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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badessa,_Oromia
Badessa, Oromia
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 8°54′N 40°47′E / 8.900°N 40.783°E / 8.900; 40.783Not to be confused with Bedessa (Wolaita). Town in Oromia, EthiopiaBedessa Baddeeysaa (Oromo)በዴሳTownBadesaBedessaLocation within EthiopiaShow map of EthiopiaBedessaBedessa (Africa)Show map of AfricaCoordinates: 8°54′N 40°47′E / 8.900°N 40.783°E / 8.900; 40.783Country EthiopiaRegion OromiaZoneWest Hararghe ZoneGovernment • MayorMusxafaElevation1,761 m (5,778 ft)Population (2007) • Total18,187Time zoneUTC+3 (EAT) Badessa is a town and separate Aanaa in eastern Ethiopia. Located in the West Hararghe Zone of the Oromia Region, at the base of a spur of the Chercher Mountains 40 km south of the Addis Ababa - Djibouti Railway and 65 km east of Awash, this town has a latitude and longitude of 8°54′N 40°47′E / 8.900°N 40.783°E / 8.900; 40.783 with an elevation of 1761 m above sea level. According to the local administration, the total population has reached 114, 000 in 2022. The 2007 national census reported a total population for this town of 18,187, of whom 9,592 were men and 8,595 were women. The majority of the inhabitants said they were Muslim, with 64.49% of the population reporting they observed this belief, while 33.08% of the population practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity and 2.07% of the population were Protestant. The 1994 national census reported this town had a total population of 10,813 of whom 5,459 were males and 5,354 were females. It is the largest settlement in Oda bultum woreda. A post office was in service in Badessa before the Second Italian-Abyssinian War, operating from 1923. Telephone service arrived no later than 1967. Mobile telephone service was introduced to Badessa May 2009. References ^ 2007 Population and Housing Census of Ethiopia: Results for Oromia Region, Vol. 1 Archived November 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Tables 2.1, 2.5, 3.4 (accessed 13 January 2012) ^ "Local History in Ethiopia" (pdf) The Nordic Africa Institute website (accessed 11 December 2007) ^ "Six towns in W. Hararge get access to mobile telephone service", Ethiopian News Agency 23 May 2009 (accessed 30 May 2009) vteZones and Districts of the Oromia Region List of districts in the Oromia RegionArsi Zone Aminya Aseko Asella Town Bale Gasegar Batu Dugda Chole Digeluna Tijo Diksis Dodota Enkelo Wabe Gololcha Guna Hitosa Jeju Limuna Bilbilo Lude Hitosa Merti Munesa Robe Seru Sire Sherka Sude Tena Tiyo Bale Zone Agarfa Berbere Dawe Kachen Dawe Serara Delo Menna Dinsho Gasera Ginir Goba Goba Town Gololcha Goro Guradamole Harena Buluk Legehida Meda Welabu Raytu Robe Town Seweyna Sinana Borena Zone Abaya Arero Bule Hora Dillo Dire Dugda Dawa Gelana Gomole Malka Soda Miyu Moyale Teltele Yabelo Buno Bedele Zone Bedele East Hararghe Zone Babile Badeno Chinaksen Dadar Fedis Girawa Gola Oda Goro Gutu Gursum Haro Maya Jarso Kersa Kombolcha Kurfa Chele Malka Balo Meyumuluke Meta Midega Tola East Shewa Zone Ada'a Adami Tullu and Jido Kombolcha Batu town Bishoftu Bora Boset Dugda Fentale Gimbichu Liben Lome Nannawa Adama East Welega Zone Bonaya Boshe Diga Gida Kiremu Gobu Seyo Gudeya Bila Guto Gida Haro Limmu Ibantu Jimma Arjo Leka Dulecha Limmu Nekemte Nunu Kumba Sasiga Sibu Sire Wama Hagalo Wayu Tuka Guji Zone Adola Adola Town Ana Sora Bore Dima Girja Hambela Wamena Harenfema Kercha Liben Negele Borana Odo Shakiso Uraga Wadera Horo Guduru Welega Zone Abay Chomen Abe Dongoro Amuru Guduru Hababo Guduru Horo Jardega Jarte Jimma Genete Jimma Rare Shambu Town Illubabor Zone Ale Alge Sache Bedele Zuria Bedele Town Bicho Bilo Nopha Borecha Bure Chewaka Chora Dabo Hana Darimu Dega Didessa Didu Doreni Gechi Huka Halu Hurumu Mako Metu Zuria Metu Town Nono Sele Supena Sodo Yayu Jimma Zone Agaro Town Chora Botor Dedo Gera Gomma Guma Kersa Limmu Sakka Limmu Kosa Mana Omo Nada Seka Chekorsa Setema Shebe Senbo Sigmo Sokoru Tiro Afeta Kelam Welega Zone Anfillo Dale Sedi Dale Wabera Dembidolo Town Gawo Kebe Gidami Hawa Gelan Jimma Horo Lalo Kile Sayo Yemalogi Welele North Shewa Zone Abichu Aleltu Degem Dera Fiche Town Gerar Jarso Hidabu Abote Jido Kembibit Kuyu Liban Wara Jarso Wuchale Yaya Gulele Southwest Shewa Zone Amaya Becho Dawo Elu Goro Kersana Malima Seden Sodo Sodo Dacha Tole Waliso Waliso Town Wanchi West Arsi Zone Adaba Arsi Negele Dodola Gedeb Asasa Kofele Kokosa Kore Naannawa Shashamane Nensebo Seraro Shala Shashamane Town West Guji Zone Bule Hora West Hararghe Zone Badessa Town Boke Char char Chiro Town Daru labu Doba Gamachis Guba Koricha Habro Kuni Masela Mieso Nannawa Chiro Tulo West Shewa Zone Abuna Ginde Beret Adda Berga Ambo Town Bako Tibe Cheliya Dano Dendi Dire Enchini Ejerie Elfata Ginde Beret Gurraacha Enchini Jeldu Jibat Meta Robi Midakegn Naannawa Ambo Nono Toke Kutaye West Welega Zone Ayra Babo Gambela Begi Boji Chokorsa Boji Dirmaji Genji Gimbi Gimbi Town Guliso Haru Homa Jarso Kondala Kiltu Kara Lalo Asabi Mana Sibu Nejo Nole Kaba Sayo Nole Yubdo Jimma Zone Jimma Oromia Special ZoneSurrounding Finfinne Akaki Bereh Burayu Town Holeta Town Koye Feche Mulo Sebeta Hawas Sendafa Town Sululta Walmara Authority control databases: National Czech Republic This article about a location in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddyville,_Iowa
Eddyville, Iowa
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Economy","5 Parks and recreation","6 Education","7 Notable people","8 References","9 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°09′34″N 92°37′49″W / 41.15944°N 92.63028°W / 41.15944; -92.63028 City in Iowa, United StatesEddyville, IowaCityLocation of Eddyville, IowaCoordinates: 41°09′34″N 92°37′49″W / 41.15944°N 92.63028°W / 41.15944; -92.63028Country United StatesState IowaCountiesWapello, Mahaska, MonroeArea • Total1.16 sq mi (3.00 km2) • Land1.16 sq mi (3.00 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation676 ft (206 m)Population (2020) • Total970 • Density838.38/sq mi (323.71/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code52553Area code641FIPS code19-23970GNIS feature ID2394613 Eddyville is a city in Mahaska, Monroe, and Wapello counties in the U.S. state of Iowa. The population was 970 at the time of the 2020 census. History Circa 1839, a Sauk village was established on this site following the end of the Black Hawk War. The village was referred to by the name of its chief, Chief Hard Fish, or Wish-e-co-ma-que. In 1840 or 1841, before Iowa became a state, Jabish P. Eddy was permitted to open a trading post in Hard Fish's village. It was a place for trade with the Indians and for pioneers to provision and ford the Des Moines River. In 1842, the area was obtained as part of the New Purchase and the Sauk moved up river. J.P. Eddy became the Indian agent for the area and set aside some of his land for the eponymously named town. In 1843, the area was opened for white settlement. The town was formally incorporated in 1857. The first commercial coal mines in Wapello County were opened near Eddyville. Local oral history has it that a two-story house that once stood at the northwest corner of Seventh and Vance Streets served as a stop on the Underground Railroad until the Civil War made that unnecessary. Several 'coal banks' were in operation in 1857, including the Roberts Mine, directly across the Des Moines River from town. These mines worked coal seams exposed on the hillsides of the river valley. Eddyville was served by the Keokuk and Des Moines Railroad, which later became part of the Rock Island Railroad between Ottumwa and Oskaloosa generally on what is known as Sixth Street, and by a spur of the Milwaukee Railroad from Albia, with a trestle bridge across the river to connect to the Rock Island on the north side of Eddyville. The Rock Island depot with a warehouse was between Walnut and Mill Streets, on the west side of the line. The line was closed and abandoned in the 1970s, but the old Milwaukee line has been rebuilt and expanded to serve Cargill and related operations from Albia where it joins the Burlington Northern Santa Fe. A three-story brick school with a bell tower was located for many years on the block bounded by Seventh and Eighth Streets and Vance and Berdan Streets. This building housed all education for the community, through 12th grade. The property was enlarged with a ball field on the south across Berdan, and a playground on the west. The third story and bell tower were removed early in the twentieth century and the materials used to build a companion high school building, with the remaining portion of the original building used as an elementary school, including the heating plant. An auditorium and gymnasium with a stage was built about the time of World War II. In the late 1950s, the state encouraged school consolidation of the one-room schools in the surrounding countryside, including Chillicothe and Kirkville, and the school district borrowed to build a new junior-senior high school building approximately one mile east, on the south side of the county line road, which opened for classes in the late summer of 1961; the old buildings were then devoted to elementary classes. Subsequently, Eddyville merged with the Hedrick and Fremont schools and, most recently, Blakesburg. There was a city-owned electric system with a generator next to the railroad on Sixth Street at Mill Street. Some time around World War I, the city sold the system to a private company. Following World War II, the city built a public water system with a well on the south side of town and stand pipe water tower on Cemetery Hill. The system produced water pressure of 85-90 pounds per square inch in most of the community. The volunteer fire department for much of the early and mid-20th century used a truck with three tanks and a front-mounted pump (sometimes called the chemical truck), and a General-St. Louis truck that was acquired from Mason City. Both had open cockpits and could be hand cranked to start the engine. In the late 1950s, the school bus barn burned and the department saved two International Metro buses. Some of the fire department members restored one Metro for the District and the District gave the other one to the department, which used it for rescue for many years thereafter. About that time, L.W. Klein, owner of the furniture store and funeral home, decided to stop running ambulance calls and donated some of his equipment to the fire department for the rescue truck. The department worked hard with training, fund raising and obtaining equipment, such that when the state became interested in improving ambulance services, they looked at Eddyville's well-developed program as a model. Iowa law allowed townships to levy a tax for fire protection, and Columbia and East Des Moines Townships contracted with the City to provide this service. Individual property owners from other townships could contract for fire protection. Circa 1960, the townships bought a fire truck on an International chassis with a front mount pump, and the chemical tank truck was retired but the pump was salvaged. In the early 1970s the two townships purchased a truck, had a tank built and a pump (from the old chemical truck) installed for use as a tanker truck and the City and the townships built a building to house the tanker as well as certain city operations and equipment. Circa 1974, the City purchased a new fire truck on a Ford chassis. A new fire station has since been built on Walnut Street at 6th Street, and there is more room for newer equipment. For many years, the library, jail and upstairs meeting room and city hall, with adjacent fire station, were located at the corner of Walnut and First (or Front) Streets. In the early 1960s, with funding from an inheritance, this was extensively remodeled and modernized. In the mid-1960s, the city, with a grant and a low-interest loan from the Farmers Home Administration, constructed a sanitary sewer system, with lagoon treatment. The monthly fee was $4.60 for residences and $5.00 for businesses. The Des Moines River has been a fact of life for the community throughout its history, with major flooding in 1947, 1965 and more recently. The Army Corps of Engineers built a series of levees after the floods of 1947, and has raised them since. The road to Albia originally crossed the river on a one-lane steel superstructure bridge from the west end of Walnut Street. After World War II, demand for electricity increased, and construction of an electric generating plant by Iowa Southern Utilities was begun across the river and south, known as Bridgeport Station. About the same time, a new concrete bridge was built and the old steel bridge removed, leaving a small park area across from city hall. The Eddyville side of the approach to the new bridge was built on extensive fill which also served as part of the levee system that had been built by the Corps of Engineers. Demand for electricity continued to grow, Iowa Southern had built bigger, newer plants at Chillicothe and Burlington, and the Bridgeport station was obsolete. Cargill had a new process that worked in the laboratory, but they needed a cheap source of large amounts of steam to see if it worked in practice, so they purchased the Bridgeport Station for this purpose, and the Cargill plant was constructed, and continues to grow. Telephone service was provided from an office on the second floor of a building on the south side of Walnut Street at the alley between Second and Third Streets, with a switchboard and cranked phones, most of which were on party lines. In the early 1960s, United Telephone modernized this with a new dial system. As a result of a petition drive, citizens agreed to pay 25 cents a month extra to call Ottumwa, Oskaloosa and Albia without long distance tolls. Geography 2012 aerial photo of Eddyville Eddyville is located on the east bank of a bend in the Des Moines River, approximately 70 miles south-southeast of Des Moines and 15 miles north-northwest of Ottumwa. Eddyville has three counties that all meet within the city limits. The community straddles Wapello, Mahaska and Monroe counties. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.18 square miles (3.06 km2), all land. Demographics Historical populationsYearPop.±%1860912—    18701,212+32.9%1880909−25.0%1890815−10.3%19001,230+50.9%19101,085−11.8%1920961−11.4%1930888−7.6%1940984+10.8%1950941−4.4%19601,014+7.8%1970945−6.8%19801,116+18.1%19901,036−7.2%20001,064+2.7%20101,024−3.8%2020970−5.3%Source:"U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 29, 2020. and Iowa Data CenterSource: U.S. Decennial Census The population of Eddyville, Iowa from US census data 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 1,024 people, 409 households, and 278 families residing in the city. The population density was 867.8 inhabitants per square mile (335.1/km2). There were 449 housing units at an average density of 380.5 per square mile (146.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.5% White, 0.1% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 1.6% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.4% of the population. There were 409 households, of which 36.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.3% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.0% were non-families. 27.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.04. The median age in the city was 38.4 years. 27.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24% were from 25 to 44; 28.5% were from 45 to 64; and 13.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.1% male and 51.9% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 1,064 people, 424 households, and 278 families residing in the city. The population density was 898.9 inhabitants per square mile (347.1/km2). There were 453 housing units at an average density of 382.7 per square mile (147.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.68% White, 0.09% African American, 0.38% Asian, 0.38% from other races, and 0.47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.94% of the population. There were 424 households, out of which 32.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.2% were non-families. 27.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.07. In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.7% under the age of 18, 10.9% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.0 males. The median income for a household in the city was $32,446, and the median income for a family was $40,875. Males had a median income of $31,250 versus $21,304 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,354. About 7.2% of families and 12.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.9% of those under age 18 and 12.9% of those age 65 or over. Economy Cargill has a large corn processing plant here, which dominates the town's skyline. Ethanol, high fructose corn syrup, and gluten are among its products. Across the street, Ajinomoto North America, inc. has a plant that turns the glucose into mono-sodium glutamate. Wacker Chemie also runs a plant across the fence of Cargill. Chamness Technology operates a composting facility outside of town that recycles various organic wastes into compost. Parks and recreation A tiny park at the foot of Walnut Street has a bench that looks out on the Des Moines River. The main park is bounded by Third and Fourth Streets, and Main and Market Streets. It includes a covered band stand, a statue of a Union soldier, and a log cabin. Education The Eddyville–Blakesburg–Fremont Community School District has two school buildings here: Eddyville–Blakesburg–Fremont High School, and Eddyville Elementary Attendance Center. The district also has a daycare center integrated with the elementary building. The district was formed by the 2012 merger of the Eddyville–Blakesburg Community School District and the Fremont Community School District. The former was formed in 1994 by the merger of the Eddyville Community School District and the Blakesburg Community School District. Notable people Leroy Lamis, sculptor and digital artist Amos Milton Musser, Mormon pioneer Sandy Sandberg, American football player Mary Louise Smith, women's rights activist and former Chairwoman of the Republican National Committee References ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Eddyville, Iowa ^ a b "2020 Census State Redistricting Data". census.gov. United states Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021. ^ "Chief Hard Fish Memorial at Walnut Street U-Turn". Retrieved March 28, 2020. ^ a b c d e "Our Community". Eddyville Public Library. Retrieved March 28, 2020. ^ "Native American Biographies". Retrieved March 28, 2020. ^ "The Making of Iowa". Retrieved March 28, 2020. ^ a b History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century Volume 3 ^ James H. Lees, History of Coal Mining in Iowa, Chapter III of Annual Report, 1908, Iowa Geological Survey, 1909, pages 540-541. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2012. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 11, 2012. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "REORGANIZATION & DISSOLUTION ACTIONS SINCE 1965-66." Iowa Department of Education. Retrieved on January 14, 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Eddyville, Iowa. Iowa portal City-Data Comprehensive Statistical Data and more about Eddyville vteMunicipalities and communities of Mahaska County, Iowa, United StatesCounty seat: OskaloosaCities Barnes City‡ Beacon Eddyville‡ Fremont Keomah Village Leighton New Sharon Oskaloosa Pella‡ Rose Hill University Park Map of Iowa highlighting Mahaska CountyTownships Adams Black Oak Cedar East Des Moines Garfield Harrison Jefferson Lincoln Madison Monroe Pleasant Grove Prairie Richland Scott Spring Creek Union West Des Moines White Oak Unincorporatedcommunities Cedar Hopewell Indianapolis Lakonta Peoria Tioga Union Mills Wright Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Iowa portal United States portal vteMunicipalities and communities of Monroe County, Iowa, United StatesCounty seat: AlbiaCities Albia Eddyville‡ Lovilia Melrose Map of Iowa highlighting Monroe CountyUnincorporatedcommunities Avery Tyrone Ghost town Buxton Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Iowa portal United States portal vteMunicipalities and communities of Wapello County, Iowa, United StatesCounty seat: OttumwaCities Agency Blakesburg Chillicothe Eddyville‡ Eldon Kirkville Ottumwa Map of Iowa highlighting Wapello CountyTownships Adams Agency Cass Center Columbia Competine Dahlonega Green Highland Keokuk Pleasant Polk Richland Washington Unincorporatedcommunities Bladensburg Dahlonega Dudley Farson Yampa Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Iowa portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mahaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahaska_County,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Monroe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monroe_County,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Wapello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapello_County,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cen2020-3"}],"text":"City in Iowa, United StatesEddyville is a city in Mahaska, Monroe, and Wapello counties in the U.S. state of Iowa. The population was 970 at the time of the 2020 census.[3]","title":"Eddyville, Iowa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-library-5"},{"link_name":"Sauk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauk_people"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_War"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_Iowa-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-library-5"},{"link_name":"Des Moines River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines_River"},{"link_name":"New Purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_treaty_of_1842"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-library-5"},{"link_name":"Indian agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_agent"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-library-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_Iowa-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-library-5"},{"link_name":"coal mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mining"},{"link_name":"Underground Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Des Moines River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines_River"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ottumwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottumwa,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Oskaloosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskaloosa,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Albia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albia,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Chillicothe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chillicothe,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Kirkville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkville,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Hedrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedrick,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Fremont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Blakesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blakesburg,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Mason City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason_City,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Farmers Home Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmers_Home_Administration"},{"link_name":"Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"}],"text":"Circa 1839,[4][5] a Sauk village was established on this site following the end of the Black Hawk War.[6] The village was referred to by the name of its chief, Chief Hard Fish, or Wish-e-co-ma-que.[7][8] In 1840 or 1841, before Iowa became a state, Jabish P. Eddy was permitted to open a trading post in Hard Fish's village.[5] It was a place for trade with the Indians and for pioneers to provision and ford the Des Moines River. In 1842, the area was obtained as part of the New Purchase and the Sauk moved up river.[5] J.P. Eddy became the Indian agent for the area and set aside some of his land for the eponymously named town.[5] In 1843, the area was opened for white settlement.[8] The town was formally incorporated in 1857.[5]The first commercial coal mines in Wapello County were opened near Eddyville. Local oral history has it that a two-story house that once stood at the northwest corner of Seventh and Vance Streets served as a stop on the Underground Railroad until the Civil War made that unnecessary. Several 'coal banks' were in operation in 1857, including the Roberts Mine, directly across the Des Moines River from town. These mines worked coal seams exposed on the hillsides of the river valley.[9]Eddyville was served by the Keokuk and Des Moines Railroad, which later became part of the Rock Island Railroad between Ottumwa and Oskaloosa generally on what is known as Sixth Street, and by a spur of the Milwaukee Railroad from Albia, with a trestle bridge across the river to connect to the Rock Island on the north side of Eddyville. The Rock Island depot with a warehouse was between Walnut and Mill Streets, on the west side of the line. The line was closed and abandoned in the 1970s, but the old Milwaukee line has been rebuilt and expanded to serve Cargill and related operations from Albia where it joins the Burlington Northern Santa Fe.A three-story brick school with a bell tower was located for many years on the block bounded by Seventh and Eighth Streets and Vance and Berdan Streets. This building housed all education for the community, through 12th grade. The property was enlarged with a ball field on the south across Berdan, and a playground on the west. The third story and bell tower were removed early in the twentieth century and the materials used to build a companion high school building, with the remaining portion of the original building used as an elementary school, including the heating plant. An auditorium and gymnasium with a stage was built about the time of World War II. In the late 1950s, the state encouraged school consolidation of the one-room schools in the surrounding countryside, including Chillicothe and Kirkville, and the school district borrowed to build a new junior-senior high school building approximately one mile east, on the south side of the county line road, which opened for classes in the late summer of 1961; the old buildings were then devoted to elementary classes.Subsequently, Eddyville merged with the Hedrick and Fremont schools and, most recently, Blakesburg.There was a city-owned electric system with a generator next to the railroad on Sixth Street at Mill Street. Some time around World War I, the city sold the system to a private company.Following World War II, the city built a public water system with a well on the south side of town and stand pipe water tower on Cemetery Hill. The system produced water pressure of 85-90 pounds per square inch in most of the community.The volunteer fire department for much of the early and mid-20th century used a truck with three tanks and a front-mounted pump (sometimes called the chemical truck), and a General-St. Louis truck that was acquired from Mason City. Both had open cockpits and could be hand cranked to start the engine. In the late 1950s, the school bus barn burned and the department saved two International Metro buses. Some of the fire department members restored one Metro for the District and the District gave the other one to the department, which used it for rescue for many years thereafter.About that time, L.W. Klein, owner of the furniture store and funeral home, decided to stop running ambulance calls and donated some of his equipment to the fire department for the rescue truck. The department worked hard with training, fund raising and obtaining equipment, such that when the state became interested in improving ambulance services, they looked at Eddyville's well-developed program as a model.Iowa law allowed townships to levy a tax for fire protection, and Columbia and East Des Moines Townships contracted with the City to provide this service. Individual property owners from other townships could contract for fire protection. Circa 1960, the townships bought a fire truck on an International chassis with a front mount pump, and the chemical tank truck was retired but the pump was salvaged. In the early 1970s the two townships purchased a truck, had a tank built and a pump (from the old chemical truck) installed for use as a tanker truck and the City and the townships built a building to house the tanker as well as certain city operations and equipment. Circa 1974, the City purchased a new fire truck on a Ford chassis. A new fire station has since been built on Walnut Street at 6th Street, and there is more room for newer equipment.For many years, the library, jail and upstairs meeting room and city hall, with adjacent fire station, were located at the corner of Walnut and First (or Front) Streets. In the early 1960s, with funding from an inheritance, this was extensively remodeled and modernized.In the mid-1960s, the city, with a grant and a low-interest loan from the Farmers Home Administration, constructed a sanitary sewer system, with lagoon treatment. The monthly fee was $4.60 for residences and $5.00 for businesses.The Des Moines River has been a fact of life for the community throughout its history, with major flooding in 1947, 1965 and more recently. The Army Corps of Engineers built a series of levees after the floods of 1947, and has raised them since.The road to Albia originally crossed the river on a one-lane steel superstructure bridge from the west end of Walnut Street. After World War II, demand for electricity increased, and construction of an electric generating plant by Iowa Southern Utilities was begun across the river and south, known as Bridgeport Station. About the same time, a new concrete bridge was built and the old steel bridge removed, leaving a small park area across from city hall. The Eddyville side of the approach to the new bridge was built on extensive fill which also served as part of the levee system that had been built by the Corps of Engineers.Demand for electricity continued to grow, Iowa Southern had built bigger, newer plants at Chillicothe and Burlington, and the Bridgeport station was obsolete. Cargill had a new process that worked in the laboratory, but they needed a cheap source of large amounts of steam to see if it worked in practice, so they purchased the Bridgeport Station for this purpose, and the Cargill plant was constructed, and continues to grow.Telephone service was provided from an office on the second floor of a building on the south side of Walnut Street at the alley between Second and Third Streets, with a switchboard and cranked phones, most of which were on party lines. In the early 1960s, United Telephone modernized this with a new dial system. As a result of a petition drive, citizens agreed to pay 25 cents a month extra to call Ottumwa, Oskaloosa and Albia without long distance tolls.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eddyville,_Iowa_(7981507229).jpg"},{"link_name":"Des Moines River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines_River"},{"link_name":"Des Moines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Ottumwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottumwa,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-10"}],"text":"2012 aerial photo of EddyvilleEddyville is located on the east bank of a bend in the Des Moines River, approximately 70 miles south-southeast of Des Moines and 15 miles north-northwest of Ottumwa.Eddyville has three counties that all meet within the city limits. The community straddles Wapello, Mahaska and Monroe counties.According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.18 square miles (3.06 km2), all land.[10]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EddyvilleIowaPopPlot.png"}],"text":"The population of Eddyville, Iowa from US census data","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-12"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[12] of 2010, there were 1,024 people, 409 households, and 278 families residing in the city. The population density was 867.8 inhabitants per square mile (335.1/km2). There were 449 housing units at an average density of 380.5 per square mile (146.9/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.5% White, 0.1% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.1% Asian, 1.6% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.4% of the population.There were 409 households, of which 36.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.3% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.0% were non-families. 27.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 3.04.The median age in the city was 38.4 years. 27.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24% were from 25 to 44; 28.5% were from 45 to 64; and 13.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.1% male and 51.9% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-13"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[13] of 2000, there were 1,064 people, 424 households, and 278 families residing in the city. The population density was 898.9 inhabitants per square mile (347.1/km2). There were 453 housing units at an average density of 382.7 per square mile (147.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.68% White, 0.09% African American, 0.38% Asian, 0.38% from other races, and 0.47% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.94% of the population.There were 424 households, out of which 32.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.2% were non-families. 27.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 13.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.51 and the average family size was 3.07.In the city, the population was spread out, with 27.7% under the age of 18, 10.9% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.0 males.The median income for a household in the city was $32,446, and the median income for a family was $40,875. Males had a median income of $31,250 versus $21,304 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,354. About 7.2% of families and 12.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.9% of those under age 18 and 12.9% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"high fructose corn syrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_fructose_corn_syrup"},{"link_name":"Ajinomoto North America, inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ajiusa.com"},{"link_name":"Wacker Chemie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wacker_Chemie_AG"}],"text":"Cargill has a large corn processing plant here, which dominates the town's skyline. Ethanol, high fructose corn syrup, and gluten are among its products. Across the street, Ajinomoto North America, inc. has a plant that turns the glucose into mono-sodium glutamate. Wacker Chemie also runs a plant across the fence of Cargill. Chamness Technology operates a composting facility outside of town that recycles various organic wastes into compost.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A tiny park at the foot of Walnut Street has a bench that looks out on the Des Moines River. The main park is bounded by Third and Fourth Streets, and Main and Market Streets. It includes a covered band stand, a statue of a Union soldier, and a log cabin.","title":"Parks and recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eddyville–Blakesburg–Fremont Community School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddyville%E2%80%93Blakesburg%E2%80%93Fremont_Community_School_District"},{"link_name":"Eddyville–Blakesburg Community School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddyville%E2%80%93Blakesburg_Community_School_District"},{"link_name":"Fremont Community School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fremont_Community_School_District"},{"link_name":"Eddyville Community School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eddyville_Community_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Blakesburg Community School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blakesburg_Community_School_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The Eddyville–Blakesburg–Fremont Community School District has two school buildings here: Eddyville–Blakesburg–Fremont High School, and Eddyville Elementary Attendance Center. The district also has a daycare center integrated with the elementary building.The district was formed by the 2012 merger of the Eddyville–Blakesburg Community School District and the Fremont Community School District. The former was formed in 1994 by the merger of the Eddyville Community School District and the Blakesburg Community School District.[14]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leroy Lamis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leroy_Lamis"},{"link_name":"Amos Milton Musser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_Milton_Musser"},{"link_name":"Mormon pioneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon_pioneer"},{"link_name":"Sandy Sandberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Sandberg"},{"link_name":"Mary Louise Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(Republican_Party_leader)"},{"link_name":"women's rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rights"},{"link_name":"Republican National Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_National_Committee"}],"text":"Leroy Lamis, sculptor and digital artist\nAmos Milton Musser, Mormon pioneer\nSandy Sandberg, American football player\nMary Louise Smith, women's rights activist and former Chairwoman of the Republican National Committee","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"2012 aerial photo of Eddyville","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Eddyville%2C_Iowa_%287981507229%29.jpg/220px-Eddyville%2C_Iowa_%287981507229%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The population of Eddyville, Iowa from US census data","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/EddyvilleIowaPopPlot.png/220px-EddyvilleIowaPopPlot.png"},{"image_text":"Map of Iowa highlighting Mahaska County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Mahaska_County.svg/75px-Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Mahaska_County.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Map of Iowa highlighting Monroe County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Monroe_County.svg/75px-Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Monroe_County.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Map of Iowa highlighting Wapello County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Wapello_County.svg/75px-Map_of_Iowa_highlighting_Wapello_County.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_19.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Census State Redistricting Data\". census.gov. United states Census Bureau. Retrieved August 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/01-Redistricting_File--PL_94-171/Iowa/","url_text":"\"2020 Census State Redistricting Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chief Hard Fish Memorial at Walnut Street U-Turn\". Retrieved March 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eddyville.lib.ia.us/community/Community-Pictures/Gallery-HardFish%20memorial/view","url_text":"\"Chief Hard Fish Memorial at Walnut Street U-Turn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Community\". Eddyville Public Library. Retrieved March 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eddyville.lib.ia.us/community-resources/community","url_text":"\"Our Community\""}]},{"reference":"\"Native American Biographies\". Retrieved March 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://genealogytrails.com/iowa/indian_bios.htm#Wish-e-co-ma-que","url_text":"\"Native American Biographies\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Making of Iowa\". Retrieved March 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://iagenweb.org/history/moi/MOIChp8.htm","url_text":"\"The Making of Iowa\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved May 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewell,_Virginia
Hopewell, Virginia
["1 History","1.1 City Point","1.2 Hopewell Farm","1.3 20th century populace","1.4 1935 bus tragedy","1.5 Urban renewal","1.6 Toxic waste dumping ground","1.7 Recent history","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","2.2 Neighborhoods","2.3 Adjacent counties","2.4 National protected area","3 Demographics","3.1 2020 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Education","4.1 High school","4.2 Middle school","4.3 Elementary schools","4.4 Charter and technology","4.5 Libraries","5 Notable people","6 Media","7 Climate","8 Politics","9 References","10 External links","11 Further reading"]
