered that the species used traditionally to treat the same types of condition belonged to the same groups of plants in all three regions, giving a \"strong phylogenetic signal\".[102] Since many plants that yield pharmaceutical drugs belong to just these groups, and the groups were independently used in three different world regions, the results were taken to mean 1) that these plant groups do have potential for medicinal efficacy, 2) that undefined pharmacological activity is associated with use in traditional medicine, and 3) that the use of a phylogenetic groups for possible plant medicines in one region may predict their use in the other regions.[102]","title":"In practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:An_Ayurvedic_Pharmacy,_Rishikesh_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ayurveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda"},{"link_name":"Rishikesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishikesh"},{"link_name":"AYUSH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AYUSH"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chan2015-97"},{"link_name":"Ayurveda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayurveda"},{"link_name":"AYUSH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AYUSH"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHOstrategy2014-108"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHOstrategy2014-108"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHOstrategy2014-108"}],"sub_title":"Regulation","text":"The practice of Ayurveda in India, such as the running of this Ayurvedic pharmacy in Rishikesh, is regulated by a government department, AYUSH.The World Health Organization (WHO) has been coordinating a network called the International Regulatory Cooperation for Herbal Medicines to try to improve the quality of medical products made from medicinal plants and the claims made for them.[103] In 2015, only around 20% of countries had well-functioning regulatory agencies, while 30% had none, and around half had limited regulatory capacity.[94] In India, where Ayurveda has been practised for centuries, herbal remedies are the responsibility of a government department, AYUSH, under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare.[104]WHO has set out a strategy for traditional medicines[105] with four objectives: to integrate them as policy into national healthcare systems; to provide knowledge and guidance on their safety, efficacy, and quality; to increase their availability and affordability; and to promote their rational, therapeutically sound usage.[105] WHO notes in the strategy that countries are experiencing seven challenges to such implementation, namely in developing and enforcing policy; in integration; in safety and quality, especially in assessment of products and qualification of practitioners; in controlling advertising; in research and development; in education and training; and in the sharing of information.[105]","title":"In practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Taxus_brevifolia_Blue_Mts_WA.jpg"},{"link_name":"taxol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paclitaxel"},{"link_name":"Taxus brevifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxus_brevifolia"},{"link_name":"Drug discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_discovery"},{"link_name":"pharmaceutical industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry"},{"link_name":"apothecary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apothecary"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"camptothecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camptothecin"},{"link_name":"Camptotheca acuminata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camptotheca_acuminata"},{"link_name":"taxol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paclitaxel"},{"link_name":"Taxus brevifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxus_brevifolia"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Heinrich2006-110"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atanasov2015-43"},{"link_name":"Vinca alkaloids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinca_alkaloids"},{"link_name":"vincristine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincristine"},{"link_name":"vinblastine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinblastine"},{"link_name":"Catharanthus roseus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharanthus_roseus"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MoudiGo2013-111"},{"link_name":"ethnobotany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnobotany"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fabricant2001-112"},{"link_name":"curcumin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curcumin"},{"link_name":"epigallocatechin gallate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigallocatechin_gallate"},{"link_name":"genistein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genistein"},{"link_name":"resveratrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resveratrol"},{"link_name":"pan-assay interference compounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-assay_interference_compounds"},{"link_name":"in vitro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro"},{"link_name":"drug discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_discovery"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"new drug status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_drug_application"},{"link_name":"botanical drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_drug"},{"link_name":"Food and Drug Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahn-3"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atanasov2015-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atanasov2015-43"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kew_2020-116"}],"sub_title":"Drug discovery","text":"The anticancer drug taxol was developed after screening of the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia (foliage and fruit shown) in 1971.Further information: Drug discoveryThe pharmaceutical industry has roots in the apothecary shops of Europe in the 1800s, where pharmacists provided local traditional medicines to customers, which included extracts like morphine, quinine, and strychnine.[106] Therapeutically important drugs like camptothecin (from Camptotheca acuminata, used in traditional Chinese medicine) and taxol (from the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia) were derived from medicinal plants.[107][43] The Vinca alkaloids vincristine and vinblastine, used as anti-cancer drugs, were discovered in the 1950s from the Madagascar periwinkle, Catharanthus roseus.[108]Hundreds of compounds have been identified using ethnobotany, investigating plants used by indigenous peoples for possible medical applications.[109] Some important phytochemicals, including curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein and resveratrol are pan-assay interference compounds, meaning that in vitro studies of their activity often provide unreliable data. As a result, phytochemicals have frequently proven unsuitable as the lead substances in drug discovery.[110][111] In the United States over the period 1999 to 2012, despite several hundred applications for new drug status, only two botanical drug candidates had sufficient evidence of medicinal value to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration.[3]The pharmaceutical industry has remained interested in mining traditional uses of medicinal plants in its drug discovery efforts.[43] Of the 1073 small-molecule drugs approved in the period 1981 to 2010, over half were either directly derived from or inspired by natural substances.[43][112] Among cancer treatments, of 185 small-molecule drugs approved in the period from 1981 to 2019, 65% were derived from or inspired by natural substances.[113]","title":"In practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Datura_stramonium_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-051.jpg"},{"link_name":"Datura stramonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datura_stramonium"},{"link_name":"atropine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atropine"},{"link_name":"hallucinogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallucinogen"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"List of herbs with known adverse effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_herbs_with_known_adverse_effects"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"cytochrome P450","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_P450"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tapsell-5"}],"sub_title":"Safety","text":"The Thornapple Datura stramonium has been used for asthma, because it contains the alkaloid atropine, but it is also a powerful and potentially fatal hallucinogen.[114]Further information: List of herbs with known adverse effectsPlant medicines can cause adverse effects and even death, whether by side-effects of their active substances, by adulteration or contamination, by overdose, or by inappropriate prescription. Many such effects are known, while others remain to be explored scientifically. There is no reason to presume that because a product comes from nature it must be safe: the existence of powerful natural poisons like atropine and nicotine shows this to be untrue. Further, the high standards applied to conventional medicines do not always apply to plant medicines, and dose can vary widely depending on the growth conditions of plants: older plants may be much more toxic than young ones, for instance.[115][116][117][118][119][120]Plant extracts may interact with conventional drugs, both because they may provide an increased dose of similar compounds, and because some phytochemicals interfere with the body's systems that metabolise drugs in the liver including the cytochrome P450 system, making the drugs last longer in the body and have a cumulative effect.[121] Plant medicines can be dangerous during pregnancy.[122] Since plants may contain many different substances, plant extracts may have complex effects on the human body.[5]","title":"In practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dietary supplement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_supplement"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-quackwatch-126"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"adulterated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adulteration"},{"link_name":"fillers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filler_(materials)"},{"link_name":"allergens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergen"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bmc2013-130"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"}],"sub_title":"Quality, advertising, and labelling","text":"Herbal medicine and dietary supplement products have been criticized as not having sufficient standards or scientific evidence to confirm their contents, safety, and presumed efficacy.[123][124][125][126] A 2013 study found that one-third of herbal products sampled contained no trace of the herb listed on the label, and other products were adulterated with unlisted fillers including potential allergens.[127][128] Companies often make false claims about their herbal products promising health benefits that aren't backed by evidence to generate more sales. The market for dietary supplements and nutraceuticals grew by 5% during the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to the United States taking action to stop the deceptive marketing of herbal products to combat the virus.[129][130]","title":"In practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"habitat loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_destruction"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kling-134"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atanasov2015-43"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kling-134"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kew_2020-116"}],"text":"Where medicinal plants are harvested from the wild rather than cultivated, they are subject to both general and specific threats. General threats include climate change and habitat loss to development and agriculture. A specific threat is over-collection to meet rising demand for medicines.[131] A case in point was the pressure on wild populations of the Pacific yew soon after news of taxol's effectiveness became public.[43] The threat from over-collection could be addressed by cultivation of some medicinal plants, or by a system of certification to make wild harvesting sustainable.[131] A report in 2020 by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew identifies 723 medicinal plants as being at risk of extinction, caused partly by over-collection.[132][113]","title":"Threats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-50"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farnsworth1985-49"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-67"},{"link_name":"diabetes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-69"},{"link_name":"panacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panacea"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Charlton2004-68"}],"text":"^ Farnsworth states that this figure was based on prescriptions from American community pharmacies between 1959 and 1980.[49]\n\n^ Berberine is the main active component of an ancient Chinese herb Coptis chinensis French, which has been administered for what Yin and colleagues state is \"diabetes\" for thousands of years, although with no sound evidence of efficacy.[65]\n\n^ Tobacco has \"probably been responsible for more deaths than any other herb\", but it was used as a medicine in the societies encountered by Columbus and was considered a panacea in Europe. It is no longer accepted as medicinal.[66]","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"The bark of willow trees contains salicylic acid, the active metabolite of aspirin, and has been used for millennia to relieve pain and reduce fever.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Salix_alba_004.jpg/290px-Salix_alba_004.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dioscorides's 1st century De materia medica, seen here in a c. 1334 copy in Arabic, describes some 1000 drug recipes based on over 600 plants.[4]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Arabic_herbal_medicine_guidebook.jpeg/220px-Arabic_herbal_medicine_guidebook.jpeg"},{"image_text":"The Ebers Papyrus (c. 1550 BC) from Ancient Egypt describes the use of hundreds of plant medicines.[14]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/PEbers_c41-bc.jpg/170px-PEbers_c41-bc.jpg"},{"image_text":"Illustration of a 1632 copy of Avicenna's 1025 The Canon of Medicine, showing a physician talking to a female patient in a garden, while servants prepare medicines.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Physician_talking_to_a_female_patient_in_a_garden_Wellcome_L0073711.jpg/170px-Physician_talking_to_a_female_patient_in_a_garden_Wellcome_L0073711.jpg"},{"image_text":"An early illustrated book of medicinal plants,[39] The Grete Herball, 1526","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/The_Grete_Herball%2C_Title_Page%2C_1526.jpg/170px-The_Grete_Herball%2C_Title_Page%2C_1526.jpg"},{"image_text":"Licensed commercial cultivation of opium poppies, Tasmania, 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Papaver_somniferum-Harford-02.JPG/220px-Papaver_somniferum-Harford-02.JPG"},{"image_text":"A Medieval physician preparing an extract from a medicinal plant, from an Arabic Dioscorides, 1224","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Folio_Materia_Medica_Dioscurides_Met_13.152.6_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Folio_Materia_Medica_Dioscurides_Met_13.152.6_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"A herbalist's shop in the souk of Marrakesh, Morocco","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Marrakech_103.JPG/220px-Marrakech_103.JPG"},{"image_text":"The bark of the cinchona tree contains the alkaloid quinine, traditionally given for malaria.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cinchona_officinalis_001.JPG/170px-Cinchona_officinalis_001.JPG"},{"image_text":"The practice of Ayurveda in India, such as the running of this Ayurvedic pharmacy in Rishikesh, is regulated by a government department, AYUSH.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/An_Ayurvedic_Pharmacy%2C_Rishikesh_%281%29.jpg/220px-An_Ayurvedic_Pharmacy%2C_Rishikesh_%281%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The anticancer drug taxol was developed after screening of the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia (foliage and fruit shown) in 1971.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Taxus_brevifolia_Blue_Mts_WA.jpg/170px-Taxus_brevifolia_Blue_Mts_WA.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Thornapple Datura stramonium has been used for asthma, because it contains the alkaloid atropine, but it is also a powerful and potentially fatal hallucinogen.[114]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Datura_stramonium_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-051.jpg/170px-Datura_stramonium_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-051.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Australian Phytochemical Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Phytochemical_Survey"},{"title":"Ethnomedicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnomedicine"},{"title":"European Directive on Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Directive_on_Traditional_Herbal_Medicinal_Products"},{"title":"Plant Resources of Tropical Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_Resources_of_Tropical_Africa"}]
|
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ISBN 978-1-4987-5096-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zgBPDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4","url_text":"Regulatory and Pharmacological Basis of Ayurvedic Formulations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4987-5096-7","url_text":"978-1-4987-5096-7"}]},{"reference":"Cravotto G, Boffa L, Genzini L, Garella D (February 2010). \"Phytotherapeutics: an evaluation of the potential of 1000 plants\". Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 35 (1): 11–48. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2710.2009.01096.x. PMID 20175810. 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The man credited with the introduction of digitalis into the practice of medicine was William Withering.","urls":[{"url":"http://botany.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/Wilson/481/medbot/bot2.htm","url_text":"\"Digitalis purpurea. Cardiac Glycoside\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180702064956/http://botany.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/Wilson/481/medbot/bot2.htm","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Withering","url_text":"William Withering"}]},{"reference":"Da Silva C, et al. (2013). \"The High Polyphenol Content of Grapevine Cultivar Tannat Berries Is Conferred Primarily by Genes That Are Not Shared with the Reference Genome\". The Plant Cell. 25 (12): 4777–4788. doi:10.1105/tpc.113.118810. JSTOR 43190600. PMC 3903987. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Keck
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Donald Keck
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["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal","4 Awards and honors","5 Patents","6 External links"]
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American physicist (born 1941)
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Donald B. KeckBorn (1941-01-02) January 2, 1941 (age 83)Lansing, Michigan, U.S.Alma materMichigan State UniversityAwardsJohn Tyndall Award (1992) National Medal of Technology (2000)Scientific careerFieldsPhysics, optical physics, optical fiber, fiber sensors, guided wave devicesInstitutionsCorning, Inc.
Donald B. Keck (born January 2, 1941) is an American research physicist and engineer most noted for his involvement in developing low-loss optical fiber. Keck grew up in Lansing, Michigan and attended Michigan State University, after which he joined Corning Incorporated’s research department. As a senior research scientist for Corning, Keck, along with Robert D. Maurer and Peter C. Schultz, designed the first optical fiber with optical losses low enough for wide use in telecommunications.
Keck spent his professional career at Corning, Inc., where he eventually held the position of Vice President and Technology Director of Optical Physics, during which time he guided the company into the field of photonics. For his work with optical fiber, he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1993 and received the prestigious National Medal of Technology in 2000.
Early life
Keck was born and raised in Lansing, Michigan. He entered Michigan State University in 1958 with the intention of becoming an electrical engineer. During his undergraduate years, he was persuaded by his father to switch disciplines and study physics. As a result, he received his B.S. in physics in 1962 and his M.S. in physics in 1964, both from Michigan State. He subsequently continued his studies, writing his doctorate thesis on infrared spectroscopy, and ultimately received his Ph.D. in physics from Michigan State in 1967.
After receiving his Ph.D., Keck accepted an offer from Corning, moved to New York, and began work as a senior research scientist on the project in January 1968.
Career
Instead of trying to improve upon existing fibers by using better raw materials, Corning’s Optical WaveGuide Project team sought to explore the capabilities of new materials, including pure silica.
They started work on the project as soon as Keck arrived at the beginning of 1968. They experimented with different glass compositions and methods of heating the glass. In August 1970, Keck took measurements of the newest batch of fibers he had heat-treated. When Keck noticed the light passed through the 65 foot fiber seemingly without any loss, he exclaimed "Good grief, what do I have here?" Keck took more measurements of the fiber, and discovered it had an attenuation of 16 db/km, exceeding the goal of 20 db/km. Upon this discovery, Keck wrote in his laboratory notebook, "Attenuation equals 16 db it says. Eureka," followed by an exclamatory "Whoopee!". Keck and his team had invented the first low-loss optical fiber; it was composed of heat-treated titanium-doped silica. Papers were written and patents were filed.
In the meantime, Keck continued to improve upon the fiber he had invented. He replaced the titanium oxide glass of 1970 with germanium oxide doped glass, and eventually achieved a consistent 4 db/km attenuation in June 1972. By the end of the 1970s, Keck had four critical inventions which secured Corning's place as frontrunner in the optical fiber revolution: fused silica doped with titanium; fused silica doped with germanium; the inside vapor deposition, or IV process, for making fiber; and the outside vapor deposition, or OV process, for making fiber, which would ultimately become the leading manufacturing method.
By 1979, Corning was mass-producing the refined optical fiber invented by Keck in Wilmington, North Carolina.
He was elected editor-in-chief of Journal of Lightwave Technology in 1989, a position he held until 1994. After beginning as a senior research scientist in 1968, almost 30 years later, in April 1997, Corning appointed Keck the division vice president of core technology, optics and photonics – science and technology.
Keck retired from Corning in 2002. At the time of his retirement he held the position of vice president and director of research. Immediately after his retirement, Keck helped establish the Infotonics Technology Center in Canandaigua (town), New York, a collaborative organization between private industry and government focused on photonics and nanotechnology innovation. Due to his expertise in both photonics and research management, he was elected the first chief technology officer of Infotonics, a position he held briefly.
Personal
Keck and his wife Ruth currently reside in Big Flats, New York, outside of Corning. He has two adult children, both of whom are also involved in technological fields: Lynne Vaia, a civil engineer, and Brian Keck, a software expert. He is involved in local philanthropy in Corning, holding board membership for the American Red Cross, the Community Foundation, and the Science Center. In addition to still consulting for Infotonics, Keck remains active in the science community, serving on the oversight board for the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the IPO Education Foundation Board of Directors, as well as holding the position of vice-chair of the National Inventors Hall of Fame Board of Directors. Furthermore, Keck is a benefactor of his alma mater, Michigan State University, where he also currently sits on the advisory board for the university's College of Natural Science, of which he was a graduate.
Awards and honors
Keck's alma mater, Michigan State University, named him a Distinguished Alumnus, and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute granted him an honorary degree in 2004. For his discovery of low-loss optical fiber in particular, Keck was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1993, after which he served as President of the National Inventors Hall of Fame Foundation. Also in 1993, Keck was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for invention and development of manufacturing methods of low-attenuation glass fibers for optical communication.
He is also a recipient of the Department of Commerce American Innovator Award and the SPIE Technology Achievement Award. For his work with photonics, Keck was honored with Laurin Publishing's Distinction in Photonics Award in 2002.
In 2000, U.S. President Bill Clinton awarded Keck, along with his fellow Corning researchers Maurer and Schultz, the nation's highest honor for innovators, the National Medal of Technology. Their award citation read: "Their invention has enabled the telecommunications revolution, rapidly transformed our society, the way we work, learn and live – and our expectations for the future. It is the basis for one of the largest, most dynamic industries in the world today."
Patents
Keck acquired 36 U.S. patents and authored more than 150 papers in the areas of optical fibers and fiber components. Selected patents are listed below:
U.S. patent 3,659,915 (1972-05) Maurer, et al., "Fused Silica Optical Waveguide."
U.S. patent 3,711,262 (1973-01) Keck, et al., "IV Method of producing optical waveguide fibers."
External links
Appendix A: A Professional Experience Of Panel Members Brief biography of Keck.
A Career Filled with Light: Don Keck Retires
Inventor of the Week: Archive
National Inventors Hall of Fame Biography
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For his work with optical fiber, he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1993 and received the prestigious National Medal of Technology in 2000.","title":"Donald Keck"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lansing, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Michigan State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_University"},{"link_name":"electrical engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineer"},{"link_name":"B.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"M.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"infrared spectroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D."}],"text":"Keck was born and raised in Lansing, Michigan. He entered Michigan State University in 1958 with the intention of becoming an electrical engineer. During his undergraduate years, he was persuaded by his father to switch disciplines and study physics. As a result, he received his B.S. in physics in 1962 and his M.S. in physics in 1964, both from Michigan State. He subsequently continued his studies, writing his doctorate thesis on infrared spectroscopy, and ultimately received his Ph.D. in physics from Michigan State in 1967.After receiving his Ph.D., Keck accepted an offer from Corning, moved to New York, and began work as a senior research scientist on the project in January 1968.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Optical WaveGuide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveguide_(optics)"},{"link_name":"silica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silica"},{"link_name":"silica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silica"},{"link_name":"patents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patents"},{"link_name":"titanium oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium_dioxide"},{"link_name":"germanium oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium_dioxide"},{"link_name":"titanium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanium"},{"link_name":"germanium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium"},{"link_name":"inside vapor deposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inside_vapor_deposition&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"outside vapor deposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Outside_vapor_deposition&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wilmington, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Journal of Lightwave Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Lightwave_Technology"},{"link_name":"Canandaigua (town), New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canandaigua_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"chief technology officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_technology_officer"}],"text":"Instead of trying to improve upon existing fibers by using better raw materials, Corning’s Optical WaveGuide Project team sought to explore the capabilities of new materials, including pure silica.They started work on the project as soon as Keck arrived at the beginning of 1968. They experimented with different glass compositions and methods of heating the glass. In August 1970, Keck took measurements of the newest batch of fibers he had heat-treated. When Keck noticed the light passed through the 65 foot fiber seemingly without any loss, he exclaimed \"Good grief, what do I have here?\" Keck took more measurements of the fiber, and discovered it had an attenuation of 16 db/km, exceeding the goal of 20 db/km. Upon this discovery, Keck wrote in his laboratory notebook, \"Attenuation equals 16 db it says. Eureka,\" followed by an exclamatory \"Whoopee!\". Keck and his team had invented the first low-loss optical fiber; it was composed of heat-treated titanium-doped silica. Papers were written and patents were filed.In the meantime, Keck continued to improve upon the fiber he had invented. He replaced the titanium oxide glass of 1970 with germanium oxide doped glass, and eventually achieved a consistent 4 db/km attenuation in June 1972. By the end of the 1970s, Keck had four critical inventions which secured Corning's place as frontrunner in the optical fiber revolution: fused silica doped with titanium; fused silica doped with germanium; the inside vapor deposition, or IV process, for making fiber; and the outside vapor deposition, or OV process, for making fiber, which would ultimately become the leading manufacturing method.By 1979, Corning was mass-producing the refined optical fiber invented by Keck in Wilmington, North Carolina.He was elected editor-in-chief of Journal of Lightwave Technology in 1989, a position he held until 1994. After beginning as a senior research scientist in 1968, almost 30 years later, in April 1997, Corning appointed Keck the division vice president of core technology, optics and photonics – science and technology.Keck retired from Corning in 2002. At the time of his retirement he held the position of vice president and director of research. Immediately after his retirement, Keck helped establish the Infotonics Technology Center in Canandaigua (town), New York, a collaborative organization between private industry and government focused on photonics and nanotechnology innovation. Due to his expertise in both photonics and research management, he was elected the first chief technology officer of Infotonics, a position he held briefly.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Big Flats, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Flats_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"American Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology"}],"text":"Keck and his wife Ruth currently reside in Big Flats, New York, outside of Corning. He has two adult children, both of whom are also involved in technological fields: Lynne Vaia, a civil engineer, and Brian Keck, a software expert. He is involved in local philanthropy in Corning, holding board membership for the American Red Cross, the Community Foundation, and the Science Center. In addition to still consulting for Infotonics, Keck remains active in the science community, serving on the oversight board for the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the IPO Education Foundation Board of Directors, as well as holding the position of vice-chair of the National Inventors Hall of Fame Board of Directors. Furthermore, Keck is a benefactor of his alma mater, Michigan State University, where he also currently sits on the advisory board for the university's College of Natural Science, of which he was a graduate.","title":"Personal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rensselaer_Polytechnic_Institute"},{"link_name":"National Inventors Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"National Medal of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology"}],"text":"Keck's alma mater, Michigan State University, named him a Distinguished Alumnus, and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute granted him an honorary degree in 2004. For his discovery of low-loss optical fiber in particular, Keck was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1993, after which he served as President of the National Inventors Hall of Fame Foundation. Also in 1993, Keck was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for invention and development of manufacturing methods of low-attenuation glass fibers for optical communication.He is also a recipient of the Department of Commerce American Innovator Award and the SPIE Technology Achievement Award. For his work with photonics, Keck was honored with Laurin Publishing's Distinction in Photonics Award in 2002.In 2000, U.S. President Bill Clinton awarded Keck, along with his fellow Corning researchers Maurer and Schultz, the nation's highest honor for innovators, the National Medal of Technology. Their award citation read: \"Their invention has enabled the telecommunications revolution, rapidly transformed our society, the way we work, learn and live – and our expectations for the future. It is the basis for one of the largest, most dynamic industries in the world today.\"","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. patent 3,659,915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patents.google.com/patent/US3659915"},{"link_name":"U.S. patent 3,711,262","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//patents.google.com/patent/US3711262"}],"text":"Keck acquired 36 U.S. patents and authored more than 150 papers in the areas of optical fibers and fiber components. Selected patents are listed below:U.S. patent 3,659,915 (1972-05) Maurer, et al., \"Fused Silica Optical Waveguide.\"\nU.S. patent 3,711,262 (1973-01) Keck, et al., \"IV Method of producing optical waveguide fibers.\"","title":"Patents"}]
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Shell
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Donald Shell
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["1 Career","2 Marriages and family","3 References","4 External links"]
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American computer scientist (1924–2015)
Donald ShellBorn(1924-03-01)March 1, 1924DiedNovember 2, 2015(2015-11-02) (aged 91)Asheville, North CarolinaNationalityAmericanAlma materMichigan TechUniversity of CincinnatiKnown forShell sortScientific careerFieldsMathematicsComputer science
Donald L. Shell (March 1, 1924 – November 2, 2015) was an American computer scientist who designed the Shellsort sorting algorithm. He acquired his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Cincinnati in 1959, and published the Shellsort algorithm in the Communications of the ACM in July that same year.
Career
Donald Shell acquired a B.S. in Civil Engineering from the Michigan College of Mining and Technology which is now Michigan Technological University. This was a four-year degree which he acquired in three years with the highest GPA given in the college's history. A record which persisted for more than 30 years. After acquiring his degree he went into the Army Corps of Engineers, and from there to the Philippines to help repair damages during World War II. When he returned after the war, he married Alice McCullough and returned to Michigan Technological University, where he taught mathematics. In 1949 they moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, for Don to work for General Electric's engines division, where he developed a convergence algorithm and wrote a program to perform performance cycle calculations for GE's first aircraft jet engines. He also attended the University of Cincinnati, where in 1951 he acquired a M.S. in mathematics and, in 1959, acquired his Ph.D. in Mathematics. In July of that year he published the Shellsort algorithm and "The Share 709 System: A Cooperative Effort". In 1958, he and A. Spitzbart had published "A Chebycheff Fitting Criterion".
Although he is most widely known for his Shellsort algorithm, his Ph.D. is also considered by some to be the first major investigation of the convergence of infinite exponentials, with some very deep results of the convergence into the complex plane. This area has grown considerably and research related to it is now investigated in what is more commonly called tetration. In October 1962 he wrote "On the Convergence of Infinite Exponentials" in the Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society.
After acquiring his Ph.D., Shell moved to Schenectady, New York, to become Manager of Engineering for General Electric's new Information Services Department, the first commercial enterprise to link computers together using the client–server architecture. This architecture is the fundamental design for the Internet. He worked with John George Kemeny and Thomas Eugene Kurtz to commercialize the Dartmouth Time-Sharing System in 1963.
In 1971 Shell wrote "Optimizing the Polyphase Sort" in the Communications of the ACM, and in 1972 he joined with a colleague, Ralph Mosher (who designed the walking truck), to start a business, Robotics Inc., where he was the General Manager and chief software engineer. Four years later, in 1976, they sold the company and Shell returned to General Electric Information Services Corporation.
In 1984 he retired and moved to North Carolina.
Marriages and family
Donald Shell married Alice McCullough after returning from World War II. They had two sons. Alice became ill with cancer, and Donald cared for her for the last six years of her life. After Alice's death, Donald married Virginia Law, whose husband had died in Africa. After 30 years of marriage she died of congestive heart failure due to Malaria contracted in Africa. Donald cared for her for the last years of her life. At 81 Donald married Helen Whiting.
Donald Shell died at 91 on 2 November 2015 in Asheville, North Carolina. He was survived by his wife Helen, his two sons, five of his six step sons and daughters and all of their spouses.
References
^ a b Shell, D.L. (1959). "A high-speed sorting procedure". Communications of the ACM. 2 (7): 30–32. doi:10.1145/368370.368387. S2CID 28572656.
^ Biographical sketch Archived February 4, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
External links
Biographical sketch
PhD History
www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/indices/a-tree/s/Shell:Donald_L=.html
Tetration References
Obituary
Authority control databases: Academics
DBLP
MathSciNet
Mathematics Genealogy Project
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He acquired his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Cincinnati in 1959, and published the Shellsort algorithm in the Communications of the ACM in July that same year.[1]","title":"Donald Shell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"B.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.S."},{"link_name":"Michigan Technological University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Technological_University"},{"link_name":"Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Michigan Technological University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Technological_University"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"General Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric"},{"link_name":"M.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D."},{"link_name":"Shellsort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellsort"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shell59-1"},{"link_name":"A. Spitzbart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A._Spitzbart&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shellsort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellsort"},{"link_name":"tetration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetration"},{"link_name":"Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society"},{"link_name":"Schenectady, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York"},{"link_name":"client–server","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server"},{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"John George Kemeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_George_Kemeny"},{"link_name":"Thomas Eugene Kurtz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Eugene_Kurtz"},{"link_name":"Dartmouth Time-Sharing System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_Time-Sharing_System"},{"link_name":"walking truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walking_truck"},{"link_name":"General Electric Information Services Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GXS_Inc."},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shellbio-2"}],"text":"Donald Shell acquired a B.S. in Civil Engineering from the Michigan College of Mining and Technology which is now Michigan Technological University. This was a four-year degree which he acquired in three years with the highest GPA given in the college's history. A record which persisted for more than 30 years. After acquiring his degree he went into the Army Corps of Engineers, and from there to the Philippines to help repair damages during World War II. When he returned after the war, he married Alice McCullough and returned to Michigan Technological University, where he taught mathematics. In 1949 they moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, for Don to work for General Electric's engines division, where he developed a convergence algorithm and wrote a program to perform performance cycle calculations for GE's first aircraft jet engines. He also attended the University of Cincinnati, where in 1951 he acquired a M.S. in mathematics and, in 1959, acquired his Ph.D. in Mathematics. In July of that year he published the Shellsort algorithm[1] and \"The Share 709 System: A Cooperative Effort\". In 1958, he and A. Spitzbart had published \"A Chebycheff Fitting Criterion\".Although he is most widely known for his Shellsort algorithm, his Ph.D. is also considered by some to be the first major investigation of the convergence of infinite exponentials, with some very deep results of the convergence into the complex plane. This area has grown considerably and research related to it is now investigated in what is more commonly called tetration. In October 1962 he wrote \"On the Convergence of Infinite Exponentials\" in the Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society.After acquiring his Ph.D., Shell moved to Schenectady, New York, to become Manager of Engineering for General Electric's new Information Services Department, the first commercial enterprise to link computers together using the client–server architecture. This architecture is the fundamental design for the Internet. He worked with John George Kemeny and Thomas Eugene Kurtz to commercialize the Dartmouth Time-Sharing System in 1963.In 1971 Shell wrote \"Optimizing the Polyphase Sort\" in the Communications of the ACM, and in 1972 he joined with a colleague, Ralph Mosher (who designed the walking truck), to start a business, Robotics Inc., where he was the General Manager and chief software engineer. Four years later, in 1976, they sold the company and Shell returned to General Electric Information Services Corporation.In 1984 he retired and moved to North Carolina.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Donald Shell married Alice McCullough after returning from World War II. They had two sons. Alice became ill with cancer, and Donald cared for her for the last six years of her life. After Alice's death, Donald married Virginia Law, whose husband had died in Africa. After 30 years of marriage she died of congestive heart failure due to Malaria contracted in Africa. Donald cared for her for the last years of her life. At 81 Donald married Helen Whiting.Donald Shell died at 91 on 2 November 2015 in Asheville, North Carolina. He was survived by his wife Helen, his two sons, five of his six step sons and daughters and all of their spouses.","title":"Marriages and family"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douai
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Douai
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["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 Main sites","4 Economy","5 Population","6 University","7 Notable people","8 Twin towns","9 References","10 External links"]
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Coordinates: 50°22′17″N 3°04′48″E / 50.3714°N 3.08°E / 50.3714; 3.08City in Hauts-de-France, France
This article is about the French commune. For the Bible translation, see Douay–Rheims Bible. For other uses, see Douai (disambiguation).
Subprefecture and commune in Hauts-de-France, FranceDouai
Doï (Picard)Subprefecture and communeView of the city with St. Pierre church in the background
Coat of armsLocation of Douai
DouaiShow map of FranceDouaiShow map of Hauts-de-FranceCoordinates: 50°22′17″N 3°04′48″E / 50.3714°N 3.08°E / 50.3714; 3.08CountryFranceRegionHauts-de-FranceDepartmentNordArrondissementDouaiCantonDouaiIntercommunalityDouaisis AggloGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Frédéric ChéreauArea116.88 km2 (6.52 sq mi)Population (2021)39,648 • Density2,300/km2 (6,100/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code59178 /59500Elevation16–38 m (52–125 ft) (avg. 24 m or 79 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Douai (French: ⓘ; UK: /ˈduːeɪ/; US: /duːˈeɪ/; Picard: Doï; Dutch: Dowaai; formerly spelled Douay or Doway in English) is a city in the Nord département in northern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department. Located on the river Scarpe some 40 kilometres (25 miles) from Lille and 25 km (16 mi) from Arras, Douai is home to one of the region's most impressive belfries.
History
Its site probably corresponds to that of a 4th-century Roman fortress known as Duacum. From the 10th century, the town was a romance fiefdom of the counts of Flanders. The town became a flourishing textile market centre during the Middle Ages, historically known as Douay or Doway in English. In 1384, the county of Flanders passed into the domains of the Dukes of Burgundy and thence in 1477 into Habsburg possessions.
In 1667, Douai was taken by the troops of Louis XIV of France, and by the 1668 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, the town was ceded to France. During successive sieges from 1710 to 1712, Douai was almost completely destroyed by the British Army. By 1713, the town was fully integrated into France. Douai became the seat of the Parliament of Flanders (fr).
The local airfield at La Brayelle was very significant in the history of French aviation. It operated from 1907 to the mid-1950s. In 1909 it was the site of the world's first aeronautical meeting,
Douai was again caught up in hostilities in World War I. when for much of the war it was occupied by the Germans. La Brayelle airfield was a base of Manfred von Richthofen, the Red Baron. Later in 1918, the town was partly burned, and was liberated by the British Army after the Battle of Courtrai.
The Douaihy family of Lebanon claims descent from inhabitants of the city who settled in Lebanon during the Crusades.
Geography
Climate
Douai has a oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). The average annual temperature in Douai is 11.0 °C (51.8 °F). The average annual rainfall is 729.2 mm (28.71 in) with December as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 18.6 °C (65.5 °F), and lowest in January, at around 4.0 °C (39.2 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Douai was 40.8 °C (105.4 °F) on 25 July 2019; the coldest temperature ever recorded was −20.5 °C (−4.9 °F) on 8 January 1985.
Climate data for Douai (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1962−present)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
15.0(59.0)
19.5(67.1)
24.8(76.6)
28.0(82.4)
31.3(88.3)
36.0(96.8)
40.8(105.4)
36.6(97.9)
35.5(95.9)
29.0(84.2)
20.5(68.9)
15.0(59.0)
40.8(105.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
6.4(43.5)
7.4(45.3)
11.2(52.2)
15.1(59.2)
18.5(65.3)
21.6(70.9)
23.9(75.0)
23.9(75.0)
20.1(68.2)
15.2(59.4)
10.1(50.2)
6.9(44.4)
15.0(59.0)
Daily mean °C (°F)
4.0(39.2)
4.5(40.1)
7.2(45.0)
10.1(50.2)
13.5(56.3)
16.5(61.7)
18.6(65.5)
18.4(65.1)
15.3(59.5)
11.5(52.7)
7.3(45.1)
4.5(40.1)
11.0(51.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
1.5(34.7)
1.5(34.7)
3.3(37.9)
5.1(41.2)
8.5(47.3)
11.4(52.5)
13.2(55.8)
13.0(55.4)
10.4(50.7)
7.8(46.0)
4.5(40.1)
2.1(35.8)
6.9(44.4)
Record low °C (°F)
−20.5(−4.9)
−12.5(9.5)
−11.0(12.2)
−4.5(23.9)
−1.5(29.3)
1.0(33.8)
4.1(39.4)
0.8(33.4)
0.0(32.0)
−6.0(21.2)
−9.5(14.9)
−12.5(9.5)
−20.5(−4.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
57.8(2.28)
51.4(2.02)
52.5(2.07)
41.9(1.65)
56.6(2.23)
63.3(2.49)
68.1(2.68)
68.1(2.68)
60.9(2.40)
64.4(2.54)
71.0(2.80)
73.2(2.88)
729.2(28.71)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
11.8
10.6
10.5
9.0
9.7
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.1
11.1
13.1
13.3
125.8
Source: Météo-France
Main sites
Douai's ornate Gothic-style belfry was begun in 1380, on the site of an earlier tower. The 80 m high structure includes an impressive carillon, consisting of 62 bells spanning 5 octaves. The originals, some dating from 1391, were removed in 1917 during World War I by the occupying German forces, who intended to melt them down for the metal. They were reinstalled after repairs in 1924, but 47 of them were replaced in 1954 to obtain a better sound. An additional larger bell in the summit, a La called "Joyeuse", dates from 1471 and weighs 5.5 tonnes. The chimes are rung by a mechanism every quarter-hour, but are also played via a keyboard on Saturday mornings and at certain other times. In 2005 the belfry was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as a part of the Belfries of Belgium and France site, in recognition of its architecture and importance in the history of municipal power in France.
The substantial Porte de Valenciennes town gate, a reminder of the town's past military importance, was built in 1453. One face is built in Gothic style, while the other is of Classical design.
Bell tower of Douai, Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot
Detail of Douai's belfry
The belfry seen from street level
Economy
Douai's main industries are in the chemical and metal engineering sectors.
Since 1970, Renault has a large automobile assembly line nearby, called Usine Georges Besse after assassinated CEO Georges Besse. It produced vehicles such as the R14, R11, R19, Mégane and Scénic. Following industry changes, it now makes electric cars.
The Gare de Douai railway station is served by regional trains to Lille, Arras, Lens, Amiens, Saint-Quentin and Valenciennes. It connects to the TGV network, with high speed trains to Paris, Lyon, Nantes and other places.
Population
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1793 17,855— 1800 18,230+0.30%1806 18,461+0.21%1821 18,854+0.14%1831 18,793−0.03%1836 19,173+0.40%1841 23,203+3.89%1846 20,483−2.46%1851 20,528+0.04%1856 22,819+2.14%1861 24,486+1.42%1866 24,105−0.31%1872 23,841−0.18%1876 26,999+3.16%1881 29,172+1.56%1886 30,030+0.58%1891 29,909−0.08%1896 31,397+0.98%YearPop.±% p.a.1901 33,649+1.40%1906 33,247−0.24%1911 36,314+1.78%1921 34,131−0.62%1926 38,627+2.51%1931 41,598+1.49%1936 42,021+0.20%1946 37,258−1.20%1954 43,380+1.92%1962 47,639+1.18%1968 49,187+0.53%1975 45,239−1.19%1982 42,576−0.86%1990 42,175−0.12%1999 42,796+0.16%2007 42,621−0.05%2012 41,732−0.42%2017 39,700−0.99%Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968–2017)
University
Colleges at University of Douai
The University of Douai was founded under the patronage of Phillip II when Douai belonged to the Spanish Netherlands.
It was prominent, from the 1560s until the French Revolution, as a centre for the education of English Catholics escaping persecution in England. Connected with the University were not only the English College, Douai, founded by William Allen, but also the Irish and Scottish colleges and the Benedictine, Franciscan and Jesuit houses. Throughout Europe, there were around 800 such seminaries. They prepared Jesuits for missionary work in England, with 60 migrating in the 1570s, and around 500 by 1603. The first Jesuits were Edmund Campion and Robert Parsons.
The Benedictine priory of St Gregory the Great was founded by Saint John Roberts at Douai in 1605, with a handful of exiled English Benedictines who had entered various monasteries in Spain, as the first house after the Reformation to begin conventual life. The community was established within the English Benedictine Congregation and started a college for English Catholic boys unable to find a Catholic education at home, and pursued studies at the University of Douai. The community was expelled at the time of the French Revolution in 1793 and, after some years of wandering, finally settled at Downside Abbey, Somerset, in 1814.
Another English Benedictine community, the Priory of St. Edmund, which had been formed in Paris in 1615 by Dom Gabriel Gifford, later Archbishop of Rheims and primate of France, was expelled from Paris during the Revolution, and eventually took over the vacant buildings of the community of St Gregory's in 1818. Later, following Waldeck-Rousseau's Law of Associations (1901), this community also returned to England in 1903, where it was established at Douai Abbey, near Reading. Douai School continued as an educational establishment for boys until 1999.
In 1609 the English College published a translation of the Old Testament, which, together with the New Testament published at Rheims 27 years earlier, was the Douay–Rheims Bible used by Anglophone Roman Catholics almost exclusively for more than 300 years.
For a time there was a Carthusian monastery (charterhouse) in Douai, which is now the Musée de la Chartreuse de Douai.
Notable people
Douai was the birthplace of:
Jehan Bellegambe (1470–1536), early Flemish painter
François Cosserat (1852–1914), mathematician and engineer
Henri-Edmond Cross (1856–1910), printmaker, painter
Gaston Crunelle (1898–1990), classical flautist
Charles Alexandre de Calonne (1734–1802), statesman
Marceline Desbordes-Valmore (1786–1859), poet
Henri-Joseph Dulaurens (1719–1793), novelist
Giambologna (1529–1608), born as Jean Boulogne, sculptor
Jacky Henin (born 1960), politician and Member of the European Parliament
Corinne Masiero (born 1964), actress
André Obey (1892–1975), playwright
Michel Warlop (1911–1947), jazz violinist
Michel Wibault (1897–1963), aircraft designer and inventor
Twin towns
Douai is twinned with:
Harrow, United Kingdom
Recklinghausen, Germany
Kenosha, United States
Dédougou, Burkina Faso
Seraing, Belgium
Former twin towns:
Puławy, Poland
Twickenham, United Kingdom
References
^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.
^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
^ a b "Douai". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
^ "Douai". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
^ INSEE commune file
^ "Concours d'Aviation de Douai". The First Air Races. Retrieved 15 January 2020.
^ Vimy Ridge Archived 25 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine
^ O'Connor, Michael (2004). Airfields & Airmen: Arras. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Military. p. 64. ISBN 1-84415-125-5.
^ Hitti, Philip (1957). Lebanon in History. India: Macmillan and Co Ltd. p. 319.
^ "Fiche Climatologique Statistiques 1991-2020 et records" (PDF) (in French). Météo-France. Retrieved 7 September 2022.
^ "Belfries of Belgium and France". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
^ Douai at "Gares & Connexions", the official website of SNCF (in French)
^ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Douai, EHESS (in French).
^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
^ "British towns twinned with French towns ". Archant Community Media Ltd. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 20 July 2013.
^ Maria Frankowska, Douai zawiesza współpracę z Puławami za strefę anty LGBT. Mer: „Przemoc zaczyna się od słów” (March 2, 2020), retrieved July 16, 2020 (Polish).
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Douai.
Douai official website (in French)
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Douai" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
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subpr: subprefecture
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Douay–Rheims Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible"},{"link_name":"Douai (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douai_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[dwɛ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/Fr-Douai.ogg/Fr-Douai.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fr-Douai.ogg"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English"},{"link_name":"/ˈduːeɪ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD-3"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"/duːˈeɪ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CD-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Picard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picard_language"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord_(French_department)"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"sub-prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subprefectures_in_France"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Scarpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarpe_(river)"},{"link_name":"Lille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lille"},{"link_name":"Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arras"},{"link_name":"belfries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfry_(architecture)"}],"text":"City in Hauts-de-France, FranceThis article is about the French commune. For the Bible translation, see Douay–Rheims Bible. For other uses, see Douai (disambiguation).Subprefecture and commune in Hauts-de-France, FranceDouai (French: [dwɛ] ⓘ; UK: /ˈduːeɪ/;[3] US: /duːˈeɪ/;[3][4] Picard: Doï; Dutch: Dowaai; formerly spelled Douay or Doway in English) is a city in the Nord département in northern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department.[5] Located on the river Scarpe some 40 kilometres (25 miles) from Lille and 25 km (16 mi) from Arras, Douai is home to one of the region's most impressive belfries.","title":"Douai"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_languages"},{"link_name":"counts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"county of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Dukes of Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Aix-la-Chapelle_(1668)"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlement"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlement_de_Flandres"},{"link_name":"La Brayelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Brayelle_Airfield"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FirstRaces-6"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Manfred von Richthofen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_von_Richthofen"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arras-8"},{"link_name":"Battle of Courtrai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Courtrai_(1918)"},{"link_name":"Douaihy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douaihy"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Its site probably corresponds to that of a 4th-century Roman fortress known as Duacum. From the 10th century, the town was a romance fiefdom of the counts of Flanders. The town became a flourishing textile market centre during the Middle Ages, historically known as Douay or Doway in English. In 1384, the county of Flanders passed into the domains of the Dukes of Burgundy and thence in 1477 into Habsburg possessions.In 1667, Douai was taken by the troops of Louis XIV of France, and by the 1668 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, the town was ceded to France. During successive sieges from 1710 to 1712, Douai was almost completely destroyed by the British Army. By 1713, the town was fully integrated into France. Douai became the seat of the Parliament of Flanders (fr).The local airfield at La Brayelle was very significant in the history of French aviation. It operated from 1907 to the mid-1950s. In 1909 it was the site of the world's first aeronautical meeting,[6]Douai was again caught up in hostilities in World War I.[7] when for much of the war it was occupied by the Germans. La Brayelle airfield was a base of Manfred von Richthofen, the Red Baron.[8] Later in 1918, the town was partly burned, and was liberated by the British Army after the Battle of Courtrai.The Douaihy family of Lebanon claims descent from inhabitants of the city who settled in Lebanon during the Crusades.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oceanic climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"Météo-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A9o-France"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Douai has a oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb). The average annual temperature in Douai is 11.0 °C (51.8 °F). The average annual rainfall is 729.2 mm (28.71 in) with December as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in July, at around 18.6 °C (65.5 °F), and lowest in January, at around 4.0 °C (39.2 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Douai was 40.8 °C (105.4 °F) on 25 July 2019; the coldest temperature ever recorded was −20.5 °C (−4.9 °F) on 8 January 1985.Climate data for Douai (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1962−present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n19.5(67.1)\n\n24.8(76.6)\n\n28.0(82.4)\n\n31.3(88.3)\n\n36.0(96.8)\n\n40.8(105.4)\n\n36.6(97.9)\n\n35.5(95.9)\n\n29.0(84.2)\n\n20.5(68.9)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n40.8(105.4)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n6.4(43.5)\n\n7.4(45.3)\n\n11.2(52.2)\n\n15.1(59.2)\n\n18.5(65.3)\n\n21.6(70.9)\n\n23.9(75.0)\n\n23.9(75.0)\n\n20.1(68.2)\n\n15.2(59.4)\n\n10.1(50.2)\n\n6.9(44.4)\n\n15.0(59.0)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n4.0(39.2)\n\n4.5(40.1)\n\n7.2(45.0)\n\n10.1(50.2)\n\n13.5(56.3)\n\n16.5(61.7)\n\n18.6(65.5)\n\n18.4(65.1)\n\n15.3(59.5)\n\n11.5(52.7)\n\n7.3(45.1)\n\n4.5(40.1)\n\n11.0(51.8)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n1.5(34.7)\n\n1.5(34.7)\n\n3.3(37.9)\n\n5.1(41.2)\n\n8.5(47.3)\n\n11.4(52.5)\n\n13.2(55.8)\n\n13.0(55.4)\n\n10.4(50.7)\n\n7.8(46.0)\n\n4.5(40.1)\n\n2.1(35.8)\n\n6.9(44.4)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−20.5(−4.9)\n\n−12.5(9.5)\n\n−11.0(12.2)\n\n−4.5(23.9)\n\n−1.5(29.3)\n\n1.0(33.8)\n\n4.1(39.4)\n\n0.8(33.4)\n\n0.0(32.0)\n\n−6.0(21.2)\n\n−9.5(14.9)\n\n−12.5(9.5)\n\n−20.5(−4.9)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n57.8(2.28)\n\n51.4(2.02)\n\n52.5(2.07)\n\n41.9(1.65)\n\n56.6(2.23)\n\n63.3(2.49)\n\n68.1(2.68)\n\n68.1(2.68)\n\n60.9(2.40)\n\n64.4(2.54)\n\n71.0(2.80)\n\n73.2(2.88)\n\n729.2(28.71)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n11.8\n\n10.6\n\n10.5\n\n9.0\n\n9.7\n\n9.1\n\n9.2\n\n9.3\n\n9.1\n\n11.1\n\n13.1\n\n13.3\n\n125.8\n\n\nSource: Météo-France[10]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"carillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carillon"},{"link_name":"bells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"La","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solfege"},{"link_name":"chimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubular_bell"},{"link_name":"keyboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_keyboard"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"World Heritage List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_List"},{"link_name":"Belfries of Belgium and France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfries_of_Belgium_and_France"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unesco-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot_018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carillon_Douai.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Douai_rue_de_la_mairie.jpg"}],"text":"Douai's ornate Gothic-style belfry was begun in 1380, on the site of an earlier tower. The 80 m high structure includes an impressive carillon, consisting of 62 bells spanning 5 octaves. The originals, some dating from 1391, were removed in 1917 during World War I by the occupying German forces, who intended to melt them down for the metal. They were reinstalled after repairs in 1924, but 47 of them were replaced in 1954 to obtain a better sound. An additional larger bell in the summit, a La called \"Joyeuse\", dates from 1471 and weighs 5.5 tonnes. The chimes are rung by a mechanism every quarter-hour, but are also played via a keyboard on Saturday mornings and at certain other times. In 2005 the belfry was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as a part of the Belfries of Belgium and France site, in recognition of its architecture and importance in the history of municipal power in France.[11]The substantial Porte de Valenciennes town gate, a reminder of the town's past military importance, was built in 1453. One face is built in Gothic style, while the other is of Classical design.Bell tower of Douai, Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDetail of Douai's belfry\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe belfry seen from street level","title":"Main sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Renault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault"},{"link_name":"automobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile"},{"link_name":"assembly line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_line"},{"link_name":"Georges Besse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Besse"},{"link_name":"R14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_14"},{"link_name":"R11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_9/11"},{"link_name":"R19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_19"},{"link_name":"Mégane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_M%C3%A9gane"},{"link_name":"Scénic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_Sc%C3%A9nic"},{"link_name":"electric cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_car"},{"link_name":"Gare de Douai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gare_de_Douai"},{"link_name":"Lille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lille"},{"link_name":"Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arras"},{"link_name":"Lens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens,_Pas-de-Calais"},{"link_name":"Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens"},{"link_name":"Saint-Quentin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Quentin,_Aisne"},{"link_name":"Valenciennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valenciennes"},{"link_name":"TGV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gare_du_Nord"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantes"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Douai's main industries are in the chemical and metal engineering sectors.Since 1970, Renault has a large automobile assembly line nearby, called Usine Georges Besse after assassinated CEO Georges Besse. It produced vehicles such as the R14, R11, R19, Mégane and Scénic. Following industry changes, it now makes electric cars.The Gare de Douai railway station is served by regional trains to Lille, Arras, Lens, Amiens, Saint-Quentin and Valenciennes. It connects to the TGV network, with high speed trains to Paris, Lyon, Nantes and other places.[12]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cartulaire_douai_3_coll%C3%A9ges.JPG"},{"link_name":"University of Douai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Douai"},{"link_name":"University of Douai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Douai"},{"link_name":"Phillip II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Spanish Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"English Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"English College, Douai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_College,_Douai"},{"link_name":"William Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Allen_(Cardinal)"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_College,_Douai"},{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_College,_Douai"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine"},{"link_name":"Franciscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan"},{"link_name":"Jesuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit"},{"link_name":"priory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priory"},{"link_name":"St Gregory the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Gregory_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Saint John Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John_Roberts"},{"link_name":"English Benedictine Congregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Benedictine_Congregation"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Downside Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downside_Abbey"},{"link_name":"St. Edmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Edmund"},{"link_name":"Rheims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheims"},{"link_name":"Waldeck-Rousseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Waldeck-Rousseau"},{"link_name":"Douai Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douai_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Douai School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douai_School"},{"link_name":"Rheims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheims"},{"link_name":"Douay–Rheims Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douay%E2%80%93Rheims_Bible"},{"link_name":"Carthusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthusian"},{"link_name":"monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery"},{"link_name":"Musée de la Chartreuse de Douai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_Chartreuse_de_Douai"}],"text":"Colleges at University of DouaiThe University of Douai was founded under the patronage of Phillip II when Douai belonged to the Spanish Netherlands.It was prominent, from the 1560s until the French Revolution, as a centre for the education of English Catholics escaping persecution in England. Connected with the University were not only the English College, Douai, founded by William Allen, but also the Irish and Scottish colleges and the Benedictine, Franciscan and Jesuit houses. Throughout Europe, there were around 800 such seminaries. They prepared Jesuits for missionary work in England, with 60 migrating in the 1570s, and around 500 by 1603. The first Jesuits were Edmund Campion and Robert Parsons.The Benedictine priory of St Gregory the Great was founded by Saint John Roberts at Douai in 1605, with a handful of exiled English Benedictines who had entered various monasteries in Spain, as the first house after the Reformation to begin conventual life. The community was established within the English Benedictine Congregation and started a college for English Catholic boys unable to find a Catholic education at home, and pursued studies at the University of Douai. The community was expelled at the time of the French Revolution in 1793 and, after some years of wandering, finally settled at Downside Abbey, Somerset, in 1814.Another English Benedictine community, the Priory of St. Edmund, which had been formed in Paris in 1615 by Dom Gabriel Gifford, later Archbishop of Rheims and primate of France, was expelled from Paris during the Revolution, and eventually took over the vacant buildings of the community of St Gregory's in 1818. Later, following Waldeck-Rousseau's Law of Associations (1901), this community also returned to England in 1903, where it was established at Douai Abbey, near Reading. Douai School continued as an educational establishment for boys until 1999.In 1609 the English College published a translation of the Old Testament, which, together with the New Testament published at Rheims 27 years earlier, was the Douay–Rheims Bible used by Anglophone Roman Catholics almost exclusively for more than 300 years.For a time there was a Carthusian monastery (charterhouse) in Douai, which is now the Musée de la Chartreuse de Douai.","title":"University"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jehan Bellegambe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehan_Bellegambe"},{"link_name":"François Cosserat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Cosserat"},{"link_name":"Henri-Edmond Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri-Edmond_Cross"},{"link_name":"Gaston Crunelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Crunelle"},{"link_name":"Charles Alexandre de Calonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne"},{"link_name":"Marceline Desbordes-Valmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marceline_Desbordes-Valmore"},{"link_name":"Henri-Joseph Dulaurens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri-Joseph_Dulaurens"},{"link_name":"Giambologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giambologna"},{"link_name":"Jacky Henin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacky_Henin"},{"link_name":"Corinne Masiero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinne_Masiero"},{"link_name":"André Obey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Obey"},{"link_name":"Michel Warlop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Warlop"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"Michel Wibault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Wibault"}],"text":"Douai was the birthplace of:Jehan Bellegambe (1470–1536), early Flemish painter\nFrançois Cosserat (1852–1914), mathematician and engineer\nHenri-Edmond Cross (1856–1910), printmaker, painter\nGaston Crunelle (1898–1990), classical flautist\nCharles Alexandre de Calonne (1734–1802), statesman\nMarceline Desbordes-Valmore (1786–1859), poet\nHenri-Joseph Dulaurens (1719–1793), novelist\nGiambologna (1529–1608), born as Jean Boulogne, sculptor\nJacky Henin (born 1960), politician and Member of the European Parliament\nCorinne Masiero (born 1964), actress\nAndré Obey (1892–1975), playwright\nMichel Warlop (1911–1947), jazz violinist\nMichel Wibault (1897–1963), aircraft designer and inventor","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Harrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow,_London"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archant_twinning_3-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Recklinghausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recklinghausen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Kenosha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenosha,_Wisconsin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso"},{"link_name":"Dédougou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9dougou"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Seraing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seraing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Puławy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C5%82awy"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Douai is twinned with:Harrow, United Kingdom[15]\n Recklinghausen, Germany\n Kenosha, United States\n Dédougou, Burkina Faso\n Seraing, BelgiumFormer twin towns:Puławy, Poland[16]\nTwickenham, United Kingdom","title":"Twin towns"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chester_Barnard
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Chester Barnard
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["1 Biography","2 Work","2.1 The Functions of the Executive","2.2 Authority and incentives","3 See also","4 Selected publications","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links","8 Archives and records"]
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American businessman
This article is about the business executive and scholar. For the American football player and coach, see Chester S. Barnard.
Chester Irving BarnardBorn(1886-11-07)November 7, 1886Malden, MassachusettsDiedJune 7, 1961(1961-06-07) (aged 74)New York CityCitizenshipAmericanKnown forThe Functions of the Executive (1938)Scientific careerFieldsOrganizational theory
Chester Irving Barnard (November 7, 1886 – June 7, 1961) was an American business executive, public administrator, and the author of pioneering work in management theory and organizational studies. His landmark 1938 book, The Functions of the Executive, sets out a theory of organization and of the functions of executives in organizations. The book has been widely assigned in university courses in management theory and organizational sociology. Barnard viewed organizations as systems of cooperation of human activity, and noted that they are typically short-lived. According to Barnard, organizations are generally not long-lived because they do not meet the two criteria necessary for survival: effectiveness and efficiency.
Biography
In his youth, Barnard worked on a farm, then working as a piano tuner, paid his way through high school at the Mount Hermon School. After graduation he studied economics at Harvard University on a scholarship, earning money selling pianos and operating a dance band. He did not obtain his Harvard BA because he did his four-year work in three years and could not complete a science course, but a number of universities later granted him honorary doctorates.
Barnard joined the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (now AT&T) in 1909. In 1927, he became president of the New Jersey Bell Telephone Company. During the Great Depression, he directed the New Jersey state relief system.
He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1939 and the American Philosophical Society in 1943. He was president of the United Service Organizations (USO), 1942-45. Upon retiring from business, he served as president of the Rockefeller Foundation, 1948–52, and as chairman of the National Science Foundation, 1952-54. End 1950s he was among the first members of the Society for General Systems Research.
Work
Barnard viewed organizations as systems of cooperation of human activity, and noted that they are typically short-lived. It is rare for a firm to last more than a century. Similarly most nations last for less than a century. The only organization that can claim a substantial age is the Roman Catholic Church. According to Barnard, organizations are not long-lived because they do not meet the two criteria necessary for survival: effectiveness and efficiency. Effectiveness, is defined the usual way: as being able to accomplish stated goals. In contrast, Barnard's meaning of organizational efficiency differed substantially from the conventional use of the word. He defined efficiency of an organization as the degree to which that organization is able to satisfy the motives of the individuals. If an organization satisfies the motives of its members while attaining its explicit goals, cooperation among its members will last.
Barnard was a great admirer of Talcott Parsons (1902–1979) and he and Parsons corresponded persistently. The two scholars would send manuscripts for commentary to each other and they would write long letters where they engage in a common theoretical discussion. The first correspondence between Barnard and Parsons began in the end of the 1930s and it persisted essentially to Barnard’s death in 1961.
The Functions of the Executive
Main article: The Functions of the Executive
Barnard's classic 1938 book, The Functions of the Executive discusses, as the title suggests, the functions of the executive, but not from a merely intuitive point of view, but instead deriving them from his conception of cooperative systems.
Barnard summarized the functions of the executive as follows:
Establishing and maintaining a system of communication;
Securing essential services from other members;
Formulating organizational purposes and objectives.
To manage people and make sure they do their jobs
Authority and incentives
Barnard formulated two interesting theories: one of authority and the other of incentives. Both are seen in the context of a communication system grounded in seven essential rules:
The channels of communication should be definite;
Everyone should know of the channels of communication;
Everyone should have access to the formal channels of communication;
Lines of communication should be as short and as direct as possible;
Competence of persons serving as communication centers should be adequate;
The line of communication should not be interrupted when the organization is functioning;
Every communication should be authenticated.
Thus, what makes a communication authoritative, rests with the subordinate, rather than with his superior. Barnard's perspective had affinities to that of Mary Parker Follett and was very unusual for his time, and that has remained the case down to the present day. He seemed to argue that managers should obtain authority by treating subordinates with respect and competence.
As for incentives, he proposed two ways of convincing subordinates to cooperate: tangible incentives and persuasion. Barnard gives great importance to persuasion, much more than to economic incentives. He described four general, and four specific incentives.
The specific incentives were:
Money and other material inducements;
Personal non-material opportunities for distinction;
Desirable physical conditions of work;
Ideal benefactions, such as pride of workmanship etc.
The general incentives were:
Associated attractiveness (based upon compatibility with associates)
Adaptation of working conditions to habitual methods and attitudes
The opportunity for the feeling of enlarged participation in the course of events
The condition of communing with others (personal comfort with social relations, opportunity for comradeship etc., )
See also
Organizational studies
Outline of organizational theory
Selected publications
1938. The Functions of the Executive
1939. Dilemmas of Leadership in the Democratic Process.
1946. A Report on the International Control of Atomic Energy.
1948. Organization and Management
1956. Organization and Management: Selected Papers
1956. On the Teaching of Law in the Liberal Arts Curriculum. With Harold Joseph Berman. Harvard Law
1958. Elementary Conditions of Business Morals.
1973. Conversations With Chester I. Barnard. Edited by William B. Wolf.
1986. Philosophy for Managers; Selected Papers of Chester I. Barnard. Edited by William B. Wolf and Haruki Iino.
References
^ a b c Chester (Irving) Barnard Biography (1886 - 1961) on biography.com. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
^ WREN, D. A. Barnard, Chester Irving. In: American National Biography Online. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-19-860669-9. DOI 10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1000098.
^ R.C.S. Trahair (1994) "Barnard's executive functions" in From Aristotelian to Reaganomics. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.40
^ "Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter B" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved May 17, 2011.
^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2023-04-11.
Further reading
Anicich, Adam. (2009) ""Management Theorist: Chester Barnard's Theories of Management"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 22, 2009. Retrieved September 6, 2009., Doctoral Research Papers, University of Maryland University College, DMGT 800, (2): 1-15.
Gehani, R. Ray (2002) "Chester Barnard's “executive” and the knowledge-based firm", Management Decision 40(10): 980 - 991.
Mahoney, Joseph T. (2002) "The relevance of Chester I. Barnard's teaching to contemporary management education: communicating the aesthetics of management," Int. J. Organ. Theory Behav. 5 (1&2): 159-72.
Mathews, Gary S. (1981) "An Examination of Cooperative Organizational Behavior and the Functions of Executives in Formal Organizations: The Theory of Chester Irving Barnard and Its Implications for Educational Administration. A Research Paper."
Marshall, Gordon (1998) "Chester I. Barnard" in A Dictionary of Sociology.
Scott, William G. (1992) Chester I. Barnard and the guardians of the management state.
Wolf, William B. (1974). The basic Barnard: an introduction to Chester i. Barnard and his theories of organization and management.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Chester Barnard.
Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Chester Barnard.
Archives and records
Chester I. Barnard papers at Baker Library Special Collections, Harvard Business School.
Non-profit organization positions
Preceded byRaymond B. Fosdick
President of the Rockefeller Foundation August 22, 1948 – July 17, 1952
Succeeded byDean Rusk
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Organization and Management: Selected Papers\n1956. On the Teaching of Law in the Liberal Arts Curriculum. With Harold Joseph Berman. Harvard Law\n1958. Elementary Conditions of Business Morals.\n1973. Conversations With Chester I. Barnard. Edited by William B. Wolf.\n1986. Philosophy for Managers; Selected Papers of Chester I. Barnard. Edited by William B. Wolf and Haruki Iino.","title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"\"Management Theorist: Chester Barnard's Theories of Management\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091122120746/http://aholdings.net/default_files/Barnard.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//aholdings.net/default_files/Barnard.pdf"},{"link_name":"The relevance of Chester I. Barnard's teaching to contemporary management education: communicating the aesthetics of management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.business.uiuc.edu/josephm/Publications/Barnard%202002.pdf"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"}],"text":"Anicich, Adam. (2009) \"\"Management Theorist: Chester Barnard's Theories of Management\"\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 22, 2009. Retrieved September 6, 2009., Doctoral Research Papers, University of Maryland University College, DMGT 800, (2): 1-15.\nGehani, R. Ray (2002) \"Chester Barnard's “executive” and the knowledge-based firm\", Management Decision 40(10): 980 - 991.\nMahoney, Joseph T. (2002) \"The relevance of Chester I. Barnard's teaching to contemporary management education: communicating the aesthetics of management[permanent dead link],\" Int. J. Organ. Theory Behav. 5 (1&2): 159-72.\nMathews, Gary S. (1981) \"An Examination of Cooperative Organizational Behavior and the Functions of Executives in Formal Organizations: The Theory of Chester Irving Barnard and Its Implications for Educational Administration. A Research Paper.\"\nMarshall, Gordon (1998) \"Chester I. Barnard\" in A Dictionary of Sociology.\nScott, William G. (1992) Chester I. Barnard and the guardians of the management state.\nWolf, William B. (1974). The basic Barnard: an introduction to Chester i. Barnard and his theories of organization and management.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chester I. Barnard papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HBS.Baker.EAD:bak00386"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q592555#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/5638/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000108780652"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/22202663"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhXdkhDh7bMWx4rQQvCQq"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90345779"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122797668"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122797668"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/118958593"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.sbn.it/nome/IEIV032459"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007463081405171"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14060288"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n50017806"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//libris.kb.se/xv8ch4zg1xzgg82"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00432325"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2002101404&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36576994"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199601627"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071731652"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810631939105606"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/160098"},{"link_name":"CiNii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00964886?l=en"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/1302143"},{"link_name":"NARA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.archives.gov/id/10580310"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6bv7hw2"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/031616879"}],"text":"Chester I. Barnard papers at Baker Library Special Collections, Harvard Business School.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nItaly\nIsrael\nBelgium\nUnited States\nSweden\nJapan\nCzech Republic\nAustralia\nKorea\nNetherlands\nPoland\nPortugal\nAcademics\nCiNii\nPeople\nTrove\nOther\nNARA\nSNAC\nIdRef","title":"Archives and records"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Organizational studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_studies"},{"title":"Outline of organizational theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_organizational_theory"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter B\" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved May 17, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterB.pdf","url_text":"\"Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter B\""}]},{"reference":"\"APS Member History\". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2023-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Chester+Barnard&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced","url_text":"\"APS Member History\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Management Theorist: Chester Barnard's Theories of Management\"\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 22, 2009. Retrieved September 6, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091122120746/http://aholdings.net/default_files/Barnard.pdf","url_text":"\"\"Management Theorist: Chester Barnard's Theories of Management\"\""},{"url":"http://aholdings.net/default_files/Barnard.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevron_plot
|
Chevron plot
|
["1 Experimental methodology","2 Chevron roll-overs","3 See also","4 References"]
|
Graph of protein folding kinetics
A typical chevron plot observed in protein folding experiments.
A chevron plot is a way of representing protein folding kinetic data in the presence of varying concentrations of denaturant that disrupts the protein's native tertiary structure. The plot is known as "chevron" plot because of the canonical v, or chevron shape observed when the logarithm of the observed relaxation rate is plotted as a function of the denaturant concentration.
In a two-state system, folding and unfolding rates dominate the observed relaxation rates below and above the denaturation midpoint (Cm). This gives rise to the terminology of folding and unfolding arms for the limbs of the chevron. A priori information on the Cm of a protein can be obtained from equilibrium experiments. In fitting to a two-state model, the logarithm of the folding and unfolding rates is assumed to depend linearly on the denaturant concentration, thus resulting in the slopes mf and mu, called the folding and unfolding m-values, respectively (also called the kinetic m-values). The sum of the two rates is the observed relaxation rate. An agreement between equilibrium m-value and the absolute sum of the kinetic m-values is typically seen as a signature for two-state behavior. Most of the reported denaturation experiments have been carried out at 298 K with either urea or guanidinium chloride (GuHCl) as denaturants.
Experimental methodology
To generate the folding limb of the chevron, the protein in a highly concentrated denaturant solution is diluted rapidly (in less than a millisecond) in an appropriate buffer to a particular denaturant concentration by means of a stopped flow apparatus. The relaxation to the new equilibrium is monitored by spectroscopic probes such as fluorescence or less frequently by circular dichroism (CD). The volume of the dilution is adjusted to obtain the relaxation rate at a specific denaturant concentration. The final protein concentration in the mixture is usually 1-20 μM, depending on the constraints imposed by the amplitude of relaxation and the signal-to-noise ratio. The unfolding limb is generated in a similar fashion by mixing denaturant-free protein with a concentrated denaturant solution in buffer. When the logarithm of these relaxation rates are plotted as a function of the final denaturant concentration, a chevron plot results.
The mixing of the solutions determines the dead time of the instrument, which is about a millisecond. Therefore, a stopped-flow apparatus can be employed only for proteins with a relaxation time of a few milliseconds. In cases where the relaxation time is shorter than the dead-time of the instrument, the experimental temperature is lowered (thus increasing the viscosity of water/buffer) to increase the relaxation time to a few milliseconds. On the other hand, for fast-folding proteins (i.e., those with a relaxation rate of 1 to 100 microseconds), pressure jump (dead time~few microseconds), temperature jump (T-jump; dead time~few nanoseconds) or continuous flow mixing (dead time~few microseconds), can be carried out at different denaturant concentrations to obtain a chevron plot.
Chevron roll-overs
Though the limbs of the chevron are assumed to be linear with denaturant concentration, it is not always the case. Non-linearities are usually observed in the either both the limbs or one of them and are termed chevron roll-overs. The reason for such an observation is not clear. Many interpretations including on-pathway intermediates, dead-time limitations, transition state movements (Hammond effect), aggregation artifacts, downhill folding, and salt-induced Debye–Hückel effects have been proposed to explain this behavior. In many cases the folding limb roll-overs are ignored as they occur at low denaturant concentrations, and the data is fit to a two-state model with a linear dependence of the rates. The folding rates reported for such proteins in the absence of denaturants are therefore an over-estimation.
See also
Protein folding
Denaturation (biochemistry)
Denaturation midpoint
Equilibrium unfolding
Phi value analysis
References
^ Jenkins DC, Pearson DS, Harvey A, Sylvester ID, Geeves MA, Pinheiro T (2009). "Rapid folding of the prion protein captured by pressure-jump". Eur Biophys J. 38 (5): 625–35. doi:10.1007/s00249-009-0420-6. PMC 4509520. PMID 19255752.
^ Ferguson N, Johnson CM, Macias M, Oschkinat H, Fersht A (2001). "Ultrafast folding of WW domains without structured aromatic clusters in the denatured state". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 98 (23): 13002–13007. Bibcode:2001PNAS...9813002F. doi:10.1073/pnas.221467198. PMC 60814. PMID 11687613.
^ Sanchez IE, Kiefhaber T (2003). "Evidence for sequential barriers and obligatory intermediates in apparent two-state protein folding". J. Mol. Biol. 325 (2): 367–376. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(02)01230-5. PMID 12488101.
^ Ternstrom T, Mayor U, Akke M, Oliveberg M (1999). "From snapshot to movie: φ analysis of protein folding transition states taken one step further". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96 (26): 14854–14859. Bibcode:1999PNAS...9614854T. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.26.14854. PMC 24737. PMID 10611302.