Coordinates: 37°17′25″N 77°18′12″W / 37.290399°N 77.303371°W / 37.290399; -77.303371Independent city in Virginia, United States For other places with the same name, see Hopewell, Virginia (disambiguation). Independent city in Virginia, United StatesHopewell, VirginiaIndependent cityThe "Big H." Gateway to the City of Hopewell. SealLocation in the State of VirginiaCoordinates: 37°17′25″N 77°18′18″W / 37.29028°N 77.30500°W / 37.29028; -77.30500Country United StatesState VirginiaIncorporatedJuly 1, 1916Government • MayorJohnny PartinArea • Independent city10.83 sq mi (28.05 km2) • Land10.35 sq mi (26.82 km2) • Water0.47 sq mi (1.23 km2)  4.9%Elevation50 ft (15.2 m)Population (2020) • Independent city23,033 • Density2,100/sq mi (820/km2) • Metro1,314,434Time zoneUTC-5 (EST) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code23860Area code804FIPS code51-38424GNIS feature ID1495714Websitewww.hopewellva.gov Hopewell is an independent city surrounded by Prince George County and the Appomattox River in the Commonwealth of Virginia, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 23,033. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Hopewell with Prince George County for statistical purposes. Hopewell is in the Tri-Cities area of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). History See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Hopewell, Virginia City Point Main article: City Point, Virginia The city was founded to take advantage of its site overlooking the James and Appomattox Rivers. City Point, the oldest part of Hopewell, was established in 1613 by Sir Thomas Dale. It was first known as "Bermuda City," which was changed to Charles City, lengthened to Charles City Point, and later abbreviated to City Point. (At this time, Bermuda, the Atlantic archipelago, was considered part of the Colony of Virginia and appeared on its maps.) Hopewell/City Point is the second oldest continuously inhabited English settlement in the United States after Hampton. Jamestown no longer is inhabited. "Charles City Point" was in Charles City Shire when the first eight shires were established in the Colony of Virginia in 1634. Charles City Shire soon became known as Charles City County in 1637. In 1619 Samuel Sharpe and Samuel Jordan from City Point, then named Charles City, were burgesses at the first meeting of the House of Burgesses. The burgesses separated an area of the county south of the river, including City Point, establishing it separately as Prince George County in 1703. City Point was an unincorporated town in Prince George County until the City of Hopewell annexed the Town of City Point in 1923. During the American Civil War, Union General Ulysses S. Grant used City Point as his headquarters during the Siege of Petersburg in 1864 and 1865. Grant's headquarters, which President Lincoln visited, were located at Appomattox Manor, one of the three plantations of Richard Eppes, who cultivated wheat and other grains and held 130 slaves at the beginning of the war. His property included most of the present-day city of Hopewell and Eppes Island, a plantation across the James River from City Point. Richard Slaughter, a former slave of Eppes, escaped to a Union ship during the Civil War, as did all but 12 of Eppes' 130 slaves, choosing freedom. Slaughter recounted his life story for a Works Progress Administration interviewer in 1936. The City Point Railroad, built in 1838 between City Point and Petersburg, was used as a critical part of the siege strategy. It is considered the oldest portion of the Norfolk and Western Railway, now a part of Norfolk Southern. Hopewell Farm Hopewell, part of the Eppes' plantation, was developed by DuPont Company in 1914 as Hopewell Farm, an incorporated area in Prince George County. DuPont first built a dynamite factory there, then switched to the manufacture of guncotton during World War I. Nearly burned to the ground in the Hopewell Fire of 1915, the city prospered afterward and became known as the "Wonder City" as the village of Hopewell grew from a hamlet of 400 in 1916 to a city of more than 20,000 people in a few short months. Unlike most cities in Virginia, Hopewell was never incorporated as a town, but it was incorporated as an independent city in 1916. After DuPont abandoned the city following World War I, moving its manufacturing facilities elsewhere and specializing in other products, Hopewell briefly became a ghost town until 1923 when Tubize Corporation established a plant on the old DuPont site. The same year, the city of Hopewell annexed the neighboring town of City Point, which enabled it to expand and thrive. The Tubize plant was later acquired by Firestone Tire and Rubber Company and was a major employer in Hopewell for decades. Allied Chemical and Dye Corporation and Hercules Chemical also established plants on portions of the old DuPont site. 20th century populace As early as its incorporation, Hopewell was a city of industrious migrants. Immigrants from Bohemia (now the western lands of the Czech Republic), Italy, and Greece populated the city, working in factories and opening small businesses. Others migrated from other parts of Virginia and neighboring states of North Carolina and West Virginia to work in Hopewell's industries. As was the case in most southern cities, African Americans in Hopewell were subject to Jim Crow segregation until the success of the Civil Rights Movement. The picturesque theater in the middle of town, the Beacon Theatre, only allowed Blacks in the balcony. In August 1966, the Ku Klux Klan confronted the Reverend Curtis Harris and other Black Hopewell citizens when they attempted to petition the city manager to find an alternate location for a landfill that was going to be opened in the middle of a Black neighborhood. Hopewell public schools were desegregated under court order in 1963, following Renee Patrice GILLIAM et al v. School Board of the City of Hopewell, Virginia. 1935 bus tragedy Hopewell made national news when, on December 22, 1935, a bus plunged through the open draw of the Appomattox River Drawbridge on State Route 10 just outside Hopewell's city limits. Only one of the 15 occupants of the bus survived. The modern twin spans of the Charles Hardaway Marks Bridges were built to replace that bridge and cross the river nearby. Urban renewal Like many cities, Hopewell embarked on an urban renewal plan in the 1960s in an attempt to revitalize its downtown retail area. The plan was a failure because many of the retail businesses that had been located downtown moved elsewhere to new shopping centers being developed outside the city limits in Petersburg, Chester, and Prince George County. With the exception of a new branch bank and a Hardee's fast food restaurant constructed in the late 1970s, the former downtown area that was razed for redevelopment remained a vast gravel parking lot for decades. However, a new urbanization is occurring, and many long vacant storefronts are now refurbished and occupied. Several others are now under construction. Further, the City invested $12 million in a new beautiful state of the art flagship library for the busy Appomattox Regional Library System, the Maude Langhorne Nelson Library. The library has a cyber cafe, extensive YA and children's collections, and a replica of the historic, 1600s-era frigate ship, Hopewell, installed as a centerpiece. The city also restored the Beacon Theatre, which was built in 1928, and there are 70 or more concerts and other events annually. Performers there include The Temptations, The Four Tops, Vince Gill, Travis Tritt, Clint Black, Amy Grant, Average White Band, Vanilla Ice, The Commodores, Pure Prairie League, Delbert McClinton, and many more. New plantings and street beautification projects have been put into place, to attract more businesses and shoppers to the East Broadway area. Toxic waste dumping ground Smokestacks rise from Hopewell's skyline, seen from Chesterfield County Hopewell is located at the confluence of the Appomattox and James rivers. The James River has suffered from serious water pollution problems attributable to chemical dumping; Kepone insecticide (manufactured in Hopewell from 1966–1975) was dumped in the river by the pesticide's manufacturer Allied Signal and subcontractor LifeSciences Product Company. The LifeSciences facility in Hopewell was the world's only manufacturer of Kepone, producing up to 6,000 pounds daily. Although closely related to the toxic pesticide DDT, which was banned in the U.S. in 1972 because of the dangers it presents to humans and wildlife, Kepone was not federally regulated until after the Hopewell disaster, in which 29 factory workers were hospitalized with various ailments. In 1975, the state health department shut down the facility, and fishing in the James River from Richmond to the Chesapeake Bay was banned due to contamination concerns. Kepone is cited amongst a handful of other noxious substances as the driver for Gerald Ford's half-hearted approval of the Toxic Substances Control Act, which "remains one of the most controversial regulatory bills ever passed". Since the discovery of the Kepone disaster in 1975, the water quality has improved, and the fishing ban was lifted after 13 years. In 2019, after years of planning, the city opened a "Riverwalk" boardwalk, seeking to use scenic views and water access as part of overall economic redevelopment efforts. Bass and catfish are now routinely fished at a Hopewell marina. Hopewell is the location of several large chemical plants owned by the Honeywell Corporation, Ashland, Evonik Industries, as well as a Green Plains Inc. ethanol plant and paper mill owned by WestRock. Recent history The Federal Correctional Complex, Petersburg (FCC Petersburg), two federal prisons which house 3400 inmates, are located just outside the Hopewell city limits, in Prince George County In 1977, Hopewell again made the national news due to another accident involving a drawbridge when the tanker S.S. Marine Floridian outbound under the command of a James River pilot suffered a steering malfunction just after dawn on February 24 that caused it to veer out of the channel and hit the Benjamin Harrison Memorial Bridge just east of town. The accident caused serious damage to the bridge and it was closed for months. In 1983, Hopewell again received negative publicity from the national news media when it was discovered that Evelyn Rust Wells, an elderly woman, had been held captive and terrorized in her home in the City Point section. Her captors, mostly male teenagers under 18, cashed her Social Security checks at local grocery stores. A local grocer noted a change in purchases from when neighborhood kids assisted Wells and called the police. They investigated and freed Wells who was by then severely malnourished. Although still an important industrial city, Hopewell has struggled with transitions through loss of jobs due to plant closures, changes in residential housing patterns, and the costs of environmental clean-up. Much of its middle-class population moved to neighboring Prince George and Chesterfield Counties for newer housing during the suburban expansion of the 1960s and 1970s. The city's housing stock is dominated by relatively small homes with a significant percentage being offered as rental properties. Of these, many were hastily constructed over a century ago by DuPont to house plant workers during the First World War. Hopewell has encouraged re-development along its waterfront areas along the James and Appomattox Rivers, in the downtown area, and the City Point Historic District, as well as the sites of several long vacant industrial plants. Due to its hasty construction as a mill town during the First World War, Hopewell had a large number of kit homes that were hauled in and erected in neighborhoods laid out by DuPont known as "A Village" and "B Village". The city has a surviving group of Sears Catalog Homes, with several available for exterior viewing on a self-guided tour. The city also has numerous Aladdin Kit Homes; at one time, it may have had the most such homes in the nation. Because residents moved to newer houses and the Aladdin Homes were abandoned and deteriorated, many have been razed. Hopewell has struggled with high rates of violent crime. The former Hopewell High School, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, was renovated from 2009 to 2010 and now serves as an apartment building. In September 2010, a series of explosions occurred at a controversial new ethanol plant that had recently been constructed on a long vacant site formerly occupied by a Firestone plant. In 2007, former Hopewell mayor and civil rights leader Curtis W. Harris, had marched against the proposed ethanol plant being built in Hopewell with support from the national Southern Christian Leadership Conference. The plant had not yet become fully operational when the explosions occurred. There was no loss of life due to the accident but shortly after the explosion Osage BioEnergy, the owners of the $150 million facility, announced that the plant was for sale. Although the facility was sitting idle through 2013 with the city of Hopewell taking legal action to recoup unpaid taxes on the property, the facility was eventually purchased by another firm and operations were restarted in 2014. In 2015 the troubled ethanol plant closed again for a second time after less than a year in operation with its owners citing a lack of profitability as the reason for the shutdown. The plant has since been purchased and re-opened by Green Plains Inc. of Omaha, Nebraska. Hopewell has come to the attention of AAA because some of its members have complained that Hopewell is a speed trap for its practice of citing drivers for speeding along a 1.7 mile stretch of Interstate 295, nicknamed the "Million Dollar Mile" by disgruntled drivers. AAA, claimed in a press release that Hopewell employs 11 sheriff's deputies working in 14-hour shifts to patrol less than two miles of the highway that lie within the city limits of Hopewell. However, this statistic has been denied by the sheriff of Hopewell, who was baffled as to where that information was generated as he said the deputies working on I-295 only work eight-hour shifts. This practice, which it has been claimed, annually generated $1.8 million in revenue from speeding tickets, of which 75% were issued to out of state drivers, triggered a court clash between the Commonwealth's Attorney and the city prosecutor, and elicited an official ruling from the Attorney General of Virginia. Sheriff Luther Sodat said that the almost two-mile stretch of highway "is a safety issue for Hopewell." Virginia's urban interstates have a fatality rate about one-third the Statewide rate for all roads combined. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.8 square miles (28.0 km2), of which 10.2 square miles (26.4 km2) are land and 0.5 square miles (1.3 km2) (4.9%) is water. Climate Climate data for Hopewell, Virginia (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1916–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 81(27) 84(29) 91(33) 100(38) 100(38) 104(40) 105(41) 106(41) 104(40) 100(38) 88(31) 85(29) 106(41) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 50.4(10.2) 54.3(12.4) 61.7(16.5) 72.7(22.6) 79.1(26.2) 86.0(30.0) 89.6(32.0) 87.9(31.1) 81.9(27.7) 72.6(22.6) 62.2(16.8) 53.4(11.9) 71.0(21.7) Daily mean °F (°C) 40.8(4.9) 43.6(6.4) 50.7(10.4) 60.7(15.9) 68.5(20.3) 76.2(24.6) 80.1(26.7) 78.4(25.8) 72.5(22.5) 61.9(16.6) 51.7(10.9) 44.0(6.7) 60.8(16.0) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 31.2(−0.4) 32.9(0.5) 39.7(4.3) 48.6(9.2) 57.8(14.3) 66.3(19.1) 70.6(21.4) 68.9(20.5) 63.2(17.3) 51.2(10.7) 41.1(5.1) 34.6(1.4) 50.5(10.3) Record low °F (°C) −11(−24) −3(−19) 8(−13) 20(−7) 30(−1) 40(4) 44(7) 45(7) 38(3) 23(−5) 14(−10) 3(−16) −11(−24) Average precipitation inches (mm) 3.53(90) 3.01(76) 4.02(102) 3.84(98) 4.25(108) 4.56(116) 5.18(132) 5.59(142) 5.15(131) 3.67(93) 3.43(87) 3.84(98) 50.07(1,272) Average snowfall inches (cm) 2.1(5.3) 1.0(2.5) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.4(1.0) 3.5(8.9) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 9.9 9.3 10.6 10.4 10.6 10.4 10.7 9.4 8.6 8.4 8.3 10.1 116.7 Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 0.7 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.4 Source: NOAA Neighborhoods City Point – annexed in 1923 City Point National Cemetery Adjacent counties Chesterfield County, Virginia - north Prince George County, Virginia - east, south, west Charles City County, Virginia - northeast National protected area Petersburg National Battlefield Park (part) Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 19201,397—193011,327710.8%19408,679−23.4%195010,21917.7%196017,89575.1%197023,47131.2%198023,397−0.3%199023,101−1.3%200022,354−3.2%201022,5911.1%202023,0332.0%U.S. Decennial Census1790-1960 1900-19901990-2000 2010-2020 2020 census Hopewell city, Virginia – Racial and Ethnic Composition (NH = Non-Hispanic)Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race. Race / Ethnicity Pop 2010 Pop 2020 % 2010 % 2020 White alone (NH) 12,005 9,819 53.14% 42.63% Black or African American alone (NH) 8,216 9,689 36.37% 42.07% Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 78 86 0.35% 0.37% Asian alone (NH) 174 251 0.77% 1.09% Pacific Islander alone (NH) 23 15 0.10% 0.07% Some Other Race alone (NH) 37 129 0.16% 0.56% Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH) 578 1,155 2.56% 5.01% Hispanic or Latino (any race) 1,480 1,889 6.55% 8.20% Total 22,591 23,033 100.00% 100.00% 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 22,354 people, 9,055 households, and 6,075 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,182.3 people per square mile (842.6 people/km2). There were 9,749 housing units at an average density of 951.7 per square mile (367.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 47.1% White, 43.5% Black, 0.8% Asian, 0.4% Native American, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.2% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. 3.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 9,055 households, out of which 32.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.6% were married couples living together, 21.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.9% were non-families. 27.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.94. The age of the population was spread out, with 26.7% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 14.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.7 males. For every 100 women aged 18 and over, there were 82.2 men. The median income for a household in the city was $39,156, and the median income for a family was $49,730. Males had a median income of $34,849 versus $25,401 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,041. About 15.8% of families and 17.73% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.6% of those under age 18 and 10.4% of those age 65 or over. Education The following are schools in the Hopewell, Virginia school division. High school Hopewell High School Middle school Carter G. Woodson School Elementary schools Dupont Elementary School Harry E. James Elementary School Patrick Copeland Elementary School All of the schools above are accredited by the Virginia Board of Education and by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. Charter and technology Appomattox Regional Governor's School for the Arts And Technology Petersburg, VA, Open to students entering the 9th grade, with approval of passing through the admittance process. Libraries Appomattox Regional Library serves as the library system for Hopewell, Virginia. Notable people This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Robert Bolling and Jane Rolfe, colonists Nelson Barclift, choreographer Sam Bass, artist Curtis W. Harris, civil rights activist Charles Hardaway Marks, politician TreVeyon Henderson, American football player Seka, adult film actress Joey Peppersack, Paralympic swimmer Monsanto Pope, American football player Steven R. Taylor, politician Rebecca Beach Smith, judge Darrell Taylor, American football player Media The Hopewell News, locally managed and operated by HPC Media, was an 8,000 circulation twice-weekly newspaper that covers local news, sports and events of interest to the communities of Hopewell, Enon and Prince George. For more than 90 years, The Hopewell News served the greater Hopewell and Prince George communities. The paper was shut down on January 18, 2018. HPC Media also published the News-Patriot newspaper covering Colonial Heights and communities in Southeastern Chesterfield County. Climate The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Hopewell has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. Politics United States presidential election results for Hopewell, Virginia Year Republican Democratic Third party No.  % No.  % No.  % 2020 4,020 41.84% 5,430 56.52% 158 1.64% 2016 3,885 43.13% 4,724 52.44% 399 4.43% 2012 3,739 41.40% 5,179 57.35% 113 1.25% 2008 4,149 43.56% 5,285 55.49% 90 0.94% 2004 4,251 53.57% 3,573 45.02% 112 1.41% 2000 3,749 53.73% 3,024 43.34% 205 2.94% 1996 3,493 49.46% 2,868 40.61% 701 9.93% 1992 3,818 47.48% 2,863 35.60% 1,361 16.92% 1988 4,672 63.48% 2,566 34.86% 122 1.66% 1984 5,661 68.27% 2,564 30.92% 67 0.81% 1980 4,423 56.19% 3,102 39.41% 347 4.41% 1976 3,764 48.21% 3,691 47.28% 352 4.51% 1972 5,229 75.88% 1,485 21.55% 177 2.57% 1968 2,942 43.63% 1,568 23.25% 2,233 33.12% 1964 3,183 55.93% 2,498 43.89% 10 0.18% 1960 2,169 54.24% 1,805 45.14% 25 0.63% 1956 1,908 53.91% 1,388 39.22% 243 6.87% 1952 1,640 49.58% 1,657 50.09% 11 0.33% 1948 570 28.77% 1,242 62.70% 169 8.53% 1944 368 22.21% 1,284 77.49% 5 0.30% 1940 308 23.88% 981 76.05% 1 0.08% 1936 332 20.11% 1,309 79.29% 10 0.61% 1932 342 25.91% 957 72.50% 21 1.59% 1928 505 51.17% 482 48.83% 0 0.00% 1924 206 41.96% 277 56.42% 8 1.63% 1920 41 29.50% 97 69.78% 1 0.72% 1916 3 10.71% 24 85.71% 1 3.57% References ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Hopewell city, Hopewell city, Virginia". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 30, 2022. ^ Bowman, Shearer Davis. "Conditional Unionism and Slavery in Virginia, 1860-1861: The Case of Dr. Richard Eppes Archived February 7, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 96 (January 1988): 31-54, accessed June 13, 2012 ^ a b "Autobiography of Richard Slaughter", pp. 46-49, Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1938, American Memory, Library of Congress, accessed June 13, 2012 ^ Dr. Richard Eppes ^ "The Bohemians in Virginia 1880s - 1930ish". Marie Blaha Pearson - A Bohemian Journey. Retrieved April 3, 2018. ^ "Appomattox Regional Library System Historic Newspapers – Microfilm Image Viewer". appomattoxcl.archivalweb.com. Retrieved April 3, 2018. ^ a b Lee, Lauranett (2008). Making the American Dream Work: A Cultural History of African Americans in Hopewell, Virginia. Hampton, VA: Morgan James Publisher. ^ Interview with Curtis Harris http://dig.library.vcu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/voices/id/4 Archived May 4, 2017, at the Wayback Machine ^ "332 F.2d 460 - Renee Patrice GILLIAM and Reuben Lemuel Gilliam, Jr., infants, by Reuben L. Gilliam and Joy T. Gilliam, their father and mother and next friends, et al., Appellees, v. SCHOOL BOARD OF the CITY OF HOPEWELL, VIRGINIA, and Charles W. Smith, Division Superintendent of Schools of the City of Hopewell, Virginia, and E. J. Oglesby, Alfred L. Wingo and E. T. Justis, constituting the Pupil Placement Board of the Commonwealth of Virginia, Appellants". www.freelawreporter.org. Archived from the original on April 4, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018. ^ Institute of Museum and Library Services, 2014 ARLS "Archived copy". Archived from the original on November 4, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Official Website of the City of Hopewell http://hopewellva.gov/library/ ^ a b c d e Sean Gorman, Hopewell opens new Riverwalk path to take advantage of shoreline views, waterway access, Richmond Times-Dispatch (May 3, 2019). ^ a b c Richard Foster, Kepone: The 'Flour' Factory, Richmond Magazine (July 8, 2005). ^ Hanson, David J. (January 15, 2007). "Those Were The Days". Chemical & Engineering News. American Chemical Society. 85 (3). doi:10.1021/cen-v085n003.p044. ^ "FCI Petersburg Medium". bop.gov. Retrieved August 3, 2015. ^ "FCI Petersburg Low". bop.gov. Retrieved August 3, 2015. ^ "Woman freed after two months", New York Times, January 31, 1983, Section A, p. 10 ^ Violent crime up 36% in Hopewell, The Progress Index (April 3, 2009). ^ Karina Bolster, City leaders address citizens' concerns of violence in Hopewell, WWBT (December 6, 2019). ^ "2001 Honorees - Curtis W. Harris". Dominion. Archived from the original on March 15, 2008. Retrieved February 2, 2008. ^ Johnson, Katherine (September 22, 2014). "Plant has produced over 11 million gallons of ethanol". The Progress-Index. Retrieved November 17, 2015. ^ "The Hopewell News - Articles". Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved November 27, 2015. ^ a b "Putting brakes on I-295 tickets?". The Hopewell News. Archived from the original on July 4, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2015. ^ "VA Legislative Agenda". cqrcengage.com. Retrieved August 3, 2015. ^ "Table FI-30 – Highway Statistics 2013 - Policy - Federal Highway Administration". www.fhwa.dot.gov. Retrieved April 3, 2018. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 5, 2021. ^ "Station: Hopewell, VA". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 5, 2021. ^ "Census of Population and Housing from 1790". US Census Bureau. Retrieved January 24, 2022. ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved January 6, 2014. ^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2014. ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2014. ^ a b "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Hopewell city, Virginia". United States Census Bureau. ^ "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Hopewell city, Virginia". United States Census Bureau. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 14, 2011. ^ "UK Archaeologist Locates 17th Century Merchant's House, Plans Excavation With Students". www.uky.edu. Retrieved April 3, 2018. ^ "Nelson Barclift". Internet Broadway Database. 2019. Retrieved March 30, 2019. ^ correspondent, RANDY HALLMAN Special (April 30, 2017). "NASCAR artist Sam Bass, a Hopewell High grad, holding auction in N.C. after filing for bankruptcy". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved February 19, 2019. ^ "Rev. Dr. Curtis Harris". Legacy.com. December 16–17, 2017. Retrieved February 2, 2019. ^ 'Charles Hardaway Marks-obituary,' Hampton Daily Press, November 17, 2004 ^ Seka; Zukus, Kerry (2013). Inside Seka. BearManor Media. ISBN 978-1593932725. ^ Lazo, Luz (June 30, 2008). "Hopewell mayor leaving office". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved February 19, 2019. ^ "The Hopewell News". Archived from the original on February 7, 2016. ^ "Hopewell, Virginia Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved August 3, 2015. ^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved December 9, 2020. External links City of Hopewell 37°17′25″N 77°18′12″W / 37.290399°N 77.303371°W / 37.290399; -77.303371 Places adjacent to Hopewell, Virginia Chesterfield County Charles City County Prince George County Hopewell, Virginia Prince George County Prince George County Further reading Lee, Lauranett L. (2008). Making the American Dream Work: A Cultural History of African Americans in Hopewell, Virginia. Hampton, VA: Morgan James Publishing. ISBN 9781600374661. vteCity of RichmondTopics Downtown History Timeline Neighborhoods Culture Sports Media Education Economy Transportation James River Retail Attractions Landmark Theater CenterStage Richmond Coliseum Virginia Museum of Fine Arts Metro Richmond Zoo Monument Avenue Siegel Center The Diamond Poe Museum Museum of The Confederacy Short Pump Town Center Stony Point Fashion Park Chesterfield Towne Center Regency Square Rumors of War Southpark Mall Virginia Center Commons Virginia Museum of History & Culture Counties Amelia Caroline Charles City Chesterfield Cumberland Dinwiddie Goochland Hanover Henrico King and Queen King William Louisa New Kent Powhatan Prince George Sussex vteCommonwealth of VirginiaRichmond (capital)Topics Outline Abortion Administrative divisions Climate Colony Congressional districts Delegations Senators Representatives Environment Furniture Government Historic houses Historic Landmarks History First Families Slavery Homelessness Law Gun laws in Virginia LGBT rights Music People Rights Rivers Scouting Slogan Sports teams State Fair State parks Symbols Tourist attractions Transportation Tribes Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Colleges and universities Media Newspapers Radio TV Politics Regions Allegheny Mountains Atlantic Coastal Plain Blue Ridge Chesapeake Bay Cumberland Mountains Delmarva Peninsula Eastern Shore Hampton Roads Middle Peninsula Northern Neck Northern Virginia Piedmont Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians Shenandoah Valley South Hampton Roads Southside Southwest Virginia Tennessee Valley Tidewater Tri-Cities Virginia Peninsula Western Virginia Metro areas Blacksburg-Christiansburg Bluefield Bristol Charlottesville Danville Harrisonburg Lynchburg Martinsville Richmond Roanoke Staunton-Waynesboro Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News Washington-Arlington-Alexandria Winchester Counties Accomack Albemarle Alleghany Amelia Amherst Appomattox Arlington Augusta Bath Bedford Bland Botetourt Brunswick Buchanan Buckingham Campbell Caroline Carroll Charles City Charlotte Chesterfield Clarke Craig Culpeper Cumberland Dickenson Dinwiddie Essex Fairfax Fauquier Floyd Fluvanna Franklin Frederick Giles Gloucester Goochland Grayson Greene Greensville Halifax Hanover Henrico Henry Highland Isle of Wight James City King and Queen King George King William Lancaster Lee Loudoun Louisa Lunenburg Madison Mathews Mecklenburg Middlesex Montgomery Nelson New Kent Northampton Northumberland Nottoway Orange Page Patrick Pittsylvania Powhatan Prince Edward Prince George Prince William Pulaski Rappahannock Richmond Roanoke Rockbridge Rockingham Russell Scott Shenandoah Smyth Southampton Spotsylvania Stafford Surry Sussex Tazewell Warren Washington Westmoreland Wise Wythe York Independentcities Alexandria Bristol Buena Vista Charlottesville Chesapeake Colonial Heights Covington Danville Emporia Fairfax Falls Church Franklin Fredericksburg Galax Hampton Harrisonburg Hopewell Lexington Lynchburg Manassas Manassas Park Martinsville Newport News Norfolk Norton Petersburg Poquoson Portsmouth Radford Richmond Roanoke Salem Staunton Suffolk Virginia Beach Waynesboro Williamsburg Winchester  Virginia portal vteNortheast megalopolis major urban regionsCore cities are metropolitan core cities of at least a million people. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hopewell, Virginia (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewell,_Virginia_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"independent city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Prince George County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Appomattox River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appomattox_River"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bureau of Economic Analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Economic_Analysis"},{"link_name":"Prince George County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George_County"},{"link_name":"Tri-Cities area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-Cities,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Richmond_Region"}],"text":"Independent city in Virginia, United StatesFor other places with the same name, see Hopewell, Virginia (disambiguation).Independent city in Virginia, United StatesHopewell is an independent city surrounded by Prince George County and the Appomattox River in the Commonwealth of Virginia, United States. At the 2020 census, the population was 23,033.[4] The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Hopewell with Prince George County for statistical purposes.Hopewell is in the Tri-Cities area of the Richmond Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA).","title":"Hopewell, Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Hopewell, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hopewell,_Virginia"}],"text":"See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Hopewell, Virginia","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_River_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Appomattox Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appomattox_River"},{"link_name":"City Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Point,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Thomas Dale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dale"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"link_name":"Charles City Shire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_City_Shire"},{"link_name":"shires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire"},{"link_name":"Charles City County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_City_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"House of Burgesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Burgesses"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"General Ulysses S. Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant"},{"link_name":"Siege of Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Appomattox Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appomattox_Manor"},{"link_name":"Richard Eppes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Eppes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slaughter-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPS-7"},{"link_name":"Works Progress Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slaughter-6"},{"link_name":"City Point Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Point_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Norfolk and Western Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_and_Western_Railway"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Southern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Southern"}],"sub_title":"City Point","text":"The city was founded to take advantage of its site overlooking the James and Appomattox Rivers. City Point, the oldest part of Hopewell, was established in 1613 by Sir Thomas Dale. It was first known as \"Bermuda City,\" which was changed to Charles City, lengthened to Charles City Point, and later abbreviated to City Point. (At this time, Bermuda, the Atlantic archipelago, was considered part of the Colony of Virginia and appeared on its maps.) Hopewell/City Point is the second oldest continuously inhabited English settlement in the United States after Hampton. Jamestown no longer is inhabited.\"Charles City Point\" was in Charles City Shire when the first eight shires were established in the Colony of Virginia in 1634. Charles City Shire soon became known as Charles City County in 1637. In 1619 Samuel Sharpe and Samuel Jordan from City Point, then named Charles City, were burgesses at the first meeting of the House of Burgesses.The burgesses separated an area of the county south of the river, including City Point, establishing it separately as Prince George County in 1703. City Point was an unincorporated town in Prince George County until the City of Hopewell annexed the Town of City Point in 1923.During the American Civil War, Union General Ulysses S. Grant used City Point as his headquarters during the Siege of Petersburg in 1864 and 1865. Grant's headquarters, which President Lincoln visited, were located at Appomattox Manor, one of the three plantations of Richard Eppes, who cultivated wheat and other grains and held 130 slaves at the beginning of the war.[5]His property included most of the present-day city of Hopewell and Eppes Island, a plantation across the James River from City Point. Richard Slaughter, a former slave of Eppes, escaped to a Union ship during the Civil War,[6] as did all but 12 of Eppes' 130 slaves, choosing freedom.[7] Slaughter recounted his life story for a Works Progress Administration interviewer in 1936.[6]The City Point Railroad, built in 1838 between City Point and Petersburg, was used as a critical part of the siege strategy. It is considered the oldest portion of the Norfolk and Western Railway, now a part of Norfolk Southern.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DuPont Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPont"},{"link_name":"dynamite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamite"},{"link_name":"guncotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guncotton"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"independent city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Firestone Tire and Rubber Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestone_Tire_and_Rubber_Company"},{"link_name":"Allied Chemical and Dye Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Chemical_and_Dye_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Hercules Chemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_Inc."}],"sub_title":"Hopewell Farm","text":"Hopewell, part of the Eppes' plantation, was developed by DuPont Company in 1914 as Hopewell Farm, an incorporated area in Prince George County. DuPont first built a dynamite factory there, then switched to the manufacture of guncotton during World War I.Nearly burned to the ground in the Hopewell Fire of 1915, the city prospered afterward and became known as the \"Wonder City\" as the village of Hopewell grew from a hamlet of 400 in 1916 to a city of more than 20,000 people in a few short months. Unlike most cities in Virginia, Hopewell was never incorporated as a town, but it was incorporated as an independent city in 1916.After DuPont abandoned the city following World War I, moving its manufacturing facilities elsewhere and specializing in other products, Hopewell briefly became a ghost town until 1923 when Tubize Corporation established a plant on the old DuPont site. The same year, the city of Hopewell annexed the neighboring town of City Point, which enabled it to expand and thrive. The Tubize plant was later acquired by Firestone Tire and Rubber Company and was a major employer in Hopewell for decades. Allied Chemical and Dye Corporation and Hercules Chemical also established plants on portions of the old DuPont site.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Jim Crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement"},{"link_name":"Beacon Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Theatre_(Hopewell,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lee-10"},{"link_name":"Ku Klux Klan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan"},{"link_name":"Curtis Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_W._Harris"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lee-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"20th century populace","text":"As early as its incorporation, Hopewell was a city of industrious migrants. Immigrants from Bohemia (now the western lands of the Czech Republic),[8] Italy, and Greece[9] populated the city, working in factories and opening small businesses. Others migrated from other parts of Virginia and neighboring states of North Carolina and West Virginia to work in Hopewell's industries.As was the case in most southern cities, African Americans in Hopewell were subject to Jim Crow segregation until the success of the Civil Rights Movement. The picturesque theater in the middle of town, the Beacon Theatre, only allowed Blacks in the balcony.[10] In August 1966, the Ku Klux Klan confronted the Reverend Curtis Harris and other Black Hopewell citizens when they attempted to petition the city manager to find an alternate location for a landfill that was going to be opened in the middle of a Black neighborhood.[10][11] Hopewell public schools were desegregated under court order in 1963, following Renee Patrice GILLIAM et al v. School Board of the City of Hopewell, Virginia.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus"},{"link_name":"State Route 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Route_10_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Charles Hardaway Marks Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hardaway_Marks_Bridges"}],"sub_title":"1935 bus tragedy","text":"Hopewell made national news when, on December 22, 1935, a bus plunged through the open draw of the Appomattox River Drawbridge on State Route 10 just outside Hopewell's city limits. Only one of the 15 occupants of the bus survived. The modern twin spans of the Charles Hardaway Marks Bridges were built to replace that bridge and cross the river nearby.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"urban renewal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_renewal"},{"link_name":"city limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_limits"},{"link_name":"Hardee's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardee%27s"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The Temptations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Temptations"},{"link_name":"The Four Tops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Four_Tops"},{"link_name":"Vince Gill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Gill"},{"link_name":"Travis Tritt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Tritt"},{"link_name":"Clint Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Black"},{"link_name":"Amy Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Grant"},{"link_name":"Average White Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Average_White_Band"},{"link_name":"Vanilla Ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla_Ice"},{"link_name":"The Commodores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Commodores"},{"link_name":"Pure Prairie League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_Prairie_League"},{"link_name":"Delbert McClinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delbert_McClinton"}],"sub_title":"Urban renewal","text":"Like many cities, Hopewell embarked on an urban renewal plan in the 1960s in an attempt to revitalize its downtown retail area. The plan was a failure because many of the retail businesses that had been located downtown moved elsewhere to new shopping centers being developed outside the city limits in Petersburg, Chester, and Prince George County. With the exception of a new branch bank and a Hardee's fast food restaurant constructed in the late 1970s, the former downtown area that was razed for redevelopment remained a vast gravel parking lot for decades.However, a new urbanization is occurring, and many long vacant storefronts are now refurbished and occupied. Several others are now under construction. Further, the City invested $12 million in a new beautiful state of the art flagship library for the busy Appomattox Regional Library System, the Maude Langhorne Nelson Library. The library has a cyber cafe, extensive YA and children's collections, and a replica of the historic, 1600s-era frigate ship, Hopewell, installed as a centerpiece.