^ Went, HM; Benitez-Cardoza, CG; Jackson, SE (2004). "Is an intermediate state populated on the folding pathway of ubiquitin?". FEBS Letters. 567 (2–3): 333–8. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2004.04.089. PMID 15178347.
^ Kaya H, Chan H (2003). "Origins of chevron rollovers in non-two-state protein folding kinetics". Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 (258104–1): 258104–4. arXiv:cond-mat/0302305. Bibcode:2003PhRvL..90y8104K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.258104. PMID 12857173. S2CID 15026414.
^ Rios M, Plaxco K (2005). "Apparent Debye-Huckel effects in the folding of a simple, single domain protein". Biochemistry. 44 (4): 1243–1250. doi:10.1021/bi048444l. PMID 15667218.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chevron_plot.JPG"},{"link_name":"protein folding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_folding"},{"link_name":"protein folding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_folding"},{"link_name":"kinetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_kinetics"},{"link_name":"denaturant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denaturation_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"tertiary structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_structure"},{"link_name":"chevron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chevron_(insignia)"},{"link_name":"logarithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm"},{"link_name":"relaxation rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Relaxation_rate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"denaturation midpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denaturation_midpoint"},{"link_name":"slopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slope"},{"link_name":"298 K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/298_K"},{"link_name":"urea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urea"},{"link_name":"guanidinium chloride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanidinium_chloride"}],"text":"A typical chevron plot observed in protein folding experiments.A chevron plot is a way of representing protein folding kinetic data in the presence of varying concentrations of denaturant that disrupts the protein's native tertiary structure. The plot is known as \"chevron\" plot because of the canonical v, or chevron shape observed when the logarithm of the observed relaxation rate is plotted as a function of the denaturant concentration.In a two-state system, folding and unfolding rates dominate the observed relaxation rates below and above the denaturation midpoint (Cm). This gives rise to the terminology of folding and unfolding arms for the limbs of the chevron. A priori information on the Cm of a protein can be obtained from equilibrium experiments. In fitting to a two-state model, the logarithm of the folding and unfolding rates is assumed to depend linearly on the denaturant concentration, thus resulting in the slopes mf and mu, called the folding and unfolding m-values, respectively (also called the kinetic m-values). The sum of the two rates is the observed relaxation rate. An agreement between equilibrium m-value and the absolute sum of the kinetic m-values is typically seen as a signature for two-state behavior. Most of the reported denaturation experiments have been carried out at 298 K with either urea or guanidinium chloride (GuHCl) as denaturants.","title":"Chevron plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stopped flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stopped_flow"},{"link_name":"spectroscopic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectroscopic"},{"link_name":"fluorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence"},{"link_name":"circular dichroism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circular_dichroism"},{"link_name":"dead time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_time"},{"link_name":"viscosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity"},{"link_name":"pressure jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_jump"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jenkins-1"},{"link_name":"temperature jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperature_jump"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferguson-2"}],"text":"To generate the folding limb of the chevron, the protein in a highly concentrated denaturant solution is diluted rapidly (in less than a millisecond) in an appropriate buffer to a particular denaturant concentration by means of a stopped flow apparatus. The relaxation to the new equilibrium is monitored by spectroscopic probes such as fluorescence or less frequently by circular dichroism (CD). The volume of the dilution is adjusted to obtain the relaxation rate at a specific denaturant concentration. The final protein concentration in the mixture is usually 1-20 μM, depending on the constraints imposed by the amplitude of relaxation and the signal-to-noise ratio. The unfolding limb is generated in a similar fashion by mixing denaturant-free protein with a concentrated denaturant solution in buffer. When the logarithm of these relaxation rates are plotted as a function of the final denaturant concentration, a chevron plot results.The mixing of the solutions determines the dead time of the instrument, which is about a millisecond. Therefore, a stopped-flow apparatus can be employed only for proteins with a relaxation time of a few milliseconds. In cases where the relaxation time is shorter than the dead-time of the instrument, the experimental temperature is lowered (thus increasing the viscosity of water/buffer) to increase the relaxation time to a few milliseconds. On the other hand, for fast-folding proteins (i.e., those with a relaxation rate of 1 to 100 microseconds), pressure jump (dead time~few microseconds),[1] temperature jump (T-jump; dead time~few nanoseconds) or continuous flow mixing (dead time~few microseconds),[2] can be carried out at different denaturant concentrations to obtain a chevron plot.","title":"Experimental methodology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sanchez-3"},{"link_name":"transition state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transition_state"},{"link_name":"Hammond effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond_effect"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ternstrom-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Went-5"},{"link_name":"downhill folding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhill_folding"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kaya-6"},{"link_name":"Debye–Hückel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debye%E2%80%93H%C3%BCckel_equation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rios-7"}],"text":"Though the limbs of the chevron are assumed to be linear with denaturant concentration, it is not always the case. Non-linearities are usually observed in the either both the limbs or one of them and are termed chevron roll-overs. The reason for such an observation is not clear. Many interpretations including on-pathway intermediates,[3] dead-time limitations, transition state movements (Hammond effect),[4] aggregation artifacts,[5] downhill folding,[6] and salt-induced Debye–Hückel effects[7] have been proposed to explain this behavior. In many cases the folding limb roll-overs are ignored as they occur at low denaturant concentrations, and the data is fit to a two-state model with a linear dependence of the rates. The folding rates reported for such proteins in the absence of denaturants are therefore an over-estimation.","title":"Chevron roll-overs"}]
|
[{"image_text":"A typical chevron plot observed in protein folding experiments.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f0/Chevron_plot.JPG"}]
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[{"title":"Protein folding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_folding"},{"title":"Denaturation (biochemistry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denaturation_(biochemistry)"},{"title":"Denaturation midpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denaturation_midpoint"},{"title":"Equilibrium unfolding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrium_unfolding"},{"title":"Phi value analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_value_analysis"}]
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PMID 11687613.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC60814","url_text":"\"Ultrafast folding of WW domains without structured aromatic clusters in the denatured state\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PNAS...9813002F","url_text":"2001PNAS...9813002F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.221467198","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.221467198"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC60814","url_text":"60814"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11687613","url_text":"11687613"}]},{"reference":"Sanchez IE, Kiefhaber T (2003). \"Evidence for sequential barriers and obligatory intermediates in apparent two-state protein folding\". J. Mol. Biol. 325 (2): 367–376. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(02)01230-5. PMID 12488101.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-2836%2802%2901230-5","url_text":"10.1016/S0022-2836(02)01230-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12488101","url_text":"12488101"}]},{"reference":"Ternstrom T, Mayor U, Akke M, Oliveberg M (1999). \"From snapshot to movie: φ analysis of protein folding transition states taken one step further\". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 96 (26): 14854–14859. Bibcode:1999PNAS...9614854T. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.26.14854. PMC 24737. PMID 10611302.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC24737","url_text":"\"From snapshot to movie: φ analysis of protein folding transition states taken one step further\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PNAS...9614854T","url_text":"1999PNAS...9614854T"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.96.26.14854","url_text":"10.1073/pnas.96.26.14854"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC24737","url_text":"24737"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10611302","url_text":"10611302"}]},{"reference":"Went, HM; Benitez-Cardoza, CG; Jackson, SE (2004). \"Is an intermediate state populated on the folding pathway of ubiquitin?\". FEBS Letters. 567 (2–3): 333–8. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2004.04.089. PMID 15178347.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.febslet.2004.04.089","url_text":"10.1016/j.febslet.2004.04.089"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15178347","url_text":"15178347"}]},{"reference":"Kaya H, Chan H (2003). \"Origins of chevron rollovers in non-two-state protein folding kinetics\". Phys. Rev. Lett. 90 (258104–1): 258104–4. arXiv:cond-mat/0302305. Bibcode:2003PhRvL..90y8104K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.258104. PMID 12857173. S2CID 15026414.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0302305","url_text":"cond-mat/0302305"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PhRvL..90y8104K","url_text":"2003PhRvL..90y8104K"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.90.258104","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.258104"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12857173","url_text":"12857173"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15026414","url_text":"15026414"}]},{"reference":"Rios M, Plaxco K (2005). \"Apparent Debye-Huckel effects in the folding of a simple, single domain protein\". Biochemistry. 44 (4): 1243–1250. doi:10.1021/bi048444l. PMID 15667218.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi048444l","url_text":"10.1021/bi048444l"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15667218","url_text":"15667218"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4509520","external_links_name":"\"Rapid folding of the prion protein captured by pressure-jump\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00249-009-0420-6","external_links_name":"10.1007/s00249-009-0420-6"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4509520","external_links_name":"4509520"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19255752","external_links_name":"19255752"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC60814","external_links_name":"\"Ultrafast folding of WW domains without structured aromatic clusters in the denatured state\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PNAS...9813002F","external_links_name":"2001PNAS...9813002F"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.221467198","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.221467198"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC60814","external_links_name":"60814"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11687613","external_links_name":"11687613"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0022-2836%2802%2901230-5","external_links_name":"10.1016/S0022-2836(02)01230-5"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12488101","external_links_name":"12488101"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC24737","external_links_name":"\"From snapshot to movie: φ analysis of protein folding transition states taken one step further\""},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PNAS...9614854T","external_links_name":"1999PNAS...9614854T"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.96.26.14854","external_links_name":"10.1073/pnas.96.26.14854"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC24737","external_links_name":"24737"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10611302","external_links_name":"10611302"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.febslet.2004.04.089","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.febslet.2004.04.089"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15178347","external_links_name":"15178347"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0302305","external_links_name":"cond-mat/0302305"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PhRvL..90y8104K","external_links_name":"2003PhRvL..90y8104K"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.90.258104","external_links_name":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.258104"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12857173","external_links_name":"12857173"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15026414","external_links_name":"15026414"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi048444l","external_links_name":"10.1021/bi048444l"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15667218","external_links_name":"15667218"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Scientific_Adviser_to_the_Ministry_of_Defence
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Chief Scientific Adviser to the Ministry of Defence
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["1 List of MOD Chief Scientific Advisers","2 See also","3 Notes","4 External links"]
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The Chief Scientific Adviser to the UK's Ministry of Defence is responsible for providing strategic management of science and technology issues in the MOD, most directly through the MOD research budget of well over £1 billion, and sits as a full member of the Defence Management Board and the Defence Council, the two most senior management boards within the MOD. There is also a Chief Scientific Adviser (Nuclear), responsible for the MOD’s nuclear science and technology programme, currently held by Professor Bill Lee.
List of MOD Chief Scientific Advisers
Sir Henry Tizard, 1946–1952
Sir John Cockcroft, 1952–1954
Sir Frederick Brundrett, 1954–1960
Sir Solly Zuckerman, 1960–1965
Sir Alan Cottrell, 1966–1967
Sir William Cook, 1966–1970
Sir Hermann Bondi, 1971–1977
Sir Ronald Mason, 1977–1983
Sir Richard Oswald Chandler Norman, 1983–1988
Sir Ronald Oxburgh, 1988–1993
Sir David Davies, 1993–1999
Sir Keith O'Nions, 2000–2004
Sir Roy Anderson, 2004–2008
Sir Mark Welland, 2008–2012
Professor Vernon Gibson, 2012–2016
Hugh F. Durrant-Whyte, 2017–2018
Simon Cholerton, 2018–2019 (interim)
Dame Angela McLean 2019-2023
Professor Vernon Gibson, 2023−present
See also
Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell
Notes
^ "Chemist is new MoD science chief". BBC News. 2012-05-31. Retrieved 2019-07-03.
^ "Professor Vernon Gibson". UK government. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
^ "D2D CRC Board Director becomes Chief Scientific Advisor to the UK Ministry of Defence". Data to Decisions CRC. 6 March 2017. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
^ "Professor Hugh Durrant-Whyte". gov.uk. 1 October 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
^ "Simon Cholerton". gov.uk. 1 October 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
^ "MOD appoints first female Chief Scientific Adviser". gov.uk. 2019-06-23. Retrieved 2019-06-23.
^ "Professor Vernon Gibson CB BSc DPhil CChem FRSC FRS". Retrieved 16 February 2024.
External links
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Durrant-Whyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_F._Durrant-Whyte"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Angela McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_McLean_(biologist)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Vernon Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Gibson"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Sir Henry Tizard, 1946–1952\nSir John Cockcroft, 1952–1954\nSir Frederick Brundrett, 1954–1960\nSir Solly Zuckerman, 1960–1965\nSir Alan Cottrell, 1966–1967\nSir William Cook, 1966–1970\nSir Hermann Bondi, 1971–1977\nSir Ronald Mason, 1977–1983\nSir Richard Oswald Chandler Norman, 1983–1988\nSir Ronald Oxburgh, 1988–1993\nSir David Davies, 1993–1999\nSir Keith O'Nions, 2000–2004\nSir Roy Anderson, 2004–2008\nSir Mark Welland, 2008–2012[1]\nProfessor Vernon Gibson, 2012–2016[2]\nHugh F. Durrant-Whyte, 2017–2018[3][4]\nSimon Cholerton, 2018–2019 (interim)[5]\nDame Angela McLean 2019-2023[6]\nProfessor Vernon Gibson, 2023−present[7]","title":"List of MOD Chief Scientific Advisers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Chemist is new MoD science chief\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-18282407"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Professor Vernon Gibson\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gov.uk/government/people/vernon-gibson"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"D2D CRC Board Director becomes Chief Scientific Advisor to the UK Ministry of Defence\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170822093134/http://www.d2dcrc.com.au/news/d2d-crc-board-director-becomes-chief-scientific-ad/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.d2dcrc.com.au/news/d2d-crc-board-director-becomes-chief-scientific-ad/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Professor Hugh Durrant-Whyte\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gov.uk/government/people/hugh-durrant-whyte"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Simon Cholerton\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gov.uk/government/people/simon-cholerton"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"MOD appoints first female Chief Scientific Adviser\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gov.uk/government/news/mod-appoints-first-female-chief-scientific-adviser"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Professor Vernon Gibson CB BSc DPhil CChem FRSC FRS\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gov.uk/government/people/vernon-gibson"}],"text":"^ \"Chemist is new MoD science chief\". BBC News. 2012-05-31. Retrieved 2019-07-03.\n\n^ \"Professor Vernon Gibson\". UK government. Retrieved 22 August 2017.\n\n^ \"D2D CRC Board Director becomes Chief Scientific Advisor to the UK Ministry of Defence\". Data to Decisions CRC. 6 March 2017. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.\n\n^ \"Professor Hugh Durrant-Whyte\". gov.uk. 1 October 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2018.\n\n^ \"Simon Cholerton\". gov.uk. 1 October 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2018.\n\n^ \"MOD appoints first female Chief Scientific Adviser\". gov.uk. 2019-06-23. Retrieved 2019-06-23.\n\n^ \"Professor Vernon Gibson CB BSc DPhil CChem FRSC FRS\". Retrieved 16 February 2024.","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
|
[{"title":"Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Lindemann,_1st_Viscount_Cherwell"}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilbolton_Observatory
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Chilbolton Observatory
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["1 Overview","2 Timeline of projects","3 History","4 References","5 External links"]
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Coordinates: 51°08′40″N 1°26′19″W / 51.14456°N 1.43858°W / 51.14456; -1.43858Facility for atmospheric and radio research
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Chilbolton Observatory" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
ObservatoryChilbolton ObservatoryThe 25 metre (82') steerable antenna installation at the Chilbolton Observatory.OrganizationScience and Technology Facilities Council LocationChilbolton, Test Valley, Hampshire, South East England, EnglandCoordinates51°08′40″N 1°26′19″W / 51.14456°N 1.43858°W / 51.14456; -1.43858Websitewww.chilbolton.stfc.ac.uk TelescopesChilbolton Advanced Meteorological RadarRawlings Array Location of Chilbolton Observatory Related media on Commons
The Chilbolton Observatory is a facility for atmospheric and radio research located on the edge of the village of Chilbolton near Stockbridge in Hampshire, England. The facilities are run by the STFC Radio Communications Research Unit of the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory and form part of the Science and Technology Facilities Council.
Overview
The Chilbolton Observatory operates many pieces of research equipment associated with radar propagation and meteorology. As of 2007, these include:
An S band Doppler weather radar with its distinctive, fully steerable, 25 metre (82') parabolic antenna. This equipment can be referred to as CAMRa (Chilbolton Advanced Meteorological Radar).
An L band Clear-air radar
A W band bistatic zenith radar
A UV Raman Lidar
Multiple Ka band radiometers
Multiple rain gauges
The observatory also hosts the UK's LOFAR station.
Timeline of projects
1998 - CLARE'98 Cloud Lidar and Radar experiment, which eventually fed into the European Space Agency EarthCARE programme
2001 to 2004 - CLOUDMAP2 project to assist in Numerical weather prediction models
2006 - Chilbolton Observatory joined forces with several European Space Agency sites to verify the L band radio transmissions from the GIOVE-A satellite
2006 - NERC Cirrus and Anvils: European Satellite and Airborne Radiation measurements project
2008 - In-Orbit Test (IOT) performed for GIOVE-B
2008-9 - APPRAISE, during which the CAMRa and Lidar were used to direct airborne measurements in mixed-phase clouds
2010 - LOFAR station UK608 constructed
History
The equipment rooms at the Observatory
Construction of Chilbolton Observatory started in 1963. It was built partially on the site of RAF Chilbolton, which was decommissioned in 1946. Several sites around the south-east of England were considered for the construction. The site at Chilbolton, on the edge of Salisbury Plain, was chosen in part because of excellent visibility of the horizon and its relative remoteness from major roads whose cars could cause interference.
The facility was opened in April 1967. Within several months of being commissioned the azimuth bearing of the antenna suffered a catastrophic failure. GEC were contracted to repair the bearing and devised a system to replace the failed part while leaving the 400 tonne dish ostensibly in-place.
Originally, the antenna was engaged in Ku band radio astronomy, but now operates as a S and L band radar.
References
^ "Chilbolton Facilities". Chilbolton.rl.ac.uk. 10 March 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
^ "Chilbolton Observatory". Archived from the original on 9 October 2006. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
^ "ESA - Living Planet Programme - EarthCARE". Archived from the original on 12 January 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2007.
^ "CLOUDMAP2 at CCLRC". Archived from the original on 10 May 2006. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
^ "ESA - GIOVE A transmits loud and clear". Esa.int. 28 December 2005. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
^ "appraise - Home". Archived from the original on 25 June 2009. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chilbolton Observatory.
Chilbolton Observatory Facilities retrieved May 17, 2006
CLOUDMAP2 project homepage
ESA News 'GIOVE A transmits loud and clear', ESA Portal - Improving Daily Life, March 9, 2006, retrieved May 17, 2006
vteMajor physics research facilities based in the United KingdomFusion
Joint European Torus (JET)
Mega Ampere Spherical Tokamak (MAST)
Synchrotron light sources
Diamond Light Source
Lasers
Central Laser Facility
Neutron and muon sources
ISIS Neutron and Muon Source
Atmospheric, astronomy and space science
UK Astronomy Technology Centre
Chilbolton Observatory
Jodrell Bank Observatory
ECMWF
Miscellaneous
Medium Energy Ion Scattering Facility
Authority control databases
ISNI
VIAF
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The facilities are run by the STFC Radio Communications Research Unit of the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory and form part of the Science and Technology Facilities Council.","title":"Chilbolton Observatory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar"},{"link_name":"meteorology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorology"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chilbolton_Observatory&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"S band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_band"},{"link_name":"weather radar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_radar"},{"link_name":"L band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L_band"},{"link_name":"W band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_band"},{"link_name":"UV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UV"},{"link_name":"Raman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_scattering"},{"link_name":"Lidar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidar"},{"link_name":"Ka band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka_band"},{"link_name":"rain gauges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain_gauge"},{"link_name":"LOFAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-Frequency_Array_(LOFAR)"}],"text":"The Chilbolton Observatory operates many pieces of research equipment associated with radar propagation and meteorology. As of 2007[update], these include:[1]An S band Doppler weather radar with its distinctive, fully steerable, 25 metre (82') parabolic antenna. This equipment can be referred to as CAMRa (Chilbolton Advanced Meteorological Radar).\nAn L band Clear-air radar\nA W band bistatic zenith radar\nA UV Raman Lidar\nMultiple Ka band radiometers\nMultiple rain gaugesThe observatory also hosts the UK's LOFAR station.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"European Space Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Numerical weather prediction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_weather_prediction"},{"link_name":"GIOVE-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIOVE-A"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"NERC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Environment_Research_Council"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"LOFAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-Frequency_Array_(LOFAR)"}],"text":"1998 - CLARE'98 Cloud Lidar and Radar experiment,[2] which eventually fed into the European Space Agency EarthCARE programme[3]\n2001 to 2004 - CLOUDMAP2[4] project to assist in Numerical weather prediction models\n2006 - Chilbolton Observatory joined forces with several European Space Agency sites to verify the L band radio transmissions from the GIOVE-A satellite[5]\n2006 - NERC Cirrus and Anvils: European Satellite and Airborne Radiation measurements project\n2008 - In-Orbit Test (IOT) performed for GIOVE-B\n2008-9 - APPRAISE,[6] during which the CAMRa and Lidar were used to direct airborne measurements in mixed-phase clouds\n2010 - LOFAR station UK608 constructed","title":"Timeline of projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Equipment_rooms_at_Chilbolton_Observatory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_811894.jpg"},{"link_name":"RAF Chilbolton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Chilbolton"},{"link_name":"Salisbury Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury_Plain"},{"link_name":"azimuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azimuth"},{"link_name":"GEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric_Company_plc"},{"link_name":"tonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"Ku band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_band"},{"link_name":"radio astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_astronomy"}],"text":"The equipment rooms at the ObservatoryConstruction of Chilbolton Observatory started in 1963. It was built partially on the site of RAF Chilbolton, which was decommissioned in 1946. Several sites around the south-east of England were considered for the construction. The site at Chilbolton, on the edge of Salisbury Plain, was chosen in part because of excellent visibility of the horizon and its relative remoteness from major roads whose cars could cause interference.The facility was opened in April 1967. Within several months of being commissioned the azimuth bearing of the antenna suffered a catastrophic failure. GEC were contracted to repair the bearing and devised a system to replace the failed part while leaving the 400 tonne dish ostensibly in-place.Originally, the antenna was engaged in Ku band radio astronomy, but now operates as a S and L band radar.","title":"History"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_universities
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Research university
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["1 History","1.1 19th century","1.2 20th century","2 Characteristics","3 Worldwide distribution","4 See also","5 References"]
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University committed to research as a central part of its mission
Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) is responsible for the Humboldtian model of higher education.
Nuclear research at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, a research university, in Madison, Wisconsin, United States, May 2005
Switzerland spends 0.76% of GDP on university research funding as of 2017, some 3.8x the ratio of the United States (0.20%). ETH Zurich, founded in 1854, is the leading Swiss research university by its number of scholars and publications.
Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, founded in 1876, is considered the first research university in the United States and as of fiscal year 2020 had been the national leader in annual research and development spending for over four decades.
A research university or a research-intensive university is a university that is committed to research as a central part of its mission. They are "the key sites of knowledge production", along with "intergenerational knowledge transfer and the certification of new knowledge" through the awarding of doctoral degrees, and continue to be "the very center of scientific productivity". They can be public or private, and often have well-known brand names.
Undergraduate courses at many research universities are often academic rather than vocational and may not prepare students for particular careers, but many employers value degrees from research universities because they teach fundamental life skills such as critical thinking. Globally, research universities are overwhelmingly public institutions, while some countries like the United States and Japan also have well-known private research institutions.
Institutions of higher education that are not research universities or do not aspire to that designation, such as liberal arts colleges, instead place more emphasis on student instruction or other aspects of tertiary education, and their faculty members are under less pressure to publish or perish.
History
19th century
The concept of the research university first arose in early 19th-century Prussia in Germany, where Wilhelm von Humboldt championed his vision of Einheit von Lehre und Forschung (the unity of teaching and research), as a means of producing an education that focused on the main areas of knowledge (the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities) rather than on the previous goals of the university education, which was to develop an understanding of truth, beauty, and goodness.
Roger L. Geiger, "the leading historian of the American research university," has argued that "the model for the American research university was established by five of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution (Harvard, Yale, Pennsylvania, Princeton, and Columbia); five state universities (Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, and California); and five private institutions conceived from their inception as research universities (MIT, Cornell, Johns Hopkins, Stanford, and Chicago)." The American research university first emerged in the late 19th century, when these fifteen institutions began to graft graduate programs derived from the German model onto undergraduate programs derived from the British model.
20th century
Research universities were essential to the establishment of American hegemony by the end of the 20th century. Most importantly, Berkeley, Chicago, Columbia, and Princeton (along with Birmingham and Cambridge in the UK) directly participated in the creation of the first nuclear weapons (the Manhattan Project). Besides that, Columbia and Harvard were instrumental in the early development of the American film industry (Hollywood), MIT and Stanford were leaders in building the American military–industrial complex and developing artificial intelligence, and Berkeley and Stanford played a central role in the development of Silicon Valley. The "most prestigious group of research universities" in the United States is the Association of American Universities.
Since the 1960s, American research universities, especially the leading American public research university system, the University of California, have served as models for research universities around the world. Having one or more universities based on the American model (including the use of English as a lingua franca) is a badge of "social progress and modernity" for the contemporary nation-state. The Americans' continued dominance into the early 21st century has forced their European counterparts to confront the urgent need for reform to avoid "declining into an advanced form of feeder colleges for the best American universities."
Characteristics
This article is in list format but may read better as prose. You can help by converting this article, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (May 2022)
John Taylor, Professor of Higher Education Management at the University of Liverpool, defines the key characteristics of successful research universities as:
"Presence of pure and applied research"
"Delivery of research-led teaching"
"Breadth of academic disciplines"
"High proportion of postgraduate research programmes"
"High levels of external income"
"An international perspective"
Philip Altbach defines a different, although similar, set of key characteristics for what research universities need to become successful:
At the top of the academic hierarchy in a differentiated higher education system and receiving appropriate support
Overwhelmingly public institutions
Little competition from non-university research institutions, unless these have strong connections to the universities
More funding than other universities to attract the best staff and students and support research infrastructure
Adequate and sustained budgets
Potential for income generation from student fees and intellectual property
Suitable facilities
Autonomy
Academic freedom
A 2012 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine report defined research universities, in the American context, as having values of intellectual freedom, initiative and creativity, excellence, and openness, with such additional characteristics as:
Being large and comprehensive – Clark Kerr's "multiversity"
Emphasizing the undergraduate residential experience (flagged specifically as distinguishing American research universities from those in continental Europe)
Integrating graduate education with research
Having faculty engaged in research and scholarship
Conducting research at high levels
Having enlightened and bold leadership
Global university rankings use metrics that primarily measure research to rank universities. Some also have criteria for inclusion based on the concept of a research university such as teaching at both undergraduate and postgraduate level and conducting work in multiple faculties (QS World University Rankings), or teaching undergraduates, having a research output of more than 1000 research papers over 5 years, and no more than 80% of activity in a single subject area (Times Higher Education World University Rankings).
Worldwide distribution
The QS World University Ranking for 2021 included 1002 research universities. The region with the highest number was Europe, with 39.8%, followed by Asia/Pacific with 26.7%, the US and Canada with 15.6%, Latin America with 10.8% and the Middle East and Africa with 7%. All regions except the Middle East and Africa were represented in the top 100. The largest number of new entrants to the rankings were from East Asia and Eastern Europe, followed by Southern Europe. By individual country, the US has the most institutions with 151, followed by the UK with 84, China with 51, and Germany with 45. The top 200 shows a similar pattern with the US having 45 universities, the UK 26 and Germany 12. By comparison, the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education (2015) identifies 115 US universities as "Doctoral Universities: Highest Research Activity" and a further 107 as "Doctoral Universities: Higher Research Activity", while Altbach estimated that there were around 220 research universities in the US in 2013.
The Academic Ranking of World Universities shows a similar distribution, with 185 of their 500 ranked institutions in 2020 coming from Europe, 161 from the Americas, 149 from Asia/Oceania and five from Africa. All regions except Africa are represented in the top 100, although the Americas are represented solely by universities from the United States and Canada. In 2023, the US has the most universities in the top 500 from a single country, 120, followed by China with 98, the UK with 38 and Germany with 31. The top 200 shows the similar pattern: the US with 61 followed by China with 36 and the UK with 20.
The 2024 Times Higher Education only gives a breakdown by country and only for its top 200; this again has the U.S. at the top with 56, followed by the UK with 25, Germany with 21, and China with 13. The top 200 features one university from Africa, the University of Cape Town in South Africa, but none from Latin America. The U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking 2021 gives numbers by country for the 1500 universities ranked from 86 countries: the U.S. is again top, with 255, followed by China with 176 and the UK with 87. The 2020 CWTS Leiden Ranking includes 1,176 universities in the rankings from 65 countries: China tops the list for the first time, with 204, followed by the U.S. with 198, the UK with 58 and Germany with 54.
See also
History of European research universities
List of research universities in South Korea
List of research universities in the United States
References
^ Niall McCarthy. "List of top research universities by funding". World Economic Forum, 5 November 2019. Accessed 4 December 2023.
^ "Best Universities in Switzerland 2022 Ranking". Research.com, 6 June 2021. Accessed 4 December 2023.
^ Schuessler, Jennifer (9 December 2020). "Johns Hopkins Reveals That Its Founder Owned Slaves". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 14 December 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
^ June, Audrey Williams (11 January 2022). "Where Research Spending Keeps Going Up". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
^ a b c "The role of research universities in developing countries". University World News. 11 August 2013. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
^ a b Altbach, Philip G. (2011). "The Past, Present, and Future of the Research University". In Altbach, Philip G.; Salmi, Jamil (eds.). The Road to Academic Excellence: The Making of World-Class Research Universities. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. pp. 11–32. ISBN 978-0-8213-8806-8. Archived from the original on 15 October 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2022.
^ Steven Sample (2 December 2002). "The Research University of the 21st Century: What Will it Look Like?". University of Southern California. Archived from the original on 23 February 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2018.
^ a b John Taylor (21 June 2006). "Managing the Unmanageable: The Management of Research in Research-Intensive Universities". Higher Education Management and Policy. 18 (2). OECD: 3–4. Archived from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
^ Powell, Justin J. W.; Fernandez, Frank; Crist, John T.; Dusdal, Jennifer; Zhang, Liang; Baker, David P. (2017). "Introduction: The Worldwide Triumph of the Research University and Globalizing Science". In Powell, Justin J. W.; Fernandez, Frank; Baker, David P. (eds.). The Century of Science: The Global Triumph of the Research University. Bingley: Emerald Publishing. pp. 1–36. ISBN 9781787144699. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2022. (At p. 8.)
^ O'Shaughnessy, Lynn (2012). The College Solution: A Guide for Everyone Looking for the Right School at the Right Price. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education. pp. 132–136. ISBN 9780132944694. Retrieved 30 March 2023.
^ Andreatta, Britt (2011). Navigating the Research University: A Guide for First-Year Students (3rd ed.). Boston: Wadsworth. p. 136. ISBN 9780495913788. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
^ Irons, Jessica G.; Buskist, William (2009). "Chapter 9: Preparing for a Career at a Teaching Institution". In Davis, Stephen F.; Giordano, Peter J.; Licht, Carolyn A. (eds.). Your Career in Psychology: Putting Your Graduate Degree to Work. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 117–132. ISBN 9781405179423. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020. This source refers to research universities as R1, a common shorthand for the highest level of American research universities recognized by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education.
^ Bommel, Bas van (14 December 2015). "Between 'Bildung' and 'Wissenschaft': The 19th-Century German Ideal of Scientific Education German Education and Science". Europäische Geschichte Online. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018.
^ Menand, Louis; Reitter, Paul; Wellmon, Chad (2017). "General Introduction". The Rise of the Research University: A Sourcebook. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 2–3. ISBN 9780226414850. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
^ Macintyre, Stuart (2010). The Poor Relation: A History of Social Sciences in Australia. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. p. 333. ISBN 9780522857757. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
^ a b Crow, Michael M.; Dabars, William B. (2015). Designing the New American University. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9781421417233. Retrieved 28 May 2017. The quoted sentence is Crow and Dabars' paraphrasing of Geiger's analysis.
^ Geiger, Roger L. (1986). To Advance Knowledge: The Growth of American Research Universities, 1900–1940 (2004 ed.). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 3. ISBN 9781412840088. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 28 May 2021.
^ Marginson, Simon; Ordorika, Imanol (2011). "'El central volumen de la fuerza': Global Hegemony in Higher Education and Research". In Calhoun, Craig J.; Rhoten, Diana (eds.). Knowledge Matters: The Public Mission of the Research University. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 67–129. ISBN 9780231151146. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
^ Herken, Gregg (2003). Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence, and Edward Teller. New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 48. ISBN 0-8050-6589-X. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
^ Reed, Bruce Cameron (2020). Manhattan Project: The Story of the Century. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. p. 122. ISBN 978-3-030-45733-4. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2022.
^ "Britain". Voices of the Manhattan Project. Atomic Heritage Foundation. Retrieved 20 December 2023.
^ Decherney, Peter (2017). Hollywood and the Culture Elite: How the Movies Became American. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 6–11. ISBN 9780231133760. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
^ Leslie, Stuart W. (1993). The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic Complex at MIT and Stanford. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 11–12. ISBN 9780231079587. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
^ Boden, Margaret A. (2006). Mind as Machine: A History of Cognitive Science, Volume 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 734–736. ISBN 9780199292387. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
^ Scott, W. Richard; Lara, Bernardo; Biag, Manuelito; Ris, Ethan; Liang, Judy (2017). "The Regional Economy of the San Francisco Bay Area". In Scott, W. Richard; Kirst, Michael W. (eds.). Higher Education and Silicon Valley: Connected But Conflicted. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 65. ISBN 9781421423081. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 11 August 2019.
^ Smith, Dean O. (2011). Managing the Research University. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 78. ISBN 9780199793259. Retrieved 3 December 2023.
^ Kerr, Clark (2001). The Gold and the Blue: A Personal Memoir of the University of California, 1949–1967, Volume 1. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 413. ISBN 9780520223677. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ Marginson, Simon (2016). The Dream Is Over: The Crisis of Clark Kerr's California Idea of Higher Education. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 51–55. doi:10.1525/luminos.17. ISBN 978-0-520-29284-0.
^ Graham, Hugh Davis; Diamond, Nancy (1997). The Rise of American Research Universities: Elites and Challengers in the Postwar Era. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 9. ISBN 9780801880636. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
^ Vest, Charles M. (2007). The American Research University from World War II to World Wide Web: Governments, the Private Sector, and the Emerging Meta-University. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 7. ISBN 9780520934047. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
^ Stevens, Mitchell L.; Giebel, Sonia (2020). "The Paradox of the Global University". In Hyvönen, Mats; Peters, Michael A.; Rider, Sharon; Besley, Tina (eds.). World Class Universities: A Contested Concept. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. pp. 123–137. ISBN 9789811575983. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2023.
^ Wittrock, Björn (2006). "The Legacy of Wilhelm von Humboldt and the Future of the European University". In Blückert, Kjell; Neave, Guy; Nybom, Thorsten (eds.). The European Research University: A Historical Parenthesis? (2018 softcover reprint ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 109–125. doi:10.1007/978-1-137-10079-5_9. ISBN 9781403970145. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
^ Philip G. Altbach (2013). "Advancing the national and global knowledge economy". Studies in Higher Education. 38 (3): 316–330. doi:10.1080/03075079.2013.773222. hdl:2345/bc-ir:103804. S2CID 144178229.
^ "3". Research Universities and the Future of America. National Academies Press. 2012. p. 40. doi:10.17226/13396. ISBN 978-0-309-25639-1. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
^ Philip G. Altbach (11 November 2010). "The State of the Rankings". Inside Higher Ed. Archived from the original on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
^ Bahram Bekhradnia (15 December 2016). "International university rankings: For good or ill?" (PDF). Higher Education Policy Institute. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2017.
^ Agafonow, Alejandro; Perez, Marybel (2021), Neesham, Cristina (ed.), "No Organizations for Today's Einsteins: Organizational Impacts on Scientific Discoveries", Handbook of Philosophy of Management, Handbooks in Philosophy, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–23, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48352-8_69-2, ISBN 978-3-319-48352-8, archived from the original on 14 March 2023, retrieved 22 March 2022
^ "Inclusion in Rankings". QS Intelligence Unit. Archived from the original on 7 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
^ Phil Baty (16 January 2018). "This is why we publish the World University Rankings". Times Higher Education. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 9 August 2018.
^ "QS World University Rankings 2021 Supplement". Top Universities. Quacquarelli Symonds. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
^ "QS World University Rankings 2021". Top Universities. 28 May 2020. Archived from the original on 9 June 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
^ "Standard Listings". Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. University of Indiana. Archived from the original on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
^ "Statistics". Academic Ranking of World Universities 2020. ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
^ "ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities 2023 Press Release". www.shanghairanking.com. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
^ "ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities 2023". www.shanghairanking.com. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
^ "World University Rankings 2024 digital edition". Times Higher Education. 27 September 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
^ "U.S. News Unveils 2021 Best Global Universities Rankings". U.S. News & World Report. 20 October 2020. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
^ "The CWTS Leiden Ranking 2020". leidenmadtrics.nl. 8 July 2020. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sir_Thomas_Lawrence_(1769-1830)_-_Charles_William,_Baron_von_Humboldt_(1767-1835)_-_RCIN_404936_-_Royal_Collection.jpg"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm von Humboldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt"},{"link_name":"Humboldtian model of higher education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldtian_model_of_higher_education"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Universities_Use_Nuclear_Materials_in_Lab_Experiments_(7845753974).jpg"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin–Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison"},{"link_name":"Madison, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ETH_Dome.jpg"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"ETH Zurich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETH_Zurich"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interior_of_the_Hutzler_Reading_room_located_in_Gilman_Hall,_on_the_Johns_Hopkins_University_campus_in_Baltimore,_Maryland_LCCN2013646484.tif"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"Baltimore, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-June-4"},{"link_name":"university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University"},{"link_name":"research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Role-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Altbach-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor-8"},{"link_name":"knowledge production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_production_modes"},{"link_name":"knowledge transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_transfer"},{"link_name":"doctoral degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Powell-9"},{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_university"},{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_university"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CollegeSolution-10"},{"link_name":"vocational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_university"},{"link_name":"life skills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_skills"},{"link_name":"critical thinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andreatta2-11"},{"link_name":"public institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_universities"},{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_universities"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Role-5"},{"link_name":"liberal arts colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts_college"},{"link_name":"publish or perish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publish_or_perish"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Irons-12"}],"text":"Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) is responsible for the Humboldtian model of higher education.Nuclear research at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, a research university, in Madison, Wisconsin, United States, May 2005Switzerland spends 0.76% of GDP on university research funding as of 2017, some 3.8x the ratio of the United States (0.20%).[1] ETH Zurich, founded in 1854, is the leading Swiss research university by its number of scholars and publications.[2]Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, founded in 1876, is considered the first research university in the United States[3] and as of fiscal year 2020 had been the national leader in annual research and development spending for over four decades.[4]A research university or a research-intensive university is a university that is committed to research as a central part of its mission.[5][6][7][8] They are \"the key sites of knowledge production\", along with \"intergenerational knowledge transfer and the certification of new knowledge\" through the awarding of doctoral degrees, and continue to be \"the very center of scientific productivity\".[9] They can be public or private, and often have well-known brand names.[10]Undergraduate courses at many research universities are often academic rather than vocational and may not prepare students for particular careers, but many employers value degrees from research universities because they teach fundamental life skills such as critical thinking.[11] Globally, research universities are overwhelmingly public institutions, while some countries like the United States and Japan also have well-known private research institutions.[5]Institutions of higher education that are not research universities or do not aspire to that designation, such as liberal arts colleges, instead place more emphasis on student instruction or other aspects of tertiary education, and their faculty members are under less pressure to publish or perish.[12]","title":"Research university"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm von Humboldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt"},{"link_name":"humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanities"},{"link_name":"goodness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Menand-14"},{"link_name":"Roger L. Geiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_L._Geiger"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macintyre_Page_333-15"},{"link_name":"colonial colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_colleges"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Yale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Princeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Cornell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"Johns Hopkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University"},{"link_name":"Stanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crow-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Geiger_Page_3-17"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crow-16"}],"sub_title":"19th century","text":"The concept of the research university first arose in early 19th-century Prussia in Germany, where Wilhelm von Humboldt championed his vision of Einheit von Lehre und Forschung (the unity of teaching and research), as a means of producing an education that focused on the main areas of knowledge (the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities) rather than on the previous goals of the university education, which was to develop an understanding of truth, beauty, and goodness.[13][14]Roger L. Geiger, \"the leading historian of the American research university,\"[15] has argued that \"the model for the American research university was established by five of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution (Harvard, Yale, Pennsylvania, Princeton, and Columbia); five state universities (Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, and California); and five private institutions conceived from their inception as research universities (MIT, Cornell, Johns Hopkins, Stanford, and Chicago).\"[16][17] The American research university first emerged in the late 19th century, when these fifteen institutions began to graft graduate programs derived from the German model onto undergraduate programs derived from the British model.[16]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hegemony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemony"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marginson_Page_67-18"},{"link_name":"nuclear weapons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Project"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Herken_Page_48-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reed_Page_122-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"American film industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Decherney-22"},{"link_name":"military–industrial complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military%E2%80%93industrial_complex"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"artificial intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boden_Page_734-24"},{"link_name":"Silicon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Association of American Universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_American_Universities"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith_Page_78-26"},{"link_name":"university system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_system"},{"link_name":"University of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Altbach-6"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kerr_Page_413-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marginson-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graham-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vest_Page_7-30"},{"link_name":"English as a lingua franca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca"},{"link_name":"modernity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernity"},{"link_name":"nation-state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nation-state"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stevens_Page_129-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wittrock-32"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"Research universities were essential to the establishment of American hegemony by the end of the 20th century.[18] Most importantly, Berkeley, Chicago, Columbia, and Princeton (along with Birmingham and Cambridge in the UK) directly participated in the creation of the first nuclear weapons (the Manhattan Project).[19][20][21] Besides that, Columbia and Harvard were instrumental in the early development of the American film industry (Hollywood),[22] MIT and Stanford were leaders in building the American military–industrial complex[23] and developing artificial intelligence,[24] and Berkeley and Stanford played a central role in the development of Silicon Valley.[25] The \"most prestigious group of research universities\" in the United States is the Association of American Universities.[26]Since the 1960s, American research universities, especially the leading American public research university system, the University of California,[6][27][28] have served as models for research universities around the world.[29][30] Having one or more universities based on the American model (including the use of English as a lingua franca) is a badge of \"social progress and modernity\" for the contemporary nation-state.[31] The Americans' continued dominance into the early 21st century has forced their European counterparts to confront the urgent need for reform to avoid \"declining into an advanced form of feeder colleges for the best American universities.\"[32]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Liverpool"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taylor-8"},{"link_name":"academic disciplines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_discipline"},{"link_name":"postgraduate research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgraduate_research"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"public institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_university"},{"link_name":"Academic freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_freedom"},{"link_name":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Clark Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Kerr"},{"link_name":"graduate education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgraduate_education"},{"link_name":"university rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Global_rankings"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IHE_2010-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HEPI-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"QS World University Rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Times Higher Education World University Rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"text":"John Taylor, Professor of Higher Education Management at the University of Liverpool, defines the key characteristics of successful research universities as:[8]\"Presence of pure and applied research\"\n\"Delivery of research-led teaching\"\n\"Breadth of academic disciplines\"\n\"High proportion of postgraduate research programmes\"\n\"High levels of external income\"\n\"An international perspective\"Philip Altbach defines a different, although similar, set of key characteristics for what research universities need to become successful:[33]At the top of the academic hierarchy in a differentiated higher education system and receiving appropriate support\nOverwhelmingly public institutions\nLittle competition from non-university research institutions, unless these have strong connections to the universities\nMore funding than other universities to attract the best staff and students and support research infrastructure\nAdequate and sustained budgets\nPotential for income generation from student fees and intellectual property\nSuitable facilities\nAutonomy\nAcademic freedomA 2012 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine report defined research universities, in the American context, as having values of intellectual freedom, initiative and creativity, excellence, and openness, with such additional characteristics as:[34]Being large and comprehensive – Clark Kerr's \"multiversity\"\nEmphasizing the undergraduate residential experience (flagged specifically as distinguishing American research universities from those in continental Europe)\nIntegrating graduate education with research\nHaving faculty engaged in research and scholarship\nConducting research at high levels\nHaving enlightened and bold leadershipGlobal university rankings use metrics that primarily measure research to rank universities.[35][36][37] Some also have criteria for inclusion based on the concept of a research university such as teaching at both undergraduate and postgraduate level and conducting work in multiple faculties (QS World University Rankings),[38] or teaching undergraduates, having a research output of more than 1000 research papers over 5 years, and no more than 80% of activity in a single subject area (Times Higher Education World University Rankings).[39]","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"QS World University Ranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"East Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asia"},{"link_name":"Eastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Southern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Europe"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Classification_of_Institutions_of_Higher_Education"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Role-5"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Academic Ranking of World Universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Times Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"University of Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"U.S. News & World Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"CWTS Leiden Ranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CWTS_Leiden_Ranking"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"The QS World University Ranking for 2021 included 1002 research universities. The region with the highest number was Europe, with 39.8%, followed by Asia/Pacific with 26.7%, the US and Canada with 15.6%, Latin America with 10.8% and the Middle East and Africa with 7%. All regions except the Middle East and Africa were represented in the top 100. The largest number of new entrants to the rankings were from East Asia and Eastern Europe, followed by Southern Europe.[40] By individual country, the US has the most institutions with 151, followed by the UK with 84, China with 51, and Germany with 45. The top 200 shows a similar pattern with the US having 45 universities, the UK 26 and Germany 12.[41] By comparison, the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education (2015) identifies 115 US universities as \"Doctoral Universities: Highest Research Activity\" and a further 107 as \"Doctoral Universities: Higher Research Activity\", while Altbach estimated that there were around 220 research universities in the US in 2013.[5][42]The Academic Ranking of World Universities shows a similar distribution, with 185 of their 500 ranked institutions in 2020 coming from Europe, 161 from the Americas, 149 from Asia/Oceania and five from Africa. All regions except Africa are represented in the top 100, although the Americas are represented solely by universities from the United States and Canada.[43] In 2023, the US has the most universities in the top 500 from a single country, 120, followed by China with 98, the UK with 38 and Germany with 31.[44] The top 200 shows the similar pattern: the US with 61 followed by China with 36 and the UK with 20.[45]The 2024 Times Higher Education only gives a breakdown by country and only for its top 200; this again has the U.S. at the top with 56, followed by the UK with 25, Germany with 21, and China with 13. The top 200 features one university from Africa, the University of Cape Town in South Africa, but none from Latin America.[46] The U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking 2021 gives numbers by country for the 1500 universities ranked from 86 countries: the U.S. is again top, with 255, followed by China with 176 and the UK with 87.[47] The 2020 CWTS Leiden Ranking includes 1,176 universities in the rankings from 65 countries: China tops the list for the first time, with 204, followed by the U.S. with 198, the UK with 58 and Germany with 54.[48]","title":"Worldwide distribution"}]
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[{"image_text":"Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) is responsible for the Humboldtian model of higher education.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sir_Thomas_Lawrence_%281769-1830%29_-_Charles_William%2C_Baron_von_Humboldt_%281767-1835%29_-_RCIN_404936_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/220px-Sir_Thomas_Lawrence_%281769-1830%29_-_Charles_William%2C_Baron_von_Humboldt_%281767-1835%29_-_RCIN_404936_-_Royal_Collection.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nuclear research at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, a research university, in Madison, Wisconsin, United States, May 2005","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Universities_Use_Nuclear_Materials_in_Lab_Experiments_%287845753974%29.jpg/220px-Universities_Use_Nuclear_Materials_in_Lab_Experiments_%287845753974%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Switzerland spends 0.76% of GDP on university research funding as of 2017, some 3.8x the ratio of the United States (0.20%).[1] ETH Zurich, founded in 1854, is the leading Swiss research university by its number of scholars and publications.[2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/ETH_Dome.jpg/220px-ETH_Dome.jpg"},{"image_text":"Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, founded in 1876, is considered the first research university in the United States[3] and as of fiscal year 2020 had been the national leader in annual research and development spending for over four decades.[4]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Interior_of_the_Hutzler_Reading_room_located_in_Gilman_Hall%2C_on_the_Johns_Hopkins_University_campus_in_Baltimore%2C_Maryland_LCCN2013646484.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Interior_of_the_Hutzler_Reading_room_located_in_Gilman_Hall%2C_on_the_Johns_Hopkins_University_campus_in_Baltimore%2C_Maryland_LCCN2013646484.tif.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"History of European research universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_European_universities"},{"title":"List of research universities in South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_universities_in_South_Korea"},{"title":"List of research universities in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_universities_in_the_United_States"}]
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[{"reference":"Schuessler, Jennifer (9 December 2020). \"Johns Hopkins Reveals That Its Founder Owned Slaves\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 14 December 2020. Retrieved 12 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/09/arts/johns-hopkins-slavery-abolitionist.html","url_text":"\"Johns Hopkins Reveals That Its Founder Owned Slaves\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201214150948/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/12/09/arts/johns-hopkins-slavery-abolitionist.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"June, Audrey Williams (11 January 2022). \"Where Research Spending Keeps Going Up\". The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved 21 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chronicle.com/article/where-research-spending-keeps-going-up","url_text":"\"Where Research Spending Keeps Going Up\""}]},{"reference":"\"The role of research universities in developing countries\". University World News. 11 August 2013. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20130811091502202","url_text":"\"The role of research universities in developing countries\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170905044435/http://www.universityworldnews.com/article.php?story=20130811091502202","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Altbach, Philip G. (2011). \"The Past, Present, and Future of the Research University\". In Altbach, Philip G.; Salmi, Jamil (eds.). The Road to Academic Excellence: The Making of World-Class Research Universities. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. pp. 11–32. ISBN 978-0-8213-8806-8. Archived from the original on 15 October 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2357","url_text":"The Road to Academic Excellence: The Making of World-Class Research Universities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-8806-8","url_text":"978-0-8213-8806-8"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221015065929/https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/2357","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Steven Sample (2 December 2002). \"The Research University of the 21st Century: What Will it Look Like?\". University of Southern California. Archived from the original on 23 February 2021. Retrieved 8 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Sample","url_text":"Steven Sample"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210223005034/https://about.usc.edu/steven-b-sample/speeches/the-research-university-of-the-21st-century-what-will-it-look-like/","url_text":"\"The Research University of the 21st Century: What Will it Look Like?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California","url_text":"University of Southern California"},{"url":"https://about.usc.edu/steven-b-sample/speeches/the-research-university-of-the-21st-century-what-will-it-look-like/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"John Taylor (21 June 2006). \"Managing the Unmanageable: The Management of Research in Research-Intensive Universities\". Higher Education Management and Policy. 18 (2). OECD: 3–4. Archived from the original on 23 March 2021. 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Retrieved 6 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sE80DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8","url_text":"\"Introduction: The Worldwide Triumph of the Research University and Globalizing Science\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781787144699","url_text":"9781787144699"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230314013057/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Century_of_Science/sE80DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA8&printsec=frontcover","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"O'Shaughnessy, Lynn (2012). The College Solution: A Guide for Everyone Looking for the Right School at the Right Price. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education. pp. 132–136. ISBN 9780132944694. Retrieved 30 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=djq9hj_WNboC&pg=PA132","url_text":"The College Solution: A Guide for Everyone Looking for the Right School at the Right Price"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780132944694","url_text":"9780132944694"}]},{"reference":"Andreatta, Britt (2011). Navigating the Research University: A Guide for First-Year Students (3rd ed.). Boston: Wadsworth. p. 136. ISBN 9780495913788. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VeI8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA136","url_text":"Navigating the Research University: A Guide for First-Year Students"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780495913788","url_text":"9780495913788"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230314013059/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Navigating_the_Research_University_A_Gui/VeI8AAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA136&printsec=frontcover","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Irons, Jessica G.; Buskist, William (2009). \"Chapter 9: Preparing for a Career at a Teaching Institution\". In Davis, Stephen F.; Giordano, Peter J.; Licht, Carolyn A. (eds.). Your Career in Psychology: Putting Your Graduate Degree to Work. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 117–132. ISBN 9781405179423. Archived from the original on 13 November 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=97JcaLZeYGcC&pg=PA119","url_text":"\"Chapter 9: Preparing for a Career at a Teaching Institution\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405179423","url_text":"9781405179423"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201113162234/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Your_Career_in_Psychology/97JcaLZeYGcC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA119&printsec=frontcover","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bommel, Bas van (14 December 2015). \"Between 'Bildung' and 'Wissenschaft': The 19th-Century German Ideal of Scientific Education German Education and Science\". Europäische Geschichte Online. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 29 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/models-and-stereotypes/germanophilia-and-germanophobia/bas-van-bommel-between-bildung-and-wissenschaft-the-19th-century-german-ideal-of-scientific-education","url_text":"\"Between 'Bildung' and 'Wissenschaft': The 19th-Century German Ideal of Scientific Education German Education and Science\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180810105158/http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/models-and-stereotypes/germanophilia-and-germanophobia/bas-van-bommel-between-bildung-and-wissenschaft-the-19th-century-german-ideal-of-scientific-education","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Menand, Louis; Reitter, Paul; Wellmon, Chad (2017). \"General Introduction\". The Rise of the Research University: A Sourcebook. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 2–3. ISBN 9780226414850. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. 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Retrieved 8 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Macintyre","url_text":"Macintyre, Stuart"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7bYeXHp_-m4C&pg=PA333","url_text":"The Poor Relation: A History of Social Sciences in Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780522857757","url_text":"9780522857757"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230314013105/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Poor_Relation/7bYeXHp_-m4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA333&printsec=frontcover","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Crow, Michael M.; Dabars, William B. (2015). Designing the New American University. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9781421417233. Retrieved 28 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_M._Crow","url_text":"Crow, Michael M."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xAu5BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA17","url_text":"Designing the New American University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421417233","url_text":"9781421417233"}]},{"reference":"Geiger, Roger L. (1986). To Advance Knowledge: The Growth of American Research Universities, 1900–1940 (2004 ed.). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. p. 3. ISBN 9781412840088. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. 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New York: Henry Holt and Company. p. 48. ISBN 0-8050-6589-X. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. Retrieved 27 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7s0NGIfflOgC&pg=PA48","url_text":"Brotherhood of the Bomb: The Tangled Lives and Loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence, and Edward Teller"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-6589-X","url_text":"0-8050-6589-X"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230314013109/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Brotherhood_of_the_Bomb/7s0NGIfflOgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA48&printsec=frontcover","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Reed, Bruce Cameron (2020). Manhattan Project: The Story of the Century. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. p. 122. ISBN 978-3-030-45733-4. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. 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ISBN 978-0-520-29284-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fluminos.17","url_text":"10.1525/luminos.17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29284-0","url_text":"978-0-520-29284-0"}]},{"reference":"Graham, Hugh Davis; Diamond, Nancy (1997). The Rise of American Research Universities: Elites and Challengers in the Postwar Era. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 9. ISBN 9780801880636. Archived from the original on 14 March 2023. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla
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Joaquín Sorolla
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["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Sad Inheritance!","1.3 Maturity","1.4 Portraits","1.5 The Provinces of Spain","2 Legacy","2.1 Temporary exhibitions","3 Gallery","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
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Spanish painter (1863–1923)
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Sorolla and the second or maternal family name is Bastida.
Joaquín SorollaPlatinum print of Sorolla by Gertrude Käsebier, c. 1908BornJoaquín Sorolla y Bastida(1863-02-27)27 February 1863Valencia, SpainDied10 August 1923(1923-08-10) (aged 60)Cercedilla, SpainKnown forPainting, landscape artMovementImpressionism, Luminism
Joaquín Sorolla y Bastida (Valencian: Joaquim Sorolla i Bastida, 27 February 1863 – 10 August 1923) was a Spanish painter. Sorolla excelled in the painting of portraits, landscapes, and monumental works of social and historical themes. His most typical works are characterized by a dexterous representation of the people and landscape under the bright sunlight of Spain and sunlit water.
Biography
Early life
Joaquín Sorolla was born on 27 February 1863 in Valencia, Spain. Sorolla was the eldest child born to a tradesman, also named Joaquín Sorolla, and his wife, Concepción Bastida. His sister, Concha, was born a year later. In August 1865, both children were orphaned when their parents died, possibly from cholera. They were thereafter cared for by their maternal aunt and uncle, a locksmith.
The death of Pedro Velarde y Santillán during the defence of the Monteleon Artillery Barracks, 1884, Museo del Prado, Madrid
He received his initial art education at the age of 9 in his native town, and then under a succession of teachers including Cayetano Capuz, Salustiano Asenjo. At the age of eighteen he travelled to Madrid, vigorously studying master paintings in the Museo del Prado. After completing his military service, Sorolla, at age twenty-two, obtained a grant which enabled a four-year term to study painting in Rome, Italy, where he was welcomed by and found stability in the example of Francisco Pradilla, the director of the Spanish Academy in Rome. A long sojourn to Paris in 1885 provided his first exposure to modern painting; of special influence were exhibitions of Jules Bastien-Lepage and Adolph von Menzel. Back in Rome he studied with José Benlliure, Emilio Sala, and José Villegas Cordero.
In 1888, Sorolla returned to Valencia to marry Clotilde García del Castillo, whom he had first met in 1879, while working in her father's studio. By 1895, they had three children together: Maria, born in 1890, Joaquín, born in 1892, and Elena, born in 1895. In 1890, they moved to Madrid, and for the next decade Sorolla's efforts as an artist were focused mainly on the production of large canvases of orientalist, mythological, historical, and social subjects, for display in salons and international exhibitions in Madrid, Paris, Venice, Munich, Berlin, and Chicago.
His first striking success was achieved with Another Marguerite (1892), which was awarded a gold medal at the National Exhibition in Madrid, then first prize at the Chicago International Exhibition, where it was acquired and subsequently donated to the Washington University in St. Louis Museum in St. Louis, Missouri. He soon rose to general fame and became the acknowledged head of the modern Spanish school of painting. His picture The Return from Fishing (1894) was much admired at the Paris Salon and was acquired by the state for the Musée du Luxembourg. It indicated the direction of his mature output.
Sorolla painted two masterpieces in 1897 linking art and science: Portrait of Dr. Simarro at the microscope and A Research. These paintings were presented at the National Exhibition of Fine Arts held in Madrid in that year and Sorolla won the Prize of Honor. Here, he presents his friend Simarro as a man of science who transmits his wisdom investigating and, in addition, it is the triumph of naturalism, as it recreates the indoor environment of the laboratory, catching the luminous atmosphere produced by the artificial reddish-yellow light of a gas burner that contrasts with the weak mauvish afternoon light that shines through the window. These paintings may be among the most outstanding world paintings of this genre.
Sad Inheritance!
Sad Inheritance!, 1899. Crippled children bathing at the sea in Valencia; in the center the image of two children affected by polio (Bancaja Collection)
Main article: Sad Inheritance!
An even greater turning point in Sorolla's career was marked by the painting and exhibition of Sad Inheritance (1899, seen at right), an extremely large canvas, highly finished for public consideration. The subject was a depiction of crippled children bathing at the sea in Valencia, under the supervision of a monk. They are the victims of hereditary syphilis the title implies, perhaps. Campos has suggested that the polio epidemic that struck the land of Valencia some years earlier is present, possibly for the first time in the history of painting, through the image of two affected children. The painting earned Sorolla his greatest official recognition, the Grand Prix and a medal of honor at the Universal Exhibition in Paris in 1900, and the medal of honor at the National Exhibition in Madrid in 1901.
A series of preparatory oil sketches for Sad Inheritance was painted with the greatest luminosity and bravura, and foretold an increasing interest in shimmering light and of a medium deftly handled. Sorolla thought well enough of these sketches that he presented two of them as gifts to American artists; one to John Singer Sargent, the other to William Merritt Chase. After this painting Sorolla never returned to a theme of such overt social consciousness.
Maturity
My Wife and Daughters in the Garden or "Mi Esposa e Hijas en el Jardín" which is the original name, 1910
The exhibit at the Paris Universal Exposition of 1900 won him a medal of honour and his nomination as Knight of the Legion of Honour; within the next few years Sorolla was honoured as a member of the Fine Art Academies of Paris, Lisbon, and Valencia, and as a Favourite Son of Valencia.
A special exhibition of his works—figure subjects, landscapes, and portraits—at the Galeries Georges Petit in Paris in 1906 eclipsed all his earlier successes and led to his appointment as Officer of the Legion of Honour. The show included nearly 500 works, early paintings as well as recent sun-drenched beach scenes, landscapes, and portraits, a productivity which amazed critics and was a financial triumph. Though subsequent large-scale exhibitions in Germany and London were greeted with more restraint, while in England in 1908 Sorolla met Archer Milton Huntington, who made him a member of The Hispanic Society of America in New York City, and invited him to exhibit there in 1909. The exhibition comprised 356 paintings, 195 of which sold. Sorolla spent five months in America and painted more than twenty portraits.
Sorolla's work is often exhibited together with that of his contemporaries and friends, John Singer Sargent and Anders Zorn.
Portraits
American President William Howard Taft, 1909, Taft Museum of Art
Although formal portraiture was not Sorolla's genre of preference, because it tended to restrict his creative appetites and could reflect his lack of interest in his subjects, the acceptance of portrait commissions proved profitable, and the portrayal of his family was irresistible. Sometimes the influence of Velázquez was uppermost, as in My Family (1901), a reference to Las Meninas which grouped his wife and children in the foreground, the painter reflected, at work, in a distant mirror. At other times the desire to compete with his friend John Singer Sargent was evident, as in Portrait of Mrs. Ira Nelson Morris and her children (1911). A series of portraits produced in the United States in 1909, commissioned through the Hispanic Society of America, was capped by the Portrait of Mr. Taft, President of the United States, This portrait, which was painted at the White House, is on permanent display at the Taft Museum of Art in Cincinnati, Ohio.
Portrait of Dr Simarro at the microscope, 1897 (Luis Simarro Legacy Trust, Fundación General, Complutense University)
The appearance of sunlight could be counted on to rouse his interest, and it was outdoors where he found his ideal portrait settings. Thus, not only did his daughter pose standing in a sun-dappled landscape for María at La Granja (1907), but so did Spanish royalty, for the Portrait of King Alfonso XIII in a Hussar's Uniform (1907). For Portrait of Mr. Louis Comfort Tiffany (1911),
the American artist posed seated at his easel in his Long Island garden, surrounded by extravagant flowers. The conceit reaches its high point in My Wife and Daughters in the Garden (1910, see gallery below), in which the idea of traditional portraiture gives way to the sheer fluid delight of a painting constructed with thick passages of color, Sorolla's love of family and sunlight merged.
The Provinces of Spain
Main article: Vision of Spain
Early in 1911, Sorolla visited the United States for a second time, and exhibited 152 new paintings at the Saint Louis Art Museum
and 161 at the Art Institute of Chicago a few weeks later.
Later that year Sorolla met Archie Huntington in Paris and signed a contract to paint a series of oils on life in Spain. These 14 magnificent murals, installed to this day in the Hispanic Society of America building in Manhattan, range from 12 to 14 feet in height, and total 227 feet in length. The major commission of his career, it dominated the later years of Sorolla's life.
Huntington had envisioned the work depicting a history of Spain, but the painter preferred the less specific Vision of Spain, eventually opting for a representation of the regions of the Iberian Peninsula, and calling it The Provinces of Spain. Despite the immensity of the canvases, Sorolla painted all but one en plein air, and travelled to the specific locales to paint them: Navarre, Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, Elche, Seville, Andalusia, Extremadura, Galicia, Guipuzcoa, Castile, Leon, and Ayamonte, at each site painting models posed in local costume. Each mural celebrated the landscape and culture of its region, panoramas composed of throngs of laborers and locals. By 1917 he was, by his own admission, exhausted. He completed the final panel by July 1919.
Sorolla suffered a stroke in 1920, while painting a portrait in his garden in Madrid. Paralysed for over three years, he died on 10 August 1923. He is buried in the Cementeri de Valencia, Spain.
The Sorolla Room, housing the Provinces of Spain at the Hispanic Society of America, opened to the public in 1926. The room closed for remodeling in 2008, and the murals toured museums in Spain for the first time. The Sorolla Room reopened in 2010, with the murals on permanent display.
Legacy
Sorolla's influence on some other Spanish painters, such as Alberto Pla y Rubio and Julio Romero de Torres, was so noted that they are described as "sorollista."
After his death, Sorolla's widow, Clotilde García del Castillo, left many of his paintings to the Spanish public. The paintings eventually formed the collection that is now known as the Museo Sorolla, which was the artist's house in Madrid. The museum opened in 1932.
Sorolla's work is represented in museums throughout Spain, Europe, America, and in many private collections in Europe and America. In 1933, J. Paul Getty purchased ten Impressionist beach scenes made by Sorolla, several of which are now housed in the J. Paul Getty Museum.
In 1960, Sorolla, el pintor de la luz, a short documentary written and directed by Manuel Domínguez was presented at the Cannes Film Festival.
The Spanish National Dance Company honored the painter's The Provinces of Spain by producing a ballet Sorolla based on the paintings.
The high-speed railway station in Valencia is named after Sorolla.
Temporary exhibitions
In 2007 many of his works were exhibited at the Petit Palais in Paris, alongside those of John Singer Sargent, a contemporary who painted in a similarly impressionist-influenced manner. In 2009, there was a special exhibition of his works at the Prado in Madrid, and in 2010, the exhibition visited the Oscar Niemeyer Museum in Curitiba, Brazil.
From 5 December 2011 to 10 March 2012, several of Sorolla's works were exhibited in Queen Sofía Spanish Institute, in New York. This exhibition included pieces used during Sorolla's eight-year research for Vision of Spain.
An exhibition titled Sorolla & America explored Sorolla's unique relationship with the United States in the early twentieth century. The exhibition opened at the Meadows Museum at SMU in Dallas (13 December 2013 – 19 April 2014). From there it traveled to the San Diego Museum of Art (30 May – 26 August 2014) and then to Fundación MAPFRE in Madrid (23 September 2014 – 11 January 2015).
In 2016 the Munich Kunsthalle held a major Sorolla exhibition.
In 2019 the National Gallery, London, held a major temporary Sorolla exhibition, titled Sorolla: Spanish Master of Light.
In 2022 the Palazzo Reale in Milan held a major temporary Sorolla exhibition, titled Joaquin Sorolla: Pittore di luce (painter of light).
Gallery
Joaquín Sorolla García vestido de blanco, 1896. Sorolla Museum, Madrid. The painter's son, "dressed in white".
Children on the Seashore, 1903. In the upper right corner, Sorolla has included an oblique reference to another favorite theme, oxen pulling fishing boats in to shore. Philadelphia Museum of Art.
Señora de Sorolla in Black, 1906, Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Beach at Valencia, 1908.
The Horse’s Bath, 1909. Sorolla Museum, Madrid.
Walk on the Beach or Paseo a orillas del mar, 1909. Sorolla Museum, Madrid.
Robert Bacon, 1909 (Diplomatic Reception Rooms, U.S. Department of State).
Children on the beach, 1910. Museo del Prado, Madrid.
Castilla or La fiesta del pan, 1913. First to be completed of Vision of Spain, 14 murals at the Hispanic Society in Manhattan.
Niña, 1904. Museo Nacional de la Habana, Cuba.
Notes
^ Spanish pronunciation: Valencian pronunciation:
References
^ "By reason of his native genius and stubborn will-power he became what he is—the painter of vibrating sunshine without equal. Let there be no mincing of comparisons in this assertion. Not Turner, not Monet, painted so directly blinding shafts of sunlight as has this Spaniard." (James Gibbons Huneker, quoted in Peel, Edmund: The Painter Joaquin Sorolla, Philip Wilson Publishers, Ltd., 1989, p. 13.)
^ Sorolla, Francisco Pons: "Sorolla: his Painting and his Family", The Painter Joaquin Sorolla, p. 19.
^ a b c d e f g Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Sorolla y Bastida, Joaquin" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 434.
^ Peel, p. 244.
^ Peel, p. 14.
^ "The Return from Fishing is a key painting in Sorolla's development. It is his first large Valencian beach scene and his first large painting of a natural subject—one might almost say that it was his first Sorolla." (Peel, p. 215.)
^ Campos Bueno, JJ, (2010) Art and Science in Sorolla’s Painting A Research in Dr. Simarro’s Lab. Psychologia Latina, 1, 9–26
^ "A lusciously perverse view of a backward land - Sorolla: Spanish Master of Light review". The Guardian. 14 March 2019. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023.
^ Campos Bueno, JJ, (2010)
^ Peel, p. 217.
^ Peel, pp. 217–218.
^ "Los pintores Sorolla y Zorn, en una exposición frente a frente". El Pais. 5 March 1992. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
^ F.P. Sorolla, p. 22.
^ Peel, pp. 246–247.
^ Thyssen. "Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum Presents Sargent/Sorolla". Thyssen Museum. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
^ "I do not care to paint portraits indoors I cannot feel sympathetic." (Joaquín Sorolla, quoted in Evening Post, 5 February 1909.)
^ Peel, p. 221.
^ The impact may have been reciprocal: " that Sorolla was influenced by Sargent in his portraiture seems apparent It certainly appears that Sargent's landscape painting after 1906 was strongly influenced by Sorolla." (Peel, p. 15.)
^ File:Joaquin Sorolla Portrait of President Taft.jpg – Wikimedia Commons at commons.wikimedia.org.
^ Peel, p. 230.
^ Peel, pp. 63, 232.
^ File:Joaquin Sorolla Retrato Del Rey Don Alfonso XIII con el Uniforme De Husares.jpg – Wikimedia Commons at commons.wikimedia.org
^ The portrait of Louis Tiffany is on permanent display at the Hispanic Society of America in Manhattan.
^ "Exhibition Archive, 1910-1919". Saint Louis Art Museum. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2013.
^ Sorolla, Joaquin (1911). A Collection of Paintings by Joaquin Sorolla Y Bastida: Exhibited in the United States Under the Auspices of the Hispanic Society of America. City Art Museum of St. Louis. Opening Wednesday Morning, 22 March 1911, at Ten O'clock, in Galleries 16, 2, 3 and 14 in the East Wing at the Forest Park Art Building and Continuing for Three Weeks
^ Peel, p. 247.
^ Burke, Marcus. "A Collection in Context: The Hispanic Society of America". Media Center for Art History at Columbia University. Retrieved 21 April 2013. These 14 murals can be seen in detail online at this Web site. In the First Floor map at the upper right, click on the blue dot in the left-most empty room -- which shows the whole Sorolla Room.
^ "The Provinces of Spain". Media Center for Art History at Columbia University. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
^ Muller, Priscilla: "Sorolla and America", The Painter Joaquin Sorolla, p. 65.
^ Muller, p. 67.
^ "Yesterday afternoon I was able to do quite a lot of work on the picture, so that I hope to finish it today, the feast of St. Peter. That will be the end of more than six years' work, of suffering and struggle, with so much that was good and bad, especially at this stage". (F.P. Sorolla, p. 29.)