[13][14] The city also restored the Beacon Theatre, which was built in 1928, and there are 70 or more concerts and other events annually. Performers there include The Temptations, The Four Tops, Vince Gill, Travis Tritt, Clint Black, Amy Grant, Average White Band, Vanilla Ice, The Commodores, Pure Prairie League, Delbert McClinton, and many more.New plantings and street beautification projects have been put into place, to attract more businesses and shoppers to the East Broadway area.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hopewell29.jpg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gorman-15"},{"link_name":"water pollution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_pollution"},{"link_name":"Kepone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepone"},{"link_name":"Allied Signal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Signal"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gorman-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foster05-16"},{"link_name":"DDT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foster05-16"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foster05-16"},{"link_name":"Gerald Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford"},{"link_name":"Toxic Substances Control Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hanson07-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gorman-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gorman-15"},{"link_name":"Bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_(fish)"},{"link_name":"catfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catfish"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gorman-15"},{"link_name":"Honeywell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeywell"},{"link_name":"Ashland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashland_Inc."},{"link_name":"Evonik Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evonik_Industries"},{"link_name":"Green Plains Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Plains_Inc."},{"link_name":"WestRock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WestRock"}],"sub_title":"Toxic waste dumping ground","text":"Smokestacks rise from Hopewell's skyline, seen from Chesterfield CountyHopewell is located at the confluence of the Appomattox and James rivers.[15] The James River has suffered from serious water pollution problems attributable to chemical dumping; Kepone insecticide (manufactured in Hopewell from 1966–1975) was dumped in the river by the pesticide's manufacturer Allied Signal and subcontractor LifeSciences Product Company.[15] The LifeSciences facility in Hopewell was the world's only manufacturer of Kepone, producing up to 6,000 pounds daily.[16] Although closely related to the toxic pesticide DDT, which was banned in the U.S. in 1972 because of the dangers it presents to humans and wildlife, Kepone was not federally regulated until after the Hopewell disaster, in which 29 factory workers were hospitalized with various ailments.[16] In 1975, the state health department shut down the facility, and fishing in the James River from Richmond to the Chesapeake Bay was banned due to contamination concerns.[16]Kepone is cited amongst a handful of other noxious substances as the driver for Gerald Ford's half-hearted approval of the Toxic Substances Control Act, which \"remains one of the most controversial regulatory bills ever passed\".[17] Since the discovery of the Kepone disaster in 1975, the water quality has improved, and the fishing ban was lifted after 13 years.[15] In 2019, after years of planning, the city opened a \"Riverwalk\" boardwalk, seeking to use scenic views and water access as part of overall economic redevelopment efforts.[15] Bass and catfish are now routinely fished at a Hopewell marina.[15]Hopewell is the location of several large chemical plants owned by the Honeywell Corporation, Ashland, Evonik Industries, as well as a Green Plains Inc. ethanol plant and paper mill owned by WestRock.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Correctional Complex, Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Correctional_Complex,_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"S.S. Marine Floridian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S._Marine_Floridian"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Harrison Memorial Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison_Memorial_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"DuPont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DuPont"},{"link_name":"City Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Point,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Sears Catalog Homes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears_Catalog_Home"},{"link_name":"Aladdin Kit Homes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Aladdin_Company"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hopewell_Lofts.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hopewell High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewell_High_School_Complex"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Firestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firestone_Tire_and_Rubber_Company"},{"link_name":"Curtis W. Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_W._Harris"},{"link_name":"Southern Christian Leadership Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Omaha, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"AAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Automobile_Association"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Putting_brakes_on_I-295_tickets-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Putting_brakes_on_I-295_tickets-26"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Recent history","text":"The Federal Correctional Complex, Petersburg (FCC Petersburg), two federal prisons which house 3400 inmates, are located just outside the Hopewell city limits, in Prince George County[18][19]In 1977, Hopewell again made the national news due to another accident involving a drawbridge when the tanker S.S. Marine Floridian outbound under the command of a James River pilot suffered a steering malfunction just after dawn on February 24 that caused it to veer out of the channel and hit the Benjamin Harrison Memorial Bridge just east of town. The accident caused serious damage to the bridge and it was closed for months.In 1983, Hopewell again received negative publicity from the national news media when it was discovered that Evelyn Rust Wells, an elderly woman, had been held captive and terrorized in her home in the City Point section. Her captors, mostly male teenagers under 18, cashed her Social Security checks at local grocery stores. A local grocer noted a change in purchases from when neighborhood kids assisted Wells and called the police. They investigated and freed Wells who was by then severely malnourished.[20]Although still an important industrial city, Hopewell has struggled with transitions through loss of jobs due to plant closures, changes in residential housing patterns, and the costs of environmental clean-up. Much of its middle-class population moved to neighboring Prince George and Chesterfield Counties for newer housing during the suburban expansion of the 1960s and 1970s. The city's housing stock is dominated by relatively small homes with a significant percentage being offered as rental properties. Of these, many were hastily constructed over a century ago by DuPont to house plant workers during the First World War.Hopewell has encouraged re-development along its waterfront areas along the James and Appomattox Rivers, in the downtown area, and the City Point Historic District, as well as the sites of several long vacant industrial plants. Due to its hasty construction as a mill town during the First World War, Hopewell had a large number of kit homes that were hauled in and erected in neighborhoods laid out by DuPont known as \"A Village\" and \"B Village\". The city has a surviving group of Sears Catalog Homes, with several available for exterior viewing on a self-guided tour. The city also has numerous Aladdin Kit Homes; at one time, it may have had the most such homes in the nation. Because residents moved to newer houses and the Aladdin Homes were abandoned and deteriorated, many have been razed.[citation needed]Hopewell has struggled with high rates of violent crime.[21][22]The former Hopewell High School, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, was renovated from 2009 to 2010 and now serves as an apartment building.In September 2010, a series of explosions occurred at a controversial new ethanol plant that had recently been constructed on a long vacant site formerly occupied by a Firestone plant. In 2007, former Hopewell mayor and civil rights leader Curtis W. Harris, had marched against the proposed ethanol plant being built in Hopewell with support from the national Southern Christian Leadership Conference.[23] The plant had not yet become fully operational when the explosions occurred. There was no loss of life due to the accident but shortly after the explosion Osage BioEnergy, the owners of the $150 million facility, announced that the plant was for sale. Although the facility was sitting idle through 2013 with the city of Hopewell taking legal action to recoup unpaid taxes on the property, the facility was eventually purchased by another firm and operations were restarted in 2014.[24] In 2015 the troubled ethanol plant closed again for a second time after less than a year in operation with its owners citing a lack of profitability as the reason for the shutdown.[25] The plant has since been purchased and re-opened by Green Plains Inc. of Omaha, Nebraska.Hopewell has come to the attention of AAA because some of its members have complained that Hopewell is a speed trap for its practice of citing drivers for speeding along a 1.7 mile stretch of Interstate 295, nicknamed the \"Million Dollar Mile\" by disgruntled drivers. AAA, claimed in a press release that Hopewell employs 11 sheriff's deputies working in 14-hour shifts to patrol less than two miles of the highway that lie within the city limits of Hopewell. However, this statistic has been denied by the sheriff of Hopewell, who was baffled as to where that information was generated as he said the deputies working on I-295 only work eight-hour shifts.[26] This practice, which it has been claimed, annually generated $1.8 million in revenue from speeding tickets, of which 75% were issued to out of state drivers, triggered a court clash between the Commonwealth's Attorney and the city prosecutor, and elicited an official ruling from the Attorney General of Virginia.[27] Sheriff Luther Sodat said that the almost two-mile stretch of highway \"is a safety issue for Hopewell.\"[26] Virginia's urban interstates have a fatality rate about one-third the Statewide rate for all roads combined.[28]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-29"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 10.8 square miles (28.0 km2), of which 10.2 square miles (26.4 km2) are land and 0.5 square miles (1.3 km2) (4.9%) is water.[29]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nws-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCEI-31"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Climate data for Hopewell, Virginia (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1916–present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n81(27)\n\n84(29)\n\n91(33)\n\n100(38)\n\n100(38)\n\n104(40)\n\n105(41)\n\n106(41)\n\n104(40)\n\n100(38)\n\n88(31)\n\n85(29)\n\n106(41)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n50.4(10.2)\n\n54.3(12.4)\n\n61.7(16.5)\n\n72.7(22.6)\n\n79.1(26.2)\n\n86.0(30.0)\n\n89.6(32.0)\n\n87.9(31.1)\n\n81.9(27.7)\n\n72.6(22.6)\n\n62.2(16.8)\n\n53.4(11.9)\n\n71.0(21.7)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n40.8(4.9)\n\n43.6(6.4)\n\n50.7(10.4)\n\n60.7(15.9)\n\n68.5(20.3)\n\n76.2(24.6)\n\n80.1(26.7)\n\n78.4(25.8)\n\n72.5(22.5)\n\n61.9(16.6)\n\n51.7(10.9)\n\n44.0(6.7)\n\n60.8(16.0)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n31.2(−0.4)\n\n32.9(0.5)\n\n39.7(4.3)\n\n48.6(9.2)\n\n57.8(14.3)\n\n66.3(19.1)\n\n70.6(21.4)\n\n68.9(20.5)\n\n63.2(17.3)\n\n51.2(10.7)\n\n41.1(5.1)\n\n34.6(1.4)\n\n50.5(10.3)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−11(−24)\n\n−3(−19)\n\n8(−13)\n\n20(−7)\n\n30(−1)\n\n40(4)\n\n44(7)\n\n45(7)\n\n38(3)\n\n23(−5)\n\n14(−10)\n\n3(−16)\n\n−11(−24)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n3.53(90)\n\n3.01(76)\n\n4.02(102)\n\n3.84(98)\n\n4.25(108)\n\n4.56(116)\n\n5.18(132)\n\n5.59(142)\n\n5.15(131)\n\n3.67(93)\n\n3.43(87)\n\n3.84(98)\n\n50.07(1,272)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n2.1(5.3)\n\n1.0(2.5)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.4(1.0)\n\n3.5(8.9)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n9.9\n\n9.3\n\n10.6\n\n10.4\n\n10.6\n\n10.4\n\n10.7\n\n9.4\n\n8.6\n\n8.4\n\n8.3\n\n10.1\n\n116.7\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n0.7\n\n0.6\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.1\n\n1.4\n\n\nSource: NOAA[30][31]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"City Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Point,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"City Point National Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Point_National_Cemetery"}],"sub_title":"Neighborhoods","text":"City Point – annexed in 1923\nCity Point National Cemetery","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chesterfield County, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterfield_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Prince George County, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_George_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Charles City County, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_City_County,_Virginia"}],"sub_title":"Adjacent counties","text":"Chesterfield County, Virginia - north\nPrince George County, Virginia - east, south, west\nCharles City County, Virginia - northeast","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Petersburg National Battlefield Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersburg_National_Battlefield_Park"}],"sub_title":"National protected area","text":"Petersburg National Battlefield Park (part)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2020 census","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR8-38"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanics_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._census)"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census[38] of 2000, there were 22,354 people, 9,055 households, and 6,075 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,182.3 people per square mile (842.6 people/km2). There were 9,749 housing units at an average density of 951.7 per square mile (367.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 47.1% White, 43.5% Black, 0.8% Asian, 0.4% Native American, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.2% from other races, and 1.8% from two or more races. 3.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.There were 9,055 households, out of which 32.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.6% were married couples living together, 21.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.9% were non-families. 27.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and the average family size was 2.94.The age of the population was spread out, with 26.7% under the age of 18, 9.1% from 18 to 24, 28.6% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 14.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.7 males. For every 100 women aged 18 and over, there were 82.2 men.The median income for a household in the city was $39,156, and the median income for a family was $49,730. Males had a median income of $34,849 versus $25,401 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,041. About 15.8% of families and 17.73% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.6% of those under age 18 and 10.4% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"school division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_division"}],"text":"The following are schools in the Hopewell, Virginia school division.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hopewell High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopewell_High_School_(Virginia)"}],"sub_title":"High school","text":"Hopewell High School","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carter G. Woodson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_G._Woodson"}],"sub_title":"Middle school","text":"Carter G. Woodson School","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elementary schools","text":"Dupont Elementary School\nHarry E. James Elementary School\nPatrick Copeland Elementary SchoolAll of the schools above are accredited by the Virginia Board of Education and by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Appomattox Regional Governor's School for the Arts And Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appomattox_Regional_Governor%27s_School_for_the_Arts_And_Technology"}],"sub_title":"Charter and technology","text":"Appomattox Regional Governor's School for the Arts And Technology Petersburg, VA, Open to students entering the 9th grade, with approval of passing through the admittance process.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Appomattox Regional Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appomattox_Regional_Library"}],"sub_title":"Libraries","text":"Appomattox Regional Library serves as the library system for Hopewell, Virginia.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Bolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bolling"},{"link_name":"Jane Rolfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Rolfe"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Nelson Barclift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Barclift"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Sam Bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Bass_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Curtis W. Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_W._Harris"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Charles Hardaway Marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hardaway_Marks"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"TreVeyon Henderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TreVeyon_Henderson"},{"link_name":"Seka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seka_(actress)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Joey Peppersack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Peppersack"},{"link_name":"Monsanto Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsanto_Pope"},{"link_name":"Steven R. Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_R._Taylor"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Beach Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Beach_Smith"},{"link_name":"Darrell Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell_Taylor"}],"text":"Robert Bolling and Jane Rolfe, colonists[39]\nNelson Barclift, choreographer[40]\nSam Bass, artist[41]\nCurtis W. Harris, civil rights activist[42]\nCharles Hardaway Marks, politician[43]\nTreVeyon Henderson, American football player\nSeka, adult film actress[44]\nJoey Peppersack, Paralympic swimmer\nMonsanto Pope, American football player\nSteven R. Taylor, politician[45]\nRebecca Beach Smith, judge\nDarrell Taylor, American football player","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"text":"The Hopewell News, locally managed and operated by HPC Media, was an 8,000 circulation twice-weekly newspaper that covers local news, sports and events of interest to the communities of Hopewell, Enon and Prince George.[46] For more than 90 years, The Hopewell News served the greater Hopewell and Prince George communities. The paper was shut down on January 18, 2018. HPC Media also published the News-Patriot newspaper covering Colonial Heights and communities in Southeastern Chesterfield County.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen Climate Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification"},{"link_name":"humid subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"text":"The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Hopewell has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated \"Cfa\" on climate maps.[47]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lee, Lauranett L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauranett_Lee"},{"link_name":"Making the American Dream Work: A Cultural History of African Americans in Hopewell, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=U8FDw8yklmkC"},{"link_name":"Morgan James 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Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Waynesboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waynesboro,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Williamsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q502235#identifiers"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/area/76e64a88-4d7d-484c-bb22-80639dc49ca6"},{"link_name":"NARA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.archives.gov/id/10039896"}],"text":"Lee, Lauranett L. (2008). Making the American Dream Work: A Cultural History of African Americans in Hopewell, Virginia. Hampton, VA: Morgan James Publishing. ISBN 9781600374661.vteCity of RichmondTopics\nDowntown\nHistory\nTimeline\nNeighborhoods\nCulture\nSports\nMedia\nEducation\nEconomy\nTransportation\nJames River\nRetail\nAttractions\nLandmark Theater\nCenterStage\nRichmond Coliseum\nVirginia Museum of Fine Arts\nMetro Richmond Zoo\nMonument Avenue\nSiegel Center\nThe Diamond\nPoe Museum\nMuseum of The Confederacy\nShort Pump Town Center\nStony Point Fashion Park\nChesterfield Towne Center\nRegency Square\nRumors of War\nSouthpark Mall\nVirginia Center Commons\nVirginia Museum of History & Culture\nCounties\nAmelia\nCaroline\nCharles City\nChesterfield\nCumberland\nDinwiddie\nGoochland\nHanover\nHenrico\nKing and Queen\nKing William\nLouisa\nNew Kent\nPowhatan\nPrince George\nSussexvteCommonwealth of VirginiaRichmond (capital)Topics\nOutline\nAbortion\nAdministrative divisions\nClimate\nColony\nCongressional districts\nDelegations\nSenators\nRepresentatives\nEnvironment\nFurniture\nGovernment\nHistoric houses\nHistoric Landmarks\nHistory\nFirst Families\nSlavery\nHomelessness\nLaw\nGun laws in Virginia\nLGBT rights\nMusic\nPeople\nRights\nRivers\nScouting\nSlogan\nSports teams\nState Fair\nState parks\nSymbols\nTourist attractions\nTransportation\nTribes\nCulture\nCrime\nDemographics\nEconomy\nEducation\nColleges and universities\nMedia\nNewspapers\nRadio\nTV\nPolitics\nRegions\nAllegheny Mountains\nAtlantic Coastal Plain\nBlue Ridge\nChesapeake Bay\nCumberland Mountains\nDelmarva Peninsula\nEastern Shore\nHampton Roads\nMiddle Peninsula\nNorthern Neck\nNorthern Virginia\nPiedmont\nRidge-and-Valley Appalachians\nShenandoah Valley\nSouth Hampton Roads\nSouthside\nSouthwest Virginia\nTennessee Valley\nTidewater\nTri-Cities\nVirginia Peninsula\nWestern Virginia\nMetro areas\nBlacksburg-Christiansburg\nBluefield\nBristol\nCharlottesville\nDanville\nHarrisonburg\nLynchburg\nMartinsville\nRichmond\nRoanoke\nStaunton-Waynesboro\nVirginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News\nWashington-Arlington-Alexandria\nWinchester\nCounties\nAccomack\nAlbemarle\nAlleghany\nAmelia\nAmherst\nAppomattox\nArlington\nAugusta\nBath\nBedford\nBland\nBotetourt\nBrunswick\nBuchanan\nBuckingham\nCampbell\nCaroline\nCarroll\nCharles City\nCharlotte\nChesterfield\nClarke\nCraig\nCulpeper\nCumberland\nDickenson\nDinwiddie\nEssex\nFairfax\nFauquier\nFloyd\nFluvanna\nFranklin\nFrederick\nGiles\nGloucester\nGoochland\nGrayson\nGreene\nGreensville\nHalifax\nHanover\nHenrico\nHenry\nHighland\nIsle of Wight\nJames City\nKing and Queen\nKing George\nKing William\nLancaster\nLee\nLoudoun\nLouisa\nLunenburg\nMadison\nMathews\nMecklenburg\nMiddlesex\nMontgomery\nNelson\nNew Kent\nNorthampton\nNorthumberland\nNottoway\nOrange\nPage\nPatrick\nPittsylvania\nPowhatan\nPrince Edward\nPrince George\nPrince William\nPulaski\nRappahannock\nRichmond\nRoanoke\nRockbridge\nRockingham\nRussell\nScott\nShenandoah\nSmyth\nSouthampton\nSpotsylvania\nStafford\nSurry\nSussex\nTazewell\nWarren\nWashington\nWestmoreland\nWise\nWythe\nYork\nIndependentcities\nAlexandria\nBristol\nBuena Vista\nCharlottesville\nChesapeake\nColonial Heights\nCovington\nDanville\nEmporia\nFairfax\nFalls Church\nFranklin\nFredericksburg\nGalax\nHampton\nHarrisonburg\nHopewell\nLexington\nLynchburg\nManassas\nManassas Park\nMartinsville\nNewport News\nNorfolk\nNorton\nPetersburg\nPoquoson\nPortsmouth\nRadford\nRichmond\nRoanoke\nSalem\nStaunton\nSuffolk\nVirginia Beach\nWaynesboro\nWilliamsburg\nWinchester\n Virginia portalvteNortheast megalopolis major urban regionsCore cities are metropolitan core cities of at least a million people. The other areas are urban areas of cities that have an urban area of 150,000+ or of a metropolitan area of at least 250,000+. Satellite cities are in italics.Mid-AtlanticCore cities\nBaltimore\ncity\nDelaware Valley\nPhiladelphia\nCamden\nWilmington\nHampton Roads\nVirginia Beach\nNorfolk\nNewport News\nNew York\ncity\nNewark\nJersey City\nPaterson\nElizabeth\nRichmond\ncity\nWashington\ncity\nArlington\nAlexandria\nOther areas\nAtlantic City\nHagerstown\ncity\nHarrisburg\ncity\nLancaster\nLehigh Valley\nAllentown–Bethlehem-Easton\nNortheastern Pennsylvania\nScranton/Wilkes-Barre\nPoughkeepsie–Newburgh\ncity 1\ncity 2\nReading\nSalisbury\ncity\nTrenton\nYork\nCombined areas\nWashington–Baltimore\nNew EnglandCore cities\nBoston\ncity\nCambridge\nHartford\ncity\nProvidence\ncity\nOther areas\nBarnstable\nBridgeport–Stamford–Norwalk\ncity 1\ncity 2\ncity 3\nDanbury\ncity\nManchester\nNashua\nNew Bedford\nNew Haven\ncity\nNorwich–New London\nPortland\ncity\nSpringfield\ncity\nWaterbury\nWorcester\nCombined areas\nBoston–Providence\nBridgeport–Stamford–New Haven\nHartford–Springfield\nOther megaregionsvteCounty seats and independent cities of VirginiaCounty seats of Virginia\nAbingdon\nAccomac\nAmelia\nAmherst\nAppomattox\nArlington\nBedford\nBerryville\nBland\nBowling Green\nBoydton\nBuckingham\nCharles City\nCharlotte Court House\nCharlottesville\nChatham\nChesterfield\nChristiansburg\nClintwood\nCourtland\nCovington\nCulpeper\nCumberland\nDinwiddie\nEastville\nEmporia\nFairfax\nFarmville\nFincastle\nFloyd\nFront Royal\nGate City\nGloucester\nGoochland\nGrundy\nHalifax\nHanover\nHarrisonburg\nHeathsville\nHillsville\nIndependence\nIsle of Wight\nJonesville\nKing and Queen Court House\nKing George\nKing William\nLancaster\nLaurel\nLawrenceville\nLebanon\nLeesburg\nLexington\nLouisa\nLovingston\nLunenburg\nLuray\nMadison\nManassas\nMarion\nMartinsville\nMathews\nMonterey\nMontross\nNew Castle\nNew Kent\nNottoway\nOrange\nPalmyra\nPearisburg\nPowhatan\nPrince George\nPulaski\nRocky Mount\nRustburg\nSalem\nSaluda\nSpotsylvania Courthouse\nStafford\nStanardsville\nStaunton\nStuart\nSurry\nSussex\nTappahannock\nTazewell\nWarm Springs\nWarrenton\nWarsaw\nWashington\nWilliamsburg\nWinchester\nWise\nWoodstock\nWytheville\nYorktown\nIndependent cities of Virginia\nAlexandria\nBristol\nBuena Vista\nCharlottesville\nChesapeake\nColonial Heights\nCovington\nDanville\nEmporia\nFairfax\nFalls Church\nFranklin\nFredericksburg\nGalax\nHampton\nHarrisonburg\nHopewell\nLexington\nLynchburg\nManassas\nManassas Park\nMartinsville\nNewport News\nNorfolk\nNorton\nPetersburg\nPoquoson\nPortsmouth\nRadford\nRichmond\nRoanoke\nSalem\nStaunton\nSuffolk\nVirginia Beach\nWaynesboro\nWilliamsburg\nWinchesterAuthority control databases Geographic\nMusicBrainz area\nOther\nNARA","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Smokestacks rise from Hopewell's skyline, seen from Chesterfield County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hopewell29.jpg/220px-Hopewell29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The former Hopewell High School, listed on the National Register of Historic Places, was renovated from 2009 to 2010 and now serves as an apartment building.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hopewell_Lofts.jpg/220px-Hopewell_Lofts.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_51.txt","url_text":"\"2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Hopewell city, Hopewell city, Virginia\". United States Census Bureau. 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Making the American Dream Work: A Cultural History of African Americans in Hopewell, Virginia. Hampton, VA: Morgan James Publisher.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauranett_Lee","url_text":"Lee, Lauranett"}]},{"reference":"\"332 F.2d 460 - Renee Patrice GILLIAM and Reuben Lemuel Gilliam, Jr., infants, by Reuben L. Gilliam and Joy T. Gilliam, their father and mother and next friends, et al., Appellees, v. SCHOOL BOARD OF the CITY OF HOPEWELL, VIRGINIA, and Charles W. Smith, Division Superintendent of Schools of the City of Hopewell, Virginia, and E. J. Oglesby, Alfred L. Wingo and E. T. Justis, constituting the Pupil Placement Board of the Commonwealth of Virginia, Appellants\". www.freelawreporter.org. Archived from the original on April 4, 2018. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180404073413/http://www.freelawreporter.org/flr3d/f2d/332/332.F2d.460.9258.html","url_text":"\"332 F.2d 460 - Renee Patrice GILLIAM and Reuben Lemuel Gilliam, Jr., infants, by Reuben L. Gilliam and Joy T. Gilliam, their father and mother and next friends, et al., Appellees, v. SCHOOL BOARD OF the CITY OF HOPEWELL, VIRGINIA, and Charles W. Smith, Division Superintendent of Schools of the City of Hopewell, Virginia, and E. J. Oglesby, Alfred L. Wingo and E. T. Justis, constituting the Pupil Placement Board of the Commonwealth of Virginia, Appellants\""},{"url":"http://www.freelawreporter.org/flr3d/f2d/332/332.F2d.460.9258.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on November 4, 2016. Retrieved November 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161104151425/https://data.imls.gov/Public-Libraries-Survey/Library-Systems-FY-2014-Public-Libraries-Survey-Ad/ckgu-babp","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"https://data.imls.gov/Public-Libraries-Survey/Library-Systems-FY-2014-Public-Libraries-Survey-Ad/ckgu-babp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hanson, David J. (January 15, 2007). \"Those Were The Days\". Chemical & Engineering News. American Chemical Society. 85 (3). doi:10.1021/cen-v085n003.p044.","urls":[{"url":"https://cen.acs.org/articles/85/i3/Those-Days.html","url_text":"\"Those Were The Days\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-v085n003.p044","url_text":"10.1021/cen-v085n003.p044"}]},{"reference":"\"FCI Petersburg Medium\". bop.gov. 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Retrieved June 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150704015007/http://www.hopewellnews.com/article_7357.shtml#.VYsC4vlVhBc","url_text":"\"Putting brakes on I-295 tickets?\""},{"url":"http://www.hopewellnews.com/article_7357.shtml#.VYsC4vlVhBc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"VA Legislative Agenda\". cqrcengage.com. Retrieved August 3, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://cqrcengage.com/autoclubpartners/VA_legislative_agenda","url_text":"\"VA Legislative Agenda\""}]},{"reference":"\"Table FI-30 – Highway Statistics 2013 - Policy - Federal Highway Administration\". www.fhwa.dot.gov. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics/2013/fi30.cfm","url_text":"\"Table FI-30 – Highway Statistics 2013 - Policy - Federal Highway Administration\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=akq","url_text":"\"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Station: Hopewell, VA\". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00444101&format=pdf","url_text":"\"Station: Hopewell, VA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing from 1790\". US Census Bureau. Retrieved January 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing from 1790\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Census_Bureau","url_text":"US Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Historical Census Browser\". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved January 6, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/","url_text":"\"Historical Census Browser\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\". United States Census Bureau. 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United States Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=1600000US5138424&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","url_text":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Hopewell city, Virginia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Hopewell city, Virginia\". United States Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=1600000US5138424&tid=DECENNIALPL2010.P2","url_text":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE - 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Hopewell city, Virginia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 14, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"UK Archaeologist Locates 17th Century Merchant's House, Plans Excavation With Students\". www.uky.edu. Retrieved April 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uky.edu/PR/News/Archives/2002/March2002/HOPEWELL.HTM","url_text":"\"UK Archaeologist Locates 17th Century Merchant's House, Plans Excavation With Students\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nelson Barclift\". Internet Broadway Database. 2019. Retrieved March 30, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/nelson-barclift-1038","url_text":"\"Nelson Barclift\""}]},{"reference":"correspondent, RANDY HALLMAN Special (April 30, 2017). \"NASCAR artist Sam Bass, a Hopewell High grad, holding auction in N.C. after filing for bankruptcy\". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved February 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.richmond.com/sports/auto-racing/nascar/nascar-artist-sam-bass-a-hopewell-high-grad-holding-auction/article_59b147a5-eff6-5767-8f56-d6976bc533b3.html","url_text":"\"NASCAR artist Sam Bass, a Hopewell High grad, holding auction in N.C. after filing for bankruptcy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rev. Dr. Curtis Harris\". Legacy.com. December 16–17, 2017. Retrieved February 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/progress-index/obituary.aspx?n=curtis-west-harris&pid=187542705&fhid=23379","url_text":"\"Rev. Dr. Curtis Harris\""}]},{"reference":"Seka; Zukus, Kerry (2013). Inside Seka. BearManor Media. ISBN 978-1593932725.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1593932725","url_text":"978-1593932725"}]},{"reference":"Lazo, Luz (June 30, 2008). \"Hopewell mayor leaving office\". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved February 19, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.richmond.com/news/hopewell-mayor-leaving-office/article_e4f944d5-daa0-5045-9863-a0b13c050e09.html","url_text":"\"Hopewell mayor leaving office\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Hopewell News\". Archived from the original on February 7, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160207100701/http://www.hopewellnews.com/","url_text":"\"The Hopewell News\""},{"url":"http://www.hopewellnews.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hopewell, Virginia Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)\". Weatherbase. Retrieved August 3, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=724011&cityname=Hopewell%2C+Virginia%2C+United+States+of+America&units=","url_text":"\"Hopewell, Virginia Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)\""}]},{"reference":"Leip, David. \"Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections\". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved December 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS","url_text":"\"Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Lauranett L. (2008). Making the American Dream Work: A Cultural History of African Americans in Hopewell, Virginia. Hampton, VA: Morgan James Publishing. ISBN 9781600374661.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauranett_Lee","url_text":"Lee, Lauranett L."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=U8FDw8yklmkC","url_text":"Making the American Dream Work: A Cultural History of African Americans in Hopewell, Virginia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_James_Publishing","url_text":"Morgan James Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781600374661","url_text":"9781600374661"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playa,_Havana
Playa, Havana