^ Felipe Garín and Facundo Tomás Visión de España. La colección de la Hispanic Society of America Catálogo de la Exposición, Bancaja, Valencia 2008
^ Kahn, Eve (4 March 2010). "Panoramic 'Vision' Back From Tour of Spain". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 February 2015.
^ "Pla y Rubio, Alberto". Museo del Prado (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 September 2016.
^ "Romero de Torres, Julio". MAXAM Foundation. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
^ Guzmán, Joaquín (21 February 2016). "Sobre Sorolla, sorollistas y antisorollismo". valenciaplaza (in Spanish). Grupo Plaza. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
^ J. Paul Getty Museum. Joaquín Sorolla y Bastida. Archived 28 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 6 September 2008.
^ "Official Selection 1960: All the Selection". Archived from the original on 25 December 2013.
^ "Sorolla" (ballet). Ballet Nacional de Espana. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
^ "Valencia Joaquín Sorolla Train Station". www.renfe-sncf.com. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
^ "Sorolla & America". Meadows Museum. Dallas. 2013–2014. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
^ Reitter-Welter, Barbara (19 March 2016). "Ausstellung: Sorolla, der Meister des Lichts". Die Welt.
^ "Sorolla: Spanish Master of Light". National Gallery, London. 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
^ Gutiérrez Zaldívar, Ignacio (28 February 2019). "Gran muestra de Joaquín Sorolla en la National Gallery de Londres". El Cronista (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 March 2019.
^ Gascoigne, Laura (9 March 2019). "Enjoy a blast of Spanish sun from Joaquin Sorolla". The Spectator. Retrieved 7 March 2019.
^ "Joaquin Sorolla Pittore di luce". Archived from the original on 7 February 2022.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Joaquín Sorolla.
Museo Sorolla (38 works) (in Spanish)
www.sorollapaintings.com
Hispanic Society Of America (provinces of Spain and extensive collection of Sorolla paintings
www.Joaquin-Sorolla-y-Bastida.org (146 works)
Art Renewal (84 works)
Exhibition of Sorolla paintings at the Prado in Madrid, Spain
Video Museo Sorolla in Madrid on YouTube
Fundación Bancaja Collection of Sorolla's painting in Valencia, Spain
vteJoaquín SorollaPaintings
Harbour (1881)
Contadina de Asís (1888)
Clotilde García del Castillo (1890)
Portrait of Benito Pérez Galdós (1894)
Return From Fishing (1894)
Joaquín Sorolla García Dressed in White (1896)
Sad Inheritance (1899)
Señora de Sorolla in Black (1906)
Maria at La Granja (1907)
Walk on the Beach (1909)
Miss Mary Lillian Duke (1911)
Series
Vision of Spain (1913-19)
Museums
Sorolla Museum
Hispanic Society of America (Sorolla Room)
Related
Elena Sorolla (daughter)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
United States
Artists
RKD Artists
ULAN
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
SNAC
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Valencian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian_language"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_people"},{"link_name":"painter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"portraits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_painting"},{"link_name":"landscapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_art"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Sorolla and the second or maternal family name is Bastida.Joaquín Sorolla y Bastida (Valencian: Joaquim Sorolla i Bastida, 27 February 1863 – 10 August 1923)[a] was a Spanish painter. Sorolla excelled in the painting of portraits, landscapes, and monumental works of social and historical themes. His most typical works are characterized by a dexterous representation of the people and landscape under the bright sunlight of Spain and sunlit water.[1]","title":"Joaquín Sorolla"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dos_de_mayo,_por_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla.jpg"},{"link_name":"Museo del Prado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_del_Prado"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-4"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Museo del Prado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_del_Prado"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Francisco Pradilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pradilla_Ortiz"},{"link_name":"Spanish Academy in Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Academy_in_Rome"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Jules Bastien-Lepage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Bastien-Lepage"},{"link_name":"Adolph von Menzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_von_Menzel"},{"link_name":"Emilio Sala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Sala_(painter)"},{"link_name":"José Villegas Cordero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Villegas_Cordero"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Elena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Sorolla"},{"link_name":"orientalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalism"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-4"},{"link_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred_Lane_Kemper_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"St. Louis, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-4"},{"link_name":"The Return from Fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_From_Fishing"},{"link_name":"Paris Salon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Salon"},{"link_name":"Musée du Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Simarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Simarro_Lacabra"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Joaquín Sorolla was born on 27 February 1863 in Valencia, Spain. Sorolla was the eldest child born to a tradesman, also named Joaquín Sorolla, and his wife, Concepción Bastida. His sister, Concha, was born a year later. In August 1865, both children were orphaned when their parents died, possibly from cholera. They were thereafter cared for by their maternal aunt and uncle, a locksmith.[2]The death of Pedro Velarde y Santillán during the defence of the Monteleon Artillery Barracks, 1884, Museo del Prado, MadridHe received his initial art education at the age of 9 in his native town,[3] and then under a succession of teachers including Cayetano Capuz, Salustiano Asenjo. At the age of eighteen he travelled to Madrid, vigorously studying master paintings in the Museo del Prado. After completing his military service, Sorolla, at age twenty-two, obtained a grant which enabled a four-year term to study painting in Rome, Italy, where he was welcomed by and found stability in the example of Francisco Pradilla, the director of the Spanish Academy in Rome. A long sojourn to Paris in 1885 provided his first exposure to modern painting; of special influence were exhibitions of Jules Bastien-Lepage and Adolph von Menzel. Back in Rome he studied with José Benlliure, Emilio Sala, and José Villegas Cordero.[4]In 1888, Sorolla returned to Valencia to marry Clotilde García del Castillo, whom he had first met in 1879, while working in her father's studio. By 1895, they had three children together: Maria, born in 1890, Joaquín, born in 1892, and Elena, born in 1895. In 1890, they moved to Madrid, and for the next decade Sorolla's efforts as an artist were focused mainly on the production of large canvases of orientalist, mythological, historical, and social subjects, for display in salons and international exhibitions in Madrid, Paris, Venice, Munich, Berlin, and Chicago.[5]His first striking success was achieved with Another Marguerite (1892), which was awarded a gold medal at the National Exhibition in Madrid,[3] then first prize at the Chicago International Exhibition, where it was acquired and subsequently donated to the Washington University in St. Louis Museum in St. Louis, Missouri. He soon rose to general fame and became the acknowledged head of the modern Spanish school of painting.[3] His picture The Return from Fishing (1894) was much admired at the Paris Salon and was acquired by the state for the Musée du Luxembourg.[3] It indicated the direction of his mature output.[6]Sorolla painted two masterpieces in 1897 linking art and science: Portrait of Dr. Simarro at the microscope and A Research. These paintings were presented at the National Exhibition of Fine Arts held in Madrid in that year and Sorolla won the Prize of Honor. Here, he presents his friend Simarro as a man of science who transmits his wisdom investigating and, in addition, it is the triumph of naturalism, as it recreates the indoor environment of the laboratory, catching the luminous atmosphere produced by the artificial reddish-yellow light of a gas burner that contrasts with the weak mauvish afternoon light that shines through the window. These paintings may be among the most outstanding world paintings of this genre.[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Triste_herencia,_por_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sad Inheritance!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sad_Inheritance!"},{"link_name":"Sad Inheritance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sad_Inheritance"},{"link_name":"syphilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphilis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"John Singer Sargent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent"},{"link_name":"William Merritt Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Merritt_Chase"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Sad Inheritance!","text":"Sad Inheritance!, 1899. Crippled children bathing at the sea in Valencia; in the center the image of two children affected by polio (Bancaja Collection)An even greater turning point in Sorolla's career was marked by the painting and exhibition of Sad Inheritance (1899, seen at right), an extremely large canvas, highly finished for public consideration. The subject was a depiction of crippled children bathing at the sea in Valencia, under the supervision of a monk. They are the victims of hereditary syphilis the title implies, perhaps.[8] Campos has suggested that the polio epidemic that struck the land of Valencia some years earlier is present, possibly for the first time in the history of painting, through the image of two affected children.[9] The painting earned Sorolla his greatest official recognition, the Grand Prix and a medal of honor at the Universal Exhibition in Paris in 1900, and the medal of honor at the National Exhibition in Madrid in 1901.A series of preparatory oil sketches for Sad Inheritance was painted with the greatest luminosity and bravura, and foretold an increasing interest in shimmering light and of a medium deftly handled.[10] Sorolla thought well enough of these sketches that he presented two of them as gifts to American artists; one to John Singer Sargent, the other to William Merritt Chase.[11] After this painting Sorolla never returned to a theme of such overt social consciousness.[12]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla_-_My_Wife_and_Daughters_in_the_Garden.jpg"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-4"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Galeries Georges Petit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Petit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Archer Milton Huntington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archer_Milton_Huntington"},{"link_name":"The Hispanic Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hispanic_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"John Singer Sargent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent"},{"link_name":"Anders Zorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Zorn"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Maturity","text":"My Wife and Daughters in the Garden or \"Mi Esposa e Hijas en el Jardín\" which is the original name, 1910The exhibit at the Paris Universal Exposition of 1900 won him a medal of honour and his nomination as Knight of the Legion of Honour;[3] within the next few years Sorolla was honoured as a member of the Fine Art Academies of Paris, Lisbon, and Valencia, and as a Favourite Son of Valencia.A special exhibition of his works—figure subjects, landscapes, and portraits—at the Galeries Georges Petit in Paris in 1906 eclipsed all his earlier successes and led to his appointment as Officer of the Legion of Honour.[3] The show included nearly 500 works, early paintings as well as recent sun-drenched beach scenes, landscapes, and portraits, a productivity which amazed critics and was a financial triumph.[13] Though subsequent large-scale exhibitions in Germany and London were greeted with more restraint, while in England in 1908 Sorolla met Archer Milton Huntington, who made him a member of The Hispanic Society of America in New York City, and invited him to exhibit there in 1909. The exhibition comprised 356 paintings, 195 of which sold. Sorolla spent five months in America and painted more than twenty portraits.[14]Sorolla's work is often exhibited together with that of his contemporaries and friends, John Singer Sargent and Anders Zorn.[15]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joaquin_Sorolla_Portrait_of_President_Taft.jpg"},{"link_name":"William Howard Taft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft"},{"link_name":"Taft Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taft_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Velázquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez"},{"link_name":"Las Meninas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Meninas"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Taft Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taft_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Dr_Simarro_at_the_microscope.JPG"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"King Alfonso XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_XIII_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Louis Comfort Tiffany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Comfort_Tiffany"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"}],"sub_title":"Portraits","text":"American President William Howard Taft, 1909, Taft Museum of ArtAlthough formal portraiture was not Sorolla's genre of preference, because it tended to restrict his creative appetites and could reflect his lack of interest in his subjects,[16] the acceptance of portrait commissions proved profitable, and the portrayal of his family was irresistible. Sometimes the influence of Velázquez was uppermost, as in My Family (1901), a reference to Las Meninas which grouped his wife and children in the foreground, the painter reflected, at work, in a distant mirror.[17] At other times the desire to compete with his friend John Singer Sargent was evident, as in Portrait of Mrs. Ira Nelson Morris and her children (1911).[18] A series of portraits produced in the United States in 1909, commissioned through the Hispanic Society of America, was capped by the Portrait of Mr. Taft, President of the United States,[19] This portrait, which was painted at the White House, is on permanent display at the Taft Museum of Art in Cincinnati, Ohio.[20]Portrait of Dr Simarro at the microscope, 1897 (Luis Simarro Legacy Trust, Fundación General, Complutense University)The appearance of sunlight could be counted on to rouse his interest, and it was outdoors where he found his ideal portrait settings.[21] Thus, not only did his daughter pose standing in a sun-dappled landscape for María at La Granja (1907), but so did Spanish royalty, for the Portrait of King Alfonso XIII in a Hussar's Uniform (1907).[22] For Portrait of Mr. Louis Comfort Tiffany (1911),[23]\nthe American artist posed seated at his easel in his Long Island garden, surrounded by extravagant flowers. The conceit reaches its high point in My Wife and Daughters in the Garden (1910, see gallery below), in which the idea of traditional portraiture gives way to the sheer fluid delight of a painting constructed with thick passages of color, Sorolla's love of family and sunlight merged.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saint Louis Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Art Institute of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Archie Huntington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archer_Milton_Huntington"},{"link_name":"Hispanic Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Vision of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Iberian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"en plein air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_plein_air"},{"link_name":"Navarre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navarre"},{"link_name":"Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aragon"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia"},{"link_name":"Elche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elche"},{"link_name":"Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville"},{"link_name":"Andalusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia"},{"link_name":"Extremadura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremadura"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Guipuzcoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guipuzcoa"},{"link_name":"Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castile_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_(province)"},{"link_name":"Ayamonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayamonte"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Hispanic Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kahn-34"}],"sub_title":"The Provinces of Spain","text":"Early in 1911, Sorolla visited the United States for a second time, and exhibited 152 new paintings at the Saint Louis Art Museum[24]\n[25]\nand 161 at the Art Institute of Chicago a few weeks later.[26] \nLater that year Sorolla met Archie Huntington in Paris and signed a contract to paint a series of oils on life in Spain. These 14 magnificent murals, installed to this day in the Hispanic Society of America building in Manhattan, range from 12 to 14 feet in height, and total 227 feet in length.[27][28] The major commission of his career, it dominated the later years of Sorolla's life.Huntington had envisioned the work depicting a history of Spain, but the painter preferred the less specific Vision of Spain, eventually opting for a representation of the regions of the Iberian Peninsula, and calling it The Provinces of Spain.[29] Despite the immensity of the canvases, Sorolla painted all but one en plein air, and travelled to the specific locales to paint them: Navarre, Aragon, Catalonia, Valencia, Elche, Seville, Andalusia, Extremadura, Galicia, Guipuzcoa, Castile, Leon, and Ayamonte, at each site painting models posed in local costume. Each mural celebrated the landscape and culture of its region, panoramas composed of throngs of laborers and locals. By 1917 he was, by his own admission, exhausted.[30] He completed the final panel by July 1919.[31]Sorolla suffered a stroke in 1920, while painting a portrait in his garden in Madrid. Paralysed for over three years, he died on 10 August 1923. He is buried in the Cementeri de Valencia, Spain.The Sorolla Room, housing the Provinces of Spain at the Hispanic Society of America, opened to the public in 1926.[32] The room closed for remodeling in 2008, and the murals toured museums in Spain for the first time. The Sorolla Room reopened in 2010, with the murals on permanent display.[33]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alberto Pla y Rubio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Pla_y_Rubio"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mdp-35"},{"link_name":"Julio Romero de Torres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Romero_de_Torres"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Museo Sorolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_Sorolla"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-4"},{"link_name":"J. Paul Getty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Paul_Getty"},{"link_name":"Impressionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionist"},{"link_name":"J. Paul Getty Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Paul_Getty_Museum"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Spanish National Dance Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_National_Dance_Company"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Valencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia"},{"link_name":"named after Sorolla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia-Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Sorolla's influence on some other Spanish painters, such as Alberto Pla y Rubio[34] and Julio Romero de Torres,[35] was so noted that they are described as \"sorollista.\"[36]After his death, Sorolla's widow, Clotilde García del Castillo, left many of his paintings to the Spanish public. The paintings eventually formed the collection that is now known as the Museo Sorolla, which was the artist's house in Madrid. The museum opened in 1932.Sorolla's work is represented in museums throughout Spain, Europe, America, and in many private collections in Europe and America.[3] In 1933, J. Paul Getty purchased ten Impressionist beach scenes made by Sorolla, several of which are now housed in the J. Paul Getty Museum.[37]In 1960, Sorolla, el pintor de la luz, a short documentary written and directed by Manuel Domínguez was presented at the Cannes Film Festival.[38]The Spanish National Dance Company honored the painter's The Provinces of Spain by producing a ballet Sorolla based on the paintings.[39]The high-speed railway station in Valencia is named after Sorolla.[40]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Petit Palais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petit_Palais"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"John Singer Sargent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Singer_Sargent"},{"link_name":"Prado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prado"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Oscar Niemeyer Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer_Museum"},{"link_name":"Curitiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curitiba"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Queen Sofía Spanish Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Sof%C3%ADa_Spanish_Institute"},{"link_name":"Vision of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Meadows Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadows_Museum"},{"link_name":"San Diego Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Museum_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Fundación MAPFRE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapfre"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Munich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"National Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Reale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Milan"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Temporary exhibitions","text":"In 2007 many of his works were exhibited at the Petit Palais in Paris, alongside those of John Singer Sargent, a contemporary who painted in a similarly impressionist-influenced manner. In 2009, there was a special exhibition of his works at the Prado in Madrid, and in 2010, the exhibition visited the Oscar Niemeyer Museum in Curitiba, Brazil.From 5 December 2011 to 10 March 2012, several of Sorolla's works were exhibited in Queen Sofía Spanish Institute, in New York. This exhibition included pieces used during Sorolla's eight-year research for Vision of Spain.An exhibition titled Sorolla & America explored Sorolla's unique relationship with the United States in the early twentieth century. The exhibition opened at the Meadows Museum at SMU in Dallas (13 December 2013 – 19 April 2014). From there it traveled to the San Diego Museum of Art (30 May – 26 August 2014) and then to Fundación MAPFRE in Madrid (23 September 2014 – 11 January 2015).[41]In 2016 the Munich Kunsthalle held a major Sorolla exhibition.[42]In 2019 the National Gallery, London, held a major temporary Sorolla exhibition, titled Sorolla: Spanish Master of Light.[43][44][45]In 2022 the Palazzo Reale in Milan held a major temporary Sorolla exhibition, titled Joaquin Sorolla: Pittore di luce (painter of light).[46]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Museo_Sorolla_-_00410_-_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla_Garc%C3%ADa_vestido_de_blanco.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joaquín Sorolla García vestido de blanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla_Garc%C3%ADa_vestido_de_blanco"},{"link_name":"Sorolla Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorolla_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joaquin_Sorolla_Ninos_A_La_Orilla_Del_Mar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Se%C3%B1ora_de_Sorolla_(Clotilde_Garc%C3%ADa_del_Castillo,_1865%E2%80%931929)_in_Black_MET_DP168810.jpg"},{"link_name":"Señora de Sorolla in Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%B1ora_de_Sorolla_in_Black"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Museum of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joaquin_Sorolla_y_Bastida_-_La_playa_de_Valencia.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla_y_Bastida_-_The_Horse%E2%80%99s_Bath_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sorolla Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorolla_Museum"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla_y_Bastida_-_Strolling_along_the_Seashore_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sorolla Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorolla_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Robert_Bacon,_39th_Secretary_of_State_(by_Joaquin_Sorolla_y_Bastida)_%E2%80%93_U.S._Department_of_State.jpg"},{"link_name":"Robert Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bacon"},{"link_name":"Diplomatic Reception Rooms, U.S. Department of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_Reception_Rooms,_U.S._Department_of_State"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chicos_en_la_playa,_por_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla.jpg"},{"link_name":"Museo del Prado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_del_Prado"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_fiesta_del_pan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vision of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Hispanic Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_Society_of_America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NinaSorolla.JPG"},{"link_name":"Museo Nacional de la Habana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Bellas_Artes_de_La_Habana"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"}],"text":"Joaquín Sorolla García vestido de blanco, 1896. Sorolla Museum, Madrid. The painter's son, \"dressed in white\".\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChildren on the Seashore, 1903. In the upper right corner, Sorolla has included an oblique reference to another favorite theme, oxen pulling fishing boats in to shore. Philadelphia Museum of Art.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSeñora de Sorolla in Black, 1906, Metropolitan Museum of Art.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBeach at Valencia, 1908.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Horse’s Bath, 1909. Sorolla Museum, Madrid.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWalk on the Beach or Paseo a orillas del mar, 1909. Sorolla Museum, Madrid.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRobert Bacon, 1909 (Diplomatic Reception Rooms, U.S. Department of State).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChildren on the beach, 1910. Museo del Prado, Madrid.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCastilla or La fiesta del pan, 1913. First to be completed of Vision of Spain, 14 murals at the Hispanic Society in Manhattan.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNiña, 1904. Museo Nacional de la Habana, Cuba.","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"[xoaˈkin soˈɾoʎa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"[dʒuaˈkim soˈɾoʎa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan"}],"text":"^ Spanish pronunciation: [xoaˈkin soˈɾoʎa] Valencian pronunciation: [dʒuaˈkim soˈɾoʎa]","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"The death of Pedro Velarde y Santillán during the defence of the Monteleon Artillery Barracks, 1884, Museo del Prado, Madrid","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Dos_de_mayo%2C_por_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla.jpg/300px-Dos_de_mayo%2C_por_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sad Inheritance!, 1899. Crippled children bathing at the sea in Valencia; in the center the image of two children affected by polio (Bancaja Collection)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Triste_herencia%2C_por_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla.jpg/270px-Triste_herencia%2C_por_Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla.jpg"},{"image_text":"My Wife and Daughters in the Garden or \"Mi Esposa e Hijas en el Jardín\" which is the original name, 1910","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla_-_My_Wife_and_Daughters_in_the_Garden.jpg/270px-Joaqu%C3%ADn_Sorolla_-_My_Wife_and_Daughters_in_the_Garden.jpg"},{"image_text":"American President William Howard Taft, 1909, Taft Museum of Art","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Joaquin_Sorolla_Portrait_of_President_Taft.jpg/200px-Joaquin_Sorolla_Portrait_of_President_Taft.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait of Dr Simarro at the microscope, 1897 (Luis Simarro Legacy Trust, Fundación General, Complutense University)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Portrait_of_Dr_Simarro_at_the_microscope.JPG/220px-Portrait_of_Dr_Simarro_at_the_microscope.JPG"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Sorolla y Bastida, Joaquin\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 434.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sorolla_y_Bastida,_Joaquin","url_text":"\"Sorolla y Bastida, Joaquin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"A lusciously perverse view of a backward land - Sorolla: Spanish Master of Light review\". The Guardian. 14 March 2019. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/mar/14/a-lusciously-perverse-view-of-a-backward-land-sorolla-spanish-master-of-light-national-gallery-review","url_text":"\"A lusciously perverse view of a backward land - Sorolla: Spanish Master of Light review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230627094531/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/mar/14/a-lusciously-perverse-view-of-a-backward-land-sorolla-spanish-master-of-light-national-gallery-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Los pintores Sorolla y Zorn, en una exposición frente a frente\". El Pais. 5 March 1992. Retrieved 16 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://elpais.com/diario/1992/03/05/cultura/699750007_850215.html","url_text":"\"Los pintores Sorolla y Zorn, en una exposición frente a frente\""}]},{"reference":"Thyssen. \"Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum Presents Sargent/Sorolla\". Thyssen Museum. Retrieved 16 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://artdaily.com/news/17688/Thyssen-Bornemisza-Museum-Presents-Sargent-Sorolla#.VBhwUedgO9Y","url_text":"\"Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum Presents Sargent/Sorolla\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exhibition Archive, 1910-1919\". Saint Louis Art Museum. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160305133657/http://slam.org/exhibitions/archive.php?dec=1910","url_text":"\"Exhibition Archive, 1910-1919\""},{"url":"http://www.slam.org/exhibitions/archive.php?dec=1910","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sorolla, Joaquin (1911). A Collection of Paintings by Joaquin Sorolla Y Bastida: Exhibited in the United States Under the Auspices of the Hispanic Society of America. City Art Museum of St. Louis. Opening Wednesday Morning, 22 March 1911, at Ten O'clock, in Galleries 16, 2, 3 and 14 in the East Wing at the Forest Park Art Building and Continuing for Three Weeks","urls":[]},{"reference":"Burke, Marcus. \"A Collection in Context: The Hispanic Society of America\". Media Center for Art History at Columbia University. Retrieved 21 April 2013. These 14 murals can be seen in detail online at this Web site. In the First Floor map at the upper right, click on the blue dot in the left-most empty room -- which shows the whole Sorolla Room.","urls":[{"url":"http://learn.columbia.edu/hispanic/","url_text":"\"A Collection in Context: The Hispanic Society of America\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Provinces of Spain\". Media Center for Art History at Columbia University. Retrieved 21 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://learn.columbia.edu/hispanic/monographs/sorolla-spain.php","url_text":"\"The Provinces of Spain\""}]},{"reference":"Kahn, Eve (4 March 2010). \"Panoramic 'Vision' Back From Tour of Spain\". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/05/arts/design/05antiques.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"Panoramic 'Vision' Back From Tour of Spain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pla y Rubio, Alberto\". Museo del Prado (in Spanish). Retrieved 4 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.museodelprado.es/aprende/enciclopedia/voz/pla-y-rubio-alberto/c5c73351-6b6c-44a5-a360-40d81a952b1c","url_text":"\"Pla y Rubio, Alberto\""}]},{"reference":"\"Romero de Torres, Julio\". MAXAM Foundation. Retrieved 5 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.maxam.net/en/foundation/maxam_collection/artists/romero_torres_julio","url_text":"\"Romero de Torres, Julio\""}]},{"reference":"Guzmán, Joaquín (21 February 2016). \"Sobre Sorolla, sorollistas y antisorollismo\". valenciaplaza (in Spanish). Grupo Plaza. Retrieved 5 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://valenciaplaza.com/sobre-sorolla-sorillistas-y-antisorollismo","url_text":"\"Sobre Sorolla, sorollistas y antisorollismo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official Selection 1960: All the Selection\". Archived from the original on 25 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131225125230/http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/1960/allSelections.html","url_text":"\"Official Selection 1960: All the Selection\""},{"url":"http://www.festival-cannes.fr/en/archives/1960/allSelections.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sorolla\" (ballet). Ballet Nacional de Espana. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208205304/http://balletnacional.mcu.es/index.php/en/temporada-y-medios/temporada/item/174-sorolla","url_text":"\"Sorolla\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ballet_Nacional_de_Espana&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Ballet Nacional de Espana"},{"url":"http://balletnacional.mcu.es/index.php/en/temporada-y-medios/temporada/item/174-sorolla","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Valencia Joaquín Sorolla Train Station\". www.renfe-sncf.com. Retrieved 24 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.renfe-sncf.com/rw-en/services/stations/Pages/valencia-joaquin-sorolla.aspx","url_text":"\"Valencia Joaquín Sorolla Train Station\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sorolla & America\". Meadows Museum. Dallas. 2013–2014. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.meadowsmuseumdallas.org/about_sorolla.htm","url_text":"\"Sorolla & America\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadows_Museum","url_text":"Meadows Museum"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208054734/http://www.meadowsmuseumdallas.org/about_sorolla.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Reitter-Welter, Barbara (19 March 2016). \"Ausstellung: Sorolla, der Meister des Lichts\". Die Welt.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.welt.de/regionales/bayern/article153408542/Sorolla-der-Meister-des-Lichts.html","url_text":"\"Ausstellung: Sorolla, der Meister des Lichts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sorolla: Spanish Master of Light\". National Gallery, London. 2019. Retrieved 8 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/whats-on/exhibitions/sorolla","url_text":"\"Sorolla: Spanish Master of Light\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery,_London","url_text":"National Gallery, London"}]},{"reference":"Gutiérrez Zaldívar, Ignacio (28 February 2019). \"Gran muestra de Joaquín Sorolla en la National Gallery de Londres\". El Cronista (in Spanish). Retrieved 7 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cronista.com/negocios/Gran-muestra-de-Joaquin-Sorolla-en-la-National-Gallery-de-Londres-20190228-0064.html","url_text":"\"Gran muestra de Joaquín Sorolla en la National Gallery de Londres\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Cronista","url_text":"El Cronista"}]},{"reference":"Gascoigne, Laura (9 March 2019). \"Enjoy a blast of Spanish sun from Joaquin Sorolla\". The Spectator. Retrieved 7 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spectator.co.uk/2019/03/enjoy-a-blast-of-spanish-sun-from-joaquin-sorolla/","url_text":"\"Enjoy a blast of Spanish sun from Joaquin Sorolla\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator","url_text":"The Spectator"}]},{"reference":"\"Joaquin Sorolla Pittore di luce\". Archived from the original on 7 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220207094822/https://www.palazzorealemilano.it/mostre/pittore-di-luce","url_text":"\"Joaquin Sorolla Pittore di luce\""},{"url":"https://www.palazzorealemilano.it/mostre/pittore-di-luce","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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Renewal"},{"Link":"http://www.museodelprado.es/en/exhibitions/exhibitions/at-the-museum/joaquin-sorolla-1863-1923/","external_links_name":"Exhibition of Sorolla paintings at the Prado in Madrid, Spain"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pJmDD3lwpNM","external_links_name":"Video Museo Sorolla in Madrid"},{"Link":"https://www.fundacionbancaja.es/coleccion-de-arte/","external_links_name":"Fundación Bancaja Collection of Sorolla's painting in Valencia, Spain"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/8190537","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1120853","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12268210t","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12268210t","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515016206706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119110296","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81106801","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/73994","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500018256","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119110296.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6417g0v","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jobcase_(company)
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Jobcase (company)
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["1 History","2 Funding","3 References","4 External links"]
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JobcaseType of sitebig data employment recruiting social mediaFounded2015; 9 years ago (2015)HeadquartersCambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.Founder(s)Fred GoffTony DeighKey peopleFred Goff (CEO)Beth Clymer (CFO)Paw Anderson (CTO)Hilary Dionne (Chief of Staff)Kathleen Patton (General Counsel)Employees250+URLjobcase.com
Jobcase, Inc is a technology and AI company that provides a job marketplace and social platform.
Their platform, Jobcase.com, launched in 2015, applying "machine-learning algorithms" with a "mission to serve people who were overlooked by traditional job websites." The platform includes group hubs, hiring tips, profiles for work history, endorsements, and integration with job search services such as GlassDoor, Indeed, and CareerBuilder. They also launched the Jobcase mobile app which is available on iOS and Android.
Jobcase is an affiliate of MIT's Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL).
History
In March 2016, Jobcase reported 50 million members.
In February 2017, Jobcase reported 70 million members.
In November 2018, Jobcase reported 90 million members.
In February 2019, Jobcase reported 100 million registered users and 25 million unique active visitors each month.
In April 2022, Jobcase reported 130 million registered users.
Funding
The company has raised a total of US$118.9 Million:
In 2017, Jobcase raised $7 Million USD in venture capital in a Series A funding round.
In 2019, a $100M growth equity round was led by Providence Strategic Growth.
References
^ a b Rosen, Andy. "Jobcase, the employment site for blue-collar workers, raises $100m". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
^ Khalid, Asma (2018-01-24). "This Job Search Website Tries To Be LinkedIn For Everyone Not On LinkedIn". www.wbur.org. Boston 90.9 WBUR. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
^ Zappe, John (14 April 2015). "Can Jobcase Really Give LinkedIn a Run For Its Money?". TLNT. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
^ a b Jobcase. "Jobcase". Jobcase.
^ "Jobcase Announces New Chief Financial Officer, Beth Clymer, To Support Company's Next Phase of Growth in Empowering Workers". finance.yahoo.com. 2019-04-24. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
^ Martin, Dylan (2016-03-20). "How Jobcase Is Helping Millennials in Underserved Communities Find Jobs". BostInno. American City Business Journals. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
^ "Jobcase: Online Advocate for Non-traditional Workforce Jobs". NECN. 2017-02-23. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
^ a b "Artificial intelligence summit addresses impact of technology on jobs and global economy". MIT News. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
^ "Jobcase Raises $7 Million in Series A Funding Round". GlobeNewswire News Room. 27 September 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
External links
Official Website
This article about an online company of the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
Companies portal
|
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[]
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanna_Moore
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Johanna Moore
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["1 Education","2 Career","3 Awards and honours","4 Research projects","5 References","6 External links"]
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Computer scientist
Johanna MooreAlma materUCLAAwardsFRSE (2003)Scientific careerFieldsComputational linguisticsCognitive scienceInstitutionsUniversity of Edinburgh School of Informatics
Johanna Doris Moore FRSE is a computational linguist and cognitive scientist. Her research publications include contributions to natural language generation, spoken dialogue systems, computational models of discourse, intelligent tutoring and training systems, human-computer interaction, user modeling, and knowledge representation.
Education
She received a BS in Mathematics and Computer Science (summa cum laude) in 1980, an MS in Computer Science in 1982, and PhD (Advisors: William Swartout, Gerald Estrin) in 1989, all from UCLA.
Career
Moore has held posts at UCLA (1976–1986), USC Information Sciences Institute (1983–1989), and the University of Pittsburgh (1990–1998).
Since 1998 she has held the Chair in Artificial Intelligence within the School of Informatics at the University of Edinburgh. She has served as Director of the Human Communication Research Centre, and as Co-Director of the Institute for Language, Cognition and Computation.
From 2014-2018 she was head of the School of Informatics and in 2016 instigated the Blockchain Technology Laboratory. She was succeeded as head of the school by Professor Jane Hillston. She is ranked as one of the top 10 computer scientists at Edinburgh with a H-index of 58.
Awards and honours
Moore was elected to the UCLA chapter of Phi Beta Kappa in 1980. She held an Office of Naval Research Fellowship from 1982 to 1985, and was an IBM Fellow from 1985 to 1987. She held a National Science Foundation National Young Investigator Award, from 1994 to 1999. She has been Chair of the Cognitive Science Society, and was President of the Association for Computational Linguistics in 2004.
She is a Fellow of the British Computer Society. In 2003 she was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
Research projects
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2021)
Moore is carrying out a research project from June 2015 to May 2016 on Connected Digital Economy.
References
^ "Johanna Moore - Google Scholar Citations". scholar.google.co.uk. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
^ "dblp: Johanna D. Moore". dblp.uni-trier.de. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
^ "AI Genealogy Project :: Johanna Doris Moore". umich.edu. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2010.
^ Johanna Moore at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
^ "CV (May 1999)" (PDF). cmu.edu.
^ "Welcome — Human Communication Research Centre". www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk.
^ "New Head of School". ed.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
^ "Beyond Bitcoin - IOHK and University of Edinburgh establish Blockchain Technology Laboratory".
^ "Contact us". University of Edinburgh School of Informatics. 11 September 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
^ "Top Computer Scientists in University of Edinburgh - H-Index Ranking".
^ "Cognitive Science Society Governing Board". cognitivesciencesociety.org. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
^ "ACL Conference address Barcelona 2004". Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2010.
^ "Professor Johanna Doris Moore FRSE - The Royal Society of Edinburgh". The Royal Society of Edinburgh. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
^ "EE-IT - Centre of Excellence on Connected Digital Economy". Retrieved 13 October 2015.
External links
Johanna Moore's home page
Planning text for advisory dialogues: capturing intentional and rhetorical information
Authority control databases: Academics
DBLP
Mathematics Genealogy Project
ORCID
|
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Her research publications include contributions to natural language generation, spoken dialogue systems, computational models of discourse, intelligent tutoring and training systems, human-computer interaction, user modeling, and knowledge representation.[1][2]","title":"Johanna Moore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"MS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Science"},{"link_name":"PhD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhD"},{"link_name":"Gerald Estrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Estrin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA"}],"text":"She received a BS in Mathematics and Computer Science (summa cum laude) in 1980, an MS in Computer Science in 1982, and PhD (Advisors: William Swartout, Gerald Estrin) in 1989,[3][4] all from UCLA.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA"},{"link_name":"USC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"Information Sciences Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Sciences_Institute"},{"link_name":"University of Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"School of Informatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh_School_of_Informatics"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Jane Hillston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Hillston"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Moore has held posts at UCLA (1976–1986), USC Information Sciences Institute (1983–1989), and the University of Pittsburgh (1990–1998).[5]Since 1998 she has held the Chair in Artificial Intelligence within the School of Informatics at the University of Edinburgh. She has served as Director of the Human Communication Research Centre,[6] and as Co-Director of the Institute for Language, Cognition and Computation.From 2014-2018 she was head of the School of Informatics[7] and in 2016 instigated the Blockchain Technology Laboratory.[8] She was succeeded as head of the school by Professor Jane Hillston.[9] She is ranked as one of the top 10 computer scientists at Edinburgh with a H-index of 58.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phi Beta Kappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa"},{"link_name":"National Science Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Cognitive Science Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_Science_Society"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"British Computer Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Computer_Society"},{"link_name":"Royal Society of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Moore was elected to the UCLA chapter of Phi Beta Kappa in 1980. She held an Office of Naval Research Fellowship from 1982 to 1985, and was an IBM Fellow from 1985 to 1987. She held a National Science Foundation National Young Investigator Award, from 1994 to 1999. She has been Chair of the Cognitive Science Society,[11] and was President of the Association for Computational Linguistics in 2004.[12]She is a Fellow of the British Computer Society. In 2003 she was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.[13]","title":"Awards and honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Moore is carrying out a research project from June 2015 to May 2016 on Connected Digital Economy.[14]","title":"Research projects"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Johanna Moore - Google Scholar Citations\". scholar.google.co.uk. Retrieved 28 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholar.google.co.uk/citations?user=9cb0uoAAAAAJ","url_text":"\"Johanna Moore - Google Scholar Citations\""}]},{"reference":"\"dblp: Johanna D. Moore\". dblp.uni-trier.de. Retrieved 28 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://dblp.uni-trier.de/pers/hd/m/Moore:Johanna_D=","url_text":"\"dblp: Johanna D. Moore\""}]},{"reference":"\"AI Genealogy Project :: Johanna Doris Moore\". umich.edu. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110720091047/http://aigp.eecs.umich.edu/researcher/show/713","url_text":"\"AI Genealogy Project :: Johanna Doris Moore\""},{"url":"http://aigp.eecs.umich.edu/researcher/show/713","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CV (May 1999)\" (PDF). cmu.edu.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~alavie/Robust-Parsing/Proposals/KDI-99/May-99-Full/final/johanna-bio.pdf","url_text":"\"CV (May 1999)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome — Human Communication Research Centre\". www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/","url_text":"\"Welcome — Human Communication Research Centre\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Head of School\". ed.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170215033213/http://www.ed.ac.uk/informatics/news-events/recentnews/newheadofschool","url_text":"\"New Head of School\""},{"url":"http://www.ed.ac.uk/informatics/news-events/recentnews/newheadofschool","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Beyond Bitcoin - IOHK and University of Edinburgh establish Blockchain Technology Laboratory\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ed.ac.uk/informatics/news-events/stories/2017/beyond-bitcoiniohk-and-university-of-edinburgh","url_text":"\"Beyond Bitcoin - IOHK and University of Edinburgh establish Blockchain Technology Laboratory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Contact us\". University of Edinburgh School of Informatics. 11 September 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/informatics/about/contact","url_text":"\"Contact us\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Computer Scientists in University of Edinburgh - H-Index Ranking\".","urls":[{"url":"https://guide2research.com/scientists/uni-117","url_text":"\"Top Computer Scientists in University of Edinburgh - H-Index Ranking\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cognitive Science Society Governing Board\". cognitivesciencesociety.org. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716070335/http://www.cognitivesciencesociety.org/oldsite/board.html","url_text":"\"Cognitive Science Society Governing Board\""},{"url":"http://www.cognitivesciencesociety.org/oldsite/board.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ACL Conference address Barcelona 2004\". Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110629120655/http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/acl2004/main/frontmatter/doniaintro.ps","url_text":"\"ACL Conference address Barcelona 2004\""},{"url":"http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/acl2004/main/frontmatter/doniaintro.ps","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Professor Johanna Doris Moore FRSE - The Royal Society of Edinburgh\". The Royal Society of Edinburgh. Retrieved 28 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rse.org.uk/fellow/johanna-moore/","url_text":"\"Professor Johanna Doris Moore FRSE - The Royal Society of Edinburgh\""}]},{"reference":"\"EE-IT - Centre of Excellence on Connected Digital Economy\". Retrieved 13 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/en/projects/eeit--centre-of-excellence-on-connected-digital-economy(5fd9d7fb-b0d0-4931-97d1-09a059393e19).html","url_text":"\"EE-IT - Centre of Excellence on Connected Digital Economy\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://scholar.google.co.uk/citations?user=9cb0uoAAAAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Johanna Moore - Google Scholar Citations\""},{"Link":"http://dblp.uni-trier.de/pers/hd/m/Moore:Johanna_D=","external_links_name":"\"dblp: Johanna D. Moore\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110720091047/http://aigp.eecs.umich.edu/researcher/show/713","external_links_name":"\"AI Genealogy Project :: Johanna Doris Moore\""},{"Link":"http://aigp.eecs.umich.edu/researcher/show/713","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=70919","external_links_name":"Johanna Moore"},{"Link":"https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~alavie/Robust-Parsing/Proposals/KDI-99/May-99-Full/final/johanna-bio.pdf","external_links_name":"\"CV (May 1999)\""},{"Link":"http://www.hcrc.ed.ac.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Welcome — Human Communication Research Centre\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170215033213/http://www.ed.ac.uk/informatics/news-events/recentnews/newheadofschool","external_links_name":"\"New Head of School\""},{"Link":"http://www.ed.ac.uk/informatics/news-events/recentnews/newheadofschool","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ed.ac.uk/informatics/news-events/stories/2017/beyond-bitcoiniohk-and-university-of-edinburgh","external_links_name":"\"Beyond Bitcoin - IOHK and University of Edinburgh establish Blockchain Technology Laboratory\""},{"Link":"http://www.ed.ac.uk/schools-departments/informatics/about/contact","external_links_name":"\"Contact us\""},{"Link":"https://guide2research.com/scientists/uni-117","external_links_name":"\"Top Computer Scientists in University of Edinburgh - H-Index Ranking\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110716070335/http://www.cognitivesciencesociety.org/oldsite/board.html","external_links_name":"\"Cognitive Science Society Governing Board\""},{"Link":"http://www.cognitivesciencesociety.org/oldsite/board.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110629120655/http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/acl2004/main/frontmatter/doniaintro.ps","external_links_name":"\"ACL Conference address Barcelona 2004\""},{"Link":"http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/acl2004/main/frontmatter/doniaintro.ps","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.rse.org.uk/fellow/johanna-moore/","external_links_name":"\"Professor Johanna Doris Moore FRSE - The Royal Society of Edinburgh\""},{"Link":"http://www.research.ed.ac.uk/portal/en/projects/eeit--centre-of-excellence-on-connected-digital-economy(5fd9d7fb-b0d0-4931-97d1-09a059393e19).html","external_links_name":"\"EE-IT - Centre of Excellence on Connected Digital Economy\""},{"Link":"http://www.inf.ed.ac.uk/people/staff/Johanna_Moore.html","external_links_name":"Johanna Moore's home page"},{"Link":"http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=972504","external_links_name":"Planning text for advisory dialogues: capturing intentional and rhetorical information"},{"Link":"https://dblp.org/pid/m/JohannaDMoore","external_links_name":"DBLP"},{"Link":"https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=70919","external_links_name":"Mathematics Genealogy Project"},{"Link":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7247-6823","external_links_name":"ORCID"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_i8000_Omnia_2
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Samsung i8000 Omnia II
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["1 Radiation level","2 Display","3 Connectivity, memory","4 Camera","5 User interface, software features","6 Other versions","7 References","8 External links"]
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Smartphone model
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Samsung i8000 Omnia II" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Samsung Omnia IIManufacturerSamsungSloganAll in One, Re-definedSeriesSamsung Omnia SeriesCompatible networksHSUPA 5.76 Mbit/s, HSDPA 7.2 Mbit/s, EDGE/GPRS Quad Band 850, 900, 1,800, and 1,900 MHz, UMTS Tri Band 900, 1,900, and 2,100 MHzAvailability by region2009; 15 years ago (2009)PredecessorSamsung i900 OmniaForm factorCandybarDimensions118 × 60 × 11.9 mmMass117 gOperating systemWindows Mobile 6.1, upgradable to Windows Mobile 6.5 ProfessionalCPUSamsung S3C6410 ARM 1176 800 MHz (32-Bit) processor, dedicated graphicsMemory256 MB RAM, 512 MB ROM, 2, 8, or 16 GB internal flash memoryStorage8 or 16 GBRemovable storagemicroSDHC 32 GB max.BatteryLi-Ion 1.5 Ah, user-replaceableDisplay3.7 inches (94 mm) 16M (limited to 65K) colours advanced resistive touchscreen WVGA AMOLED (480 × 800)Rear camera5 MP, 2,560×1,920 pixels, 720×480 (D1) video recording, autofocus, dual-LED flash, QVGA Slow Motion Capabilities at 120FPS ConnectivityWLAN 802.11b/g, USB 2.0, Bluetooth 2.0Data inputsStylus pen, 3-axis accelerometer, proximity sensor, magnetometer for digital compass, ambient light sensor
The Samsung Omnia II GT-I8000(H/L/U) is a multimedia smartphone announced at Samsung Mobile Unpacked on June 15, 2009. Earlier Omnia II releases run Windows Mobile 6.1, however they are upgradable to version 6.5 Professional. There is also an unofficial and experimental Android version available. Verizon is the official US carrier for this phone and released it in December 2009.
Radiation level
At a SAR of 0.197, this phone had one of the lowest (best) radiation levels at its time.
Display
This smartphone comes with a 3.7" AMOLED resistive touch screen having a resolution of 800 × 480 pixels and 16 million (224) colors. It is used in conjunction with a stylus pen. The Windows Mobile operating system limits it to 65536 (216) colors. However, it produces unparalleled colour contrast and to date, it and the Samsung Omnia Pro B7610, are still the only Windows phones to use this technology.
Connectivity, memory
For connectivity, the device offers Wi-Fi, Bluetooth 2.0 with stereo audio and A2DP, a microUSB port, a 3.5mm audio jack, and a GPS receiver with A-GPS built in.
Its Bluetooth can be used for both direct file transfers and sharing directories via FTP.
Cellular networks
The i8000 Omnia II is a quad-band GSM/GPRS/EDGE handset with tri-band UMTS, and HSDPA (up to 7.2 Mbit/s) and HSUPA (up to 5.76 Mbit/s) support.
Storage
The Omnia II comes with 2, 8, or 16 GB of internal flash memory (user data partition) and supports hot-swappable microSDHC memory cards of up to 32 GB, for a theoretical maximum storage of 48 GB. It has 256 MB RAM and 512 MB ROM. The internal user data partition and memory card are accessible through both mass storage and Media Transfer Protocol (MTP); the system partition only through the latter.
Camera
The Omnia II has a 5-Megapixel (2560×1920) camera with dual-LED flash that can also operate during video recording, 480p D1 video recording with 720 × 480 pixels at 30 frames per second, which matches the standard resolution of the DVD-Video format.
The Omnia II additionally supports slow motion video recording with QVGA (320 × 240 pixels) at 120 frames per second, making it the earliest known smartphone to feature slow-motion video recording. The shutter button has two levels to resemble the point-and-shoot intuition from standalone digital cameras. Camera modes include "Sports mode" for shorter exposure times and "Night mode" for prolonged exposure times.
Other imaging assets include geotagging, face detection, and smile detection. The phone has built-in video editing abilities, including trimming, audio dubbing, live dubbing, and subtitling. The Omnia II includes an advanced image-capturing feature called ActionShot Panoramic photography.
ActionShot panoramic photo captured with Omnia2 device.
The pre-included Smart Reader application is able to digitize business cards into a phone book entry, read text documents and translate text between English and French.
User interface, software features
Unlike its predecessor, the Samsung Omnia (i900) which came with 3 different proprietary home screens, the Omnia II only comes with the TouchWiz UI. Touchwiz has been upgraded so that there are now 3 customizable homescreens, and a separate app drawer named Main menu. Furthermore, widgets can now be added and removed from the homescreen via the Widget Manager. New widgets can be downloaded using the "MORE Widget" icon.
The widgets are mini applications or shortcuts to different parts of the user interface, sitting in the tray until drawn to the screen. Available widgets include a digital clock, image gallery, profile manager, news application, custom app shortcuts and more.
Custom app shortcuts can also be assigned to the home button and the function button (located next to the camera shutter button), separately for short presses and when held down.
A three-dimensional cubic launcher interface with integrated three-dimensional preview browser for photos, music, videos, contacts, games and browser bookmarks is pre-included.
The task switcher has a grid and an overlapping viewing mode.
This phone was among the first to support Swype. This phone was used by Franklin Page on 22 March 2010, along with Swype, to break a world record for fastest text message on a touch screen, a fact which was utilized in marketing campaigns for the phone. ClearType fonts are supported.
The telephone app has a call recording feature.
Software such as Touch Media Player, Touch Calendars and a new message app are all designed for touch screens. The device comes with Opera 9.5, a touch mobile web browser, with support for Adobe Flash Lite, which then was widely used for online multimedia content. Microsoft Internet Explorer Mobile is also pre-included. The Media Player app has a 3D album browser activated when held horizontally.
Streaming audio and video files through Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) is supported through both the dedicated Streaming Player app and the mobile edition of Windows Media Player, both pre-included. Streaming through Server Message Block (SMB) is supported through the pre-included Connected Home application.
Pre-included mobile games are Asphalt 4 by GameLoft, Crayon physics, a dice simulator, bubble breaker, Block Breaker Deluxe 2, and a Tetris demo version.
Other pre-included office apps are an email client, a scientific calculator, a unit converter, memorandum, calendar/planner with date jumping, and mobile versions of Microsoft Office Word, Excel, OneNote and PowerPoint.
Samsung featured part of the device's functionality in a Flash-based simulator.
Other versions
The Omnia II is sold as SCH-i920 in the United States under Verizon Wireless with a different external appearance. This version has 8 GB of storage and is lacking the front-facing camera with only a single LED flash on the rear camera. The button layout has also been adjusted and the 3.5mm jack and micro USB port have been moved to the sides of the device.
In Korea, it is sold as SCH-M710/715 T*Omnia II, also with different external appearance.
In Australia, it is sold as the Omnia Icon, different from the original Omnia Icon. The external appearance is as represented here.
References
^ a b "Samsung I8000 Omnia II - Full phone specifications". www.gsmarena.com.
^ "Parked at Loopia". www.sardatabase.com.
^ "Combine "Work and Play" With The New Omnia Series". Archived from the original on 18 June 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Samsung Omnia II: How to Transfer Files with Bluetooth FTP". YouTube. 11 December 2009. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
^ a b "Review: Samsung Omnia II's Camera". Windows Central. 28 January 2010.
^ GSMArena team (28 August 2009). "Samsung I8000 Omnia II review: A surprising experience – Page 8: Camera, video recording, connectivity, web browsers". GSMArena.com. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
^ "Samsung Omnia II I8000" (PDF). altehandys.de (in German). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
^ "GT-I8000 Benutzerhandbuch" (PDF). www.handy-deutschland.de (in German). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
^ a b Team, PhoneArena (4 August 2009). "Samsung Omnia II I8000 Review". Phone Arena. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
^ "Samsung Mobile And Swype Set New Guinness World Record" (Press release). Samsung USA. 22 March 2010. Archived from the original on 26 March 2010. Retrieved 14 July 2010.{{cite press release}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Das Samsung I8000 Omnia II im Handy-Kurzportrait | Handyinfos kompakt". 28 February 2021. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2023.
^ "Cool Samsung Omnia 2 simulator - MSPoweruser". MS Power User. 13 July 2009. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
^ "OMNIA II 8GB + SOFT nagrywa rozmowy tel. +HARDCASE - 2559459481 - oficjalne archiwum Allegro". archiwum.allegro.pl (in Polish).
^ "What's New in Windows Mobile 6.5" (PDF). Microsoft.
^ "SAMSUNG OMNIA II". 8 April 2011. Archived from the original on 8 April 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
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B
B3410
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C
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S6500 (Galaxy Mini 2)
S6810 (Galaxy Fame)
S7270 (Galaxy Ace 3)
S7500 (Galaxy Ace Plus)
S7530 (Omnia M)
S7560 (Galaxy Trend)
S7560M (Galaxy Ace II x)
S7562 (Galaxy S Duos)
S7582 (Galaxy S Duos 2)
S7710 (Galaxy Xcover 2)
S8000 (Jet)
S8300 (UltraTOUCH)
S8500 (Wave)
S8530 (Wave II)
s8600 (Wave 3)
S5250 (Wave 525)
S5750 (Wave 575)
S5380 (Wave Y)
S901x (Galaxy S22) S906x (Galaxy S22+) S908x (Galaxy S22 Ultra)
S911x (Galaxy S23) S916x (Galaxy S23+) S918x (Galaxy S23 Ultra) S711x (Galaxy S23 FE)
S921x (Galaxy S24) S926x (Galaxy S24+) S928x (Galaxy S24 Ultra)
T
T100
T319
T401G
T409
T459 (Gravity)
T559 (Comeback)
T639
T669 (Gravity T)
T699 (Galaxy S Relay 4G)
T729 (Blast)
T749 (Highlight)
T819
T919 (Behold)
T939 (Behold II)
U
U450 (Intensity)
U460 (Intensity 2)
U470 (Juke)
U485 (Intensity 3)
U520
U600
U700
U740 (Alias)
U750 (Alias 2/Zeal)
U600
U900 (Soul)
U940 (Glyde)
U960 (Rogue)
W
W880
X
X200
X427m
X480
X520
X636
X820
X830
Z
Z130 (Z1)
Z200 (Z2)
Z300 (Z3)
Z400 (Z4)
Z910F (Z)
Series/other
Ativ
Galaxy
S
Note
Z
A
M
F
Gravity
Miniket
Omnia
Rugby
REX
Ultra Edition
Google Nexus (for Nexus S)
Telephones portal
SGH for GSM Handset
SCH for CDMA (non-Sprint) Handset
SPH for CDMA (Sprint) Handset
GT for Global Telecommunications
SM for Samsung Mobile
vteSamsung smartphones by operating systemAndroid
Captivate Glide
Droid Charge
Exhibit 4G
Galaxy
Galaxy 3
Galaxy 5
Galaxy Ace
Plus
2
3
4
Galaxy Beam
i8520
i8530
Galaxy C
C5
Pro
C7
Pro
C8/C7 (2017)
C9 Pro
C55 5G
Galaxy Core
LTE
Galaxy E
E5
E7
Galaxy Express
2
Galaxy Fame
Galaxy Fit
Galaxy Folder
2
Galaxy Gio
Galaxy Grand
2
Max
Galaxy J
Galaxy Mega
2
Galaxy Mini
Galaxy Nexus
Galaxy Pocket
Duos
Neo
2
Galaxy Portal
Galaxy Prevail
Galaxy R
Galaxy Round
Galaxy Spica
Galaxy Star
2
Galaxy W (Exhibit II 4G)
Galaxy Win
Galaxy Y (Duos
Pro Duos)
Galaxy Young
2
Infuse 4G
Intercept
Moment
Nexus S
Replenish
Rugby Smart
Transform
T-Mobile Sidekick 4G
vteSamsung Galaxy A seriesSmartphones
Galaxy Alpha (2014)
A2
Core
A3
2015
2016
2017
Core
A5
2015
2016
2017
A6
2018
+ 2018
s
A7
2015
2016
2017
2018
A8
2015
2016
2018
+ 2018
s
Star
A9
2016
Pro 2016
2018
s
Star
Star Lite
Star Pro
Pro 2019
A00
A01
A01 Core
A02
A02s
A03
A03s
A03 Core
A04
A04s
A04e
A05
A05s
A10
A10
A10e
A10s
A11
A12
A13
A13 5G
A14
A14 5G
A15
A15 5G
A20
A20
A20e
A20s
A21
A21s
A22
A22 5G
A23
A23 5G
A24
A25 5G
A30
A30
A30s
A31
A32
A32 5G
A33 5G
A34 5G
A35 5G
A40
A40
A40s
A41
A42 5G
A50
A50
A50s
A51
A51 5G
A52
A52 5G
A52s 5G
A53 5G
A54 5G
A55 5G
A60
A60
A70
A70
A70s
A71
A71 5G
A72
A73 5G
A80
A80
A82 5G
A90
A90 5G
vteSamsung Galaxy F seriesF00
F02s
F04
F10
F12
F13
F14 5G
F15 5G
F20
F22
F23 5G
F30
F34 5G
F40
F41
F42 5G
M50
F52 5G
F54 5G
F55 5G
F60
F62
vteSamsung Galaxy J seriesSmartphonesJ1
2015
Ace
2016
Ace Neo
Nxt/mini
mini Prime
J2
2015
2016
Prime
2017
2018
Core
Core (2020)
J3
2016
Pro
Prime
2017
2018
J4
J4
+
Core
J5
2015
2016
Prime
2017
J6
J6
+
J7
2015
2016
Prime
2017/Pro
+
Max
Nxt
V
Sky Pro
2018
Duo
Prime 2
J8
J8
vteSamsung Galaxy M seriesM00
M01
M01s
M01 Core
M02
M02s
M04
M10
M10
M10s
M11
M12
M13
M13 5G
M14
M14 5G
M15 5G
M20
M20
M21
M21s
M21 2021 Edition
M22
M23 5G
M30
M30
M30s
M31
M31s
M32
M32 5G
M33 5G
M34 5G
M40
M40
M42 5G
M50
M51
M52 5G
M53 5G
M54 5G
M55 5G
M60
M62
vteSamsung Galaxy Note seriesPhablets
Note (original)
Note II
Note 3 (Neo)
Note 4
Note Edge
Note 5
Note 7 (Fan Edition)
Note 8
Note 9
Note 10/10+ (Lite)
Note 20/20 Ultra
vteSamsung Galaxy S seriesSmartphones
Galaxy S
L
Plus
Player
Advance
Duos
Duos 2
Duos 3
Galaxy S II
Galaxy S III
Mini
Galaxy S4
Mini
Active
Zoom
Galaxy S5
Mini
Galaxy S6
Active
Galaxy S7
Active
Galaxy S8
Active
Galaxy S9
Galaxy S10
Galaxy S20
Galaxy S21
Galaxy S22
Galaxy S23
Galaxy S24
vteSamsung Galaxy Z seriesPhones
Samsung Galaxy Fold
Samsung Galaxy Z Flip
Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 2
Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 3
Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 3
Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 4
Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 4
Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 5
Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 5
vteSamsung Galaxy Xcover seriesPhones
Xcover
Xcover 2
Xcover 3
Xcover 4
Xcover 4s
Xcover FieldPro
Xcover Pro
Xcover 5
Xcover 6 Pro
Xcover 7
Symbian
iNNOV8 (i8510)
Omnia HD (i8910)
Windows Mobile
Omnia
Omnia II
Omnia Lite
Omnia Pro (B7610
B7330)
Windows Phone
Focus
Focus Flash
Focus S
Focus 2
Omnia 7
Omnia W
Omnia M
Ativ S
Ativ Odyssey
Ativ SE
Tizen
ZEQ 9000
Z1
Z2
Z3
Z4
Bada
Wave I S8500
Wave II S8530
Wave 3 S8600
Samsung Wave 575
Samsung Wave 525
Samsung Wave Y
LiMo
M1 Vodafone
Palm OS
SPH-i500
SPH-i300
Telephones portal
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multimedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia"},{"link_name":"smartphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Windows Mobile 6.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Mobile_6.1"},{"link_name":"version 6.5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Mobile_6.5"},{"link_name":"Android","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_(operating_system)"}],"text":"Smartphone modelThe Samsung Omnia II GT-I8000(H/L/U) is a multimedia smartphone announced at Samsung Mobile Unpacked on June 15, 2009.[3] Earlier Omnia II releases run Windows Mobile 6.1, however they are upgradable to version 6.5 Professional. There is also an unofficial and experimental Android version available. Verizon is the official US carrier for this phone and released it in December 2009.","title":"Samsung i8000 Omnia II"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"At a SAR of 0.197, this phone had one of the lowest (best) radiation levels at its time.","title":"Radiation level"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AMOLED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMOLED"},{"link_name":"resistive touch screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistive_touch_screen"},{"link_name":"stylus pen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stylus_(computing)"},{"link_name":"Windows Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Mobile"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"}],"text":"This smartphone comes with a 3.7\" AMOLED resistive touch screen having a resolution of 800 × 480 pixels and 16 million (224) colors. It is used in conjunction with a stylus pen. The Windows Mobile operating system limits it to 65536 (216) colors. However, it produces unparalleled colour contrast and to date, it and the Samsung Omnia Pro B7610, are still the only Windows phones to use this technology.[when?]","title":"Display"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wi-Fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi"},{"link_name":"Bluetooth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth"},{"link_name":"A2DP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A2DP"},{"link_name":"microUSB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroUSB"},{"link_name":"3.5mm audio jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3.5mm_audio_jack"},{"link_name":"GPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS"},{"link_name":"A-GPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-GPS"},{"link_name":"via FTP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTP_server"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"quad-band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad-band"},{"link_name":"GSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GSM"},{"link_name":"GPRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Service"},{"link_name":"EDGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_Data_Rates_for_GSM_Evolution"},{"link_name":"tri-band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-band"},{"link_name":"UMTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS"},{"link_name":"HSDPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSDPA"},{"link_name":"HSUPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSUPA"},{"link_name":"flash memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory"},{"link_name":"hot-swappable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot-swappable"},{"link_name":"microSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MicroSD"},{"link_name":"mass storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_storage"},{"link_name":"Media Transfer Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Transfer_Protocol"}],"text":"For connectivity, the device offers Wi-Fi, Bluetooth 2.0 with stereo audio and A2DP, a microUSB port, a 3.5mm audio jack, and a GPS receiver with A-GPS built in.Its Bluetooth can be used for both direct file transfers and sharing directories via FTP.[4]Cellular networksThe i8000 Omnia II is a quad-band GSM/GPRS/EDGE handset with tri-band UMTS, and HSDPA (up to 7.2 Mbit/s) and HSUPA (up to 5.76 Mbit/s) support.StorageThe Omnia II comes with 2, 8, or 16 GB of internal flash memory (user data partition) and supports hot-swappable microSDHC memory cards of up to 32 GB, for a theoretical maximum storage of 48 GB. It has 256 MB RAM and 512 MB ROM. The internal user data partition and memory card are accessible through both mass storage and Media Transfer Protocol (MTP); the system partition only through the latter.","title":"Connectivity, memory"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED"},{"link_name":"flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_flash"},{"link_name":"480p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/480p"},{"link_name":"DVD-Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD-Video"},{"link_name":"slow motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_motion"},{"link_name":"QVGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QVGA"},{"link_name":"earliest known smartphone to feature slow-motion video recording","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smartphone#Slow_motion_video"},{"link_name":"point-and-shoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-and-shoot"},{"link_name":"intuition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intuition"},{"link_name":"digital cameras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wc-5"},{"link_name":"exposure times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_time"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSMArena-Video-6"},{"link_name":"geotagging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotagging"},{"link_name":"face detection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_detection"},{"link_name":"video editing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_editing"},{"link_name":"ActionShot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActionShot"},{"link_name":"Panoramic photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoramic_photography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AS_ski.jpg"},{"link_name":"digitize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digitize"},{"link_name":"business cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_card"},{"link_name":"phone book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phone_book"},{"link_name":"read text documents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_character_recognition"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phonearena-9"}],"text":"The Omnia II has a 5-Megapixel (2560×1920) camera with dual-LED flash that can also operate during video recording, 480p D1 video recording with 720 × 480 pixels at 30 frames per second, which matches the standard resolution of the DVD-Video format.The Omnia II additionally supports slow motion video recording with QVGA (320 × 240 pixels) at 120 frames per second, making it the earliest known smartphone to feature slow-motion video recording. The shutter button has two levels to resemble the point-and-shoot intuition from standalone digital cameras.[5] Camera modes include \"Sports mode\" for shorter exposure times and \"Night mode\" for prolonged exposure times.[6]Other imaging assets include geotagging, face detection, and smile detection. The phone has built-in video editing abilities, including trimming, audio dubbing, live dubbing, and subtitling. The Omnia II includes an advanced image-capturing feature called ActionShot Panoramic photography.ActionShot panoramic photo captured with Omnia2 device.The pre-included Smart Reader application is able to digitize business cards into a phone book entry, read text documents and translate text between English and French.[7][8][9]","title":"Camera"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samsung Omnia (i900)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_i900"},{"link_name":"home screens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_screen"},{"link_name":"TouchWiz UI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TouchWiz_UI"},{"link_name":"widgets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_widget"},{"link_name":"app","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_app"},{"link_name":"home button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Home_button&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"launcher interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_launcher"},{"link_name":"Swype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swype"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"ClearType","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ClearType"},{"link_name":"Media Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_player_software"},{"link_name":"touch screens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_screen"},{"link_name":"Adobe Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash"},{"link_name":"Internet Explorer Mobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_Mobile"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Hypertext Transfer Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol"},{"link_name":"Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Spanning_Tree_Protocol"},{"link_name":"Windows Media Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Media_Player"},{"link_name":"Server Message Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_Message_Block"},{"link_name":"Asphalt 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_4"},{"link_name":"GameLoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameLoft"},{"link_name":"Crayon physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crayon_physics&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"dice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dice"},{"link_name":"bubble breaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bubble_breaker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tetris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetris"},{"link_name":"demo version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_demo"},{"link_name":"email client","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_client"},{"link_name":"scientific calculator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_calculator"},{"link_name":"unit converter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_converter"},{"link_name":"memorandum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorandum"},{"link_name":"calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office"},{"link_name":"Word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Word"},{"link_name":"Excel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Excel"},{"link_name":"OneNote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_OneNote"},{"link_name":"PowerPoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_PowerPoint"},{"link_name":"Flash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Flash"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gsma-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wc-5"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-phonearena-9"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Unlike its predecessor, the Samsung Omnia (i900) which came with 3 different proprietary home screens, the Omnia II only comes with the TouchWiz UI. Touchwiz has been upgraded so that there are now 3 customizable homescreens, and a separate app drawer named Main menu. Furthermore, widgets can now be added and removed from the homescreen via the Widget Manager. New widgets can be downloaded using the \"MORE Widget\" icon.The widgets are mini applications or shortcuts to different parts of the user interface, sitting in the tray until drawn to the screen. Available widgets include a digital clock, image gallery, profile manager, news application, custom app shortcuts and more.Custom app shortcuts can also be assigned to the home button and the function button (located next to the camera shutter button), separately for short presses and when held down.A three-dimensional cubic launcher interface with integrated three-dimensional preview browser for photos, music, videos, contacts, games and browser bookmarks is pre-included.The task switcher has a grid and an overlapping viewing mode.This phone was among the first to support Swype. This phone was used by Franklin Page on 22 March 2010, along with Swype, to break a world record for fastest text message on a touch screen, a fact which was utilized in marketing campaigns for the phone.[10] ClearType fonts are supported.The telephone app has a call recording feature.Software such as Touch Media Player, Touch Calendars and a new message app are all designed for touch screens. The device comes with Opera 9.5, a touch mobile web browser, with support for Adobe Flash Lite, which then was widely used for online multimedia content. Microsoft Internet Explorer Mobile is also pre-included. The Media Player app has a 3D album browser activated when held horizontally.[11]Streaming audio and video files through Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol (RSTP) is supported through both the dedicated Streaming Player app and the mobile edition of Windows Media Player, both pre-included. Streaming through Server Message Block (SMB) is supported through the pre-included Connected Home application.Pre-included mobile games are Asphalt 4 by GameLoft, Crayon physics, a dice simulator, bubble breaker, Block Breaker Deluxe 2, and a Tetris demo version.Other pre-included office apps are an email client, a scientific calculator, a unit converter, memorandum, calendar/planner with date jumping, and mobile versions of Microsoft Office Word, Excel, OneNote and PowerPoint.Samsung featured part of the device's functionality in a Flash-based simulator.[12][1][5][13][14][9][15]","title":"User interface, software features"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Omnia II is sold as SCH-i920 in the United States under Verizon Wireless with a different external appearance. This version has 8 GB of storage and is lacking the front-facing camera with only a single LED flash on the rear camera. The button layout has also been adjusted and the 3.5mm jack and micro USB port have been moved to the sides of the device.In Korea, it is sold as SCH-M710/715 T*Omnia II, also with different external appearance.In Australia, it is sold as the Omnia Icon, different from the original Omnia Icon. The external appearance is as represented here.","title":"Other versions"}]
|
[{"image_text":"ActionShot panoramic photo captured with Omnia2 device.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/AS_ski.jpg/600px-AS_ski.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Samsung I8000 Omnia II - Full phone specifications\". www.gsmarena.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_i8000_omnia_ii-2836.php","url_text":"\"Samsung I8000 Omnia II - Full phone specifications\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parked at Loopia\". www.sardatabase.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sardatabase.com/samsung/","url_text":"\"Parked at Loopia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Combine \"Work and Play\" With The New Omnia Series\". Archived from the original on 18 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090618142823/http://www.samsungusanews.com/2009/06/combine-work-and-play-with-the-new-omnia-series/","url_text":"\"Combine \"Work and Play\" With The New Omnia Series\""}]},{"reference":"\"Samsung Omnia II: How to Transfer Files with Bluetooth FTP\". YouTube. 11 December 2009. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3BdT1DGyGT4","url_text":"\"Samsung Omnia II: How to Transfer Files with Bluetooth FTP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/3BdT1DGyGT4","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Review: Samsung Omnia II's Camera\". Windows Central. 28 January 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.windowscentral.com/review-samsung-omnia-iis-camera","url_text":"\"Review: Samsung Omnia II's Camera\""}]},{"reference":"GSMArena team (28 August 2009). \"Samsung I8000 Omnia II review: A surprising experience – Page 8: Camera, video recording, connectivity, web browsers\". GSMArena.com. Retrieved 13 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gsmarena.com/samsung_i8000_omnia_ii-review-388.php","url_text":"\"Samsung I8000 Omnia II review: A surprising experience – Page 8: Camera, video recording, connectivity, web browsers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Samsung Omnia II I8000\" (PDF). altehandys.de (in German). Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://altehandys.de/downloads/pros-sam-omnia-2-8000.pdf","url_text":"\"Samsung Omnia II I8000\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201126175357/https://altehandys.de/downloads/pros-sam-omnia-2-8000.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"GT-I8000 Benutzerhandbuch\" (PDF). www.handy-deutschland.de (in German). Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.handy-deutschland.de/bedienungsanleitung/samsung_gt_i8000_omnia_2.pdf","url_text":"\"GT-I8000 Benutzerhandbuch\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201014142041/https://www.handy-deutschland.de/bedienungsanleitung/samsung_gt_i8000_omnia_2.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Team, PhoneArena (4 August 2009). \"Samsung Omnia II I8000 Review\". Phone Arena. Retrieved 8 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.phonearena.com/reviews/Samsung-Omnia-II-I8000-Review_id2231","url_text":"\"Samsung Omnia II I8000 Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Samsung Mobile And Swype Set New Guinness World Record\" (Press release). Samsung USA. 22 March 2010. Archived from the original on 26 March 2010. Retrieved 14 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100326134157/http://www.samsungusanews.com/2010/03/samsung-mobile-and-swype-set-new-guinness-world-record/","url_text":"\"Samsung Mobile And Swype Set New Guinness World Record\""}]},{"reference":"\"Das Samsung I8000 Omnia II im Handy-Kurzportrait | Handyinfos kompakt\". 28 February 2021. Archived from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 8 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210228185729/https://www.smsbilliger.de/handys/samsung-i8000-omnia-ii.html","url_text":"\"Das Samsung I8000 Omnia II im Handy-Kurzportrait | Handyinfos kompakt\""},{"url":"https://www.smsbilliger.de/handys/samsung-i8000-omnia-ii.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cool Samsung Omnia 2 simulator - MSPoweruser\". MS Power User. 13 July 2009. Retrieved 8 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://mspoweruser.com/cool-samsung-omnia-2-simulator/","url_text":"\"Cool Samsung Omnia 2 simulator - MSPoweruser\""}]},{"reference":"\"OMNIA II 8GB + SOFT nagrywa rozmowy tel. +HARDCASE - 2559459481 - oficjalne archiwum Allegro\". archiwum.allegro.pl (in Polish).","urls":[{"url":"https://archiwum.allegro.pl/oferta/omnia-ii-8gb-soft-nagrywa-rozmowy-tel-hardcase-i2559459481.html","url_text":"\"OMNIA II 8GB + SOFT nagrywa rozmowy tel. +HARDCASE - 2559459481 - oficjalne archiwum Allegro\""}]},{"reference":"\"What's New in Windows Mobile 6.5\" (PDF). Microsoft.","urls":[{"url":"http://download.microsoft.com/download/E/B/0/EB0212B9-D40D-4A82-88C1-36A99891367C/WhatsNewInWM65.pdf","url_text":"\"What's New in Windows Mobile 6.5\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft","url_text":"Microsoft"}]},{"reference":"\"SAMSUNG OMNIA II\". 8 April 2011. Archived from the original on 8 April 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110408161020/http://www.samsung.com/global/microsite/omnia/omnia2/","url_text":"\"SAMSUNG OMNIA II\""},{"url":"http://www.samsung.com/global/microsite/omnia/omnia2/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_London_Mathematical_Society
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London Mathematical Society
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["1 History","2 Membership","3 LMS Activities","3.1 Grants","3.2 Fellowships","3.3 Society lectures and meetings","4 Publications","4.1 Books","5 Prizes","6 List of presidents","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
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Coordinates: 51°31′16″N 0°07′27″W / 51.5212°N 0.1243°W / 51.5212; -0.1243United Kingdom's learned societies for mathematics
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London Mathematical SocietyDe Morgan HouseFormation1865TypeLearned societyHeadquartersLondon, WC1United KingdomPresidentUlrike TillmanKey peopleCatherine HobbsIain Gordon (Vice President)Websitelms.ac.uk
The London Mathematical Society (LMS) is one of the United Kingdom's learned societies for mathematics (the others being the Royal Statistical Society (RSS), the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications (IMA), the Edinburgh Mathematical Society and the Operational Research Society (ORS).
History
The Society was established on 16 January 1865, the first president being Augustus De Morgan. The earliest meetings were held in University College, but the Society soon moved into Burlington House, Piccadilly. The initial activities of the Society included talks and publication of a journal.
The LMS was used as a model for the establishment of the American Mathematical Society in 1888.
Mary Cartwright was the first woman to be President of the LMS (in 1961–62).
The Society was granted a royal charter in 1965, a century after its foundation. In 1998 the Society moved from rooms in Burlington House into De Morgan House (named after the society's first president), at 57–58 Russell Square, Bloomsbury, to accommodate an expansion of its staff.
In 2015 the Society celebrated its 150th anniversary. During the year the anniversary was celebrated with a wide range of meetings, events, and other activities, highlighting the historical and continuing value and prevalence of mathematics in society, and in everyday life.
Membership
Membership is open to those who are interested in mathematics. Currently, there are four classes of membership, namely: (a) Ordinary, (b) Reciprocity, (c) Associate, and (d) Associate (undergraduate). In addition, Honorary Members of the Society are distinguished mathematicians who are not normally resident in the UK, who are proposed by the Society's Council for election to Membership at a Society Meeting.
LMS Activities
The Society publishes books and periodicals; organises mathematical conferences; provides funding to promote mathematics research and education; and awards a number of prizes and fellowships for excellence in mathematical research.
Grants
The Society supports mathematics in the UK through its grant schemes. These schemes provide support for mathematicians at different stages in their careers. The Society’s grants include research grants for mathematicians, early career researchers and computer scientists working at the interface of mathematics and computer science; education grants for teachers and other educators; travel grants to attend conferences; and grants for those with caring responsibilities.
Awarding grants is one of the primary mechanisms through which the Society achieves its central purpose, namely to 'promote and extend mathematical knowledge’.
Fellowships
The Society also offers a range of Fellowships: LMS Early Career Fellowships; LMS Atiyah-Lebanon UK Fellowships; LMS Emmy Noether Fellowships and Grace Chisholm Young Fellowships.
Society lectures and meetings
The Society organises an annual programme of events and meetings. The programme provides meetings of interest to undergraduates, through early career researchers to established mathematicians. These include LMS-Bath Mathematical Symposia, Lecture Series (Aitken/Forder, Hardy, Invited), Research Schools, LMS Prospects in Mathematics Meeting, Public Lectures, Society Meetings, LMS Undergraduate Summer Schools and Women in Mathematics Days.
Publications
The Society's periodical publications include five journals:
Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society (1969–present)
Journal of the London Mathematical Society (1926–present)
Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society (1865–present)
Transactions of the London Mathematical Society (2014–present)
Journal of Topology (2006 – present)
It also publishes the journal Compositio Mathematica on behalf of its owning foundation, Mathematika on behalf of University College London and copublishes Nonlinearity with the Institute of Physics.
It also co-publishes four series of translations: Russian Mathematical Surveys, Izvestiya: Mathematics and Sbornik: Mathematics (jointly with the Russian Academy of Sciences and Turpion), and Transactions of the Moscow Mathematical Society (jointly with the American Mathematical Society).
Books
The Society publishes two book series, the LMS Lecture Notes and LMS Student Texts.
Previously it published a series of Monographs and (jointly with the American Mathematical Society) the History of Mathematics series.
An electronic journal, the LMS Journal of Computation and Mathematics, ceased publication at the end of 2017.
Prizes
The named prizes are:
De Morgan Medal (triennial) — the most prestigious
Pólya Prize (two years out of three)
Louis Bachelier Prize (biennial)
Senior Berwick Prize
Senior Whitehead Prize (biennial)
Naylor Prize and Lectureship
Forder Lectureship (biennial)
Berwick Prize
Anne Bennett Prize
Senior Anne Bennett Prize
Fröhlich Prize (biennial)
Shephard Prize
Whitehead Prize (annual)
Hirst Prize
In addition, the Society jointly with the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications awards the David Crighton Medal and Christopher Zeeman Medal on alternating years. The LMS also awards the Emmy Noether Fellowship.
List of presidents
Source:
1865–1866 Augustus De Morgan
1866–1868 James Joseph Sylvester
1868–1870 Arthur Cayley
1870–1872 William Spottiswoode
1872–1874 Thomas Archer Hirst
1874–1876 Henry John Stephen Smith
1876–1878 Lord Rayleigh
1878–1880 Charles Watkins Merrifield
1880–1882 Samuel Roberts
1882–1884 Olaus Henrici
1884–1886 James Whitbread Lee Glaisher
1886–1888 James Cockle
1888–1890 John James Walker
1890–1892 Alfred George Greenhill
1892–1894 Alfred Kempe
1894–1896 Percy Alexander MacMahon
1896–1898 Edwin Elliott
1898–1900 William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin
1900–1902 E. W. Hobson
1902–1904 Horace Lamb
1904–1906 Andrew Forsyth
1906–1908 William Burnside
1908–1910 William Davidson Niven
1910–1912 H. F. Baker
1912–1914 Augustus Edward Hough Love
1914–1916 Joseph Larmor
1916–1918 Hector Macdonald
1918–1920 John Edward Campbell
1920–1922 Herbert Richmond
1922–1924 William Henry Young
1924–1926 Arthur Lee Dixon
1926–1928 G. H. Hardy
1928–1929 E. T. Whittaker
1929–1931 Sydney Chapman
1931–1933 Alfred Cardew Dixon
1933–1935 G. N. Watson
1935–1937 George Barker Jeffery
1937–1939 Edward Arthur Milne
1939–1941 G. H. Hardy
1941–1943 John Edensor Littlewood
1943–1945 L. J. Mordell
1945–1947 Edward Charles Titchmarsh
1947–1949 W. V. D. Hodge
1949–1951 Max Newman
1951–1953 George Frederick James Temple
1953–1955 J. H. C. Whitehead
1955–1957 Philip Hall
1957–1959 Harold Davenport
1959–1961 Hans Heilbronn
1961–1963 Mary Cartwright
1963–1965 Arthur Geoffrey Walker
1965–1967 Graham Higman
1967–1969 J. A. Todd
1969–1970 Edward Collingwood
1970–1972 Claude Ambrose Rogers
1972–1974 David George Kendall
1974–1976 Michael Atiyah
1976–1978 J. W. S. Cassels
1978–1980 C. T. C. Wall
1980–1982 Barry Johnson
1982–1984 Paul Cohn
1984–1986 Ioan James
1986–1988 Erik Christopher Zeeman
1988–1990 John H. Coates
1990–1992 John Kingman
1992–1994 John Ringrose
1994–1996 Nigel Hitchin
1996–1998 John M. Ball
1998–2000 Martin J. Taylor
2000–2002 Trevor Stuart
2002–2003 Peter Goddard
2003–2005 Frances Kirwan
2005–2007 John Toland
2007–2009 E. Brian Davies
2009 (interim) John M. Ball
2009–2011 Angus Macintyre
2011–2013 Graeme Segal
2013–2015 Terry Lyons
2015–2017 Simon Tavaré
2017–2019 Caroline Series
2019–2021 Jonathan Keating
2022– Ulrike Tillman
See also
London portalMathematics portal
American Mathematical Society
Edinburgh Mathematical Society
European Mathematical Society
List of Mathematical Societies
Council for the Mathematical Sciences
BCS-FACS Specialist Group
References
^ O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. "Dame Mary Lucy Cartwright". School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
^ "Membership classes of London Mathematical Society".
^ "Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society | London Mathematical Society".
^ "Journal of the London Mathematical Society | London Mathematical Society".
^ "Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society | London Mathematical Society".
^ "Transactions of the London Mathematical Society | London Mathematical Society".
^ "IMA-LMS Prizes". London Mathematical Society. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
^ "List of Presidents of the London Mathematical Society" (PDF). London Mathematical Society. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
^ "2011 LMS Election Results". London Mathematical Society. 18 November 2011.
Oakes, Susan Margaret; Pears, Alan Robson; Rice, Adrian Clifford (2005). The Book of Presidents 1865–1965. London Mathematical Society. ISBN 0-9502734-1-4.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to London Mathematical Society.
London Mathematical Society website
A History of the London Mathematical Society
MacTutor: The London Mathematical Society
vteMathematics in the United KingdomOrganizations and Projects
International Centre for Mathematical Sciences
Advisory Committee on Mathematics Education
Association of Teachers of Mathematics
British Society for Research into Learning Mathematics
Council for the Mathematical Sciences
Count On
Edinburgh Mathematical Society
HoDoMS
Institute of Mathematics and its Applications
Isaac Newton Institute
United Kingdom Mathematics Trust
Joint Mathematical Council
Kent Mathematics Project
London Mathematical Society
Making Mathematics Count
Mathematical Association
Mathematics and Computing College
Mathematics in Education and Industry
Megamaths
Millennium Mathematics Project
More Maths Grads
National Centre for Excellence in the Teaching of Mathematics
National Numeracy
National Numeracy Strategy
El Nombre
Numbertime
Oxford University Invariant Society
School Mathematics Project
Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Network
Sentinus
Maths schools
Exeter Mathematics School
King's College London Mathematics School
Lancaster University School of Mathematics
University of Liverpool Mathematics School
Journals
Compositio Mathematica
Eureka
Forum of Mathematics
Glasgow Mathematical Journal
The Mathematical Gazette
Philosophy of Mathematics Education Journal
Plus Magazine
Competitions
British Mathematical Olympiad
British Mathematical Olympiad Subtrust
National Cipher Challenge
Awards
Chartered Mathematician
Smith's Prize
Adams Prize
Thomas Bond Sprague Prize
Rollo Davidson Prize
vteThe European Mathematical SocietyInternational member societies
European Consortium for Mathematics in Industry
European Society for Mathematical and Theoretical Biology
National member societies
Austria
Belarus
Belgium
Belgian Mathematical Society
Belgian Statistical Society
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Mathematical Society of France
Society of Applied & Industrial Mathematics
Société Francaise de Statistique
Georgia
Germany
German Mathematical Society
Association of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Italian Mathematical Union
Società Italiana di Matematica Applicata e Industriale
The Italian Association of Mathematics applied to Economic and Social Sciences
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway
Norwegian Mathematical Society
Norwegian Statistical Association
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Romanian Mathematical Society
Romanian Society of Mathematicians
Russia
Moscow Mathematical Society
St. Petersburg Mathematical Society
Ural Mathematical Society
Slovakia
Slovak Mathematical Society
Union of Slovak Mathematicians and Physicists
Slovenia
Spain
Catalan Society of Mathematics
Royal Spanish Mathematical Society
Spanish Society of Statistics and Operations Research
The Spanish Society of Applied Mathematics
Sweden
Swedish Mathematical Society
Swedish Society of Statisticians
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Edinburgh Mathematical Society
Institute of Mathematics and its Applications
London Mathematical Society
Academic Institutional Members
Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics
Academy of Sciences of Moldova
Bernoulli Center
Centre de Recerca Matemàtica
Centre International de Rencontres Mathématiques
Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica
Emmy Noether Research Institute for Mathematics
Erwin Schrödinger International Institute for Mathematical Physics
European Institute for Statistics, Probability and Operations Research
Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques
Institut Henri Poincaré
Institut Mittag-Leffler
Institute for Mathematical Research
International Centre for Mathematical Sciences
Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences
Mathematisches Forschungsinstitut Oberwolfach
Mathematical Research Institute
Max Planck Institute for Mathematics in the Sciences
Research Institute of Mathematics of the Voronezh State University
Serbian Academy of Science and Arts
Mathematical Society of Serbia
Stefan Banach International Mathematical Center
Thomas Stieltjes Institute for Mathematics
Institutional Members
Central European University
Faculty of Mathematics at the University of Barcelona
Cellule MathDoc
Authority control databases International
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IdRef
51°31′16″N 0°07′27″W / 51.5212°N 0.1243°W / 51.5212; -0.1243
|
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The earliest meetings were held in University College, but the Society soon moved into Burlington House, Piccadilly. The initial activities of the Society included talks and publication of a journal.The LMS was used as a model for the establishment of the American Mathematical Society in 1888.Mary Cartwright was the first woman to be President of the LMS (in 1961–62).[1]The Society was granted a royal charter in 1965, a century after its foundation. In 1998 the Society moved from rooms in Burlington House into De Morgan House (named after the society's first president), at 57–58 Russell Square, Bloomsbury, to accommodate an expansion of its staff.In 2015 the Society celebrated its 150th anniversary. 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In addition, Honorary Members of the Society are distinguished mathematicians who are not normally resident in the UK, who are proposed by the Society's Council for election to Membership at a Society Meeting.[2]","title":"Membership"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Society publishes books and periodicals; organises mathematical conferences; provides funding to promote mathematics research and education; and awards a number of prizes and fellowships for excellence in mathematical research.","title":"LMS Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"research grants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lms.ac.uk/grants/research-grants"},{"link_name":"education grants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lms.ac.uk/grants/education-grants"},{"link_name":"caring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lms.ac.uk/grants/caring-supplementary-grants"}],"sub_title":"Grants","text":"The Society supports mathematics in the UK through its grant schemes. These schemes provide support for mathematicians at different stages in their careers. The Society’s grants include research grants for mathematicians, early career researchers and computer scientists working at the interface of mathematics and computer science; education grants for teachers and other educators; travel grants to attend conferences; and grants for those with caring responsibilities.Awarding grants is one of the primary mechanisms through which the Society achieves its central purpose, namely to 'promote and extend mathematical knowledge’.","title":"LMS Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LMS Early Career Fellowships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lms.ac.uk/grants/lms-early-career-fellowships"},{"link_name":"LMS Atiyah-Lebanon UK Fellowships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lms.ac.uk/grants/atiyah-uk-lebanon-fellowships"},{"link_name":"LMS Emmy Noether Fellowships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lms.ac.uk/grants/lms-emmy-noether-fellowships"},{"link_name":"Grace Chisholm Young Fellowships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lms.ac.uk/grants/grace-chisholm-young-fellowships"}],"sub_title":"Fellowships","text":"The Society also offers a range of Fellowships: LMS Early Career Fellowships; LMS Atiyah-Lebanon UK Fellowships; LMS Emmy Noether Fellowships and Grace Chisholm Young Fellowships.","title":"LMS Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LMS-Bath Mathematical Symposia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lms.ac.uk/events/mathematical-symposia"},{"link_name":"Lecture Series (Aitken/Forder, Hardy, Invited)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lms.ac.uk/events/lectures/lecture-series"},{"link_name":"Research Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lms.ac.uk/events/lms-research-schools"},{"link_name":"LMS Prospects in Mathematics Meeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lms.ac.uk/events/lms-prospects-mathematics-meeting"},{"link_name":"Public Lectures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lms.ac.uk/events/public-lectures"},{"link_name":"Society Meetings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lms.ac.uk/events/society-meetings"},{"link_name":"LMS Undergraduate Summer Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lms.ac.uk/events/lms-summer-schools"},{"link_name":"Women in Mathematics Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lms.ac.uk/events/women-mathematics-day"}],"sub_title":"Society lectures and meetings","text":"The Society organises an annual programme of events and meetings. The programme provides meetings of interest to undergraduates, through early career researchers to established mathematicians. These include LMS-Bath Mathematical Symposia, Lecture Series (Aitken/Forder, Hardy, Invited), Research Schools, LMS Prospects in Mathematics Meeting, Public Lectures, Society Meetings, LMS Undergraduate Summer Schools and Women in Mathematics Days.","title":"LMS Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"journals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_journal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Journal of Topology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Topology"},{"link_name":"Compositio Mathematica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositio_Mathematica"},{"link_name":"Mathematika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematika"},{"link_name":"University College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_London"},{"link_name":"Nonlinearity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonlinearity_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Institute of Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Physics"},{"link_name":"Russian Mathematical Surveys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Mathematical_Surveys"},{"link_name":"Izvestiya: Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izvestiya:_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Sbornik: Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sbornik:_Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Russian Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Turpion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turpion_(company)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Transactions of the Moscow Mathematical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transactions_of_the_Moscow_Mathematical_Society&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"American Mathematical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society"}],"text":"The Society's periodical publications include five journals:Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society (1969–present)[3]\nJournal of the London Mathematical Society (1926–present)[4]\nProceedings of the London Mathematical Society (1865–present)[5]\nTransactions of the London Mathematical Society (2014–present)[6]\nJournal of Topology (2006 – present)It also publishes the journal Compositio Mathematica on behalf of its owning foundation, Mathematika on behalf of University College London and copublishes Nonlinearity with the Institute of Physics.It also co-publishes four series of translations: Russian Mathematical Surveys, Izvestiya: Mathematics and Sbornik: Mathematics (jointly with the Russian Academy of Sciences and Turpion), and Transactions of the Moscow Mathematical Society (jointly with the American Mathematical Society).","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LMS Lecture Notes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/mathematics/recreational-mathematics/series/london-mathematical-society-lecture-note-series"},{"link_name":"LMS Student Texts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/mathematics/recreational-mathematics/series/london-mathematical-society-student-texts"},{"link_name":"American Mathematical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Mathematical_Society"},{"link_name":"LMS Journal of Computation and Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LMS_Journal_of_Computation_and_Mathematics"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"The Society publishes two book series, the LMS Lecture Notes and LMS Student Texts.Previously it published a series of Monographs and (jointly with the American Mathematical Society) the History of Mathematics series.An electronic journal, the LMS Journal of Computation and Mathematics, ceased publication at the end of 2017.","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"De Morgan Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Morgan_Medal"},{"link_name":"Pólya Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3lya_Prize_(LMS)"},{"link_name":"Louis Bachelier Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Bachelier_Prize"},{"link_name":"Senior Berwick Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Berwick_Prize"},{"link_name":"Senior Whitehead Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Whitehead_Prize"},{"link_name":"Naylor Prize and Lectureship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naylor_Prize_and_Lectureship"},{"link_name":"Forder Lectureship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forder_Lectureship"},{"link_name":"Berwick Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwick_Prize"},{"link_name":"Anne Bennett Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Bennett_Prize"},{"link_name":"Senior Anne Bennett Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senior_Anne_Bennett_Prize"},{"link_name":"Fröhlich Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%B6hlich_Prize"},{"link_name":"Shephard Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shephard_Prize"},{"link_name":"Whitehead Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehead_Prize"},{"link_name":"Hirst Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lms.ac.uk/prizes/hirstprize"},{"link_name":"Institute of Mathematics and its Applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Mathematics_and_its_Applications"},{"link_name":"David Crighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crighton"},{"link_name":"Christopher Zeeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Zeeman"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Emmy Noether Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Noether_Fellowship"}],"text":"The named prizes are:De Morgan Medal (triennial) — the most prestigious\nPólya Prize (two years out of three)\nLouis Bachelier Prize (biennial)\nSenior Berwick Prize\nSenior Whitehead Prize (biennial)\nNaylor Prize and Lectureship\nForder Lectureship (biennial)\nBerwick Prize\nAnne Bennett Prize\nSenior Anne Bennett Prize\nFröhlich Prize (biennial)\nShephard Prize\nWhitehead Prize (annual)\nHirst PrizeIn addition, the Society jointly with the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications awards the David Crighton Medal and Christopher Zeeman Medal on alternating years.[7] The LMS also awards the Emmy Noether Fellowship.","title":"Prizes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LMS_presidents-8"},{"link_name":"Augustus De Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_De_Morgan"},{"link_name":"James Joseph Sylvester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joseph_Sylvester"},{"link_name":"Arthur Cayley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Cayley"},{"link_name":"William Spottiswoode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Spottiswoode"},{"link_name":"Thomas Archer Hirst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Archer_Hirst"},{"link_name":"Henry John Stephen Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_John_Stephen_Smith"},{"link_name":"Lord Rayleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Rayleigh"},{"link_name":"Charles Watkins Merrifield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Watkins_Merrifield"},{"link_name":"Samuel Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Roberts_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"Olaus Henrici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaus_Henrici"},{"link_name":"James Whitbread Lee Glaisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Whitbread_Lee_Glaisher"},{"link_name":"James Cockle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cockle_(lawyer)"},{"link_name":"John James Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_James_Walker"},{"link_name":"Alfred George Greenhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_George_Greenhill"},{"link_name":"Alfred Kempe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Kempe"},{"link_name":"Percy Alexander MacMahon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Alexander_MacMahon"},{"link_name":"Edwin Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Bailey_Elliott"},{"link_name":"William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin"},{"link_name":"E. W. Hobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._W._Hobson"},{"link_name":"Horace Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Lamb"},{"link_name":"Andrew Forsyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Forsyth"},{"link_name":"William Burnside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Burnside"},{"link_name":"William Davidson Niven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Davidson_Niven"},{"link_name":"H. F. Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._F._Baker"},{"link_name":"Augustus Edward Hough Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Edward_Hough_Love"},{"link_name":"Joseph Larmor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Larmor"},{"link_name":"Hector Macdonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Munro_Macdonald"},{"link_name":"John Edward Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edward_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Herbert Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_William_Richmond"},{"link_name":"William Henry Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Young"},{"link_name":"Arthur Lee Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Lee_Dixon"},{"link_name":"G. H. Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._H._Hardy"},{"link_name":"E. T. Whittaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._T._Whittaker"},{"link_name":"Sydney Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Chapman_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"Alfred Cardew Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Cardew_Dixon"},{"link_name":"G. N. Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._N._Watson"},{"link_name":"George Barker Jeffery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Barker_Jeffery"},{"link_name":"Edward Arthur Milne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Arthur_Milne"},{"link_name":"G. H. Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._H._Hardy"},{"link_name":"John Edensor Littlewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Edensor_Littlewood"},{"link_name":"L. J. Mordell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_J._Mordell"},{"link_name":"Edward Charles Titchmarsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Charles_Titchmarsh"},{"link_name":"W. V. D. Hodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._V._D._Hodge"},{"link_name":"Max Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Newman"},{"link_name":"George Frederick James Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Frederick_James_Temple"},{"link_name":"J. H. C. Whitehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._H._C._Whitehead"},{"link_name":"Philip Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Hall"},{"link_name":"Harold Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Davenport"},{"link_name":"Hans Heilbronn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Heilbronn"},{"link_name":"Mary Cartwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cartwright"},{"link_name":"Arthur Geoffrey Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Geoffrey_Walker"},{"link_name":"Graham Higman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Higman"},{"link_name":"J. A. Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._A._Todd"},{"link_name":"Edward Collingwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Collingwood"},{"link_name":"Claude Ambrose Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Ambrose_Rogers"},{"link_name":"David George Kendall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_George_Kendall"},{"link_name":"Michael Atiyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Atiyah"},{"link_name":"J. W. S. Cassels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._W._S._Cassels"},{"link_name":"C. T. C. Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._T._C._Wall"},{"link_name":"Barry Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Edward_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Paul Cohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Cohn"},{"link_name":"Ioan James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioan_James"},{"link_name":"Erik Christopher Zeeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Christopher_Zeeman"},{"link_name":"John H. Coates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_H._Coates"},{"link_name":"John Kingman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kingman"},{"link_name":"John Ringrose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Robert_Ringrose"},{"link_name":"Nigel Hitchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Hitchin"},{"link_name":"John M. Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Ball"},{"link_name":"Martin J. Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_J._Taylor"},{"link_name":"Trevor Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Trevor_Stuart"},{"link_name":"Peter Goddard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Goddard_(physicist)"},{"link_name":"Frances Kirwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Kirwan"},{"link_name":"John Toland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Toland_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"E. Brian Davies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Brian_Davies"},{"link_name":"John M. Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_M._Ball"},{"link_name":"Angus Macintyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Macintyre"},{"link_name":"Graeme Segal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme_Segal"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Terry Lyons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Lyons_(mathematician)"},{"link_name":"Simon Tavaré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Tavar%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Caroline Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Series"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Keating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Keating"},{"link_name":"Ulrike Tillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrike_Tillman"}],"text":"Source: [8]1865–1866 Augustus De Morgan\n1866–1868 James Joseph Sylvester\n1868–1870 Arthur Cayley\n1870–1872 William Spottiswoode\n1872–1874 Thomas Archer Hirst\n1874–1876 Henry John Stephen Smith\n1876–1878 Lord Rayleigh\n1878–1880 Charles Watkins Merrifield\n1880–1882 Samuel Roberts\n1882–1884 Olaus Henrici\n1884–1886 James Whitbread Lee Glaisher\n1886–1888 James Cockle\n1888–1890 John James Walker\n1890–1892 Alfred George Greenhill\n1892–1894 Alfred Kempe\n1894–1896 Percy Alexander MacMahon\n1896–1898 Edwin Elliott\n1898–1900 William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin\n1900–1902 E. W. Hobson\n1902–1904 Horace Lamb\n1904–1906 Andrew Forsyth\n1906–1908 William Burnside\n1908–1910 William Davidson Niven\n1910–1912 H. F. Baker\n1912–1914 Augustus Edward Hough Love\n1914–1916 Joseph Larmor\n1916–1918 Hector Macdonald\n1918–1920 John Edward Campbell\n1920–1922 Herbert Richmond\n1922–1924 William Henry Young\n1924–1926 Arthur Lee Dixon\n1926–1928 G. H. Hardy\n1928–1929 E. T. Whittaker\n1929–1931 Sydney Chapman\n1931–1933 Alfred Cardew Dixon\n1933–1935 G. N. Watson\n1935–1937 George Barker Jeffery\n1937–1939 Edward Arthur Milne\n1939–1941 G. H. Hardy\n1941–1943 John Edensor Littlewood\n1943–1945 L. J. Mordell\n1945–1947 Edward Charles Titchmarsh\n1947–1949 W. V. D. Hodge\n1949–1951 Max Newman\n1951–1953 George Frederick James Temple\n1953–1955 J. H. C. Whitehead\n1955–1957 Philip Hall\n1957–1959 Harold Davenport\n1959–1961 Hans Heilbronn\n1961–1963 Mary Cartwright\n1963–1965 Arthur Geoffrey Walker\n1965–1967 Graham Higman\n1967–1969 J. A. Todd\n1969–1970 Edward Collingwood\n1970–1972 Claude Ambrose Rogers\n1972–1974 David George Kendall\n1974–1976 Michael Atiyah\n1976–1978 J. W. S. Cassels\n1978–1980 C. T. C. Wall\n1980–1982 Barry Johnson\n1982–1984 Paul Cohn\n1984–1986 Ioan James\n1986–1988 Erik Christopher Zeeman\n1988–1990 John H. Coates\n1990–1992 John Kingman\n1992–1994 John Ringrose\n1994–1996 Nigel Hitchin\n1996–1998 John M. Ball\n1998–2000 Martin J. Taylor\n2000–2002 Trevor Stuart\n2002–2003 Peter Goddard\n2003–2005 Frances Kirwan\n2005–2007 John Toland\n2007–2009 E. Brian Davies\n2009 (interim) John M. Ball\n2009–2011 Angus Macintyre\n2011–2013 Graeme Segal[9]\n2013–2015 Terry Lyons\n2015–2017 Simon Tavaré\n2017–2019 Caroline Series\n2019–2021 Jonathan Keating\n2022– Ulrike Tillman","title":"List of presidents"}]
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[{"reference":"O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. \"Dame Mary Lucy Cartwright\". School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews. Retrieved 3 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Cartwright.html","url_text":"\"Dame Mary Lucy Cartwright\""}]},{"reference":"\"Membership classes of London Mathematical Society\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lms.ac.uk/membership/membership-categories","url_text":"\"Membership classes of London Mathematical Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society | London Mathematical Society\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lms.ac.uk/publications/blms","url_text":"\"Bulletin of the London Mathematical Society | London Mathematical Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"Journal of the London Mathematical Society | London Mathematical Society\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lms.ac.uk/publications/jlms","url_text":"\"Journal of the London Mathematical Society | London Mathematical Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society | London Mathematical Society\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lms.ac.uk/publications/plms","url_text":"\"Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society | London Mathematical Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"Transactions of the London Mathematical Society | London Mathematical Society\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lms.ac.uk/publications/tlms","url_text":"\"Transactions of the London Mathematical Society | London Mathematical Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"IMA-LMS Prizes\". London Mathematical Society. Retrieved 10 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lms.ac.uk/prizes/ima-lms-prizes","url_text":"\"IMA-LMS Prizes\""}]},{"reference":"\"List of Presidents of the London Mathematical Society\" (PDF). London Mathematical Society. Retrieved 4 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lms.ac.uk/sites/lms.ac.uk/files/files/List%20of%20Presidents%20of%20the%20London%20Mathematical%20Society_0.pdf","url_text":"\"List of Presidents of the London Mathematical Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"2011 LMS Election Results\". London Mathematical Society. 18 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lms.ac.uk/content/lms-election-results-2011","url_text":"\"2011 LMS Election Results\""}]},{"reference":"Oakes, Susan Margaret; Pears, Alan Robson; Rice, Adrian Clifford (2005). The Book of Presidents 1865–1965. London Mathematical Society. ISBN 0-9502734-1-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9502734-1-4","url_text":"0-9502734-1-4"}]}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodeus
|
Prodeus
|
["1 Gameplay","2 Plot","3 Development","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]
|
2022 video gameProdeusDeveloper(s)Bounding Box SoftwarePublisher(s)Humble GamesComposer(s)Andrew HulshultJames PaddockEngineUnityPlatform(s)macOSMicrosoft WindowsNintendo SwitchPlayStation 4PlayStation 5Xbox OneXbox Series X/SReleaseSeptember 23, 2022Genre(s)First-person shooterMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer
Prodeus is a first-person shooter game developed by Bounding Box Software and published by Humble Games. The game was crowdfunded by a Kickstarter campaign in April 2019. An early access version was released on November 9, 2020. The full game was released on macOS, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S in September 2022. A DLC was announced for the game in 2023.
Gameplay
The developers describe Prodeus as "the first-person shooter of old, re-imagined using modern rendering techniques." The gameplay resembles that of classic 1990s first-person shooters such as Doom and Quake. The player must explore complex levels, sometimes searching out keys to progress, while engaging enemies in fast-paced combat using a variety of weapons. To help the player find their way, and to aid in discovering secrets, the game features an automap similar in function to those featured in games such as Doom, Duke Nukem 3D, and Metroid Prime.
Prodeus employs a modern game engine to extend the experience of classic shooters with visuals such as dynamic lighting and particle effects, interactive levels, a gore system, and a dynamic soundtrack. Though the game may be played entirely with modern visuals, the game allows the player to apply shaders that give the game a pixelated look, simulating resolutions down to 360p or even 216p.
Plot
The player assumes control of a corrupted agent of Prodeus, the mysterious creator of the player and the game world. The only goal is to destroy Prodeus and anything that gets in the way.
Development
Developers Mike Voeller and Jason Mojica met while working together at Raven Software on Singularity. By 2017, Voeller had decided to leave the industry to pursue an idea for a retro first-person shooter (that would become Prodeus). Around that time, Mojica reconnected with Voeller and decided to leave his job at Starbreeze Studios to join the project. Later, the two recruited Andrew Hulshult for the soundtrack and Josh "Dragonfly" O'Sullivan from the Doom modding community to work on level design.
Prodeus was announced in November 2018. The launch trailer and later gameplay demos were created with a pre-alpha version of the game showcasing a typical level.
The developers have stated that community engagement was considered a core principle of the game from the beginning. Thus, Prodeus includes an integrated level editor from day one. Anyone who owns the game on a PC will have the same tools used by the developers to make levels from scratch. The level editor is built specifically for Prodeus and is designed for speed and ease of use.
Despite originally promising a native Linux version, it was announced on September 5, 2022 that the game would instead merely be tailored for the Proton compatibility layer, citing issues with platform support from the Unity game engine.
Reception
ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic(NS) 81/100(PC) 84/100(PS5) 75/100Review scoresPublicationScoreEurogamerRecommendedJeuxvideo.com15/20Nintendo LifeNintendo World Report7.5/10NMEPush SquareTouchArcade4.5/5
Prodeus received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.
References
^ a b c "Prodeus on Steam". Steam. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
^ "In development: Prodeus". November 9, 2020.
^ Romano, Sal (September 16, 2022). "Prodeus launches September 23 for PS5, Xbox Series, PS4, Xbox One, Switch, and PC". Gematsu. Retrieved September 18, 2022.
^ a b Newman, Ben (March 26, 2019). "Prodeus is Distinctly Old School, But its Developers Are Not Interested in Repeating the Past". Only Single Player. Archived from the original on August 29, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
^ Papadopoulos, John (March 28, 2019). "Kickstarter campaing launched for Prodeus; old-school first-person retro shooter using modern rendering techniques". Dark Side of Gaming. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
^ a b "Quakecast #22: Jason Mojica of Bounding Box & Prodeus". QuakeCast (Podcast). Podbean. April 16, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
^ "Prodeus - A New Retro-FPS In Development". Dragonfly's Doomworks. April 6, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
^ Morse, Blake (November 26, 2018). "Prodeus reveal trailer mixes modern and classic FPS styles". Shacknews. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
^ Prodeus : Pre-Alpha 12 mins of Gameplay. Prodeus Game. April 10, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2019 – via YouTube.
^ Tarason, Dominic (March 29, 2019). "Retro FPS Prodeus summons the demons of crowdfunding". Rock Paper Shotgun. Retrieved April 26, 2019.
^ Dawe, Liam (April 26, 2019). "Retro-inspired bloody shooter Prodeus fully funded and coming to Linux". GamingOnLinux.
^ Dawe, Liam (September 6, 2022). "Prodeus cancels the Native Linux version, focusing on Proton compatibility (updated)". GamingOnLinux.
^ a b "Prodeus for Switch Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
^ a b "Prodeus for PC Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
^ a b "Prodeus for PlayStation 5 Reviews". Metacritic. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
^ Lane, Rick (October 6, 2022). "Prodeus review – a fearsome hybrid of old and new FPS ideas". Eurogamer. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
^ Jiikaa (March 7, 2021). "Prodeus, le FPS rétro qui ressuscite l'esprit du Doom de 1993". Jeuxvideo.com. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
^ Vogel, Mitch (November 3, 2022). "Review: Prodeus - An Excellent DOOM-Style Shooter For Old-School FPS Fans". Nintendo Life. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
^ Rairdin, John (December 7, 2022). "Prodeus (Switch) Review Mini". Nintendo World Report. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
^ Tucker, Jake (October 10, 2022). "Prodeus review: faster, more intense". NME. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
^ Ramsey, Robert (October 5, 2022). "Mini Review: Prodeus (PS5) - Old School Shooter Is Derivative But So Damn Good". Push Square. Retrieved October 13, 2022.
^ Musgrave, Shaun (November 4, 2022). "SwitchArcade Round-Up: Reviews Featuring Prodeus & Ghost Song, Plus the Latest Releases and Sales". TouchArcade. Retrieved June 6, 2023.
External links
Official website
|
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An early access version was released on November 9, 2020.[2] The full game was released on macOS, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S in September 2022.[3] A DLC was announced for the game in 2023.","title":"Prodeus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Steam-1"},{"link_name":"first-person shooters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_shooter"},{"link_name":"Doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doom_(1993_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Quake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quake_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interview-4"},{"link_name":"automap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automap"},{"link_name":"Duke Nukem 3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Nukem_3D"},{"link_name":"Metroid Prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroid_Prime"},{"link_name":"dynamic lighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_lighting"},{"link_name":"particle effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_effects"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"shaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shader"},{"link_name":"360p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/360p"}],"text":"The developers describe Prodeus as \"the first-person shooter of old, re-imagined using modern rendering techniques.\"[1] The gameplay resembles that of classic 1990s first-person shooters such as Doom and Quake.[4] The player must explore complex levels, sometimes searching out keys to progress, while engaging enemies in fast-paced combat using a variety of weapons. To help the player find their way, and to aid in discovering secrets, the game features an automap similar in function to those featured in games such as Doom, Duke Nukem 3D, and Metroid Prime.Prodeus employs a modern game engine to extend the experience of classic shooters with visuals such as dynamic lighting and particle effects, interactive levels, a gore system, and a dynamic soundtrack.[5] Though the game may be played entirely with modern visuals, the game allows the player to apply shaders that give the game a pixelated look, simulating resolutions down to 360p or even 216p.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The player assumes control of a corrupted agent of Prodeus, the mysterious creator of the player and the game world. The only goal is to destroy Prodeus and anything that gets in the way.[citation needed]","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raven Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven_Software"},{"link_name":"Singularity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularity_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Starbreeze Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starbreeze_Studios"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interview-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quakecast-6"},{"link_name":"Andrew Hulshult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Hulshult"},{"link_name":"modding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_(video_gaming)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_software"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quakecast-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Proton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_(software)"},{"link_name":"Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unity_(game_engine)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Developers Mike Voeller and Jason Mojica met while working together at Raven Software on Singularity. By 2017, Voeller had decided to leave the industry to pursue an idea for a retro first-person shooter (that would become Prodeus). Around that time, Mojica reconnected with Voeller and decided to leave his job at Starbreeze Studios to join the project.[4][6] Later, the two recruited Andrew Hulshult for the soundtrack and Josh \"Dragonfly\" O'Sullivan from the Doom modding community to work on level design.[7]Prodeus was announced in November 2018.[8] The launch trailer and later gameplay demos[9] were created with a pre-alpha version of the game showcasing a typical level.The developers have stated that community engagement was considered a core principle of the game from the beginning.[6] Thus, Prodeus includes an integrated level editor from day one.[10] Anyone who owns the game on a PC will have the same tools used by the developers to make levels from scratch. The level editor is built specifically for Prodeus and is designed for speed and ease of use.[citation needed]Despite originally promising a native Linux version,[11] it was announced on September 5, 2022 that the game would instead merely be tailored for the Proton compatibility layer, citing issues with platform support from the Unity game engine.[12]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCNS-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPC-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPS5-15"},{"link_name":"Eurogamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Jeuxvideo.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeuxvideo.com"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Life"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Push Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_Square"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"TouchArcade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TouchArcade"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCNS-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPC-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPS5-15"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic(NS) 81/100[13](PC) 84/100[14](PS5) 75/100[15]Review scoresPublicationScoreEurogamerRecommended[16]Jeuxvideo.com15/20[17]Nintendo Life[18]Nintendo World Report7.5/10[19]NME[20]Push Square[21]TouchArcade4.5/5[22]Prodeus received \"generally favorable\" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic.[13][14][15]","title":"Reception"}]
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April 10, 2019. Retrieved April 26, 2019 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rDmyGG0YR98","url_text":"Prodeus : Pre-Alpha 12 mins of Gameplay"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"Tarason, Dominic (March 29, 2019). \"Retro FPS Prodeus summons the demons of crowdfunding\". Rock Paper Shotgun. Retrieved April 26, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2019/03/29/prodeus-descends-into-the-crowdfunding-level-of-hell/","url_text":"\"Retro FPS Prodeus summons the demons of crowdfunding\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Paper_Shotgun","url_text":"Rock Paper Shotgun"}]},{"reference":"Dawe, Liam (April 26, 2019). \"Retro-inspired bloody shooter Prodeus fully funded and coming to Linux\". GamingOnLinux.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamingonlinux.com/2019/04/retro-inspired-bloody-shooter-prodeus-fully-funded-and-coming-to-linux","url_text":"\"Retro-inspired bloody shooter Prodeus fully funded and coming to Linux\""}]},{"reference":"Dawe, Liam (September 6, 2022). \"Prodeus cancels the Native Linux version, focusing on Proton compatibility (updated)\". GamingOnLinux.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamingonlinux.com/2022/09/prodeus-cancels-the-native-linux-version-focusing-on-proton-compatibility/","url_text":"\"Prodeus cancels the Native Linux version, focusing on Proton compatibility (updated)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prodeus for Switch Reviews\". Metacritic. Retrieved October 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/prodeus/critic-reviews/?platform=nintendo-switch","url_text":"\"Prodeus for Switch Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"\"Prodeus for PC Reviews\". Metacritic. 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Retrieved October 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/prodeus-review-a-fearsome-hybrid-of-old-and-new-fps-ideas","url_text":"\"Prodeus review – a fearsome hybrid of old and new FPS ideas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"}]},{"reference":"Jiikaa (March 7, 2021). \"Prodeus, le FPS rétro qui ressuscite l'esprit du Doom de 1993\". Jeuxvideo.com. Retrieved October 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jeuxvideo.com/test/1373534/prodeus-le-fps-retro-qui-ressuscite-l-esprit-du-doom-de-1993.htm","url_text":"\"Prodeus, le FPS rétro qui ressuscite l'esprit du Doom de 1993\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeuxvideo.com","url_text":"Jeuxvideo.com"}]},{"reference":"Vogel, Mitch (November 3, 2022). \"Review: Prodeus - An Excellent DOOM-Style Shooter For Old-School FPS Fans\". Nintendo Life. 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[{"Link":"https://store.steampowered.com/app/964800/Prodeus/","external_links_name":"\"Prodeus on Steam\""},{"Link":"https://www.gog.com/news/in_development_prodeus","external_links_name":"\"In development: Prodeus\""},{"Link":"https://www.gematsu.com/2022/09/prodeus-launches-september-23-for-ps5-xbox-series-ps4-xbox-one-switch-and-pc","external_links_name":"\"Prodeus launches September 23 for PS5, Xbox Series, PS4, Xbox One, Switch, and PC\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210829102907/https://www.onlysp.com/prodeus-interview/","external_links_name":"\"Prodeus is Distinctly Old School, But its Developers Are Not Interested in Repeating the Past\""},{"Link":"https://www.onlysp.com/prodeus-interview/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.dsogaming.com/news/kickstarter-campaing-launched-for-prodeus-old-school-first-person-retro-shooter-using-modern-rendering-techniques/","external_links_name":"\"Kickstarter campaing [sic] launched for Prodeus; old-school first-person retro shooter using modern rendering techniques\""},{"Link":"https://quakecast.podbean.com/e/jason-mojica-of-bounding-box-prodeus-quakecast-22/","external_links_name":"\"Quakecast #22: Jason Mojica of Bounding Box & Prodeus\""},{"Link":"https://www.dfdoom.com/prodeus-a-new-action-packed-retro-first-person-shooter/","external_links_name":"\"Prodeus - A New Retro-FPS In Development\""},{"Link":"https://www.shacknews.com/article/108708/prodeus-reveal-trailer-mixes-modern-and-classic-fps-styles","external_links_name":"\"Prodeus reveal trailer mixes modern and classic FPS styles\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rDmyGG0YR98","external_links_name":"Prodeus : Pre-Alpha 12 mins of Gameplay"},{"Link":"https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2019/03/29/prodeus-descends-into-the-crowdfunding-level-of-hell/","external_links_name":"\"Retro FPS Prodeus summons the demons of crowdfunding\""},{"Link":"https://www.gamingonlinux.com/2019/04/retro-inspired-bloody-shooter-prodeus-fully-funded-and-coming-to-linux","external_links_name":"\"Retro-inspired bloody shooter Prodeus fully funded and coming to Linux\""},{"Link":"https://www.gamingonlinux.com/2022/09/prodeus-cancels-the-native-linux-version-focusing-on-proton-compatibility/","external_links_name":"\"Prodeus cancels the Native Linux version, focusing on Proton compatibility (updated)\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/prodeus/critic-reviews/?platform=nintendo-switch","external_links_name":"\"Prodeus for Switch Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/prodeus/critic-reviews/?platform=pc","external_links_name":"\"Prodeus for PC Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/prodeus/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-5","external_links_name":"\"Prodeus for PlayStation 5 Reviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.eurogamer.net/prodeus-review-a-fearsome-hybrid-of-old-and-new-fps-ideas","external_links_name":"\"Prodeus review – a fearsome hybrid of old and new FPS ideas\""},{"Link":"https://www.jeuxvideo.com/test/1373534/prodeus-le-fps-retro-qui-ressuscite-l-esprit-du-doom-de-1993.htm","external_links_name":"\"Prodeus, le FPS rétro qui ressuscite l'esprit du Doom de 1993\""},{"Link":"https://www.nintendolife.com/reviews/nintendo-switch/prodeus","external_links_name":"\"Review: Prodeus - An Excellent DOOM-Style Shooter For Old-School FPS Fans\""},{"Link":"http://www.nintendoworldreport.com/reviewmini/62313/prodeus-switch-review-mini","external_links_name":"\"Prodeus (Switch) Review Mini\""},{"Link":"https://www.nme.com/reviews/game-reviews/prodeus-review-faster-more-intense-3326010","external_links_name":"\"Prodeus review: faster, more intense\""},{"Link":"https://www.pushsquare.com/reviews/ps5/prodeus","external_links_name":"\"Mini Review: Prodeus (PS5) - Old School Shooter Is Derivative But So Damn Good\""},{"Link":"https://toucharcade.com/2022/11/04/ghost-song-switch-review-performance-prodeus-frame-rate-eastward-eshop-discount-price-deal-november/","external_links_name":"\"SwitchArcade Round-Up: Reviews Featuring Prodeus & Ghost Song, Plus the Latest Releases and Sales\""},{"Link":"https://prodeusgame.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cage
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John Cage
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["1 Life","1.1 1912–1931: early years","1.2 1931–1936: apprenticeship","1.3 1937–1949: modern dance and Eastern influences","1.4 1950s: discovering chance","1.5 1960s: fame","1.6 1969–1987: new departures","1.7 1987–1992: final years and death","2 Music","2.1 Early works, rhythmic structure, and new approaches to harmony","2.2 Chance","2.3 Improvisation","3 Visual art, writings, and other activities","4 Reception and influence","4.1 Centenary commemoration","5 Archives","6 See also","7 Notes, references, sources","7.1 Notes","7.2 Citations","7.3 Sources","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
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American avant-garde composer (1912–1992)
This article is about the composer. For other people with the same name, see John Cage (disambiguation).
John CageCage in 1988BornJohn Milton Cage Jr.(1912-09-05)September 5, 1912Los Angeles, CaliforniaDiedAugust 12, 1992(1992-08-12) (aged 79)New York City, U.S.Alma materPomona CollegeOccupationsComposermusic theoristartistphilosopherSpouse
Xenia Andreyevna Kashevaroff
(m. 1935; div. 1945)PartnerMerce CunninghamSignature
John Milton Cage Jr. (September 5, 1912 – August 12, 1992) was an American composer and music theorist. A pioneer of indeterminacy in music, electroacoustic music, and non-standard use of musical instruments, Cage was one of the leading figures of the post-war avant-garde. Critics have lauded him as one of the most influential composers of the 20th century. He was also instrumental in the development of modern dance, mostly through his association with choreographer Merce Cunningham, who was also Cage's romantic partner for most of their lives.
Cage's teachers included Henry Cowell (1933) and Arnold Schoenberg (1933–35), both known for their radical innovations in music, but Cage's major influences lay in various East and South Asian cultures. Through his studies of Indian philosophy and Zen Buddhism in the late 1940s, Cage came to the idea of aleatoric or chance-controlled music, which he started composing in 1951. The I Ching, an ancient Chinese classic text and decision-making tool, became Cage's standard composition tool for the rest of his life. In a 1957 lecture, "Experimental Music", he described music as "a purposeless play" which is "an affirmation of life – not an attempt to bring order out of chaos nor to suggest improvements in creation, but simply a way of waking up to the very life we're living".
Cage's best known work is the 1952 composition 4′33″, a piece performed in the absence of deliberate sound; musicians who present the work do nothing but be present for the duration specified by the title. The content of the composition is intended to be the sounds of the environment heard by the audience during performance. The work's challenge to assumed definitions about musicianship and musical experience made it a popular and controversial topic both in musicology and the broader aesthetics of art and performance. Cage was also a pioneer of the prepared piano (a piano with its sound altered by objects placed between or on its strings or hammers), for which he wrote numerous dance-related works and a few concert pieces. These include Sonatas and Interludes (1946–48).
Life
1912–1931: early years
Cage was born September 5, 1912, at Good Samaritan Hospital in downtown Los Angeles. His father, John Milton Cage Sr. (1886–1964), was an inventor, and his mother, Lucretia ("Crete") Harvey (1881–1968), worked intermittently as a journalist for the Los Angeles Times. The family's roots were deeply American: in a 1976 interview, Cage mentioned that George Washington was assisted by an ancestor named John Cage in the task of surveying the Colony of Virginia. Cage described his mother as a woman with "a sense of society" who was "never happy", while his father is perhaps best characterized by his inventions: sometimes idealistic, such as a diesel-fueled submarine that gave off exhaust bubbles, the senior Cage being uninterested in an undetectable submarine; others revolutionary and against the scientific norms, such as the "electrostatic field theory" of the universe. John Cage Sr. taught his son that "if someone says 'can't' that shows you what to do." In 1944–45 Cage wrote two small character pieces dedicated to his parents: Crete and Dad. The latter is a short lively piece that ends abruptly, while "Crete" is a slightly longer, mostly melodic contrapuntal work.
Cage's first experiences with music were from private piano teachers in the Greater Los Angeles area and several relatives, particularly his aunt Phoebe Harvey James who introduced him to the piano music of the 19th century. He received first piano lessons when he was in the fourth grade at school, but although he liked music, he expressed more interest in sight reading than in developing virtuoso piano technique, and apparently was not thinking of composition. During high school, one of his music teachers was Fannie Charles Dillon. By 1928, though, Cage was convinced that he wanted to be a writer. He graduated that year from Los Angeles High School as a valedictorian, having also in the spring given a prize-winning speech at the Hollywood Bowl proposing a day of quiet for all Americans. By being "hushed and silent," he said, "we should have the opportunity to hear what other people think," anticipating 4′33″ by more than thirty years.
Cage enrolled at Pomona College in Claremont as a theology major in 1928. Often crossing disciplines again, though, he encountered at Pomona the work of artist Marcel Duchamp via Professor José Pijoan, of writer James Joyce via Don Sample, of philosopher Ananda Coomaraswamy and of Henry Cowell. In 1930 he dropped out, having come to believe that "college was of no use to a writer" after an incident described in the 1991 autobiographical statement:
I was shocked at college to see one hundred of my classmates in the library all reading copies of the same book. Instead of doing as they did, I went into the stacks and read the first book written by an author whose name began with Z. I received the highest grade in the class. That convinced me that the institution was not being run correctly. I left.
Cage persuaded his parents that a trip to Europe would be more beneficial to a future writer than college studies. He subsequently hitchhiked to Galveston and sailed to Le Havre, where he took a train to Paris. Cage stayed in Europe for some 18 months, trying his hand at various forms of art. First, he studied Gothic and Greek architecture, but decided he was not interested enough in architecture to dedicate his life to it. He then took up painting, poetry and music. It was in Europe that, encouraged by his teacher Lazare Lévy, he first heard the music of contemporary composers (such as Igor Stravinsky and Paul Hindemith) and finally got to know the music of Johann Sebastian Bach, which he had not experienced before.
After several months in Paris, Cage's enthusiasm for America was revived after he read Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass – he wanted to return immediately, but his parents, with whom he regularly exchanged letters during the entire trip, persuaded him to stay in Europe for a little longer and explore the continent. Cage started traveling, visiting various places in France, Germany, and Spain, as well as Capri and, most importantly, Majorca, where he started composing. His first compositions were created using dense mathematical formulas, but Cage was displeased with the results and left the finished pieces behind when he left. Cage's association with theater also started in Europe: during a walk in Seville he witnessed, in his own words, "the multiplicity of simultaneous visual and audible events all going together in one's experience and producing enjoyment."
1931–1936: apprenticeship
Cage returned to the United States in 1931. He went to Santa Monica, California, where he made a living partly by giving small, private lectures on contemporary art. He got to know various important figures of the Southern California art world, such as Richard Buhlig (who became his first composition teacher) and arts patron Galka Scheyer. By 1933, Cage decided to concentrate on music rather than painting. "The people who heard my music had better things to say about it than the people who looked at my paintings had to say about my paintings", Cage later explained. In 1933 he sent some of his compositions to Henry Cowell; the reply was a "rather vague letter", in which Cowell suggested that Cage study with Arnold Schoenberg—Cage's musical ideas at the time included composition based on a 25-tone row, somewhat similar to Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique. Cowell also advised that, before approaching Schoenberg, Cage should take some preliminary lessons, and recommended Adolph Weiss, a former Schoenberg pupil.
Following Cowell's advice, Cage travelled to New York City in 1933 and started studying with Weiss as well as taking lessons from Cowell himself at The New School. He supported himself financially by taking up a job washing walls at a YWCA (World Young Women's Christian Association) in Brooklyn. Cage's routine during that period was apparently very tiring, with just four hours of sleep on most nights, and four hours of composition every day starting at 4 am. Several months later, still in 1933, Cage became sufficiently good at composition to approach Schoenberg. He could not afford Schoenberg's price, and when he mentioned it, the older composer asked whether Cage would devote his life to music. After Cage replied that he would, Schoenberg offered to tutor him free of charge.
Cage studied with Schoenberg in California: first at University of Southern California and then at University of California, Los Angeles, as well as privately. The older composer became one of the biggest influences on Cage, who "literally worshipped him", particularly as an example of how to live one's life being a composer. The vow Cage gave, to dedicate his life to music, was apparently still important some 40 years later, when Cage "had no need for it ", he continued composing partly because of the promise he gave. Schoenberg's methods and their influence on Cage are well documented by Cage himself in various lectures and writings. Particularly well-known is the conversation mentioned in the 1958 lecture Indeterminacy:
After I had been studying with him for two years, Schoenberg said, "In order to write music, you must have a feeling for harmony." I explained to him that I had no feeling for harmony. He then said that I would always encounter an obstacle, that it would be as though I came to a wall through which I could not pass. I said, "In that case I will devote my life to beating my head against that wall."
Cage studied with Schoenberg for two years, but although he admired his teacher, he decided to leave after Schoenberg told the assembled students that he was trying to make it impossible for them to write music. Much later, Cage recounted the incident: "... When he said that, I revolted, not against him, but against what he had said. I determined then and there, more than ever before, to write music." Although Schoenberg was not impressed with Cage's compositional abilities during these two years, in a later interview, where he initially said that none of his American pupils were interesting, he further stated in reference to Cage: "There was one ... of course he's not a composer, but he's an inventor—of genius." Cage would later adopt the "inventor" moniker and deny that he was in fact a composer.
At some point in 1934–35, during his studies with Schoenberg, Cage was working at his mother's arts and crafts shop, where he met artist Xenia Andreyevna Kashevaroff. She was an Alaskan-born daughter of a Russian priest; her work encompassed fine bookbinding, sculpture and collage. Although Cage was involved in relationships with Don Sample and with architect Rudolph Schindler's wife Pauline when he met Xenia, he fell in love immediately. Cage and Kashevaroff were married in the desert at Yuma, Arizona, on June 7, 1935.
1937–1949: modern dance and Eastern influences
See also: Works for prepared piano by John Cage
The newly married couple first lived with Cage's parents in Pacific Palisades, then moved to Hollywood. During 1936–38 Cage changed numerous jobs, including one that started his lifelong association with modern dance: dance accompanist at the University of California, Los Angeles. He produced music for choreographies and at one point taught a course on "Musical Accompaniments for Rhythmic Expression" at UCLA, with his aunt Phoebe. It was during that time that Cage first started experimenting with unorthodox instruments, such as household items, metal sheets, and so on. This was inspired by Oskar Fischinger, who told Cage that "everything in the world has a spirit that can be released through its sound." Although Cage did not share the idea of spirits, these words inspired him to begin exploring the sounds produced by hitting various non-musical objects.
In 1938, on Cowell's recommendation, Cage drove to San Francisco to find employment and to seek out fellow Cowell student and composer Lou Harrison. According to Cowell, the two composers had a shared interest in percussion and dance and would likely hit it off if introduced to one another. Indeed, the two immediately established a strong bond upon meeting and began a working relationship that continued for several years. Harrison soon helped Cage to secure a faculty member position at Mills College, teaching the same program as at UCLA, and collaborating with choreographer Marian van Tuyl. Several famous dance groups were present, and Cage's interest in modern dance grew further. After several months he left and moved to Seattle, Washington, where he found work as composer and accompanist for choreographer Bonnie Bird at the Cornish College of the Arts. The Cornish School years proved to be a particularly important period in Cage's life. Aside from teaching and working as accompanist, Cage organized a percussion ensemble that toured the West Coast and brought the composer his first fame. His reputation was enhanced further with the invention of the prepared piano—a piano which has had its sound altered by objects placed on, beneath or between the strings—in 1940. This concept was originally intended for a performance staged in a room too small to include a full percussion ensemble. It was also at the Cornish School that Cage met several people who became lifelong friends, such as painter Mark Tobey and dancer Merce Cunningham. The latter was to become Cage's lifelong romantic partner and artistic collaborator.
Cage left Seattle in the summer of 1941 after the painter László Moholy-Nagy invited him to teach at the Chicago School of Design (what later became the IIT Institute of Design). The composer accepted partly because he hoped to find opportunities in Chicago, that were not available in Seattle, to organize a center for experimental music. These opportunities did not materialize. Cage taught at the Chicago School of Design and worked as accompanist and composer at the University of Chicago. At one point, his reputation as percussion composer landed him a commission from the Columbia Broadcasting System to compose a soundtrack for a radio play by Kenneth Patchen. The result, The City Wears a Slouch Hat, was received well, and Cage deduced that more important commissions would follow. Hoping to find these, he left Chicago for New York City in the spring of 1942.
In New York, the Cages first stayed with painter Max Ernst and Peggy Guggenheim. Through them, Cage met important artists such as Piet Mondrian, André Breton, Jackson Pollock, and Marcel Duchamp, and many others. Guggenheim was very supportive: the Cages could stay with her and Ernst for any length of time, and she offered to organize a concert of Cage's music at the opening of her gallery, which included paying for transportation of Cage's percussion instruments from Chicago. After she learned that Cage secured another concert, at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), Guggenheim withdrew all support, and, even after the ultimately successful MoMA concert, Cage was left homeless, unemployed and penniless. The commissions he hoped for did not happen. He and Xenia spent the summer of 1942 with dancer Jean Erdman and her husband Joseph Campbell. Without the percussion instruments, Cage again turned to prepared piano, producing a substantial body of works for performances by various choreographers, including Merce Cunningham, who had moved to New York City several years earlier. Cage and Cunningham eventually became romantically involved, and Cage's marriage, already breaking up during the early 1940s, ended in divorce in 1945. Cunningham remained Cage's partner for the rest of his life. Cage also countered the lack of percussion instruments by writing, on one occasion, for voice and closed piano: the resulting piece, The Wonderful Widow of Eighteen Springs (1942), quickly became popular and was performed by the celebrated duo of Cathy Berberian and Luciano Berio. In 1944, he appeared in Maya Deren's At Land, a 15-minute silent experimental film.
Like his personal life, Cage's artistic life went through a crisis in mid-1940s. The composer was experiencing a growing disillusionment with the idea of music as means of communication: the public rarely accepted his work, and Cage himself, too, had trouble understanding the music of his colleagues. In early 1946 Cage agreed to tutor Gita Sarabhai, an Indian musician who came to the US to study Western music. In return, he asked her to teach him about Indian music and philosophy. Cage also attended, in late 1940s and early 1950s, D. T. Suzuki's lectures on Zen Buddhism, and read further the works of Coomaraswamy. The first fruits of these studies were works inspired by Indian concepts: Sonatas and Interludes for prepared piano, String Quartet in Four Parts, and others. Cage accepted the goal of music as explained to him by Sarabhai: "to sober and quiet the mind, thus rendering it susceptible to divine influences".
Early in 1946, his former teacher Richard Buhlig arranged for Cage to meet Berlin-born pianist Grete Sultan, who had escaped from Nazi persecution to New York in 1941. They became close, lifelong friends, and Cage later dedicated part of his Music for Piano and his monumental piano cycle Etudes Australes to her. In 1949, he received a Guggenheim Fellowship.
1950s: discovering chance
After a 1949 performance at Carnegie Hall, New York, Cage received a grant from the Guggenheim Foundation, which enabled him to make a trip to Europe, where he met composers such as Olivier Messiaen and Pierre Boulez. More important was Cage's chance encounter with Morton Feldman in New York City in early 1950. Both composers attended a New York Philharmonic concert, where the orchestra performed Anton Webern's Symphony, op. 21, followed by a piece by Sergei Rachmaninoff. Cage felt so overwhelmed by Webern's piece that he left before the Rachmaninoff; and in the lobby, he met Feldman, who was leaving for the same reason. The two composers quickly became friends; some time later Cage, Feldman, Earle Brown, David Tudor and Cage's pupil Christian Wolff came to be referred to as "the New York school".
In early 1951, Wolff presented Cage with a copy of the I Ching—a Chinese classic text which describes a symbol system used to identify order in chance events. This version of the I Ching was the first complete English translation and had been published by Wolff's father, Kurt Wolff of Pantheon Books in 1950. The I Ching is commonly used for divination, but for Cage it became a tool to compose using chance. To compose a piece of music, Cage would come up with questions to ask the I Ching; the book would then be used in much the same way as it is used for divination. For Cage, this meant "imitating nature in its manner of operation". His lifelong interest in sound itself culminated in an approach that yielded works in which sounds were free from the composer's will:
When I hear what we call music, it seems to me that someone is talking. And talking about his feelings, or about his ideas of relationships. But when I hear traffic, the sound of traffic—here on Sixth Avenue, for instance—I don't have the feeling that anyone is talking. I have the feeling that sound is acting. And I love the activity of sound ... I don't need sound to talk to me.
Although Cage had used chance on a few earlier occasions, most notably in the third movement of Concerto for Prepared Piano and Chamber Orchestra (1950–51), the I Ching opened new possibilities in this field for him. The first results of the new approach were Imaginary Landscape No. 4 for 12 radio receivers, and Music of Changes for piano. The latter work was written for David Tudor, whom Cage met through Feldman—another friendship that lasted until Cage's death. Tudor premiered most of Cage's works until the early 1960s, when he stopped performing on the piano and concentrated on composing music. The I Ching became Cage's standard tool for composition: he used it in practically every work composed after 1951, and eventually settled on a computer algorithm that calculated numbers in a manner similar to throwing coins for the I Ching.
Despite the fame Sonatas and Interludes earned him, and the connections he cultivated with American and European composers and musicians, Cage was quite poor. Although he still had an apartment at 326 Monroe Street (which he occupied since around 1946), his financial situation in 1951 worsened so much that while working on Music of Changes, he prepared a set of instructions for Tudor as to how to complete the piece in the event of his death. Nevertheless, Cage managed to survive and maintained an active artistic life, giving lectures and performances, etc.
In 1952–1953 he completed another mammoth project—the Williams Mix, a piece of tape music, which Earle Brown and Morton Feldman helped to put together. Also in 1952, Cage composed the piece that became his best-known and most controversial creation: 4′33″. The score instructs the performer not to play the instrument during the entire duration of the piece—four minutes, thirty-three seconds—and is meant to be perceived as consisting of the sounds of the environment that the listeners hear while it is performed. Cage conceived "a silent piece" years earlier, but was reluctant to write it down; and indeed, the premiere (given by Tudor on August 29, 1952, at Woodstock, New York) caused an uproar in the audience. The reaction to 4′33″ was just a part of the larger picture: on the whole, it was the adoption of chance procedures that had disastrous consequences for Cage's reputation. The press, which used to react favorably to earlier percussion and prepared piano music, ignored his new works, and many valuable friendships and connections were lost. Pierre Boulez, who used to promote Cage's work in Europe, was opposed to Cage's use of chance, and so were other composers who came to prominence during the 1950s, e.g. Karlheinz Stockhausen and Iannis Xenakis.
During this time Cage was also teaching at the avant-garde Black Mountain College just outside Asheville, North Carolina. Cage taught at the college in the summers of 1948 and 1952 and was in residence the summer of 1953. While at Black Mountain College in 1952, he organized what has been called the first "happening" (see discussion below) in the United States, later titled Theatre Piece No. 1, a multi-layered, multi-media performance event staged the same day as Cage conceived it that "that would greatly influence 1950s and 60s artistic practices". In addition to Cage, the participants included Cunningham and Tudor.
From 1953 onward, Cage was busy composing music for modern dance, particularly Cunningham's dances (Cage's partner adopted chance too, out of fascination for the movement of the human body), as well as developing new methods of using chance, in a series of works he referred to as The Ten Thousand Things. In the summer of 1954 he moved out of New York and settled in Gate Hill Cooperative, a community in Stony Point, New York, where his neighbors included David Tudor, M. C. Richards, Karen Karnes, Stan VanDerBeek, and Sari Dienes. The composer's financial situation gradually improved: in late 1954 he and Tudor were able to embark on a European tour. From 1956 to 1961 Cage taught classes in experimental composition at The New School, and from 1956 to 1958 he also worked as an art director and designer of typography. Among his works completed during the last years of the decade were Concert for Piano and Orchestra (1957–58), a seminal work in the history of graphic notation, and Variations I (1958).
1960s: fame
Cage was affiliated with Wesleyan University and collaborated with members of its music department from the 1950s until his death in 1992. At the university, the philosopher, poet, and professor of classics Norman O. Brown befriended Cage, an association that proved fruitful to both. In 1960 the composer was appointed a fellow on the faculty of the Center for Advanced Studies (now the Center for Humanities) in the Liberal Arts and Sciences at Wesleyan, where he started teaching classes in experimental music. In October 1961, Wesleyan University Press published Silence, a collection of Cage's lectures and writings on a wide variety of subjects, including the famous Lecture on Nothing that was composed using a complex time length scheme, much like some of Cage's music. Silence was Cage's first book of six but it remains his most widely read and influential. In the early 1960s Cage began his lifelong association with C.F. Peters Corporation. Walter Hinrichsen, the president of the corporation, offered Cage an exclusive contract and instigated the publication of a catalog of Cage's works, which appeared in 1962.
Edition Peters soon published a large number of scores by Cage, and this, together with the publication of Silence, led to much higher prominence for the composer than ever before—one of the positive consequences of this was that in 1965 Betty Freeman set up an annual grant for living expenses for Cage, to be issued from 1965 to his death. By the mid-1960s, Cage was receiving so many commissions and requests for appearances that he was unable to fulfill them. This was accompanied by a busy touring schedule; consequently Cage's compositional output from that decade was scant. After the orchestral Atlas Eclipticalis (1961–62), a work based on star charts, which was fully notated, Cage gradually shifted to, in his own words, "music (not composition)." The score of 0′00″, completed in 1962, originally comprised a single sentence: "In a situation provided with maximum amplification, perform a disciplined action", and in the first performance the disciplined action was Cage writing that sentence. The score of Variations III (1962) abounds in instructions to the performers, but makes no references to music, musical instruments, or sounds.
Many of the Variations and other 1960s pieces were in fact "happenings", an art form established by Cage and his students in late 1950s. Cage's "Experimental Composition" classes at The New School have become legendary as an American source of Fluxus, an international network of artists, composers, and designers. The majority of his students had little or no background in music. Most were artists. They included Jackson Mac Low, Allan Kaprow, Al Hansen, George Brecht, Ben Patterson, and Dick Higgins, as well as many others Cage invited unofficially. Famous pieces that resulted from the classes include George Brecht's Time Table Music and Al Hansen's Alice Denham in 48 Seconds. As set forth by Cage, happenings were theatrical events that abandon the traditional concept of stage-audience and occur without a sense of definite duration. Instead, they are left to chance. They have a minimal script, with no plot. In fact, a "happening" is so-named because it occurs in the present, attempting to arrest the concept of passing time. Cage believed that theater was the closest route to integrating art and real life. The term "happenings" was coined by Allan Kaprow, one of his students, who defined it as a genre in the late fifties. Cage met Kaprow while on a mushroom hunt with George Segal and invited him to join his class. In following these developments Cage was strongly influenced by Antonin Artaud's seminal treatise The Theatre and Its Double, and the happenings of this period can be viewed as a forerunner to the ensuing Fluxus movement. In October 1960, Mary Bauermeister's Cologne studio hosted a joint concert by Cage and the video artist Nam June Paik (Cage's friend and mentee), who in the course of his performance of Etude for Piano cut off Cage's tie and then poured a bottle of shampoo over the heads of Cage and Tudor.
In 1967, Cage's book A Year from Monday was first published by Wesleyan University Press. Cage's parents died during the decade: his father in 1964, and his mother in 1969. Cage had their ashes scattered in Ramapo Mountains, near Stony Point, and asked for the same to be done to him after his death.
1969–1987: new departures
Cage's work from the sixties features some of his largest and most ambitious, not to mention socially utopian pieces, reflecting the mood of the era yet also his absorption of the writings of both Marshall McLuhan, on the effects of new media, and R. Buckminster Fuller, on the power of technology to promote social change. HPSCHD (1969), a gargantuan and long-running multimedia work made in collaboration with Lejaren Hiller, incorporated the mass superimposition of seven harpsichords playing chance-determined excerpts from the works of Cage, Hiller, and a potted history of canonical classics, with 52 tapes of computer-generated sounds, 6,400 slides of designs, many supplied by NASA, and shown from sixty-four slide projectors, with 40 motion-picture films. The piece was initially rendered in a five-hour performance at the University of Illinois in 1969, in which the audience arrived after the piece had begun and left before it ended, wandering freely around the auditorium in the time for which they were there.
Also in 1969, Cage produced the first fully notated work in years: Cheap Imitation for piano. The piece is a chance-controlled reworking of Erik Satie's Socrate, and, as both listeners and Cage himself noted, openly sympathetic to its source. Although Cage's affection for Satie's music was well-known, it was highly unusual for him to compose a personal work, one in which the composer is present. When asked about this apparent contradiction, Cage replied: "Obviously, Cheap Imitation lies outside of what may seem necessary in my work in general, and that's disturbing. I'm the first to be disturbed by it." Cage's fondness for the piece resulted in a recording—a rare occurrence, since Cage disliked making recordings of his music—made in 1976. Overall, Cheap Imitation marked a major change in Cage's music: he turned again to writing fully notated works for traditional instruments, and tried out several new approaches, such as improvisation, which he previously discouraged, but was able to use in works from the 1970s, such as Child of Tree (1975).