["1 Geography","2 Points of interest","3 Education","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 23°05′39″N 82°26′56″W / 23.09417°N 82.44889°W / 23.09417; -82.44889Municipality of Havana in Ciudad de La Habana, CubaPlayaMunicipality of HavanaMiramar beachfront Coat of armsLocation of Playa in HavanaCoordinates: 23°05′39″N 82°26′56″W / 23.09417°N 82.44889°W / 23.09417; -82.44889Country CubaProvince Ciudad de La HabanaWards (Consejos Populares)Ampliación Almendares, Buena Vista, Ceiba, Cubanacán, Miramar, Santa Fe, Siboney, SierraArea • Total35 km2 (14 sq mi)Population (2022) • Total178,601 • Density5,100/km2 (13,000/sq mi)Time zoneUTC-5 (EST)Area code+53-7 Playa is a Cuban municipality, located in the Havana province. It covers an area of 36.8 square kilometers, which makes up 8.95% of the provincial extension. Geography Playa is the most northwestern of the municipios. It stretches from the Almendares River in the east, to Santa Fe in the west. It includes the upmarket district of Miramar and the former fishing village of Jaimanitas. Other districts include Flores, Náutico, Siboney, Kohly and Buenavista. Many societies and venues have been located in the area, including the Buena Vista Social Club. Points of interest For points of interest in Miramar, see Miramar, Havana. Education Post-secondary institutions include: ELAM (Latin American School of Medicine) in Santa Fe Primary and secondary schools include: International School of Havana in Miramar Centro Educativo Español de La Habana in Miramar École Française de la Havane (French international school) in Siboney See also  Cuba portal Ciudad Libertad Airport Puentes Grandes References ^ Statoids (July 2003). "Municipios of Cuba". Retrieved 2007-10-06. ^ "Cuba: Administrative Division (Provinces and Municipalities) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map". www.citypopulation.de. Retrieved 2024-02-03. ^ Arrechea, Carmen Victoria Montejo (2004). Sociedades negras en Cuba: 1878-1960 (in Spanish). Editorial de Ciencias Sociales. pp. 243, 277. ISBN 9789590603075. ^ "Contact Us." International School of Havana. Retrieved on September 29, 2015. "Address: Calle 18 #315 esquina a 5ta. Avenida, Miramar, Havana. Cuba" ^ "BIENVENIDO a nuestro Centro Archived October 9, 2016, at the Wayback Machine." Centro Educativo Español de La Habana. Retrieved on September 29, 2015. "nuestros alumnos son hijos de empresarios, diplomáticos, extranjeros residentes y ciudadanos españoles residentes en esta ciudad." and "Sede de E. Infantil y E. Primaria Avenida 5taB y 70, No. 6815 Miramar, Playa. La Habana" ^ Home page (French) Archived April 2, 2015, at the Wayback Machine/Home page (Spanish) Archived October 25, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. École Française de la Havane. Retrieved on 24 March 2015. "Ecole Primaire: Calle 15 N° 18004 entre 180 y 182 Siboney, La Habana, Cuba Collège et Lycée: Calle 182 N°1513 entre 17 y 15 Siboney, La Habana, Cuba " External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Playa, Havana. Cubasi - Details of municipality (Spanish) Places adjacent to Playa, Havana Straits of Florida Bauta (Artemisa) Playa Plaza de la Revolución La Lisa, Marianao vteMunicipalities and wards of HavanaArroyo Naranjo Callejas Calvario-Fraternidad Eléctrico Guinera Los Pinos Managua Mantilla Párraga Poey Víbora Park Boyeros Altahabana-Capdevila Armada-Aldabó Boyeros Calabazar Nuevo Santiago Santiago de las Vegas Wajay Centro Habana Cayo Hueso Colón Dragones Los Sitios Pueblo Nuevo Cerro Armada Cerro El Canal Las Cañas Latinoamericano Palatino Pilar-Atares Cotorro Alberro Cuatro Caminos Lotería San Pedro-Centro Cotorro Santa Maria del Rosario Magdalena-Torriente Diez de Octubre Acosta Jesús del Monte La Víbora Lawton Luyanó Santos Suárez Sevillano Tamarindo Vista Alegre Guanabacoa Chivas-Roble Debeche-Nalon Hata-Naranjo Mañana-Habana Nueva Minas-Barreras Peñalver-Bacuranao Villa I Villa II La Habana del Este Alamar Este Alamar-Playa Alturas de Alamar Camilo Cienfuegos Campo Florido Cojímar Guanabo (incl. Santa María del Mar, Tarará) Guiteras La Habana Vieja Belén Catedral Jesús María Plaza Vieja Prado San Isidro Tallapiedra La Lisa Alturas de La Lisa Arroyo Arenas Balcón Arimao El Cano-Valle Grande-Bello 26 y Morado Punta Brava San Agustín Versalles-Coronela Marianao CAI-Los Ángeles Libertad Pocito-Palmas Pogoloti-Belén-Finlay Santa Felicia Zamora-Cocosolo Playa Ampliación Almendares Buena Vista (incl. Puentes Grandes) Ceiba Cubanacán Miramar Santa Fe Siboney Sierra Plaza de la Revolución Colón-Nuevo Vedado El Carmelo Nuevo Vedado-Puentes Grandes Plaza Príncipe Rampa Vedado Vedado-Malecón Regla Casablanca Guaicanimar Loma Modelo San Miguel del Padrón Diezmero Dolores-Veracruz Jacomino Luyanó Moderno Rocafort San Francisco de Paula This Cuban location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cuban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"}],"text":"Municipality of Havana in Ciudad de La Habana, CubaPlaya is a Cuban municipality, located in the Havana province. It covers an area of 36.8 square kilometers, which makes up 8.95% of the provincial extension.","title":"Playa, Havana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Almendares River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almendares_River"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe,_Havana"},{"link_name":"Miramar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miramar,_Havana"},{"link_name":"Jaimanitas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaimanitas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Buena Vista Social Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buena_Vista_Social_Club"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Playa is the most northwestern of the municipios. It stretches from the Almendares River in the east, to Santa Fe in the west.It includes the upmarket district of Miramar and the former fishing village of Jaimanitas. Other districts include Flores, Náutico, Siboney, Kohly and Buenavista. Many societies and venues have been located in the area, including the Buena Vista Social Club.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miramar, Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miramar,_Havana"}],"text":"For points of interest in Miramar, see Miramar, Havana.","title":"Points of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ELAM (Latin American School of Medicine)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELAM_(Latin_American_School_of_Medicine)_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe,_Havana"},{"link_name":"International School of Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_School_of_Havana"},{"link_name":"Miramar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miramar,_Havana"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Centro Educativo Español de La Habana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Educativo_Espa%C3%B1ol_de_La_Habana"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"École Française de la Havane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Fran%C3%A7aise_de_la_Havane"},{"link_name":"Siboney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siboney,_Havana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Post-secondary institutions include:ELAM (Latin American School of Medicine) in Santa FePrimary and secondary schools include:International School of Havana in Miramar[4]\nCentro Educativo Español de La Habana in Miramar[5]\nÉcole Française de la Havane (French international school) in Siboney[6]","title":"Education"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veliko_Brdo,_Slovenia
Veliko Brdo, Slovenia
["1 Mass graves","2 Church","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 45°30′54.83″N 14°13′14.69″E / 45.5152306°N 14.2207472°E / 45.5152306; 14.2207472Place in Inner Carniola, SloveniaVeliko BrdoVeliko BrdoLocation in SloveniaCoordinates: 45°30′54.83″N 14°13′14.69″E / 45.5152306°N 14.2207472°E / 45.5152306; 14.2207472Country SloveniaTraditional regionInner CarniolaStatistical regionLittoral–Inner CarniolaMunicipalityIlirska BistricaArea • Total7.07 km2 (2.73 sq mi)Elevation627.1 m (2,057.4 ft)Population (2002) • Total98 Veliko Brdo (pronounced ; Italian: Berdo d'Elsane) is a village southwest of Ilirska Bistrica in the Inner Carniola region of Slovenia, close to the border with Croatia. Mass graves Veliko Brdo is the site of three mass graves or unmarked graves from the end of the Second World War. They all contain the remains of German soldiers from the 97th Corps that fell at the beginning of May 1945. The Church Mass Grave (Slovene: Grobišče pri cerkvi) is located at the northeast edge of Holy Trinity Church, on the west edge of the village. It contains the remains of seventeen soldiers. The Ilovce Mass Grave (Grobišče Ilovce) is located in the Ilovce meadow at the crossroads by house no. 59 south of the village. It contains the remains of seven soldiers. The Hrbe Grave (Grobišče Hrbe), also known as the Hrebeh Grave (Grobišče Hrebeh), is located a meadow alongside the road south of the village. It contains the remains of one soldier. Church The local church in the settlement is dedicated to the Holy Trinity and belongs to the Parish of Jelšane. Notes ^ Links are to the Geopedia text descriptions of the graves. The site has mislabeled the map positions by marking the Church Mass Grave as "Ilovce," the Hrbe Mass Grave as "Church," and the Ilovce Mass Grave as "Hrbe." References ^ Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia ^ Ilirska Bistrica municipal site ^ Ferenc, Mitja (December 2009). "Grobišče pri cerkvi". Geopedia (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Služba za vojna grobišča, Ministrstvo za delo, družino in socialne zadeve. Retrieved November 8, 2023. ^ Ferenc, Mitja (December 2009). "Grobišče Ilovce". Geopedia (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Služba za vojna grobišča, Ministrstvo za delo, družino in socialne zadeve. Retrieved November 7, 2023. ^ Ferenc, Mitja (December 2009). "Grobišče Hrbe". Geopedia (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Služba za vojna grobišča, Ministrstvo za delo, družino in socialne zadeve. Retrieved November 7, 2023. ^ "Koper Diocese list of churches" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-06. Retrieved 2009-03-06. External links Veliko Brdo on Geopedia vteMunicipality of Ilirska BistricaSettlementsAdministrative seat: Ilirska Bistrica Current Bač Brce Čelje Dobro Polje Dolenje pri Jelšanah Dolnja Bitnja Dolnji Zemon Fabci Gabrk Gornja Bitnja Gornji Zemon Harije Hrušica Huje Jablanica Janeževo Brdo Jasen Jelšane Kilovče Knežak Koritnice Koseze Kuteževo Mala Bukovica Male Loče Mereče Nova Vas pri Jelšanah Novokračine Ostrožno Brdo Pavlica Podbeže Podgrad Podgraje Podstenje Podstenjšek Podtabor Pregarje Prelože Prem Račice Ratečevo Brdo Rečica Rjavče Sabonje Šembije Smrje Snežnik Soze Starod Studena Gora Sušak Tominje Topolc Trpčane Velika Bukovica Veliko Brdo Vrbica Vrbovo Zabiče Zajelšje Zalči Zarečica Zarečje Former Trnovo Landmarks Kalec Castle Lake Klivnik Lake Mola Prem Castle Snežnik Turn Mansion Notable people Radovan Gobec Dragotin Kette Karel Lavrič This article about the Municipality of Ilirska Bistrica in Slovenia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈʋeːlikɔ ˈbəɾdɔ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovene"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Ilirska Bistrica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilirska_Bistrica"},{"link_name":"Inner Carniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_Carniola"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Place in Inner Carniola, SloveniaVeliko Brdo (pronounced [ˈʋeːlikɔ ˈbəɾdɔ]; Italian: Berdo d'Elsane) is a village southwest of Ilirska Bistrica in the Inner Carniola region of Slovenia, close to the border with Croatia.[2]","title":"Veliko Brdo, Slovenia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mass graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_graves_in_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Slovene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Veliko Brdo is the site of three mass graves or unmarked graves from the end of the Second World War. They all contain the remains of German soldiers from the 97th Corps that fell at the beginning of May 1945. The Church Mass Grave (Slovene: Grobišče pri cerkvi) is located at the northeast edge of Holy Trinity Church, on the west edge of the village. It contains the remains of seventeen soldiers.[3] The Ilovce Mass Grave (Grobišče Ilovce) is located in the Ilovce meadow at the crossroads by house no. 59 south of the village. It contains the remains of seven soldiers.[4] The Hrbe Grave (Grobišče Hrbe), also known as the Hrebeh Grave (Grobišče Hrebeh), is located a meadow alongside the road south of the village. It contains the remains of one soldier.[5][Note 1]","title":"Mass graves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holy Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity"},{"link_name":"Parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish"},{"link_name":"Jelšane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jel%C5%A1ane"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The local church in the settlement is dedicated to the Holy Trinity and belongs to the Parish of Jelšane.[6]","title":"Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"}],"text":"^ Links are to the Geopedia text descriptions of the graves. The site has mislabeled the map positions by marking the Church Mass Grave as \"Ilovce,\" the Hrbe Mass Grave as \"Church,\" and the Ilovce Mass Grave as \"Hrbe.\"","title":"Notes"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Ferenc, Mitja (December 2009). \"Grobišče pri cerkvi\". Geopedia (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Služba za vojna grobišča, Ministrstvo za delo, družino in socialne zadeve. Retrieved November 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geopedia.world/#T12_L362_F2534:361_x1583284.1410282918_y5701830.350772752_s15_b2345","url_text":"\"Grobišče pri cerkvi\""}]},{"reference":"Ferenc, Mitja (December 2009). \"Grobišče Ilovce\". Geopedia (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Služba za vojna grobišča, Ministrstvo za delo, družino in socialne zadeve. Retrieved November 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geopedia.world/#T12_L362_F2534:359_x1582854.9530602058_y5702899.431812463_s15_b2345","url_text":"\"Grobišče Ilovce\""}]},{"reference":"Ferenc, Mitja (December 2009). \"Grobišče Hrbe\". Geopedia (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Služba za vojna grobišča, Ministrstvo za delo, družino in socialne zadeve. Retrieved November 7, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geopedia.world/#T12_L362_F2534:360_x1582824.9217426754_y5702360.441067078_s15_b2345","url_text":"\"Grobišče Hrbe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Koper Diocese list of churches\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-06. Retrieved 2009-03-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090306055057/http://kp.rkc.si/dokumenti/zupnije/seznam.pdf","url_text":"\"Koper Diocese list of churches\""},{"url":"http://kp.rkc.si/dokumenti/zupnije/seznam.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville,_Virginia
Gainesville, Virginia
["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 Demographics","4 Development","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 38°47′41″N 77°37′14″W / 38.79472°N 77.62056°W / 38.79472; -77.62056 Census-designated place in Virginia, United StatesGainesville, VirginiaCensus-designated place (CDP)Location in Prince William County and the state of Virginia.Coordinates: 38°47′41″N 77°37′14″W / 38.79472°N 77.62056°W / 38.79472; -77.62056CountryUnited StatesStateVirginiaCountyPrince WilliamArea • Total10.3 sq mi (26.6 km2) • Land9.7 sq mi (25.2 km2) • Water0.6 sq mi (1.5 km2)Elevation354 ft (108 m)Population (2020) • Total17,287 • Density1,150.2/sq mi (174.1/km2)Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)ZIP codes20155-20156Area code(s)703, 571FIPS code51-30176GNIS feature ID1494951 Gainesville is a census-designated place (CDP) in western Prince William County, Virginia, United States. The population was 17,287 in the 2020 census. History Graves of the Gaines family in the Gainesville United Methodist Church cemetery; among them is that of Thomas Brawner Gaines, namesake of the community Gainesville was once a changing point for stagecoach horses on the Fauquier & Alexandria Turnpike. In earlier times, the village that became known as “Gainesville” actually had two other names, if only briefly. In colonial days, the region was known as the “Middle Grounds,” in reference to its location between Broad Run and Bull Run. In the early 1800s, Samuel Love of Buckland Hall started work on the Warrenton-Alexandria Turnpike. In the hamlet where the turnpike passed through the Middle Grounds, a new stable was erected for stagecoach drivers to switch horses. Other businesses followed, and the settlement became known as New Stable. In 1846, a post office by that name was opened there in Richard Graham's hotel and store. Mr. Graham also operated a large stable that catered to the drovers and stage drivers and other less pretentious travelers. The person responsible for bringing the railroad through the village was Thomas Brawner Gaines (1814-1856), who had begun buying up property in the area as early as 1835, and later became a major landowner. In 1850, Thomas Brawner Gaines (1814-1856) sold to the Manassas Gap Railroad a right-of-way through his land along the Warrenton Turnpike (US Route 29). After the railroad was completed to Strasburg, Virginia in 1854, Gaines conveyed additional land for a train depot with the condition that the rail stop take his name. By 1856, a small community with a post office flourished around the Gainesville depot. Gainesville became a shipping point for grain, timber, and cattle and remained a major cattle shipping point into the early 1960s. During the American Civil War, Gainesville was occupied by both Confederate and Union armies and nearby Thoroughfare Gap in the Bull Run Mountains served as a path for soldiers to reach the First and Second battles of Bull Run. Into the early 1940s the Southern Railway operated passenger service from Harrisonburg and Strasburg Junction through Gainesville, to Manassas and Washington's Union Station. In 1994, the groundbreaking for Gainesville's first townhome community began; it was named Crossroads. This marked the beginning of mass-development for Gainesville. In 2006, the VDOT began working on the Gainesville Interchange improvement project, with construction officially starting in July 2011, in order to ease the traffic in the rapidly growing Gainesville-Haymarket area. It was completed on July 9, 2015. Aerial view north along US 29 before the Gainesville interchange was completed, dated November 2011. The current roadway layout is significantly different from that depicted here. Geography Gainesville is located at 38°47′41″N 77°37′14″W / 38.79472°N 77.62056°W / 38.79472; -77.62056 (38.794784, −77.620651). According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 10.3 square miles (26.6 km2), of which 9.7 square miles (25.2 km2) is land and 0.6 square mile (1.5 km2) (5.45%) is water. Climate Gainesville has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), with mild winters with brief cold snaps, and hot and humid summers with frequent thunderstorms. Spring and autumn are pleasantly warm. January is the coldest month with highs around 45 °F and lows around 25 °F. July is the warmest month, with highs around 90 °F and lows around 65 °F. Climate data for Gainesville, Virginia Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 44.1(6.7) 50.5(10.3) 58.0(14.4) 68.7(20.4) 75.3(24.1) 86.2(30.1) 90.0(32.2) 87.8(31.0) 83.3(28.5) 72.4(22.4) 58.6(14.8) 49.1(9.5) 68.7(20.4) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 25.6(−3.6) 29.1(−1.6) 36.6(2.6) 42.4(5.8) 52.3(11.3) 60.8(16.0) 67.1(19.5) 64.8(18.2) 58.7(14.8) 46.3(7.9) 36.2(2.3) 28.3(−2.1) 45.7(7.6) Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.6(66) 2.5(64) 2.8(71) 2.9(74) 3.7(94) 3.2(81) 3.1(79) 3.2(81) 3.3(84) 3.1(79) 3.1(79) 2.7(69) 36.2(920) Source: Weatherbase Demographics US-29 Civil War Battlefield Gainesville is currently the third-largest CDP in Prince William County. At the 2010 census, there were 11,481 people, 3,959 households and roughly 3,100 families living in the CDP. The population density was 1,150.2 inhabitants per square mile (444.1/km2). There were 10,300 housing units at an average density of 189.6 per square mile (73.2/km2). At the 2000 census, there were 4,383 people, 1,719 households, and 1,304 families living in the CDPhe racial makeup of the CDP was 88.77% White, 6.80% African American, 0.23% Native American, 1.37% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 1.53% from other races, and 1.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.77% of the population. There were 10,300 households, of which 32.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.2% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.1% were non-families. 18.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 2.91. 24.4% of the population were under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 36.7% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 9.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.8 males. The median household income was $76,300 and the median family income was $82,627. Males had a median income of $46,934 and females $40,385. The per capita income was $35,196. About 1.9% of families and 2.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.7% of those under age 18 and 0.6% of those age 65 or over. Development Major commercial and residential development has taken place since 2000, resulting in Gainesville having six large shopping centers. The intersection of I-66 and Lee Highway (29 Highway) has the largest shopping center with many big box stores. A proposed Haymarket / Gainesville railway station extension for the VRE was scheduled to open in 2022, connecting the region via commuter rail to Fairfax County, Manassas, and Washington, D.C. However, the project was voted down by the VRE Operations Board in favor of expanding services to the existing station in Broad Run. References ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ a b "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "2020 Census for Gainesville, Virginia, United States of America". Retrieved December 21, 2015. ^ Toler, John (October 31, 2017). "History: Gainesville–forever on the beaten path". ^ Prince William County Historical Commission, 2017 (Historical Marker) ^ "Southern Railway, Table 13". Official Guide of the Railways. National Railway Publication Company. 74 (1). June 1941. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Gainesville, Virginia, United States of America". Retrieved June 20, 2009. ^ "Plans for VRE expansion to Haymarket crumble". The Washington Post. March 17, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2017. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gainesville, Virginia. Official Website of Prince William County vte Prince William County, Virginia Northern Virginia Washington Metropolitan Area Administration Prince William Board of County Supervisors Prince William County Public Schools Prince William County Department of Parks & Recreation Prince William County Public Library Prince William County Department of Fire and Rescue Prince William County Police Department Prince William County Sheriff's Office Organizations Prince William Chamber of Commerce Landmarks National Museum of the Marine Corps Marine Corps Base Quantico Hylton Performing Arts Center Manassas National Battlefield Park Jiffy Lube Live Old Dominion Speedway Prince William Forest Park Leesylvania State Park Potomac Mills Transportation OmniRide Manassas Regional Airport Prince William Parkway Virginia State Route 234 Interstate 66 Interstate 95 U.S. Route 1 CultureBattles First Battle of Bull Run Second Battle of Bull Run Events Dale City 4th of July Parade Education George Mason University Northern Virginia Community College Strayer University vteMunicipalities and communities of Prince William County, Virginia, United StatesCounty seat: ManassasTowns Dumfries Haymarket Occoquan Quantico Map of Virginia highlighting Prince William CountyCDPs Buckhall Bull Run Bull Run Mountain Estates Cherry Hill County Center Dale City Gainesville Independent Hill Innovation Lake Ridge Leesylvania Linton Hall Loch Lomond Montclair Nokesville Potomac Mills Quantico Base‡ Sudley Triangle Woodbridge Yorkshire Unincorporatedcommunities Aden Agnewville Antioch Batestown Bethel Brentsville Bristow Buckland Canova Catharpin Cornwell Featherstone Greenwich Groveton Hickory Ridge Hoadly Joplin Kopp Locust Hill Minnieville Rixlew Southbridge Sudley Springs Thoroughfare Wellington West Gate Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Virginia portal United States portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"Prince William County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_William_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-US_Census_2020-3"}],"text":"Census-designated place in Virginia, United StatesGainesville is a census-designated place (CDP) in western Prince William County, Virginia, United States. The population was 17,287 in the 2020 census.[3]","title":"Gainesville, Virginia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gainesville_United_Methodist_Church_Cemetery_-_graves_of_the_original_Gaines_family_-_cropped_and_darkened_using_GIMP.jpg"},{"link_name":"stagecoach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagecoach"},{"link_name":"Broad Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Run_(Occoquan_River_tributary)"},{"link_name":"Bull Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_Run_(Occoquan_River_tributary)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"US Route 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Route_29"},{"link_name":"Strasburg, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"grain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain"},{"link_name":"timber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber"},{"link_name":"cattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Bull Run Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bull_Run_Mountains"},{"link_name":"First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run"},{"link_name":"Second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run"},{"link_name":"Southern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Railway_(US)"},{"link_name":"Harrisonburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisonburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"VDOT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Gainesville Interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_29_in_Virginia#Gainesville_Interchange"},{"link_name":"Haymarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haymarket,_Virginia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gvilleinterchange.jpg"}],"text":"Graves of the Gaines family in the Gainesville United Methodist Church cemetery; among them is that of Thomas Brawner Gaines, namesake of the communityGainesville was once a changing point for stagecoach horses on the Fauquier & Alexandria Turnpike. In earlier times, the village that became known as “Gainesville” actually had two other names, if only briefly. In colonial days, the region was known as the “Middle Grounds,” in reference to its location between Broad Run and Bull Run. In the early 1800s, Samuel Love of Buckland Hall started work on the Warrenton-Alexandria Turnpike. In the hamlet where the turnpike passed through the Middle Grounds, a new stable was erected for stagecoach drivers to switch horses. Other businesses followed, and the settlement became known as New Stable. In 1846, a post office by that name was opened there in Richard Graham's hotel and store. Mr. Graham also operated a large stable that catered to the drovers and stage drivers and other less pretentious travelers. The person responsible for bringing the railroad through the village was Thomas Brawner Gaines (1814-1856), who had begun buying up property in the area as early as 1835, and later became a major landowner.[4]In 1850, Thomas Brawner Gaines (1814-1856) sold to the Manassas Gap Railroad a right-of-way through his land along the Warrenton Turnpike (US Route 29). After the railroad was completed to Strasburg, Virginia in 1854, Gaines conveyed additional land for a train depot with the condition that the rail stop take his name. By 1856, a small community with a post office flourished around the Gainesville depot.[5]Gainesville became a shipping point for grain, timber, and cattle and remained a major cattle shipping point into the early 1960s. During the American Civil War, Gainesville was occupied by both Confederate and Union armies and nearby Thoroughfare Gap in the Bull Run Mountains served as a path for soldiers to reach the First and Second battles of Bull Run. Into the early 1940s the Southern Railway operated passenger service from Harrisonburg and Strasburg Junction through Gainesville, to Manassas and Washington's Union Station.[6] In 1994, the groundbreaking for Gainesville's first townhome community began; it was named Crossroads. This marked the beginning of mass-development for Gainesville.In 2006, the VDOT began working on the Gainesville Interchange improvement project, with construction officially starting in July 2011, in order to ease the traffic in the rapidly growing Gainesville-Haymarket area. It was completed on July 9, 2015.Aerial view north along US 29 before the Gainesville interchange was completed, dated November 2011. The current roadway layout is significantly different from that depicted here.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"38°47′41″N 77°37′14″W / 38.79472°N 77.62056°W / 38.79472; -77.62056","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gainesville,_Virginia&params=38_47_41_N_77_37_14_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-7"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"Gainesville is located at 38°47′41″N 77°37′14″W / 38.79472°N 77.62056°W / 38.79472; -77.62056 (38.794784, −77.620651).[7]According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 10.3 square miles (26.6 km2), of which 9.7 square miles (25.2 km2) is land and 0.6 square mile (1.5 km2) (5.45%) is water.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"humid subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weather-8"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Gainesville has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), with mild winters with brief cold snaps, and hot and humid summers with frequent thunderstorms. Spring and autumn are pleasantly warm. January is the coldest month with highs around 45 °F and lows around 25 °F. July is the warmest month, with highs around 90 °F and lows around 65 °F.Climate data for Gainesville, Virginia\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n44.1(6.7)\n\n50.5(10.3)\n\n58.0(14.4)\n\n68.7(20.4)\n\n75.3(24.1)\n\n86.2(30.1)\n\n90.0(32.2)\n\n87.8(31.0)\n\n83.3(28.5)\n\n72.4(22.4)\n\n58.6(14.8)\n\n49.1(9.5)\n\n68.7(20.4)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n25.6(−3.6)\n\n29.1(−1.6)\n\n36.6(2.6)\n\n42.4(5.8)\n\n52.3(11.3)\n\n60.8(16.0)\n\n67.1(19.5)\n\n64.8(18.2)\n\n58.7(14.8)\n\n46.3(7.9)\n\n36.2(2.3)\n\n28.3(−2.1)\n\n45.7(7.6)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n2.6(66)\n\n2.5(64)\n\n2.8(71)\n\n2.9(74)\n\n3.7(94)\n\n3.2(81)\n\n3.1(79)\n\n3.2(81)\n\n3.3(84)\n\n3.1(79)\n\n3.1(79)\n\n2.7(69)\n\n36.2(920)\n\n\nSource: Weatherbase[8]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battlefield-gainesville.jpg"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR3-2"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"median household income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_household_income"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"US-29 Civil War BattlefieldGainesville is currently[when?] the third-largest CDP in Prince William County. At the 2010 census,[2] there were 11,481 people, 3,959 households and roughly 3,100 families living in the CDP. The population density was 1,150.2 inhabitants per square mile (444.1/km2). There were 10,300 housing units at an average density of 189.6 per square mile (73.2/km2).At the 2000 census, there were 4,383 people, 1,719 households, and 1,304 families living in the CDPhe racial makeup of the CDP was 88.77% White, 6.80% African American, 0.23% Native American, 1.37% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 1.53% from other races, and 1.26% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.77% of the population.There were 10,300 households, of which 32.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.2% were married couples living together, 5.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.1% were non-families. 18.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 2.91.24.4% of the population were under the age of 18, 5.2% from 18 to 24, 36.7% from 25 to 44, 23.6% from 45 to 64, and 9.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.8 males.The median household income was $76,300 and the median family income was $82,627. Males had a median income of $46,934 and females $40,385. The per capita income was $35,196. About 1.9% of families and 2.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.7% of those under age 18 and 0.6% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gainesville railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville_(VRE_station)"},{"link_name":"commuter rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuter_rail"},{"link_name":"Fairfax County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_County"},{"link_name":"Manassas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manassas"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Major commercial and residential development has taken place since 2000, resulting in Gainesville having six large shopping centers. The intersection of I-66 and Lee Highway (29 Highway) has the largest shopping center with many big box stores.A proposed Haymarket / Gainesville railway station extension for the VRE was scheduled to open in 2022, connecting the region via commuter rail to Fairfax County, Manassas, and Washington, D.C. However, the project was voted down by the VRE Operations Board in favor of expanding services to the existing station in Broad Run.[9]","title":"Development"}]
[{"image_text":"Graves of the Gaines family in the Gainesville United Methodist Church cemetery; among them is that of Thomas Brawner Gaines, namesake of the community","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Gainesville_United_Methodist_Church_Cemetery_-_graves_of_the_original_Gaines_family_-_cropped_and_darkened_using_GIMP.jpg/220px-Gainesville_United_Methodist_Church_Cemetery_-_graves_of_the_original_Gaines_family_-_cropped_and_darkened_using_GIMP.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aerial view north along US 29 before the Gainesville interchange was completed, dated November 2011. The current roadway layout is significantly different from that depicted here.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Gvilleinterchange.jpg/220px-Gvilleinterchange.jpg"},{"image_text":"US-29 Civil War Battlefield","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Battlefield-gainesville.jpg/240px-Battlefield-gainesville.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Virginia highlighting Prince William County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Map_of_Virginia_highlighting_Prince_William_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Virginia_highlighting_Prince_William_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Census for Gainesville, Virginia, United States of America\". Retrieved December 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/2020census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=51:5130176","url_text":"\"2020 Census for Gainesville, Virginia, United States of America\""}]},{"reference":"Toler, John (October 31, 2017). \"History: Gainesville–forever on the beaten path\".","urls":[{"url":"https://piedmontlifestyle.com/uncategorized/history-gainesville-forever-on-the-beaten-path/","url_text":"\"History: Gainesville–forever on the beaten path\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southern Railway, Table 13\". Official Guide of the Railways. National Railway Publication Company. 74 (1). June 1941.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Gainesville, Virginia, United States of America\". Retrieved June 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=043427&refer=","url_text":"\"Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Gainesville, Virginia, United States of America\""}]},{"reference":"\"Plans for VRE expansion to Haymarket crumble\". The Washington Post. March 17, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dr-gridlock/wp/2017/03/17/plans-for-vre-expansion-to-haymarket-crumble/","url_text":"\"Plans for VRE expansion to Haymarket crumble\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gainesville,_Virginia&params=38_47_41_N_77_37_14_W_region:US-VA_type:city","external_links_name":"38°47′41″N 77°37′14″W / 38.79472°N 77.62056°W / 38.79472; -77.62056"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gainesville,_Virginia&params=38_47_41_N_77_37_14_W_region:US-VA_type:city","external_links_name":"38°47′41″N 77°37′14″W / 38.79472°N 77.62056°W / 38.79472; -77.62056"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gainesville,_Virginia&params=38_47_41_N_77_37_14_W_type:city","external_links_name":"38°47′41″N 77°37′14″W / 38.79472°N 77.62056°W / 38.79472; -77.62056"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/","external_links_name":"\"US Board on Geographic Names\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/2020census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=51:5130176","external_links_name":"\"2020 Census for Gainesville, Virginia, United States of America\""},{"Link":"https://piedmontlifestyle.com/uncategorized/history-gainesville-forever-on-the-beaten-path/","external_links_name":"\"History: Gainesville–forever on the beaten path\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=043427&refer=","external_links_name":"\"Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Gainesville, Virginia, United States of America\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dr-gridlock/wp/2017/03/17/plans-for-vre-expansion-to-haymarket-crumble/","external_links_name":"\"Plans for VRE expansion to Haymarket crumble\""},{"Link":"http://www.pwcgov.org/","external_links_name":"Official Website of Prince William County"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/149284149","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007489567305171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2005060159","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/2df2bb48-e21f-4ea3-b25d-718781abe1e4","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Noel,_6th_Earl_of_Gainsborough
Henry Noel, 6th Earl of Gainsborough
["1 References"]
English peer Henry Noel, 6th Earl of Gainsborough (1743 – 8 April 1798) was an English peer. He inherited the earldom in 1759, on the death of his brother, Baptist Noel, 5th Earl of Gainsborough. He was the son of Baptist Noel, 4th Earl of Gainsborough. In 1793 he built St Luke's Church, Kinoulton. He died without issue and the title became extinct. The heir to his estate was his sister's son Gerard Noel Edwardes, who changed his surname to Noel. His son, Charles Noel Noel, 3rd Baron Barham, was created Earl of Gainsborough in 1841. References ^ Leigh Rayment's Peerage Pages – Peerages beginning with "G" (part 1) Peerage of England Preceded byBaptist Noel Earl of Gainsborough 1759–1798 Extinct This biography of an earl or countess in the Peerage of England is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"peer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage"},{"link_name":"earldom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Gainsborough"},{"link_name":"Baptist Noel, 5th Earl of Gainsborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist_Noel,_5th_Earl_of_Gainsborough"},{"link_name":"Baptist Noel, 4th Earl of Gainsborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist_Noel,_4th_Earl_of_Gainsborough"},{"link_name":"St Luke's Church, Kinoulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Luke%27s_Church,_Kinoulton"},{"link_name":"Gerard Noel Edwardes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Gerard_Noel,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Charles Noel Noel, 3rd Baron Barham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Noel,_1st_Earl_of_Gainsborough"},{"link_name":"Earl of Gainsborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Gainsborough#Earls_of_Gainsborough,_second_creation_(1841)"}],"text":"Henry Noel, 6th Earl of Gainsborough (1743 – 8 April 1798)[1] was an English peer.He inherited the earldom in 1759, on the death of his brother, Baptist Noel, 5th Earl of Gainsborough. He was the son of Baptist Noel, 4th Earl of Gainsborough.In 1793 he built St Luke's Church, Kinoulton.He died without issue and the title became extinct. The heir to his estate was his sister's son Gerard Noel Edwardes, who changed his surname to Noel. His son, Charles Noel Noel, 3rd Baron Barham, was created Earl of Gainsborough in 1841.","title":"Henry Noel, 6th Earl of Gainsborough"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191024165310/http://leighrayment.com/peers/peersG1.htm","external_links_name":"Leigh Rayment's Peerage Pages – Peerages beginning with \"G\" (part 1)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henry_Noel,_6th_Earl_of_Gainsborough&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Township,_Fulton_County,_Pennsylvania
Union Township, Fulton County, Pennsylvania
["1 Geography","2 Recreation","3 Demographics","4 References"]
Coordinates: 39°47′30″N 78°14′49″W / 39.79167°N 78.24694°W / 39.79167; -78.24694Township in Pennsylvania, United States For other Pennsylvania townships with similar names, see Union Township, Pennsylvania (disambiguation). Township in Pennsylvania, United StatesUnion TownshipTownshipMaking hay in Buck ValleyLocation of Union Township in Fulton CountyLocation of Fulton County in PennsylvaniaCountryUnited StatesStatePennsylvaniaCountyFulton CountyEstablished1770Area • Total30.50 sq mi (78.99 km2) • Land30.50 sq mi (78.99 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Population (2020) • Total748  • Estimate (2022)757 • Density23.77/sq mi (9.18/km2)Time zoneUTC-4 (EST) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (EDT) Union Township is a township located in Fulton County, Pennsylvania, United States. As of the 2020 census, the township had a total population of 748. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 30.5 square miles (79.0 km2), all land. Recreation Portions of the Buchanan State Forest, Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 49 and Number 128 are located in the township. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 2000634—201070611.4%20207485.9%2022 (est.)7571.2%U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000, there were 634 people, 245 households, and 185 families residing in the township. The population density was 20.8 people per square mile (8.0/km2). There were 326 housing units at an average density of 10.7/sq mi (4.1/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 99.21% White, 0.16% African American, 0.63% from two or more races. There were 245 households, out of which 32.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.5% were married couples living together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.1% were non-families. 20.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 2.99. In the township the population was spread out, with 24.8% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 27.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 111.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.8 males. The median income for a household in the township was $35,865, and the median income for a family was $39,531. Males had a median income of $30,139 versus $17,232 for females. The per capita income for the township was $16,448. 9.2% of the population and 7.5% of families were below the poverty line. 6.5% of those under the age of 18 and 21.0% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. Buck Valley Methodist Church The old Brethren Church in Amaranth References ^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved Aug 13, 2017. ^ a b c d Bureau, US Census. "City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2022". Census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved December 25, 2023. ^ https://viewer.nationalmap.gov/advanced-viewer/ The National Map, retrieved 3 October 2018 ^ Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 49, retrieved 9 October 2018 ^ Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 128, retrieved 9 October 2018 ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Union Township, Fulton County, Pennsylvania. vteMunicipalities and communities of Fulton County, Pennsylvania, United StatesCounty seat: McConnellsburgBoroughs McConnellsburg Valley-Hi Townships Ayr Belfast Bethel Brush Creek Dublin Licking Creek Taylor Thompson Todd Union Wells CDP Needmore Unincorporatedcommunities Big Cove Tannery Burnt Cabins Crystal Spring Dott Fort Littleton Harrisonville Hustontown Warfordsburg Waterfall Wells Tannery Wood‡ Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Pennsylvania portal United States portal 39°47′30″N 78°14′49″W / 39.79167°N 78.24694°W / 39.79167; -78.24694
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Union Township, Pennsylvania (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Township,_Pennsylvania_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"Fulton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USCensusEst2020-2022-2"}],"text":"Township in Pennsylvania, United StatesFor other Pennsylvania townships with similar names, see Union Township, Pennsylvania (disambiguation).Township in Pennsylvania, United StatesUnion Township is a township located in Fulton County, Pennsylvania, United States. As of the 2020 census, the township had a total population of 748.[2]","title":"Union Township, Fulton County, Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 30.5 square miles (79.0 km2), all land.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buchanan State Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchanan_State_Forest"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania State Game Lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Game_Lands"},{"link_name":"Number 49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Game_Lands_Number_49"},{"link_name":"Number 128","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pennsylvania_State_Game_Lands_Number_128&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheNationalMap-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PASGL-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Portions of the Buchanan State Forest, Pennsylvania State Game Lands Number 49 and Number 128 are located in the township.[3][4]\n[5]","title":"Recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-7"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ME_Church_Buck_Valley_Fulton_Co_PA.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_Brethern_Church_Amaranth_Fulton_Co_PA.jpg"}],"text":"As of the census[7] of 2000, there were 634 people, 245 households, and 185 families residing in the township. The population density was 20.8 people per square mile (8.0/km2). There were 326 housing units at an average density of 10.7/sq mi (4.1/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 99.21% White, 0.16% African American, 0.63% from two or more races.There were 245 households, out of which 32.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.5% were married couples living together, 7.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.1% were non-families. 20.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 2.99.In the township the population was spread out, with 24.8% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 28.5% from 25 to 44, 27.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females there were 111.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 103.8 males.The median income for a household in the township was $35,865, and the median income for a family was $39,531. Males had a median income of $30,139 versus $17,232 for females. The per capita income for the township was $16,448. 9.2% of the population and 7.5% of families were below the poverty line. 6.5% of those under the age of 18 and 21.0% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.Buck Valley Methodist Church\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe old Brethren Church in Amaranth","title":"Demographics"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumla,_El%C3%A2z%C4%B1%C4%9F
Kumla, Elâzığ
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 38°35′31″N 39°40′34″E / 38.592°N 39.676°E / 38.592; 39.676Village in Turkey Village in Elazığ, TurkeyKumlaVillageKumlaLocation in TurkeyCoordinates: 38°35′31″N 39°40′34″E / 38.592°N 39.676°E / 38.592; 39.676CountryTurkeyProvinceElazığDistrictElazığPopulation (2021)167Time zoneTRT (UTC+3) Kumla is a village in the Elazığ District of Elazığ Province in Turkey. Its population is 167 (2021). The village is populated by Turks. References ^ Köy, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 21 December 2022. ^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021" (XLS) (in Turkish). TÜİK. Retrieved 21 December 2022. ^ Ferdi, Güzel (2017). "Elazığ ağzında Dede Korkut". Bayburt University Journal of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences (in Turkish): 7 & 9. vte Elazığ DistrictMunicipalities Akçakiraz Elazığ Mollakendi Yazıkonak Yurtbaşı Villages Acıpayam Akçakale Alaca Alatarla Alpağut Altınkuşak Arındık Aşağıdemirtaş Avcılı Aydıncık Aydınlar Badempınarı Bağdere Bağlarca Balıbey Ballıca Balpınar Beşikköy Beşoluk Beydalı Beydoğmuş Bölüklü Bulutlu Cevizdere Cipköy Çağlar Çalıca Çatalharman Çöteli Dallıca Dambüyük Dedepınarı Değirmenönü Dereboğazı Doğankuş Durupınar Elmapınarı Erbildi Esenkent Fatmalı Gedikyolu Gökçe Gölardı Gölköy Gözebaşı Gözpınar Gülpınar Gümüşbağlar Günaçtı Günbağı Güneyçayırı Güzelyalı Hal Hankendi Harmantepe Hıdırbaba Hoşköy Işıkyolu İçme İkitepe Kalkantepe Kaplıkaya Karaali Karaçavuş Karasaz Karataş Kavakpınar Kavaktepe Kelmahmut Kepektaş Kıraçköy Koçharmanı Koçkale Konakalmaz Koparuşağı Korucu Koruköy Kozluk Körpe Kumla Kurtdere Kuşhane Kuşluyazı Kuyulu Küllük Meşeli Muratçık Nuralı Obuz Ortaçalı Oymaağaç Öksüzuşağı Örençay Pelteköy Pirinççi Poyraz Sakabaşı Salkaya Sancaklı Sarıbük Sarıçubuk Sarıgül Sarıkamış Sarılı Sarıyakup Sedeftepe Serince Sinanköy Sultanuşağı Sünköy Sütlüce Şabanlı Şahaplı Şehsuvar Şeyhhacı Tadım Temürköy Tepeköy Tohumlu Uzuntarla Üçağaç Ürünveren Yalındamlar Yalnız Yazıpınarı Yedigöze Yenikapı Yenikonak Yolçatı Yolüstü Yukarıçakmak Yukarıdemirtaş Yünlüce Yürekli This geographical article about a location in Elazığ District, Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villages_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Elazığ District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_District"},{"link_name":"Elazığ Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaz%C4%B1%C4%9F_Province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_people"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Village in TurkeyVillage in Elazığ, TurkeyKumla is a village in the Elazığ District of Elazığ Province in Turkey.[1] Its population is 167 (2021).[2] The village is populated by Turks.[3]","title":"Kumla, Elâzığ"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021\" (XLS) (in Turkish). TÜİK. Retrieved 21 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tuik.gov.tr/indir/duyuru/favori_raporlar.xlsx","url_text":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%9C%C4%B0K","url_text":"TÜİK"}]},{"reference":"Ferdi, Güzel (2017). \"Elazığ ağzında Dede Korkut\". Bayburt University Journal of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences (in Turkish): 7 & 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/441585","url_text":"\"Elazığ ağzında Dede Korkut\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saadatabad,_Padena-ye_Vosta
Saadatabad, Padena-ye Vosta
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 31°03′01″N 51°37′19″E / 31.05028°N 51.62194°E / 31.05028; 51.62194Village in Isfahan, IranSaadatabad سعادت ابادvillageSaadatabadCoordinates: 31°03′01″N 51°37′19″E / 31.05028°N 51.62194°E / 31.05028; 51.62194Country IranProvinceIsfahanCountySemiromBakhshPadenaRural DistrictPadena-ye VostaPopulation (2006) • Total45Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) • Summer (DST)UTC+4:30 (IRDT) Saadatabad (Persian: سعادت اباد, also Romanized as Sa‘ādatābād) is a village in Padena-ye Vosta Rural District, Padena District, Semirom County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 45, in 11 families. References ^ Saadatabad can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3769584" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20. vte Semirom CountyCapital Semirom DistrictsCentralCities Hana Semirom Vanak Rural Districts and villagesHana Akhurum Cheshmeh Khuni Eslamabad Garmuk Golafshan Hast Qaleh Sangi Sheykh Ali Tabaqeh Zarghamabad Vanak Qaleh-ye Qadam Vardasht Aghdash Aliabad Aliabad-e Deh Kord Amirabad Asadabad Band-e Karim Khani Bordakan Cheshmeh Qanbar Cheshmeh Rahman Cheshmeh Sard Dalek Dash Deh Nesa-ye Olya Deh Nesa-ye Sofla Deh-e Ashuri Dehkord Dizjan Doba Arab Dowlat Qarin-e Olya Eslamabad Eslamabad-e Qarakhlu Fathabad Hajjiabad Hajjiabad-e Shureh Chaman Heydarabad Heydarabad-e Ali Mardani Heydarabad-e Qur Tapasi Hormozabad Hoseynabad Jalalabad Kakaabad-e Olya Kand-e Qabrestan Kasegan-e Sofla Kezen Mazraeh-ye Alavi Mehdiabad Mehr Gerd Mehrabad Mowla Qoli Muruk Narmeh Nazarabad Nesar Abbas Nurabad Pirasafneh Qarah Qach Saadatabad Sabzabad Sadeqabad Sanbol Cheshmeh Sar Choqa-ye Olya Sar Choqa-ye Sofla Sarmeydan Shekarlu Siah Kalak Tall Armeni Tall Changi-ye Sofla Tall Kharowsi Tang-e Tir Varaq PadenaCities Komeh Rural Districts and villagesPadena-ye Olya(Upper Padena) Amirabad Barand-e Olya Barand-e Sofla Bazargah Bideh Dasht-e Bal Deh-e Bozorg Dengezlu Devergan-e Olya Devergan-e Sofla Do Rahan Ganjegan Hasanabad-e Sofla Kahangan Kareh Dan Kifteh Lor Kosh Noqol Nurabad Pahlushekan Rahiz Sarbaz Shahid Sheybani Tall Mohammad Valad Khani Zaman Kahriz Padena-ye Sofla(Lower Padena) Ab Garmak Ab Malakh Agronomy Industry, Isfahan Aliabad Bi Bi Seyyedan Chahar Rah Galijeh Mandegan Qayed Ali Rudabad Saadatabad Sivar Tang-e Khoshk Padena-ye Vosta(Middle Padena) Arabshah Deyli Dideh Jan Gowd Tappeh Khafr Khak Daneh Khineh Kifteh Giveh Sin Murak Qanat-e Kifteh Saadatabad Iran portal This Semirom County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Padena-ye Vosta Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padena-ye_Vosta_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Padena District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padena_District"},{"link_name":"Semirom County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semirom_County"},{"link_name":"Isfahan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_Province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in Isfahan, IranSaadatabad (Persian: سعادت اباد, also Romanized as Sa‘ādatābād)[1] is a village in Padena-ye Vosta Rural District, Padena District, Semirom County, Isfahan Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 45, in 11 families.[2]","title":"Saadatabad, Padena-ye Vosta"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\" (Excel). Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original on 2011-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1385/results/all/10.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_Center_of_Iran","url_text":"Statistical Center of Iran"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084728/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/10.xls","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Correctional_Institution,_Allenwood_Low
Federal Correctional Institution, Allenwood Low
["1 Notable incidents","2 Notable inmates (current and former)","3 See also","4 References"]
Coordinates: 41°9′49″N 76°55′23″W / 41.16361°N 76.92306°W / 41.16361; -76.92306Federal Correctional Institution, Allenwood LowLocationGregg Township, Union County, near Allenwood, PennsylvaniaStatusOperationalSecurity classLow-securityPopulation1,450Opened1992Managed byFederal Bureau of PrisonsWebsitewww.bop.gov/locations/institutions/alf/ The Federal Correctional Institution, Allenwood Low (FCI Allenwood Low) is a low-security United States federal prison for male inmates in Gregg Township, Union County, Pennsylvania. It is part of the Allenwood Federal Correctional Complex (FCC Allenwood) and is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice. FCC Allenwood is located 75 miles north of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, the state capital, just west of US Route 15. Notable incidents In February 2013, Fred Hagenbuch, 52, a former correction officer at the United States Penitentiary, Lewisburg, a high-security prison also located in Pennsylvania, pleaded guilty to a charge of theft of government property for stealing items from FCC Allenwood. The stolen property included electrical conduit, fence post, and mesh fencing valued at approximately $1,545. Notable inmates (current and former) Inmate Name Register Number Photo Status Details Jeb Stuart Magruder Released in January 1975 after serving seven months A White House staffer and Nixon election campaign executive, Magruder was sentenced to ten months to four years for his role in the Watergate Scandal. Ng Lap Seng 92441-054 Served a 4 year sentence released in 2021 Chinese businessman convicted in 2017 for bribery. John P. McGonigle 20050-038 Released in 1999 A former Middlesex County Sheriff, McGonigle was convicted of tax evasion and pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit racketeering for demanding kickbacks from two of his deputies. Kifah Jayyousi 39551-039 Released in 2017; served 12 years. Co-defendant of Jose Padilla; convicted in 2007 of murder conspiracy and providing material support for terrorism for sending money, equipment, and recruits to support jihad overseas. Alex van der Zwaan 35255-016 Released June 4, 2018, after serving 30 days, then deported to England. Making false statements in relation to the Special Counsel investigation on foreign interference in the 2016 US elections. Kevin Seefried 25549-509 Serving a 3 year sentence, scheduled for release December 18, 2025 Participant in the Capitol Attack Martin Shkreli 87850-053 Released May 18, 2022 after serving four years, two months Nicknamed the "pharma bro." Convicted of securities fraud. Was originally at Fort Dix, until it was discovered he was still running his company via a contraband cellphone, which led to his transfer to Allenwood. Virgil Griffith 79038-112 Sentenced to 63 months, scheduled for release January 19, 2026. Convicted of conspiracy to violate the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, after speaking at a cryptocurrency conference in Pyongyang, North Korea. See also Federal Correctional Institution, Allenwood Medium List of U.S. federal prisons Federal Bureau of Prisons Incarceration in the United States United States portalPolitics portalLaw portal References ^ "FCI Allenwood Low | Allenwood Prison". ^ "2020 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Gregg township, PA" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved 2022-08-14. Allenwood Federal Correctional Complx ^ "FCI Allenwood Low". Federal Bureau of Prisons. ^ "FORMER U.S. CORRECTIONS OFFICER PLEADS GUILTY TO THEFT OF GOVERNMENT PROPERTY" (PDF). US Department of Justice. February 21, 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2013. ^ Radowsky, Judy (October 13, 1994). "McGonigle convicted on tax only; retrial due Mistrial for sheriff on charges of extortion and racketeering". The Boston Globe. ^ Beals, Jeff (October 14, 1994). "Sheriff Guilty of Tax Evasion". Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 30 May 2021. ^ Rakowsky, Judy (December 6, 1994). "Sheriff admits to racketeering conspiracy McGonigle deal drops some charges". The Boston Globe. ^ "CIVIL ACTION NO.10-cv-539" (PDF). ccrjustice.org. Center for Constitutional Rights. September 5, 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2015. ^ "#07-624: 08-16-07 Jose Padilla and Co-Defendants Convicted of Conspire to Murder Individuals Overseas, Providing Material Support to Terrorists". Justice.gov. Retrieved 2014-03-15. ^ "Kifah Wael Jayyousi". Historycommons.org. Retrieved 2014-03-15. ^ Polantz, Katelyn (5 June 2018). "Alex van der Zwaan, only person to serve time in Mueller investigation, deported". Retrieved 9 June 2018. ^ https://www.cbsnews.com/news/kevin-seefried-confederate-flag-january-6-capitol-sentenced-3-years/ ^ "Martin Shkreli 'Pharma bro' released early from prison". BBC News. 18 May 2022. 41°9′49″N 76°55′23″W / 41.16361°N 76.92306°W / 41.16361; -76.92306 vteFederal Bureau of PrisonsAdministrativefacilities MDC Brooklyn FMC Butner FMC Carswell MCC Chicago FMC Devens FMC Fort Worth MDC Guaynabo FDC Honolulu FDC Houston FMC Lexington MDC Los Angeles Metropolitan Detention Centers FDC Miami MCC New York FDC Oakdale FTC Oklahoma City FDC Philadelphia FMC Rochester MCC San Diego FDC SeaTac United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners Correctionalcomplexes Allenwood Beaumont Butner Coleman Florence Forrest City Lompoc Oakdale Petersburg Pollock Terre Haute Tucson Victorville Yazoo City Correctionalinstitutions Aliceville Allenwood Low Allenwood Medium Ashland Bastrop Beaumont Beckley Bennettsville Berlin Big Spring Butner Coleman Cumberland Danbury Dublin Edgefield El Reno Elkton Englewood Estill Fairton Florence Forrest City Fort Dix Gilmer Greenville Hazelton Herlong Jesup La Tuna Lompoc Loretto Manchester Marianna McDowell McKean Memphis Mendota Miami Milan Morgantown Oakdale Otisville Oxford Pekin Petersburg Phoenix Pollock Ray Brook Safford Sandstone Schuylkill Seagoville Sheridan Talladega Tallahassee Terminal Island Terre Haute Texarkana Three Rivers Tucson Victorville Waseca Williamsburg Yazoo City Penitentiaries Alcatraz† Allenwood Atlanta Atwater Beaumont Big Sandy Canaan Coleman Florence ADX Florence High Hazelton Leavenworth Lee Lewisburg Lompoc Marion McCreary McNeil Island Corrections Center† Pollock Terre Haute Thomson Tucson Victorville Prison camps Alderson Bryan Duluth Eglin† Montgomery Nellis† Pensacola Yankton Private facilities Adams County Big Spring D. Ray James Eden Giles W. Dalby Great Plains McRae Moshannon Valley Reeves County Rivers North Lake Taft Related List of United States federal prisons Communications management unit Federal Bureau of Prisons Program Statement Lopez v. Davis Cunningham v. Federal Bureau of Prisons National Institute of Corrections Special Operations Response Team † indicates closed facility
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth,_Minnesota
Elizabeth, Minnesota
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Climate","5 References"]
Coordinates: 46°22′45″N 96°07′46″W / 46.37917°N 96.12944°W / 46.37917; -96.12944 City in Minnesota, United States City in Minnesota, United StatesElizabethCityElizabeth Village Hall and JailLocation of Elizabeth, MinnesotaCoordinates: 46°22′45″N 96°07′46″W / 46.37917°N 96.12944°W / 46.37917; -96.12944CountryUnited StatesStateMinnesotaCountyOtter TailFounded1872Area • Total0.37 sq mi (0.97 km2) • Land0.37 sq mi (0.97 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation1,263 ft (385 m)Population (2020) • Total168 • Estimate (2021)165 • Density450.40/sq mi (173.80/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (CST) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code56533Area code218FIPS code27-18566GNIS feature ID2394646 Elizabeth is a city in Otter Tail County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 168 at the 2020 census. History Elizabeth was platted in 1872, and named for Elizabeth Niggler, the wife of an early settler. A post office was established under the name Elizabethtown in 1871, and the name was changed to Elizabeth in 1882. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.37 square miles (0.96 km2), all land. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1880128—18901355.5%190018637.8%1910169−9.1%192020420.7%1930164−19.6%19401767.3%1950168−4.5%19601680.0%197018811.9%19801953.7%1990152−22.1%200017213.2%20101730.6%2020168−2.9%2021 (est.)165−1.8%U.S. Decennial Census2020 Census 2010 census As of the census of 2010, there were 173 people, 66 households, and 49 families living in the city. The population density was 467.6 inhabitants per square mile (180.5/km2). There were 84 housing units at an average density of 227.0 per square mile (87.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.6% White, 2.9% African American, 1.7% Native American, 0.6% Asian, and 1.2% from two or more races. There were 66 households, of which 30.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.2% were married couples living together, 4.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 25.8% were non-families. 19.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.08. The median age in the city was 43.8 years. 24.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.3% were from 25 to 44; 34.7% were from 45 to 64; and 11.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 54.9% male and 45.1% female. 2000 census As of the census of 2000, there were 172 people, 72 households, and 42 families living in the city. The population density was 473.5 inhabitants per square mile (182.8/km2). There were 85 housing units at an average density of 234.0 per square mile (90.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.26% White, 1.16% Native American, and 0.58% from two or more races. There were 72 households, out of which 31.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.2% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.3% were non-families. 30.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 3.05. In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.2% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 31.4% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 112.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.8 males. The median income for a household in the city was $33,438, and the median income for a family was $38,333. Males had a median income of $28,750 versus $20,625 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,841. About 2.1% of families and 8.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.0% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over. Climate The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Dfb". (Warm Summer Continental Climate). Climate data for Elizabeth, Minnesota Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 17(−8) 22(−6) 36(2) 54(12) 68(20) 77(25) 82(28) 81(27) 70(21) 57(14) 37(3) 23(−5) 52(11) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) −2(−19) 3(−16) 17(−8) 32(0) 45(7) 55(13) 60(16) 57(14) 48(9) 36(2) 21(−6) 6(−14) 32(0) Average precipitation inches (mm) 0.9(23) 0.7(18) 1.2(30) 2.1(53) 3.0(76) 4.2(110) 3.4(86) 3.0(76) 2.4(61) 1.7(43) 1.1(28) 0.7(18) 24.3(620) Average precipitation days 9 7 8 9 11 12 9 9 9 7 8 8 106 Source: Weatherbase References ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2022. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Elizabeth, Minnesota ^ a b c "Explore Census Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 6, 2022. ^ a b "City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021". United States Census Bureau. June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022. ^ Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 394. ^ "Otter Tail County". Jim Forte Postal History. Archived from the original on March 2, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2015. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2012. ^ United States Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Retrieved February 12, 2014. ^ Climate Summary for Elizabeth, Minnesota ^ "Weatherbase.com". Weatherbase. 2013. Retrieved on June 16, 2013. vteMunicipalities and communities of Otter Tail County, Minnesota, United StatesCounty seat: Fergus FallsCities Battle Lake Bluffton Clitherall Dalton Deer Creek Dent Elizabeth Erhard Fergus Falls Henning New York Mills Ottertail Parkers Prairie Pelican Rapids Perham Richville Rothsay‡ Underwood Urbank Vergas Vining Wadena‡ Map of Minnesota highlighting Otter Tail CountyTownships Aastad Amor Aurdal Blowers Bluffton Buse Butler Candor Carlisle Clitherall Compton Corliss Dane Prairie Dead Lake Deer Creek Dora Dunn Eagle Lake Eastern Edna Effington Elizabeth Elmo Erhards Grove Everts Fergus Falls Folden Friberg Girard Gorman Henning Hobart Homestead Inman Leaf Lake Leaf Mountain Lida Maine Maplewood Newton Nidaros Norwegian Grove Oak Valley Orwell Oscar Otter Tail Otto Paddock Parkers Prairie Pelican Perham Pine Lake Rush Lake Scambler St. Olaf Star Lake Sverdrup Tordenskjold Trondhjem Tumuli Western Woodside Unincorporatedcommunities Carlisle Dunvilla Luce Parkdale Richdale Wall Lake Indianreservation Mille Lacs‡ Ghost towns Parkton Topelius Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties Minnesota portal United States portal
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The population was 168 at the 2020 census.[3]","title":"Elizabeth, Minnesota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"platted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Elizabeth was platted in 1872, and named for Elizabeth Niggler, the wife of an early settler.[5] A post office was established under the name Elizabethtown in 1871, and the name was changed to Elizabeth in 1882.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-7"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.37 square miles (0.96 km2), all land.[7]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census of 2010, there were 173 people, 66 households, and 49 families living in the city. The population density was 467.6 inhabitants per square mile (180.5/km2). There were 84 housing units at an average density of 227.0 per square mile (87.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 93.6% White, 2.9% African American, 1.7% Native American, 0.6% Asian, and 1.2% from two or more races.There were 66 households, of which 30.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.2% were married couples living together, 4.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.5% had a male householder with no wife present, and 25.8% were non-families. 19.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.08.The median age in the city was 43.8 years. 24.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.3% were from 25 to 44; 34.7% were from 45 to 64; and 11.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 54.9% male and 45.1% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census of 2000, there were 172 people, 72 households, and 42 families living in the city. The population density was 473.5 inhabitants per square mile (182.8/km2). There were 85 housing units at an average density of 234.0 per square mile (90.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.26% White, 1.16% Native American, and 0.58% from two or more races.There were 72 households, out of which 31.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.2% were married couples living together, 9.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.3% were non-families. 30.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 3.05.In the city, the population was spread out, with 26.2% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 31.4% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 112.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.8 males.The median income for a household in the city was $33,438, and the median income for a family was $38,333. Males had a median income of $28,750 versus $20,625 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,841. About 2.1% of families and 8.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.0% of those under the age of eighteen and none of those 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen Climate Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification"},{"link_name":"Dfb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weatherbase-10"}],"text":"The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is \"Dfb\". (Warm Summer Continental Climate).[9]Climate data for Elizabeth, Minnesota\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n17(−8)\n\n22(−6)\n\n36(2)\n\n54(12)\n\n68(20)\n\n77(25)\n\n82(28)\n\n81(27)\n\n70(21)\n\n57(14)\n\n37(3)\n\n23(−5)\n\n52(11)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n−2(−19)\n\n3(−16)\n\n17(−8)\n\n32(0)\n\n45(7)\n\n55(13)\n\n60(16)\n\n57(14)\n\n48(9)\n\n36(2)\n\n21(−6)\n\n6(−14)\n\n32(0)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n0.9(23)\n\n0.7(18)\n\n1.2(30)\n\n2.1(53)\n\n3.0(76)\n\n4.2(110)\n\n3.4(86)\n\n3.0(76)\n\n2.4(61)\n\n1.7(43)\n\n1.1(28)\n\n0.7(18)\n\n24.3(620)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days\n\n9\n\n7\n\n8\n\n9\n\n11\n\n12\n\n9\n\n9\n\n9\n\n7\n\n8\n\n8\n\n106\n\n\nSource: Weatherbase [10]","title":"Climate"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of Minnesota highlighting Otter Tail County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Otter_Tail_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Minnesota_highlighting_Otter_Tail_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_27.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US2718566","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021\". United States Census Bureau. June 24, 2022. Retrieved June 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html","url_text":"\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021\""}]},{"reference":"Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance. Minnesota Historical Society. p. 394.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog","url_text":"Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog/page/n413","url_text":"394"}]},{"reference":"\"Otter Tail County\". Jim Forte Postal History. Archived from the original on March 2, 2016. Retrieved July 28, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160302201850/http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=MN&county=Otter+Tail","url_text":"\"Otter Tail County\""},{"url":"http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=MN&county=Otter+Tail","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved November 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"United States Census Bureau. \"Census of Population and Housing\". Retrieved February 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Weatherbase.com\". Weatherbase. 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=867212&cityname=Elizabeth-Minnesota-United-States-of-America","url_text":"\"Weatherbase.com\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Elizabeth,_Minnesota&params=46_22_45_N_96_07_46_W_region:US-MN_type:city(168)","external_links_name":"46°22′45″N 96°07′46″W / 46.37917°N 96.12944°W / 46.37917; -96.12944"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Elizabeth,_Minnesota&params=46_22_45_N_96_07_46_W_region:US-MN_type:city(168)","external_links_name":"46°22′45″N 96°07′46″W / 46.37917°N 96.12944°W / 46.37917; -96.12944"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_27.txt","external_links_name":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2394646","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Elizabeth, Minnesota"},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US2718566","external_links_name":"\"Explore Census Data\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html","external_links_name":"\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog","external_links_name":"Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/minnesotageogra00uphagoog/page/n413","external_links_name":"394"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160302201850/http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=MN&county=Otter+Tail","external_links_name":"\"Otter Tail County\""},{"Link":"http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=MN&county=Otter+Tail","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125061959/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=867212&cityname=Elizabeth%2C+Minnesota%2C+United+States+of+America&units=","external_links_name":"Climate Summary for Elizabeth, Minnesota"},{"Link":"http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=867212&cityname=Elizabeth-Minnesota-United-States-of-America","external_links_name":"\"Weatherbase.com\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Earls_Barton
All Saints' Church, Earls Barton
["1 The tower","2 Architectural characteristics","3 History","4 References","5 Sources","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 52°15′57″N 0°45′12″W / 52.26583°N 0.75333°W / 52.26583; -0.75333 Church in England, UKAll Saints' ChurchTower of All Saints' parish church52°15′57″N 0°45′12″W / 52.26583°N 0.75333°W / 52.26583; -0.75333LocationEarls Barton, NorthamptonshireCountryEngland, UKDenominationChurch of EnglandChurchmanshipCentralWebsitewww.allsaintsearlsbarton.org.ukHistoryStatusParish ChurchDedicationAll SaintsArchitectureFunctional statusActiveStyleAnglo-SaxonYears builtLate 10th CenturySpecificationsHeight69 feet (21 metres)AdministrationDioceseDiocese of PeterboroughArchdeaconryArchdeaconry of NorthamptonParishParish of Earls BartonClergyVicar(s)Jenny BlandLaityReader(s)Simon ElvinOrganist(s)Catherine JohnsonChurchwarden(s)Helen Winrow, David Timms All Saints' Church is a noted Anglo-Saxon Church of England parish church in Earls Barton, Northamptonshire. It is estimated that the building dates from the later tenth century, shortly after Danish raids on England. The tower The tower at Earls Barton was probably originally a tower nave, the ground floor serving as the main body of the church with a small chancel annexed to it to the east, as at St Peter's Church, Barton-upon-Humber, built at roughly the same period. A doorway on the south side of the tower, and originally another opening on the west face, allowed access to the outside. The upper floors possibly provided accommodation for the priest or acted as a safe-haven to house treasures, although it has been pointed out that such towers would have been deathtraps in a Viking raid, with their combustible wooden floors and multiple doors. There is a belfry at the uppermost storey. The tower is constructed of stone rubble and rendered on the outside, and is decorated with vertical limestone pilaster strips and strapwork. At the corners of the tower, the walls are strengthened by long vertical quoin stones bedded on horizontal slabs, and hence is termed long and short work. The way in which the tower is decorated is unique to Anglo-Saxon architecture, and the decorated Anglo-Saxon tower itself is a phenomenon that occurs locally, including Barnack near Peterborough and Stowe Nine Churches in Northamptonshire. The storeys are divided by projecting stone string courses, and at each successive storey, the walls become slightly thinner, creating a step at each string course. The vertical pilaster strips continue up the tower, and are interspersed with stone strip arches at lower level and triangular decoration at upper level, in some instances resulting in a criss-cross pattern. In the 12th century the small Anglo-Saxon chancel, narrower than the tower, was razed and replaced by a nave so that the tower now stands at the west end. This nave was enlarged later in the 12th century and then renovated in the 13th and early 14th centuries. The east end of the chancel is 13th century. The tower is 69 feet (21 metres) high from base to the battlements. Architectural characteristics The influence is very much Roman, and this can be seen by looking at the doors and windows of the tower. At the west doorway, pilaster strips run up the sides and continue over the head in an arch. Within this, there is an arched moulding springing from square imposts. These are decorated with vertical fluting. The jambs are of large flat stones, at right angles to the wall. The form of the jambs is Roman in origin. An example of this can be seen in the Bath House of Chesters Fort on Hadrian's Wall. Windows at low level on the south are mullioned with baluster shafts and arched lintels, and the window apertures themselves are cross-shaped. At high level, the belfry has arched five-light windows with baluster shaft mullions. The blind arcading is purely decorative, since the arches and triangles spring from string courses rather than supporting them. In fact Warwick Rodwell has suggested that the "hopeless jumble" of the arcading at Earls Barton demonstrates it was mere ornament. Rodwell suggests that the design was based on timber framing but that the parts were then assembled wrongly. The position of openings in the tower makes use of this decoration by fitting within the triangles and pilaster strips. The use of stone enabled sturdy towers to be built in this period, but the availability of stone that could be easily quarried and carved enabled towers as at Earls Barton to be decorated in such a way. The limestone at Barnack was quarried extensively from Anglo-Saxon times and throughout the Middle Ages to build churches and cathedrals including Peterborough and Ely. It is evident that Anglo-Saxon churches with long and short work and pilaster strips are distributed throughout England where this type of limestone was available, and in East Anglia where the stone was transported. In 1935, Henry Bird painted the 15th century rood screen. Its upper parts contain butterfly species that are local to the area. History To the north of All Saints' Church, Earls Barton, a mound and ditch almost abuts the church. Nikolaus Pevsner supposed that the lord of the manor regarded the church as an encroachment and planned to demolish it. Following the Norman conquest of England an Anglo-Saxon called Waltheof had become the first Earl of Northampton. He married the niece of William I, Judith, and she was granted land at Buarton, later named Earls Barton. The mound may have been part of a manor. It is reasonable to suggest that All Saints was originally linked to a manor, rather than to a monastery. Earthworks are also present adjacent to the church at Sulgrave in Northamptonshire, where the remains of an Anglo-Saxon hall have been discovered, so churches linked to manors were not unknown at the time of the building of All Saints. St Andrew and St Stephen on the rood screen painted by Henry Bird Old door of All Saints Anglo-Saxon stone carving at All Saints References ^ Fisher, 1959, page 57 ^ Fernie, 1983, page 136 & page 186, note 32, referring to Taylor. ^ Richmond, 1986, page 176 ^ Fisher, 1969, page 45 ^ a b Pevsner & Cherry, 1973, pages 195-196 ^ Flannery, Julian (2016). Fifty English Steeples: The Finest Medieval Parish Church Towers and Spires in England. New York City, New York, United States: Thames and Hudson. pp. 52–57. ISBN 978-0500343142. ^ Rodwell, 1986, page 174; reprinted in Karkov, 1999, page 128 ^ David Buckman (April 22, 2000) Henry Bird Obituary The Independent ^ Pevsner & Cherry, 1973, page 196 Sources Audouy, M. (1981). "Excavations at All Saints Church, Earls Barton". Northamptonshire Archaeology. Northamptonshire Archaeological Society. 16: 73–86. Audouy, M.; et al. (1995). "The Tower of All Saints' Church, Earls Barton, Northamptonshire: its construction and context". Archaeological Journal. Royal Archaeological Institute. 152: 73–94. doi:10.1080/00665983.1995.11021429. Fernie, Eric (1983). The Architecture of the Anglo-Saxons. New York: Holmes and Meier. pp. 136, 186. ISBN 0-8419-0912-1. Fisher, Ernest Arthur (1959). An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon Architecture and Sculpture. London: Faber and Faber. p. 57. OCLC 1279628. Fisher, Ernest Arthur (1969). Anglo-Saxon Towers: An Architectural and Historical Study. New York: Kelley. p. 45. OCLC 31303. Karkov, Catherine E. (1999). The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England: Basic Readings. New York, London: Garland Publishing. pp. 195–232. ISBN 0-8153-2916-4. Pevsner, Nikolaus; Cherry, Bridget (1973). The Buildings of England: Northamptonshire. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. pp. 195–196. ISBN 0-14-071022-1. Richmond, Hugh (1986). "Outlines of Church Development in Northamptonshire". In L.A.S., Butler; R.K., Morris (eds.). The Anglo-Saxon Church: Papers on History, Architecture, and Archaeology in Honour of Dr. H.M. Taylor. London: Council for British Archaeology. pp. 176–187. ISBN 0-906780-54-3. Rodwell, Warwick (1986). "Anglo-Saxon Church Building: Aspects of Design and Construction". In L.A.S., Butler; R.K., Morris (eds.). The Anglo-Saxon Church: Papers on History, Architecture, and Archaeology in Honour of Dr. H.M. Taylor. London: Council for British Archaeology. pp. 156–75. ISBN 0-906780-54-3. Taylor, H.M.; Taylor, J. (1965–1978). Anglo-Saxon Architecture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 222–26. ASIN B001OWZWSI. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to All Saints' Church, Earls Barton. Church website The Friends of All Saints Archived 19 December 2021 at the Wayback Machine Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_architecture"},{"link_name":"Church of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England"},{"link_name":"parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_England_parish_church"},{"link_name":"Earls Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earls_Barton"},{"link_name":"Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire"}],"text":"Church in England, UKAll Saints' Church is a noted Anglo-Saxon Church of England parish church in Earls Barton, Northamptonshire. It is estimated that the building dates from the later tenth century, shortly after Danish raids on England.","title":"All Saints' Church, Earls Barton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tower nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_turriform_churches"},{"link_name":"chancel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancel"},{"link_name":"St Peter's Church, Barton-upon-Humber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Barton-upon-Humber"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"belfry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_tower"},{"link_name":"stone rubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubble_masonry"},{"link_name":"rendered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement_render"},{"link_name":"pilaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilaster"},{"link_name":"strapwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strapwork"},{"link_name":"quoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quoin_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_architecture"},{"link_name":"Barnack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist%27s_Church,_Barnack"},{"link_name":"Peterborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough"},{"link_name":"Stowe Nine Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stowe_Nine_Churches"},{"link_name":"string courses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_course"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"nave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nave"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pevsner-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pevsner-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The tower at Earls Barton was probably originally a tower nave, the ground floor serving as the main body of the church with a small chancel annexed to it to the east, as at St Peter's Church, Barton-upon-Humber, built at roughly the same period.[1] A doorway on the south side of the tower, and originally another opening on the west face, allowed access to the outside. The upper floors possibly provided accommodation for the priest or acted as a safe-haven to house treasures, although it has been pointed out that such towers would have been deathtraps in a Viking raid, with their combustible wooden floors and multiple doors.[2] There is a belfry at the uppermost storey.The tower is constructed of stone rubble and rendered on the outside, and is decorated with vertical limestone pilaster strips and strapwork. At the corners of the tower, the walls are strengthened by long vertical quoin stones bedded on horizontal slabs, and hence is termed long and short work. The way in which the tower is decorated is unique to Anglo-Saxon architecture, and the decorated Anglo-Saxon tower itself is a phenomenon that occurs locally, including Barnack near Peterborough and Stowe Nine Churches in Northamptonshire.The storeys are divided by projecting stone string courses, and at each successive storey, the walls become slightly thinner, creating a step at each string course. The vertical pilaster strips continue up the tower, and are interspersed with stone strip arches at lower level and triangular decoration at upper level, in some instances resulting in a criss-cross pattern.In the 12th century the small Anglo-Saxon chancel, narrower than the tower,[3][4] was razed and replaced by a nave so that the tower now stands at the west end.[5] This nave was enlarged later in the 12th century and then renovated in the 13th and early 14th centuries. The east end of the chancel is 13th century.[5]The tower is 69 feet (21 metres) high from base to the battlements.[6]","title":"The tower"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_architecture"},{"link_name":"imposts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column"},{"link_name":"Bath House of Chesters Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilurnum"},{"link_name":"Hadrian's Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall"},{"link_name":"mullioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullioned"},{"link_name":"baluster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluster"},{"link_name":"belfry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_tower"},{"link_name":"Warwick Rodwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwick_Rodwell"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Barnack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnack"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Peterborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough"},{"link_name":"Ely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ely,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"Henry Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bird_(artist)"},{"link_name":"rood screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rood_screen"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-independent-8"}],"text":"The influence is very much Roman, and this can be seen by looking at the doors and windows of the tower. At the west doorway, pilaster strips run up the sides and continue over the head in an arch. Within this, there is an arched moulding springing from square imposts. These are decorated with vertical fluting. The jambs are of large flat stones, at right angles to the wall. The form of the jambs is Roman in origin. An example of this can be seen in the Bath House of Chesters Fort on Hadrian's Wall. Windows at low level on the south are mullioned with baluster shafts and arched lintels, and the window apertures themselves are cross-shaped. At high level, the belfry has arched five-light windows with baluster shaft mullions.The blind arcading is purely decorative, since the arches and triangles spring from string courses rather than supporting them. In fact Warwick Rodwell has suggested that the \"hopeless jumble\" of the arcading at Earls Barton demonstrates it was mere ornament. Rodwell suggests that the design was based on timber framing but that the parts were then assembled wrongly.[7] The position of openings in the tower makes use of this decoration by fitting within the triangles and pilaster strips.The use of stone enabled sturdy towers to be built in this period, but the availability of stone that could be easily quarried and carved enabled towers as at Earls Barton to be decorated in such a way. The limestone at Barnack was quarried extensively from Anglo-Saxon times and throughout the Middle Ages to build churches and cathedrals including Peterborough and Ely. It is evident that Anglo-Saxon churches with long and short work and pilaster strips are distributed throughout England where this type of limestone was available, and in East Anglia where the stone was transported.In 1935, Henry Bird painted the 15th century rood screen. Its upper parts contain butterfly species that are local to the area.[8]","title":"Architectural characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nikolaus Pevsner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Norman conquest of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxons"},{"link_name":"Waltheof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltheof,_1st_Earl_of_Northampton"},{"link_name":"Earl of Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Northampton"},{"link_name":"William I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Judith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_of_Lens"},{"link_name":"Earls Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earls_Barton"},{"link_name":"monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery"},{"link_name":"Sulgrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulgrave"},{"link_name":"Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Bird_All_Saints_Earls_Barton_St_Andrew_St_Stephen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bird_(artist)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SaxonDoor.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Earls_Barton_Detail.jpg"}],"text":"To the north of All Saints' Church, Earls Barton, a mound and ditch almost abuts the church. Nikolaus Pevsner supposed that the lord of the manor regarded the church as an encroachment and planned to demolish it.[9] Following the Norman conquest of England an Anglo-Saxon called Waltheof had become the first Earl of Northampton. He married the niece of William I, Judith, and she was granted land at Buarton, later named Earls Barton. The mound may have been part of a manor. It is reasonable to suggest that All Saints was originally linked to a manor, rather than to a monastery. Earthworks are also present adjacent to the church at Sulgrave in Northamptonshire, where the remains of an Anglo-Saxon hall have been discovered, so churches linked to manors were not unknown at the time of the building of All Saints.St Andrew and St Stephen on the rood screen painted by Henry Bird\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOld door of All Saints\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAnglo-Saxon stone carving at All Saints","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Archaeological Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Archaeological_Institute"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/00665983.1995.11021429","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F00665983.1995.11021429"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8419-0912-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8419-0912-1"},{"link_name":"Faber and Faber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faber_and_Faber"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1279628","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1279628"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"31303","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/31303"},{"link_name":"The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England: Basic Readings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=jCqejipP6hYC&dq=%22design+drawings+were+mislaid%22&pg=PA228"},{"link_name":"Garland Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8153-2916-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-2916-4"},{"link_name":"Pevsner, Nikolaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner"},{"link_name":"The Buildings of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pevsner_Architectural_Guides#Buildings_of_England"},{"link_name":"Penguin Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-14-071022-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-071022-1"},{"link_name":"Council for British Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_British_Archaeology"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-906780-54-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906780-54-3"},{"link_name":"Council for British Archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_British_Archaeology"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-906780-54-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906780-54-3"},{"link_name":"Taylor, H.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_McCarter_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ASIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"B001OWZWSI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/dp/B001OWZWSI"}],"text":"Audouy, M. (1981). \"Excavations at All Saints Church, Earls Barton\". Northamptonshire Archaeology. Northamptonshire Archaeological Society. 16: 73–86.\nAudouy, M.; et al. (1995). \"The Tower of All Saints' Church, Earls Barton, Northamptonshire: its construction and context\". Archaeological Journal. Royal Archaeological Institute. 152: 73–94. doi:10.1080/00665983.1995.11021429.\nFernie, Eric (1983). The Architecture of the Anglo-Saxons. New York: Holmes and Meier. pp. 136, 186. ISBN 0-8419-0912-1.\nFisher, Ernest Arthur (1959). An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon Architecture and Sculpture. London: Faber and Faber. p. 57. OCLC 1279628.\nFisher, Ernest Arthur (1969). Anglo-Saxon Towers: An Architectural and Historical Study. New York: Kelley. p. 45. OCLC 31303.\nKarkov, Catherine E. (1999). The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England: Basic Readings. New York, London: Garland Publishing. pp. 195–232. ISBN 0-8153-2916-4.\nPevsner, Nikolaus; Cherry, Bridget (1973). The Buildings of England: Northamptonshire. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. pp. 195–196. ISBN 0-14-071022-1.\nRichmond, Hugh (1986). \"Outlines of Church Development in Northamptonshire\". In L.A.S., Butler; R.K., Morris (eds.). The Anglo-Saxon Church: Papers on History, Architecture, and Archaeology in Honour of Dr. H.M. Taylor. London: Council for British Archaeology. pp. 176–187. ISBN 0-906780-54-3.\nRodwell, Warwick (1986). \"Anglo-Saxon Church Building: Aspects of Design and Construction\". In L.A.S., Butler; R.K., Morris (eds.). The Anglo-Saxon Church: Papers on History, Architecture, and Archaeology in Honour of Dr. H.M. Taylor. London: Council for British Archaeology. pp. 156–75. ISBN 0-906780-54-3.\nTaylor, H.M.; Taylor, J. (1965–1978). Anglo-Saxon Architecture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 222–26. ASIN B001OWZWSI.","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Flannery, Julian (2016). Fifty English Steeples: The Finest Medieval Parish Church Towers and Spires in England. New York City, New York, United States: Thames and Hudson. pp. 52–57. ISBN 978-0500343142.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City","url_text":"New York City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_and_Hudson","url_text":"Thames and Hudson"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500343142","url_text":"978-0500343142"}]},{"reference":"Audouy, M. (1981). \"Excavations at All Saints Church, Earls Barton\". Northamptonshire Archaeology. Northamptonshire Archaeological Society. 16: 73–86.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Audouy, M.; et al. (1995). \"The Tower of All Saints' Church, Earls Barton, Northamptonshire: its construction and context\". Archaeological Journal. Royal Archaeological Institute. 152: 73–94. doi:10.1080/00665983.1995.11021429.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Archaeological_Institute","url_text":"Royal Archaeological Institute"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00665983.1995.11021429","url_text":"10.1080/00665983.1995.11021429"}]},{"reference":"Fernie, Eric (1983). The Architecture of the Anglo-Saxons. New York: Holmes and Meier. pp. 136, 186. ISBN 0-8419-0912-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8419-0912-1","url_text":"0-8419-0912-1"}]},{"reference":"Fisher, Ernest Arthur (1959). An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon Architecture and Sculpture. London: Faber and Faber. p. 57. OCLC 1279628.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faber_and_Faber","url_text":"Faber and Faber"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1279628","url_text":"1279628"}]},{"reference":"Fisher, Ernest Arthur (1969). Anglo-Saxon Towers: An Architectural and Historical Study. New York: Kelley. p. 45. OCLC 31303.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31303","url_text":"31303"}]},{"reference":"Karkov, Catherine E. (1999). The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England: Basic Readings. New York, London: Garland Publishing. pp. 195–232. ISBN 0-8153-2916-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jCqejipP6hYC&dq=%22design+drawings+were+mislaid%22&pg=PA228","url_text":"The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England: Basic Readings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Garland Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-2916-4","url_text":"0-8153-2916-4"}]},{"reference":"Pevsner, Nikolaus; Cherry, Bridget (1973). The Buildings of England: Northamptonshire. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. pp. 195–196. ISBN 0-14-071022-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner","url_text":"Pevsner, Nikolaus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pevsner_Architectural_Guides#Buildings_of_England","url_text":"The Buildings of England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Books","url_text":"Penguin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-071022-1","url_text":"0-14-071022-1"}]},{"reference":"Richmond, Hugh (1986). \"Outlines of Church Development in Northamptonshire\". In L.A.S., Butler; R.K., Morris (eds.). The Anglo-Saxon Church: Papers on History, Architecture, and Archaeology in Honour of Dr. H.M. Taylor. London: Council for British Archaeology. pp. 176–187. ISBN 0-906780-54-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_British_Archaeology","url_text":"Council for British Archaeology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906780-54-3","url_text":"0-906780-54-3"}]},{"reference":"Rodwell, Warwick (1986). \"Anglo-Saxon Church Building: Aspects of Design and Construction\". In L.A.S., Butler; R.K., Morris (eds.). The Anglo-Saxon Church: Papers on History, Architecture, and Archaeology in Honour of Dr. H.M. Taylor. London: Council for British Archaeology. pp. 156–75. ISBN 0-906780-54-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_for_British_Archaeology","url_text":"Council for British Archaeology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906780-54-3","url_text":"0-906780-54-3"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, H.M.; Taylor, J. (1965–1978). Anglo-Saxon Architecture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 222–26. ASIN B001OWZWSI.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_McCarter_Taylor","url_text":"Taylor, H.M."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001OWZWSI","url_text":"B001OWZWSI"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granby,_New_York
Granby, New York
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Education","5 Communities and locations in Granby","6 References","7 External links"]
Coordinates: 43°17′32″N 76°26′24″W / 43.29222°N 76.44000°W / 43.29222; -76.44000 Town in New York, United StatesGranby, New YorkTownLocation in Oswego County and the state of New York.Coordinates: 43°17′32″N 76°26′24″W / 43.29222°N 76.44000°W / 43.29222; -76.44000CountryUnited StatesStateNew YorkCountyOswegoArea • Total46.35 sq mi (120.05 km2) • Land44.65 sq mi (115.64 km2) • Water1.70 sq mi (4.41 km2)Elevation436 ft (133 m)Population (2010) • Total6,821 • Estimate (2016)6,578 • Density147.33/sq mi (56.88/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code13069Area code315FIPS code36-29729GNIS feature ID0979011 Granby is a town in Oswego County, New York, United States. The population was 6,821 at the 2010 census. The Town of Granby is in the southwest corner of the county. History This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) The town was first settled circa 1792. Granby was created in 1818 from the Town of Hannibal and part of the Town of Lysander in Onondaga County. A small northern part of the town was lost to the Town of Oswego in 1836. Although first settled in 1792, it was actually discovered many years later by John Bradshaw (cricketer) (1812–1880), first-class cricketer and cleric, from Granby, Nottinghamshire and whom, after his discovery, returned triumphantly to England and became Vicar of Granby-cum-Sutton in 1845. Granby has been the home of many fields full of spectacular weeds. They also look great in the yard. Geography According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 46.5 square miles (120 km2), of which 44.9 square miles (116 km2) is land and 1.6 square miles (4.1 km2) (3.36%) is water. The eastern town line borders the Oswego River and the City of Fulton. The southern town boundary is the border of Onondaga County. Granby borders the town of Hannibal on the west and towns of Oswego and Minetto on the north. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1820555—18301,423156.4%18402,38567.6%18502,344−1.7%18604,05773.1%18703,972−2.1%18804,51413.6%18902,317−48.7%19002,195−5.3%19102,022−7.9%19201,913−5.4%19302,13011.3%19402,2204.2%19502,77525.0%19603,70433.5%19704,71827.4%19806,34134.4%19907,01310.6%20007,009−0.1%20106,821−2.7%2016 (est.)6,578−3.6%U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2000, there were 7,009 people, 2,605 households, and 1,917 families residing in the town. The population density was 156.0 inhabitants per square mile (60.2/km2). There were 2,869 housing units at an average density of 63.9 per square mile (24.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.57% White, 0.54% African American, 0.46% Native American, 0.23% Asian, 0.34% from other races, and 0.86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.37% of the population. There were 2,605 households, out of which 37.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.5% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.4% were non-families. 19.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.07. In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.3% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 30.1% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.4 males. The median income for a household in the town was $36,610, and the median income for a family was $41,127. Males had a median income of $33,390 versus $24,125 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,826. About 11.1% of families and 14.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.6% of those under age 18 and 1.8% of those age 65 or over. Education Granby has no school district of its own. It is divided among the Fulton City School District, Phoenix School District, Hannibal Central School District, and Cato-Meridian School District in terms of K-12 public education. Communities and locations in Granby Battle Island State Park – a state park on the western bank of the Oswego River, in the northeast part of the town. Bowens Corners – once called Liberty's Corners, a hamlet southwest of Fulton on Route 176. Dexterville – a hamlet on the western town line, west of Granby Center. Granby Center – a hamlet in the northern part of the town. It was formerly known as "Williams Corners"; it is west of Fulton on Route 3. Hinmansville – a hamlet in the southern part of the town by the Oswego River. Lake Neatahwanta – a lakeside community west of the City of Fulton. Lewis Corners – a hamlet north of Granby Center near the Minetto town line. Ox Creek – a tributary of the Oswego River. Pember Corners – a hamlet on the town line in the northwestern part of the town. South Granby – a hamlet in the southern part of the town, northwest of Hinmansville. West Granby – a former community in the town. Brook was a post office located just north of the county line. References ^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 5, 2017. ^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. External links Town of Granby government Town of Granby Historian History of Granby, NY vteMunicipalities and communities of Oswego County, New York, United StatesCounty seat: OswegoCities Fulton Oswego Towns Albion Amboy Boylston Constantia Granby Hannibal Hastings Mexico Minetto New Haven Orwell Oswego Palermo Parish Redfield Richland Sandy Creek Schroeppel Scriba Volney West Monroe Williamstown Villages Central Square Cleveland Hannibal Lacona Mexico Parish Phoenix Pulaski Sandy Creek CDPs Altmar Brewerton‡ Constantia Minetto Sand Ridge Cayuga Community College SUNY Oswego Otherhamlets Albion Center Bernhards Bay Dexterville Fruit Valley Gayville Hinmansville Lycoming Mallory Pennellville Ramona Beach Texas Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties New York portal United States portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#Town"},{"link_name":"Oswego County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswego_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"}],"text":"Town in New York, United StatesGranby is a town in Oswego County, New York, United States. The population was 6,821 at the 2010 census.The Town of Granby is in the southwest corner of the county.","title":"Granby, New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Town of Hannibal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Town of Oswego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswego_(town),_New_York"},{"link_name":"John Bradshaw (cricketer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bradshaw_(cricketer)"}],"text":"The town was first settled circa 1792. Granby was created in 1818 from the Town of Hannibal and part of the Town of Lysander in Onondaga County. A small northern part of the town was lost to the Town of Oswego in 1836. Although first settled in 1792, it was actually discovered many years later by John Bradshaw (cricketer) (1812–1880), first-class cricketer and cleric, from Granby, Nottinghamshire and whom, after his discovery, returned triumphantly to England and became Vicar of Granby-cum-Sutton in 1845. Granby has been the home of many fields full of spectacular weeds. They also look great in the yard.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Oswego River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswego_River_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"City of Fulton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton,_Oswego_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Onondaga County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onondaga_County,_New_York"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 46.5 square miles (120 km2), of which 44.9 square miles (116 km2) is land and 1.6 square miles (4.1 km2) (3.36%) is water.The eastern town line borders the Oswego River and the City of Fulton. The southern town boundary is the border of Onondaga County. Granby borders the town of Hannibal on the west and towns of Oswego and Minetto on the north.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-4"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[4] of 2000, there were 7,009 people, 2,605 households, and 1,917 families residing in the town. The population density was 156.0 inhabitants per square mile (60.2/km2). There were 2,869 housing units at an average density of 63.9 per square mile (24.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.57% White, 0.54% African American, 0.46% Native American, 0.23% Asian, 0.34% from other races, and 0.86% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.37% of the population.There were 2,605 households, out of which 37.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.5% were married couples living together, 11.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.4% were non-families. 19.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.07.In the town, the population was spread out, with 28.3% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 30.1% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 10.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.4 males.The median income for a household in the town was $36,610, and the median income for a family was $41,127. Males had a median income of $33,390 versus $24,125 for females. The per capita income for the town was $16,826. About 11.1% of families and 14.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.6% of those under age 18 and 1.8% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fulton City School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton_City_School_District"},{"link_name":"Hannibal Central School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal_Central_School_District"},{"link_name":"K-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-12_(education)"}],"text":"Granby has no school district of its own. It is divided among the Fulton City School District, Phoenix School District, Hannibal Central School District, and Cato-Meridian School District in terms of K-12 public education.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle Island State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Island_State_Park"},{"link_name":"state park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_park"},{"link_name":"Route 176","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_176"},{"link_name":"Dexterville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexterville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)"},{"link_name":"Route 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_3"},{"link_name":"Hinmansville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hinmanville,_New_York&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lake Neatahwanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Neatahwanta"},{"link_name":"lakeside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake"},{"link_name":"Hinmansville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinmansville"}],"text":"Battle Island State Park – a state park on the western bank of the Oswego River, in the northeast part of the town.\nBowens Corners – once called Liberty's Corners, a hamlet southwest of Fulton on Route 176.\nDexterville – a hamlet on the western town line, west of Granby Center.\nGranby Center – a hamlet in the northern part of the town. It was formerly known as \"Williams Corners\"; it is west of Fulton on Route 3.\nHinmansville – a hamlet in the southern part of the town by the Oswego River.\nLake Neatahwanta – a lakeside community west of the City of Fulton.\nLewis Corners – a hamlet north of Granby Center near the Minetto town line.\nOx Creek – a tributary of the Oswego River.\nPember Corners – a hamlet on the town line in the northwestern part of the town.\nSouth Granby – a hamlet in the southern part of the town, northwest of Hinmansville.\nWest Granby – a former community in the town.\nBrook was a post office located just north of the county line.","title":"Communities and locations in Granby"}]
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null
[{"reference":"\"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_36.txt","url_text":"\"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\". Retrieved June 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2016.html","url_text":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_Friedrich,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden
Charles, Grand Duke of Baden
["1 Life","2 Events that occurred during his reign","3 Marriage and family","4 Ancestry","5 References"]
Grand Duke of Baden from 1811 to 1818 This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (September 2021) CharlesPortrait by François Gérard, c. 1806Grand Duke of BadenReign10 June 1811 – 8 December 1818PredecessorCharles FrederickSuccessorLouis IBorn(1786-06-08)8 June 1786KarlsruheDied8 December 1818(1818-12-08) (aged 32)KarlsruheSpouseStéphanie de BeauharnaisIssueDetailLouise, Princess of VasaJosephine, Princess of HohenzollernAlexander, Hereditary Grand Duke of BadenPrincess Marie, Duchess of HamiltonNamesGerman: Karl Ludwig FriedrichHouseZähringenFatherCharles Louis, Hereditary Prince of BadenMotherLandgravine Amalie of Hesse-DarmstadtReligionLutheran Charles (German: Karl Ludwig Friedrich; 8 June 1786 – 8 December 1818) was Grand Duke of Baden from 11 June 1811 until his death in 1818. He was born in Karlsruhe. Life His father was Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden, the heir to the Margraviate of Baden, which was raised to a grand duchy after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. His mother was Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt, the daughter of Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt. He was the brother-in-law of the rulers of Bavaria, Russia, and Sweden. His sister Caroline was the queen consort of Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria, his sister Louise was the empress consort of Alexander I of Russia and his sister Frederica was the queen consort of Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden. At the age of 15, Charles went on a journey to visit his sisters in their courts in St. Petersburg and Stockholm. He was on his way home with his father, when his father died in a fall from his coach on 15 December 1801. Charles was a witness to this accident. Due to the strong influence of France on the court of Baden, Charles was forced to marry Emperor Napoléon I's adopted daughter, Stéphanie de Beauharnais, in Paris on 8 April 1806, this despite his own protests and those of his mother and sisters. Charles apparently preferred the hand of his cousin Princess Augusta of Bavaria. It would be five years before the couple would produce an heir. Charles went to war in 1807 as head of the Baden contingent under Marshal Lefebvre. There he took part in the siege of Danzig. In 1808, Charles returned to the side of his grandfather. His grandfather's age was beginning to show and Charles became co-regent. Charles was 25 years old when he succeeded his grandfather Charles Frederick upon the latter's death on 11 June 1811. On 4 October 1817, as neither he nor the other sons from his grandfather's first marriage had surviving male descendants, Charles confirmed the succession rights of his half-uncles from the Hochberg morganatic line, granting each the title, Prince and Margrave of Baden, and the style of Highness. He asked the princely congress in Aachen on 20 November 1818, just weeks before his death, to confirm the succession rights of the sons of Louise Caroline, Countess of Hochberg, morganatic second wife of Grand Duke Charles Frederick. But this proclamation of Baden's succession evoked international challenges. The Congress of Vienna had, in 1815, recognised the eventual claims of Austria and Bavaria to parts of Baden which it allocated to Charles Frederick in the Upper Palatinate and the Breisgau, anticipating that upon his imminent demise those lands would cease to be part of the Grand Duchy. The disputes were resolved by the Treaty of Frankfurt, 1819, under which Baden ceded a portion of Wertheim, already enclaved within Bavaria, to that Kingdom, whereupon the succession as settled in 1817 was recognized by Bavaria and Austria. Events that occurred during his reign The end of Napoleon I's rule and the Congress of Vienna, which confirmed the territorial gains Baden had made during the Napoleonic era. 1818: The passing of a new, liberal constitution The height of Friedrich Weinbrenner's career 1817: The start of the administration of the Rhine by Johann Gottfried Tulla The premiere of the velocipede by Karl Drais Marriage and family Hereditary Prince Charles married Stéphanie de Beauharnais (28 August 1789 – 29 January 1860), daughter of Claude de Beauharnais and adoptive daughter of Emperor Napoléon I in Paris on 8 April 1806. Their children: Princess Louise Amelie of Baden (5 June 1811 – 19 July 1854) she married Gustav of Sweden on 9 November 1830 and they were divorce in 1843. They had two children. Prince of Baden (29 September 1812 – 16 October 1812) Princess Josephine of Baden (21 October 1813 – 19 June 1900) she married Karl Anton of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen on 21 October 1834. They had six children Hereditary Grand Duke Alexander of Baden (1 May 1816 – 8 May 1816) Princess Marie Amelie of Baden (11 October 1817 – 17 October 1888) she married William Hamilton, 11th Duke of Hamilton on 23 February 1843. They had three children. As Grand Duke Charles did not have any surviving male children, upon his death in Rastatt, he was succeeded by his uncle Louis I. It has been speculated that the foundling Kaspar Hauser was his son, and therefore the actual hereditary prince. Since Kaspar was unmarried and childless when stabbed to death in 1833 his heavily disputed claim reunited with the actual succession then held by Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden, since Louis I also died unmarried and childless three years earlier. Ancestry Ancestors of Charles, Grand Duke of Baden 16. Charles III William, Margrave of Baden-Durlach 8. Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Baden-Durlach 17. Duchess Magdalena Wilhelmine of Württemberg 4. Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden 18. John William Friso, Prince of Orange 9. Princess Amalia of Nassau-Dietz 19. Landgravine Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel 2. Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden 20. Ernest Louis, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt 10. Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt 21. Margravine Dorothea Charlotte of Brandenburg-Ansbach 5. Landgravine Caroline Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt 22. Johann Reinhard III of Hanau-Lichtenberg 11. Countess Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg, Heiress of Lichtenberg 23. Margravine Dorothea Friederike of Brandenburg-Ansbach 1. Charles, Grand Duke of Baden 24. Ernest Louis, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (= 20) 12. Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (= 10) 25. Margravine Dorothea Charlotte of Brandenburg-Ansbach (= 21) 6. Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt 26. Johann Reinhard III of Hanau-Lichtenberg (= 22) 13. Countess Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg, Heiress of Lichtenberg (= 11) 27. Margravine Dorothea Friederike of Brandenburg-Ansbach (= 23) 3. Landgravine Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt 28. Christian II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld 14. Christian III, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken 29. Countess Catharine Agatha of Rappoltstein 7. Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken 30. Louis Crato, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken 15. Countess Caroline of Nassau-Saarbrücken 31. Countess Philippine Henriette of Hohenlohe-Langenburg References ^ a b c d e f von Weech, Friedrich. "Karl Ludwig Friedrich". Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German). p. Onlinefassung. Retrieved 25 June 2010. ^ Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. pp. 38 (father), 69 (mother). Charles, Grand Duke of Baden House of ZähringenBorn: 8 July 1786 Died: 8 December 1818 Regnal titles Preceded byCharles Frederick Grand Duke of Baden 1811–1818 Succeeded byLouis I vtePrinces of BadenThe generations indicate descent from Charles Frederick, the first Grand Duke of a united Baden. Only princes notable enough for standalone articles are included. Later generations do not legally hold a title due to the abolition of the monarchy in 1918.1st generation Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden Louis I, Grand Duke of Baden Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden Prince Wilhelm 2nd generation Charles, Grand Duke of Baden Louis II, Grand Duke of Baden Frederick I, Grand Duke of Baden Prince Wilhelm 3rd generation Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden Maximilian, Margrave of Baden 4th generation Berthold, Margrave of Baden 5th generation Maximilian, Margrave of Baden* 6th generation Bernhard, Margrave of Baden* *Titular prince of Baden due to the 1918 German Revolution Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany People Deutsche Biographie Other RISM