Opening bars of Cheap Imitation (1969)
Performed by the composer in 1976, shortly before he had to retire from performing
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Cheap Imitation became the last work Cage performed in public himself. Arthritis had troubled Cage since 1960, and by the early 1970s his hands were painfully swollen and rendered him unable to perform. Nevertheless, he still played Cheap Imitation during the 1970s, before finally having to give up performing. Preparing manuscripts also became difficult: before, published versions of pieces were done in Cage's calligraphic script; now, manuscripts for publication had to be completed by assistants. Matters were complicated further by David Tudor's departure from performing, which happened in the early 1970s. Tudor decided to concentrate on composition instead, and so Cage, for the first time in two decades, had to start relying on commissions from other performers, and their respective abilities. Such performers included Grete Sultan, Paul Zukofsky, Margaret Leng Tan, and many others. Aside from music, Cage continued writing books of prose and poetry (mesostics). M was first published by Wesleyan University Press in 1973. In January 1978 Cage was invited by Kathan Brown of Crown Point Press to engage in printmaking, and Cage would go on to produce series of prints every year until his death; these, together with some late watercolors, constitute the largest portion of his extant visual art. In 1979 Cage's Empty Words was first published by Wesleyan University Press.
1987–1992: final years and death
See also: Number Pieces
In 1987, Cage completed a piece called Two, for flute and piano, dedicated to performers Roberto Fabbriciani and Carlo Neri. The title referred to the number of performers needed; the music consisted of short notated fragments to be played at any tempo within the indicated time constraints. Cage went on to write some forty such Number Pieces, as they came to be known, one of the last being Eighty (1992, premiered in Munich on October 28, 2011), usually employing a variant of the same technique. The process of composition, in many of the later Number Pieces, was simple selection of pitch range and pitches from that range, using chance procedures; the music has been linked to Cage's anarchic leanings. One11 (i.e., the eleventh piece for a single performer), completed in early 1992, was Cage's first and only foray into film. Cage conceived his last musical work with Michael Bach Bachtischa: "ONE13" for violoncello with curved bow and three loudspeakers, which was published years later.
Another new direction, also taken in 1987, was opera: Cage produced five operas, all sharing the same title Europera, in 1987–91. Europeras I and II require greater forces than III, IV and V, which are on a chamber scale. They were commissioned by the Frankfurt Opera to celebrate his seventy-fifth birthday, and according to music critic Mark Swed, they took "an enormous effort on the composer's part–requiring two full-time assistants and two computers humming day and night." These pieces caused quite a stir in the world of opera at the time with their unconventional methods for staging and sequencing. Many standard pieces of operatic repertoire were used, but not in any preset order; rather, they were selected by chance, meaning no two performances were exactly alike. Many of those who were to be a part of these performances refused to participate, citing the impossibility of the requests Cage was making. Days before Europas 1 & 2 were to be premiered, Frankfurt's opera house burned down, setting into motion a series of setbacks leading to a theatrical run met with mixed reactions, including a performance so bad that Cage penned a letter to his musicians criticizing their interpretation of his composition.
John Cage (left) and Michael Bach in Assisi, Italy, 1992
In the course of the 1980s, Cage's health worsened progressively. He suffered not only from arthritis, but also from sciatica and arteriosclerosis. He had a stroke that left the movement of his left leg restricted, and, in 1985, broke an arm. During this time, Cage pursued a macrobiotic diet. Nevertheless, ever since arthritis started plaguing him, the composer was aware of his age, and, as biographer David Revill observed, "the fire which he began to incorporate in his visual work in 1985 is not only the fire he has set aside for so long—the fire of passion—but also fire as transitoriness and fragility." On August 11, 1992, while preparing evening tea for himself and Cunningham, Cage had another stroke. He was taken to St. Vincent's Hospital in Manhattan, where he died on the morning of August 12. He was 79.
According to his wishes, Cage's body was cremated and his ashes scattered in the Ramapo Mountains, near Stony Point, New York, at the same place where he had scattered the ashes of his parents. The composer's death occurred only weeks before a celebration of his 80th birthday organized in Frankfurt by composer Walter Zimmermann and musicologist Stefan Schaedler. The event went ahead as planned, including a performance of the Concert for Piano and Orchestra by David Tudor and Ensemble Modern. Merce Cunningham died of natural causes in July 2009.
Music
See also: List of compositions by John Cage
Early works, rhythmic structure, and new approaches to harmony
Cage's first completed pieces are currently lost. According to the composer, the earliest works were very short pieces for piano, composed using complex mathematical procedures and lacking in "sensual appeal and expressive power." Cage then started producing pieces by improvising and writing down the results, until Richard Buhlig stressed to him the importance of structure. Most works from the early 1930s, such as Sonata for Clarinet (1933) and Composition for 3 Voices (1934), are highly chromatic and betray Cage's interest in counterpoint. Around the same time, the composer also developed a type of a tone row technique with 25-note rows. After studies with Schoenberg, who never taught dodecaphony to his students, Cage developed another tone row technique, in which the row was split into short motives, which would then be repeated and transposed according to a set of rules. This approach was first used in Two Pieces for Piano (c. 1935), and then, with modifications, in larger works such as Metamorphosis and Five Songs (both 1938).
Rhythmic proportions in Sonata III of Sonatas and Interludes for prepared piano
Soon after Cage started writing percussion music and music for modern dance, he started using a technique that placed the rhythmic structure of the piece into the foreground. In Imaginary Landscape No. 1 (1939) there are four large sections of 16, 17, 18, and 19 bars, and each section is divided into four subsections, the first three of which were all 5 bars long. First Construction (in Metal) (1939) expands on the concept: there are five sections of 4, 3, 2, 3, and 4 units respectively. Each unit contains 16 bars, and is divided the same way: 4 bars, 3 bars, 2 bars, etc. Finally, the musical content of the piece is based on sixteen motives. Such "nested proportions", as Cage called them, became a regular feature of his music throughout the 1940s. The technique was elevated to great complexity in later pieces such as Sonatas and Interludes for prepared piano (1946–48), in which many proportions used non-integer numbers (1¼, ¾, 1¼, ¾, 1½, and 1½ for Sonata I, for example), or A Flower, a song for voice and closed piano, in which two sets of proportions are used simultaneously.
In late 1940s, Cage started developing further methods of breaking away with traditional harmony. For instance, in String Quartet in Four Parts (1950) Cage first composed a number of gamuts: chords with fixed instrumentation. The piece progresses from one gamut to another. In each instance the gamut was selected only based on whether it contains the note necessary for the melody, and so the rest of the notes do not form any directional harmony. Concerto for prepared piano (1950–51) used a system of charts of durations, dynamics, melodies, etc., from which Cage would choose using simple geometric patterns. The last movement of the concerto was a step towards using chance procedures, which Cage adopted soon afterwards.
Chance
I Ching divination involves obtaining a hexagram by random generation (such as tossing coins), then reading the chapter associated with that hexagram.
A chart system was also used (along with nested proportions) for the large piano work Music of Changes (1951), only here material would be selected from the charts by using the I Ching. All of Cage's music since 1951 was composed using chance procedures, most commonly using the I Ching. For example, works from Music for Piano were based on paper imperfections: the imperfections themselves provided pitches, coin tosses and I Ching hexagram numbers were used to determine the accidentals, clefs, and playing techniques. A whole series of works was created by applying chance operations, i.e. the I Ching, to star charts: Atlas Eclipticalis (1961–62), and a series of etudes: Etudes Australes (1974–75), Freeman Etudes (1977–90), and Etudes Boreales (1978). Cage's etudes are all extremely difficult to perform, a characteristic dictated by Cage's social and political views: the difficulty would ensure that "a performance would show that the impossible is not impossible"—this being Cage's answer to the notion that solving the world's political and social problems is impossible. Cage described himself as an anarchist, and was influenced by Henry David Thoreau.
Another series of works applied chance procedures to pre-existing music by other composers: Cheap Imitation (1969; based on Erik Satie), Some of "The Harmony of Maine" (1978; based on Belcher), and Hymns and Variations (1979). In these works, Cage would borrow the rhythmic structure of the originals and fill it with pitches determined through chance procedures, or just replace some of the originals' pitches. Yet another series of works, the so-called Number Pieces, all completed during the last five years of the composer's life, make use of time brackets: the score consists of short fragments with indications of when to start and to end them (e.g. from anywhere between 1′15" and 1′45", and to anywhere from 2′00" to 2′30").
Cage's method of using the I Ching was far from simple randomization. The procedures varied from composition to composition, and were usually complex. For example, in the case of Cheap Imitation, the exact questions asked to the I Ching were these:
Which of the seven modes, if we take as modes the seven scales beginning on white notes and remaining on white notes, which of those am I using?
Which of the twelve possible chromatic transpositions am I using?
For this phrase for which this transposition of this mode will apply, which note am I using of the seven to imitate the note that Satie wrote?
In another example of late music by Cage, Etudes Australes, the compositional procedure involved placing a transparent strip on the star chart, identifying the pitches from the chart, transferring them to paper, then asking the I Ching which of these pitches were to remain single, and which should become parts of aggregates (chords), and the aggregates were selected from a table of some 550 possible aggregates, compiled beforehand.
Finally, some of Cage's works, particularly those completed during the 1960s, feature instructions to the performer, rather than fully notated music. The score of Variations I (1958) presents the performer with six transparent squares, one with points of various sizes, five with five intersecting lines. The performer combines the squares and uses lines and points as a coordinate system, in which the lines are axes of various characteristics of the sounds, such as lowest frequency, simplest overtone structure, etc. Some of Cage's graphic scores (e.g. Concert for Piano and Orchestra, Fontana Mix (both 1958)) present the performer with similar difficulties. Still other works from the same period consist just of text instructions. The score of 0′00″ (1962; also known as 4′33″ No. 2) consists of a single sentence: "In a situation provided with maximum amplification, perform a disciplined action." The first performance had Cage write that sentence.
Musicircus (1967) simply invites the performers to assemble and play together. The first Musicircus featured multiple performers and groups in a large space who were all to commence and stop playing at two particular time periods, with instructions on when to play individually or in groups within these two periods. The result was a mass superimposition of many different musics on top of one another as determined by chance distribution, producing an event with a specifically theatric feel. Many Musicircuses have subsequently been held, and continue to occur even after Cage's death. The English National Opera (ENO) became the first opera company to hold a Cage Musicircus on March 3, 2012, at the London Coliseum. The ENO's Musicircus featured artists including Led Zeppelin bassist John Paul Jones and composer Michael Finnissy alongside ENO music director Edward Gardner, the ENO Community Choir, ENO Opera Works singers, and a collective of professional and amateur talents performing in the bars and front of house at London's Coliseum Opera House.
This concept of circus was to remain important to Cage throughout his life and featured strongly in such pieces as Roaratorio, an Irish circus on Finnegans Wake (1979), a many-tiered rendering in sound of both his text Writing for the Second Time Through Finnegans Wake, and traditional musical and field recordings made around Ireland. The piece was based on James Joyce's famous novel, Finnegans Wake, which was one of Cage's favorite books, and one from which he derived texts for several more of his works.
Improvisation
Since chance procedures were used by Cage to eliminate the composer's and the performer's likes and dislikes from music, Cage disliked the concept of improvisation, which is inevitably linked to the performer's preferences. In a number of works beginning in the 1970s, he found ways to incorporate improvisation. In Child of Tree (1975) and Branches (1976) the performers are asked to use certain species of plants as instruments, for example the cactus. The structure of the pieces is determined through the chance of their choices, as is the musical output; the performers had no knowledge of the instruments. In Inlets (1977) the performers play large water-filled conch shells – by carefully tipping the shell several times, it is possible to achieve a bubble forming inside, which produced sound. Yet, as it is impossible to predict when this would happen, the performers had to continue tipping the shells – as a result the performance was dictated by pure chance.
Visual art, writings, and other activities
Variations III, No. 14, a 1992 print by Cage from a series of 57
Although Cage started painting in his youth, he gave it up to concentrate on music instead. His first mature visual project, Not Wanting to Say Anything About Marcel, dates from 1969. The work comprises two lithographs and a group of what Cage called plexigrams: silk screen printing on plexiglas panels. The panels and the lithographs all consist of bits and pieces of words in different typefaces, all governed by chance operations.
From 1978 to his death Cage worked at Crown Point Press, producing series of prints every year. The earliest project completed there was the etching Score Without Parts (1978), created from fully notated instructions, and based on various combinations of drawings by Henry David Thoreau. This was followed, the same year, by Seven Day Diary, which Cage drew with his eyes closed, but which conformed to a strict structure developed using chance operations. Finally, Thoreau's drawings informed the last works produced in 1978, Signals.
Between 1979 and 1982 Cage produced a number of large series of prints: Changes and Disappearances (1979–80), On the Surface (1980–82), and Déreau (1982). These were the last works in which he used engraving. In 1983 he started using various unconventional materials such as cotton batting, foam, etc., and then used stones and fire (Eninka, Variations, Ryoanji, etc.) to create his visual works. In 1988–1990 he produced watercolors at the Mountain Lake Workshop.
The only film Cage produced was one of the Number Pieces, One11, commissioned by composer and film director Henning Lohner who worked with Cage to produce and direct the 90-minute monochrome film. It was completed only weeks before his death in 1992. One11 consists entirely of images of chance-determined play of electric light. It premiered in Cologne, Germany, on September 19, 1992, accompanied by the live performance of the orchestra piece 103.
Throughout his adult life, Cage was also active as lecturer and writer. Some of his lectures were included in several books he published, the first of which was Silence: Lectures and Writings (1961). Silence included not only simple lectures, but also texts executed in experimental layouts, and works such as Lecture on Nothing (1949), which were composed in rhythmic structures. Subsequent books also featured different types of content, from lectures on music to poetry—Cage's mesostics.
Cage was also an avid amateur mycologist. In the fall of 1969, he gave a lecture on the subject of edible mushrooms at the University of California, Davis as part of his "Music in Dialogue" course. He co-founded the New York Mycological Society with four friends, and his mycology collection is presently housed by the Special Collections department of the McHenry Library at the University of California, Santa Cruz.
Reception and influence
Cage's pre-chance works, particularly pieces from the late 1940s such as Sonatas and Interludes, earned critical acclaim: the Sonatas were performed at Carnegie Hall in 1949. Cage's adoption of chance operations in 1951 cost him a number of friendships and led to numerous criticisms from fellow composers. Adherents of serialism such as Pierre Boulez and Karlheinz Stockhausen dismissed indeterminate music; Boulez, who was once on friendly terms with Cage, criticized him for "adoption of a philosophy tinged with Orientalism that masks a basic weakness in compositional technique." Prominent critics of serialism, such as the Greek composer Iannis Xenakis, were similarly hostile towards Cage: for Xenakis, the adoption of chance in music was "an abuse of language and ... an abrogation of a composer's function."
An article by teacher and critic Michael Steinberg, Tradition and Responsibility, criticized avant-garde music in general:
The rise of music that is totally without social commitment also increases the separation between composer and public, and represents still another form of departure from tradition. The cynicism with which this particular departure seems to have been made is perfectly symbolized in John Cage's account of a public lecture he had given: "Later, during the question period, I gave one of six previously prepared answers regardless of the question asked. This was a reflection of my engagement in Zen." While Mr. Cage's famous silent piece , or his Landscapes for a dozen radio receivers may be of little interest as music, they are of enormous importance historically as representing the complete abdication of the artist's power.
Cage's aesthetic position was criticized by, among others, prominent writer and critic Douglas Kahn. In his 1999 book Noise, Water, Meat: A History of Sound in the Arts, Kahn acknowledged the influence Cage had on culture, but noted that "one of the central effects of Cage's battery of silencing techniques was a silencing of the social."
While much of Cage's work remains controversial, his influence on countless composers, artists, and writers is notable. After Cage introduced chance procedures to his works, Boulez, Stockhausen, and Xenakis remained critical, yet all adopted chance procedures in some of their works (although in a much more restricted manner); and Stockhausen's piano writing in his later Klavierstücke was influenced by Cage's Music of Changes and David Tudor. Other composers who adopted chance procedures in their works included Witold Lutosławski, Mauricio Kagel, and many others. Music in which some of the composition and/or performance is left to chance was labelled aleatoric music—a term popularized by Pierre Boulez. Helmut Lachenmann's work was influenced by Cage's work with extended techniques.
Cage's rhythmic structure experiments and his interest in sound influenced a number of composers, starting at first with his close American associates Earle Brown, Morton Feldman, and Christian Wolff (and other American composers, such as La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, and Philip Glass), and then spreading to Europe. For example, many composers of the English experimental school acknowledge his influence: Michael Parsons, Christopher Hobbs, John White, Gavin Bryars, who studied under Cage briefly, and Howard Skempton. The Japanese composer Tōru Takemitsu has also cited Cage's influence. In 1986, he received an honorary doctorate from the California Institute of the Arts. Cage is a 1989 Kyoto Prize Laureate; the prize was established by Kazuo Inamori. The John Cage Award was endowed and established in 1992 by Foundation for Contemporary Arts in honor of the late composer, with recipients including Meredith Monk, Robert Ashley, and Toshi Ichiyanagi.
Following Cage's death Simon Jeffes, founder of the Penguin Cafe Orchestra, composed a piece entitled "CAGE DEAD", using a melody based on the notes contained in the title, in the order they appear: C, A, G, E, D, E, A and D.
Cage's influence was also acknowledged by rock acts such as Sonic Youth (who performed some of the Number Pieces) and Stereolab (who named a song after Cage), composer and rock and jazz guitarist Frank Zappa, and various noise music artists and bands: musicologist Paul Hegarty traced the origin of noise music to 4′33″. The development of electronic music was also influenced by Cage: in the mid-1970s Brian Eno's label Obscure Records released works by Cage. Prepared piano, which Cage popularized, is featured heavily on Aphex Twin's 2001 album Drukqs. Cage's work as musicologist helped popularize Erik Satie's music, and his friendship with Abstract expressionist artists such as Robert Rauschenberg helped introduce his ideas into visual art. Cage's ideas also found their way into sound design: for example, Academy Award-winning sound designer Gary Rydstrom cited Cage's work as a major influence. Radiohead undertook a composing and performing collaboration with Cunningham's dance troupe in 2003 because the music-group's leader Thom Yorke considered Cage one of his "all-time art heroes".
Centenary commemoration
In 2012, among a wide range of American and international centennial celebrations, an eight-day festival was held in Washington DC, with venues found notably more among the city's art museums and universities than performance spaces. Earlier in the centennial year, conductor Michael Tilson Thomas presented Cage's Song Books with the San Francisco Symphony at Carnegie Hall in New York. Another celebration came, for instance, in Darmstadt, Germany, which in July 2012 renamed its central station the John Cage Railway Station during the term of its annual new-music courses. At the Ruhrtriennale in Germany, Heiner Goebbels staged a production of Europeras 1 & 2 in a 36,000 sq ft converted factory and commissioned a production of Lecture on Nothing created and performed by Robert Wilson. Jacaranda Music had four concerts planned in Santa Monica, California, for the centennial week. John Cage Day was the name given to several events held during 2012 to mark the centenary of his birth.
A 2012 project was curated by Juraj Kojs to celebrate the centenary of Cage's birth, titled On Silence: Homage to Cage. It consisted of 13 commissioned works created by composers from around the globe such as Kasia Glowicka, Adrian Knight and Henry Vega, each being 4 minutes and 33 seconds long in honor of Cage's famous 1952 opus, 4′33″. The program was supported by the Foundation for Emerging Technologies and Arts, Laura Kuhn and the John Cage Trust.
In a homage to Cage's dance work, the Bill T. Jones/Arnie Zane Dance Company in July 2012 "performed an engrossing piece called 'Story/Time'. It was modeled on Cage's 1958 work 'Indeterminacy', in which sat alone onstage, reading aloud ... series of one-minute stories 'd written. Dancers from Jones's company performed as read."
John Cage
Archives
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2020)
The archive of the John Cage Trust is held at Bard College in upstate New York.
The John Cage Music Manuscript Collection held by the Music Division of the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts contains most of the composer's musical manuscripts, including sketches, worksheets, realizations, and unfinished works.
The John Cage Papers are held in the Special Collections and Archives department of Wesleyan University's Olin Library in Middletown, Connecticut. They contain manuscripts, interviews, fan mail, and ephemera. Other material includes clippings, gallery and exhibition catalogs, a collection of Cage's books and serials, posters, objects, exhibition and literary announcement postcards, and brochures from conferences and other organizations
The John Cage Collection at Northwestern University in Illinois contains the composer's correspondence, ephemera, and the Notations collection.
The John Cage Materials are held within the Oral History of American Music (OHAM) collection of the Irving S. Gilmore Library at Yale University.
See also
Opera portalClassical music portalMusic portalBiography portal
An Anthology of Chance Operations
List of compositions by John Cage
The Organ2/ASLSP (a.k.a. As Slow as Possible) project, the longest concert ever created.
The Revenge of the Dead Indians, a 1993 documentary about Cage by Henning Lohner.
Works for prepared piano by John Cage
Notes, references, sources
Notes
^ Cage quoted in Kostelanetz 2003, 1–2. Cage mentions a working model of the universe that his father had built, and that the scientists who saw it could not explain how it worked and refused to believe it.
^ Different sources give different details of their first meeting. Pritchett, Kuhn & Garrett 2012, in Grove, imply that Cage met Schoenberg in New York City: "Cage followed Schoenberg to Los Angeles in 1934". In a 1976 interview quoted in Kostelanetz 2003, 5, Cage mentions that he "went to see him in Los Angeles."
^ Recent research has shown that Cage may have met Tudor almost a decade earlier, in 1942, through Jean Erdman: Gann, Kyle (2008). "Cleaning Up a Life". artsjournal.com. Retrieved August 4, 2009.
^ Technically, it was his second, for Cage previously collaborated with Kathleen Hoover on a biographical volume on Virgil Thomson which was published in 1959.
^ Cage self-identified as an anarchist in a 1985 interview: "I'm an anarchist. I don't know whether the adjective is pure and simple, or philosophical, or what, but I don't like government! And I don't like institutions! And I don't have any confidence in even good institutions."
Citations
^ Pritchett, Kuhn & Garrett 2012 "He has had a greater impact on music in the 20th century than any other American composer."
^ a b c Kozinn, Allan (August 13, 1992). "John Cage, 79, a Minimalist Enchanted With Sound, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved July 21, 2007.
^ Leonard, George J. (1995). Into the Light of Things: The Art of the Commonplace from Wordsworth to John Cage. University of Chicago Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-226-47253-9. ... when Harvard University Press called him, in a 1990 book advertisement, 'without a doubt the most influential composer of the last half-century', amazingly, that was too modest.
^ Greene, David Mason (2007). Greene's Biographical Encyclopedia of Composers. Reproducing Piano Roll Fnd. p. 1407. ISBN 978-0-385-14278-6. ... John Cage is probably the most influential ... of all American composers to date.
^ Perloff & Junkerman 1994, 93.
^ Bernstein & Hatch 2001, 43–45.
^ Lejeunne 2012, 185–189.
^ John Cage – Music of Changes. By David Ryan, taniachen.com
^ Cage 1973, 12.
^ Kostelanetz 2003, 69–70.
^ Reviews cited in Fetterman 1996, 69
^ Nicholls 2002, 80: "Most critics agree that Sonatas and Interludes (1946–48) is the finest composition of Cage's early period."
^ Mark Swed (August 31, 2012), John Cage's genius an L.A. story Los Angeles Times.
^ a b Nicholls 2002, 4
^ Cage quoted in Kostelanetz 2003, 1. For details on Cage's ancestry, see, for example, Nicholls 2002, 4–6.
^ a b Cage, John (1991). "An Autobiographical Statement". Southwest Review. Archived from the original on February 26, 2007. Retrieved March 14, 2007.
^ Recording and notes: John Cage – Complete Piano Music Vol. 7: Pieces 1933–1950. Steffen Schleiermacher (piano). MDG 613 0789-2.
^ Kostelanetz 2003, 2.
^ a b c d Swed, Mark, "John Cage's genius an L.A. story", Los Angeles Times, August 31, 2012. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
^ Nicholls 2002, 21.
^ Ross, Alex (September 27, 2010). "Searching for Silence: John Cage's art of noise". The New Yorker. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
^ a b c d Kostelanetz 2003, 4
^ Nicholls 2002, 8.
^ Perloff & Junkerman 1994, 79.
^ John Cage, National Inter-Collegiate Arts Conference, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie (New York), February 28, 1948.
^ Perloff & Junkerman 1994, 80.
^ Nicholls 2002, 22.
^ a b Perloff & Junkerman 1994, 81
^ Cage quoted in Perloff & Junkerman 1994, 81.
^ a b c d e f g h i Pritchett, Kuhn & Garrett 2012
^ Cage quoted in Nicholls 2002, 24.
^ Kostelanetz 2003, 61.
^ Nicholls 2002, 24.
^ a b Kostelanetz 2003, 7
^ a b Pritchett 1993, 9
^ This conversation was recounted many times by Cage himself: see Silence, p. 261; A Year from Monday, p. 44; interviews quoted in Kostelanetz 2003, 5, 105; etc..
^ a b c Kostelanetz 2003, 6
^ Cage interview quoted in Kostelanetz 2003, 105.
^ Cage 1973, 260.
^ Broyles M. (2004).Mavericks and Other Traditions in American Music, Yale University Press, New Haven & London, (p. 177).
^ For details on Cage's first meeting with Xenia, see Kostelanetz 2003, 7–8; for details on Cage's homosexual relationship with Don Sample, an American he met in Europe, as well as details on the Cage-Kashevaroff marriage, see Perloff & Junkerman 1994, 81, 86.
^ Perloff & Junkerman 1994, 86.
^ a b c Revill 1993, 55
^ Kostelanetz 2003, 43.
^ Reinhardt, Lauriejean. John Cage's "The Wonderful Widow of Eighteen Springs", 7. Available online.
^ Cage 1973, 127.
^ Revill 1993, 108.
^ Cage 1973, 158.
^ Bredow 2012.
^ "John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation: John Cage". Guggenheim Fellowship. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
^ Revill 1993, 101.
^ Pritchett 1993, 105.
^ Nicholls 2002, 101.
^ Kostelanetz 2003, 68.
^ Cage 1973, 60.
^ Pritchett 1993, 97.
^ Revill 1993, 91.
^ John Cage, in an interview with Miroslav Sebestik, 1991. From: Listen, documentary by Miroslav Sebestik. ARTE France Développement, 2003.
^ Pritchett 1993, 71.
^ Pritchett 1993, 78.
^ Revill 1993, 142.
^ Revill 1993, 143–149.
^ Revill 1993, 166.
^ Revill 1993, 174
^ Welch, J.D. (2008). "The Other Fab Four: Collaboration and Neo-dada: a plan for an exhibition weblog" (PDF). pp. 5–8. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
^ a b c Emmerik, Paul van (2009). "A John Cage Compendium". Paul van Emmerik. Retrieved August 6, 2009.
^ Iddon, Martin; Thomas, Philip (2020). John Cage's Concert for Piano and Orchestra. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-093847-5.
^ "John Cage Remembers Alan Chadwick". alan-chadwick.org. Retrieved June 19, 2024.
^ "Norman O. Brown papers". Wesleyan University.
^ "Guide to the Center for Advanced Studies Records, 1958–1969". Wesleyan University. Archived from the original on March 14, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2010.
^ "The Many Views of Betty Freeman: Betty Freeman's Commissions". NewMusicBox. 2000. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved August 8, 2009.
^ Ross, Alex (December 4, 1992). "S.E.M. Evokes John Cage as Teacher". The New York Times. Retrieved October 6, 2010.
^ Silverman, Kenneth (2010). Begin Again: A Biography of John Cage. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 198.
^ Revill 1993, 208.
^ a b Revill 1993, 228
^ Silverman, Kenneth (2010). Begin Again: A Biography of John Cage. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 242–243.
^ Pritchett, James. 2004. "John Cage: Imitations/Transformations". In James Pritchett, Writings on John Cage (and others). (Online resource. Retrieved June 5, 2008)
^ Tone, Yasunao (2003). "John Cage and Recording". Leonardo Music Journal. 13: 11–15. doi:10.1162/096112104322750728. JSTOR 1513443 – via JSTOR.
^ "John Cage". pas.org. February 20, 2024. Retrieved April 20, 2024.
^ Revill 1993, 247.
^ Fetterman 1996, 191.
^ Haskins 2004.
^ a b Kuhn, Laura D. (1994). "Synergetic Dynamics in John Cage's "Europeras 1 & 2"". The Musical Quarterly. 78 (1): 131–148. doi:10.1093/mq/78.1.131. ISSN 0027-4631. JSTOR 742497.
^ Revill 1993, 295.
^ Kostelanetz, Richard. 2000. John Cage: Writer: Selected Texts, xvii. Cooper Square Press, 2nd edition. ISBN 978-0-8154-1034-8
^ "Dance great Cunningham dies at 90". BBC News. July 28, 2009. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
^ Pritchett 1993, 6.
^ Pritchett 1993, 7.
^ Nicholls 2002, 71–74.
^ Pritchett 1993, 29–33.
^ Notes in the score: A Flower. Edition Peters 6711 (1960)
^ Pritchett, James (Fall 1988). "From Choice to Chance: John Cage's Concerto for Prepared Piano". Perspectives of New Music. 26 (1): 50–81. doi:10.2307/833316. JSTOR 833316.
^ Pritchett 1993, 94.
^ a b Nicholls 2002, 139
^ Perloff & Junkerman 1994, 140.
^ Pritchett, James. 1994. "John Cage: Freeman Etudes", CD liner notes to: John Cage, Freeman Etudes (Books 1 and 2) (Irvine Arditti, violin), Mode 32. (Accessed August 14, 2008)
^ "John Cage at Seventy: An Interview" by Stephen Montague. American Music, Summer 1985. Via UbuWeb. Retrieved May 24, 2007.
^ Pritchett 1993, 197.
^ Pritchett 1993, 200.
^ Kostelanetz 2003, 84.
^ Kostelanetz 2003, 92.
^ Pritchett 1993, 136.
^ Pritchett 1993, 144–146.
^ Tchil, Doundou (January 20, 2012). "ENO presents John Cage Musicircus". Classical-iconoclast.blogspot.com. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
^ Lewis, John (March 4, 2012). "John Cage's Musicircus – review". The Guardian. Retrieved September 5, 2014.
^ "eno.org". Archived from the original on May 10, 2013.
^ Kostelanetz 2003, 92–96.
^ Nicholls 2002, 112–113.
^ Nicholls 2002, 113–115.
^ Nicholls 2002, 115–118.
^ Nicholls 2002, 118–122.
^ Gottesman, Sarah (January 3, 2017). "Why Experimental Artist John Cage Was Obsessed with Mushrooms". Artsy.net. Retrieved March 10, 2020.
^ "Source: Program No. 7: John Cage on Mushrooms". Other Minds Archives. Retrieved February 12, 2024.
^ Boulez, Pierre. 1964. "Alea". Perspectives of New Music, vol. 3, no. 1 (Autumn–Winter 1964), 42–53
^ Bois, Mario, and Xenakis, Iannis. 1980. The Man and his Music: A Conversation with the Composer and a Description of his Works, 12. Greenwood Press Reprint.
^ Steinberg, Michael. 1962. "Tradition and Responsibility". Perspectives of New Music 1, 154–159.
^ Kahn, Douglas. 1999. Noise, Water, Meat: A History of Sound in the Arts, 165. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
^ "4′33″ | Experimental Music, Avant-Garde, Silence | Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
^ Keats, Jonathon. "Famous For Composing The Most Controversial Music Of The 20th Century, John Cage Was Even More Subversive With Mushrooms". Forbes. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
^ Larry Shiner (2001). The Invention of Art: A Cultural History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 14. ISBN 978-0-226-75342-3.
^ Maconie, Robin. 1976. The Works of Karlheinz Stockhausen, with a foreword by Karlheinz Stockhausen, 141–144. London and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-315429-2
^ Kozinn, Allan (February 9, 1994). "Witold Lutoslawski, 81, Is Dead; Modern, Yet Melodic, Composer". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
^ Mikawa, Makoto (2015). "The theatricalisation of Mauricio Kagel's 'Antithese' (1962) and its development in collaboration with Alfred Feussner". The Musical Times. 156 (1932): 81–90. JSTOR 24615812.
^ Ryan, David. 1999. Interview with Helmut Lachenmann, p. 21. Tempo, New Series, no. 210. (October 1999), pp. 20–24.
^ Piekut, Benjamin (December 2014). "Indeterminacy, Free Improvisation, and the Mixed Avant-Garde". Journal of the American Musicological Society. 67 (3): 769–824. doi:10.1525/jams.2014.67.3.769.
^ Ross, Alex (September 27, 2010). "John Cage's Art of Noise". The New Yorker.
^ "John Cage | American Composer & Avant-Garde Innovator | Britannica". Encyclopædia Britannica. December 21, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
^ "John Cage's Music of Chance and Change". A R T L▼R K. September 4, 2022. Retrieved December 30, 2023.
^ Michael Parsons. 1976. "Systems in Art and Music". The Musical Times, vol. 17, no. 1604. (October 1976), 815–818.
^ "Gavin Bryars biography etc". Gavin Bryars' Official Web-site. Archived from the original on May 31, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2009.
^ Potter, Keith (2001). "Skempton, Howard". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56159-239-5.
^ Burt, Peter. 2001. The Music of Toru Takemitsu, 94. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-78220-3.
^ "CalArts to Honor Composer John Cage With Doctorate". Los Angeles Times. April 11, 1986. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
^ "1989 Kyoto Prize Laureate". Inamori Foundation. November 12, 1989. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
^ "John Cage Award". Foundation for Contemporary Arts. November 12, 1992. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
^ Cage Dead, The Penguin Café Orchestra (audio) on YouTube Retrieved March 15, 2022. Archived 2017-06-23 at the Wayback Machine
^ Lopez, Antonio (December 1999 – January 2000). "Sonic Youth's Thurston Moore: On punk music, staying fresh, and the strange bridge between art and rock". Thirsty Ear Magazine. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
^ Morris, Chris (August 17, 1997). "Hold The Ketchup On That Stereolab". Yahoo! Music. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
^ Lowe, Kelly Fisher (2006). The Words and Music of Frank Zappa. Praeger Publishers. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-275-98779-4.
^ Paul Hegarty, Full With Noise: Theory and Japanese Noise Music, pp. 86–98 in Life in the Wires (2004) eds. Arthur Kroker & Marilouise Kroker, NWP Ctheory Books, Victoria, Canada
^ Jack, Adrian (1975). ""I Want to be a Magnet for Tapes" (interview with Brian Eno)". Time Out. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
^ Worby, Robert (October 23, 2002). "Richard Aphex, John Cage and the Prepared Piano". Warp Records. Retrieved August 26, 2010.
^ Orledge, Robert (1990). Satie the Composer. Cambridge University Press. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-521-35037-2.
^ Shlomowitz, Matthew. 1999. Cage's Place in the Reception of Satie. Part of the PhD at the University of California at San Diego, USA. Available online Archived April 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
^ LoBrutto, Vincent (1994). Sound-on-Film: Interviews With Creators of Film Sound. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 241–242. ISBN 978-0-275-94443-8.
^ a b Kaufman, Sarah, "John Cage, with Merce Cunningham, revolutionized dance, too", The Washington Post, August 30, 2012. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
^ "Events honoring John Cage at 100", Los Angeles Times, September 2, 2012. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
^ Events, John Cage Foundation webpage. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
^ Midgette, Anne, "John Cage Centennial Festival: Will it silence critics in Washington?", The Washington Post, August 31, 2012. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
^ Official Festival web site. Retrieved September 2, 2012.
^ Swed, Mark (September 3, 2012). "In Germany, John Cage rings out". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
^ "Cage 100 Festival", Jacaranda webpage. Retrieved September 5, 2012. Archived September 10, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
^ Ross, Alex, "The John Cage Century", The New Yorker, September 4, 2012. Retrieved September 5, 2012.
^ Kojs, Juraj. "On Silence: Hommage to Cage". kojs.net. Retrieved January 8, 2013.
^ "Bard College | Press Releases". Bard.edu. August 12, 1992. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
^ The John Cage Collection, Northwestern University
^ The John Cage Materials at Yale, Yale University
Sources
Bernstein, David W.; Hatch, Christopher, eds. (2001). Writings through John Cage's Music, Poetry, and Art. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-04407-1.
Bredow, Moritz von (2012). Rebellische Pianistin. Das Leben der Grete Sultan zwischen Berlin und New York. Mainz, Germany: Schott Music. ISBN 978-3-7957-0800-9.
Cage, John (1973) . Silence: Lectures and Writings. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0-8195-6028-5.
Fetterman, William (1996). John Cage's Theatre Pieces: Notations and Performances. Routledge. ISBN 978-3-7186-5643-1.
Haskins, Rob (2004). "An Anarchic Society of Sounds": The Number Pieces of John Cage (PhD dissertation, Musicology). Eastman School of Music, University of Rochester.
Kostelanetz, Richard (2003). Conversing with John Cage. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-93792-4.
Lejeunne, Denis (2012). The Radical Use of Chance in 20th Century Art. Amsterdam: Rodopi Press. ISBN 9789401207263.
Nicholls, David, ed. (2002). The Cambridge Companion to John Cage. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-78968-4.
Perloff, Marjorie; Junkerman, Charles (1994). John Cage: Composed in America. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-66057-8.
Pritchett, James (1993). The Music of John Cage. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56544-8.
Pritchett, James; Kuhn, Laura; Garrett, Charles Hiroshi (2012). "Cage, John". Grove Music Online (8th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A2223954. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0.
Revill, David (1993). The Roaring Silence: John Cage – a Life. Arcade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55970-220-1.
Further reading
Arena, Leonardo Vittorio . 2013. L'infinita durata del non-suono. Mimesis Publishing, Milan ISBN 978-88-5751-138-2
Arena, Leonardo Vittorio. 2014. Il Tao del non-suono, ebook.
Boulez, Pierre, and Cage, John. 1995. The Boulez-Cage Correspondence. Edited by Robert Samuels and Jean-Jacques Nattiez, translated by Robert Samuels. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-48558-6
Brown, Kathan. 2001. John Cage Visual Art: To Sober and Quiet the Mind. Crown Point Press. ISBN 978-1-891300-16-5, ISBN 978-1-891300-16-5
Davidović, Dalibor (June 17, 2015). "Branches". Musicological Annual. 51 (2): 9–25. doi:10.4312/mz.51.2.9-25.
Eldred, Michael. 1995/2006. Heidegger's Hölderlin and John Cage, www.arte-fact.org
Eldred, Michael. 2010. The Quivering of Propriation: A Parallel Way to Music, Section II.3 New Music is the Other Music (Cage) www.arte-fact.org
Haskins, Rob. 2012. John Cage. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-1-86189-905-7
Cage, John (2010). Jeremy Miller (ed.). Every Day is a Good Day – The Visual Art of John Cage. Hayward Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85332-283-9.
Kuhn, Laura (ed). 2016. Selected Letters of John Cage. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0-819-57591-3.
Larson, Kay. 2012. Where the Heart Beats – John Cage, Zen Buddhism, and the Inner Life of Artists. Penguin Books USA. ISBN 978-1-594-20340-4
Nicholls, David. 2007. John Cage. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-03215-8
Patterson, David W. (ed.). John Cage: Music, Philosophy, and Intention, 1933–1950. Routledge, 2002. ISBN 978-0-8153-2995-4
Smith, Geoff; Nicola Walker (April 1993). "20th Century Americans: John Cage". Music Technology. p. 62. ISSN 0957-6606. OCLC 24835173.
Swed, Mark (Spring 1993). "John Cage: September 5, 1912 – August 12, 1992". The Musical Quarterly. 77 (1): 132–144. doi:10.1093/mq/77.1.132. JSTOR 742432.
Taruskin, Richard. 2005. Oxford History of Western Music. Vol. 5. Oxford: Oxford University Press. "Indeterminacy" pp. 55–101. ISBN 978-0-19-516979-9
Ward, Phil (October 1992). "The Rest Is Silence: An Appreciation | John Cage". Music Technology. p. 42. ISSN 0957-6606. OCLC 24835173.
Woodward, Roger (2014). "John Cage". Beyond Black and White. HarperCollins. pp. 313-321. ISBN 9780733323034
Zimmerman, Walter. Desert Plants – Conversations with 23 American Musicians, Berlin: Beginner Press in cooperation with Mode Records, 2020 ISBN 978-3-9813319-6-7 (originally published in 1976 by A.R.C., Vancouver ISBN 978-0-88985-009-5).
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Cage.
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Library resources about John Cage
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
By John Cage
Resources in your library
Resources in other libraries
General information and catalogues
Official website
A John Cage Compendium, website by Cage scholar Paul van Emmerik, in collaboration with performer Herbert Henck and András Wilheim. Includes exhaustive catalogues and bibliography, chronology of Cage's life, etc.
Larry Solomon's John Cage Pages, a complete catalogue of Cage's music and a filmography, as well as other materials.
Edition Peters: John Cage Biography and Works, Cage's principal publisher since 1961.
Guide to the John Cage Mycology Collection
John Cage oral histories at Oral History of American Music
Silence/Stories: related texts and poems by, among others, Lowell Cross, AP Crumlish, Karlheinz Essl, Raymond Federman, August Highland, George Koehler, Richard Kostelanetz, Ian S. Macdonald, Beat Streuli, Dan Waber, Sigi Waters and John Whiting
"John Cage (biography, works, resources)" (in French and English). IRCAM.
John Cage at IMDb
Artist Biography and a list of video works by and about John Cage at Electronic Arts Intermix eai.org.
Interview with John Cage, June 21, 1987
An interview with John Cage conducted 1974 May 2, by Paul Cummings, for the Archives of American Art.
Link collections
John Cage Online
Photographs of John Cage from the UC Santa Cruz Library's Digital Collections Archived April 30, 2019, at the Wayback Machine
Specific topics
"Silence and Change / Five Hanau Silence": Articles and documents on a project of John Cage, Claus Sterneck and Wolfgang Sterneck in benefit of a squatted culture center in Hanau (Germany) in 1991, (English / German).
Garten, Joel, "Interview With MoMA Curator David Platzker About the New Exhibition on John Cage", The Huffington Post, February 20, 2014.
Listening
In Conversation with Morton Feldman, 1966, Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4, and Part 5
1989 radio interview on the CBC program Brave New Waves.
Media
John Cage at UbuWeb: historical, sound, film.
Indeterminacy, Cage's short stories taken from various publications and accessed in random order.
FontanaMixer: computer program by Karlheinz Essl that generates a realtime version of John Cage's "Fontana Mix" (1958)
Other Minds Archive: John Cage interviewed by Jonathan Cott, streaming audio
Other Minds Archive: John Cage and David Tudor Concert at The San Francisco Museum of Art (January 16, 1965), streaming audio
27, 2002 Suite for Toy Piano (1948) performed by Margaret Leng Tan at the Other Minds Music Festival in 1999 at the Cowell Theater in San Francisco.
Notes towards a re-reading of the "Roaratorio" – the work of John Cage and his special relationship to radio at Ràdio Web MACBA
The Rest isn't Silence... it doesn't exist! – Analytical material and recordings going back to the first rehearsal and performance of Imaginary Landscape No. 4 in 1951.
Fluxradio (podcast) – An exploration of some of the concepts and ideas behind the music and performance practice of Fluxus.
John Cage – Journeys in Sound, documentary, Germany, 2012, 60 min., director: Allan Miller & Paul Smaczny, written by Anne-Kathrin Peitz; production: Accentus Music in co-production with Westdeutscher Rundfunk. "Czech Crystal Award" (Best Documentary) at Golden Prague Festival 2012.
vteJohn Cage
List of compositions
Works for prepared piano
Music
Constructions (1939–41)
Imaginary Landscapes
No. 1
No. 2
No. 3
No. 4
No. 5 (1939–52)
Music for an Aquatic Ballet (1938)
Living Room Music (1940)
Sonatas and Interludes (1946–48)
String Quartet in Four Parts (1950)
Music of Changes (1951)
4′33″ (1952)
27' 10.554" (1956)
Variations (1958–67)
Cheap Imitation (1969)
HPSCHD (1969)
Song Books (1970)
Etudes Australes (1974–75)
Apartment House 1776 (1976)
Etudes Boreales (1978)
Freeman Etudes (1977–90)
Roaratorio (1979)
As Slow as Possible (1985/1987)
But What About the Noise ... (1986)
Europeras (1987–91)
Number Pieces (1987–92)
Books
Silence (1961)
A Year from Monday (1968)
Notations (1969)
M (1973)
Empty Words (1979)
X (1983)
Depictions
The Revenge of the Dead Indians (1993)
Related
Crete Cage (mother)
Xenia Cage (wife)
Indeterminacy in music
West Coast School
Foundation for Contemporary Arts
Category
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Cage (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cage_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"music theorist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_theory"},{"link_name":"indeterminacy in music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeterminacy_(music)"},{"link_name":"electroacoustic music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroacoustic_music"},{"link_name":"non-standard use of musical instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_technique"},{"link_name":"avant-garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"modern dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_dance"},{"link_name":"Merce Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merce_Cunningham"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerloffJunkerman199493-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernsteinHatch200143%E2%80%9345-6"},{"link_name":"Henry Cowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cowell"},{"link_name":"Arnold Schoenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg"},{"link_name":"East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_world"},{"link_name":"South Asian cultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"Indian philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"aleatoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleatoric_music"},{"link_name":"chance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indeterminism#Philosophy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELejeunne2012185%E2%80%93189-7"},{"link_name":"I Ching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Ching"},{"link_name":"Chinese classic text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_classic_text"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECage197312-9"},{"link_name":"4′33″","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%E2%80%B233%E2%80%B3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostelanetz200369%E2%80%9370-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"musicology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicology"},{"link_name":"aesthetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetics"},{"link_name":"prepared piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prepared_piano"},{"link_name":"Sonatas and Interludes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonatas_and_Interludes"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"This article is about the composer. For other people with the same name, see John Cage (disambiguation).John Milton Cage Jr. (September 5, 1912 – August 12, 1992) was an American composer and music theorist. A pioneer of indeterminacy in music, electroacoustic music, and non-standard use of musical instruments, Cage was one of the leading figures of the post-war avant-garde. Critics have lauded him as one of the most influential composers of the 20th century.[1][2][3][4] He was also instrumental in the development of modern dance, mostly through his association with choreographer Merce Cunningham, who was also Cage's romantic partner for most of their lives.[5][6]Cage's teachers included Henry Cowell (1933) and Arnold Schoenberg (1933–35), both known for their radical innovations in music, but Cage's major influences lay in various East and South Asian cultures. Through his studies of Indian philosophy and Zen Buddhism in the late 1940s, Cage came to the idea of aleatoric or chance-controlled music, which he started composing in 1951.[7] The I Ching, an ancient Chinese classic text and decision-making tool, became Cage's standard composition tool for the rest of his life.[8] In a 1957 lecture, \"Experimental Music\", he described music as \"a purposeless play\" which is \"an affirmation of life – not an attempt to bring order out of chaos nor to suggest improvements in creation, but simply a way of waking up to the very life we're living\".[9]Cage's best known work is the 1952 composition 4′33″, a piece performed in the absence of deliberate sound; musicians who present the work do nothing but be present for the duration specified by the title. The content of the composition is intended to be the sounds of the environment heard by the audience during performance.[10][11] The work's challenge to assumed definitions about musicianship and musical experience made it a popular and controversial topic both in musicology and the broader aesthetics of art and performance. Cage was also a pioneer of the prepared piano (a piano with its sound altered by objects placed between or on its strings or hammers), for which he wrote numerous dance-related works and a few concert pieces. These include Sonatas and Interludes (1946–48).[12]","title":"John Cage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Good Samaritan Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Samaritan_Hospital_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Lucretia (\"Crete\") Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crete_Cage"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicholls,_p._4-14"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Colony of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statement-web-16"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicholls,_p._4-14"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"character pieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_piece"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Greater Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"sight reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sight_reading"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostelanetz20032-19"},{"link_name":"Fannie Charles Dillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannie_Charles_Dillon"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT01-20"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_High_School"},{"link_name":"valedictorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valedictorian"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholls200221-21"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Bowl"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Pomona College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomona_College"},{"link_name":"Claremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claremont,_California"},{"link_name":"Marcel Duchamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp"},{"link_name":"James Joyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joyce"},{"link_name":"Ananda Coomaraswamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy"},{"link_name":"Henry Cowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cowell"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT01-20"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kostelanetz,_p._4-23"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-statement-web-16"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholls20028-24"},{"link_name":"hitchhiked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitchhiking"},{"link_name":"Galveston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galveston"},{"link_name":"Le Havre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Havre"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerloffJunkerman199479-25"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"Greek architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_architecture"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kostelanetz,_p._4-23"},{"link_name":"Lazare Lévy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazare_L%C3%A9vy"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Igor Stravinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky"},{"link_name":"Paul Hindemith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hindemith"},{"link_name":"Johann Sebastian Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach"},{"link_name":"Walt Whitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Whitman"},{"link_name":"Leaves of Grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaves_of_Grass"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerloffJunkerman199480-27"},{"link_name":"Capri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capri"},{"link_name":"Majorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorca"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholls200222-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perloff,_Junkerman,_p._81-29"},{"link_name":"Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"1912–1931: early years","text":"Cage was born September 5, 1912, at Good Samaritan Hospital in downtown Los Angeles.[13] His father, John Milton Cage Sr. (1886–1964), was an inventor, and his mother, Lucretia (\"Crete\") Harvey (1881–1968), worked intermittently as a journalist for the Los Angeles Times.[14] The family's roots were deeply American: in a 1976 interview, Cage mentioned that George Washington was assisted by an ancestor named John Cage in the task of surveying the Colony of Virginia.[15] Cage described his mother as a woman with \"a sense of society\" who was \"never happy\",[16] while his father is perhaps best characterized by his inventions: sometimes idealistic, such as a diesel-fueled submarine that gave off exhaust bubbles, the senior Cage being uninterested in an undetectable submarine;[14] others revolutionary and against the scientific norms, such as the \"electrostatic field theory\" of the universe.[a] John Cage Sr. taught his son that \"if someone says 'can't' that shows you what to do.\" In 1944–45 Cage wrote two small character pieces dedicated to his parents: Crete and Dad. The latter is a short lively piece that ends abruptly, while \"Crete\" is a slightly longer, mostly melodic contrapuntal work.[17]Cage's first experiences with music were from private piano teachers in the Greater Los Angeles area and several relatives, particularly his aunt Phoebe Harvey James who introduced him to the piano music of the 19th century. He received first piano lessons when he was in the fourth grade at school, but although he liked music, he expressed more interest in sight reading than in developing virtuoso piano technique, and apparently was not thinking of composition.[18] During high school, one of his music teachers was Fannie Charles Dillon.[19] By 1928, though, Cage was convinced that he wanted to be a writer. He graduated that year from Los Angeles High School as a valedictorian,[20] having also in the spring given a prize-winning speech at the Hollywood Bowl proposing a day of quiet for all Americans. By being \"hushed and silent,\" he said, \"we should have the opportunity to hear what other people think,\" anticipating 4′33″ by more than thirty years.[21]Cage enrolled at Pomona College in Claremont as a theology major in 1928. Often crossing disciplines again, though, he encountered at Pomona the work of artist Marcel Duchamp via Professor José Pijoan, of writer James Joyce via Don Sample, of philosopher Ananda Coomaraswamy and of Henry Cowell.[19] In 1930 he dropped out, having come to believe that \"college was of no use to a writer\"[22] after an incident described in the 1991 autobiographical statement:I was shocked at college to see one hundred of my classmates in the library all reading copies of the same book. Instead of doing as they did, I went into the stacks and read the first book written by an author whose name began with Z. I received the highest grade in the class. That convinced me that the institution was not being run correctly. I left.[16]Cage persuaded his parents that a trip to Europe would be more beneficial to a future writer than college studies.[23] He subsequently hitchhiked to Galveston and sailed to Le Havre, where he took a train to Paris.[24] Cage stayed in Europe for some 18 months, trying his hand at various forms of art. First, he studied Gothic and Greek architecture, but decided he was not interested enough in architecture to dedicate his life to it.[22] He then took up painting, poetry and music. It was in Europe that, encouraged by his teacher Lazare Lévy,[25] he first heard the music of contemporary composers (such as Igor Stravinsky and Paul Hindemith) and finally got to know the music of Johann Sebastian Bach, which he had not experienced before.After several months in Paris, Cage's enthusiasm for America was revived after he read Walt Whitman's Leaves of Grass – he wanted to return immediately, but his parents, with whom he regularly exchanged letters during the entire trip, persuaded him to stay in Europe for a little longer and explore the continent.[26] Cage started traveling, visiting various places in France, Germany, and Spain, as well as Capri and, most importantly, Majorca, where he started composing.[27] His first compositions were created using dense mathematical formulas, but Cage was displeased with the results and left the finished pieces behind when he left.[28] Cage's association with theater also started in Europe: during a walk in Seville he witnessed, in his own words, \"the multiplicity of simultaneous visual and audible events all going together in one's experience and producing enjoyment.\"[29]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Perloff,_Junkerman,_p._81-29"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California"},{"link_name":"Richard Buhlig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Buhlig"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pritchett,_Grove-31"},{"link_name":"Galka Scheyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galka_Scheyer"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kostelanetz,_p._4-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kostelanetz,_p._4-23"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Arnold Schoenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg"},{"link_name":"tone row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_row"},{"link_name":"twelve-tone technique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve-tone_technique"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostelanetz200361-33"},{"link_name":"Adolph Weiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_Weiss"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholls200224-34"},{"link_name":"The New School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_School"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pritchett,_Grove-31"},{"link_name":"YWCA (World Young Women's Christian Association)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YWCA"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kostelanetz,_p._7-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kostelanetz,_p._7-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pritchett,_p._9-36"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pritchett,_Grove-31"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kostelanetz,_p._6-39"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pritchett,_p._9-36"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECage1973260-41"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kostelanetz,_p._6-39"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kostelanetz,_p._6-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broyles-42"},{"link_name":"Xenia Andreyevna Kashevaroff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenia_Andreyevna_Kashevaroff"},{"link_name":"Alaskan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"bookbinding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookbinding"},{"link_name":"collage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collage"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Schindler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Schindler_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Pauline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Gibling_Schindler"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT01-20"},{"link_name":"Yuma, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"1931–1936: apprenticeship","text":"Cage returned to the United States in 1931.[28] He went to Santa Monica, California, where he made a living partly by giving small, private lectures on contemporary art. He got to know various important figures of the Southern California art world, such as Richard Buhlig (who became his first composition teacher)[30] and arts patron Galka Scheyer.[22] By 1933, Cage decided to concentrate on music rather than painting. \"The people who heard my music had better things to say about it than the people who looked at my paintings had to say about my paintings\", Cage later explained.[22] In 1933 he sent some of his compositions to Henry Cowell; the reply was a \"rather vague letter\",[31] in which Cowell suggested that Cage study with Arnold Schoenberg—Cage's musical ideas at the time included composition based on a 25-tone row, somewhat similar to Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique.[32] Cowell also advised that, before approaching Schoenberg, Cage should take some preliminary lessons, and recommended Adolph Weiss, a former Schoenberg pupil.[33]Following Cowell's advice, Cage travelled to New York City in 1933 and started studying with Weiss as well as taking lessons from Cowell himself at The New School.[30] He supported himself financially by taking up a job washing walls at a YWCA (World Young Women's Christian Association) in Brooklyn.[34] Cage's routine during that period was apparently very tiring, with just four hours of sleep on most nights, and four hours of composition every day starting at 4 am.[34][35] Several months later, still in 1933, Cage became sufficiently good at composition to approach Schoenberg.[b] He could not afford Schoenberg's price, and when he mentioned it, the older composer asked whether Cage would devote his life to music. After Cage replied that he would, Schoenberg offered to tutor him free of charge.[36]Cage studied with Schoenberg in California: first at University of Southern California and then at University of California, Los Angeles, as well as privately.[30] The older composer became one of the biggest influences on Cage, who \"literally worshipped him\",[37] particularly as an example of how to live one's life being a composer.[35] The vow Cage gave, to dedicate his life to music, was apparently still important some 40 years later, when Cage \"had no need for it [i.e. writing music]\", he continued composing partly because of the promise he gave.[38] Schoenberg's methods and their influence on Cage are well documented by Cage himself in various lectures and writings. Particularly well-known is the conversation mentioned in the 1958 lecture Indeterminacy:After I had been studying with him for two years, Schoenberg said, \"In order to write music, you must have a feeling for harmony.\" I explained to him that I had no feeling for harmony. He then said that I would always encounter an obstacle, that it would be as though I came to a wall through which I could not pass. I said, \"In that case I will devote my life to beating my head against that wall.\"[39]Cage studied with Schoenberg for two years, but although he admired his teacher, he decided to leave after Schoenberg told the assembled students that he was trying to make it impossible for them to write music. Much later, Cage recounted the incident: \"... When he said that, I revolted, not against him, but against what he had said. I determined then and there, more than ever before, to write music.\"[37] Although Schoenberg was not impressed with Cage's compositional abilities during these two years, in a later interview, where he initially said that none of his American pupils were interesting, he further stated in reference to Cage: \"There was one ... of course he's not a composer, but he's an inventor—of genius.\"[37] Cage would later adopt the \"inventor\" moniker and deny that he was in fact a composer.[40]At some point in 1934–35, during his studies with Schoenberg, Cage was working at his mother's arts and crafts shop, where he met artist Xenia Andreyevna Kashevaroff. She was an Alaskan-born daughter of a Russian priest; her work encompassed fine bookbinding, sculpture and collage. Although Cage was involved in relationships with Don Sample and with architect Rudolph Schindler's wife Pauline[19] when he met Xenia, he fell in love immediately. Cage and Kashevaroff were married in the desert at Yuma, Arizona, on June 7, 1935.[41]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Works for prepared piano by John Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_for_prepared_piano_by_John_Cage"},{"link_name":"Pacific Palisades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Palisades,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerloffJunkerman199486-44"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Revill_1993,_55-45"},{"link_name":"Oskar Fischinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Fischinger"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Revill_1993,_55-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostelanetz200343-46"},{"link_name":"Lou Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Mills College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mills_College"},{"link_name":"Marian van Tuyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_van_Tuyl"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Revill_1993,_55-45"},{"link_name":"Seattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle"},{"link_name":"Bonnie Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_Bird"},{"link_name":"Cornish College of the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_College_of_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Mark Tobey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Tobey"},{"link_name":"Merce Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merce_Cunningham"},{"link_name":"László Moholy-Nagy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Moholy-Nagy"},{"link_name":"IIT Institute of Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIT_Institute_of_Design"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Columbia Broadcasting System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Patchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Patchen"},{"link_name":"Max Ernst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Ernst"},{"link_name":"Peggy Guggenheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Guggenheim"},{"link_name":"Piet Mondrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet_Mondrian"},{"link_name":"André Breton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Breton"},{"link_name":"Jackson Pollock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Pollock"},{"link_name":"Marcel Duchamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Duchamp"},{"link_name":"Museum of Modern Art (MoMA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art"},{"link_name":"Jean Erdman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Erdman"},{"link_name":"Joseph Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Campbell"},{"link_name":"The Wonderful Widow of Eighteen Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wonderful_Widow_of_Eighteen_Springs"},{"link_name":"Cathy Berberian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathy_Berberian"},{"link_name":"Luciano Berio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano_Berio"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Maya Deren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Deren"},{"link_name":"At Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_Land"},{"link_name":"Gita Sarabhai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gita_Sarabhai"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECage1973127-48"},{"link_name":"D. T. Suzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._T._Suzuki"},{"link_name":"Zen Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zen_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERevill1993108-49"},{"link_name":"Coomaraswamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pritchett,_Grove-31"},{"link_name":"Sonatas and Interludes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonatas_and_Interludes"},{"link_name":"String Quartet in Four Parts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_Quartet_in_Four_Parts"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECage1973158-50"},{"link_name":"Richard Buhlig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Buhlig"},{"link_name":"Grete Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grete_Sultan"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBredow2012-51"},{"link_name":"Music for Piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_for_Piano_(Cage)"},{"link_name":"Etudes Australes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etudes_Australes"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"1937–1949: modern dance and Eastern influences","text":"See also: Works for prepared piano by John CageThe newly married couple first lived with Cage's parents in Pacific Palisades, then moved to Hollywood.[42] During 1936–38 Cage changed numerous jobs, including one that started his lifelong association with modern dance: dance accompanist at the University of California, Los Angeles. He produced music for choreographies and at one point taught a course on \"Musical Accompaniments for Rhythmic Expression\" at UCLA, with his aunt Phoebe.[43] It was during that time that Cage first started experimenting with unorthodox instruments, such as household items, metal sheets, and so on. This was inspired by Oskar Fischinger, who told Cage that \"everything in the world has a spirit that can be released through its sound.\" Although Cage did not share the idea of spirits, these words inspired him to begin exploring the sounds produced by hitting various non-musical objects.[43][44]In 1938, on Cowell's recommendation, Cage drove to San Francisco to find employment and to seek out fellow Cowell student and composer Lou Harrison. According to Cowell, the two composers had a shared interest in percussion and dance and would likely hit it off if introduced to one another. Indeed, the two immediately established a strong bond upon meeting and began a working relationship that continued for several years. Harrison soon helped Cage to secure a faculty member position at Mills College, teaching the same program as at UCLA, and collaborating with choreographer Marian van Tuyl. Several famous dance groups were present, and Cage's interest in modern dance grew further.[43] After several months he left and moved to Seattle, Washington, where he found work as composer and accompanist for choreographer Bonnie Bird at the Cornish College of the Arts. The Cornish School years proved to be a particularly important period in Cage's life. Aside from teaching and working as accompanist, Cage organized a percussion ensemble that toured the West Coast and brought the composer his first fame. His reputation was enhanced further with the invention of the prepared piano—a piano which has had its sound altered by objects placed on, beneath or between the strings—in 1940. This concept was originally intended for a performance staged in a room too small to include a full percussion ensemble. It was also at the Cornish School that Cage met several people who became lifelong friends, such as painter Mark Tobey and dancer Merce Cunningham. The latter was to become Cage's lifelong romantic partner and artistic collaborator.Cage left Seattle in the summer of 1941 after the painter László Moholy-Nagy invited him to teach at the Chicago School of Design (what later became the IIT Institute of Design). The composer accepted partly because he hoped to find opportunities in Chicago, that were not available in Seattle, to organize a center for experimental music. These opportunities did not materialize. Cage taught at the Chicago School of Design and worked as accompanist and composer at the University of Chicago. At one point, his reputation as percussion composer landed him a commission from the Columbia Broadcasting System to compose a soundtrack for a radio play by Kenneth Patchen. The result, The City Wears a Slouch Hat, was received well, and Cage deduced that more important commissions would follow. Hoping to find these, he left Chicago for New York City in the spring of 1942.In New York, the Cages first stayed with painter Max Ernst and Peggy Guggenheim. Through them, Cage met important artists such as Piet Mondrian, André Breton, Jackson Pollock, and Marcel Duchamp, and many others. Guggenheim was very supportive: the Cages could stay with her and Ernst for any length of time, and she offered to organize a concert of Cage's music at the opening of her gallery, which included paying for transportation of Cage's percussion instruments from Chicago. After she learned that Cage secured another concert, at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), Guggenheim withdrew all support, and, even after the ultimately successful MoMA concert, Cage was left homeless, unemployed and penniless. The commissions he hoped for did not happen. He and Xenia spent the summer of 1942 with dancer Jean Erdman and her husband Joseph Campbell. Without the percussion instruments, Cage again turned to prepared piano, producing a substantial body of works for performances by various choreographers, including Merce Cunningham, who had moved to New York City several years earlier. Cage and Cunningham eventually became romantically involved, and Cage's marriage, already breaking up during the early 1940s, ended in divorce in 1945. Cunningham remained Cage's partner for the rest of his life. Cage also countered the lack of percussion instruments by writing, on one occasion, for voice and closed piano: the resulting piece, The Wonderful Widow of Eighteen Springs (1942), quickly became popular and was performed by the celebrated duo of Cathy Berberian and Luciano Berio.[45] In 1944, he appeared in Maya Deren's At Land, a 15-minute silent experimental film.Like his personal life, Cage's artistic life went through a crisis in mid-1940s. The composer was experiencing a growing disillusionment with the idea of music as means of communication: the public rarely accepted his work, and Cage himself, too, had trouble understanding the music of his colleagues. In early 1946 Cage agreed to tutor Gita Sarabhai, an Indian musician who came to the US to study Western music. In return, he asked her to teach him about Indian music and philosophy.[46] Cage also attended, in late 1940s and early 1950s, D. T. Suzuki's lectures on Zen Buddhism,[47] and read further the works of Coomaraswamy.[30] The first fruits of these studies were works inspired by Indian concepts: Sonatas and Interludes for prepared piano, String Quartet in Four Parts, and others. Cage accepted the goal of music as explained to him by Sarabhai: \"to sober and quiet the mind, thus rendering it susceptible to divine influences\".[48]Early in 1946, his former teacher Richard Buhlig arranged for Cage to meet Berlin-born pianist Grete Sultan, who had escaped from Nazi persecution to New York in 1941.[49] They became close, lifelong friends, and Cage later dedicated part of his Music for Piano and his monumental piano cycle Etudes Australes to her. In 1949, he received a Guggenheim Fellowship.[50]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carnegie Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Hall"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Simon_Guggenheim_Memorial_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Olivier Messiaen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivier_Messiaen"},{"link_name":"Pierre Boulez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez"},{"link_name":"Morton Feldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_Feldman"},{"link_name":"New York Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"Anton Webern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Webern"},{"link_name":"Sergei Rachmaninoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERevill1993101-53"},{"link_name":"Earle Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earle_Brown"},{"link_name":"David Tudor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Tudor"},{"link_name":"Christian Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(composer)"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchett1993105-54"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholls2002101-55"},{"link_name":"I Ching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Ching"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostelanetz200368-56"},{"link_name":"Chinese classic text","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_classic_texts"},{"link_name":"Kurt Wolff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Wolff_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"Pantheon Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon_Books"},{"link_name":"divination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divination"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECage197360-57"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchett199397-58"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERevill199391-59"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchett199371-61"},{"link_name":"Imaginary Landscape No. 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_Landscape"},{"link_name":"Music of Changes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Changes"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchett199378-62"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Monroe Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_Street_(Baltimore)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERevill1993142-64"},{"link_name":"Williams Mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Mix"},{"link_name":"tape music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tape_music"},{"link_name":"Earle Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earle_Brown"},{"link_name":"Morton Feldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morton_Feldman"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERevill1993143%E2%80%93149-65"},{"link_name":"4′33″","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4%E2%80%B233%E2%80%B3"},{"link_name":"Woodstock, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodstock,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERevill1993166-66"},{"link_name":"Karlheinz Stockhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen"},{"link_name":"Iannis Xenakis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"Black Mountain College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mountain_College"},{"link_name":"Asheville, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"happening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happening"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Gate Hill Cooperative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_Hill_Cooperative"},{"link_name":"Stony Point, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stony_Point,_New_York"},{"link_name":"M. C. Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._C._Richards"},{"link_name":"Karen Karnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Karnes"},{"link_name":"Stan VanDerBeek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_VanDerBeek"},{"link_name":"Sari Dienes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sari_Dienes"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-compendium-69"},{"link_name":"graphic notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_notation_(music)"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Variations I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variations_(Cage)"}],"sub_title":"1950s: discovering chance","text":"After a 1949 performance at Carnegie Hall, New York, Cage received a grant from the Guggenheim Foundation, which enabled him to make a trip to Europe, where he met composers such as Olivier Messiaen and Pierre Boulez. More important was Cage's chance encounter with Morton Feldman in New York City in early 1950. Both composers attended a New York Philharmonic concert, where the orchestra performed Anton Webern's Symphony, op. 21, followed by a piece by Sergei Rachmaninoff. Cage felt so overwhelmed by Webern's piece that he left before the Rachmaninoff; and in the lobby, he met Feldman, who was leaving for the same reason.[51] The two composers quickly became friends; some time later Cage, Feldman, Earle Brown, David Tudor and Cage's pupil Christian Wolff came to be referred to as \"the New York school\".[52][53]In early 1951, Wolff presented Cage with a copy of the I Ching[54]—a Chinese classic text which describes a symbol system used to identify order in chance events. This version of the I Ching was the first complete English translation and had been published by Wolff's father, Kurt Wolff of Pantheon Books in 1950. The I Ching is commonly used for divination, but for Cage it became a tool to compose using chance.[55] To compose a piece of music, Cage would come up with questions to ask the I Ching; the book would then be used in much the same way as it is used for divination. For Cage, this meant \"imitating nature in its manner of operation\".[56][57] His lifelong interest in sound itself culminated in an approach that yielded works in which sounds were free from the composer's will:When I hear what we call music, it seems to me that someone is talking. And talking about his feelings, or about his ideas of relationships. But when I hear traffic, the sound of traffic—here on Sixth Avenue, for instance—I don't have the feeling that anyone is talking. I have the feeling that sound is acting. And I love the activity of sound ... I don't need sound to talk to me.[58]Although Cage had used chance on a few earlier occasions, most notably in the third movement of Concerto for Prepared Piano and Chamber Orchestra (1950–51),[59] the I Ching opened new possibilities in this field for him. The first results of the new approach were Imaginary Landscape No. 4 for 12 radio receivers, and Music of Changes for piano. The latter work was written for David Tudor,[60] whom Cage met through Feldman—another friendship that lasted until Cage's death.[c] Tudor premiered most of Cage's works until the early 1960s, when he stopped performing on the piano and concentrated on composing music. The I Ching became Cage's standard tool for composition: he used it in practically every work composed after 1951, and eventually settled on a computer algorithm that calculated numbers in a manner similar to throwing coins for the I Ching.Despite the fame Sonatas and Interludes earned him, and the connections he cultivated with American and European composers and musicians, Cage was quite poor. Although he still had an apartment at 326 Monroe Street (which he occupied since around 1946), his financial situation in 1951 worsened so much that while working on Music of Changes, he prepared a set of instructions for Tudor as to how to complete the piece in the event of his death.[61] Nevertheless, Cage managed to survive and maintained an active artistic life, giving lectures and performances, etc.In 1952–1953 he completed another mammoth project—the Williams Mix, a piece of tape music, which Earle Brown and Morton Feldman helped to put together.[62] Also in 1952, Cage composed the piece that became his best-known and most controversial creation: 4′33″. The score instructs the performer not to play the instrument during the entire duration of the piece—four minutes, thirty-three seconds—and is meant to be perceived as consisting of the sounds of the environment that the listeners hear while it is performed. Cage conceived \"a silent piece\" years earlier, but was reluctant to write it down; and indeed, the premiere (given by Tudor on August 29, 1952, at Woodstock, New York) caused an uproar in the audience.[63] The reaction to 4′33″ was just a part of the larger picture: on the whole, it was the adoption of chance procedures that had disastrous consequences for Cage's reputation. The press, which used to react favorably to earlier percussion and prepared piano music, ignored his new works, and many valuable friendships and connections were lost. Pierre Boulez, who used to promote Cage's work in Europe, was opposed to Cage's use of chance, and so were other composers who came to prominence during the 1950s, e.g. Karlheinz Stockhausen and Iannis Xenakis.[64][failed verification]During this time Cage was also teaching at the avant-garde Black Mountain College just outside Asheville, North Carolina. Cage taught at the college in the summers of 1948 and 1952 and was in residence the summer of 1953. While at Black Mountain College in 1952, he organized what has been called the first \"happening\" (see discussion below) in the United States, later titled Theatre Piece No. 1, a multi-layered, multi-media performance event staged the same day as Cage conceived it that \"that would greatly influence 1950s and 60s artistic practices\". In addition to Cage, the participants included Cunningham and Tudor.[65]From 1953 onward, Cage was busy composing music for modern dance, particularly Cunningham's dances (Cage's partner adopted chance too, out of fascination for the movement of the human body), as well as developing new methods of using chance, in a series of works he referred to as The Ten Thousand Things. In the summer of 1954 he moved out of New York and settled in Gate Hill Cooperative, a community in Stony Point, New York, where his neighbors included David Tudor, M. C. Richards, Karen Karnes, Stan VanDerBeek, and Sari Dienes. The composer's financial situation gradually improved: in late 1954 he and Tudor were able to embark on a European tour. From 1956 to 1961 Cage taught classes in experimental composition at The New School, and from 1956 to 1958 he also worked as an art director and designer of typography.[66] Among his works completed during the last years of the decade were Concert for Piano and Orchestra (1957–58), a seminal work in the history of graphic notation,[67] and Variations I (1958).","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wesleyan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_University"},{"link_name":"Norman O. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_O._Brown"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Wesleyan University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_University_Press"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pritchett,_Grove-31"},{"link_name":"C.F. Peters Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edition_Peters"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-compendium-69"},{"link_name":"Betty Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Freeman"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pritchett,_Grove-31"},{"link_name":"star charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_chart"},{"link_name":"0′00″","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/0%2700%22"},{"link_name":"Variations III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variations_(Cage)"},{"link_name":"happenings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happening"},{"link_name":"Fluxus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluxus"},{"link_name":"Jackson Mac Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Mac_Low"},{"link_name":"Allan Kaprow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Kaprow"},{"link_name":"Al Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Hansen"},{"link_name":"George Brecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brecht"},{"link_name":"Ben Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Patterson"},{"link_name":"Dick Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Higgins"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"George Segal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Segal_(artist)"},{"link_name":"Antonin Artaud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonin_Artaud"},{"link_name":"The Theatre and Its Double","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Theatre_and_Its_Double"},{"link_name":"Mary Bauermeister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Bauermeister"},{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"Nam June Paik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_June_Paik"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"A Year from Monday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Year_from_Monday"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERevill1993208-78"},{"link_name":"Ramapo Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramapo_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Revill_228-79"}],"sub_title":"1960s: fame","text":"Cage was affiliated with Wesleyan University and collaborated with members of its music department from the 1950s until his death in 1992. At the university, the philosopher, poet, and professor of classics Norman O. Brown befriended Cage, an association that proved fruitful to both.[68][69] In 1960 the composer was appointed a fellow on the faculty of the Center for Advanced Studies (now the Center for Humanities) in the Liberal Arts and Sciences at Wesleyan,[70] where he started teaching classes in experimental music. In October 1961, Wesleyan University Press published Silence, a collection of Cage's lectures and writings on a wide variety of subjects, including the famous Lecture on Nothing that was composed using a complex time length scheme, much like some of Cage's music. Silence was Cage's first book of six but it remains his most widely read and influential.[d][30] In the early 1960s Cage began his lifelong association with C.F. Peters Corporation. Walter Hinrichsen, the president of the corporation, offered Cage an exclusive contract and instigated the publication of a catalog of Cage's works, which appeared in 1962.[66]Edition Peters soon published a large number of scores by Cage, and this, together with the publication of Silence, led to much higher prominence for the composer than ever before—one of the positive consequences of this was that in 1965 Betty Freeman set up an annual grant for living expenses for Cage, to be issued from 1965 to his death.[71] By the mid-1960s, Cage was receiving so many commissions and requests for appearances that he was unable to fulfill them. This was accompanied by a busy touring schedule; consequently Cage's compositional output from that decade was scant.[30] After the orchestral Atlas Eclipticalis (1961–62), a work based on star charts, which was fully notated, Cage gradually shifted to, in his own words, \"music (not composition).\" The score of 0′00″, completed in 1962, originally comprised a single sentence: \"In a situation provided with maximum amplification, perform a disciplined action\", and in the first performance the disciplined action was Cage writing that sentence. The score of Variations III (1962) abounds in instructions to the performers, but makes no references to music, musical instruments, or sounds.Many of the Variations and other 1960s pieces were in fact \"happenings\", an art form established by Cage and his students in late 1950s. Cage's \"Experimental Composition\" classes at The New School have become legendary as an American source of Fluxus, an international network of artists, composers, and designers. The majority of his students had little or no background in music. Most were artists. They included Jackson Mac Low, Allan Kaprow, Al Hansen, George Brecht, Ben Patterson, and Dick Higgins, as well as many others Cage invited unofficially. Famous pieces that resulted from the classes include George Brecht's Time Table Music and Al Hansen's Alice Denham in 48 Seconds.[72] As set forth by Cage, happenings were theatrical events that abandon the traditional concept of stage-audience and occur without a sense of definite duration. Instead, they are left to chance. They have a minimal script, with no plot. In fact, a \"happening\" is so-named because it occurs in the present, attempting to arrest the concept of passing time. Cage believed that theater was the closest route to integrating art and real life. The term \"happenings\" was coined by Allan Kaprow, one of his students, who defined it as a genre in the late fifties. Cage met Kaprow while on a mushroom hunt with George Segal and invited him to join his class. In following these developments Cage was strongly influenced by Antonin Artaud's seminal treatise The Theatre and Its Double, and the happenings of this period can be viewed as a forerunner to the ensuing Fluxus movement. In October 1960, Mary Bauermeister's Cologne studio hosted a joint concert by Cage and the video artist Nam June Paik (Cage's friend and mentee), who in the course of his performance of Etude for Piano cut off Cage's tie and then poured a bottle of shampoo over the heads of Cage and Tudor.[73]In 1967, Cage's book A Year from Monday was first published by Wesleyan University Press. Cage's parents died during the decade: his father in 1964,[74] and his mother in 1969. Cage had their ashes scattered in Ramapo Mountains, near Stony Point, and asked for the same to be done to him after his death.[75]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marshall McLuhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan"},{"link_name":"R. Buckminster Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Buckminster_Fuller"},{"link_name":"HPSCHD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPSCHD"},{"link_name":"Lejaren Hiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lejaren_Hiller"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"University of Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Cheap Imitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheap_Imitation"},{"link_name":"Erik Satie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Satie"},{"link_name":"Socrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrate"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"improvisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisation"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Opening bars of Cheap Imitation (1969)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cage-cheap-imitation-exceprt.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"Arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthritis"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERevill1993247-84"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFetterman1996191-85"},{"link_name":"Grete Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grete_Sultan"},{"link_name":"Paul Zukofsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Zukofsky"},{"link_name":"Margaret Leng Tan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Leng_Tan"},{"link_name":"mesostics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesostic"},{"link_name":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_(John_Cage_book)"},{"link_name":"Kathan Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathan_Brown"},{"link_name":"Crown Point Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Point_Press"},{"link_name":"watercolors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercolor"},{"link_name":"Empty Words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_Words"}],"sub_title":"1969–1987: new departures","text":"Cage's work from the sixties features some of his largest and most ambitious, not to mention socially utopian pieces, reflecting the mood of the era yet also his absorption of the writings of both Marshall McLuhan, on the effects of new media, and R. Buckminster Fuller, on the power of technology to promote social change. HPSCHD (1969), a gargantuan and long-running multimedia work made in collaboration with Lejaren Hiller, incorporated the mass superimposition of seven harpsichords playing chance-determined excerpts from the works of Cage, Hiller, and a potted history of canonical classics, with 52 tapes of computer-generated sounds, 6,400 slides of designs, many supplied by NASA, and shown from sixty-four slide projectors, with 40 motion-picture films. The piece was initially rendered in a five-hour performance at the University of Illinois in 1969, in which the audience arrived after the piece had begun and left before it ended, wandering freely around the auditorium in the time for which they were there.[76]Also in 1969, Cage produced the first fully notated work in years: Cheap Imitation for piano. The piece is a chance-controlled reworking of Erik Satie's Socrate, and, as both listeners and Cage himself noted, openly sympathetic to its source. Although Cage's affection for Satie's music was well-known, it was highly unusual for him to compose a personal work, one in which the composer is present. When asked about this apparent contradiction, Cage replied: \"Obviously, Cheap Imitation lies outside of what may seem necessary in my work in general, and that's disturbing. I'm the first to be disturbed by it.\"[77] Cage's fondness for the piece resulted in a recording—a rare occurrence, since Cage disliked making recordings of his music—made in 1976.[78] Overall, Cheap Imitation marked a major change in Cage's music: he turned again to writing fully notated works for traditional instruments, and tried out several new approaches, such as improvisation, which he previously discouraged, but was able to use in works from the 1970s, such as Child of Tree (1975).[79]Opening bars of Cheap Imitation (1969)\n\nPerformed by the composer in 1976, shortly before he had to retire from performing\nProblems playing this file? See media help.Cheap Imitation became the last work Cage performed in public himself. Arthritis had troubled Cage since 1960, and by the early 1970s his hands were painfully swollen and rendered him unable to perform.[80] Nevertheless, he still played Cheap Imitation during the 1970s,[81] before finally having to give up performing. Preparing manuscripts also became difficult: before, published versions of pieces were done in Cage's calligraphic script; now, manuscripts for publication had to be completed by assistants. Matters were complicated further by David Tudor's departure from performing, which happened in the early 1970s. Tudor decided to concentrate on composition instead, and so Cage, for the first time in two decades, had to start relying on commissions from other performers, and their respective abilities. Such performers included Grete Sultan, Paul Zukofsky, Margaret Leng Tan, and many others. Aside from music, Cage continued writing books of prose and poetry (mesostics). M was first published by Wesleyan University Press in 1973. In January 1978 Cage was invited by Kathan Brown of Crown Point Press to engage in printmaking, and Cage would go on to produce series of prints every year until his death; these, together with some late watercolors, constitute the largest portion of his extant visual art. In 1979 Cage's Empty Words was first published by Wesleyan University Press.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Number Pieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_Pieces"},{"link_name":"Roberto Fabbriciani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Fabbriciani"},{"link_name":"Number Pieces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_Pieces"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pritchett,_Grove-31"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaskins2004-86"},{"link_name":"One11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One11"},{"link_name":"Michael Bach Bachtischa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bach_(musician)"},{"link_name":"curved bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curved_bow"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper_Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Mark Swed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Swed"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-87"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-87"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Cage_and_Michael_Bach_in_Assissi_1992.jpg"},{"link_name":"Michael Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bach_(musician)"},{"link_name":"sciatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciatica"},{"link_name":"arteriosclerosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arteriosclerosis"},{"link_name":"macrobiotic diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrobiotic_diet"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERevill1993295-88"},{"link_name":"St. Vincent's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Vincent%27s_Hospital_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-2"},{"link_name":"Ramapo Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramapo_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Stony Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stony_Point,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Revill_228-79"},{"link_name":"Walter Zimmermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Zimmermann"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-2"},{"link_name":"Ensemble Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_Modern"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"}],"sub_title":"1987–1992: final years and death","text":"See also: Number PiecesIn 1987, Cage completed a piece called Two, for flute and piano, dedicated to performers Roberto Fabbriciani and Carlo Neri. The title referred to the number of performers needed; the music consisted of short notated fragments to be played at any tempo within the indicated time constraints. Cage went on to write some forty such Number Pieces, as they came to be known, one of the last being Eighty (1992, premiered in Munich on October 28, 2011), usually employing a variant of the same technique. The process of composition, in many of the later Number Pieces, was simple selection of pitch range and pitches from that range, using chance procedures;[30] the music has been linked to Cage's anarchic leanings.[82] One11 (i.e., the eleventh piece for a single performer), completed in early 1992, was Cage's first and only foray into film. Cage conceived his last musical work with Michael Bach Bachtischa: \"ONE13\" for violoncello with curved bow and three loudspeakers, which was published years later.Another new direction, also taken in 1987, was opera: Cage produced five operas, all sharing the same title Europera, in 1987–91. Europeras I and II require greater forces than III, IV and V, which are on a chamber scale. They were commissioned by the Frankfurt Opera to celebrate his seventy-fifth birthday, and according to music critic Mark Swed, they took \"an enormous effort on the composer's part–requiring two full-time assistants and two computers humming day and night.\"[83] These pieces caused quite a stir in the world of opera at the time with their unconventional methods for staging and sequencing. Many standard pieces of operatic repertoire were used, but not in any preset order; rather, they were selected by chance, meaning no two performances were exactly alike. Many of those who were to be a part of these performances refused to participate, citing the impossibility of the requests Cage was making. Days before Europas 1 & 2 were to be premiered, Frankfurt's opera house burned down, setting into motion a series of setbacks leading to a theatrical run met with mixed reactions, including a performance so bad that Cage penned a letter to his musicians criticizing their interpretation of his composition.[83]John Cage (left) and Michael Bach in Assisi, Italy, 1992In the course of the 1980s, Cage's health worsened progressively. He suffered not only from arthritis, but also from sciatica and arteriosclerosis. He had a stroke that left the movement of his left leg restricted, and, in 1985, broke an arm. During this time, Cage pursued a macrobiotic diet.[84] Nevertheless, ever since arthritis started plaguing him, the composer was aware of his age, and, as biographer David Revill observed, \"the fire which he began to incorporate in his visual work in 1985 is not only the fire he has set aside for so long—the fire of passion—but also fire as transitoriness and fragility.\" On August 11, 1992, while preparing evening tea for himself and Cunningham, Cage had another stroke. He was taken to St. Vincent's Hospital in Manhattan, where he died on the morning of August 12.[85] He was 79.[2]According to his wishes, Cage's body was cremated and his ashes scattered in the Ramapo Mountains, near Stony Point, New York, at the same place where he had scattered the ashes of his parents.[75] The composer's death occurred only weeks before a celebration of his 80th birthday organized in Frankfurt by composer Walter Zimmermann and musicologist Stefan Schaedler.[2] The event went ahead as planned, including a performance of the Concert for Piano and Orchestra by David Tudor and Ensemble Modern. Merce Cunningham died of natural causes in July 2009.[86]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of compositions by John Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_John_Cage"}],"text":"See also: List of compositions by John Cage","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchett19936-91"},{"link_name":"Sonata for Clarinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonata_for_Clarinet_(Cage)"},{"link_name":"chromatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromaticism"},{"link_name":"counterpoint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterpoint"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchett19937-92"},{"link_name":"dodecaphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodecaphony"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sonatas-interludes-sonata3graph.gif"},{"link_name":"Imaginary Landscape No. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_Landscape_No._1"},{"link_name":"First Construction (in Metal)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_(Cage)"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholls200271%E2%80%9374-93"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchett199329%E2%80%9333-94"},{"link_name":"A Flower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Flower"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pritchett,_Grove-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pritchett,_Grove-31"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"}],"sub_title":"Early works, rhythmic structure, and new approaches to harmony","text":"Cage's first completed pieces are currently lost. According to the composer, the earliest works were very short pieces for piano, composed using complex mathematical procedures and lacking in \"sensual appeal and expressive power.\"[87] Cage then started producing pieces by improvising and writing down the results, until Richard Buhlig stressed to him the importance of structure. Most works from the early 1930s, such as Sonata for Clarinet (1933) and Composition for 3 Voices (1934), are highly chromatic and betray Cage's interest in counterpoint. Around the same time, the composer also developed a type of a tone row technique with 25-note rows.[88] After studies with Schoenberg, who never taught dodecaphony to his students, Cage developed another tone row technique, in which the row was split into short motives, which would then be repeated and transposed according to a set of rules. This approach was first used in Two Pieces for Piano (c. 1935), and then, with modifications, in larger works such as Metamorphosis and Five Songs (both 1938).Rhythmic proportions in Sonata III of Sonatas and Interludes for prepared pianoSoon after Cage started writing percussion music and music for modern dance, he started using a technique that placed the rhythmic structure of the piece into the foreground. In Imaginary Landscape No. 1 (1939) there are four large sections of 16, 17, 18, and 19 bars, and each section is divided into four subsections, the first three of which were all 5 bars long. First Construction (in Metal) (1939) expands on the concept: there are five sections of 4, 3, 2, 3, and 4 units respectively. Each unit contains 16 bars, and is divided the same way: 4 bars, 3 bars, 2 bars, etc. Finally, the musical content of the piece is based on sixteen motives.[89] Such \"nested proportions\", as Cage called them, became a regular feature of his music throughout the 1940s. The technique was elevated to great complexity in later pieces such as Sonatas and Interludes for prepared piano (1946–48), in which many proportions used non-integer numbers (1¼, ¾, 1¼, ¾, 1½, and 1½ for Sonata I, for example),[90] or A Flower, a song for voice and closed piano, in which two sets of proportions are used simultaneously.[91]In late 1940s, Cage started developing further methods of breaking away with traditional harmony. For instance, in String Quartet in Four Parts (1950) Cage first composed a number of gamuts: chords with fixed instrumentation. The piece progresses from one gamut to another. In each instance the gamut was selected only based on whether it contains the note necessary for the melody, and so the rest of the notes do not form any directional harmony.[30] Concerto for prepared piano (1950–51) used a system of charts of durations, dynamics, melodies, etc., from which Cage would choose using simple geometric patterns.[30] The last movement of the concerto was a step towards using chance procedures, which Cage adopted soon afterwards.[92]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Wen_(I_Ching).svg"},{"link_name":"I Ching divination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Ching_divination"},{"link_name":"random generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procedural_generation#Video_games"},{"link_name":"tossing coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin_flipping"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchett199394-97"},{"link_name":"star charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_chart"},{"link_name":"Freeman Etudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeman_Etudes"},{"link_name":"Etudes Boreales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etudes_Boreales"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicholls_2002,_139-98"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPerloffJunkerman1994140-99"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"Henry David Thoreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"Belcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_Belcher"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchett1993197-103"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchett1993200-104"},{"link_name":"scales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scale_(music)"},{"link_name":"transpositions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transposition_(music)"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostelanetz200384-105"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nicholls_2002,_139-98"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostelanetz200392-106"},{"link_name":"coordinate system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_coordinate_system"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchett1993136-107"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPritchett1993144%E2%80%93146-108"},{"link_name":"English National Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_National_Opera"},{"link_name":"London Coliseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Coliseum"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Led Zeppelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin"},{"link_name":"John Paul Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Paul_Jones_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Michael Finnissy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Finnissy"},{"link_name":"Edward Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Gardner_(conductor)"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Roaratorio, an Irish circus on Finnegans Wake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaratorio"},{"link_name":"Finnegans Wake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnegans_Wake"}],"sub_title":"Chance","text":"I Ching divination involves obtaining a hexagram by random generation (such as tossing coins), then reading the chapter associated with that hexagram.A chart system was also used (along with nested proportions) for the large piano work Music of Changes (1951), only here material would be selected from the charts by using the I Ching. All of Cage's music since 1951 was composed using chance procedures, most commonly using the I Ching. For example, works from Music for Piano were based on paper imperfections: the imperfections themselves provided pitches, coin tosses and I Ching hexagram numbers were used to determine the accidentals, clefs, and playing techniques.[93] A whole series of works was created by applying chance operations, i.e. the I Ching, to star charts: Atlas Eclipticalis (1961–62), and a series of etudes: Etudes Australes (1974–75), Freeman Etudes (1977–90), and Etudes Boreales (1978).[94] Cage's etudes are all extremely difficult to perform, a characteristic dictated by Cage's social and political views: the difficulty would ensure that \"a performance would show that the impossible is not impossible\"[95]—this being Cage's answer to the notion that solving the world's political and social problems is impossible.[96] Cage described himself as an anarchist, and was influenced by Henry David Thoreau.[e]Another series of works applied chance procedures to pre-existing music by other composers: Cheap Imitation (1969; based on Erik Satie), Some of \"The Harmony of Maine\" (1978; based on Belcher), and Hymns and Variations (1979). In these works, Cage would borrow the rhythmic structure of the originals and fill it with pitches determined through chance procedures, or just replace some of the originals' pitches.[98] Yet another series of works, the so-called Number Pieces, all completed during the last five years of the composer's life, make use of time brackets: the score consists of short fragments with indications of when to start and to end them (e.g. from anywhere between 1′15\" and 1′45\", and to anywhere from 2′00\" to 2′30\").[99]Cage's method of using the I Ching was far from simple randomization. The procedures varied from composition to composition, and were usually complex. For example, in the case of Cheap Imitation, the exact questions asked to the I Ching were these:Which of the seven modes, if we take as modes the seven scales beginning on white notes and remaining on white notes, which of those am I using?\nWhich of the twelve possible chromatic transpositions am I using?\nFor this phrase for which this transposition of this mode will apply, which note am I using of the seven to imitate the note that Satie wrote?[100]In another example of late music by Cage, Etudes Australes, the compositional procedure involved placing a transparent strip on the star chart, identifying the pitches from the chart, transferring them to paper, then asking the I Ching which of these pitches were to remain single, and which should become parts of aggregates (chords), and the aggregates were selected from a table of some 550 possible aggregates, compiled beforehand.[94][101]Finally, some of Cage's works, particularly those completed during the 1960s, feature instructions to the performer, rather than fully notated music. The score of Variations I (1958) presents the performer with six transparent squares, one with points of various sizes, five with five intersecting lines. The performer combines the squares and uses lines and points as a coordinate system, in which the lines are axes of various characteristics of the sounds, such as lowest frequency, simplest overtone structure, etc.[102] Some of Cage's graphic scores (e.g. Concert for Piano and Orchestra, Fontana Mix (both 1958)) present the performer with similar difficulties. Still other works from the same period consist just of text instructions. The score of 0′00″ (1962; also known as 4′33″ No. 2) consists of a single sentence: \"In a situation provided with maximum amplification, perform a disciplined action.\" The first performance had Cage write that sentence.[103]Musicircus (1967) simply invites the performers to assemble and play together. The first Musicircus featured multiple performers and groups in a large space who were all to commence and stop playing at two particular time periods, with instructions on when to play individually or in groups within these two periods. The result was a mass superimposition of many different musics on top of one another as determined by chance distribution, producing an event with a specifically theatric feel. Many Musicircuses have subsequently been held, and continue to occur even after Cage's death. The English National Opera (ENO) became the first opera company to hold a Cage Musicircus on March 3, 2012, at the London Coliseum.[104][105] The ENO's Musicircus featured artists including Led Zeppelin bassist John Paul Jones and composer Michael Finnissy alongside ENO music director Edward Gardner, the ENO Community Choir, ENO Opera Works singers, and a collective of professional and amateur talents performing in the bars and front of house at London's Coliseum Opera House.[106]This concept of circus was to remain important to Cage throughout his life and featured strongly in such pieces as Roaratorio, an Irish circus on Finnegans Wake (1979), a many-tiered rendering in sound of both his text Writing for the Second Time Through Finnegans Wake, and traditional musical and field recordings made around Ireland. The piece was based on James Joyce's famous novel, Finnegans Wake, which was one of Cage's favorite books, and one from which he derived texts for several more of his works.","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cactus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplified_cactus"},{"link_name":"conch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conch"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKostelanetz200392%E2%80%9396-112"}],"sub_title":"Improvisation","text":"Since chance procedures were used by Cage to eliminate the composer's and the performer's likes and dislikes from music, Cage disliked the concept of improvisation, which is inevitably linked to the performer's preferences. In a number of works beginning in the 1970s, he found ways to incorporate improvisation. In Child of Tree (1975) and Branches (1976) the performers are asked to use certain species of plants as instruments, for example the cactus. The structure of the pieces is determined through the chance of their choices, as is the musical output; the performers had no knowledge of the instruments. In Inlets (1977) the performers play large water-filled conch shells – by carefully tipping the shell several times, it is possible to achieve a bubble forming inside, which produced sound. Yet, as it is impossible to predict when this would happen, the performers had to continue tipping the shells – as a result the performance was dictated by pure chance.[107]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cage-variations-iii-14-small.jpg"},{"link_name":"lithographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithograph"},{"link_name":"plexiglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholls2002112%E2%80%93113-113"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholls2002113%E2%80%93115-114"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholls2002115%E2%80%93118-115"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicholls2002118%E2%80%93122-116"},{"link_name":"Henning Lohner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henning_Lohner"},{"link_name":"mycologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycology"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"University of California, Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"New York Mycological Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mycological_Society"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-compendium-69"},{"link_name":"McHenry Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McHenry_Library"},{"link_name":"University of California, Santa Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz"}],"text":"Variations III, No. 14, a 1992 print by Cage from a series of 57Although Cage started painting in his youth, he gave it up to concentrate on music instead. His first mature visual project, Not Wanting to Say Anything About Marcel, dates from 1969. The work comprises two lithographs and a group of what Cage called plexigrams: silk screen printing on plexiglas panels. The panels and the lithographs all consist of bits and pieces of words in different typefaces, all governed by chance operations.[108]From 1978 to his death Cage worked at Crown Point Press, producing series of prints every year. The earliest project completed there was the etching Score Without Parts (1978), created from fully notated instructions, and based on various combinations of drawings by Henry David Thoreau. This was followed, the same year, by Seven Day Diary, which Cage drew with his eyes closed, but which conformed to a strict structure developed using chance operations. Finally, Thoreau's drawings informed the last works produced in 1978, Signals.[109]Between 1979 and 1982 Cage produced a number of large series of prints: Changes and Disappearances (1979–80), On the Surface (1980–82), and Déreau (1982). These were the last works in which he used engraving.[110] In 1983 he started using various unconventional materials such as cotton batting, foam, etc., and then used stones and fire (Eninka, Variations, Ryoanji, etc.) to create his visual works.[111] In 1988–1990 he produced watercolors at the Mountain Lake Workshop.The only film Cage produced was one of the Number Pieces, One11, commissioned by composer and film director Henning Lohner who worked with Cage to produce and direct the 90-minute monochrome film. It was completed only weeks before his death in 1992. One11 consists entirely of images of chance-determined play of electric light. It premiered in Cologne, Germany, on September 19, 1992, accompanied by the live performance of the orchestra piece 103.Throughout his adult life, Cage was also active as lecturer and writer. Some of his lectures were included in several books he published, the first of which was Silence: Lectures and Writings (1961). Silence included not only simple lectures, but also texts executed in experimental layouts, and works such as Lecture on Nothing (1949), which were composed in rhythmic structures. Subsequent books also featured different types of content, from lectures on music to poetry—Cage's mesostics.Cage was also an avid amateur mycologist.[112] In the fall of 1969, he gave a lecture on the subject of edible mushrooms at the University of California, Davis as part of his \"Music in Dialogue\" course.[113] He co-founded the New York Mycological Society with four friends,[66] and his mycology collection is presently housed by the Special Collections department of the McHenry Library at the University of California, Santa Cruz.","title":"Visual art, writings, and other activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"serialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serialism"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Michael Steinberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Steinberg_(music_critic)"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Douglas Kahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Kahn"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"Klavierstücke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klavierst%C3%BCcke_(Stockhausen)#Klavierst%C3%BCcke_XII%E2%80%93XIX:_formula_composition_and_Licht"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Witold Lutosławski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witold_Lutos%C5%82awski"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"Mauricio Kagel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauricio_Kagel"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"Helmut Lachenmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmut_Lachenmann"},{"link_name":"extended techniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_technique"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"La Monte Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Monte_Young"},{"link_name":"Terry Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Riley"},{"link_name":"Steve Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Reich"},{"link_name":"Philip Glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Glass"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"Michael Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Parsons_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Christopher Hobbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hobbs"},{"link_name":"John White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_White_(composer)"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"Gavin Bryars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Bryars"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"Howard Skempton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Skempton"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"Tōru Takemitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dru_Takemitsu"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"California Institute of the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"Kazuo Inamori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuo_Inamori"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"Foundation for Contemporary Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Contemporary_Arts"},{"link_name":"Meredith Monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meredith_Monk"},{"link_name":"Robert Ashley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ashley"},{"link_name":"Toshi Ichiyanagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshi_Ichiyanagi"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Simon Jeffes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Jeffes"},{"link_name":"Penguin Cafe Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Cafe_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"Sonic Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_Youth"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Stereolab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereolab"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Frank Zappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Zappa"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"noise music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise_music"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Brian Eno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Eno"},{"link_name":"Obscure Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obscure_Records"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"Aphex Twin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphex_Twin"},{"link_name":"Drukqs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drukqs"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"Abstract expressionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_expressionism"},{"link_name":"Robert Rauschenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Rauschenberg"},{"link_name":"sound design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_design"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"Gary Rydstrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Rydstrom"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"Radiohead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohead"},{"link_name":"Cunningham's dance troupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merce_Cunningham_Dance_Company"},{"link_name":"Thom Yorke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thom_Yorke"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP01-151"}],"text":"Cage's pre-chance works, particularly pieces from the late 1940s such as Sonatas and Interludes, earned critical acclaim: the Sonatas were performed at Carnegie Hall in 1949. Cage's adoption of chance operations in 1951 cost him a number of friendships and led to numerous criticisms from fellow composers. Adherents of serialism such as Pierre Boulez and Karlheinz Stockhausen dismissed indeterminate music; Boulez, who was once on friendly terms with Cage, criticized him for \"adoption of a philosophy tinged with Orientalism that masks a basic weakness in compositional technique.\"[114] Prominent critics of serialism, such as the Greek composer Iannis Xenakis, were similarly hostile towards Cage: for Xenakis, the adoption of chance in music was \"an abuse of language and ... an abrogation of a composer's function.\"[115]An article by teacher and critic Michael Steinberg, Tradition and Responsibility, criticized avant-garde music in general:The rise of music that is totally without social commitment also increases the separation between composer and public, and represents still another form of departure from tradition. The cynicism with which this particular departure seems to have been made is perfectly symbolized in John Cage's account of a public lecture he had given: \"Later, during the question period, I gave one of six previously prepared answers regardless of the question asked. This was a reflection of my engagement in Zen.\" While Mr. Cage's famous silent piece [i.e. 4′33″], or his Landscapes for a dozen radio receivers may be of little interest as music, they are of enormous importance historically as representing the complete abdication of the artist's power.[116]Cage's aesthetic position was criticized by, among others, prominent writer and critic Douglas Kahn. In his 1999 book Noise, Water, Meat: A History of Sound in the Arts, Kahn acknowledged the influence Cage had on culture, but noted that \"one of the central effects of Cage's battery of silencing techniques was a silencing of the social.\"[117]While much of Cage's work remains controversial,[118][119] his influence on countless composers, artists, and writers is notable.[120] After Cage introduced chance procedures to his works, Boulez, Stockhausen, and Xenakis remained critical, yet all adopted chance procedures in some of their works (although in a much more restricted manner); and Stockhausen's piano writing in his later Klavierstücke was influenced by Cage's Music of Changes and David Tudor.[121] Other composers who adopted chance procedures in their works included Witold Lutosławski,[122] Mauricio Kagel,[123] and many others. Music in which some of the composition and/or performance is left to chance was labelled aleatoric music—a term popularized by Pierre Boulez. Helmut Lachenmann's work was influenced by Cage's work with extended techniques.[124]Cage's rhythmic structure experiments and his interest in sound influenced a number of composers, starting at first with his close American associates Earle Brown, Morton Feldman, and Christian Wolff (and other American composers, such as La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, and Philip Glass), and then spreading to Europe.[125][126][127] For example, many composers of the English experimental school acknowledge his influence:[128] Michael Parsons, Christopher Hobbs, John White,[129] Gavin Bryars, who studied under Cage briefly,[130] and Howard Skempton.[131] The Japanese composer Tōru Takemitsu has also cited Cage's influence.[132] In 1986, he received an honorary doctorate from the California Institute of the Arts.[133] Cage is a 1989 Kyoto Prize Laureate; the prize was established by Kazuo Inamori.[134] The John Cage Award was endowed and established in 1992 by Foundation for Contemporary Arts in honor of the late composer, with recipients including Meredith Monk, Robert Ashley, and Toshi Ichiyanagi.[135]Following Cage's death Simon Jeffes, founder of the Penguin Cafe Orchestra, composed a piece entitled \"CAGE DEAD\", using a melody based on the notes contained in the title, in the order they appear: C, A, G, E, D, E, A and D.[136]Cage's influence was also acknowledged by rock acts such as Sonic Youth (who performed some of the Number Pieces[137]) and Stereolab (who named a song after Cage[138]), composer and rock and jazz guitarist Frank Zappa,[139] and various noise music artists and bands: musicologist Paul Hegarty traced the origin of noise music to 4′33″.[140] The development of electronic music was also influenced by Cage: in the mid-1970s Brian Eno's label Obscure Records released works by Cage.[141] Prepared piano, which Cage popularized, is featured heavily on Aphex Twin's 2001 album Drukqs.[142] Cage's work as musicologist helped popularize Erik Satie's music,[143][144] and his friendship with Abstract expressionist artists such as Robert Rauschenberg helped introduce his ideas into visual art. Cage's ideas also found their way into sound design: for example, Academy Award-winning sound designer Gary Rydstrom cited Cage's work as a major influence.[145] Radiohead undertook a composing and performing collaboration with Cunningham's dance troupe in 2003 because the music-group's leader Thom Yorke considered Cage one of his \"all-time art heroes\".[146]","title":"Reception and influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"Michael Tilson Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Tilson_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Song Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_Books_(Cage)"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Symphony"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"annual new-music courses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darmstadt_International_Summer_Courses_for_New_Music"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LAT01-20"},{"link_name":"Ruhrtriennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhrtriennale"},{"link_name":"Heiner Goebbels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiner_Goebbels"},{"link_name":"Europeras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europeras"},{"link_name":"Lecture on Nothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silence:_Lectures_and_Writings"},{"link_name":"Robert Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wilson_(director)"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"Santa Monica, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"John Cage Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cage_Day"},{"link_name":"Kasia Glowicka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasia_Glowicka"},{"link_name":"Adrian Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Knight_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Henry Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Vega"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"Bill T. Jones/Arnie Zane Dance Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_T._Jones/Arnie_Zane_Dance_Company"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WP01-151"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Componist_John_Cage_,_kop,_Bestanddeelnr_934-3585.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Centenary commemoration","text":"In 2012, among a wide range of American and international centennial celebrations,[147][148] an eight-day festival was held in Washington DC, with venues found notably more among the city's art museums and universities than performance spaces. Earlier in the centennial year, conductor Michael Tilson Thomas presented Cage's Song Books with the San Francisco Symphony at Carnegie Hall in New York.[149][150] Another celebration came, for instance, in Darmstadt, Germany, which in July 2012 renamed its central station the John Cage Railway Station during the term of its annual new-music courses.[19] At the Ruhrtriennale in Germany, Heiner Goebbels staged a production of Europeras 1 & 2 in a 36,000 sq ft converted factory and commissioned a production of Lecture on Nothing created and performed by Robert Wilson.[151] Jacaranda Music had four concerts planned in Santa Monica, California, for the centennial week.[152][153] John Cage Day was the name given to several events held during 2012 to mark the centenary of his birth.A 2012 project was curated by Juraj Kojs to celebrate the centenary of Cage's birth, titled On Silence: Homage to Cage. It consisted of 13 commissioned works created by composers from around the globe such as Kasia Glowicka, Adrian Knight and Henry Vega, each being 4 minutes and 33 seconds long in honor of Cage's famous 1952 opus, 4′33″. The program was supported by the Foundation for Emerging Technologies and Arts, Laura Kuhn and the John Cage Trust.[154]In a homage to Cage's dance work, the Bill T. Jones/Arnie Zane Dance Company in July 2012 \"performed an engrossing piece called 'Story/Time'. It was modeled on Cage's 1958 work 'Indeterminacy', in which [Cage and then Jones, respectively,] sat alone onstage, reading aloud ... series of one-minute stories [they]'d written. Dancers from Jones's company performed as [Jones] read.\"[146]John Cage","title":"Reception and influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bard College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bard_College"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"New York Public Library for the Performing Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Public_Library_for_the_Performing_Arts"},{"link_name":"Wesleyan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_University"},{"link_name":"Northwestern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University"},{"link_name":"Notations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notations"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"}],"text":"The archive of the John Cage Trust is held at Bard College in upstate New York.[155]\nThe John Cage Music Manuscript Collection held by the Music Division of the New York Public Library for the Performing Arts contains most of the composer's musical manuscripts, including sketches, worksheets, realizations, and unfinished works.\nThe John Cage Papers are held in the Special Collections and Archives department of Wesleyan University's Olin Library in Middletown, Connecticut. They contain manuscripts, interviews, fan mail, and ephemera. Other material includes clippings, gallery and exhibition catalogs, a collection of Cage's books and serials, posters, objects, exhibition and literary announcement postcards, and brochures from conferences and other organizations\nThe John Cage Collection at Northwestern University in Illinois contains the composer's correspondence, ephemera, and the Notations collection.[156]\nThe John Cage Materials are held within the Oral History of American Music (OHAM) collection of the Irving S. Gilmore Library at Yale University.[157]","title":"Archives"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes, references, sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"Kostelanetz 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKostelanetz2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-37"},{"link_name":"Pritchett, Kuhn & Garrett 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPritchettKuhnGarrett2012"},{"link_name":"Kostelanetz 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKostelanetz2003"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-63"},{"link_name":"Tudor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Tudor"},{"link_name":"Gann, Kyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Gann"},{"link_name":"\"Cleaning Up a Life\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.artsjournal.com/postclassic/2008/09/cleaning_up_a_life.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-74"},{"link_name":"Virgil Thomson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil_Thomson"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-102"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ Cage quoted in Kostelanetz 2003, 1–2. Cage mentions a working model of the universe that his father had built, and that the scientists who saw it could not explain how it worked and refused to believe it.\n\n^ Different sources give different details of their first meeting. Pritchett, Kuhn & Garrett 2012, in Grove, imply that Cage met Schoenberg in New York City: \"Cage followed Schoenberg to Los Angeles in 1934\". In a 1976 interview quoted in Kostelanetz 2003, 5, Cage mentions that he \"went to see him [Schoenberg] in Los Angeles.\"\n\n^ Recent research has shown that Cage may have met Tudor almost a decade earlier, in 1942, through Jean Erdman: Gann, Kyle (2008). \"Cleaning Up a Life\". artsjournal.com. Retrieved August 4, 2009.\n\n^ Technically, it was his second, for Cage previously collaborated with Kathleen Hoover on a biographical volume on Virgil Thomson which was published in 1959.\n\n^ Cage self-identified as an anarchist in a 1985 interview: \"I'm an anarchist. I don't know whether the adjective is pure and simple, or philosophical, or what, but I don't like government! And I don't like institutions! And I don't have any confidence in even good institutions.\"[97]","title":"Notes, references, sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Pritchett, Kuhn & Garrett 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPritchettKuhnGarrett2012"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-obit_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-obit_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-obit_2-2"},{"link_name":"Kozinn, Allan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Kozinn"},{"link_name":"\"John Cage, 79, a Minimalist Enchanted With Sound, Dies\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0905.html"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-226-47253-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-47253-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-385-14278-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-14278-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPerloffJunkerman199493_5-0"},{"link_name":"Perloff & Junkerman 1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPerloffJunkerman1994"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernsteinHatch200143%E2%80%9345_6-0"},{"link_name":"Bernstein & Hatch 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Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.library.northwestern.edu/libraries-collections/music/collection/john-cage.html"},{"link_name":"Northwestern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-162"},{"link_name":"The John Cage Materials at Yale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//guides.library.yale.edu/oham/cage"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"}],"sub_title":"Citations","text":"^ Pritchett, Kuhn & Garrett 2012 \"He has had a greater impact on music in the 20th century than any other American composer.\"\n\n^ a b c Kozinn, Allan (August 13, 1992). \"John Cage, 79, a Minimalist Enchanted With Sound, Dies\". The New York Times. Retrieved July 21, 2007.\n\n^ Leonard, George J. (1995). Into the Light of Things: The Art of the Commonplace from Wordsworth to John Cage. University of Chicago Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-226-47253-9. ... when Harvard University Press called him, in a 1990 book advertisement, 'without a doubt the most influential composer of the last half-century', amazingly, that was too modest.\n\n^ Greene, David Mason (2007). Greene's Biographical Encyclopedia of Composers. Reproducing Piano Roll Fnd. p. 1407. ISBN 978-0-385-14278-6. ... John Cage is probably the most influential ... of all American composers to date.\n\n^ Perloff & Junkerman 1994, 93.\n\n^ Bernstein & Hatch 2001, 43–45.\n\n^ Lejeunne 2012, 185–189.\n\n^ John Cage – Music of Changes. By David Ryan, taniachen.com\n\n^ Cage 1973, 12.\n\n^ Kostelanetz 2003, 69–70.\n\n^ Reviews cited in Fetterman 1996, 69\n\n^ Nicholls 2002, 80: \"Most critics agree that Sonatas and Interludes (1946–48) is the finest composition of Cage's early period.\"\n\n^ Mark Swed (August 31, 2012), John Cage's genius an L.A. story Los Angeles Times.\n\n^ a b Nicholls 2002, 4\n\n^ Cage quoted in Kostelanetz 2003, 1. For details on Cage's ancestry, see, for example, Nicholls 2002, 4–6.\n\n^ a b Cage, John (1991). \"An Autobiographical Statement\". Southwest Review. Archived from the original on February 26, 2007. Retrieved March 14, 2007.\n\n^ Recording and notes: John Cage – Complete Piano Music Vol. 7: Pieces 1933–1950. Steffen Schleiermacher (piano). MDG 613 0789-2.\n\n^ Kostelanetz 2003, 2.\n\n^ a b c d Swed, Mark, \"John Cage's genius an L.A. story\", Los Angeles Times, August 31, 2012. Retrieved September 2, 2012.\n\n^ Nicholls 2002, 21.\n\n^ Ross, Alex (September 27, 2010). \"Searching for Silence: John Cage's art of noise\". The New Yorker. Retrieved July 21, 2020.\n\n^ a b c d Kostelanetz 2003, 4\n\n^ Nicholls 2002, 8.\n\n^ Perloff & Junkerman 1994, 79.\n\n^ John Cage, National Inter-Collegiate Arts Conference, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie (New York), February 28, 1948.\n\n^ Perloff & Junkerman 1994, 80.\n\n^ Nicholls 2002, 22.\n\n^ a b Perloff & Junkerman 1994, 81\n\n^ Cage quoted in Perloff & Junkerman 1994, 81.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i Pritchett, Kuhn & Garrett 2012\n\n^ Cage quoted in Nicholls 2002, 24.\n\n^ Kostelanetz 2003, 61.\n\n^ Nicholls 2002, 24.\n\n^ a b Kostelanetz 2003, 7\n\n^ a b Pritchett 1993, 9\n\n^ This conversation was recounted many times by Cage himself: see Silence, p. 261; A Year from Monday, p. 44; interviews quoted in Kostelanetz 2003, 5, 105; etc..\n\n^ a b c Kostelanetz 2003, 6\n\n^ Cage interview quoted in Kostelanetz 2003, 105.\n\n^ Cage 1973, 260.\n\n^ Broyles M. (2004).Mavericks and Other Traditions in American Music, Yale University Press, New Haven & London, (p. 177).\n\n^ For details on Cage's first meeting with Xenia, see Kostelanetz 2003, 7–8; for details on Cage's homosexual relationship with Don Sample, an American he met in Europe, as well as details on the Cage-Kashevaroff marriage, see Perloff & Junkerman 1994, 81, 86.\n\n^ Perloff & Junkerman 1994, 86.\n\n^ a b c Revill 1993, 55\n\n^ Kostelanetz 2003, 43.\n\n^ Reinhardt, Lauriejean. John Cage's \"The Wonderful Widow of Eighteen Springs\", 7. Available online.\n\n^ Cage 1973, 127.\n\n^ Revill 1993, 108.\n\n^ Cage 1973, 158.\n\n^ Bredow 2012.\n\n^ \"John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation: John Cage\". Guggenheim Fellowship. Retrieved March 21, 2024.\n\n^ Revill 1993, 101.\n\n^ Pritchett 1993, 105.\n\n^ Nicholls 2002, 101.\n\n^ Kostelanetz 2003, 68.\n\n^ Cage 1973, 60.\n\n^ Pritchett 1993, 97.\n\n^ Revill 1993, 91.\n\n^ John Cage, in an interview with Miroslav Sebestik, 1991. From: Listen, documentary by Miroslav Sebestik. ARTE France Développement, 2003.\n\n^ Pritchett 1993, 71.\n\n^ Pritchett 1993, 78.\n\n^ Revill 1993, 142.\n\n^ Revill 1993, 143–149.\n\n^ Revill 1993, 166.\n\n^ Revill 1993, 174\n\n^ Welch, J.D. (2008). \"The Other Fab Four: Collaboration and Neo-dada: a plan for an exhibition weblog\" (PDF). pp. 5–8. Retrieved May 31, 2014.\n\n^ a b c Emmerik, Paul van (2009). \"A John Cage Compendium\". Paul van Emmerik. Retrieved August 6, 2009.\n\n^ Iddon, Martin; Thomas, Philip (2020). John Cage's Concert for Piano and Orchestra. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-093847-5.\n\n^ \"John Cage Remembers Alan Chadwick\". alan-chadwick.org. Retrieved June 19, 2024.\n\n^ \"Norman O. Brown papers\". Wesleyan University.\n\n^ \"Guide to the Center for Advanced Studies Records, 1958–1969\". Wesleyan University. Archived from the original on March 14, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2010.\n\n^ \"The Many Views of Betty Freeman: Betty Freeman's Commissions\". NewMusicBox. 2000. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved August 8, 2009.\n\n^ Ross, Alex (December 4, 1992). \"S.E.M. Evokes John Cage as Teacher\". The New York Times. Retrieved October 6, 2010.\n\n^ Silverman, Kenneth (2010). Begin Again: A Biography of John Cage. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 198.\n\n^ Revill 1993, 208.\n\n^ a b Revill 1993, 228\n\n^ Silverman, Kenneth (2010). Begin Again: A Biography of John Cage. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 242–243.\n\n^ Pritchett, James. 2004. \"John Cage: Imitations/Transformations\". In James Pritchett, Writings on John Cage (and others). (Online resource. Retrieved June 5, 2008)\n\n^ Tone, Yasunao (2003). \"John Cage and Recording\". Leonardo Music Journal. 13: 11–15. doi:10.1162/096112104322750728. JSTOR 1513443 – via JSTOR.\n\n^ \"John Cage\". pas.org. February 20, 2024. Retrieved April 20, 2024.\n\n^ Revill 1993, 247.\n\n^ Fetterman 1996, 191.\n\n^ Haskins 2004.\n\n^ a b Kuhn, Laura D. (1994). \"Synergetic Dynamics in John Cage's \"Europeras 1 & 2\"\". The Musical Quarterly. 78 (1): 131–148. doi:10.1093/mq/78.1.131. ISSN 0027-4631. JSTOR 742497.\n\n^ Revill 1993, 295.\n\n^ Kostelanetz, Richard. 2000. John Cage: Writer: Selected Texts, xvii. Cooper Square Press, 2nd edition. ISBN 978-0-8154-1034-8\n\n^ \"Dance great Cunningham dies at 90\". BBC News. July 28, 2009. Retrieved September 3, 2009.\n\n^ Pritchett 1993, 6.\n\n^ Pritchett 1993, 7.\n\n^ Nicholls 2002, 71–74.\n\n^ Pritchett 1993, 29–33.\n\n^ Notes in the score: A Flower. Edition Peters 6711 (1960)\n\n^ Pritchett, James (Fall 1988). \"From Choice to Chance: John Cage's Concerto for Prepared Piano\". Perspectives of New Music. 26 (1): 50–81. doi:10.2307/833316. JSTOR 833316.\n\n^ Pritchett 1993, 94.\n\n^ a b Nicholls 2002, 139\n\n^ Perloff & Junkerman 1994, 140.\n\n^ Pritchett, James. 1994. \"John Cage: Freeman Etudes\", CD liner notes to: John Cage, Freeman Etudes (Books 1 and 2) (Irvine Arditti, violin), Mode 32. (Accessed August 14, 2008)\n\n^ \"John Cage at Seventy: An Interview\" by Stephen Montague. American Music, Summer 1985. Via UbuWeb. Retrieved May 24, 2007.\n\n^ Pritchett 1993, 197.\n\n^ Pritchett 1993, 200.\n\n^ Kostelanetz 2003, 84.\n\n^ Kostelanetz 2003, 92.\n\n^ Pritchett 1993, 136.\n\n^ Pritchett 1993, 144–146.\n\n^ Tchil, Doundou (January 20, 2012). \"ENO presents John Cage Musicircus\". Classical-iconoclast.blogspot.com. Retrieved December 5, 2013.\n\n^ Lewis, John (March 4, 2012). \"John Cage's Musicircus – review\". The Guardian. Retrieved September 5, 2014.\n\n^ \"eno.org\". Archived from the original on May 10, 2013.\n\n^ Kostelanetz 2003, 92–96.\n\n^ Nicholls 2002, 112–113.\n\n^ Nicholls 2002, 113–115.\n\n^ Nicholls 2002, 115–118.\n\n^ Nicholls 2002, 118–122.\n\n^ Gottesman, Sarah (January 3, 2017). \"Why Experimental Artist John Cage Was Obsessed with Mushrooms\". Artsy.net. Retrieved March 10, 2020.\n\n^ \"Source: Program No. 7: John Cage on Mushrooms\". Other Minds Archives. Retrieved February 12, 2024.\n\n^ Boulez, Pierre. 1964. \"Alea\". Perspectives of New Music, vol. 3, no. 1 (Autumn–Winter 1964), 42–53\n\n^ Bois, Mario, and Xenakis, Iannis. 1980. The Man and his Music: A Conversation with the Composer and a Description of his Works, 12. Greenwood Press Reprint.\n\n^ Steinberg, Michael. 1962. \"Tradition and Responsibility\". Perspectives of New Music 1, 154–159.\n\n^ Kahn, Douglas. 1999. Noise, Water, Meat: A History of Sound in the Arts, 165. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.\n\n^ \"4′33″ | Experimental Music, Avant-Garde, Silence | Britannica\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved December 30, 2023.\n\n^ Keats, Jonathon. \"Famous For Composing The Most Controversial Music Of The 20th Century, John Cage Was Even More Subversive With Mushrooms\". Forbes. Retrieved December 30, 2023.\n\n^ Larry Shiner (2001). The Invention of Art: A Cultural History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 14. ISBN 978-0-226-75342-3.\n\n^ Maconie, Robin. 1976. The Works of Karlheinz Stockhausen, with a foreword by Karlheinz Stockhausen, 141–144. London and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-315429-2\n\n^ Kozinn, Allan (February 9, 1994). \"Witold Lutoslawski, 81, Is Dead; Modern, Yet Melodic, Composer\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 30, 2023.\n\n^ Mikawa, Makoto (2015). \"The theatricalisation of Mauricio Kagel's 'Antithese' (1962) and its development in collaboration with Alfred Feussner\". The Musical Times. 156 (1932): 81–90. JSTOR 24615812.\n\n^ Ryan, David. 1999. Interview with Helmut Lachenmann, p. 21. Tempo, New Series, no. 210. (October 1999), pp. 20–24.\n\n^ Piekut, Benjamin (December 2014). \"Indeterminacy, Free Improvisation, and the Mixed Avant-Garde\". Journal of the American Musicological Society. 67 (3): 769–824. doi:10.1525/jams.2014.67.3.769.\n\n^ Ross, Alex (September 27, 2010). \"John Cage's Art of Noise\". The New Yorker.\n\n^ \"John Cage | American Composer & Avant-Garde Innovator | Britannica\". Encyclopædia Britannica. December 21, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2023.\n\n^ \"John Cage's Music of Chance and Change\". A R T L▼R K. September 4, 2022. Retrieved December 30, 2023.\n\n^ Michael Parsons. 1976. \"Systems in Art and Music\". The Musical Times, vol. 17, no. 1604. (October 1976), 815–818.\n\n^ \"Gavin Bryars biography etc\". Gavin Bryars' Official Web-site. Archived from the original on May 31, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2009.\n\n^ Potter, Keith (2001). \"Skempton, Howard\". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56159-239-5.\n\n^ Burt, Peter. 2001. The Music of Toru Takemitsu, 94. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-78220-3.\n\n^ \"CalArts to Honor Composer John Cage With Doctorate\". Los Angeles Times. April 11, 1986. Retrieved March 21, 2024.\n\n^ \"1989 Kyoto Prize Laureate\". Inamori Foundation. November 12, 1989. Retrieved March 21, 2024.\n\n^ \"John Cage Award\". Foundation for Contemporary Arts. November 12, 1992. Retrieved March 21, 2024.\n\n^ Cage Dead, The Penguin Café Orchestra (audio) on YouTube Retrieved March 15, 2022. Archived 2017-06-23 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Lopez, Antonio (December 1999 – January 2000). \"Sonic Youth's Thurston Moore: On punk music, staying fresh, and the strange bridge between art and rock\". Thirsty Ear Magazine. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved August 26, 2010.\n\n^ Morris, Chris (August 17, 1997). \"Hold The Ketchup On That Stereolab\". Yahoo! Music. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved August 26, 2010.\n\n^ Lowe, Kelly Fisher (2006). The Words and Music of Frank Zappa. Praeger Publishers. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-275-98779-4.\n\n^ Paul Hegarty, Full With Noise: Theory and Japanese Noise Music, pp. 86–98 in Life in the Wires (2004) eds. Arthur Kroker & Marilouise Kroker, NWP Ctheory Books, Victoria, Canada\n\n^ Jack, Adrian (1975). \"\"I Want to be a Magnet for Tapes\" (interview with Brian Eno)\". Time Out. Retrieved August 26, 2010.\n\n^ Worby, Robert (October 23, 2002). \"Richard Aphex, John Cage and the Prepared Piano\". Warp Records. Retrieved August 26, 2010.\n\n^ Orledge, Robert (1990). Satie the Composer. Cambridge University Press. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-521-35037-2.\n\n^ Shlomowitz, Matthew. 1999. Cage's Place in the Reception of Satie. Part of the PhD at the University of California at San Diego, USA. Available online Archived April 12, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.\n\n^ LoBrutto, Vincent (1994). Sound-on-Film: Interviews With Creators of Film Sound. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 241–242. ISBN 978-0-275-94443-8.\n\n^ a b Kaufman, Sarah, \"John Cage, with Merce Cunningham, revolutionized dance, too\", The Washington Post, August 30, 2012. Retrieved September 2, 2012.\n\n^ \"Events honoring John Cage at 100\", Los Angeles Times, September 2, 2012. Retrieved September 2, 2012.\n\n^ Events, John Cage Foundation webpage. Retrieved September 2, 2012.\n\n^ Midgette, Anne, \"John Cage Centennial Festival: Will it silence critics in Washington?\", The Washington Post, August 31, 2012. Retrieved September 2, 2012.\n\n^ Official Festival web site. Retrieved September 2, 2012.\n\n^ Swed, Mark (September 3, 2012). \"In Germany, John Cage rings out\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 8, 2017.\n\n^ \"Cage 100 Festival\", Jacaranda webpage. Retrieved September 5, 2012. Archived September 10, 2012, at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Ross, Alex, \"The John Cage Century\", The New Yorker, September 4, 2012. Retrieved September 5, 2012.\n\n^ Kojs, Juraj. \"On Silence: Hommage to Cage\". kojs.net. Retrieved January 8, 2013.\n\n^ \"Bard College | Press Releases\". Bard.edu. August 12, 1992. Retrieved December 5, 2013.\n\n^ The John Cage Collection, Northwestern University\n\n^ The John Cage Materials at Yale, Yale University","title":"Notes, references, sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-226-04407-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-04407-1"},{"link_name":"Grete Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grete_Sultan"},{"link_name":"Schott Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schott_Music"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7957-0800-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7957-0800-9"},{"link_name":"Silence: Lectures and Writings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silence:_Lectures_and_Writings"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8195-6028-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6028-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7186-5643-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7186-5643-1"},{"link_name":"Eastman School of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastman_School_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Kostelanetz, Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kostelanetz"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-415-93792-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93792-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789401207263","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789401207263"},{"link_name":"Nicholls, David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nicholls_(musicologist)"},{"link_name":"The Cambridge Companion to John Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Companions_to_Music"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-78968-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78968-4"},{"link_name":"Perloff, Marjorie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie_Perloff"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-226-66057-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-66057-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-56544-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56544-8"},{"link_name":"Grove Music Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians#Grove_Music_Online_and_Oxford_Music_Online"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A2223954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.A2223954"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-56159-263-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-55970-220-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-220-1"}],"sub_title":"Sources","text":"Bernstein, David W.; Hatch, Christopher, eds. (2001). Writings through John Cage's Music, Poetry, and Art. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-04407-1.\nBredow, Moritz von (2012). Rebellische Pianistin. Das Leben der Grete Sultan zwischen Berlin und New York. Mainz, Germany: Schott Music. ISBN 978-3-7957-0800-9.\nCage, John (1973) [1961]. Silence: Lectures and Writings. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0-8195-6028-5.\nFetterman, William (1996). John Cage's Theatre Pieces: Notations and Performances. Routledge. ISBN 978-3-7186-5643-1.\nHaskins, Rob (2004). \"An Anarchic Society of Sounds\": The Number Pieces of John Cage (PhD dissertation, Musicology). Eastman School of Music, University of Rochester.\nKostelanetz, Richard (2003). Conversing with John Cage. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-93792-4.\nLejeunne, Denis (2012). The Radical Use of Chance in 20th Century Art. Amsterdam: Rodopi Press. ISBN 9789401207263.\nNicholls, David, ed. (2002). The Cambridge Companion to John Cage. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-78968-4.\nPerloff, Marjorie; Junkerman, Charles (1994). John Cage: Composed in America. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-66057-8.\nPritchett, James (1993). The Music of John Cage. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56544-8.\nPritchett, James; Kuhn, Laura; Garrett, Charles Hiroshi (2012). \"Cage, John\". Grove Music Online (8th ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A2223954. ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0.\nRevill, David (1993). The Roaring Silence: John Cage – a Life. Arcade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55970-220-1.","title":"Notes, references, sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arena, Leonardo Vittorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leonardo_Vittorio_Arena&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Vittorio_Arena"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-88-5751-138-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-5751-138-2"},{"link_name":"Boulez, Pierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez"},{"link_name":"Jean-Jacques Nattiez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Nattiez"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-48558-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-48558-6"},{"link_name":"Brown, 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Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Swed"},{"link_name":"The Musical Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Musical_Quarterly"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/mq/77.1.132","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fmq%2F77.1.132"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"742432","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/742432"},{"link_name":"Taruskin, Richard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Taruskin"},{"link_name":"Oxford History of Western Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_History_of_Western_Music"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-516979-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516979-9"},{"link_name":"\"The Rest Is Silence: An Appreciation | John Cage\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.muzines.co.uk/articles/the-rest-is-silence/1177"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0957-6606","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0957-6606"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"24835173","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/24835173"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780733323034","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780733323034"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-9813319-6-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9813319-6-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-88985-009-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88985-009-5"}],"text":"Arena, Leonardo Vittorio [it]. 2013. L'infinita durata del non-suono. Mimesis Publishing, Milan ISBN 978-88-5751-138-2\nArena, Leonardo Vittorio. 2014. Il Tao del non-suono, ebook.\nBoulez, Pierre, and Cage, John. 1995. The Boulez-Cage Correspondence. Edited by Robert Samuels and Jean-Jacques Nattiez, translated by Robert Samuels. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-48558-6\nBrown, Kathan. 2001. John Cage Visual Art: To Sober and Quiet the Mind. Crown Point Press. ISBN 978-1-891300-16-5, ISBN 978-1-891300-16-5\nDavidović, Dalibor (June 17, 2015). \"Branches\". Musicological Annual. 51 (2): 9–25. doi:10.4312/mz.51.2.9-25.\nEldred, Michael. 1995/2006. Heidegger's Hölderlin and John Cage, www.arte-fact.org\nEldred, Michael. 2010. The Quivering of Propriation: A Parallel Way to Music, Section II.3 New Music is the Other Music (Cage) www.arte-fact.org\nHaskins, Rob. 2012. John Cage. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-1-86189-905-7\nCage, John (2010). Jeremy Miller (ed.). Every Day is a Good Day – The Visual Art of John Cage. Hayward Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85332-283-9.\nKuhn, Laura (ed). 2016. Selected Letters of John Cage. Wesleyan University Press. ISBN 978-0-819-57591-3.\nLarson, Kay. 2012. Where the Heart Beats – John Cage, Zen Buddhism, and the Inner Life of Artists. Penguin Books USA. ISBN 978-1-594-20340-4\nNicholls, David. 2007. John Cage. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-03215-8\nPatterson, David W. (ed.). John Cage: Music, Philosophy, and Intention, 1933–1950. Routledge, 2002. ISBN 978-0-8153-2995-4\nSmith, Geoff; Nicola Walker (April 1993). \"20th Century Americans: John Cage\". Music Technology. p. 62. ISSN 0957-6606. OCLC 24835173.\nSwed, Mark (Spring 1993). \"John Cage: September 5, 1912 – August 12, 1992\". The Musical Quarterly. 77 (1): 132–144. doi:10.1093/mq/77.1.132. JSTOR 742432.\nTaruskin, Richard. 2005. Oxford History of Western Music. Vol. 5. Oxford: Oxford University Press. \"Indeterminacy\" pp. 55–101. ISBN 978-0-19-516979-9\nWard, Phil (October 1992). \"The Rest Is Silence: An Appreciation | John Cage\". Music Technology. p. 42. ISSN 0957-6606. OCLC 24835173.\nWoodward, Roger (2014). \"John Cage\". Beyond Black and White. HarperCollins. pp. 313-321. ISBN 9780733323034\nZimmerman, Walter. Desert Plants – Conversations with 23 American Musicians, Berlin: Beginner Press in cooperation with Mode Records, 2020 ISBN 978-3-9813319-6-7 (originally published in 1976 by A.R.C., Vancouver ISBN 978-0-88985-009-5).","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png"},{"image_text":"John Cage (left) and Michael Bach in Assisi, Italy, 1992","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/John_Cage_and_Michael_Bach_in_Assissi_1992.jpg/220px-John_Cage_and_Michael_Bach_in_Assissi_1992.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rhythmic proportions in Sonata III of Sonatas and Interludes for prepared piano","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Sonatas-interludes-sonata3graph.gif/300px-Sonatas-interludes-sonata3graph.gif"},{"image_text":"I Ching divination involves obtaining a hexagram by random generation (such as tossing coins), then reading the chapter associated with that hexagram.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/King_Wen_%28I_Ching%29.svg/250px-King_Wen_%28I_Ching%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Variations III, No. 14, a 1992 print by Cage from a series of 57","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Cage-variations-iii-14-small.jpg/260px-Cage-variations-iii-14-small.jpg"},{"image_text":"John Cage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Componist_John_Cage_%2C_kop%2C_Bestanddeelnr_934-3585.jpg/220px-Componist_John_Cage_%2C_kop%2C_Bestanddeelnr_934-3585.jpg"}]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Operalogo.svg"},{"title":"Opera portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Opera"},{"title":"Classical music portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Classical_music"},{"title":"Music portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Music"},{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"title":"An Anthology of Chance Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Anthology_of_Chance_Operations"},{"title":"List of compositions by John Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_John_Cage"},{"title":"As Slow as Possible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_Slow_as_Possible"},{"title":"The Revenge of the Dead Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Revenge_of_the_Dead_Indians"},{"title":"Henning Lohner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henning_Lohner"},{"title":"Works for prepared piano by John Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_for_prepared_piano_by_John_Cage"}]
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[{"reference":"Gann, Kyle (2008). \"Cleaning Up a Life\". artsjournal.com. Retrieved August 4, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Gann","url_text":"Gann, Kyle"},{"url":"http://www.artsjournal.com/postclassic/2008/09/cleaning_up_a_life.html","url_text":"\"Cleaning Up a Life\""}]},{"reference":"Kozinn, Allan (August 13, 1992). \"John Cage, 79, a Minimalist Enchanted With Sound, Dies\". The New York Times. Retrieved July 21, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Kozinn","url_text":"Kozinn, Allan"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0905.html","url_text":"\"John Cage, 79, a Minimalist Enchanted With Sound, Dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Leonard, George J. (1995). Into the Light of Things: The Art of the Commonplace from Wordsworth to John Cage. University of Chicago Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0-226-47253-9. ... when Harvard University Press called him, in a 1990 book advertisement, 'without a doubt the most influential composer of the last half-century', amazingly, that was too modest.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-47253-9","url_text":"978-0-226-47253-9"}]},{"reference":"Greene, David Mason (2007). Greene's Biographical Encyclopedia of Composers. Reproducing Piano Roll Fnd. p. 1407. ISBN 978-0-385-14278-6. ... John Cage is probably the most influential ... of all American composers to date.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-14278-6","url_text":"978-0-385-14278-6"}]},{"reference":"Cage, John (1991). \"An Autobiographical Statement\". Southwest Review. Archived from the original on February 26, 2007. Retrieved March 14, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070226123315/http://www.newalbion.com/artists/cagej/autobiog.html","url_text":"\"An Autobiographical Statement\""},{"url":"http://www.newalbion.com/artists/cagej/autobiog.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ross, Alex (September 27, 2010). \"Searching for Silence: John Cage's art of noise\". The New Yorker. Retrieved July 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)","url_text":"Ross, Alex"},{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/10/04/searching-for-silence","url_text":"\"Searching for Silence: John Cage's art of noise\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"}]},{"reference":"\"John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation: John Cage\". Guggenheim Fellowship. Retrieved March 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gf.org/fellows/john-cage/","url_text":"\"John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation: John Cage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship","url_text":"Guggenheim Fellowship"}]},{"reference":"Welch, J.D. (2008). \"The Other Fab Four: Collaboration and Neo-dada: a plan for an exhibition weblog\" (PDF). pp. 5–8. Retrieved May 31, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jdwelch.net/writing/TheOtherFabFour.pdf","url_text":"\"The Other Fab Four: Collaboration and Neo-dada: a plan for an exhibition weblog\""}]},{"reference":"Emmerik, Paul van (2009). \"A John Cage Compendium\". Paul van Emmerik. Retrieved August 6, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xs4all.nl/~cagecomp/","url_text":"\"A John Cage Compendium\""}]},{"reference":"Iddon, Martin; Thomas, Philip (2020). John Cage's Concert for Piano and Orchestra. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-093847-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-093847-5","url_text":"978-0-19-093847-5"}]},{"reference":"\"John Cage Remembers Alan Chadwick\". alan-chadwick.org. Retrieved June 19, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://alan-chadwick.org/html%20pages/personal_memories/john_cage/john-cage--alan-chadwick.html","url_text":"\"John Cage Remembers Alan Chadwick\""}]},{"reference":"\"Norman O. Brown papers\". Wesleyan University.","urls":[{"url":"https://archives.wesleyan.edu/repositories/sca/resources/norman_o_brown_papers","url_text":"\"Norman O. Brown papers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Guide to the Center for Advanced Studies Records, 1958–1969\". Wesleyan University. Archived from the original on March 14, 2017. Retrieved September 4, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170314083709/http://www.wesleyan.edu/libr/schome/FAs/ce1000-137.html","url_text":"\"Guide to the Center for Advanced Studies Records, 1958–1969\""},{"url":"http://www.wesleyan.edu/libr/schome/FAs/ce1000-137.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Many Views of Betty Freeman: Betty Freeman's Commissions\". NewMusicBox. 2000. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved August 8, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110604143441/http://www.newmusicbox.org/article.nmbx?id=846","url_text":"\"The Many Views of Betty Freeman: Betty Freeman's Commissions\""},{"url":"http://www.newmusicbox.org/article.nmbx?id=846","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ross, Alex (December 4, 1992). \"S.E.M. Evokes John Cage as Teacher\". The New York Times. Retrieved October 6, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)","url_text":"Ross, Alex"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/24/arts/review-music-sem-evokes-john-cage-as-teacher.html","url_text":"\"S.E.M. Evokes John Cage as Teacher\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Silverman, Kenneth (2010). Begin Again: A Biography of John Cage. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 198.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Silverman, Kenneth (2010). Begin Again: A Biography of John Cage. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 242–243.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Tone, Yasunao (2003). \"John Cage and Recording\". Leonardo Music Journal. 13: 11–15. doi:10.1162/096112104322750728. JSTOR 1513443 – via JSTOR.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1513443","url_text":"\"John Cage and Recording\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1162%2F096112104322750728","url_text":"10.1162/096112104322750728"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1513443","url_text":"1513443"}]},{"reference":"\"John Cage\". pas.org. February 20, 2024. Retrieved April 20, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pas.org/about/hall-of-fame/john-cage","url_text":"\"John Cage\""}]},{"reference":"Kuhn, Laura D. (1994). \"Synergetic Dynamics in John Cage's \"Europeras 1 & 2\"\". The Musical Quarterly. 78 (1): 131–148. doi:10.1093/mq/78.1.131. ISSN 0027-4631. JSTOR 742497.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/742497","url_text":"\"Synergetic Dynamics in John Cage's \"Europeras 1 & 2\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmq%2F78.1.131","url_text":"10.1093/mq/78.1.131"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-4631","url_text":"0027-4631"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/742497","url_text":"742497"}]},{"reference":"\"Dance great Cunningham dies at 90\". BBC News. July 28, 2009. Retrieved September 3, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/arts_and_culture/8171036.stm","url_text":"\"Dance great Cunningham dies at 90\""}]},{"reference":"Pritchett, James (Fall 1988). \"From Choice to Chance: John Cage's Concerto for Prepared Piano\". Perspectives of New Music. 26 (1): 50–81. doi:10.2307/833316. JSTOR 833316.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspectives_of_New_Music","url_text":"Perspectives of New Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F833316","url_text":"10.2307/833316"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/833316","url_text":"833316"}]},{"reference":"Tchil, Doundou (January 20, 2012). \"ENO presents John Cage Musicircus\". Classical-iconoclast.blogspot.com. Retrieved December 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://classical-iconoclast.blogspot.com/2012/01/eno-presents-john-cage-musicircus.html","url_text":"\"ENO presents John Cage Musicircus\""}]},{"reference":"Lewis, John (March 4, 2012). \"John Cage's Musicircus – review\". The Guardian. Retrieved September 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/mar/04/john-cage-musicircus-review-eno","url_text":"\"John Cage's Musicircus – review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"eno.org\". Archived from the original on May 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130510014145/http://www.eno.org/see-whats-on/productions/production-page.php?&itemid=2007","url_text":"\"eno.org\""},{"url":"http://www.eno.org/see-whats-on/productions/production-page.php?&itemid=2007","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gottesman, Sarah (January 3, 2017). \"Why Experimental Artist John Cage Was Obsessed with Mushrooms\". Artsy.net. Retrieved March 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-experimental-artist-john-cage-obsessed-mushrooms","url_text":"\"Why Experimental Artist John Cage Was Obsessed with Mushrooms\""}]},{"reference":"\"Source: Program No. 7: John Cage on Mushrooms\". Other Minds Archives. Retrieved February 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://archives.otherminds.org/index.php/Detail/objects/1657","url_text":"\"Source: Program No. 7: John Cage on Mushrooms\""}]},{"reference":"\"4′33″ | Experimental Music, Avant-Garde, Silence | Britannica\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved December 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/433-by-Cage","url_text":"\"4′33″ | Experimental Music, Avant-Garde, Silence | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"Keats, Jonathon. \"Famous For Composing The Most Controversial Music Of The 20th Century, John Cage Was Even More Subversive With Mushrooms\". Forbes. Retrieved December 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathonkeats/2020/07/24/john-cage-mushroom/","url_text":"\"Famous For Composing The Most Controversial Music Of The 20th Century, John Cage Was Even More Subversive With Mushrooms\""}]},{"reference":"Larry Shiner (2001). The Invention of Art: A Cultural History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 14. ISBN 978-0-226-75342-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Invention_of_Art","url_text":"The Invention of Art"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-75342-3","url_text":"978-0-226-75342-3"}]},{"reference":"Kozinn, Allan (February 9, 1994). \"Witold Lutoslawski, 81, Is Dead; Modern, Yet Melodic, Composer\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/09/obituaries/witold-lutoslawski-81-is-dead-modern-yet-melodic-composer.html","url_text":"\"Witold Lutoslawski, 81, Is Dead; Modern, Yet Melodic, Composer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Mikawa, Makoto (2015). \"The theatricalisation of Mauricio Kagel's 'Antithese' (1962) and its development in collaboration with Alfred Feussner\". The Musical Times. 156 (1932): 81–90. JSTOR 24615812.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24615812","url_text":"24615812"}]},{"reference":"Piekut, Benjamin (December 2014). \"Indeterminacy, Free Improvisation, and the Mixed Avant-Garde\". Journal of the American Musicological Society. 67 (3): 769–824. doi:10.1525/jams.2014.67.3.769.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fjams.2014.67.3.769","url_text":"10.1525/jams.2014.67.3.769"}]},{"reference":"Ross, Alex (September 27, 2010). \"John Cage's Art of Noise\". The New Yorker.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/10/04/searching-for-silence","url_text":"\"John Cage's Art of Noise\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Cage | American Composer & Avant-Garde Innovator | Britannica\". Encyclopædia Britannica. December 21, 2023. Retrieved December 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Cage","url_text":"\"John Cage | American Composer & Avant-Garde Innovator | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Cage's Music of Chance and Change\". A R T L▼R K. September 4, 2022. Retrieved December 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://artlark.org/2022/09/05/john-cages-music-of-chance-and-change/","url_text":"\"John Cage's Music of Chance and Change\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gavin Bryars biography etc\". Gavin Bryars' Official Web-site. Archived from the original on May 31, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090531204314/http://www.gavinbryars.com/Pages/bio_fr.html","url_text":"\"Gavin Bryars biography etc\""},{"url":"http://www.gavinbryars.com/Pages/bio_fr.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Potter, Keith (2001). \"Skempton, Howard\". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56159-239-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Sadie","url_text":"Sadie, Stanley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)","url_text":"Tyrrell, John"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians","url_text":"The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers","url_text":"Macmillan Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-239-5","url_text":"978-1-56159-239-5"}]},{"reference":"\"CalArts to Honor Composer John Cage With Doctorate\". Los Angeles Times. April 11, 1986. Retrieved March 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-04-11-me-3997-story.html","url_text":"\"CalArts to Honor Composer John Cage With Doctorate\""}]},{"reference":"\"1989 Kyoto Prize Laureate\". Inamori Foundation. November 12, 1989. Retrieved March 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kyotoprize.org/en/laureates/john_cage/","url_text":"\"1989 Kyoto Prize Laureate\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Cage Award\". Foundation for Contemporary Arts. November 12, 1992. Retrieved March 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foundationforcontemporaryarts.org/grants/john-cage-award/","url_text":"\"John Cage Award\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Contemporary_Arts","url_text":"Foundation for Contemporary Arts"}]},{"reference":"Lopez, Antonio (December 1999 – January 2000). \"Sonic Youth's Thurston Moore: On punk music, staying fresh, and the strange bridge between art and rock\". Thirsty Ear Magazine. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved August 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110717050916/http://www.thirstyearfestival.com/interviews/sonic.html","url_text":"\"Sonic Youth's Thurston Moore: On punk music, staying fresh, and the strange bridge between art and rock\""},{"url":"http://www.thirstyearfestival.com/interviews/sonic.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Chris (August 17, 1997). \"Hold The Ketchup On That Stereolab\". Yahoo! Music. Archived from the original on July 6, 2011. Retrieved August 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706213435/http://www.music.yahoo.ca/read/interview/12052849","url_text":"\"Hold The Ketchup On That Stereolab\""},{"url":"http://www.music.yahoo.ca/read/interview/12052849","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lowe, Kelly Fisher (2006). The Words and Music of Frank Zappa. Praeger Publishers. p. 57. ISBN 978-0-275-98779-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wordsmusicfrankz00lowe","url_text":"The Words and Music of Frank Zappa"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/wordsmusicfrankz00lowe/page/n75","url_text":"57"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98779-4","url_text":"978-0-275-98779-4"}]},{"reference":"Jack, Adrian (1975). \"\"I Want to be a Magnet for Tapes\" (interview with Brian Eno)\". Time Out. Retrieved August 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://music.hyperreal.org/artists/brian_eno/interviews/timeo75a.html","url_text":"\"\"I Want to be a Magnet for Tapes\" (interview with Brian Eno)\""}]},{"reference":"Worby, Robert (October 23, 2002). \"Richard Aphex, John Cage and the Prepared Piano\". Warp Records. Retrieved August 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://warp.net/records/aphex-twin/richard-aphex-john-cage-and-the-prepared-piano","url_text":"\"Richard Aphex, John Cage and the Prepared Piano\""}]},{"reference":"Orledge, Robert (1990). Satie the Composer. Cambridge University Press. p. 259. ISBN 978-0-521-35037-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Orledge","url_text":"Orledge, Robert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-35037-2","url_text":"978-0-521-35037-2"}]},{"reference":"LoBrutto, Vincent (1994). Sound-on-Film: Interviews With Creators of Film Sound. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 241–242. ISBN 978-0-275-94443-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-94443-8","url_text":"978-0-275-94443-8"}]},{"reference":"Swed, Mark (September 3, 2012). \"In Germany, John Cage rings out\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2012/sep/03/entertainment/la-et-cm-cage-in-germany-notebook-20120903","url_text":"\"In Germany, John Cage rings out\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Kojs, Juraj. \"On Silence: Hommage to Cage\". kojs.net. Retrieved January 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://kojs.net/On_Silence/index.html","url_text":"\"On Silence: Hommage to Cage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bard College | Press Releases\". Bard.edu. August 12, 1992. Retrieved December 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bard.edu/news/releases/pr/fstory.php?id=1181","url_text":"\"Bard College | Press Releases\""}]},{"reference":"Bernstein, David W.; Hatch, Christopher, eds. (2001). Writings through John Cage's Music, Poetry, and Art. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-04407-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-04407-1","url_text":"978-0-226-04407-1"}]},{"reference":"Bredow, Moritz von (2012). Rebellische Pianistin. Das Leben der Grete Sultan zwischen Berlin und New York. Mainz, Germany: Schott Music. 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ISBN 978-1-56159-263-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians#Grove_Music_Online_and_Oxford_Music_Online","url_text":"Grove Music Online"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.A2223954","url_text":"10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.A2223954"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56159-263-0","url_text":"978-1-56159-263-0"}]},{"reference":"Revill, David (1993). The Roaring Silence: John Cage – a Life. Arcade Publishing. 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JSTOR 742432.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Swed","url_text":"Swed, Mark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Musical_Quarterly","url_text":"The Musical Quarterly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmq%2F77.1.132","url_text":"10.1093/mq/77.1.132"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/742432","url_text":"742432"}]},{"reference":"Ward, Phil (October 1992). \"The Rest Is Silence: An Appreciation | John Cage\". Music Technology. p. 42. ISSN 0957-6606. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Chowning
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John Chowning
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["1 Contribution","2 Early life","3 Private life","4 Famous compositions","5 Compositions","6 See also","7 References","7.1 Works cited","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
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American classical composer
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John ChowningBornJohn M. Chowning (1934-08-22) August 22, 1934 (age 89)Salem, New Jersey, U.S.NationalityAmericanAlma materStanford University, CCRMAOccupation(s)ComposerMusicianInventor
John M. Chowning (/ˈtʃaʊnɪŋ/; born August 22, 1934, in Salem, New Jersey) is an American composer, musician, discoverer, and professor best known for his work at Stanford University, the founding of CCRMA - Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics in 1975 and his development of the digital implementation of FM synthesis and the digital sound spatialization while there.