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KLF-ADB-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KLF-ADB-1"},{"link_name":"Grand Duke of Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Baden"},{"link_name":"Karlsruhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsruhe"}],"text":"Charles (German: Karl Ludwig Friedrich; 8 June 1786[1] – 8 December 1818[1]) was Grand Duke of Baden from 11 June 1811 until his death in 1818. He was born in Karlsruhe.","title":"Charles, Grand Duke of Baden"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Louis,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Baden"},{"link_name":"heir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent"},{"link_name":"Margraviate of Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margraviate_of_Baden"},{"link_name":"grand duchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_duchy"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landgravine_Amalie_of_Hesse-Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IX,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Caroline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karoline_of_Baden"},{"link_name":"queen consort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_consort"},{"link_name":"Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Louise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_of_Baden"},{"link_name":"empress consort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_consort"},{"link_name":"Alexander I of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Frederica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederica_of_Baden"},{"link_name":"Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KLF-ADB-1"},{"link_name":"Emperor Napoléon I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Stéphanie de Beauharnais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phanie_de_Beauharnais"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Princess Augusta of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Augusta_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KLF-ADB-1"},{"link_name":"Marshal Lefebvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshal_Lefebvre"},{"link_name":"siege of Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1807)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KLF-ADB-1"},{"link_name":"Charles Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Frederick,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KLF-ADB-1"},{"link_name":"Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen"},{"link_name":"Louise Caroline, Countess of Hochberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Caroline_of_Hochberg"},{"link_name":"Upper Palatinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Palatinate"},{"link_name":"Breisgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breisgau"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Frankfurt, 1819","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees"},{"link_name":"Wertheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wertheim_am_Main"}],"text":"His father was Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden, the heir to the Margraviate of Baden, which was raised to a grand duchy after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. His mother was Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt, the daughter of Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt. He was the brother-in-law of the rulers of Bavaria, Russia, and Sweden. His sister Caroline was the queen consort of Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria, his sister Louise was the empress consort of Alexander I of Russia and his sister Frederica was the queen consort of Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden.At the age of 15, Charles went on a journey to visit his sisters in their courts in St. Petersburg and Stockholm. He was on his way home with his father, when his father died in a fall from his coach on 15 December 1801. Charles was a witness to this accident.[1]Due to the strong influence of France on the court of Baden, Charles was forced to marry Emperor Napoléon I's adopted daughter, Stéphanie de Beauharnais, in Paris on 8 April 1806, this despite his own protests and those of his mother and sisters. Charles apparently preferred the hand of his cousin Princess Augusta of Bavaria. It would be five years before the couple would produce an heir.[1]Charles went to war in 1807 as head of the Baden contingent under Marshal Lefebvre. There he took part in the siege of Danzig.[1]In 1808, Charles returned to the side of his grandfather. His grandfather's age was beginning to show and Charles became co-regent. Charles was 25 years old when he succeeded his grandfather Charles Frederick upon the latter's death on 11 June 1811.[1]On 4 October 1817, as neither he nor the other sons from his grandfather's first marriage had surviving male descendants, Charles confirmed the succession rights of his half-uncles from the Hochberg morganatic line, granting each the title, Prince and Margrave of Baden, and the style of Highness. He asked the princely congress in Aachen on 20 November 1818, just weeks before his death, to confirm the succession rights of the sons of Louise Caroline, Countess of Hochberg, morganatic second wife of Grand Duke Charles Frederick.But this proclamation of Baden's succession evoked international challenges. The Congress of Vienna had, in 1815, recognised the eventual claims of Austria and Bavaria to parts of Baden which it allocated to Charles Frederick in the Upper Palatinate and the Breisgau, anticipating that upon his imminent demise those lands would cease to be part of the Grand Duchy. The disputes were resolved by the Treaty of Frankfurt, 1819, under which Baden ceded a portion of Wertheim, already enclaved within Bavaria, to that Kingdom, whereupon the succession as settled in 1817 was recognized by Bavaria and Austria.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Napoleon I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Congress of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Weinbrenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Weinbrenner"},{"link_name":"Johann Gottfried Tulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Tulla"},{"link_name":"velocipede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocipede"},{"link_name":"Karl Drais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Drais"}],"text":"The end of Napoleon I's rule and the Congress of Vienna, which confirmed the territorial gains Baden had made during the Napoleonic era.\n1818: The passing of a new, liberal constitution\nThe height of Friedrich Weinbrenner's career\n1817: The start of the administration of the Rhine by Johann Gottfried Tulla\nThe premiere of the velocipede by Karl Drais","title":"Events that occurred during his reign"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stéphanie de Beauharnais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phanie_de_Beauharnais"},{"link_name":"Claude de Beauharnais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_de_Beauharnais_(1756%E2%80%931819)"},{"link_name":"Napoléon I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Princess Louise Amelie of Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Louise_Amelie_of_Baden"},{"link_name":"Gustav of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav,_Prince_of_Vasa"},{"link_name":"Princess Josephine of Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Josephine_of_Baden"},{"link_name":"Karl Anton of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Anton,_Prince_of_Hohenzollern_(died_1885)"},{"link_name":"Princess Marie Amelie of Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Marie_Amelie_of_Baden"},{"link_name":"William Hamilton, 11th Duke of Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hamilton,_11th_Duke_of_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Rastatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastatt"},{"link_name":"Louis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden"},{"link_name":"Kaspar Hauser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspar_Hauser"},{"link_name":"Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden"},{"link_name":"Louis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden"}],"text":"Hereditary Prince Charles married Stéphanie de Beauharnais (28 August 1789 – 29 January 1860), daughter of Claude de Beauharnais and adoptive daughter of Emperor Napoléon I in Paris on 8 April 1806. Their children:Princess Louise Amelie of Baden (5 June 1811 – 19 July 1854) she married Gustav of Sweden on 9 November 1830 and they were divorce in 1843. They had two children.\nPrince of Baden (29 September 1812 – 16 October 1812)\nPrincess Josephine of Baden (21 October 1813 – 19 June 1900) she married Karl Anton of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen on 21 October 1834. They had six children\nHereditary Grand Duke Alexander of Baden (1 May 1816 – 8 May 1816)\nPrincess Marie Amelie of Baden (11 October 1817 – 17 October 1888) she married William Hamilton, 11th Duke of Hamilton on 23 February 1843. They had three children.As Grand Duke Charles did not have any surviving male children, upon his death in Rastatt, he was succeeded by his uncle Louis I. It has been speculated that the foundling Kaspar Hauser was his son, and therefore the actual hereditary prince. Since Kaspar was unmarried and childless when stabbed to death in 1833 his heavily disputed claim reunited with the actual succession then held by Leopold, Grand Duke of Baden, since Louis I also died unmarried and childless three years earlier.","title":"Marriage and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Charles III William, Margrave of Baden-Durlach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III_William,_Margrave_of_Baden-Durlach"},{"link_name":"Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Baden-Durlach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Baden-Durlach"},{"link_name":"Magdalena Wilhelmine of Württemberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_Wilhelmine_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg"},{"link_name":"Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Frederick,_Grand_Duke_of_Baden"},{"link_name":"John William Friso, Prince of Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Friso,_Prince_of_Orange"},{"link_name":"Princess Amalia of Nassau-Dietz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalia_of_Nassau-Dietz"},{"link_name":"Landgravine Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landgravine_Marie_Louise_of_Hesse-Kassel"},{"link_name":"Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Louis,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Baden"},{"link_name":"Ernest Louis, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Louis,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VIII,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"Dorothea Charlotte of Brandenburg-Ansbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Charlotte_of_Brandenburg-Ansbach"},{"link_name":"Landgravine Caroline Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landgravine_Caroline_Louise_of_Hesse-Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"Johann Reinhard III of Hanau-Lichtenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Reinhard_III_of_Hanau-Lichtenberg"},{"link_name":"Countess Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess_Charlotte_of_Hanau-Lichtenberg"},{"link_name":"Dorothea Friederike of Brandenburg-Ansbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Friederike_of_Brandenburg-Ansbach"},{"link_name":"Ernest Louis, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Louis,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VIII,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"Dorothea Charlotte of Brandenburg-Ansbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Charlotte_of_Brandenburg-Ansbach"},{"link_name":"Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IX,_Landgrave_of_Hesse-Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"Johann Reinhard III of Hanau-Lichtenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Reinhard_III_of_Hanau-Lichtenberg"},{"link_name":"Countess Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess_Charlotte_of_Hanau-Lichtenberg"},{"link_name":"Dorothea Friederike of Brandenburg-Ansbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Friederike_of_Brandenburg-Ansbach"},{"link_name":"Landgravine Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landgravine_Amalie_of_Hesse-Darmstadt"},{"link_name":"Christian II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_II,_Count_Palatine_of_Zweibr%C3%BCcken-Birkenfeld"},{"link_name":"Christian III, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_III,_Count_Palatine_of_Zweibr%C3%BCcken"},{"link_name":"Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countess_Palatine_Caroline_of_Zweibr%C3%BCcken"},{"link_name":"Louis Crato, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Crato,_Count_of_Nassau-Saarbr%C3%BCcken"},{"link_name":"Caroline of Nassau-Saarbrücken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_of_Nassau-Saarbr%C3%BCcken"}],"text":"Ancestors of Charles, Grand Duke of Baden[2] 16. Charles III William, Margrave of Baden-Durlach 8. Frederick, Hereditary Prince of Baden-Durlach 17. Duchess Magdalena Wilhelmine of Württemberg 4. Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden 18. John William Friso, Prince of Orange 9. Princess Amalia of Nassau-Dietz 19. Landgravine Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel 2. Charles Louis, Hereditary Prince of Baden 20. Ernest Louis, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt 10. Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt 21. Margravine Dorothea Charlotte of Brandenburg-Ansbach 5. Landgravine Caroline Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt 22. Johann Reinhard III of Hanau-Lichtenberg 11. Countess Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg, Heiress of Lichtenberg 23. Margravine Dorothea Friederike of Brandenburg-Ansbach 1. Charles, Grand Duke of Baden 24. Ernest Louis, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (= 20) 12. Louis VIII, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (= 10) 25. Margravine Dorothea Charlotte of Brandenburg-Ansbach (= 21) 6. Louis IX, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt 26. Johann Reinhard III of Hanau-Lichtenberg (= 22) 13. Countess Charlotte of Hanau-Lichtenberg, Heiress of Lichtenberg (= 11) 27. Margravine Dorothea Friederike of Brandenburg-Ansbach (= 23) 3. Landgravine Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt 28. Christian II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld 14. Christian III, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken 29. Countess Catharine Agatha of Rappoltstein 7. Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken 30. Louis Crato, Count of Nassau-Saarbrücken 15. Countess Caroline of Nassau-Saarbrücken 31. Countess Philippine Henriette of Hohenlohe-Langenburg","title":"Ancestry"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"von Weech, Friedrich. \"Karl Ludwig Friedrich\". Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German). p. Onlinefassung. Retrieved 25 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/artikelADB_pnd102285020.html","url_text":"\"Karl Ludwig Friedrich\""}]},{"reference":"Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans [Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. pp. 38 (father), 69 (mother).","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA38","url_text":"Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/artikelADB_pnd102285020.html","external_links_name":"\"Karl Ludwig Friedrich\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AINPAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA38","external_links_name":"Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000003423480","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/42227780","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/102285020","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd102285020.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://rism.online/people/30079791","external_links_name":"RISM"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istana_Negara,_Jalan_Duta
Istana Negara, Jalan Tuanku Abdul Halim
["1 History","2 Palace areas","2.1 The formal component consists of the following","2.2 The royal component consists of the following","2.3 The administration component consists of the following","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Official residence of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia For other uses, see Istana Negara. National Palace of MalaysiaIstana Negara MalaysiaGeneral informationTypeRoyal palaceArchitectural styleMalay, Islamic and Western architectureTown or cityKuala LumpurCountry MalaysiaCurrent tenantsIbrahim Iskandar, the Yang di-Pertuan AgongGroundbreaking1 November 2007Construction started5 November 2007Completed16 September 2011Inaugurated15 November 2011CostRM997 millionOwnerGovernment of MalaysiaDesign and constructionArchitect(s)Malaysian Public Works DepartmentKumpulan Seni Reka Sdn. Bhd.Main contractorMalaysian Public Works DepartmentMaya Maju Sdn. Bhd. Malaysian National PalaceIstana Negara MalaysiaAgency overviewFormed31 August 1957; 66 years ago (1957-08-31)JurisdictionMalaysiaHeadquartersKuala Lumpur, MalaysiaAnnual budgetRM70.00 billion (2023)Agency executivesMejar Jeneral Dato' Indera Zahari bin Mohd Ariffin, Comptroller of the Royal Family and Household (Datuk Pengelola Bijaya Diraja)Datuk Azuan Effendy bin Zairakithnaini, Grand Chamberlain of the Royal Family and Household (Datuk Paduka Maharaja Lela)Parent departmentPrime Minister's DepartmentWebsitewww.istananegara.gov.my The Istana Negara (English: National Palace) is the official residence of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the monarch of Malaysia. It is located along Jalan Tuanku Abdul Halim (formerly Jalan Duta) near Taman Duta, northwestern Kuala Lumpur. The palace opened in 2011 and replaced the old Istana Negara which was located at a different compound in central Kuala Lumpur. The palace complex has an area of 97.65 hectares, 22 domes, and is split into three main portions: the Formal Component, Royal Component and Administration Component. There are 3 entrances to the Palace that is, through the main gateway entrance via Jalan Tuanku Abdul Halim flyover for the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Raja Permaisuri Agong, Sultan and Sultanah of the State, Yang di-Pertua Negeri, Diplomats and Government Head, Prime Minister and Deputy Prime Minister and wife. The second entrance located at Jalan Semantan - Dungun serves as a main entrance for the Royal Guest and VIP. The third access located at Jalan Sri Hartamas is meant for general public that has an appointment with the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and Raja Permaisuri Agong and also the Palace Administration's Staff. History The site where the palace is located has been gazetted for such purpose in 1976, and numerous contractors have been involved with the initial planning. The need for a new palace, according to the then-Works Minister Samy Vellu, has been pressing due to space constraints in the old palace. The Balai Rong Seri (throne room) of the old palace was also used as the dining and meeting rooms. The site of the new palace is 96.52 hectares and situated on a hill, of which according to Malaysian Public Works Department (JKR) director-general Dato' Sri Dr Amer Hamzah Mohd Yunus, only 28 hectares will be used for the development of the palace complex while the rest is allocated as a forest reserve and a buffer zone for safety purposes. Construction began in November 2007 and cost RM812 million to build. The complex was headed by the 12th Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin of Perlis, serving the mandate trusted upon him by The Malay Rulers Council as to overlook the affairs and activities of the palace's construction. Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin had also officiated the palace's new official site on 13 November 2006. The complex incorporates Islamic and Malay architectural elements, following designs by architect firm Kumpulan Seni Reka Sdn Bhd and built by construction firm Maya Maju Sdn Bhd. The palace complex was slated for completion in 2009 but was only completed in September 2011. The administration of the Istana Negara began its full operation on 11 November 2011 during the reign of the 13th Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu. The raising of the Royal Standard of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong Ceremony was held on 15 November 2011 to symbolise that the Istana Negara at Jalan Tuanku Abdul Halim had been officially declared as the new National Palace of Malaysia. The 14th Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Tuanku Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah of Kedah was the first King to have his installation ceremony held there. Among the unique features of the Istana Negara is its 22 domes. The two biggest domes are designed in the form of neatly layered beetle leaves. When night falls, the radiant rays of the decorative lights that illuminate the domes produce a spectacular impact to its surrounding. The colour of the lights will change according to the functions held at the palace and can clearly be seen from afar. Palace areas The formal component consists of the following Main Lobby Banquet Hall Pre-Function Banquet Hall Singgahsana (Main Throne) Singgahsana Kecil (Small Throne) Prayers Hall Dewan Seri Maharaja (Royal Waiting Hall 1) Dewan Seri Mahkota (Royal Waiting Hall 2) Dewan Seri Negara (VVIP Waiting Hall) Audience Hall Audience Chamber Bilik Mesyuarat Majlis Raja-Raja (The Conference Of Rulers Meeting Chamber) Kitchen Facility The royal component consists of the following Royal Guest Suites 1 - 9 Royal Bath (Royal Swimming Pool) Royal Kitchen Royal Dining Chamber Royal Private Garden Royal Wing's Lobby Royal Multipurpose Hall Foyer At The Royal Wing Office of the Seri Paduka Baginda Yang di-Pertuan Agong Office of the Seri Paduka Baginda Raja Permaisuri Agong Seri Paduka Baginda Yang di-Pertuan Agong & Seri Paduka Baginda Raja Permaisuri Agong Meeting Room Guest Lounge Guest Lounge on the First Floor of The Royal Wing Guest Lounge on the 2nd Floor of The Royal Wing Yang Di-Pertuan Agong's Personal Library Guest Library Mini Theatre TV Room Treatment Room Gymnasium, Sauna & Steam Dentistry Facility The administration component consists of the following Offices of the palace administrators Praying chamber the Support Building the Security Office Multipurpose hall Emergency room Helipad Horse stable Swimming pool Sports recreation area Ceremonial cannons See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Istana Negara, Kuala Lumpur. Istana Negara, Jalan Istana, is the former national palace of Malaysia's Yang di-Pertuan Agong in Kuala Lumpur. Istana Melawati, is the second palace of Malaysia's Yang di-Pertuan Agong situated in Putrajaya. References ^ Zamzukhairi Noordin (21 November 2011). "Istana Negara : From Jalan Istana To Jalan Duta". mynewshub. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2011. ^ a b "New, bigger Istana Negara". 14 November 2006. Archived from the original on 21 February 2007. Retrieved 23 December 2011. ^ "Majlis Penyerahan Istana Negara Jalan Duta" (in Malay). Istana Negara. 18 October 2011. Archived from the original on 5 December 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2011. ^ "Istana Negara relocates to Jalan Duta". The Sun. 15 November 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2011. External links Istana Negara, Jalan Tuanku Abdul Halim on Instagram Istana Negara, Jalan Tuanku Abdul Halim on Facebook Authority control databases: National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Istana Negara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istana_Negara_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Yang di-Pertuan Agong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong"},{"link_name":"monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Jalan Tuanku Abdul Halim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalan_Tuanku_Abdul_Halim"},{"link_name":"Taman Duta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Duta"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur"},{"link_name":"old Istana Negara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istana_Negara,_Jalan_Istana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hub-1"}],"text":"For other uses, see Istana Negara.The Istana Negara (English: National Palace) is the official residence of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the monarch of Malaysia. It is located along Jalan Tuanku Abdul Halim (formerly Jalan Duta) near Taman Duta, northwestern Kuala Lumpur. The palace opened in 2011 and replaced the old Istana Negara which was located at a different compound in central Kuala Lumpur.The palace complex has an area of 97.65 hectares, 22 domes, and is split into three main portions: the Formal Component, Royal Component and Administration Component.[1]There are 3 entrances to the Palace that is, through the main gateway entrance via Jalan Tuanku Abdul Halim flyover for the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Raja Permaisuri Agong, Sultan and Sultanah of the State, Yang di-Pertua Negeri, Diplomats and Government Head, Prime Minister and Deputy Prime Minister and wife. The second entrance located at Jalan Semantan - Dungun serves as a main entrance for the Royal Guest and VIP. The third access located at Jalan Sri Hartamas is meant for general public that has an appointment with the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and Raja Permaisuri Agong and also the Palace Administration's Staff.","title":"Istana Negara, Jalan Tuanku Abdul Halim"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Samy Vellu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samy_Vellu"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Public Works Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_Public_Works_Department"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-star06-2"},{"link_name":"RM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringgit_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ist-3"},{"link_name":"Yang di-Pertuan Agong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong"},{"link_name":"Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin of Perlis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirajuddin_of_Perlis"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-star06-2"},{"link_name":"Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizan_Zainal_Abidin_of_Terengganu"},{"link_name":"Terengganu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terengganu"},{"link_name":"Tuanku Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Halim_of_Kedah"},{"link_name":"Kedah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sun1-4"}],"text":"The site where the palace is located has been gazetted for such purpose in 1976, and numerous contractors have been involved with the initial planning. The need for a new palace, according to the then-Works Minister Samy Vellu, has been pressing due to space constraints in the old palace. The Balai Rong Seri (throne room) of the old palace was also used as the dining and meeting rooms. The site of the new palace is 96.52 hectares and situated on a hill, of which according to Malaysian Public Works Department (JKR) director-general Dato' Sri Dr Amer Hamzah Mohd Yunus, only 28 hectares will be used for the development of the palace complex while the rest is allocated as a forest reserve and a buffer zone for safety purposes.[2]Construction began in November 2007 and cost RM812 million to build.[3] The complex was headed by the 12th Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin of Perlis, serving the mandate trusted upon him by The Malay Rulers Council as to overlook the affairs and activities of the palace's construction. Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin had also officiated the palace's new official site on 13 November 2006. The complex incorporates Islamic and Malay architectural elements, following designs by architect firm Kumpulan Seni Reka Sdn Bhd and built by construction firm Maya Maju Sdn Bhd. The palace complex was slated for completion in 2009 but was only completed in September 2011.[2]The administration of the Istana Negara began its full operation on 11 November 2011 during the reign of the 13th Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu. The raising of the Royal Standard of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong Ceremony was held on 15 November 2011 to symbolise that the Istana Negara at Jalan Tuanku Abdul Halim had been officially declared as the new National Palace of Malaysia. The 14th Yang di-Pertuan Agong, Tuanku Abdul Halim Mu'adzam Shah of Kedah was the first King to have his installation ceremony held there.[4]Among the unique features of the Istana Negara is its 22 domes. The two biggest domes are designed in the form of neatly layered beetle leaves. When night falls, the radiant rays of the decorative lights that illuminate the domes produce a spectacular impact to its surrounding. The colour of the lights will change according to the functions held at the palace and can clearly be seen from afar.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Palace areas"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The formal component consists of the following","text":"Main Lobby\nBanquet Hall Pre-Function\nBanquet Hall\nSinggahsana (Main Throne)\nSinggahsana Kecil (Small Throne)\nPrayers Hall\nDewan Seri Maharaja (Royal Waiting Hall 1)\nDewan Seri Mahkota (Royal Waiting Hall 2)\nDewan Seri Negara (VVIP Waiting Hall)\nAudience Hall\nAudience Chamber\nBilik Mesyuarat Majlis Raja-Raja (The Conference Of Rulers Meeting Chamber)\nKitchen Facility","title":"Palace areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yang di-Pertuan Agong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong"},{"link_name":"Raja Permaisuri Agong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Permaisuri_Agong"},{"link_name":"Yang di-Pertuan Agong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong"},{"link_name":"Raja Permaisuri Agong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Permaisuri_Agong"}],"sub_title":"The royal component consists of the following","text":"Royal Guest Suites 1 - 9\nRoyal Bath (Royal Swimming Pool)\nRoyal Kitchen\nRoyal Dining Chamber\nRoyal Private Garden\nRoyal Wing's Lobby\nRoyal Multipurpose Hall\nFoyer At The Royal Wing\nOffice of the Seri Paduka Baginda Yang di-Pertuan Agong\nOffice of the Seri Paduka Baginda Raja Permaisuri Agong\nSeri Paduka Baginda Yang di-Pertuan Agong & Seri Paduka Baginda Raja Permaisuri Agong Meeting Room\nGuest Lounge\nGuest Lounge on the First Floor of The Royal Wing\nGuest Lounge on the 2nd Floor of The Royal Wing\nYang Di-Pertuan Agong's Personal Library\nGuest Library\nMini Theatre\nTV Room\nTreatment Room\nGymnasium, Sauna & Steam\nDentistry Facility","title":"Palace areas"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"The administration component consists of the following","text":"Offices of the palace administrators\nPraying chamber\nthe Support Building\nthe Security Office\nMultipurpose hall\nEmergency room\nHelipad\nHorse stable\nSwimming pool\nSports recreation area\nCeremonial cannons","title":"Palace areas"}]
[]
[{"title":"Istana Negara, Kuala Lumpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Istana_Negara,_Kuala_Lumpur"},{"title":"Istana Negara, Jalan Istana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istana_Negara,_Jalan_Istana"},{"title":"Istana Melawati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istana_Melawati"}]
[{"reference":"Zamzukhairi Noordin (21 November 2011). \"Istana Negara : From Jalan Istana To Jalan Duta\". mynewshub. Archived from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120424194935/http://mynewshub.my/eng/2011/11/istana-negara-from-jalan-istana-to-jalan-duta/","url_text":"\"Istana Negara : From Jalan Istana To Jalan Duta\""},{"url":"http://mynewshub.my/eng/2011/11/istana-negara-from-jalan-istana-to-jalan-duta/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New, bigger Istana Negara\". 14 November 2006. Archived from the original on 21 February 2007. Retrieved 23 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070221003700/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2006%2F11%2F14%2Fnation%2F16009167&sec=nation#","url_text":"\"New, bigger Istana Negara\""},{"url":"http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2006/11/14/nation/16009167&sec=nation","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Majlis Penyerahan Istana Negara Jalan Duta\" (in Malay). Istana Negara. 18 October 2011. Archived from the original on 5 December 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111205014505/http://www.istananegara.gov.my/istananegara2/index.php/component/content/article/68-beritaistana/206-istanajalanduta.html","url_text":"\"Majlis Penyerahan Istana Negara Jalan Duta\""},{"url":"http://www.istananegara.gov.my/istananegara2/index.php/component/content/article/68-beritaistana/206-istanajalanduta.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Istana Negara relocates to Jalan Duta\". The Sun. 15 November 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thesundaily.my/news/209368","url_text":"\"Istana Negara relocates to Jalan Duta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sun_(Malaysia)","url_text":"The Sun"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsville,_Kentucky
Scottsville, Kentucky
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Climate","4 Demographics","5 Mennonite community","6 Education","7 Media","8 Notable people","9 References","10 External links"]
Coordinates: 36°45′5″N 86°11′34″W / 36.75139°N 86.19278°W / 36.75139; -86.19278 City in Kentucky, United StatesScottsville, KentuckyCitySign welcoming visitors to ScottsvilleLocation of Scottsville in Allen County, Kentucky.Coordinates: 36°45′5″N 86°11′34″W / 36.75139°N 86.19278°W / 36.75139; -86.19278CountryUnited StatesStateKentuckyCountyAllenEstablished1817Incorporated1860Named forGov. Charles ScottArea • Total6.31 sq mi (16.36 km2) • Land6.30 sq mi (16.32 km2) • Water0.01 sq mi (0.03 km2)Elevation761 ft (232 m)Population (2020) • Total4,299 • Estimate (2022)4,433 • Density682.06/sq mi (263.35/km2)Time zoneUTC-6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-5 (CDT)ZIP code42164Area code(s)270 & 364FIPS code21-69114GNIS feature ID0503118Websitewww.cityofscottsville.org Scottsville is a home rule-class city in Allen County, Kentucky, in the United States. It is the seat of its county. The population was 4,299 during the 2020 United States Census. History The site along Bays Fork was settled in 1797 and developed into a stagecoach station. The town was laid off in 1816 and established the next year. It was named for Kentucky's 4th governor, Charles Scott. In the early 19th century, it was also known as Allen Court House and Scottville. Scottsville was the birthplace of what would become the Dollar General nationwide chain of 15,000 stores, with J. L. Turner and his son Cal Turner Sr. opening their first department store there in 1945. In 1955, the Turners began to open more stores, and, in 1968, founded Dollar General Corporation or DOLGEN Corp. Geography Scottsville is located at 36°45′5″N 86°11′34″W / 36.75139°N 86.19278°W / 36.75139; -86.19278 (36.751504, -86.192692). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.8 square miles (15 km2), all of it land. Climate The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Scottsville has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps. Climate data for Scottsville, Kentucky (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1946–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 77(25) 81(27) 86(30) 94(34) 94(34) 106(41) 108(42) 104(40) 104(40) 94(34) 84(29) 77(25) 108(42) Mean maximum °F (°C) 66.0(18.9) 70.5(21.4) 77.2(25.1) 83.0(28.3) 87.2(30.7) 91.8(33.2) 94.2(34.6) 94.1(34.5) 91.0(32.8) 84.1(28.9) 75.8(24.3) 67.0(19.4) 95.8(35.4) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 45.1(7.3) 50.2(10.1) 59.0(15.0) 69.7(20.9) 76.8(24.9) 83.8(28.8) 87.0(30.6) 86.5(30.3) 80.8(27.1) 70.4(21.3) 58.3(14.6) 48.4(9.1) 68.0(20.0) Daily mean °F (°C) 35.4(1.9) 39.6(4.2) 47.9(8.8) 57.4(14.1) 65.6(18.7) 72.7(22.6) 76.2(24.6) 75.2(24.0) 69.1(20.6) 58.4(14.7) 47.4(8.6) 39.0(3.9) 57.0(13.9) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 25.7(−3.5) 28.9(−1.7) 36.7(2.6) 45.1(7.3) 54.3(12.4) 61.5(16.4) 65.4(18.6) 63.8(17.7) 57.4(14.1) 46.4(8.0) 36.4(2.4) 29.6(−1.3) 45.9(7.7) Mean minimum °F (°C) 6.2(−14.3) 10.6(−11.9) 18.7(−7.4) 29.7(−1.3) 39.1(3.9) 51.1(10.6) 57.7(14.3) 56.1(13.4) 44.3(6.8) 31.5(−0.3) 20.9(−6.2) 13.1(−10.5) 3.3(−15.9) Record low °F (°C) −20(−29) −12(−24) −1(−18) 18(−8) 30(−1) 40(4) 50(10) 40(4) 31(−1) 22(−6) −6(−21) −15(−26) −20(−29) Average precipitation inches (mm) 4.06(103) 4.42(112) 4.83(123) 4.85(123) 5.45(138) 5.08(129) 4.79(122) 4.05(103) 4.16(106) 3.79(96) 3.81(97) 4.68(119) 53.97(1,371) Average snowfall inches (cm) 3.0(7.6) 2.4(6.1) 1.0(2.5) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.0(0.0) 0.1(0.25) 1.1(2.8) 7.6(19) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 11.9 11.2 11.8 11.1 11.3 10.4 9.5 8.4 7.8 8.1 9.1 11.8 122.4 Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 1.9 1.6 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.7 4.9 Source: NOAA Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 1840215—185040086.0%18604030.8%1870217−46.2%188039582.0%189057545.6%190082443.3%19101,32761.0%19202,17964.2%19301,867−14.3%19401,797−3.7%19502,06014.6%19603,32461.4%19703,5847.8%19804,27819.4%19904,2780.0%20004,3271.1%20104,226−2.3%20204,2991.7%2022 (est.)4,4333.1%U.S. Decennial Census As of the census of 2010, there were 4,226 people, 1,861 households, and 1,130 families residing in the city. The population density was 728.6 per square mile (281.3/km2). There were 2,066 housing units at an average density of 356.2 per square mile (137.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.5% White, 2.5% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.4% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population. There were 1,861 households, out of which 26.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.2% were married couples living together, 17.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.3% were non-families. 35.0% of all households were made up of individuals living alone, and 14.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.83. In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.2% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 20 to 24, 24.6% from 25 to 44, 25.6% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.66 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.54 males. The median income for a household in the city was $24,960, and the median income for a family was $36,711. Males had a median income of $31,367 versus $29,750 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,555. About 20.3% of families and 28.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35.0% of those under age 18 and 13.5% of those age 65 or over. Mennonite community Scottsville is home of the main settlement of the Noah Hoover Mennonites, also called "Scottsville Mennonites", a branch of Old Order Mennonites. They did not emerge from a single division, as most other Anabaptist groups, but have a long history of divisions and mergers. They moved to Scottsville in 1978, coming from Snyder County, Pennsylvania. Education Scottsville Public Schools are part of the Allen County Schools School District. The district has one elementary school, one intermediate school, one middle school, and one high school. Ninth through twelfth grade students attend Allen County Scottsville High School. Scottsville has a lending library, the Allen County Public Library. Media Scottsville's square contains a handful of shops. Scottsville is home to a weekly newspaper, the Citizen-Times, which was founded in 1890. Two radio stations, WVLE (99.3 FM) and WLCK (1250 AM). WVLE recently changed broadcast formats from country to a variety of adult contemporary hits from the past three decades. "The All New Love FM," as the station is now known, also has twice daily news segments covering Scottsville and the rest of Allen County. Notable people Mordecai Ham - Evangelist (born near Scottsville) Jim McDaniels - Professional basketball player Lattie Moore - Singer, songwriter and musician; Rockabilly Hall of Fame Member Charles Napier - Actor and voice actor who was the voice of Duke Phillips Harry Pulliam - Sixth President of the National League (Major League Baseball) and Democratic Kentucky legislator J.L. Turner - Founder of J.L. Turner and Son, the predecessor of Dollar General, in Scottsville Cal Turner - Founder of Dollar General Cal Turner Jr. - Former CEO of Dollar General and son of Cal Turner Norro Wilson - Nashville songwriter and record producer Hillbilly Jim (James Morris) - Professional wrestler References ^ a b c Commonwealth of Kentucky. Office of the Secretary of State. Land Office. "Scottsville, Kentucky". Accessed 26 August 2013. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 18, 2022. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Kentucky: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 26, 2023. ^ "Summary and Reference Guide to House Bill 331 City Classification Reform" (PDF). Kentucky League of Cities. Retrieved December 30, 2014. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011. ^ a b Rennick, Robert. Kentucky Place Names, p. 266. University Press of Kentucky (Lexington), 1987. Accessed 1 August 2013. ^ "Our History". Dollar General. ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "Scottsville, Kentucky Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. ^ "NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 18, 2023. ^ "Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 18, 2023. ^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Kentucky: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 26, 2023. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ Stephen Scott: Old Order and Conservative Mennonites Groups, Intercourse, PA 1996, page 104. ^ "Allen County School District". Allen County School District. Retrieved August 18, 2012. ^ "Kentucky Public Library Directory". Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives. Archived from the original on January 11, 2019. Retrieved June 5, 2019. ^ "Lattie Moore". Rockabilly Hall of Fame. Retrieved November 23, 2013. External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Scottsville (Kentucky). Official website Chamber of Commerce WVLE 99.3 FM Radio vteMunicipalities and communities of Allen County, Kentucky, United StatesCounty seat: ScottsvilleCity Scottsville Location of Allen County, KentuckyUnincorporatedcommunities Adolphus Allen Springs Alonzo Amos Butlersville Cedar Springs Chapel Hill Clare Fleet Forest Springs Gainesville Halfway Halifax Holland Maynard Meador Mount Aerial Mount Zion New Roe Oak Forest Petroleum Pope Red Hill Rodemer Settle Trammel Yesse Kentucky portal United States portal vteCounty seats in Kentucky Albany Alexandria Barbourville Bardstown Bardwell Beattyville Bedford Benton Booneville Bowling Green Brandenburg Brooksville Brownsville Burkesville Burlington Cadiz Calhoun Campbellsville Campton Carlisle Carrollton Catlettsburg Clinton Columbia Covington Cynthiana Danville Dixon Eddyville Edmonton Elizabethtown Elkton Falmouth Flemingsburg Frankfort Franklin Frenchburg Georgetown Glasgow Grayson Greensburg Greenup Greenville Hardinsburg Harlan Harrodsburg Hartford Hawesville Hazard Henderson Hickman Hindman Hodgenville Hopkinsville Hyden Independence Inez Irvine Jackson Jamestown La Grange Lancaster Lawrenceburg Lebanon Leitchfield Lexington Liberty London Louisa Louisville Madisonville Manchester Marion Mayfield Maysville McKee Monticello Morehead Morganfield Morgantown Mount Olivet Mount Sterling Mount Vernon Munfordville Murray New Castle Newport Nicholasville Owensboro Owenton Owingsville Paducah Paintsville Paris Pikeville Pineville Prestonsburg Princeton Richmond Russellville Salyersville Sandy Hook Scottsville Shelbyville Shepherdsville Smithland Somerset Springfield Stanford Stanton Taylorsville Tompkinsville Vanceburg Versailles Warsaw West Liberty Whitesburg Whitley City Wickliffe Williamsburg Williamstown Winchester  Kentucky portal Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"home rule-class city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kentucky_cities"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Allen County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR6-5"},{"link_name":"2020 United States Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"}],"text":"City in Kentucky, United StatesScottsville is a home rule-class city[4] in Allen County, Kentucky, in the United States. It is the seat of its county.