Contribution
Chowning is known for having developed the FM synthesis algorithm in 1967. In FM (frequency modulation) synthesis, both the carrier frequency and the modulation frequency are within the audio band. In essence, the amplitude and frequency of one waveform modulates the frequency of another waveform producing a resultant waveform that can be periodic or non-periodic depending upon the ratio of the two frequencies.
Chowning's breakthrough allowed for simple—in terms of process—yet rich sounding timbres, which synthesized 'metal striking' or 'bell like' sounds, and which seemed incredibly similar to real percussion (Chowning was also a skilled percussionist). He spent six years turning his breakthrough into a system of musical importance and eventually was able to simulate a large number of musical sounds, including the singing voice. In 1974, Stanford University licensed the discovery to Yamaha, with whom Chowning worked in developing a family of synthesizers and electronic organs. This was Stanford's most lucrative patent at one time, eclipsing many in electronics, computer science, and biotechnology.
The first commercial musical instrument to incorporate FM synthesis was the Synclavier I, introduced by New England Digital Corporation in 1977. Their Synclavier II, introduced in 1980, was frequently used in the production of popular music beginning that year. The first Yamaha product to incorporate the FM algorithm was the GS1, a digital synthesizer that first shipped in 1981. Some thought, including Chowning, that it was too expensive at the time. Soon after, in 1983, Yamaha made their first commercially successful digital FM synthesizer, the DX7.
Another important aspect of Chowning's work is the simulated motion of sound through physical space. In 1972, in his composition Turenas, he was first able to create the illusion of a continuous 360-degree space using only four speakers.
Early life
Chowning graduated from Wittenberg University with a Bachelor of Music in 1959. He studied music composition for two years (1959–61) with Nadia Boulanger in Paris and received his D.M.A. in 1966 from Stanford, where he studied under Leland Smith. He was the founding director in 1975 of the Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA) at Stanford University.
Chowning also worked for a number of years at IRCAM, in Paris.
Private life
Chowning married Elisabeth Keller and they had two children, John and Marianne. John's second marriage is to Maureen (Doody) Tiernay and they had one child named James Scott.
Famous compositions
One of Chowning's most famous pieces is called Stria (1977). It was commissioned by IRCAM for the Institute's first major concert series called Perspectives of the 20th Century. His composition was noted for its inharmonic sounds due to his famous FM algorithm and his use of the golden mean (1.618...) in music.
Other famous compositions include Turenas (1972), which was one of the first electronic compositions to have the illusion of sounds moving in a 360-degree space. With Phoné (1980–1981), he became the first to put FM over voice synthesis.
Compositions
Sabelithe, 1966, revised 1971
Turenas, 1972
Stria, 1977
Phoné, 1980–1981
Voices, 2005
See also
CCRMA – Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics
Frequency modulation synthesis
References
^ Johnstone 1994.
^ Schottstaedt n.d.
^ Chowning 1973.
^ a b c Mattis 2001.
^ Pinch & Trocco 2004, .
^ Chowning 1970.
^ Nelson 2015, 19.
^ Tyranny n.d.
^ Anon. 2001.
Works cited
Anon. 2001. "Artificial Voice", translated by Niiki Halpern. Ircam Centre Pompidou archive from 15 July 2007, accessed 26 March 2015).
Chowning, John M. 1973. "The Synthesis of Complex Audio Spectra by Means of Frequency Modulation". Journal of the Audio Engineering Society 7, no. 21:526–34. ISSN 0004-7554
Johnstone, Robert. 1994. "The Sound of One Chip Clapping: Yamaha and FM Synthesis".
Mattis, Olivia. 2001. "Chowning, John M(acLeod)". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.
Nelson, Andrew J. 2015. The Sound of Innovation: Stanford and the Computer Music Revolution. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Pinch, Trevor, and Frank Trocco. 2004. Analog Days. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Schottstaedt, Bill. n.d. "An Introduction To FM – Bill Schottstaedt: "John Chowning tells me that he stumbled on FM when he sped up vibrato to the point that it was creating audible sidebands (perceived as a timbral change) rather than faster warbling (perceived as a frequency change)."
Tyranny, "Blue" Gene. n.d. "Review: John Chowning: Phone (1980–1981) / Turenas (1972) / Stria (1977)/ Sabelithe (1971)". Allmusic website (accessed 26 March 2015).
Chowning, John M. "Method and apparatus for simulating location and movement of sound" (accessed 07 July 2021).
Further reading
John M. Chowning Papers
Andrew Nelson, The Sound of Innovation, Cambridge MA, MIT Press, 2015
Olivier Baudouin, Pionniers de la musique numérique, Sampzon, Delatour, 2012
John Chowning. Portraits polychromes. P.A. Castanet, É. Gayou, J.C. Risset et al. (eds). Paris: Ina – Michel de Maule, 2005.
Computer Music Journal (The Reconstruction of Stria), Computer Music Journal, Fall 2007, Vol. 31.
Roads, C., “John Chowning on composition”, Composers and the computer. Los Altos CA: Kaufman, pp. 18–25, 1985.
Zelli, Bijan. “Interview with John Chowning.” (April 2010). Montréal: CEC.
Zelli, Bijan. “Reale und virtuelle Räume in der Computermusik: Theorien, Systeme, Analysen.” Unpublished PhD dissertation. Kommunikations- und Geschichtswissenschaft, Technische Universität Berlin, 2001. Available on the author’s website, the dissertation includes an analysis of Turenas. (in German)
External links
"John Chowning (biography, works, resources)" (in French and English). IRCAM.
Chaiken, Alison and Ann Arbor. Interview with John Chowning (audio). 13 April 2006.
Portraits Polychromes, John Chowning, INA (Institut National Audiovisuel).
Interview with John Chowning (2015) charting a historical overview of the different branches of his artistic career, focusing on his interest in the human voice, the creation of new sonorities, and being a pioneer in a discipline at a time when using computers to generate music was a leap into the void between creative eccentricity and scientific adventure.
John Chowning talks about the importance of velocity sensitivity of the DX7 as well as the data cartridge to store voices – NAMM Oral History Library (2001)
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In essence, the amplitude and frequency of one waveform modulates the frequency of another waveform producing a resultant waveform that can be periodic or non-periodic depending upon the ratio of the two frequencies.Chowning's breakthrough allowed for simple—in terms of process—yet rich sounding timbres, which synthesized 'metal striking' or 'bell like' sounds, and which seemed incredibly similar to real percussion (Chowning was also a skilled percussionist). He spent six years turning his breakthrough into a system of musical importance and eventually was able to simulate a large number of musical sounds, including the singing voice. In 1974, Stanford University licensed the discovery to Yamaha,[4] with whom Chowning worked in developing a family of synthesizers and electronic organs. This was Stanford's most lucrative patent at one time,[5] eclipsing many in electronics, computer science, and biotechnology.The first commercial musical instrument to incorporate FM synthesis was the Synclavier I, introduced by New England Digital Corporation in 1977. Their Synclavier II, introduced in 1980, was frequently used in the production of popular music beginning that year. The first Yamaha product to incorporate the FM algorithm was the GS1, a digital synthesizer that first shipped in 1981. Some thought, including Chowning, that it was too expensive at the time. Soon after, in 1983, Yamaha made their first commercially successful digital FM synthesizer, the DX7.Another important aspect of Chowning's work is the simulated motion of sound through physical space.[6] In 1972, in his composition Turenas, he was first able to create the illusion of a continuous 360-degree space using only four speakers.[4]","title":"Contribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wittenberg University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittenberg_University"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201519-7"},{"link_name":"Nadia Boulanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia_Boulanger"},{"link_name":"D.M.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D.M.A."},{"link_name":"Leland Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leland_Smith"},{"link_name":"Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCRMA"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMattis2001-4"},{"link_name":"IRCAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRCAM"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"}],"text":"Chowning graduated from Wittenberg University with a Bachelor of Music in 1959.[7] He studied music composition for two years (1959–61) with Nadia Boulanger in Paris and received his D.M.A. in 1966 from Stanford, where he studied under Leland Smith. He was the founding director in 1975 of the Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics (CCRMA) at Stanford University.[4]Chowning also worked for a number of years at IRCAM, in Paris.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Chowning married Elisabeth Keller and they had two children, John and Marianne. John's second marriage is to Maureen (Doody) Tiernay and they had one child named James Scott.","title":"Private life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stria_(composition)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"IRCAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRCAM"},{"link_name":"golden mean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratio"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyrannyn.d.-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnon.2001-9"}],"text":"One of Chowning's most famous pieces is called Stria (1977). It was commissioned by IRCAM for the Institute's first major concert series called Perspectives of the 20th Century. His composition was noted for its inharmonic sounds due to his famous FM algorithm and his use of the golden mean (1.618...) in music.Other famous compositions include Turenas (1972), which was one of the first electronic compositions to have the illusion of sounds moving in a 360-degree space.[8] With Phoné (1980–1981), he became the first to put FM over voice synthesis.[9]","title":"Famous compositions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Sabelithe, 1966, revised 1971\nTurenas, 1972\nStria, 1977\nPhoné, 1980–1981\nVoices, 2005","title":"Compositions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John M. Chowning Papers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt0v19r72c/"},{"link_name":"Andrew Nelson, The Sound of Innovation, Cambridge MA, MIT Press, 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mitpress.mit.edu/books/sound-innovation"},{"link_name":"Olivier Baudouin, Pionniers de la musique numérique, Sampzon, Delatour, 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.editions-delatour.com/fr/musicologie-analyses/1802-pionniers-de-la-musique-numerique-9782752101259.html"},{"link_name":"“John Chowning on composition”","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120429053842/http://www.o-art.org/history/LongDur/Chowning.html"},{"link_name":"CEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Electroacoustic_Community"},{"link_name":"the author’s website","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100615231721/http://www.bijanzelli.com/Publications.htm"}],"text":"John M. Chowning Papers\nAndrew Nelson, The Sound of Innovation, Cambridge MA, MIT Press, 2015\nOlivier Baudouin, Pionniers de la musique numérique, Sampzon, Delatour, 2012\nJohn Chowning. Portraits polychromes. P.A. Castanet, É. Gayou, J.C. Risset et al. (eds). Paris: Ina – Michel de Maule, 2005.\nComputer Music Journal (The Reconstruction of Stria), Computer Music Journal, Fall 2007, Vol. 31.\nRoads, C., “John Chowning on composition”, Composers and the computer. Los Altos CA: Kaufman, pp. 18–25, 1985.\nZelli, Bijan. “Interview with John Chowning.” [www.bijanzelli.com/Chowning_Interview_Published.pdf] (April 2010). Montréal: CEC.\nZelli, Bijan. “Reale und virtuelle Räume in der Computermusik: Theorien, Systeme, Analysen.” Unpublished PhD dissertation. Kommunikations- und Geschichtswissenschaft, Technische Universität Berlin, 2001. Available on the author’s website, the dissertation includes an analysis of Turenas. (in German)","title":"Further reading"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"CCRMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCRMA"},{"title":"Frequency modulation synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_modulation_synthesis"}]
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[{"reference":"Anon. 2001. \"Artificial Voice\", translated by Niiki Halpern. Ircam Centre Pompidou archive from 15 July 2007, accessed 26 March 2015).","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070715135156/http://musicweb.koncon.nl/ircam/en/artificial/phone.html","url_text":"Artificial Voice"}]},{"reference":"Chowning, John M. 1973. \"The Synthesis of Complex Audio Spectra by Means of Frequency Modulation\". Journal of the Audio Engineering Society 7, no. 21:526–34.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Johnstone, Robert. 1994. \"The Sound of One Chip Clapping: Yamaha and FM Synthesis\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/2680140/The_sound_of_one_chip_clapping_Yamaha_and_FM_synthesis","url_text":"The Sound of One Chip Clapping: Yamaha and FM Synthesis"}]},{"reference":"Mattis, Olivia. 2001. \"Chowning, John M(acLeod)\". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Sadie","url_text":"Stanley Sadie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyrrell_(musicologist)","url_text":"John Tyrrell"}]},{"reference":"Nelson, Andrew J. 2015. The Sound of Innovation: Stanford and the Computer Music Revolution. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Pinch, Trevor, and Frank Trocco. 2004. Analog Days. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press","url_text":"Harvard University Press"}]},{"reference":"Schottstaedt, Bill. n.d. \"An Introduction To FM – Bill Schottstaedt: \"John Chowning tells me that he stumbled on FM when he sped up vibrato to the point that it was creating audible sidebands (perceived as a timbral change) rather than faster warbling (perceived as a frequency change).\"","urls":[{"url":"https://ccrma.stanford.edu/software/snd/snd/fm.html","url_text":"An Introduction To FM – Bill Schottstaedt: \"John Chowning tells me that he stumbled on FM when he sped up vibrato to the point that it was creating audible sidebands (perceived as a timbral change) rather than faster warbling (perceived as a frequency change)."}]},{"reference":"Tyranny, \"Blue\" Gene. n.d. \"Review: John Chowning: Phone [sic] (1980–1981) / Turenas (1972) / Stria (1977)/ Sabelithe (1971)\". Allmusic website (accessed 26 March 2015).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/album/phone-1980-1981-turenas-1972-stria-1977-sabelithe-1971-mw0000931823","url_text":"Review: John Chowning: Phone [sic] (1980–1981) / Turenas (1972) / Stria (1977)/ Sabelithe (1971)"}]},{"reference":"Chowning, John M. \"Method and apparatus for simulating location and movement of sound\" [1] (accessed 07 July 2021).","urls":[{"url":"https://patents.google.com/patent/US3665105A/en?inventor=john+M.+chowning&oq=john+M.+chowning","url_text":"[1]"}]},{"reference":"\"John Chowning (biography, works, resources)\" (in French and English). IRCAM.","urls":[{"url":"https://brahms.ircam.fr/composers/composer/863/","url_text":"\"John Chowning (biography, works, resources)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRCAM","url_text":"IRCAM"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homecoming_Saga
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Homecoming Saga
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["1 Books in the series","2 Characters","3 Items","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Novel series by Orson Scott Card
This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in-universe style. Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective. (July 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Book one in the Homecoming Saga
The Homecoming Saga is a science fiction series by Orson Scott Card. The series is patterned on the Book of Mormon. Some of the names also come from the Book of Mormon.
The series, containing five volumes, takes place forty million years in the future, with volumes 1-3 taking place on a fictional planet called Harmony. The main premise of the series is that a human diaspora occurred after Earth was rendered uninhabitable by human wars. Forty plus planets, including Harmony, are colonized by humans (though only two are actually named in the series: Ramadan, settled by Arabs; and Harmony, apparently settled by Slavic cultures, as its languages all developed from Russian.)
On Harmony, the advancement of human technology is controlled by the Oversoul – an artificial intelligence monitor, using a small army of satellites, established by the original colonists to monitor the planet. It also influences the actions of humans. Though it does not prevent them from doing evil, it keeps their societal capability for destruction limited by suppressing any thoughts that might lead to things like long-distance travel or instant communication. Thus the technology on Harmony includes basic computers and solar-powered handheld energy weapons, but no cars or even wagons. The Oversoul, however, was only designed to last twenty million years, so eventually it begins to break down. It decides to send an expedition back to Earth to seek advice from the entity of which it is an imitation: the mysterious Keeper of Earth. Soon after, the people begin to receive dreams similar to those that the Oversoul sends that come directly from the Keeper of Earth via faster-than-light transmission.
As loosely inspired by the themes of the Book of Mormon, the first three books in the series deal with the main characters travails in journeying the site of the ships via a slow trek across Harmony. The fourth book, Earthfall, concerns itself with the journey of one of the ships back to Earth and the culture class that results upon its homecoming, specifically, establishing a settlement and reconciling human culture with the existing creatures that have risen on Earth in the intervening millennia. The final volume, Earthborn, takes place five centuries further in the future; the one remaining member of the original expedition seeks to alter the path of the changing culture and see the Oversoul's mission finally fulfilled.
Books in the series
The Memory of Earth (1992)
The Call of Earth (1992)
The Ships of Earth (1994)
Earthfall (1995)
Earthborn (1995)
Characters
The characters listed here are those who go on the expedition to Earth; they play major roles throughout the series. For characters whose significance is primarily in one book, see that book's page.
The Oversoul
Artificial intelligence that records all events on Harmony, worshipped as a goddess by the women and a god by the men. It is able to influence the actions of the people, who were genetically altered to be able to receive its directions. When the Oversoul realized that it was in danger of decaying completely without having completed its purpose, it began influencing certain humans to breed so that their descendants would have greater and greater ability to hear the Oversoul. In The Memory of Earth it begins directly instructing these people to engineer a return to Earth, in the hope of receiving instructions from the Keeper of Earth, on which the Oversoul was modeled. The Oversoul is a parallel to God in the Book of Mormon
Nafai
Fourteen at the start of the series, he is chosen by the Oversoul to lead the expedition to Earth, in part because of his extraordinary connection to it. He is clever and well-intentioned, but is young, and has difficulty knowing when to stop talking. As the series progresses, Nafai matures and grows into his role. He is the second son of both Volemak and Rasa. He marries Luet, and their first child is Chveya. He inherits the cloak of the starmaster, which enhances his connection to the Oversoul and performs such useful functions as healing injuries. His name is a reference to Nephi, the author and namesake of the first books of the Book of Mormon.
Luet
Thirteen at the start of the series, she is known in Basilica as the Waterseer because her connection to the Oversoul enables her to have and interpret prophetic dreams. She is consistently more mature than Nafai, tempering his impulsive and occasionally headstrong personality with patience and good counsel. Nevertheless, she needs him as much as he needs her.
Issib
Nafai's older brother, crippled by trauma in the womb. In Basilica and in the vicinity of the ships he can move with the aid of "floats", which move his limbs in response to simple muscle contractions, but outside of these areas he is confined to a high-tech chair. It is his studies that lead him to realize that the Oversoul is blocking things from the thoughts of humans on Harmony; after he and Nafai begin defying the Oversoul, it begins to work with them. He marries Hushidh, and becomes one of the best at dealing with the Index. Issib is patterned on Sam from the Book of Mormon.
Hushidh
Luet's older sister, she is a raveler: able to see the relationships between people manifested as threads in her vision. This gives her remarkable insight into what people are thinking, as well as the ability to know what well-chosen words will break weak threads. Unfortunately, she is not so adept at seeing the larger effects of her (un)raveling. Though she at first sees her marriage to Issib as a convenient pairing of the unmarried males and females on the trip, they fall in love.
Elemak
Nafai's oldest brother. An accomplished tradesman with an aptitude for learning languages, he is nevertheless too power-hungry and violent to be chosen by the Oversoul. He never forgives Nafai for this. Although he has no wish to kill the rest of the company, he never lets go of the idea of killing Nafai. As his plots grow more complex, so do Nafai's defenses, thanks to the Oversoul and the community around him. Elemak is patterned on Laman from the Book of Mormon.
Mebbekew
Nafai's second oldest brother. An unabashed hedonist and would-be actor, his most recent seduction at the start of the expedition is Rasa's niece Dol, a former child actor. They get married, but Mebbekew is eventually unfaithful. He also sides with his older brother Elemak against Nafai, though he is considerably less clever than either. Mebbekew is patterned on Lemuel from the Book of Mormon.
Rasa
Nafai's mother. In Basilica she runs a school with enormous prestige, and five of her "nieces" (prize students adopted into roles of permanent sponsorship) embark on the expedition to Earth. After failing to renew her marriage with Volemak, she is married to Gaballufix for a while, but eventually goes back to Volemak and renews him consistently until the expedition. Though the oldest woman in the company, she bears three more children in the course of the journey, the oldest being Oykib. Rasa is patterned on Sariah from the Book of Mormon.
Volemak
Nafai's father. On Harmony his title is the Wetchik, and he is a wealthy trader. His faith in the Oversoul and its plans is unshakeable. Though it leads him to seemingly irrational actions early on, they are justified by the time the group sets out on his journey. Eventually it is only Volemak's authority that keeps Nafai's supporters and Elemak's supporters from outright conflict. Volemak is patterned on Lehi from the Book of Mormon.
Shedemei
A brilliant geneticist, and one of Rasa's nieces, she joins the expedition not because of any strong connections to the party but because she has the equipment and the expertise to manage the flora and fauna on the possibly ravaged Earth. She and Zdorab are the last unpaired couple, and she resents the idea of marrying him until she gets to know him, at which point they become among the closest pairs in the company. She was the Oversoul's second choice to don the cloak of the starmaster if Nafai refused it. After they build a community on Earth, Nafai eventually does give her the cloak, at which point she returns to the orbiting spaceship to watch over the planet like a garden. She spends much of her time in suspended animation, with the Oversoul her only company on waking. Five hundred years later, known on the planet as The One Who Was Never Buried, she returns to start a school and avert a political tragedy.
Zdorab
A servant, picked up apparently by accident on retrieving the Index. The only gay character in the novels, he is a wallflower, keeping quietly out of the way and handling menial tasks so fluidly that the others begin to take it for granted that they are his job. On the other hand, he is the most adept at navigating the Index, using back doors to avoid loops and blocks in the Oversoul's programming. Shedemei is disdainful of him until she confronts him about their inevitable marriage and learns that his uncomplaining servitude is a survival mechanism for being homosexual on a fairly bigoted planet. Shedemei revises her opinion of Zdorab, and the two become very close. When Shedemei retreats to the ship, Zdorab goes with her; without the cloak of the starmaster, he dies before she does, but (thanks to suspended animation) long after the rest of the company. Zdorab is patterned on Zoram from the Book of Mormon.
Eiadh
One of Rasa's beautiful nieces. Nafai is in love with her at age fourteen, but she is attracted to power and marries Elemak. As the two struggle for dominance, she wavers between the two. By this time Nafai is married to, and in love with, Luet; he never considers adultery. To her credit, Eiadh eventually sides with Nafai against her murderous husband, and has matured enough that she does not make advances on him.
Sevet
Rasa's older daughter by Gaballufix. A fine singer in Basilica, she cheats on her husband regularly - first with Obring, later with Elemak and Mebbekew. Her husband, Vas, is deceptively accepting; unlike Elemak, his plotting is not obvious, but he is cold and calculating and never forgets a grudge.
Kokor
Rasa's younger daughter by Gaballufix. Violently jealous of her sister Sevet. When she discovers Sevet in bed with her husband, the mean-spirited but weak-willed Obring, she lashes out, striking Sevet in the throat and destroying her singing ability. The two are always attempting to dramatically one-up each other, and are never truly reconciled.
Items
Pulse
A rifle-like light based weapon. The range is about 1/4 the range of a good Gorayni bow. A pulse has multiple settings for beam strength and area. The different settings vary from one used for cooking meat to one able to blast a man to pieces at point blank range. Despite its lethality, the pulse is designed nearly exclusively for hunting animals. At several points, characters express their shock at the prospect of using it as a deadly weapon. It is battery powered and the battery can be recharged by exposure to sunlight. Since its battery decays with use, unused pulses should be hidden away in a dark place. Once a battery is dead the weapon becomes useless and is discarded. Pulses can be manufactured but the knowledge to repair them is beyond humans.
See also
Speculative fiction portalNovels portal
List of works by Orson Scott Card
References
^ "The Book of Mormon - Artifact or Artifice?" article by Card from Nauvoo.com
^ "Sacred Sci-Fi: Orson Scott Card as Mormon Mythmaker." Sunstone Magazine 162 (Mar 2011): 52–59.
^ "Sacred Sci-Fi: Orson Scott Card as Mormon Mythmaker." Sunstone Magazine 162 (Mar 2011): 52–59.
External links
The official Orson Scott Card website
vteWorks by Orson Scott CardEnder's Game seriesBooksEnder Series
Ender's Game (1985)
Speaker for the Dead (1986)
Xenocide (1991)
Children of the Mind (1996)
Ender in Exile (2008)
Shadow Saga
Ender's Shadow (1999)
Shadow of the Hegemon (2001)
Shadow Puppets (2002)
Shadow of the Giant (2005)
Shadows in Flight (2012)
The Last Shadow (2021)
Formic Wars
Earth Unaware (2012)
Earth Afire (2013)
Earth Awakens (2014)
The Swarm (2016)
The Hive (2019)
The Queens (TBA)
First Meetings (2002)
A War of Gifts: An Ender Story (2007)
Children of the Fleet (2017)
Short stories
"Ender's Game" (1977)
"Gloriously Bright" (1991)
"Investment Counselor"
"The Polish Boy"
"Teacher's Pest"
"Mazer in Prison"
"Pretty Boy"
"Cheater"
"A Young Man with Prospects"
"The Gold Bug"
"Ender's Stocking"
"Ender's Homecoming"
"Ender in Flight"
"Renegat"
"Governor Wiggin"
"Messenger"
Other media
Comics
Film
Characters
Ender Wiggin
Formics
Jane
The Tales of Alvin MakerBooks
Seventh Son (1987)
Red Prophet (1988)
Prentice Alvin (1989)
Alvin Journeyman (1995)
Heartfire (1998)
The Crystal City (2003)
Other media
"Prentice Alvin and the No-Good Plow" (poem, 1989)
Red Prophet: The Tales of Alvin Maker (comic book, 2006)
The Worthing seriesBooks
Capitol (1979)
Hot Sleep (1979)
The Worthing Chronicle (1983)
The Worthing Saga (1990)
Other worksHomecoming Saga
The Memory of Earth (1992)
The Call of Earth (1992)
The Ships of Earth (1994)
Earthfall (1995)
Earthborn (1995)
Women of Genesis
Sarah (2000)
Rebekah (2001)
Rachel and Leah (2004)
The Wives of Israel (TBA)
Mithermages series
Sandmagic (1979)
Stonefather (2008)
The Lost Gate (2011)
The Gate Thief (2013)
Gatefather (2015)
Mayflower series
Lovelock (1994)
Rasputin (TBA)
The Empire duet
Empire (2006)
Hidden Empire (2009)
The Pathfinder series
Pathfinder (2010)
Ruins (2012)
Visitors (2014)
Standalone novels
A Planet Called Treason (1979)
Songmaster (1980)
Hart's Hope (1983)
Saints (1984)
Wyrms (1987)
Treason (1988)
The Abyss (1989)
Lost Boys (1992)
Pastwatch: The Redemption of Christopher Columbus (1996)
Treasure Box (1996)
Stone Tables (1997)
Homebody (1998)
Enchantment (1999)
Magic Street (2005)
Invasive Procedures (2007)
Bully and the Beast (TBA)
Story collections
Unaccompanied Sonata and Other Stories (1980)
Cardography (1987)
The Folk of the Fringe (1989)
Maps in a Mirror (1990)
Keeper of Dreams (2008)
Other works
Listen, Mom and Dad (1977)
Ainge (1981)
Saintspeak (1981)
Eye for Eye (1987)
Loom (1990)
The Secret of Monkey Island (1990)
The Dig (1995)
NeoHunter (1996)
Magic Mirror (1999)
Robota (2003)
An Open Book (2004)
Ultimate Iron Man (2005)
Advent Rising (2005)
InterGalactic Medicine Show (2005)
Hamlet's Father (2011)
Firefall (2014)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OSChomecoming1.jpg"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"Orson Scott Card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card"},{"link_name":"Book of Mormon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Mormon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Arabs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab"},{"link_name":"Slavic cultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Earthfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthfall_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Earthborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthborn"}],"text":"Book one in the Homecoming SagaThe Homecoming Saga is a science fiction series by Orson Scott Card. The series is patterned on the Book of Mormon.[1] Some of the names also come from the Book of Mormon.The series, containing five volumes, takes place forty million years in the future, with volumes 1-3 taking place on a fictional planet called Harmony. The main premise of the series is that a human diaspora occurred after Earth was rendered uninhabitable by human wars. Forty plus planets, including Harmony, are colonized by humans (though only two are actually named in the series: Ramadan, settled by Arabs; and Harmony, apparently settled by Slavic cultures, as its languages all developed from Russian.)On Harmony, the advancement of human technology is controlled by the Oversoul – an artificial intelligence monitor, using a small army of satellites, established by the original colonists to monitor the planet. It also influences the actions of humans. Though it does not prevent them from doing evil, it keeps their societal capability for destruction limited by suppressing any thoughts that might lead to things like long-distance travel or instant communication. Thus the technology on Harmony includes basic computers and solar-powered handheld energy weapons, but no cars or even wagons. The Oversoul, however, was only designed to last twenty million years, so eventually it begins to break down. It decides to send an expedition back to Earth to seek advice from the entity of which it is an imitation: the mysterious Keeper of Earth. Soon after, the people begin to receive dreams similar to those that the Oversoul sends that come directly from the Keeper of Earth via faster-than-light transmission.As loosely inspired by the themes of the Book of Mormon, the first three books in the series deal with the main characters travails in journeying the site of the ships via a slow trek across Harmony. The fourth book, Earthfall, concerns itself with the journey of one of the ships back to Earth and the culture class that results upon its homecoming, specifically, establishing a settlement and reconciling human culture with the existing creatures that have risen on Earth in the intervening millennia. The final volume, Earthborn, takes place five centuries further in the future; the one remaining member of the original expedition seeks to alter the path of the changing culture and see the Oversoul's mission finally fulfilled.","title":"Homecoming Saga"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Memory of Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Memory_of_Earth"},{"link_name":"The Call of Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Call_of_Earth"},{"link_name":"The Ships of Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ships_of_Earth"},{"link_name":"Earthfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthfall_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Earthborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthborn"}],"text":"The Memory of Earth (1992)\nThe Call of Earth (1992)\nThe Ships of Earth (1994)\nEarthfall (1995)\nEarthborn (1995)","title":"Books in the series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Memory of Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Memory_of_Earth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nephi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephi,_son_of_Lehi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Sam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_(Book_of_Mormon)"},{"link_name":"Laman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman_and_Lemuel"},{"link_name":"Lemuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laman_and_Lemuel"},{"link_name":"Sariah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sariah"},{"link_name":"Lehi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehi_(Book_of_Mormon_prophet)"}],"text":"The characters listed here are those who go on the expedition to Earth; they play major roles throughout the series. For characters whose significance is primarily in one book, see that book's page.The Oversoul\nArtificial intelligence that records all events on Harmony, worshipped as a goddess by the women and a god by the men. It is able to influence the actions of the people, who were genetically altered to be able to receive its directions. When the Oversoul realized that it was in danger of decaying completely without having completed its purpose, it began influencing certain humans to breed so that their descendants would have greater and greater ability to hear the Oversoul. In The Memory of Earth it begins directly instructing these people to engineer a return to Earth, in the hope of receiving instructions from the Keeper of Earth, on which the Oversoul was modeled. The Oversoul is a parallel to God in the Book of Mormon[2]Nafai\nFourteen at the start of the series, he is chosen by the Oversoul to lead the expedition to Earth, in part because of his extraordinary connection to it. He is clever and well-intentioned, but is young, and has difficulty knowing when to stop talking. As the series progresses, Nafai matures and grows into his role. He is the second son of both Volemak and Rasa. He marries Luet, and their first child is Chveya. He inherits the cloak of the starmaster, which enhances his connection to the Oversoul and performs such useful functions as healing injuries. His name is a reference to Nephi, the author and namesake of the first books of the Book of Mormon.[3]Luet\nThirteen at the start of the series, she is known in Basilica as the Waterseer because her connection to the Oversoul enables her to have and interpret prophetic dreams. She is consistently more mature than Nafai, tempering his impulsive and occasionally headstrong personality with patience and good counsel. Nevertheless, she needs him as much as he needs her.Issib\nNafai's older brother, crippled by trauma in the womb. In Basilica and in the vicinity of the ships he can move with the aid of \"floats\", which move his limbs in response to simple muscle contractions, but outside of these areas he is confined to a high-tech chair. It is his studies that lead him to realize that the Oversoul is blocking things from the thoughts of humans on Harmony; after he and Nafai begin defying the Oversoul, it begins to work with them. He marries Hushidh, and becomes one of the best at dealing with the Index. Issib is patterned on Sam from the Book of Mormon.Hushidh\nLuet's older sister, she is a raveler: able to see the relationships between people manifested as threads in her vision. This gives her remarkable insight into what people are thinking, as well as the ability to know what well-chosen words will break weak threads. Unfortunately, she is not so adept at seeing the larger effects of her (un)raveling. Though she at first sees her marriage to Issib as a convenient pairing of the unmarried males and females on the trip, they fall in love.Elemak\nNafai's oldest brother. An accomplished tradesman with an aptitude for learning languages, he is nevertheless too power-hungry and violent to be chosen by the Oversoul. He never forgives Nafai for this. Although he has no wish to kill the rest of the company, he never lets go of the idea of killing Nafai. As his plots grow more complex, so do Nafai's defenses, thanks to the Oversoul and the community around him. Elemak is patterned on Laman from the Book of Mormon.Mebbekew\nNafai's second oldest brother. An unabashed hedonist and would-be actor, his most recent seduction at the start of the expedition is Rasa's niece Dol, a former child actor. They get married, but Mebbekew is eventually unfaithful. He also sides with his older brother Elemak against Nafai, though he is considerably less clever than either. Mebbekew is patterned on Lemuel from the Book of Mormon.Rasa\nNafai's mother. In Basilica she runs a school with enormous prestige, and five of her \"nieces\" (prize students adopted into roles of permanent sponsorship) embark on the expedition to Earth. After failing to renew her marriage with Volemak, she is married to Gaballufix for a while, but eventually goes back to Volemak and renews him consistently until the expedition. Though the oldest woman in the company, she bears three more children in the course of the journey, the oldest being Oykib. Rasa is patterned on Sariah from the Book of Mormon.Volemak\nNafai's father. On Harmony his title is the Wetchik, and he is a wealthy trader. His faith in the Oversoul and its plans is unshakeable. Though it leads him to seemingly irrational actions early on, they are justified by the time the group sets out on his journey. Eventually it is only Volemak's authority that keeps Nafai's supporters and Elemak's supporters from outright conflict. Volemak is patterned on Lehi from the Book of Mormon.Shedemei\nA brilliant geneticist, and one of Rasa's nieces, she joins the expedition not because of any strong connections to the party but because she has the equipment and the expertise to manage the flora and fauna on the possibly ravaged Earth. She and Zdorab are the last unpaired couple, and she resents the idea of marrying him until she gets to know him, at which point they become among the closest pairs in the company. She was the Oversoul's second choice to don the cloak of the starmaster if Nafai refused it. After they build a community on Earth, Nafai eventually does give her the cloak, at which point she returns to the orbiting spaceship to watch over the planet like a garden. She spends much of her time in suspended animation, with the Oversoul her only company on waking. Five hundred years later, known on the planet as The One Who Was Never Buried, she returns to start a school and avert a political tragedy.Zdorab\nA servant, picked up apparently by accident on retrieving the Index. The only gay character in the novels, he is a wallflower, keeping quietly out of the way and handling menial tasks so fluidly that the others begin to take it for granted that they are his job. On the other hand, he is the most adept at navigating the Index, using back doors to avoid loops and blocks in the Oversoul's programming. Shedemei is disdainful of him until she confronts him about their inevitable marriage and learns that his uncomplaining servitude is a survival mechanism for being homosexual on a fairly bigoted planet. Shedemei revises her opinion of Zdorab, and the two become very close. When Shedemei retreats to the ship, Zdorab goes with her; without the cloak of the starmaster, he dies before she does, but (thanks to suspended animation) long after the rest of the company. Zdorab is patterned on Zoram from the Book of Mormon.Eiadh\nOne of Rasa's beautiful nieces. Nafai is in love with her at age fourteen, but she is attracted to power and marries Elemak. As the two struggle for dominance, she wavers between the two. By this time Nafai is married to, and in love with, Luet; he never considers adultery. To her credit, Eiadh eventually sides with Nafai against her murderous husband, and has matured enough that she does not make advances on him.Sevet\nRasa's older daughter by Gaballufix. A fine singer in Basilica, she cheats on her husband regularly - first with Obring, later with Elemak and Mebbekew. Her husband, Vas, is deceptively accepting; unlike Elemak, his plotting is not obvious, but he is cold and calculating and never forgets a grudge.Kokor\nRasa's younger daughter by Gaballufix. Violently jealous of her sister Sevet. When she discovers Sevet in bed with her husband, the mean-spirited but weak-willed Obring, she lashes out, striking Sevet in the throat and destroying her singing ability. The two are always attempting to dramatically one-up each other, and are never truly reconciled.","title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Pulse\nA rifle-like light based weapon. The range is about 1/4 the range of a good Gorayni bow. A pulse has multiple settings for beam strength and area. The different settings vary from one used for cooking meat to one able to blast a man to pieces at point blank range. Despite its lethality, the pulse is designed nearly exclusively for hunting animals. At several points, characters express their shock at the prospect of using it as a deadly weapon. It is battery powered and the battery can be recharged by exposure to sunlight. Since its battery decays with use, unused pulses should be hidden away in a dark place. Once a battery is dead the weapon becomes useless and is discarded. Pulses can be manufactured but the knowledge to repair them is beyond humans.","title":"Items"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honesty
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Honesty
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["1 Opinions","2 Definitions","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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Moral quality of truthfulness
"Honest" redirects here. For other uses, see Honesty (disambiguation).
Diogenes Searching for an Honest Man, attributed to J. H. W. Tischbein (c. 1780)
Honesty or truthfulness is a facet of moral character that connotes positive and virtuous attributes such as integrity, truthfulness, straightforwardness (including straightforwardness of conduct: earnestness), along with the absence of lying, cheating, theft, etc. Honesty also involves being trustworthy, loyal, fair, and sincere.
A reputation for honesty is denoted by terms like reputability and trustworthiness. Honesty about one's future conduct, loyalties, or commitments is called accountability, reliability, dependability, or conscientiousness.
Someone who goes out of their way to tell possibly unwelcome truths extends honesty into the region of candor or frankness. The Cynics engaged in a challenging sort of frankness like this called parrhêsia.
Opinions
Honesty is valued in many ethnic and religious cultures. "Honesty is the best policy" is a proverb of Edwin Sandys, while the quote "Honesty is the first chapter in the book of wisdom" is attributed to Thomas Jefferson, as used in a letter to Nathaniel Macon. April 30 is national Honesty Day in the United States.
William Shakespeare described honesty as an attribute people leave behind when he wrote that "no legacy is so rich as honesty" in act 3, scene 5 of "All's Well that Ends Well."
Tolstoy thought that honesty was revolutionary: “No feats of heroism are needed to achieve the greatest and most important changes in the existence of humanity.... it is only needful that each individual should say what he really feels or thinks, or at least that he should not say what he does not think.”
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn ("Live Not By Lies," 1974) and Václav Havel (The Power of the Powerless, 1978) agreed. Havel wrote:
iving within the truth has more than a mere existential dimension (returning humanity to its inherent nature), or a noetic dimension (revealing reality as it is), or a moral dimension (setting an example for others). It also has an unambiguous political dimension. If the main pillar of the system is living a lie, then it is not surprising that the fundamental threat to it is living the truth.
The 18th century enlightenment philosopher William Wollaston argued that all religion ultimately reduces to ethics and all ethics reduces to honesty (The Religion of Nature Delineated, 1722). “very intelligent, active, and free being should so behave himself, as by no act to contradict truth; ...treat every thing as being what it is.” All else would follow from that.
Immanuel Kant made the duty of honesty a core example of his ethical theories.
Others noted, however, that "too much honesty might be seen as undisciplined openness". For example, individuals may be perceived as being "too honest" if they honestly express the negative opinions of others, either without having been asked their opinion, or having been asked in a circumstance where the response would be trivial. This concern manifests in political correctness, with individuals refraining from expressing their true opinions due to a general societal condemnation of such views. Research also found that honesty can lead to interpersonal harm because people avoid information about how their honest behavior affects others.
Definitions
Merriam-Webster defines honesty as "fairness and straightforwardness of conduct" or "adherence to the facts".
The Oxford English Dictionary defines honesty as "the quality of being honest." Honest is, in turn, defined as "Free of deceit; truthful and sincere...Morally correct or virtuous...(attributive) Fairly earned, especially through hard work...(of an action) done with good intentions even if unsuccessful or misguided...(attributive) Simple, unpretentious, and unsophisticated.
See also
Authenticity (philosophy) – Concept in existential psychology and philosophy
Good faith – Intention to be fair, open, and honest
Integrity – Moral virtue and practice
Lie – Intentionally false statement made to deceive
Morality – Differentiation between right and wrong
Parrhesia – In rhetoric, the obligation to speak candidly
Radical honesty – Complete honesty devoid of any kind of deception
Sincerity – The virtue of honest and genuine communication
Spin (propaganda) – Form of propaganda in public relations and politics
Trust – Assumption of and reliance on the honesty of another partyPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
Truth – Being in accord with fact or reality
References
^ Rogers, Carl R. (1964). "Toward a modern approach to values: The valuing process in the mature person". The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 68 (2): 160–67.Dahlsgaard, Katherine; Peterson, Christopher; Seligman, Martin E.P. (2005). "Shared Virtue: The Convergence of Valued Human Strengths Across Culture and History". Review of General Psychology. 9 (3): 203–13.Hilbig, Benjamin E.; Zettler, Ingo (2009). "Pillars of cooperation: Honesty–Humility, social value orientations, and economic behavior". Journal of Research in Personality. 43 (3): 516–19.Van Lange, Paul A.M.; Kuhlman, D. Michael (1994). "Social value orientations and impressions of partner's honesty and intelligence: A test of the might versus morality effect". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 67 (1): 126–41.Schluter, Dolph; Price, Trevor (1993). "Honesty, Perception and Population Divergence in Sexually Selected Traits". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 253 (1336): 117–22.
^ "Thomas Jefferson to Nathaniel Macon". The Thomas Jefferson Papers Series 1. General Correspondence. 1651–1827. January 12, 1819. Archived from the original on October 6, 2017. Retrieved July 9, 2013.
^ William Shakespeare. All's Well That Ends Well Archived 2019-06-12 at the Wayback Machine MIT Shakespeare.
^ Tolstoy, Lev (1894), On Patriotism
^ MacKinnon, Barbara; Fiala, Andrew (2015). Ethics: Theory and Contemporary Issues (Concise ed.). p. 93.
^ Levine, E.; Munguia Gomez, D. (2021). "'I'm just being honest.' When and why honesty enables help versus harm". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 120 (1): 33–56. doi:10.1037/pspi0000242. PMID 32463271. S2CID 218977238. Archived from the original on 2021-04-13. Retrieved 2021-02-05 – via APA PsycNet.
^ "Honesty". Merriam-Webster. 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-10-06.
^ "Honesty". Oxford English Dictionary. 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-10-06.
^ "Honest". Oxford English Dictionary. 2017. Archived from the original on 2016-09-28.
External links
Look up honesty in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Honesty.
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Tischbein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Wilhelm_Tischbein"},{"link_name":"moral character","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_character"},{"link_name":"virtuous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue"},{"link_name":"integrity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrity"},{"link_name":"truthfulness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth"},{"link_name":"earnestness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_faith"},{"link_name":"loyal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalty"},{"link_name":"fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fair#Adjective"},{"link_name":"sincere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincerity"},{"link_name":"reputability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputation"},{"link_name":"trustworthiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trustworthiness"},{"link_name":"accountability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accountability"},{"link_name":"dependability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependability"},{"link_name":"conscientiousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscientiousness"},{"link_name":"Cynics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)"},{"link_name":"parrhêsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrhesia"}],"text":"\"Honest\" redirects here. For other uses, see Honesty (disambiguation).Diogenes Searching for an Honest Man, attributed to J. H. W. Tischbein (c. 1780)Honesty or truthfulness is a facet of moral character that connotes positive and virtuous attributes such as integrity, truthfulness, straightforwardness (including straightforwardness of conduct: earnestness), along with the absence of lying, cheating, theft, etc. Honesty also involves being trustworthy, loyal, fair, and sincere.A reputation for honesty is denoted by terms like reputability and trustworthiness. Honesty about one's future conduct, loyalties, or commitments is called accountability, reliability, dependability, or conscientiousness.Someone who goes out of their way to tell possibly unwelcome truths extends honesty into the region of candor or frankness. The Cynics engaged in a challenging sort of frankness like this called parrhêsia.","title":"Honesty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"proverb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proverb"},{"link_name":"Edwin Sandys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Sandys_(died_1629)"},{"link_name":"wisdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Macon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Honesty Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honesty_Day"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"All's Well that Ends Well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%27s_Well_that_Ends_Well"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shakespeare-3"},{"link_name":"Tolstoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolstoy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn"},{"link_name":"Václav Havel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel"},{"link_name":"The Power of the Powerless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Power_of_the_Powerless"},{"link_name":"William Wollaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wollaston"},{"link_name":"The Religion of Nature Delineated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Religion_of_Nature_Delineated"},{"link_name":"Immanuel Kant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Kant"},{"link_name":"his ethical theories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantian_ethics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"perceived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perception"},{"link_name":"opinions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion"},{"link_name":"political correctness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_correctness"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Honesty is valued in many ethnic and religious cultures.[1] \"Honesty is the best policy\" is a proverb of Edwin Sandys, while the quote \"Honesty is the first chapter in the book of wisdom\" is attributed to Thomas Jefferson, as used in a letter to Nathaniel Macon.[2] April 30 is national Honesty Day in the United States.William Shakespeare described honesty as an attribute people leave behind when he wrote that \"no legacy is so rich as honesty\" in act 3, scene 5 of \"All's Well that Ends Well.\"[3]Tolstoy thought that honesty was revolutionary: “No feats of heroism are needed to achieve the greatest and most important changes in the existence of humanity.... it is only needful that each individual should say what he really feels or thinks, or at least that he should not say what he does not think.”[4]\nAleksandr Solzhenitsyn (\"Live Not By Lies,\" 1974) and Václav Havel (The Power of the Powerless, 1978) agreed. Havel wrote:[L]iving within the truth has more than a mere existential dimension (returning humanity to its inherent nature), or a noetic dimension (revealing reality as it is), or a moral dimension (setting an example for others). It also has an unambiguous political dimension. If the main pillar of the system is living a lie, then it is not surprising that the fundamental threat to it is living the truth.The 18th century enlightenment philosopher William Wollaston argued that all religion ultimately reduces to ethics and all ethics reduces to honesty (The Religion of Nature Delineated, 1722). “[E]very intelligent, active, and free being should so behave himself, as by no act to contradict truth; ...treat every thing as being what it is.” All else would follow from that.Immanuel Kant made the duty of honesty a core example of his ethical theories.Others noted, however, that \"too much honesty might be seen as undisciplined openness\".[5] For example, individuals may be perceived as being \"too honest\" if they honestly express the negative opinions of others, either without having been asked their opinion, or having been asked in a circumstance where the response would be trivial. This concern manifests in political correctness, with individuals refraining from expressing their true opinions due to a general societal condemnation of such views. Research also found that honesty can lead to interpersonal harm because people avoid information about how their honest behavior affects others.[6]","title":"Opinions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Merriam-Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-merriamwebster-7"},{"link_name":"Oxford English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oed1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oed2-9"}],"text":"Merriam-Webster defines honesty as \"fairness and straightforwardness of conduct\" or \"adherence to the facts\".[7]The Oxford English Dictionary defines honesty as \"the quality of being honest.\"[8] Honest is, in turn, defined as \"Free of deceit; truthful and sincere...Morally correct or virtuous...(attributive) Fairly earned, especially through hard work...(of an action) done with good intentions even if unsuccessful or misguided...(attributive) Simple, unpretentious, and unsophisticated.[9]","title":"Definitions"}]
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[{"image_text":"Diogenes Searching for an Honest Man, attributed to J. H. W. Tischbein (c. 1780)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Diogenes_looking_for_a_man_-_attributed_to_JHW_Tischbein.jpg/220px-Diogenes_looking_for_a_man_-_attributed_to_JHW_Tischbein.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Authenticity (philosophy)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)"},{"title":"Good faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_faith"},{"title":"Integrity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrity"},{"title":"Lie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie"},{"title":"Morality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morality"},{"title":"Parrhesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrhesia"},{"title":"Radical honesty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_honesty"},{"title":"Sincerity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sincerity"},{"title":"Spin (propaganda)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)"},{"title":"Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_(emotion)"},{"title":"Truth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth"}]
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[{"reference":"Rogers, Carl R. (1964). \"Toward a modern approach to values: The valuing process in the mature person\". The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 68 (2): 160–67.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dahlsgaard, Katherine; Peterson, Christopher; Seligman, Martin E.P. (2005). \"Shared Virtue: The Convergence of Valued Human Strengths Across Culture and History\". Review of General Psychology. 9 (3): 203–13.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hilbig, Benjamin E.; Zettler, Ingo (2009). \"Pillars of cooperation: Honesty–Humility, social value orientations, and economic behavior\". Journal of Research in Personality. 43 (3): 516–19.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Van Lange, Paul A.M.; Kuhlman, D. Michael (1994). \"Social value orientations and impressions of partner's honesty and intelligence: A test of the might versus morality effect\". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 67 (1): 126–41.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Schluter, Dolph; Price, Trevor (1993). \"Honesty, Perception and Population Divergence in Sexually Selected Traits\". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 253 (1336): 117–22.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Thomas Jefferson to Nathaniel Macon\". The Thomas Jefferson Papers Series 1. General Correspondence. 1651–1827. January 12, 1819. Archived from the original on October 6, 2017. Retrieved July 9, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mtj1&fileName=mtj1page051.db&recNum=211","url_text":"\"Thomas Jefferson to Nathaniel Macon\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171006062340/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=mtj1&fileName=mtj1page051.db&recNum=211","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tolstoy, Lev (1894), On Patriotism","urls":[]},{"reference":"MacKinnon, Barbara; Fiala, Andrew (2015). Ethics: Theory and Contemporary Issues (Concise ed.). p. 93.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Levine, E.; Munguia Gomez, D. (2021). \"'I'm just being honest.' When and why honesty enables help versus harm\". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 120 (1): 33–56. doi:10.1037/pspi0000242. PMID 32463271. S2CID 218977238. Archived from the original on 2021-04-13. Retrieved 2021-02-05 – via APA PsycNet.","urls":[{"url":"https://psycnet.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fpspi0000242","url_text":"\"'I'm just being honest.' When and why honesty enables help versus harm\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fpspi0000242","url_text":"10.1037/pspi0000242"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32463271","url_text":"32463271"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218977238","url_text":"218977238"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203106/https://doi.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fpspi0000242","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Honesty\". Merriam-Webster. 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/honesty","url_text":"\"Honesty\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171006062352/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/honesty","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Honesty\". Oxford English Dictionary. 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171006112043/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/honesty","url_text":"\"Honesty\""},{"url":"https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/honesty","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Honest\". Oxford English Dictionary. 2017. Archived from the original on 2016-09-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160928024239/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/honest","url_text":"\"Honest\""},{"url":"https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/honest","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell_Page_Printing_System
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Honeywell Page Printing System
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["1 Development","2 Product design","3 Models","4 Example customers","5 Replacement product","6 References","7 External links"]
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Continuous forms electrostatic printer designed and manufactured by Honeywell
Honeywell Page Printing SystemHoneywell PPSIntroduced1974
The Honeywell Page Printing System (PPS) announced in 1974, is notable because it was the first commercially successful high speed non-impact printer. It could produce output at up to 18,000 lines per minute, where the earlier Xerox 1200 (the first commercially available electro-static printer) ran at 4000 lines per minute and the contemporary IBM 3211 (which was an impact printer), ran at 2000 lines per minute. Most printer history has focused on the later IBM 3800 and the Xerox 9700.
Development
The PPS was designed by Honeywell Information Systems (HIS) in Oklahoma City. Development began in 1967, under a team led by Ronald F Borelli. Their initial goal was to exceed 5,000 lines per minute and after six years of development, they shipped their first pre-production unit to Lawrence Livermore Lab in 1973. It was able to run at 18,000 lines per minute.
Honeywell had three primary goals with the PPS:
Speed: The goal was to be significantly faster than current printers. The increase in speed also meant that carbon paper would not be needed.
Print Quality: The goal was to achieve a significant increase in print quality, especially in comparison to carbon-copy quality.
System Support: To allow system users to easily generate reports and forms and run the system in an offline capacity, allowing the printer to be shared.
Product design
The PPS consisted of four major subsystems:
Magnetic Tape Subsystem This could read industry standard 1/2 inch magnetic tape in a read only fashion. It could read 7 or 9 track tape written at up to 1600 bits per inch.
Processor Subsystem: It used a 16 bit processor with 775 nanosecond memory based on the Honeywell System 700 minicomputer.
Console Subsystem: This was a system console used to manage the entire system.
Page Printing Subsystem: This consisted of two cabinets. In the first cabinet, called the basic cabinet, was the printing engine. There was a format drum which could print a fixed image onto each page (which they claimed eliminated the need for pre-printed forms), a print head matrix, a toning station (with one colour), a paper transport drive and a sheet cutter. In the second cabinet there were 8 pockets to stack the cut output, holding up to 800 sheets of printed output in variable sizes. Stacker management software allowed control over how the output was stacked or collated. Later Honeywell offered 16, then 24 and then 32 stackers per PPS.
Honeywell claimed that the PPS had two unique systems:
The electrode printhead. The printhead used a printed circuit design with 38 micron thick electrodes that created a latent image using electrostatic charge on the dielectric paper. There were 2112 styli in two rows of 1056 each. The print head was 268.2 mm wide allowing 132 character lines. It offered only one 96 character font known as the Honeywell Optimized Font that could be printed in two sizes. Smaller characters were 16 X 18 dots and larger characters that were 20 X 22 dots. It was effectively capable of printing 200 dots per inch.
The liquid toning system. After creating the latent image, liquid toner using positively charged pigment particles suspended in an insulated hydrocarbon liquid that was transferred to the paper surface using a transfer roll. The toner was fixed to the paper with a heated platen and blower system.
The PPS speed was optionally either 8,000, 12,000 or 18,000 lines per minute (90,140 or 210 pages per minute). The speed could be increased as a purchased upgrade. It used a large roll of special dielectric paper, which was 3800 feet in length. The paper roll consisted of conductive base paper coated with a thin payer of dielectric material. After printing it was cut to one of 14 desired sheet sizes and then stacked. The printer was able to pre-print the page (adding a logo or a background form) prior to printing the variable data by using a custom engraved magnesium cylinder also called a forms roll. This avoided the need to use pre-printed forms.
Models
There were three Models: I, II, II/E.
The Model II was announced in June 1979. The model II is described as having the following:
A built in Honeywell Level 6/Model 43 Processor, with 256KB of memory and an 96MB hard drive.
It could be directly attached to an IBM Mainframe such as an IBM 4381, as well as Univac and Burroughs systems. It did this by emulating a tape drive rather than appearing as a system printer.
A hole punch that could punch two or three holes, top or side.
Up to four stackers, meaning 8 to 32 pockets, each holding 500 sheets of output. Each stacker added 8 extra pockets.
Up to 4 character sets of 128 characters each
The option to use different coloured liquid toner (not just black)
It could print digital forms as well as use changeable metal cylinders
A Model I could be field upgraded to a Model II.
The Model II/E was announced by Ron Borelli before or during May 1981. The major change appears to have been around options to increase the CPU, memory and hard drive space of the Level 6 Microcomputer. This offered new software options such as allowing users to queue print jobs.
There are references to a model III in at least two sources. A 1980 Computerworld Magazine suggested that Honeywell planned to add duplex printing by 1983.
Example customers
While limited shipments occurred between 1973 and 1976, sales began in earnest in 1976 when a dedicated sales force was established. The PPS Operation was run as a separate company within the Honeywell Corporation with its own manufacturing, research and development and marketing teams with 75 marketing (sales) personnel. In February 1979 they reported there were 150 PPSs installed, and in June 1979 they claimed to have sold and installed 250 systems. They claimed typical users produced between 1.2 and 1.5 million pages of output per month. Honeywell advertising suggested the printer was cost effective at 400,000 pages per month and could potentially print up to four million pages per month.
An IDC report in 1980 found that while the PPS was cheaper than the IBM 3800 or Xerox 9700, the cost of the special paper needed by the PPS was significantly higher at 0.0068 cents per sheet versus 0.0043 cents per sheet for plain paper.
Sample customer included:
Certified Grocers of California who installed one of the first commercially shipped PPSs in January 1975 and by early 1976 was using two of them to produce 1.3 million pages of output per month.
In 1977 Howard Johnson (a restaurant and Motel chain) reported they were using a PPS for all their printing needs.
In October 1978 Griffon Computer Systems of New York reported they were installing a PPS valued at US$178,000.
In 1979 BP Oil installed two 8,000 line per minute PPSs to supplement their 2000 line per minute Univac 0770 printers (which they retained to print cheques).
In 1981 Massey Ferguson in the United Kingdom installed a PPS valued at US$290,000.
NASA
Department of the Army: In a 1996 report to Congress they stated they had several Model II PPSs and that they were eight years old and needed constant repair.
Replacement product
Honeywell and the Bull group began a business relationship in 1974, which resulted in Honeywell-Bull being created in 1976. By 1988 Honeywell Bull was consolidated into group Bull and in 1989, renamed to Bull, a WorldWide Information Systems company, at which time Honeywell Information Systems effectively ceased to exist. In 1988 Bull released the 4000 series, that had a similar physical layout to the PPS, using roll paper and a DPS/6 Control Unit (the renamed Level 6). However it also had three major differences:
It used plain paper and ion deposition
It was duplex, using two print engines to print on both sides of the paper at the same time.
It could produce 180, 240 or 300 impressions per minute based on the model (note this is duplex speed, so pages per minute were 90, 120 or 150).
Bull Printing Systems was sold to Delphax for an undisclosed sum at the end of 1991. At that time it was earning $20million USD revenue per year.
References
^ "The U.S. Computer Printer Industry". ed-thelen.org. Retrieved 2021-12-14.
^ a b "Honeywell Page Printing System (PPS)". 5 August 2010.
^ "Flashback Friday: The Xerox 1200 Computer Printing System". 28 September 2012.
^ IBM 3211 Printer and 3811 Control Unit Component Description (PDF). IBM. 1970. p. 5.
^ "The History of the Laser Printer". 25 June 2015.
^ "Laser Printers".
^ a b c d Infosystems 1979-06: Vol 26 Iss 6. Reed Business Information. 1979.
^ a b "A Nonimpact Page Printing System | Borelli, R.F.; Bayless, R.B.; Truax, E.R. | download". ur.booksc.eu. Retrieved 2021-12-01.
^ a b Computerworld. International Data Group. 1976-08-30.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ Cassel, Don (1980). Introduction to computers and information processing. Reston, Va.: Reston Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0-8359-3151-9.
^ Printing Trades Journal 1977-11: Iss 1089. Benn Publications Ltd. 1977.
^ Computerworld the NewsWeekly for the Computer Community 1980-02-25: Vol 14 Iss 8. Computerworld. 1980-02-25.
^ a b MIS Week 1986-12-15: Vol 7 Iss 50. Conde Nast Publications Inc. 1986-12-15. p. 47.
^ Computerworld 1979-06-04: Vol 13 Iss 23. Computerworld. 1979-06-04.
^ "Honeywell PPS II" (PDF). www.1000bit.it. Retrieved 2021-12-05.
^ Computerworld the NewsWeekly for the Computer Community 1982-05-10: Vol 16 Iss 19. Computerworld. 1982-05-10.
^ Computerworld. International Data Group. Archive.org. 1981-05-11. p. 96.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
^ Computerworld 1990-11-12: Vol 24 Iss 46. Computerworld. 1990-11-12. p. 154.
^ Computerworld the NewsWeekly for the Computer Community 1980-02-25: Vol 14 Iss 8. Computerworld. 1980-02-25.
^ a b Computerworld 1979-02-19: Vol 13 Iss 8. Computerworld. 1979-02-19. p. 66.
^ Computerworld. International Data Group. 1978.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ Computerworld. International Data Group. 1981-01-19.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) (1980-05-01). NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) 19800022383: Cogeneration Technology Alternatives Study (CTAS). Volume 6: Computer data. Part 1: Coal-fired nocogeneration process boiler, section A.
^ Defense Technical Information Center (1996-03-01). DTIC ADA306284: Department of Army FY 1997 Budget Estimate Submitted to Congress March 1996. Defense Business Operations Fund.
^ "A strong new name in global computing" (PDF). www.1000bit.it. Retrieved 2021-12-11.
^ "Honeywell". www.feb-patrimoine.com. Retrieved 2021-12-11.
^ "4000 Series".
^ Name (1991-11-26). "DELPHAX BUYS BULL HN's HIGH-SPEED PAGE PRINTER BUSINESS". Tech Monitor. Retrieved 2021-12-12.
External links
Printed output example
Honeywell Computer Journal Article
Honeywell Page Printing System
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Development began in 1967, under a team led by Ronald F Borelli. Their initial goal was to exceed 5,000 lines per minute and after six years of development, they shipped their first pre-production unit to Lawrence Livermore Lab in 1973. It was able to run at 18,000 lines per minute.[7]Honeywell had three primary goals with the PPS:[8]Speed: The goal was to be significantly faster than current printers. The increase in speed also meant that carbon paper would not be needed.\nPrint Quality: The goal was to achieve a significant increase in print quality, especially in comparison to carbon-copy quality.\nSystem Support: To allow system users to easily generate reports and forms and run the system in an offline capacity, allowing the printer to be shared.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Magnetic Tape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_tape"},{"link_name":"Honeywell System 700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell_System_700"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"electrostatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatics"},{"link_name":"dielectric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric"},{"link_name":"font","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Font"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"dielectric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"}],"text":"The PPS consisted of four major subsystems:Magnetic Tape Subsystem This could read industry standard 1/2 inch magnetic tape in a read only fashion. It could read 7 or 9 track tape written at up to 1600 bits per inch.\nProcessor Subsystem: It used a 16 bit processor with 775 nanosecond memory based on the Honeywell System 700 minicomputer.\nConsole Subsystem: This was a system console used to manage the entire system.\nPage Printing Subsystem: This consisted of two cabinets. In the first cabinet, called the basic cabinet, was the printing engine. There was a format drum which could print a fixed image onto each page (which they claimed eliminated the need for pre-printed forms), a print head matrix, a toning station (with one colour), a paper transport drive and a sheet cutter. In the second cabinet there were 8 pockets to stack the cut output, holding up to 800 sheets of printed output in variable sizes. Stacker management software allowed control over how the output was stacked or collated. Later Honeywell offered 16, then 24 and then 32 stackers per PPS.[9][10]Honeywell claimed that the PPS had two unique systems:The electrode printhead. The printhead used a printed circuit design with 38 micron thick electrodes that created a latent image using electrostatic charge on the dielectric paper. There were 2112 styli in two rows of 1056 each. The print head was 268.2 mm wide allowing 132 character lines. It offered only one 96 character font known as the Honeywell Optimized Font that could be printed in two sizes. Smaller characters were 16 X 18 dots and larger characters that were 20 X 22 dots. It was effectively capable of printing 200 dots per inch.\nThe liquid toning system. After creating the latent image, liquid toner using positively charged pigment particles suspended in an insulated hydrocarbon liquid that was transferred to the paper surface using a transfer roll. The toner was fixed to the paper with a heated platen and blower system.The PPS speed was optionally either 8,000, 12,000 or 18,000 lines per minute (90,140 or 210 pages per minute).[11][7] The speed could be increased as a purchased upgrade. It used a large roll of special dielectric paper, which was 3800 feet in length. The paper roll consisted of conductive base paper coated with a thin payer of dielectric material. After printing it was cut to one of 14 desired sheet sizes and then stacked. The printer was able to pre-print the page (adding a logo or a background form) prior to printing the variable data by using a custom engraved magnesium cylinder[12] also called a forms roll. This avoided the need to use pre-printed forms.[8]","title":"Product design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-13"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"There were three Models: I, II, II/E.[13]The Model II was announced in June 1979.[14] The model II is described as having the following:[15]A built in Honeywell Level 6/Model 43 Processor, with 256KB of memory and an 96MB hard drive.\nIt could be directly attached to an IBM Mainframe such as an IBM 4381,[16] as well as Univac and Burroughs systems. It did this by emulating a tape drive rather than appearing as a system printer.\nA hole punch that could punch two or three holes, top or side.\nUp to four stackers, meaning 8 to 32 pockets, each holding 500 sheets of output. Each stacker added 8 extra pockets.\nUp to 4 character sets of 128 characters each\nThe option to use different coloured liquid toner (not just black)\nIt could print digital forms as well as use changeable metal cylinders\nA Model I could be field upgraded to a Model II.The Model II/E was announced by Ron Borelli before or during May 1981. The major change appears to have been around options to increase the CPU, memory and hard drive space of the Level 6 Microcomputer. This offered new software options such as allowing users to queue print jobs.[17]There are references to a model III in at least two sources.[13][18] A 1980 Computerworld Magazine suggested that Honeywell planned to add duplex printing by 1983.[19]","title":"Models"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-20"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-9"},{"link_name":"Howard Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Johnson%27s"},{"link_name":"BP Oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oldendaysbp.blogspot.com-2"},{"link_name":"Massey Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massey_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"While limited shipments occurred between 1973 and 1976, sales began in earnest in 1976 when a dedicated sales force was established. The PPS Operation was run as a separate company within the Honeywell Corporation with its own manufacturing, research and development and marketing teams with 75 marketing (sales) personnel.[20] In February 1979 they reported there were 150 PPSs installed,[20] and in June 1979 they claimed to have sold and installed 250 systems.[7] They claimed typical users produced between 1.2 and 1.5 million pages of output per month.[7] Honeywell advertising suggested the printer was cost effective at 400,000 pages per month and could potentially print up to four million pages per month.[21]An IDC report in 1980 found that while the PPS was cheaper than the IBM 3800 or Xerox 9700, the cost of the special paper needed by the PPS was significantly higher at 0.0068 cents per sheet versus 0.0043 cents per sheet for plain paper.Sample customer included:Certified Grocers of California who installed one of the first commercially shipped PPSs in January 1975 and by early 1976 was using two of them to produce 1.3 million pages of output per month.[9]\nIn 1977 Howard Johnson (a restaurant and Motel chain) reported they were using a PPS for all their printing needs.\nIn October 1978 Griffon Computer Systems of New York reported they were installing a PPS valued at US$178,000.\nIn 1979 BP Oil installed two 8,000 line per minute PPSs to supplement their 2000 line per minute Univac 0770 printers (which they retained to print cheques).[2]\nIn 1981 Massey Ferguson in the United Kingdom installed a PPS valued at US$290,000.[22]\nNASA[23]\nDepartment of the Army: In a 1996 report to Congress they stated they had several Model II PPSs and that they were eight years old and needed constant repair.[24]","title":"Example customers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Honeywell and the Bull group began a business relationship in 1974, which resulted in Honeywell-Bull being created in 1976. By 1988 Honeywell Bull was consolidated into group Bull and in 1989, renamed to Bull, a WorldWide Information Systems company, at which time Honeywell Information Systems effectively ceased to exist.[25] In 1988 Bull released the 4000 series, that had a similar physical layout to the PPS, using roll paper and a DPS/6 Control Unit (the renamed Level 6[26]). However it also had three major differences:[27]It used plain paper and ion deposition\nIt was duplex, using two print engines to print on both sides of the paper at the same time.\nIt could produce 180, 240 or 300 impressions per minute based on the model (note this is duplex speed, so pages per minute were 90, 120 or 150).Bull Printing Systems was sold to Delphax for an undisclosed sum at the end of 1991. At that time it was earning $20million USD revenue per year.[28]","title":"Replacement product"}]
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[{"reference":"\"The U.S. Computer Printer Industry\". ed-thelen.org. Retrieved 2021-12-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/Tomash.html","url_text":"\"The U.S. Computer Printer Industry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Honeywell Page Printing System (PPS)\". 5 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://oldendaysbp.blogspot.com/2010/08/honeywell-page-printing-system-pps.html","url_text":"\"Honeywell Page Printing System (PPS)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Flashback Friday: The Xerox 1200 Computer Printing System\". 28 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://digitalprinting.blogs.xerox.com/2012/09/28/flashback-friday-the-xerox-1200-computer-printing-system/","url_text":"\"Flashback Friday: The Xerox 1200 Computer Printing System\""}]},{"reference":"IBM 3211 Printer and 3811 Control Unit Component Description (PDF). IBM. 1970. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/3811/GA24-3543-0_3211_Printer_and_3811_Control_Unit_Component_Description_Jun70.pdf","url_text":"IBM 3211 Printer and 3811 Control Unit Component Description"}]},{"reference":"\"The History of the Laser Printer\". 25 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.printerland.co.uk/blog/the-history-of-the-laser-printer/","url_text":"\"The History of the Laser Printer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Laser Printers\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/input-output/14/351","url_text":"\"Laser Printers\""}]},{"reference":"Infosystems 1979-06: Vol 26 Iss 6. Reed Business Information. 1979.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/sim_infosystems_1979-06_26_6_0","url_text":"Infosystems 1979-06: Vol 26 Iss 6"}]},{"reference":"\"A Nonimpact Page Printing System | Borelli, R.F.; Bayless, R.B.; Truax, E.R. | download\". ur.booksc.eu. Retrieved 2021-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://ur.booksc.eu/book/18374923/eed4be","url_text":"\"A Nonimpact Page Printing System | Borelli, R.F.; Bayless, R.B.; Truax, E.R. | download\""}]},{"reference":"Computerworld. International Data Group. 1976-08-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/computerworld1018unse_018","url_text":"Computerworld"}]},{"reference":"Cassel, Don (1980). Introduction to computers and information processing. Reston, Va.: Reston Pub. Co. ISBN 978-0-8359-3151-9.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/introductiontoco0000cass_a9m9","url_text":"Introduction to computers and information processing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8359-3151-9","url_text":"978-0-8359-3151-9"}]},{"reference":"Printing Trades Journal 1977-11: Iss 1089. Benn Publications Ltd. 1977.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/sim_printing-trades-journal_1977-11_1089","url_text":"Printing Trades Journal 1977-11: Iss 1089"}]},{"reference":"Computerworld the NewsWeekly for the Computer Community 1980-02-25: Vol 14 Iss 8. Computerworld. 1980-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1980-02-25_14_8","url_text":"Computerworld the NewsWeekly for the Computer Community 1980-02-25: Vol 14 Iss 8"}]},{"reference":"MIS Week 1986-12-15: Vol 7 Iss 50. Conde Nast Publications Inc. 1986-12-15. p. 47.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/sim_mis-week_1986-12-15_7_50","url_text":"MIS Week 1986-12-15: Vol 7 Iss 50"}]},{"reference":"Computerworld 1979-06-04: Vol 13 Iss 23. Computerworld. 1979-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1979-06-04_13_23","url_text":"Computerworld 1979-06-04: Vol 13 Iss 23"}]},{"reference":"\"Honeywell PPS II\" (PDF). www.1000bit.it. Retrieved 2021-12-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.1000bit.it/js/web/viewer.html?file=/ad/bro/honeywell/honeywell-pps2.pdf#zoom=page-fit","url_text":"\"Honeywell PPS II\""}]},{"reference":"Computerworld the NewsWeekly for the Computer Community 1982-05-10: Vol 16 Iss 19. Computerworld. 1982-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1982-05-10_16_19","url_text":"Computerworld the NewsWeekly for the Computer Community 1982-05-10: Vol 16 Iss 19"}]},{"reference":"Computerworld. International Data Group. Archive.org. 1981-05-11. p. 96.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/computerworld1518unse_02","url_text":"Computerworld"}]},{"reference":"Computerworld 1990-11-12: Vol 24 Iss 46. Computerworld. 1990-11-12. p. 154.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1990-11-12_24_46","url_text":"Computerworld 1990-11-12: Vol 24 Iss 46"}]},{"reference":"Computerworld the NewsWeekly for the Computer Community 1980-02-25: Vol 14 Iss 8. Computerworld. 1980-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1980-02-25_14_8","url_text":"Computerworld the NewsWeekly for the Computer Community 1980-02-25: Vol 14 Iss 8"}]},{"reference":"Computerworld 1979-02-19: Vol 13 Iss 8. Computerworld. 1979-02-19. p. 66.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/sim_computerworld_1979-02-19_13_8","url_text":"Computerworld 1979-02-19: Vol 13 Iss 8"}]},{"reference":"Computerworld. International Data Group. 1978.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/computerworld1214unse","url_text":"Computerworld"}]},{"reference":"Computerworld. International Data Group. 1981-01-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/computerworld153unse","url_text":"Computerworld"}]},{"reference":"NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) (1980-05-01). NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) 19800022383: Cogeneration Technology Alternatives Study (CTAS). Volume 6: Computer data. Part 1: Coal-fired nocogeneration process boiler, section A.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/NASA_NTRS_Archive_19800022383","url_text":"NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) 19800022383: Cogeneration Technology Alternatives Study (CTAS). Volume 6: Computer data. Part 1: Coal-fired nocogeneration process boiler, section A"}]},{"reference":"Defense Technical Information Center (1996-03-01). DTIC ADA306284: Department of Army FY 1997 Budget Estimate Submitted to Congress March 1996. Defense Business Operations Fund.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA306284","url_text":"DTIC ADA306284: Department of Army FY 1997 Budget Estimate Submitted to Congress March 1996. Defense Business Operations Fund"}]},{"reference":"\"A strong new name in global computing\" (PDF). www.1000bit.it. Retrieved 2021-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.1000bit.it/js/web/viewer.html?file=/ad/bro/bull/bull-strongnewnameinglobalcomputingv2.pdf#zoom=page-fit","url_text":"\"A strong new name in global computing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Honeywell\". www.feb-patrimoine.com. Retrieved 2021-12-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.feb-patrimoine.com/projet/gcos6/gcos6.htm","url_text":"\"Honeywell\""}]},{"reference":"\"4000 Series\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.1000bit.it/js/web/viewer.html?file=%2Fad%2Fbro%2Fbull%2Fbull%2Dseries4000printingsystem%2Epdf#zoom=page-fit","url_text":"\"4000 Series\""}]},{"reference":"Name (1991-11-26). \"DELPHAX BUYS BULL HN's HIGH-SPEED PAGE PRINTER BUSINESS\". Tech Monitor. Retrieved 2021-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://techmonitor.ai/technology/delphax_buys_bull_hns_high_speed_page_printer_business","url_text":"\"DELPHAX BUYS BULL HN's HIGH-SPEED PAGE PRINTER BUSINESS\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Institute_of_Vocational_Education
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Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education
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["1 Campus","2 Vocational Training Council","3 See also","4 External links"]
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Hong Kong Institute of Vocational EducationTypePublicEstablished1969; 55 years ago (1969)ChairmanTony TaiDirectorCarrie Yau (Executive Director)LocationHong KongCampus9 campiWebsitewww.ive.edu.hkChinese nameSimplified Chinese香港专业教育学院Traditional Chinese香港專業教育學院TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinXiānggǎng Zhuānyèjiàoyù XuéyuànYue: CantoneseYale RomanizationHēunggóng Jyūnyihp Gaauyuhk Hohk'yúnJyutpingHoeng1gong2 Zyun1jip6 Gaau3juk6 Hok6jyun2
The Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education (IVE) is one of the member institutions of the Vocational Training Council (VTC) offering vocational education to post-secondary students in Hong Kong through its nine campi located across the territory.
Nine disciplines include applied science; business administration; child education and community services; construction; design, printing, textiles, and clothing; hotel, service, and tourism studies; information technology, electrical, and electronic engineering; and mechanical, manufacturing, and industrial engineering.
Graduates of IVE can either join the labour market society or choose to further their studies to obtain higher education qualifications.
Campus
It has a total of nine campi:
Chai Wan (CW, formerly Hong Kong Technical College (Chai Wan))
Morrison Hill (MH, formerly Morrison Hill Technical Institute)
Kwun Tong (KT, formerly Kwun Tong Technical Institute)
Lee Wai Lee (LWL, relocated to Tiu Keng Leng from Kowloon Tong since 2010–11 academic year), formerly Lee Wai Lee Technical Institute (located in Kowloon Tong, near Hong Kong Baptist University)
Haking Wong (WHK, located in Cheung Sha Wan), formerly Haking Wong Technical Institute (located in Cheung Sha Wan)
Kwai Chung (KC, formerly Kwai Chung Technical Institute)
Tsing Yi (TY, formerly Hong Kong Technical College (Tsing Yi))
Sha Tin (ST, formerly Sha Tin Technical Institute)
Tuen Mun (TM, formerly Tuen Mun Technical Institute)
Vocational Training Council
The Vocational Training Council (VTC) was established in 1982. There are 13 member institutions under the VTC Group: Technological and Higher Education Institute (THEi), Institute of Professional Education And Knowledge (PEAK), School for Higher and Professional Education (SHAPE), Hong Kong Institute of Vocational Education (IVE), Hong Kong Design Institute (HKDI), School of Business and Information Systems (SBI), Hospitality Industry Training and Development Centre (HITDC), Chinese Cuisine Training Institute (CCTI), Maritime Services Training Institute (MSTI), Youth College (YC), Training & Development Centre, Yeo Chei Man Senior Secondary School (YCM) and Skills Centre.
See also
Hong Kong portal
Vocational Training Council
Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong
Higher education in Hong Kong
External links
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United States
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[]
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[{"title":"Hong Kong portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Hong_Kong"},{"title":"Vocational Training Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_Training_Council"},{"title":"Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_and_Higher_Education_Institute_of_Hong_Kong"},{"title":"Higher education in Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_in_Hong_Kong"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.ive.edu.hk/","external_links_name":"www.ive.edu.hk"},{"Link":"http://www.vtc.edu.hk/","external_links_name":"Vocational Training Council (VTC)"},{"Link":"http://it.vtc.edu.hk/","external_links_name":"IVE - Information Technology"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000095655464","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/141078462","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2005058890","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honoris_causa
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Honorary degree
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["1 Historical origins","2 Modern practice","2.1 Practical use","2.2 Customary degrees (ad eundem or jure officii degrees)","2.3 Institutions not awarding honorary degrees","3 Controversy","4 Use of title associated with honorary doctorates","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Academic qualification awarded without the usual requirements
Not to be confused with Bachelor's degree with honours.
The honoris causa doctorate received by Jimmy Wales from the University of Maastricht (2015)
An honorary degree is an academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding institution) has waived all of the usual requirements. It is also known by the Latin phrases honoris causa ("for the sake of the honour") or ad honorem ("to the honour"). The degree is typically a doctorate or, less commonly, a master's degree, and may be awarded to someone who has no prior connection with the academic institution or no previous postsecondary education. An example of identifying a recipient of this award is as follows: Doctorate in Business Administration (Hon. Causa).
The degree is often conferred as a way of honouring a distinguished visitor's contributions to a specific field or to society in general.
Honorary doctorates are purely titular degrees in that they confer no rights on the recipient and carry with them no formal academic qualification. As such, it is always expected that such degrees be listed in one's curriculum vitae (CV) as an award, and not in the education section. With regard to the use of this honorific, the policies of institutions of higher education generally ask that recipients "refrain from adopting the misleading title" and that a recipient of an honorary doctorate should restrict the use of the title "Dr" before their name to any engagement with the institution of higher education in question and not within the broader community.
Historical origins
The practice dates back to the Middle Ages, when for various reasons a university might be persuaded, or otherwise see fit, to grant exemption from some or all of the usual statutory requirements for the award of a degree. The earliest honorary degree on record was awarded to Lionel Woodville in the late 1470s by the University of Oxford. He later became Bishop of Salisbury.
In the late 16th century, the granting of honorary degrees became quite common, especially on the occasion of royal visits to Oxford or Cambridge. On the visit of James I to Oxford in 1605, for example, forty-three members of his retinue (fifteen of whom were earls or barons) received the degree of Master of Arts, and the Register of Convocation explicitly states that these were full degrees, carrying the usual privileges (such as voting rights in Convocation and Congregation).
There were also some special cases: for example the critic John Ruskin suffered a physical or mental breakdown in 1840 and dropped out of the University of Oxford. He returned to Oxford in 1842, and sat a single exam, and was awarded an honorary fourth-class degree.
In the United States, the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree was first conferred as an honorary degree, at Bucknell University in 1852; not until 1861 did any American university award an earned Ph.D. (Yale University being the first to do so). Over one hundred institutions in the United States conferred honorary Ph.D. degrees in the 19th century, to more than seven hundred recipients. However, the practice of awarding the Ph.D. as an honorary degree drew condemnation from organizations such as the American Philological Association and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the board of regents of the University of the State of New York prohibited any university in the state from conferring an honorary Ph.D. effective in 1897. The number of honorary Ph.D. degrees awarded in the U.S. declined in the 20th century, and surveys by the United States Office of Education found none conferred in 1940 or later years. One of the last known recipients of an honorary Ph.D. was singer Bing Crosby, from Gonzaga University in 1937.
By 2001, about 21 U.S. states had begun allowing public schools to grant honorary high school diplomas to military veterans under a program called "Operation Recognition". In Ohio, it was unclear whether public schools had the legal authority to grant them until 12 July 2001, when Governor Bob Taft signed a bill allowing public school districts to grant them to honorably discharged veterans of World War II. Lakota East High School is believed to have awarded the first such diplomas to a group of 20 veterans in May of that year.
Modern practice
Honorary degrees are usually awarded at regular graduation ceremonies, at which the recipients are often invited to make a speech of acceptance before the assembled faculty and graduates—an event which often forms the highlight of the ceremony. Generally, universities nominate several persons each year for honorary degrees; these nominations usually go through several committees before receiving approval. Nominees are generally not told until a formal approval and invitation are made; often it is perceived that the system is shrouded in secrecy, and occasionally seen as political and controversial. On occasion, organisations have been awarded honorary doctorates.
The term honorary degree is a slight misnomer: honoris causa degrees are not considered of the same standing as substantive degrees earned by the standard academic processes of courses and original research, except perhaps where the recipient has demonstrated an appropriate level of academic scholarship that would ordinarily qualify him or her for the award of a substantive degree. Recipients of honorary degrees typically wear the same academic dress as recipients of substantive degrees, although there are a few exceptions: honorary graduates at the University of Cambridge wear the appropriate full-dress gown but not the hood, and those at the University of St Andrews wear a black cassock instead of the usual full-dress gown.
An ad eundem or jure officii degree is sometimes considered honorary, although these are only conferred on an individual who has already achieved a comparable qualification at another university or attained an office requiring the appropriate level of scholarship. Under certain circumstances, a degree may be conferred on an individual for both the nature of the office they hold and the completion of a dissertation. The "dissertation et jure dignitatis" is considered to be a full academic degree. See below.
Although higher doctorates such as Doctor of Science, Doctor of Letters, etc. are often awarded honoris causa, in many countries (notably England and Scotland, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand) it is formally possible to earn such a degree as a substantive one. This typically involves the submission of a portfolio of peer-refereed research, usually undertaken over a number of years, which has made a substantial contribution to the academic field in question. The university will appoint a panel of examiners who will consider the case and prepare a report recommending whether or not the degree be awarded. Usually, the applicant must have some strong formal connection with the university in question, for example full-time academic staff, or graduates of several years' standing.
Some universities, seeking to differentiate between substantive and honorary doctorates, have a degree (often DUniv, or Doctor of the University) which is used for these purposes, with the other higher doctorates reserved for formally examined academic scholarship.
The Archbishop of Canterbury has the authority to award degrees. These "Lambeth degrees" are sometimes, erroneously, thought to be honorary; however the archbishops have for many centuries had the legal authority (originally as the representatives of the Pope, later confirmed by a 1533 Act of Henry VIII), to award degrees and regularly do so to people who have either passed an examination or are deemed to have satisfied the appropriate requirements.
Between the two extremes of honouring celebrities and formally assessing a portfolio of research, some universities use honorary degrees to recognise achievements of intellectual rigour. Some institutes of higher education do not confer honorary degrees as a matter of policy—see below. Some learned societies award honorary fellowships in the same way as honorary degrees are awarded by universities, for similar reasons.
Practical use
Letter from Ezra Stiles to George Washington announcing the awarding of an honorary degree to Washington by the president and fellows of Yale College (1781)
A typical example of university regulations is, "Honorary graduates may use the approved post-nominal letters. It is not customary, however, for recipients of an honorary doctorate to adopt the prefix 'Dr.'" It is generally considered improper practice for an honorary doctor to use the formal title of "Doctor," regardless of the background circumstances for the award. Written communications where an honorary doctorate has been awarded may include the letters "h.c." after the award to indicate that status.
The recipient of an honorary degree may add the degree title postnominally, but it should always be made clear that the degree is honorary by adding "honorary" or "honoris causa" or "h.c." in parentheses after the degree title. In some countries, a person who holds an honorary doctorate may use the title "Doctor" prenominally, abbreviated "Dr.h.c." or "Dr.(h.c.)". Sometimes, they use "Hon" before the degree letters, for example, "Hon DMus".
In recent years, some universities have adopted entirely separate postnominal titles for honorary degrees. This is in part due to the confusion that honorary degrees have caused. For example, an honorary doctorate from the Auckland University of Technology takes the special title HonD since it is now common in certain countries to use certain degrees, such as LLD or HonD, as purely honorary. Some universities, including the Open University, grant Doctor of the University (DUniv) degrees to selected nominees, while awarding PhD or EdD degrees to those who have fulfilled the academic requirements.
Most American universities award the degrees of LLD (Doctor of Laws), LittD (Doctor of Letters), LHD (Doctor of Humane Letters), ScD (Doctor of Science), PedD (Doctor of Pedagogy) and DD (Doctor of Divinity) only as honorary degrees. American universities do not have the system of "higher doctorates" used in the UK and some other universities around the world.
Customary degrees (ad eundem or jure officii degrees)
See also: List of honorary degrees
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Some universities and colleges have the custom of awarding a master's degree to every scholar appointed as a full professor, who had never earned a degree there. At the universities of Oxford, Dublin and Cambridge, many senior staff are granted the degree of Master of Arts after three years of service, and at Amherst College all tenured professors are awarded a Master of Arts degree at an academic convocation in the autumn, even though the school only offers an earned Bachelor of Arts degree (Amherst awards honorary doctorates at commencement in the spring to notable scholars and other special invitees). Schools such as Brown University, the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University also award tenured faculty, who do not have a degree from their respective schools, the AM ad eundem.
These ad eundem or jure officii degrees are earned degrees, not honorary, because they recognize formal learning.
Similarly, a jure dignitatis degree is awarded to someone who has demonstrated eminence and scholarship by being appointed to a particular office. Thus, for example, a DD (Doctor of Divinity) might be conferred upon a bishop on the occasion of his consecration, or a judge created LLD (Legum Doctor) or DCL (Doctor of Civil Law) upon his or her appointment to the judicial bench. These, also, are properly considered substantive rather than honorary degrees.
Institutions not awarding honorary degrees
Some US universities such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cornell University, Stanford University, and Rice University, do not award honorary degrees as a matter of policy. The University of Virginia (founded in 1819) was probably the first US university to explicitly have a policy of not awarding honorary degrees at the behest of its founder, Thomas Jefferson. In 1845, William Barton Rogers, then chairman of the faculty, vigorously defended this policy; in 1861, he founded MIT in Boston and continued this practice. The University of Virginia does annually award Thomas Jefferson Medals in Architecture and in Law, as the highest honours accorded by that institution.
The Stanford Alumni Association occasionally awards the Degree of Uncommon Man/Woman to individuals who have given "rare and exceptional service" to the university. Though UCLA has imposed a moratorium on awarding honorary degrees, it honours notable people with the UCLA Medal instead. St. John's College has not granted honorary degrees since 1936, but its alumni association occasionally offers honorary membership to retiring faculty, staff, and other close associates of the college.
Controversy
Elena Ceauşescu becoming Doctor Honoris Causa of the University of Manila, Philippines, in 1975
Some universities and colleges have been accused of granting honorary degrees in exchange for large donations. Honorary degree recipients, particularly those who have no prior academic qualifications, have sometimes been criticized if they insist on being called "Doctor" as a result of their award, as the honorific may mislead the general public about their qualifications.
In 1985, as a deliberate snub, the University of Oxford voted to refuse Margaret Thatcher an honorary degree in protest against her cuts in funding for higher education. This award had previously been given to all prime ministers who had been educated at Oxford.
The Philosophy Faculty at Cambridge courted controversy among the academic community in March 1992, when three of its members posed a temporary veto against the awarding of an honorary doctorate to Jacques Derrida; they and other non-Cambridge proponents of analytic philosophy protested against the granting on the grounds that Derrida's work "did not conform with accepted measures of academic rigor." Although the university eventually passed the motion, the episode did more to draw attention to the continuing antipathy between the analytic (of which Cambridge's faculty is a leading exponent) and the post-Hegelian continental philosophical traditions (with which Derrida's work is more closely associated).
In 1996, Southampton College at Long Island University (now a campus of Stony Brook University) awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Amphibious Letters to Muppet Kermit the Frog. Although some students objected to awarding a degree to a Muppet, Kermit delivered an enjoyable commencement address and the small college received considerable press coverage. The degree was conferred in recognition of efforts in the area of environmentalism. The university stated: "His theme song, 'It's Not Easy Bein' Green,' has become a rallying cry of the environmental movement. Kermit has used his celebrity to spread positive messages in public service announcements for the National Wildlife Federation, National Park Service, the Better World Society, and others."
The awarding of an honorary degree to political figures can prompt protests from faculty or students. In 2001, George W. Bush received an honorary degree from Yale University, where he had earned his bachelor's degree in history in 1968. Some students and faculty chose to boycott the university's 300th commencement. Andrew Card, who served as Bush's Chief of Staff from 2001 to 2006, ultimately chose not to speak when the University of Massachusetts Amherst awarded him an honorary degree in 2007, in response to protests from students and faculty at the commencement ceremonies.
In 2005 at the University of Western Ontario, Henry Morgentaler, a gynecologist involved in a legal case decriminalizing abortion in Canada (R. v. Morgentaler), was made an honorary Doctor of Laws. Over 12,000 signatures were acquired asking the UWO to reverse its decision to honor Morgentaler. Several protest rallies were held, including one on the day the honorary degree was bestowed (a counter petition to support Morgentaler's degree gained 10,000 signatures).
In 2007, protesters demanded that the University of Edinburgh revoke an honorary degree awarded to Zimbabwean leader Robert Mugabe in 1984. The university subsequently revealed plans to review its honorary degree policy and strip certain figures of their honorary degrees who did not deserve them. When considering revoking the honorary degree of a political figure, such reasons as human rights abuse or political corruption would be considered. As a result, it was announced that Mugabe had been stripped of his honorary degree. The university also planned to have a more rigorous selection procedure regarding potential recipients of honorary degrees, in an attempt to rectify the trend of awarding degrees to celebrities. Students at the University of Massachusetts Amherst also
asked the university to revoke the honorary degree that was awarded to Mugabe over twenty years ago, and on 12 June 2008 the trustees unanimously rescinded Robert Mugabe's honorary degree. Michigan State University has also rescinded its honorary degree.
In April 2009, Arizona State University's president, Michael M. Crow, refused to give an honorary degree to US President Barack Obama for his lack of adequate qualifying achievements thus far. Also, controversy was ignited about Notre Dame awarding Obama an honorary degree, as the institution is Roman Catholic and Obama holds pro-choice views on abortion and supports embryonic stem cell research.
In February 2012, Rosmah Mansor, the wife of the Prime Minister of Malaysia, Najib Razak was controversially awarded an honorary doctorate by the Curtin University for "services to childhood education". The university honored Rosmah for founding and driving the Permata early childhood centres in Malaysia although some alumni and students contended that the government-funded centres are "an abuse of taxpayers' money".
Over 50 honorary degrees awarded to Bill Cosby have been rescinded due to allegations and lawsuits of sexual assault.
In December 2022, the School of the Art Institute of Chicago rescinded an honorary doctorate degree awarded to rapper Kanye West after a series of racist and antisemitic remarks made by West.
Use of title associated with honorary doctorates
By convention, recipients of honorary doctorates do not use the title "Dr" in general correspondence. Recipients are not addressed orally or in writing as "Dr" by other academic institutions – and not correctly addressed as "Dr" in their professional/personal life. They continue to be addressed orally and in writing with the form of address to which they entitled prior to receiving the honor. E.g., Mr./Ms./Mrs. However, this social convention is not always scrupulously observed. Notable people who have used the honorary prefix include:
Maya Angelou, a memoirist and poet who had no earned degrees, but she received dozens of honorary ones and she preferred to be called "Dr. Angelou" by people other than family and close friends.
Stephen Colbert, who received an honorary doctorate in fine arts from Knox College in 2006, frequently made light of the concept of an "honorary doctor" by offering up scurrilous medical advice in a segment called "Cheating Death" on his television program The Colbert Report after being awarded a D.F.A.
Benjamin Franklin, who received an honorary master's degree from The College of William and Mary in 1756, and doctorates from the University of St. Andrews in 1759 and the University of Oxford in 1762 for his scientific accomplishments. He thereafter referred to himself as "Doctor Franklin".
Alan García, former Peruvian president and politician, who for many years held the title of Dr. in official presentations as head of state and as a civilian throughout his political career. Heavily criticized by the media when discovering his last degree to be a master's in economic development and not completing his doctoral studies in law, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Delhi in 1987, while making an official visit to India in his first term as president.
Samuel Johnson, an author and lexicographer, who had some years earlier been unable (due to financial considerations) to complete his undergraduate studies at Pembroke College, Oxford, was awarded the degree of Master of Arts by diploma in 1755, in recognition of his scholarly achievements. In 1765, Trinity College, Dublin awarded him the degree of Doctor of Laws and in 1775 Oxford bestowed upon him the degree of Doctor of Civil Law by diploma.
Edwin H. Land, who invented the Land Camera instant camera, and was a co-founder of the Polaroid Corporation, received an honorary doctorate from Harvard University and was often referred to as "Dr. Land", though he did not have any earned degree.
Richard Stallman, the founder of the Free Software Foundation in the field of information technology, has been awarded fourteen honorary doctorates from various international educational institutions from 1996 through 2014 including the North American Lakehead University in 2009, and now refers to himself as "Dr. Richard Stallman" in speeches, talks, videos, and email.
Sukarno, the first president of Indonesia, was awarded 26 honorary doctorates from various international universities including Columbia University, the University of Michigan, the University of Berlin, the Al-Azhar University, the University of Belgrade, the Lomonosov University and many more; and also from domestic universities, including the Universitas Gadjah Mada, the Universitas Indonesia, the Bandung Institute of Technology, and the Universitas Padjadjaran. He had often been referred to by the Indonesian Government at the time as "Dr. Ir. Sukarno", combined with his engineer's degree (Ir.) from Bandung Institute of Technology.
Jeremiah Wolfe, a respected elder of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, taught at the Oconaluftee Job Corps in Cherokee for more than 20 years, and subsequently worked in outreach and education at the Museum of the Cherokee Indian, where he shared his extensive knowledge of tribal history and culture with thousands of visitors. He was awarded an honorary doctorate of humane letters at the commencement at Western Carolina University, 2017.
See also
Academic degree
Freedom of the City
Homage
Latin honors
References
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^ "Abortion access has helped make society safer: Morgentaler". CBC. 16 June 2005. Archived from the original on 1 February 2008. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
^ MacLeod, Murdo (14 January 2007). "Degree of anger at roll of dishonour". The Scotsman. Edinburgh. Archived from the original on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
^ Vaznis, James (6 April 2007). "UMass students aim to revoke honorary degree for Mugabe". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
^ Contact:Robert P. Connolly617-287-7073 (12 June 2008). "UMass Mugabe". Umass.edu. Archived from the original on 13 March 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "Things you may not know about Robert Mugabe". Sowetan Live. 2 April 2014. Archived from the original on 30 September 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
^ "Obama turns controversy into jokes, lesson at commencement". CNN. 14 May 2009. Archived from the original on 17 May 2009. Retrieved 16 May 2009.
^ controversy Archived 17 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine, How the Gold Dome Tarnished, TFP Student Action, 05-21-09.
^ Storin, Matthew V. (17 May 2009). "Church and state; Obama and Notre Dame". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 20 May 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2009.
^ "Honorary doctorate to Najib Razak's wife creates controversy". The Australian. 22 February 2012. Archived from the original on 22 February 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
^ "Students protest over Malaysia doctorate". Archived from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
^ "Brown revokes Bill Cosby's honorary degree". The Brown Daily Herald. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
^ "Lehigh rescinds Cosby's honorary degree". The Brown and White. 14 October 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
^ Owoseje, Toyin (9 December 2022). "Kanye West's honorary doctorate rescinded by prestigious Chicago art college". CNN. Retrieved 16 May 2023.
^ "The Honorary Degree". West Virginia University. Archived from the original on 30 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015. onorary degree recipients should not refer to themselves as "Doctor", nor should they use the title on business cards or in correspondence. However, the recipient is entitled to use the appropriate honorary abbreviation behind his or her name
^ "How to Address Those With Honorary Degrees". Protocol School of Washington. Archived from the original on 11 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
^ Mannheim, Markus (19 November 2014). "Universities tell Finance Department head Jane Halton to stop calling herself 'professor'". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 20 November 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
^ Gillespie, Marcia Ann, Rosa Johnson Butler, and Richard A. Long. (2008). Maya Angelou: A Glorious Celebration. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-385-51108-7
^ "Farewell to 'Cheating Death with Dr. Stephen Colbert,' one of late-night's funniest bits". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 7 April 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
^ Honorary degree recipients Archived 5 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine on the Special Collections Research Center Wiki
^ "Abogado de García: Ex presidente obtuvo doctorado de forma "no convencional"". América Noticias. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
^ "About Samuel Johnson". Thesamueljohnsonprize.co.uk. Archived from the original on 16 May 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
^ "Dr. Johnson". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 23 July 2014. Retrieved 23 June 2022.
^ "Brute Johnson: A Critical Look at the Life of Dr. Samuel Johnson, L.L.D." hamiltoninstitute.com. 12 August 2008. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
^ Bonanos, Christopher (2012). Instant: The Story of Polaroid, Princeton Architectural Press, p.13. ISBN 978-1616890858
^ "Richard Stallman given first honorary doctorate by a North American university". YouTube. 30 May 2009. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
^ "Richard Stallman responding to an email list using "Dr. Richard Stallman"". Lists.gnu.org. Archived from the original on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
^ "At 1:22 introduced as 'Dr. Stallman'". YouTube. 13 September 2011. Archived from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 5 March 2012.
^ "Ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Sementara Republik Indonesia No.XXXIII/MPRS/1967 Tentang Pencabutan Kekuasaan Pemerintah Negara Dari Presiden Sukarno" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 7 September 2013.
^ "WCU honors revered Cherokee elder during spring commencement". citizen-times.com. 19 May 2017. Archived from the original on 3 July 2022.
External links
Media related to Honoris causa at Wikimedia Commons
vteLevels of academic degreeUndergraduateISCED level 5
Associate degree
Foundation degree
Higher National Diploma/Diploma of Higher Education/Certificate of Higher Education
ISCED level 6
Bachelor's degree
Honours degree
PostgraduateISCED level 7
Master's degree
Postgraduate diploma/certificate
Diplom degree
Engineer's degree
ISCED level 8
Doctorate
Candidate of Sciences
OtherPostdoctoral
Higher doctorate
Doctor of Sciences
Habilitation
Docent
Tenure
Fellow
No dominantclassification
Academic certificate
Artist diploma
External degree
Laurea
Licentiate
Magister degree
Microdegree
Professional degree
Graduate diploma/certificate
Higher diploma
Specialist degree/diploma
Terminal degree
Unearned
Honorary degree
Ad eundem degree
Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)
vtePhaleristicsAuxiliary science of history and numismatics about orders, decorations, and medalsDistinctions(Lists)By confereeFounts of honour*
States
and their national/public/official authorities
Dynasties
heads of currently or formerly sovereign royal families
Private
Ecclesiastical
Organisations
Commercial
(Self-styled order)
By typeOrders
Order of chivalry
Military order
Colonial order
Order of merit
Royal family order
Titles(Styles,Post-nominal)By function
Grand master
Chancellor
Treasurer
Assessor
Bailiff
Prior
Chaplain
Master of ceremonies
Grand Cross/Grand Cordon
Commander
Officer
Hospitaller
Knight/Dame
Postulant
Squire
PageJurisdictions
Charter
Bailiwick
Chapter
Commandery
Obedience
Grand Lodge
Lodge
Others,by fieldMilitary(List)
List of highest
Campaign medal
Law enforcement
Civilian(List)Society
Peace
Intellectual freedom
Human rights
Law
Humanitarianism
Politics
Volunteer
Culture
Architecture
Art
Film
History
Literature
Music
Philosophy
Poetry
Theatre
Science
Religion-related
Ecclesiastical
Sports
Scouting
Beauty
By insignia(Named after people)For wearing(decorations)Formal
Collar
Grand Cross/Grand Cordon
with sash
Medal
Necklet
Medal bar
Medal ribbon
Other
Rosette
Award pin
Lapel pin
Collar pin
Tie pin
Badge
Heraldic
Pilgrim
Epaulette
Ribbon
Ring
Button
Campaign
Service
Shoulder mark
Prizes
Trophy
War
Plaquette
Rosette
Money
Prizes known as the Nobel of a field
Ceremonies and events
Accolade
Vigil
Feoffment
Passage fee
Festival
Vow
Collar day
Related organisations
Fraternity
Confraternity
Fraternal order
Fraternities and sororities
Secret society
Guild
Syndicate
Learned society
Fellowship
Honor society
Hereditary society
Club
Gentlemen's club
International Commission for Orders of Chivalry
Magical organization
Religious order
Related concepts
Numismatics
Heraldry
Vexillology
Service flag
Battle honour
Campaign streamer
Nobility
Order of precedence
Honorary degree
Devotional medal
Awareness ribbon
Code of honor
* = Direct or indirect reference to fount of honour is the accepted criterion for official distinctions
Category:Orders, decorations, and medals
Wikipedia:WikiProject Orders, decorations, and medals
Wikipedia:WikiProject Awards
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bachelor's degree with honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree_with_honours"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jimmy_Wales_receives_honorary_doctorate_from_Maastricht_University_(5).JPG"},{"link_name":"doctorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Wales"},{"link_name":"University of Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maastricht"},{"link_name":"academic degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_degree"},{"link_name":"university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"ad honorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_honorem"},{"link_name":"doctorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate"},{"link_name":"master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brandeis_University-2"},{"link_name":"curriculum vitae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_vitae"},{"link_name":"award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Award"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McNeilage-4"},{"link_name":"title \"Dr\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_(title)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Bachelor's degree with honours.The honoris causa doctorate received by Jimmy Wales from the University of Maastricht (2015)An honorary degree is an academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding institution) has waived all of the usual requirements. It is also known by the Latin phrases honoris causa (\"for the sake of the honour\") or ad honorem (\"to the honour\"). The degree is typically a doctorate or, less commonly, a master's degree, and may be awarded to someone who has no prior connection with the academic institution[1] or no previous postsecondary education. An example of identifying a recipient of this award is as follows: Doctorate in Business Administration (Hon. Causa).The degree is often conferred as a way of honouring a distinguished visitor's contributions to a specific field or to society in general.[2]Honorary doctorates are purely titular degrees in that they confer no rights on the recipient and carry with them no formal academic qualification. As such, it is always expected that such degrees be listed in one's curriculum vitae (CV) as an award, and not in the education section.[3] With regard to the use of this honorific, the policies of institutions of higher education generally ask that recipients \"refrain from adopting the misleading title\"[4] and that a recipient of an honorary doctorate should restrict the use of the title \"Dr\" before their name to any engagement with the institution of higher education in question and not within the broader community.[5]","title":"Honorary degree"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Lionel Woodville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Woodville"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buxton-6"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buxton-6"},{"link_name":"James I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"earls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl"},{"link_name":"barons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron"},{"link_name":"Master of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge_and_Dublin)"},{"link_name":"Convocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convocation"},{"link_name":"Congregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_(university)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-buxton-6"},{"link_name":"John Ruskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ruskin"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Bucknell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucknell_University"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"American Philological Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philological_Association"},{"link_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"University of the State of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_the_State_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"United States Office of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Office_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lady-201-12"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby"},{"link_name":"Gonzaga University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzaga_University"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lady-201-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"high school diplomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school_diploma"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Bob Taft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Taft"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Lakota East High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakota_East_High_School"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The practice dates back to the Middle Ages, when for various reasons a university might be persuaded, or otherwise see fit, to grant exemption from some or all of the usual statutory requirements for the award of a degree. The earliest honorary degree on record was awarded to Lionel Woodville in the late 1470s by the University of Oxford.[6] He later became Bishop of Salisbury.[7]In the late 16th century, the granting of honorary degrees became quite common, especially on the occasion of royal visits to Oxford or Cambridge.[6] On the visit of James I to Oxford in 1605, for example, forty-three members of his retinue (fifteen of whom were earls or barons) received the degree of Master of Arts, and the Register of Convocation explicitly states that these were full degrees, carrying the usual privileges (such as voting rights in Convocation and Congregation).[6]There were also some special cases: for example the critic John Ruskin suffered a physical or mental breakdown in 1840 and dropped out of the University of Oxford. He returned to Oxford in 1842, and sat a single exam, and was awarded an honorary fourth-class degree.[8]In the United States, the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree was first conferred as an honorary degree, at Bucknell University in 1852; not until 1861 did any American university award an earned Ph.D. (Yale University being the first to do so).[9] Over one hundred institutions in the United States conferred honorary Ph.D. degrees in the 19th century, to more than seven hundred recipients.[10] However, the practice of awarding the Ph.D. as an honorary degree drew condemnation from organizations such as the American Philological Association and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the board of regents of the University of the State of New York prohibited any university in the state from conferring an honorary Ph.D. effective in 1897.[11] The number of honorary Ph.D. degrees awarded in the U.S. declined in the 20th century, and surveys by the United States Office of Education found none conferred in 1940 or later years.[12] One of the last known recipients of an honorary Ph.D. was singer Bing Crosby, from Gonzaga University in 1937.[12][13]By 2001, about 21 U.S. states had begun allowing public schools to grant honorary high school diplomas to military veterans under a program called \"Operation Recognition\".[14] In Ohio, it was unclear whether public schools had the legal authority to grant them until 12 July 2001, when Governor Bob Taft signed a bill allowing public school districts to grant them to honorably discharged veterans of World War II.[15] Lakota East High School is believed to have awarded the first such diplomas to a group of 20 veterans in May of that year.[16]","title":"Historical origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"graduation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduation"},{"link_name":"faculty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty_(teaching_staff)"},{"link_name":"committees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"academic dress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_dress"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"University of St Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews"},{"link_name":"cassock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassock"},{"link_name":"ad eundem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_eundem_degree"},{"link_name":"below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Customary_degrees_.28Ad_eundem_degrees.29"},{"link_name":"higher doctorates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_doctorate"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Letters"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Lambeth degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambeth_degrees"},{"link_name":"Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"a 1533 Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_Concerning_Peter%27s_Pence_and_Dispensations"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"below","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Institutions_not_awarding_honorary_degrees"}],"text":"Honorary degrees are usually awarded at regular graduation ceremonies, at which the recipients are often invited to make a speech of acceptance before the assembled faculty and graduates—an event which often forms the highlight of the ceremony. Generally, universities nominate several persons each year for honorary degrees; these nominations usually go through several committees before receiving approval. Nominees are generally not told until a formal approval and invitation are made; often it is perceived that the system is shrouded in secrecy, and occasionally seen as political and controversial.[17] On occasion, organisations have been awarded honorary doctorates.[18]The term honorary degree is a slight misnomer: honoris causa degrees are not considered of the same standing as substantive degrees earned by the standard academic processes of courses and original research, except perhaps where the recipient has demonstrated an appropriate level of academic scholarship that would ordinarily qualify him or her for the award of a substantive degree.[19] Recipients of honorary degrees typically wear the same academic dress as recipients of substantive degrees, although there are a few exceptions: honorary graduates at the University of Cambridge wear the appropriate full-dress gown but not the hood, and those at the University of St Andrews wear a black cassock instead of the usual full-dress gown.An ad eundem or jure officii degree is sometimes considered honorary, although these are only conferred on an individual who has already achieved a comparable qualification at another university or attained an office requiring the appropriate level of scholarship. Under certain circumstances, a degree may be conferred on an individual for both the nature of the office they hold and the completion of a dissertation. The \"dissertation et jure dignitatis\" is considered to be a full academic degree. See below.Although higher doctorates such as Doctor of Science, Doctor of Letters, etc. are often awarded honoris causa, in many countries (notably England and Scotland, Ireland, Australia, and New Zealand) it is formally possible to earn such a degree as a substantive one.[20] This typically involves the submission of a portfolio of peer-refereed research, usually undertaken over a number of years, which has made a substantial contribution to the academic field in question. The university will appoint a panel of examiners who will consider the case and prepare a report recommending whether or not the degree be awarded. Usually, the applicant must have some strong formal connection with the university in question, for example full-time academic staff, or graduates of several years' standing.Some universities, seeking to differentiate between substantive and honorary doctorates, have a degree (often DUniv, or Doctor of the University) which is used for these purposes, with the other higher doctorates reserved for formally examined academic scholarship.The Archbishop of Canterbury has the authority to award degrees. These \"Lambeth degrees\" are sometimes, erroneously, thought to be honorary; however the archbishops have for many centuries had the legal authority (originally as the representatives of the Pope, later confirmed by a 1533 Act of Henry VIII), to award degrees and regularly do so to people who have either passed an examination or are deemed to have satisfied the appropriate requirements.[21]Between the two extremes of honouring celebrities and formally assessing a portfolio of research, some universities use honorary degrees to recognise achievements of intellectual rigour. Some institutes of higher education do not confer honorary degrees as a matter of policy—see below. Some learned societies award honorary fellowships in the same way as honorary degrees are awarded by universities, for similar reasons.","title":"Modern practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ezra_Stiles_George_Washington_Honorary_Degree.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ezra Stiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezra_Stiles"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Yale College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_College"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"postnominally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postnominal"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"parentheses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracket#Parentheses"},{"link_name":"prenominally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenominal"},{"link_name":"Auckland University of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_University_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Open University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_University"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Letters"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Humane Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Humane_Letters"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Doctor of Divinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity"}],"sub_title":"Practical use","text":"Letter from Ezra Stiles to George Washington announcing the awarding of an honorary degree to Washington by the president and fellows of Yale College (1781)A typical example of university regulations is, \"Honorary graduates may use the approved post-nominal letters. It is not customary, however, for recipients of an honorary doctorate to adopt the prefix 'Dr.'\"[22] It is generally considered improper practice for an honorary doctor to use the formal title of \"Doctor,\" regardless of the background circumstances for the award. Written communications where an honorary doctorate has been awarded may include the letters \"h.c.\" after the award to indicate that status.The recipient of an honorary degree may add the degree title postnominally, but it should[citation needed] always be made clear that the degree is honorary by adding \"honorary\" or \"honoris causa\" or \"h.c.\" in parentheses after the degree title. In some countries, a person who holds an honorary doctorate may use the title \"Doctor\" prenominally, abbreviated \"Dr.h.c.\" or \"Dr.(h.c.)\". Sometimes, they use \"Hon\" before the degree letters, for example, \"Hon DMus\".In recent years, some universities have adopted entirely separate postnominal titles for honorary degrees. This is in part due to the confusion that honorary degrees have caused. For example, an honorary doctorate from the Auckland University of Technology takes the special title HonD since it is now common in certain countries to use certain degrees, such as LLD or HonD, as purely honorary. Some universities, including the Open University, grant Doctor of the University (DUniv) degrees to selected nominees, while awarding PhD or EdD degrees to those who have fulfilled the academic requirements.Most[citation needed] American universities award the degrees of LLD (Doctor of Laws), LittD (Doctor of Letters), LHD (Doctor of Humane Letters), ScD (Doctor of Science), PedD (Doctor of Pedagogy) and DD (Doctor of Divinity) only as honorary degrees. American universities do not have the system of \"higher doctorates\" used in the UK and some other universities around the world.","title":"Modern practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of honorary degrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_honorary_degrees"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Amherst College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amherst_College"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Brown University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_University"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"ad eundem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_eundem"},{"link_name":"LLD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legum_Doctor"},{"link_name":"DCL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Civil_Law"}],"sub_title":"Customary degrees (ad eundem or jure officii degrees)","text":"See also: List of honorary degreesSome universities and colleges have the custom of awarding a master's degree to every scholar appointed as a full professor, who had never earned a degree there. At the universities of Oxford, Dublin and Cambridge, many senior staff are granted the degree of Master of Arts after three years of service,[23][24] and at Amherst College all tenured professors are awarded a Master of Arts degree at an academic convocation in the autumn, even though the school only offers an earned Bachelor of Arts degree (Amherst awards honorary doctorates at commencement in the spring to notable scholars and other special invitees). Schools such as Brown University, the University of Pennsylvania and Harvard University also award tenured faculty, who do not have a degree from their respective schools, the AM ad eundem.These ad eundem or jure officii degrees are earned degrees, not honorary, because they recognize formal learning.Similarly, a jure dignitatis degree is awarded to someone who has demonstrated eminence and scholarship by being appointed to a particular office. Thus, for example, a DD (Doctor of Divinity) might be conferred upon a bishop on the occasion of his consecration, or a judge created LLD (Legum Doctor) or DCL (Doctor of Civil Law) upon his or her appointment to the judicial bench. These, also, are properly considered substantive rather than honorary degrees.","title":"Modern practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MIT-25"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Rice University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice_University"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"University of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MIT-25"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UVAreg-30"},{"link_name":"William Barton Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Barton_Rogers"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MIT-25"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-barton-mit-founding-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UVAreg-30"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UVa-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"St. John's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s_College_(Annapolis/Santa_Fe)"},{"link_name":"alumni association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alumni_association"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Institutions not awarding honorary degrees","text":"Some US universities such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT),[25] Cornell University,[26] Stanford University,[27][28] and Rice University,[29] do not award honorary degrees as a matter of policy. The University of Virginia (founded in 1819) was probably the first US university to explicitly have a policy of not awarding honorary degrees at the behest of its founder, Thomas Jefferson.[25][30] In 1845, William Barton Rogers, then chairman of the faculty, vigorously defended this policy; in 1861, he founded MIT in Boston and continued this practice.[25][31] The University of Virginia does annually award Thomas Jefferson Medals in Architecture and in Law, as the highest honours accorded by that institution.[30][32]The Stanford Alumni Association occasionally awards the Degree of Uncommon Man/Woman to individuals who have given \"rare and exceptional service\" to the university.[33] Though UCLA has imposed a moratorium on awarding honorary degrees, it honours notable people with the UCLA Medal instead.[34] St. John's College has not granted honorary degrees since 1936, but its alumni association occasionally offers honorary membership to retiring faculty, staff, and other close associates of the college.[35]","title":"Modern practice"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1975_Elena_Ceausescu_Honoris_Causa_Manilla.jpg"},{"link_name":"Elena Ceauşescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Ceau%C5%9Fescu"},{"link_name":"Doctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_(title)"},{"link_name":"University of Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Manila"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arenson-36"},{"link_name":"honorific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorific"},{"link_name":"snub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snub"},{"link_name":"Margaret Thatcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"prime ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister"},{"link_name":"Jacques Derrida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Derrida"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Francis06p77-38"},{"link_name":"analytic philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Hegelian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegelianism"},{"link_name":"continental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Southampton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton_College"},{"link_name":"Long Island University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_University"},{"link_name":"Stony Brook University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stony_Brook_University"},{"link_name":"Muppet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muppet"},{"link_name":"Kermit the Frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit_the_Frog"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"environmentalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalism"},{"link_name":"It's Not Easy Bein' Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Not_Easy_Bein%27_Green"},{"link_name":"National Wildlife Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Wildlife_Federation"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"commencement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commencement_speech"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Andrew Card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Card"},{"link_name":"Chief of Staff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff"},{"link_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"University of Western Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Henry Morgentaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgentaler"},{"link_name":"R. v. Morgentaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._v._Morgentaler"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"University of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Robert Mugabe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mugabe"},{"link_name":"human rights abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_abuse"},{"link_name":"political corruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_corruption"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Michigan State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_University"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mugabe_degrees-48"},{"link_name":"Michael M. Crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_M._Crow"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-test-50"},{"link_name":"pro-choice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-choice"},{"link_name":"embryonic stem cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic_stem_cell"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Rosmah Mansor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosmah_Mansor"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Najib Razak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najib_Razak"},{"link_name":"Curtin University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtin_University"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theaustralian.com.au-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Bill Cosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Cosby"},{"link_name":"rescinded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_honorary_degrees_awarded_to_Bill_Cosby"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"School of the Art Institute of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_the_Art_Institute_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"a series of racist and antisemitic remarks made by West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Views_of_Kanye_West#2022"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"text":"Elena Ceauşescu becoming Doctor Honoris Causa of the University of Manila, Philippines, in 1975Some universities and colleges have been accused of granting honorary degrees in exchange for large donations.[36] Honorary degree recipients, particularly those who have no prior academic qualifications, have sometimes been criticized if they insist on being called \"Doctor\" as a result of their award, as the honorific may mislead the general public about their qualifications.In 1985, as a deliberate snub, the University of Oxford voted to refuse Margaret Thatcher an honorary degree in protest against her cuts in funding for higher education.[37] This award had previously been given to all prime ministers who had been educated at Oxford.The Philosophy Faculty at Cambridge courted controversy among the academic community in March 1992, when three of its members posed a temporary veto against the awarding of an honorary doctorate to Jacques Derrida;[38] they and other non-Cambridge proponents of analytic philosophy protested against the granting on the grounds that Derrida's work \"did not conform with accepted measures of academic rigor.\" Although the university eventually passed the motion, the episode did more to draw attention to the continuing antipathy between the analytic (of which Cambridge's faculty is a leading exponent) and the post-Hegelian continental philosophical traditions (with which Derrida's work is more closely associated).In 1996, Southampton College at Long Island University (now a campus of Stony Brook University) awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Amphibious Letters to Muppet Kermit the Frog. Although some students objected to awarding a degree to a Muppet, Kermit delivered an enjoyable commencement address and the small college received considerable press coverage.[39] The degree was conferred in recognition of efforts in the area of environmentalism. The university stated: \"His theme song, 'It's Not Easy Bein' Green,' has become a rallying cry of the environmental movement. Kermit has used his celebrity to spread positive messages in public service announcements for the National Wildlife Federation, National Park Service, the Better World Society, and others.\"[40]The awarding of an honorary degree to political figures can prompt protests from faculty or students. In 2001, George W. Bush received an honorary degree from Yale University, where he had earned his bachelor's degree in history in 1968. Some students and faculty chose to boycott the university's 300th commencement.[41] Andrew Card, who served as Bush's Chief of Staff from 2001 to 2006, ultimately chose not to speak when the University of Massachusetts Amherst awarded him an honorary degree in 2007, in response to protests from students and faculty at the commencement ceremonies.[42]In 2005 at the University of Western Ontario, Henry Morgentaler, a gynecologist involved in a legal case decriminalizing abortion in Canada (R. v. Morgentaler), was made an honorary Doctor of Laws. Over 12,000 signatures were acquired asking the UWO to reverse its decision to honor Morgentaler.[43] Several protest rallies were held, including one on the day the honorary degree was bestowed (a counter petition to support Morgentaler's degree gained 10,000 signatures).[44]In 2007, protesters demanded that the University of Edinburgh revoke an honorary degree awarded to Zimbabwean leader Robert Mugabe in 1984. The university subsequently revealed plans to review its honorary degree policy and strip certain figures of their honorary degrees who did not deserve them. When considering revoking the honorary degree of a political figure, such reasons as human rights abuse or political corruption would be considered. As a result, it was announced that Mugabe had been stripped of his honorary degree. The university also planned to have a more rigorous selection procedure regarding potential recipients of honorary degrees, in an attempt to rectify the trend of awarding degrees to celebrities.[45] Students at the University of Massachusetts Amherst also\nasked the university to revoke the honorary degree that was awarded to Mugabe over twenty years ago, and on 12 June 2008 the trustees unanimously rescinded Robert Mugabe's honorary degree.[46][47] Michigan State University has also rescinded its honorary degree.[48]In April 2009, Arizona State University's president, Michael M. Crow, refused to give an honorary degree to US President Barack Obama for his lack of adequate qualifying achievements thus far.[49] Also, controversy[50] was ignited about Notre Dame awarding Obama an honorary degree, as the institution is Roman Catholic and Obama holds pro-choice views on abortion and supports embryonic stem cell research.[51]In February 2012, Rosmah Mansor, the wife of the Prime Minister of Malaysia, Najib Razak was controversially awarded an honorary doctorate by the Curtin University for \"services to childhood education\".[52] The university honored Rosmah for founding and driving the Permata early childhood centres in Malaysia although some alumni and students contended that the government-funded centres are \"an abuse of taxpayers' money\".[53]Over 50 honorary degrees awarded to Bill Cosby have been rescinded due to allegations and lawsuits of sexual assault.[54][55][failed verification]In December 2022, the School of the Art Institute of Chicago rescinded an honorary doctorate degree awarded to rapper Kanye West after a series of racist and antisemitic remarks made by West.[56]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"social convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_convention"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mannheim-59"},{"link_name":"Maya Angelou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Angelou"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Stephen Colbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Colbert"},{"link_name":"Knox College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knox_College_(Illinois)"},{"link_name":"The Colbert Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colbert_Report"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin"},{"link_name":"The College of William and Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_College_of_William_and_Mary"},{"link_name":"University of St. Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St._Andrews"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Alan García","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"University of Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Delhi"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Samuel Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Pembroke College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Edwin H. Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_H._Land"},{"link_name":"Land Camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Camera"},{"link_name":"instant camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_camera"},{"link_name":"Polaroid Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaroid_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Richard Stallman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Stallman"},{"link_name":"Free Software Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation"},{"link_name":"information technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology"},{"link_name":"Lakehead University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakehead_University"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Sukarno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukarno"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"University of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Al-Azhar University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Azhar_University"},{"link_name":"University of Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Lomonosov University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomonosov_University"},{"link_name":"Universitas Gadjah Mada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Gadjah_Mada"},{"link_name":"Universitas Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Bandung Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Universitas Padjadjaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Padjadjaran"},{"link_name":"Indonesian Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_Government"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"engineer's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer%27s_degree#The_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Ir.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenieur"},{"link_name":"Bandung Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandung_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Jeremiah Wolfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiah_Wolfe"},{"link_name":"Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians"},{"link_name":"Museum of the Cherokee Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_Cherokee_Indian"},{"link_name":"Western Carolina University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Carolina_University"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"text":"By convention, recipients of honorary doctorates do not use the title \"Dr\" in general correspondence. Recipients are not addressed orally or in writing as \"Dr\" by other academic institutions – and not correctly addressed as \"Dr\" in their professional/personal life. They continue to be addressed orally and in writing with the form of address to which they entitled prior to receiving the honor. E.g., Mr./Ms./Mrs. [57][58] However, this social convention is not always scrupulously observed.[59] Notable people who have used the honorary prefix include:Maya Angelou, a memoirist and poet who had no earned degrees, but she received dozens of honorary ones and she preferred to be called \"Dr. Angelou\" by people other than family and close friends.[60]\nStephen Colbert, who received an honorary doctorate in fine arts from Knox College in 2006, frequently made light of the concept of an \"honorary doctor\" by offering up scurrilous medical advice in a segment called \"Cheating Death\" on his television program The Colbert Report after being awarded a D.F.A.[61]\nBenjamin Franklin, who received an honorary master's degree from The College of William and Mary in 1756, and doctorates from the University of St. Andrews in 1759 and the University of Oxford in 1762 for his scientific accomplishments. He thereafter referred to himself as \"Doctor Franklin\".[62]\nAlan García, former Peruvian president and politician, who for many years held the title of Dr. in official presentations as head of state and as a civilian throughout his political career. Heavily criticized by the media when discovering his last degree to be a master's in economic development and not completing his doctoral studies in law, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Delhi in 1987, while making an official visit to India in his first term as president.[63]\nSamuel Johnson, an author and lexicographer, who had some years earlier been unable (due to financial considerations) to complete his undergraduate studies at Pembroke College, Oxford, was awarded the degree of Master of Arts by diploma in 1755, in recognition of his scholarly achievements.[64] In 1765, Trinity College, Dublin awarded him the degree of Doctor of Laws[65] and in 1775 Oxford bestowed upon him the degree of Doctor of Civil Law by diploma.[66]\nEdwin H. Land, who invented the Land Camera instant camera, and was a co-founder of the Polaroid Corporation, received an honorary doctorate from Harvard University and was often referred to as \"Dr. Land\", though he did not have any earned degree.[67]\nRichard Stallman, the founder of the Free Software Foundation in the field of information technology, has been awarded fourteen honorary doctorates from various international educational institutions from 1996 through 2014 including the North American Lakehead University in 2009, and now refers to himself as \"Dr. Richard Stallman\" in speeches, talks, videos, and email.[68][69][70]\nSukarno, the first president of Indonesia, was awarded 26 honorary doctorates from various international universities including Columbia University, the University of Michigan, the University of Berlin, the Al-Azhar University, the University of Belgrade, the Lomonosov University and many more; and also from domestic universities, including the Universitas Gadjah Mada, the Universitas Indonesia, the Bandung Institute of Technology, and the Universitas Padjadjaran. He had often been referred to by the Indonesian Government at the time as \"Dr. Ir. Sukarno\",[71] combined with his engineer's degree (Ir.) from Bandung Institute of Technology.\nJeremiah Wolfe, a respected elder of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, taught at the Oconaluftee Job Corps in Cherokee for more than 20 years, and subsequently worked in outreach and education at the Museum of the Cherokee Indian, where he shared his extensive knowledge of tribal history and culture with thousands of visitors. He was awarded an honorary doctorate of humane letters at the commencement at Western Carolina University, 2017.[72]","title":"Use of title associated with honorary doctorates"}]
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[{"image_text":"The honoris causa doctorate received by Jimmy Wales from the University of Maastricht (2015)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Jimmy_Wales_receives_honorary_doctorate_from_Maastricht_University_%285%29.JPG/220px-Jimmy_Wales_receives_honorary_doctorate_from_Maastricht_University_%285%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Letter from Ezra Stiles to George Washington announcing the awarding of an honorary degree to Washington by the president and fellows of Yale College (1781)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Ezra_Stiles_George_Washington_Honorary_Degree.jpg/220px-Ezra_Stiles_George_Washington_Honorary_Degree.jpg"},{"image_text":"Elena Ceauşescu becoming Doctor Honoris Causa of the University of Manila, Philippines, in 1975","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1975_Elena_Ceausescu_Honoris_Causa_Manilla.jpg/220px-1975_Elena_Ceausescu_Honoris_Causa_Manilla.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Academic degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_degree"},{"title":"Freedom of the City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City"},{"title":"Homage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homage_(arts)"},{"title":"Latin honors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_honors"}]
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[{"reference":"\"The Honorary Degree\". Honorarydegrees.wvu.edu. Archived from the original on 30 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150330034606/http://honorarydegrees.wvu.edu/history","url_text":"\"The Honorary Degree\""},{"url":"http://honorarydegrees.wvu.edu/history","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Honorary Degrees: A Short History\". Brandeis University. Archived from the original on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 1 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.brandeis.edu/trustees/hdr/","url_text":"\"Honorary Degrees: A Short History\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140625110359/http://www.brandeis.edu/trustees/hdr/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Honorary Degrees\". Archived from the original on 16 September 2009. 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Johnson\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140723012100/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/305432/Samuel-Johnson/14771/Dr-Johnson/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.hamiltoninstitute.com/brute-johnson-a-critical-look-at-the-life-of-dr-samuel-johnson-l-l-d/","external_links_name":"\"Brute Johnson: A Critical Look at the Life of Dr. Samuel Johnson, L.L.D.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714123831/http://www.hamiltoninstitute.com/brute-johnson-a-critical-look-at-the-life-of-dr-samuel-johnson-l-l-d/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/TRVzZogu3qU","external_links_name":"\"Richard Stallman given first honorary doctorate by a North American university\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRVzZogu3qU","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/ghm-discuss/2011-12/msg00025.html","external_links_name":"\"Richard Stallman responding to an email list using \"Dr. Richard Stallman\"\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120114194714/http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/ghm-discuss/2011-12/msg00025.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324210510/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RZrWlvoMMoM","external_links_name":"\"At 1:22 introduced as 'Dr. Stallman'\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RZrWlvoMMoM","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130813071935/http://tatanusa.co.id/tapmpr/67TAPMPRS-XXXIII.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Sementara Republik Indonesia No.XXXIII/MPRS/1967 Tentang Pencabutan Kekuasaan Pemerintah Negara Dari Presiden Sukarno\""},{"Link":"http://www.tatanusa.co.id/tapmpr/67TAPMPRS-XXXIII.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.citizen-times.com/story/news/local/2017/05/19/wcu-honors-revered-cherokee-elder-during-spring-commencement/333627001/","external_links_name":"\"WCU honors revered Cherokee elder during spring commencement\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220703124111/https://www.citizen-times.com/story/news/local/2017/05/19/wcu-honors-revered-cherokee-elder-during-spring-commencement/333627001/","external_links_name":"Archived"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_chain_(signal_processing_chain)
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Signal chain
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["1 Definition","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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Series of signal-conditioning components
Signal chain, or signal-processing chain is a term used in signal processing and mixed-signal system design to describe a series of signal-conditioning electronic components that receive input (data acquired from sampling either real-time phenomena or from stored data) sequentially, with the output of one portion of the chain supplying input to the next.
Signal chains are often used in signal processing applications to gather and process data or to apply system controls based on analysis of real-time phenomena.
Definition
This definition comes from common usage in the electronics industry and can be derived from definitions of its parts:
Signal: "The event, phenomenon, or electrical quantity, that conveys information from one point to another".
Chain: "1. Any series of items linked together. 2. Pertaining to a routine consisting of segments which are run through the computer in tandem, only one segment being within the computer at any one time and each segment using the output from the previous program as its input".
The concept of a signal chain is familiar to electrical engineers, but the term has many synonyms such as circuit topology. The goal of any signal chain is to process a variety of signals to monitor or control an analog-, digital-, or analog-digital system.
See also
Audio signal flow
Daisy chain (electrical engineering)
Feedback
References
^ Smith, Steven W., The Scientist and Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal Processing, 1999, California Technical Publishing, San Diego, California, ISBN 0-9660176-4-1
^ Kester, W. (Editor-in-Chief), Mixed-Signal and DSP Design Techniques, 2000, Analog Devices, Norwood, MA, ISBN 0-916550-23-0
^ a b c Sippi, C. & Sippi, P., Computer Dictionary and Handbook, 1972, Bobbs-Merrill, New York, ISBN 0-672-20850-4
^ Dorf, R.C. (Editor-in-Chief), The Electrical Engineering Handbook, 1993, CRC press, Boca Raton, ISBN 0-8493-0185-8
^ Kories, R., Electrical Engineering: a pocket reference, 2003, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, ISBN 3-540-43965-X
External links
Signal Chain Basics from www.planetanalog.com
This electronics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"signal processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_processing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"mixed-signal system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-signal_system"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"sampling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(signal_processing)"},{"link_name":"phenomena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomena"}],"text":"Signal chain, or signal-processing chain is a term used in signal processing[1] and mixed-signal system design[2] to describe a series of signal-conditioning electronic components that receive input (data acquired from sampling either real-time phenomena or from stored data) sequentially, with the output of one portion of the chain supplying input to the next.Signal chains are often used in signal processing applications to gather and process data or to apply system controls based on analysis of real-time phenomena.","title":"Signal chain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electronics industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics_industry"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-def-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-def-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-def-3"},{"link_name":"electrical engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineers"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"This definition comes from common usage in the electronics industry and can be derived from definitions of its parts:[3]Signal: \"The event, phenomenon, or electrical quantity, that conveys information from one point to another\".[3]\nChain: \"1. Any series of items linked together. 2. Pertaining to a routine consisting of segments which are run through the computer in tandem, only one segment being within the computer at any one time and each segment using the output from the previous program as its input\".[3]The concept of a signal chain is familiar to electrical engineers, but the term has many synonyms such as circuit topology.[4] The goal of any signal chain is to process a variety of signals[5] to monitor or control an analog-, digital-, or analog-digital system.","title":"Definition"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Audio signal flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_signal_flow"},{"title":"Daisy chain (electrical engineering)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_chain_(electrical_engineering)"},{"title":"Feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.planetanalog.com/category/blog/signal-chain-basics/","external_links_name":"Signal Chain Basics"},{"Link":"http://www.planetanalog.com/","external_links_name":"www.planetanalog.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Signal_chain&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_regeneration
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Signal regeneration
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["1 See also","2 References"]
|
Signal processing to restore a signal and recover its original characteristics
In telecommunications, signal regeneration is signal processing that restores a signal, recovering its original characteristics.
The signal may be electrical, as in a repeater on a T-carrier line, or optical, as in an OEO optical cross-connect.
The process is used when it is necessary to change the signal type in order to transmit it via different media. Once it comes back to the original medium the signal is usually required to be regenerated so as to bring it back to its original state.
See also
Fiber-optic communication#Regeneration
References
^ "signal regeneration". Federal Standard 1037. Retrieved Nov 21, 2008.
This article related to telecommunications is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"telecommunications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications"},{"link_name":"signal processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_processing"},{"link_name":"signal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(electrical_engineering)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"repeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repeater"},{"link_name":"T-carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-carrier"},{"link_name":"optical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_communication"},{"link_name":"optical cross-connect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_cross-connect"}],"text":"In telecommunications, signal regeneration is signal processing that restores a signal, recovering its original characteristics.[1]The signal may be electrical, as in a repeater on a T-carrier line, or optical, as in an OEO optical cross-connect.The process is used when it is necessary to change the signal type in order to transmit it via different media. Once it comes back to the original medium the signal is usually required to be regenerated so as to bring it back to its original state.","title":"Signal regeneration"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Fiber-optic communication#Regeneration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication#Regeneration"}]
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[{"reference":"\"signal regeneration\". Federal Standard 1037. Retrieved Nov 21, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-033/_4868.htm","url_text":"\"signal regeneration\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/fs-1037/dir-033/_4868.htm","external_links_name":"\"signal regeneration\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Signal_regeneration&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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