[5] The population was 4,299 during the 2020 United States Census.","title":"Scottsville, Kentucky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bays Fork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bays_Fork&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ren-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sos-1"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"4th governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kentucky_governors"},{"link_name":"Charles Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_(governor)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ren-6"},{"link_name":"Dollar General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_General"},{"link_name":"J. L. Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Luther_Turner"},{"link_name":"Dollar General Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_General_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The site along Bays Fork was settled in 1797 and developed into a stagecoach station. The town was laid off in 1816[6] and established the next year.[1] It was named for Kentucky's 4th governor, Charles Scott. In the early 19th century, it was also known as Allen Court House and Scottville.[6]Scottsville was the birthplace of what would become the Dollar General nationwide chain of 15,000 stores, with J. L. Turner and his son Cal Turner Sr. opening their first department store there in 1945. In 1955, the Turners began to open more stores, and, in 1968, founded Dollar General Corporation or DOLGEN Corp.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"36°45′5″N 86°11′34″W / 36.75139°N 86.19278°W / 36.75139; -86.19278","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Scottsville,_Kentucky&params=36_45_5_N_86_11_34_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-8"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"Scottsville is located at 36°45′5″N 86°11′34″W / 36.75139°N 86.19278°W / 36.75139; -86.19278 (36.751504, -86.192692).[8] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 5.8 square miles (15 km2), all of it land.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen Climate Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification"},{"link_name":"humid subtropical climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOWData-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCEI-11"}],"text":"The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Scottsville has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated \"Cfa\" on climate maps.[9]Climate data for Scottsville, Kentucky (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1946–present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n77(25)\n\n81(27)\n\n86(30)\n\n94(34)\n\n94(34)\n\n106(41)\n\n108(42)\n\n104(40)\n\n104(40)\n\n94(34)\n\n84(29)\n\n77(25)\n\n108(42)\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n66.0(18.9)\n\n70.5(21.4)\n\n77.2(25.1)\n\n83.0(28.3)\n\n87.2(30.7)\n\n91.8(33.2)\n\n94.2(34.6)\n\n94.1(34.5)\n\n91.0(32.8)\n\n84.1(28.9)\n\n75.8(24.3)\n\n67.0(19.4)\n\n95.8(35.4)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n45.1(7.3)\n\n50.2(10.1)\n\n59.0(15.0)\n\n69.7(20.9)\n\n76.8(24.9)\n\n83.8(28.8)\n\n87.0(30.6)\n\n86.5(30.3)\n\n80.8(27.1)\n\n70.4(21.3)\n\n58.3(14.6)\n\n48.4(9.1)\n\n68.0(20.0)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n35.4(1.9)\n\n39.6(4.2)\n\n47.9(8.8)\n\n57.4(14.1)\n\n65.6(18.7)\n\n72.7(22.6)\n\n76.2(24.6)\n\n75.2(24.0)\n\n69.1(20.6)\n\n58.4(14.7)\n\n47.4(8.6)\n\n39.0(3.9)\n\n57.0(13.9)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n25.7(−3.5)\n\n28.9(−1.7)\n\n36.7(2.6)\n\n45.1(7.3)\n\n54.3(12.4)\n\n61.5(16.4)\n\n65.4(18.6)\n\n63.8(17.7)\n\n57.4(14.1)\n\n46.4(8.0)\n\n36.4(2.4)\n\n29.6(−1.3)\n\n45.9(7.7)\n\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n6.2(−14.3)\n\n10.6(−11.9)\n\n18.7(−7.4)\n\n29.7(−1.3)\n\n39.1(3.9)\n\n51.1(10.6)\n\n57.7(14.3)\n\n56.1(13.4)\n\n44.3(6.8)\n\n31.5(−0.3)\n\n20.9(−6.2)\n\n13.1(−10.5)\n\n3.3(−15.9)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−20(−29)\n\n−12(−24)\n\n−1(−18)\n\n18(−8)\n\n30(−1)\n\n40(4)\n\n50(10)\n\n40(4)\n\n31(−1)\n\n22(−6)\n\n−6(−21)\n\n−15(−26)\n\n−20(−29)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n4.06(103)\n\n4.42(112)\n\n4.83(123)\n\n4.85(123)\n\n5.45(138)\n\n5.08(129)\n\n4.79(122)\n\n4.05(103)\n\n4.16(106)\n\n3.79(96)\n\n3.81(97)\n\n4.68(119)\n\n53.97(1,371)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n3.0(7.6)\n\n2.4(6.1)\n\n1.0(2.5)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.1(0.25)\n\n1.1(2.8)\n\n7.6(19)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n11.9\n\n11.2\n\n11.8\n\n11.1\n\n11.3\n\n10.4\n\n9.5\n\n8.4\n\n7.8\n\n8.1\n\n9.1\n\n11.8\n\n122.4\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n1.9\n\n1.6\n\n0.6\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.1\n\n0.7\n\n4.9\n\n\nSource: NOAA[10][11]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-14"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[14] of 2010, there were 4,226 people, 1,861 households, and 1,130 families residing in the city. The population density was 728.6 per square mile (281.3/km2). There were 2,066 housing units at an average density of 356.2 per square mile (137.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.5% White, 2.5% African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.0% Pacific Islander, 0.4% from other races, and 2.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.4% of the population.There were 1,861 households, out of which 26.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.2% were married couples living together, 17.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.3% were non-families. 35.0% of all households were made up of individuals living alone, and 14.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.83.In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.2% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 20 to 24, 24.6% from 25 to 44, 25.6% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.6 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.66 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.54 males.The median income for a household in the city was $24,960, and the median income for a family was $36,711. Males had a median income of $31,367 versus $29,750 for females. The per capita income for the city was $13,555. About 20.3% of families and 28.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 35.0% of those under age 18 and 13.5% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Noah Hoover Mennonites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Hoover_Mennonite"},{"link_name":"Old Order Mennonites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Order_Mennonite"},{"link_name":"Anabaptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptists"},{"link_name":"Snyder County, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snyder_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stephen_Scott_1996,_page_102-15"}],"text":"Scottsville is home of the main settlement of the Noah Hoover Mennonites, also called \"Scottsville Mennonites\", a branch of Old Order Mennonites. They did not emerge from a single division, as most other Anabaptist groups, but have a long history of divisions and mergers. They moved to Scottsville in 1978, coming from Snyder County, Pennsylvania.[15]","title":"Mennonite community"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allen County Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_County_Schools"},{"link_name":"Allen County Scottsville High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_County_Scottsville_High_School"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Scottsville Public Schools are part of the Allen County Schools School District. The district has one elementary school, one intermediate school, one middle school, and one high school.Ninth through twelfth grade students attend Allen County Scottsville High School.[16]Scottsville has a lending library, the Allen County Public Library.[17]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scottsville_ky_square_2009.jpg"}],"text":"Scottsville's square contains a handful of shops.Scottsville is home to a weekly newspaper, the Citizen-Times, which was founded in 1890. Two radio stations, WVLE (99.3 FM) and WLCK (1250 AM). WVLE recently changed broadcast formats from country to a variety of adult contemporary hits from the past three decades. \"The All New Love FM,\" as the station is now known, also has twice daily news segments covering Scottsville and the rest of Allen County.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mordecai Ham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordecai_Ham"},{"link_name":"Evangelist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelism"},{"link_name":"Jim McDaniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_McDaniels"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Charles Napier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Napier_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Duke Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Critic#Duke_Phillips"},{"link_name":"Harry Pulliam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Pulliam"},{"link_name":"National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_League_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Dollar General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_General"},{"link_name":"Cal Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_Turner"},{"link_name":"Dollar General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_General"},{"link_name":"Cal Turner Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_Turner_Jr."},{"link_name":"Dollar General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_General"},{"link_name":"Cal Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal_Turner"},{"link_name":"Norro Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norro_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Nashville songwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Songwriters_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Hillbilly Jim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillbilly_Jim"},{"link_name":"Professional wrestler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling"}],"text":"Mordecai Ham - Evangelist (born near Scottsville)\nJim McDaniels - Professional basketball player\nLattie Moore - Singer, songwriter and musician; Rockabilly Hall of Fame Member[18]\nCharles Napier - Actor and voice actor who was the voice of Duke Phillips\nHarry Pulliam - Sixth President of the National League (Major League Baseball) and Democratic Kentucky legislator\nJ.L. Turner - Founder of J.L. Turner and Son, the predecessor of Dollar General, in Scottsville\nCal Turner - Founder of Dollar General\nCal Turner Jr. - Former CEO of Dollar General and son of Cal Turner\nNorro Wilson - Nashville songwriter and record producer\nHillbilly Jim (James Morris) - Professional wrestler","title":"Notable people"}]
[{"image_text":"Scottsville's square contains a handful of shops.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scottsville_ky_square_2009.jpg/300px-Scottsville_ky_square_2009.jpg"},{"image_text":"Location of Allen County, Kentucky","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Map_of_Kentucky_highlighting_Allen_County.svg/200px-Map_of_Kentucky_highlighting_Allen_County.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_21.txt","url_text":"\"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Kentucky: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2022/cities/totals/SUB-IP-EST2022-POP-21.xlsx","url_text":"\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Kentucky: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Summary and Reference Guide to House Bill 331 City Classification Reform\" (PDF). Kentucky League of Cities. Retrieved December 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.klc.org/UserFiles/files/ClassificationReformFACT(3).pdf","url_text":"\"Summary and Reference Guide to House Bill 331 City Classification Reform\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_League_of_Cities","url_text":"Kentucky League of Cities"}]},{"reference":"\"Find a County\". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"\"Find a County\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our History\". Dollar General.","urls":[{"url":"https://aboutus.dollargeneral.com/our-history/","url_text":"\"Our History\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Scottsville, Kentucky Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)\". Weatherbase.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=22751&cityname=Scottsville,+Kentucky,+United+States+of+America&units=","url_text":"\"Scottsville, Kentucky Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)\""}]},{"reference":"\"NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=lmk","url_text":"\"NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved November 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USC00157215&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL","url_text":"\"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Kentucky: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2022/cities/totals/SUB-IP-EST2022-POP-21.xlsx","url_text":"\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Kentucky: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Allen County School District\". Allen County School District. Retrieved August 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allen.kyschools.us/Default.aspx","url_text":"\"Allen County School District\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kentucky Public Library Directory\". Kentucky Department for Libraries and Archives. Archived from the original on January 11, 2019. Retrieved June 5, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190111202017/https://kdla.ky.gov/librarians/pages/librarydirectory.aspx","url_text":"\"Kentucky Public Library Directory\""},{"url":"https://kdla.ky.gov/librarians/pages/librarydirectory.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Lattie Moore\". Rockabilly Hall of Fame. Retrieved November 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rockabillyhall.com/LattieMoore1.html","url_text":"\"Lattie Moore\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Olson
Matt Olson
["1 Early life","2 Professional career","2.1 Minor leagues","2.2 Oakland Athletics","2.3 Atlanta Braves","3 Personal life","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
American baseball player (born 1994) For persons of a similar name, see Matthew Olson (disambiguation). "Nicole Olson" redirects here. For the wife of the man shot at Cobb Theatre, see Death of Chad Oulson. Baseball player Matt OlsonOlson with the Atlanta Braves in 2022Atlanta Braves – No. 28First basemanBorn: (1994-03-29) March 29, 1994 (age 30)Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.Bats: LeftThrows: RightMLB debutSeptember 12, 2016, for the Oakland AthleticsMLB statistics (through June 15, 2024)Batting average.256Home runs241Runs batted in653 Teams Oakland Athletics (2016–2021) Atlanta Braves (2022–present) Career highlights and awards 2× All-Star (2021, 2023) All-MLB Second Team (2023) 2× Gold Glove Award (2018, 2019) Silver Slugger Award (2023) MLB home run leader (2023) MLB RBI leader (2023) Matthew Kent Olson (born March 29, 1994) is an American professional baseball first baseman for the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball (MLB). He has previously played in MLB for the Oakland Athletics. Olson was drafted by the Athletics in the first round of the 2012 MLB draft, and made his MLB debut with them in 2016. After six seasons with the Athletics, he was traded to the Braves prior to the 2022 season and signed an eight-year contract extension. Olson has won two Gold Glove Awards, a Silver Slugger Award, three Fielding Bible Awards, and was an MLB All-Star in 2021 and 2023. Early life Olson is the second son of Scott and Lee Olson. Scott Olson served as his sons' youth baseball coach, until high school. Matt Olson's older brother, Zack, later pitched for the Harvard Crimson. Matt Olson attended Parkview High School in Lilburn, Georgia, where he played first base and pitched for the Parkview Panthers, leading them to back-to-back state championships in 2011 and 2012. Olson finished his high school career with a .431 batting average, 44 doubles, 45 home runs, 168 runs batted in (RBIs), and a fielding percentage over 0.980. He holds the Parkview High School and Gwinnett County records for wins and RBIs. His uniform number, No. 21, was retired by Parkview High School in February 2019. After graduating from high school with honors in 2012, Olson was drafted by the Oakland Athletics in the first round of the 2012 Major League Baseball draft. He had committed to play college baseball at Vanderbilt University, but ultimately decided to forgo his commitment to the Commodores and signed with Oakland. Professional career Olson with the Athletics in 2017 Minor leagues Olson made his professional debut that season with the Arizona League Athletics and also played for the Vermont Lake Monsters that first season. In total, he played in 50 games and hit .282/.352/.521 with nine home runs and 45 RBIs. In 2013, Olson played with the Beloit Snappers. In 134 games he hit .225/.326/.435 though still hit 23 home runs while driving in 93 RBIs. Olson played the 2014 season with the Stockton Ports. Throughout the season he was among the home run leaders in Minor League Baseball, as during the season he batted .262/.404/.543 with 37 home runs and 97 RBIs in 138 games, leading all minor leaguers with 500 or more plate appearances with a walk percentage of 18.5%. He played the 2015 season with the Midland RockHounds where he hit .249 with 17 home runs and 75 RBIs in 133 games. Olson played the entire 2016 minor league season with the Nashville Sounds. In 131 games, he batted .235 with 17 home runs and 60 RBIs. Oakland Athletics The Athletics purchased Olson's contract on September 12, 2016, and he was called up to the major-league club. He played in 11 games for Oakland. In 2017, Olson split time between Nashville and Oakland. In 79 games for Nashville, he batted .272 with 23 home runs and 60 RBIs, and in 59 games for Oakland, he hit .259 with 24 home runs and 45 RBIs. With Oakland, he hit 13 in the month of September (a rookie record) and one in five straight games. It was tied for third-most home runs in a player's first 65 career games in MLB history. Olson spent all of 2018 with Oakland, playing all 162 games. On April 18, Olson hit his first career walk-off, an RBI single to secure a 12–11 comeback win over the Chicago White Sox. His first walk-off home run came in a game against the Houston Astros on August 17. On September 26, he hit his first career grand slam in a 9–3 victory over the Seattle Mariners. Olson finished his 2018 campaign batting .247 with 29 home runs and 84 RBIs. He also won his first Gold Glove Award, leading all AL first basemen with 14 defensive runs saved and an 11.6 ultimate zone rating. Olson played in both games of the 2019 Opening Series in Tokyo, Japan. During the second game on March 21, he was removed from the game after he felt pain in his right hand. The next day, he underwent successful surgery to remove the hamate bone from the hand, returning to the lineup on May 7. He batted .267/.351/.545 for the 2019 season. On defense, he had a 13 Defensive Runs Saved (DRS) rating, best among first basemen. He received his second consecutive Gold Glove Award for his defensive performance. On July 24, 2020, Olson hit the first Opening Day walk-off grand slam since 1986. Olson struggled in the 2020 season shortened by the COVID-19 pandemic, batting .195, although he led the Oakland A's in games played (60), home runs (14), and RBIs (42). In 2021, Olson led the team in games played (156), hits (153), home runs (39), RBIs (111), and walks (88); ranked second for batting average (.271) and on-base percentage (.371); and led the team in slugging percentage (.540). Olson was also selected for the 2021 Major League Baseball All-Star Game to represent the American League and participated in the 2021 Major League Baseball Home Run Derby. Olson was a finalist for the Silver Slugger Award and for the Gold Glove Award. Atlanta Braves On March 14, 2022, the Athletics traded Olson to the Atlanta Braves in exchange for Cristian Pache, Shea Langeliers, Joey Estes, and Ryan Cusick. The next day, Olson signed an 8-year contract extension worth $168 million. At the time it was announced, the extension was the largest contract in team history, surpassing an eight-year deal worth $135 million signed by Freddie Freeman in 2014. Its length and total value were exceeded by a contract given to teammate Austin Riley later that season. Olson primarily wore the number 28 jersey with the Oakland Athletics, and used the same number upon signing with the Braves. Olson started wearing number 28 upon his 2017 major league promotion to Oakland because his preferred number (21), which he wore to honor Jeff Francoeur, was then being used by Stephen Vogt. Olson was one of two players in Major League Baseball to appear in all 162 games of the 2022 season, alongside teammate Dansby Swanson, who made 162 starts. At the midseason of the 2023 season, Olson was again nominated as a reserve infielder for the National League in the 2023 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. In hitting his 40th home run of the 2023 season on August 10, Olson set a franchise record for the quickest 40-homer season. On September 11, he hit his fiftieth home run to become the second-ever member of the 50 home run club from the Braves, following Andruw Jones in 2005. Olson tied, then broke, Jones's franchise record for home runs in a season on September 12 and 16, respectively. On September 28, Olson hit his 54th home run of the season and set the live-ball era franchise single-season record for runs batted in, which had been held by Eddie Mathews. After the 2023 season, Olson was named the winner of the National League Silver Slugger Award for first basemen. Personal life Olson and his wife Nicole married in November 2021. They reside in Atlanta, Georgia. Olson was the Atlanta Braves' 2023 nominee for the Roberto Clemente Award. He is involved with ReClif, a treatment and fitness center for people on the autism spectrum. See also Baseball portalGeorgia (U.S. state) portalBiography portal Atlanta Braves award winners and league leaders List of Major League Baseball annual putouts leaders List of Major League Baseball annual home run leaders List of Major League Baseball annual runs batted in leaders List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders Oakland Athletics award winners and league leaders References ^ McWilliams, Julian (March 18, 2018). "A's star Matt Olson has been groomed to be a franchise pillar by his mother". The Athletic. Retrieved May 7, 2022. ^ Gallegos, Martin (June 16, 2019). "Olson's father gladly went the extra mile". MLB.com. Retrieved May 7, 2022. ^ a b O'Brien, David (April 6, 2022). "Braves first baseman Matt Olson, shaped by bonds forged in Atlanta, comes home". The Athletic. Retrieved May 7, 2022. ^ Friedlander, David (June 8, 2012). "Olson comes up big in the clutch for Parkview". Gwinnett Daily Post. ^ Troyke, Christine (February 7, 2019). "Parkview retires Matt Olson's baseball number". Gwinnett Daily Post. Retrieved April 25, 2020. ^ Lee, Jane (June 4, 2012). "Comp picks yield value in prep ranks for A's". MLB.com. Archived from the original on May 4, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2021. ^ Bernarde, Scott (June 5, 2012). "Parkview's Matt Olson Picked by the A's". Lilburn-Mountain Park, GA Patch. Retrieved August 4, 2021. ^ Cortez, Javier (July 28, 2016). "One-time Vanderbilt commitment Matt Olson on track with Sounds". The Tennessean. Retrieved August 4, 2021. ^ Barry, John (April 2, 2013). "Athletics' No. 5 overall prospect brings big bat to Beloit lineup". GazetteXtra. Retrieved August 4, 2021. ^ Curtright, Guy (June 20, 2014). "MINOR LEAGUE NOTES: Parkview grad Matt Olson breaks out". Gwinnett Daily Post. Retrieved August 4, 2021. ^ "Matt Olson » Statistics » Batting - FanGraphs Baseball". www.fangraphs.com. ^ "Ports' Olson in contention to win home run award". RecordNet.com. August 4, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2021. ^ Slusser, Susan (September 12, 2016). "A's call up prospects Matt Olson, Renato Nunez". San Francisco Gate. Retrieved September 12, 2016. ^ "Matt Olson Stats, Highlights, Bio - MiLB.com Stats - The Official Site of Minor League Baseball". MiLB.com. Retrieved June 22, 2018. ^ Spaeder, Ryan (September 19, 2017). "A's Matt Olson makes up for lost time with home run binge". Sporting News. Retrieved August 4, 2021. ^ "A's beat White Sox in 14-inning, nearly 6-hour game". ESPN.com. Associated Press. April 18, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2022. ^ Park, Do-Hyoung (August 17, 2018). "Olson's walk-off homer lifts A's over Astros". MLB.com. Retrieved July 18, 2022. ^ "Olson's slam helps A's beat Mariners 9-3, close on Yankees". ESPN.com. Associated Press. Retrieved July 18, 2022. ^ Lee, Jane (September 26, 2018). "Olson's 1st slam, Davis' 47th HR pace A's win". MLB.com. Retrieved August 4, 2021. ^ "A's Matt Olson hasn't lost his power whatsoever after hand surgery". NBC Bay Area. May 17, 2019. Retrieved August 4, 2021. ^ "Golden Corners: Chapman, Olson win first Gold Glove awards". NBC Bay Area. November 4, 2018. Retrieved August 4, 2021. ^ Simon, Andrew (March 22, 2019). "Matt Olson undergoes surgery on hand". MLB.com. Retrieved March 22, 2019. ^ "Major League Leaderboards » 2019 » First Basemen » Fielding Statistics | FanGraphs Baseball". Fangraphs.com. January 1, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2019. ^ "A's Matt Chapman, Matt Olson win second career AL Gold Glove awards". NBC Sports. November 3, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2020. ^ Rubin, Shayna (July 24, 2020). "A's: Matt Olson hits walk-off grand slam in Opening Day win over Angels". Mercury News. Retrieved July 18, 2022. ^ "2020 Oakland Athletics Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 4, 2021. ^ "2021 Oakland Athletics Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. ^ "A's Matt Olson Named American League All-Star". MLB.com. July 4, 2021. ^ Randhawa, Manny (July 12, 2021). "Olson opens eyes with HR Derby round". MLB.com. Retrieved November 14, 2021. ^ "Matt Olson named 2021 Silver Slugger finalist for AL first basemen". NBC Bay Area. October 25, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2021. ^ "Athletics' Matt Chapman, Sean Murphy win AL Gold Glove awards". NBC Bay Area. November 8, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2021. ^ "Atlanta Braves acquire slugging 1B Matt Olson from Oakland Athletics". ESPN.com. Associated Press. ^ "A's get Braves' top prospect Pache, 3 others in trade of Olson". MLB.com. March 14, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2022. ^ "Braves sign new pickup Olson to 8-year deal". MLB.com. March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022. ^ Newberry, Paul (March 15, 2022). "Braves sign new 1B Olson to $168 million, 8-year contract". Greenwich Time. Associated Press. Retrieved March 15, 2022. One day after cutting ties with Freddie Freeman, the Atlanta Braves signed new first baseman Matt Olson to a $168 million, eight-year contract on Tuesday...The payout is the largest in Braves' history, surpassing the $135 million, eight-year deal that Freeman signed after the 2013 season. ^ Gallegos, Martin (December 1, 2021). "The best A's player to wear each number". MLB.com. Retrieved March 16, 2022. ^ Olney, Buster (March 15, 2022). "Five free-agent fits for Freddie Freeman as Atlanta Braves move on". ESPN.com. Retrieved March 16, 2022. ^ Doolittle, Bradford (July 13, 2022). "MLB's most productive jersey numbers". Republished in part. ^ Bowman, Mark (October 5, 2022). "Rest, then Braves ready for postseason run". MLB.com. Retrieved October 6, 2022. ^ Toscano, Justin. "Great Eight: Braves set franchise record with eight All-Stars". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. ^ Bowman, Mark (August 10, 2023). "Olson's torrid HR pace ties Ohtani, knocks down Braves mark". MLB.com. Retrieved August 13, 2023. ^ Bowman, Mark (September 11, 2023). "Olson, Acuña inch closer to history in twin bill with Philly". MLB.com. Retrieved September 17, 2023. ^ "Olson clubs 49th, 50th home runs; 1 shy of Jones' Braves mark". ESPN.com. September 11, 2023. Retrieved September 17, 2023. ^ Bowman, Mark (September 12, 2023). "Olson hits 51st home run, tying Braves' franchise record". MLB.com. Retrieved September 17, 2023. ^ Leckie, Paige (September 16, 2023). "Olson sets Braves' single-season record with 52nd homer". MLB.com. Retrieved September 17, 2023. ^ Bowman, Mark (September 28, 2023). "Olson breaks Braves' RBI record with 54th homer". MLB.com. Retrieved September 28, 2023. ^ "Rangers haul in Silver Slugger Awards, including team honor". ESPN.com. Reuters. November 9, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2023. ^ Murphy, Brian (November 9, 2023). "Power and glory: Here are your 2023 Silver Slugger winners". MLB.com. Retrieved November 9, 2023. ^ Olson, Matt (November 2021). "A day I'll never forget. A special weekend with friends and family. 11/20/21. So happy to call you my wife- I love you". Instagram. ^ "Matt Olson full Braves introduction press conference". YouTube. 11Alive. March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2022."Matt Olson signs long-term extension with Braves". YouTube. Bally Sports South. March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2022. ^ "Matt Olson Q&A: A's slugger working on special project in quarantine". NBC Bay Area. April 30, 2020. Retrieved August 4, 2021. ^ Castrovince, Anthony (September 12, 2023). "The 'Unspoken Bond' between Olson and longtime friend". MLB.com. Retrieved September 17, 2023. ^ Bowman, Mark (January 13, 2024). "Longtime friendship inspires Olson's charity event". MLB.com. Retrieved January 13, 2024. External links Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet Matt Olson on X Matt Olson on Instagram vteAtlanta Braves current rosterActive roster 1 Ozzie Albies 11 Orlando Arcia 12 Sean Murphy 14 Adam Duvall 15 Brain Anderson 16 Travis d'Arnaud 18 Ramón Laureano 20 Marcell Ozuna 24 Jarred Kelenic 26 Raisel Iglesias 27 Austin Riley 28 Matt Olson 37 Forrest Wall 38 Pierce Johnson 40 Reynaldo López 49 Aaron Bummer 50 Charlie Morton 51 Chris Sale 52 Dylan Lee 54 Max Fried 56 Spencer Schwellenbach 59 Zack Short 60 Jesse Chavez 62 Daysbel Hernández 66 Grant Holmes 77 Joe Jiménez Inactive roster 45 Chadwick Tromp 46 Dylan Dodd 48 Ian Anderson 55 Bryce Elder 58 Ray Kerr 61 Darius Vines 63 J. P. Martínez 65 Luke Williams 72 Allan Winans Injured list 13 Ronald Acuña Jr. 19 Huascar Ynoa 23 Michael Harris II 30 Hurston Waldrep 32 AJ Smith-Shawver 33 A. J. Minter 64 Jimmy Herget 68 Tyler Matzek 99 Spencer Strider -- Ángel Perdomo Coaching staff Manager 43 Brian Snitker Bench/Infield 4 Walt Weiss Pitching 39 Rick Kranitz Hitting 34 Kevin Seitzer First base 88 Tom Goodwin Third base 89 Matt Tuiasosopo Bullpen 85 Erick Abreu Catching 57 Sal Fasano Major league 95 Eddie Pérez Assistant hitting 70 Bobby Magallanes Hitting Consultant 10 Chipper Jones Bullpen catcher 99 José Yepez Bullpen catcher 97 Jimmy Leo Batting practice pitcher 98 Tomás Pérez vte2012 Major League Baseball draft first round selections Carlos Correa Byron Buxton Mike Zunino Kevin Gausman Kyle Zimmer Albert Almora Max Fried Mark Appel Andrew Heaney David Dahl Addison Russell Gavin Cecchini Courtney Hawkins Nick Travieso Tyler Naquin Lucas Giolito D. J. Davis Corey Seager Michael Wacha Chris Stratton Lucas Sims Marcus Stroman James Ramsey Deven Marrero Richie Shaffer Stryker Trahan Clint Coulter Victor Roache Lewis Brinson Ty Hensley Brian Johnson José Berríos Zach Eflin Daniel Robertson Kevin Plawecki Stephen Piscotty Pat Light Mitch Haniger Joey Gallo Shane Watson Lance McCullers Luke Bard Pierce Johnson Travis Jankowski Barrett Barnes Eddie Butler Matt Olson Keon Barnum Jesse Winker Matt Smoral Jesmuel Valentín Patrick Wisdom Collin Wiles Mitch Gueller Walker Weickel Paul Blackburn Jeff Gelalich Mitch Nay Steve Bean Tyler Gonzales vteOakland Athletics first-round draft picks 1965: Monday 1966: Jackson 1967: Bickerton 1968: Broberg 1969: Stanhouse 1970: Ford 1971: Daniels 1972: Lemon 1973: Scarbery 1974: Johnson 1975: Robinson 1976: T. Sullivan 1977: Harris 1978: Morgan, Conroy 1979: Bustabad, Stenhouse 1980: King 1981: Pyznarski 1982: None 1983: Hilton 1984: McGwire 1985: Weiss 1986: Hemond 1987: Tinsley 1988: Royer 1989: None 1990: Van Poppel, Peters, Zancanaro, Dressendorfer 1991: Gates, Rossiter 1992: Grigsby 1993: Wasdin, Adams 1994: Grieve 1995: Prieto 1996: Chavez 1997: Enochs, DuBose, Haynes, Wagner 1998: Mulder 1999: Zito 2000: None 2001: Crosby, Bonderman, Rheinecker 2002: Swisher, Blanton, McCurdy, Fritz, J. Brown, Obenchain, Teahen 2003: B. Sullivan, Snyder, Quintanilla 2004: Powell, Robnett, Putnam, Street 2005: Pennington, Buck 2006: None 2007: Simmons, Doolittle, C. Brown 2008: Weeks 2009: Green 2010: Choice 2011: Gray 2012: Russell, Robertson, Olson 2013: McKinney 2014: Chapman 2015: Martin 2016: Puk 2017: Beck 2018: Murray 2019: Davidson 2020: Soderstrom 2021: Muncy 2022: Susac 2023: Wilson vteAmerican League First Baseman Gold Glove Award 1958: Power 1959: Power 1960: Power 1961: Power 1962: Power 1963: Power 1964: Power 1965: Pepitone 1966: Pepitone 1967: Scott 1968: Scott 1969: Pepitone 1970: Spencer 1971: Scott 1972: Scott 1973: Scott 1974: Scott 1975: Scott 1976: Scott 1977: Spencer 1978: Chambliss 1979: Cooper 1980: Cooper 1981: Squires 1982: Murray 1983: Murray 1984: Murray 1985: Mattingly 1986: Mattingly 1987: Mattingly 1988: Mattingly 1989: Mattingly 1990: McGwire 1991: Mattingly 1992: Mattingly 1993: Mattingly 1994: Mattingly 1995: Snow 1996: Snow 1997: Palmeiro 1998: Palmeiro 1999: Palmeiro 2000: Olerud 2001: Mientkiewicz 2002: Olerud 2003: Olerud 2004: Erstad 2005: Teixeira 2006: Teixeira 2007: Youkilis 2008: Peña 2009: Teixeira 2010: Teixeira 2011: González 2012: Teixeira 2013: Hosmer 2014: Hosmer 2015: Hosmer 2016: Moreland 2017: Hosmer 2018: Olson 2019: Olson 2020: White 2021: Gurriel 2022: Guerrero Jr. 2023: Lowe vteNational League First Baseman Silver Slugger Award 1980: Hernandez 1981: Rose 1982: Oliver 1983: Hendrick 1984: Hernandez 1985: J. Clark 1986: Davis 1987: J. Clark 1988: Galarraga 1989: W. Clark 1990: Murray 1991: W. Clark 1992: McGriff 1993: McGriff 1994: Bagwell 1995: Karros 1996: Galarraga 1997: Bagwell 1998: McGwire 1999: Bagwell 2000: Helton 2001: Helton 2002: Helton 2003: Helton 2004: Pujols 2005: Lee 2006: Howard 2007: Fielder 2008: Pujols 2009: Pujols 2010: Pujols 2011: Fielder 2012: LaRoche 2013: Goldschmidt 2014: González 2015: Goldschmidt 2016: Rizzo 2017: Goldschmidt 2018: Goldschmidt 2019: Freeman 2020: Freeman 2021: Freeman 2022: Goldschmidt 2023: Olson vte50 home run club50 home run club Pete Alonso Brady Anderson José Bautista Albert Belle Barry Bonds Chris Davis Cecil Fielder Prince Fielder George Foster Jimmie Foxx Luis Gonzalez Hank Greenberg Ken Griffey Jr. Ryan Howard Andruw Jones Aaron Judge Ralph Kiner Mickey Mantle Roger Maris Willie Mays Mark McGwire Johnny Mize Matt Olson David Ortiz Alex Rodriguez Babe Ruth Sammy Sosa Giancarlo Stanton Jim Thome Greg Vaughn Hack Wilson 60 home run club Barry Bonds Aaron Judge Roger Maris Mark McGwire Babe Ruth Sammy Sosa 70 home run club Barry Bonds Mark McGwire vteNational League season home run leaders 1876: Hall 1877: Pike 1878: Hines 1879: C. Jones 1880: Stovey & O'Rourke 1881: Brouthers 1882: Wood 1883: Ewing 1884: Williamson 1885: Dalrymple 1886: Brouthers & Richardson 1887: O'Brien 1888: Ryan 1889: Thompson 1890: Burns, Tiernan & Wilmot 1891: Tiernan & Stovey 1892: Holliday 1893: Delahanty 1894: Duffy 1895: Thompson 1896: Joyce & Delahanty 1897: Duffy 1898: J. Collins 1899: Freeman 1900: Long 1901: Crawford 1902: Leach 1903: Sheckard 1904: Lumley 1905: Odwell 1906: Jordan 1907: Brain 1908: Jordan 1909: Murray 1910: Schulte & Beck 1911: Schulte 1912: Zimmerman 1913: Cravath 1914: Cravath 1915: Cravath 1916: C. Williams & Robertson 1917: Cravath & Robertson 1918: Cravath 1919: Cravath 1920: C. Williams 1921: Kelly 1922: Hornsby 1923: C. Williams 1924: Fournier 1925: Hornsby 1926: Wilson 1927: C. Williams & Wilson 1928: Wilson & Bottomley 1929: Klein 1930: Wilson 1931: Klein 1932: Klein & Ott 1933: Klein 1934: Ott & R. Collins 1935: Berger 1936: Ott 1937: Ott & Medwick 1938: Ott 1939: Mize 1940: Mize 1941: Camilli 1942: Ott 1943: Nicholson 1944: Nicholson 1945: Holmes 1946: Kiner 1947: Kiner & Mize 1948: Kiner & Mize 1949: Kiner 1950: Kiner 1951: Kiner 1952: Kiner & Sauer 1953: Mathews 1954: Kluszewski 1955: Mays 1956: Snider 1957: Aaron 1958: Banks 1959: Mathews 1960: Banks 1961: Cepeda 1962: Mays 1963: McCovey & Aaron 1964: Mays 1965: Mays 1966: Aaron 1967: Aaron 1968: McCovey 1969: McCovey 1970: Bench 1971: Stargell 1972: Bench 1973: Stargell 1974: Schmidt 1975: Schmidt 1976: Schmidt 1977: Foster 1978: Foster 1979: Kingman 1980: Schmidt 1981: Schmidt 1982: Kingman 1983: Schmidt 1984: Schmidt & Murphy 1985: Murphy 1986: Schmidt 1987: Dawson 1988: Strawberry 1989: Mitchell 1990: Sandberg 1991: Johnson 1992: McGriff 1993: Bonds 1994: M. Williams 1995: Bichette 1996: Galarraga 1997: Walker 1998: McGwire 1999: McGwire 2000: Sosa 2001: Bonds 2002: Sosa 2003: Thome 2004: Beltré 2005: A. Jones 2006: Howard 2007: Fielder 2008: Howard 2009: Pujols 2010: Pujols 2011: Kemp 2012: Braun 2013: Álvarez & Goldschmidt 2014: Stanton 2015: Arenado & Harper 2016: Arenado & Carter 2017: Stanton 2018: Arenado 2019: Alonso 2020: Ozuna 2021: Tatís Jr. 2022: Schwarber 2023: Olson vteNational League season runs batted in leaders 1876: White 1877: White 1878: Hines 1879: O'Rourke & C. Jones 1880: Anson 1881: Anson 1882: Anson 1883: Brouthers 1884: Anson 1885: Anson 1886: Anson 1887: Thompson 1888: Anson 1889: Connor 1890: Burns 1891: Anson 1892: Brouthers 1893: Delahanty 1894: Thompson 1895: Thompson 1896: Delahanty 1897: G. Davis 1898: Lajoie 1899: Delahanty 1900: Flick 1901: Wagner 1902: Wagner 1903: Mertes 1904: Dahlen 1905: Seymour 1906: Steinfeldt & Nealon 1907: Magee 1908: Wagner 1909: Wagner 1910: Magee 1911: C. Wilson & Schulte 1912: Zimmerman 1913: Cravath 1914: Magee 1915: Cravath 1916: Zimmerman 1917: Zimmerman 1918: Magee 1919: Myers 1920: Hornsby & Kelly 1921: Hornsby 1922: Hornsby 1923: Meusel 1924: Kelly 1925: Hornsby 1926: Bottomley 1927: Waner 1928: Bottomley 1929: H. Wilson 1930: H. Wilson 1931: Klein 1932: Hurst 1933: Klein 1934: Ott 1935: Berger 1936: Medwick 1937: Medwick 1938: Medwick 1939: McCormick 1940: Mize 1941: Camilli 1942: Mize 1943: Nicholson 1944: Nicholson 1945: Walker 1946: Slaughter 1947: Mize 1948: Musial 1949: Kiner 1950: Ennis 1951: Irvin 1952: Sauer 1953: Campanella 1954: Kluszewski 1955: Snider 1956: Musial 1957: Aaron 1958: Banks 1959: Banks 1960: Aaron 1961: Cepeda 1962: T. Davis 1963: Aaron 1964: Boyer 1965: D. Johnson 1966: Aaron 1967: Cepeda 1968: McCovey 1969: McCovey 1970: Bench 1971: Torre 1972: Bench 1973: Stargell 1974: Bench 1975: Luzinski 1976: Foster 1977: Foster 1978: Foster 1979: Winfield 1980: Schmidt 1981: Schmidt 1982: Murphy & Oliver 1983: Murphy 1984: Schmidt & Carter 1985: Parker 1986: Schmidt 1987: Dawson 1988: Clark 1989: Mitchell 1990: Williams 1991: H. Johnson 1992: Daulton 1993: Bonds 1994: Bagwell 1995: Bichette 1996: Galarraga 1997: Galarraga 1998: Sosa 1999: McGwire 2000: Helton 2001: Sosa 2002: Berkman 2003: P. Wilson 2004: Castilla 2005: A. Jones 2006: Howard 2007: Holliday 2008: Howard 2009: Fielder & Howard 2010: Pujols 2011: Kemp 2012: Headley 2013: Goldschmidt 2014: González 2015: Arenado 2016: Arenado 2017: Stanton 2018: Báez 2019: Rendon 2020: Ozuna 2021: Duvall 2022: Alonso 2023: Olson vteFirst Baseman Fielding Bible Award 2006: Pujols 2007: Pujols 2008: Pujols 2009: Pujols 2010: Barton 2011: Pujols 2012: Teixeira 2013: Goldschmidt 2014: González 2015: Goldschmidt 2016: Rizzo 2017: Goldschmidt 2018: Olson 2019: Olson 2020: Olson 2021: Goldschmidt 2022: Walker 2023: Walker vte2023 All-MLB Team1st Team C: Rutschman 1B: Freeman 2B: Semien 3B: Riley SS: Seager OF: Acuña Jr. Betts Carroll DH: Ohtani SP: Cole Gallen Ohtani Snell Strider RP: Hader Bautista 2nd Team C: Heim 1B: Olson 2B: Albies 3B: Ramírez SS: Lindor OF: García Judge Tucker DH: Álvarez SP: Bradish Eovaldi Gausman Gray Montgomery RP: Williams Clase
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matthew Olson (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Olson_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Death of Chad Oulson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Chad_Oulson"},{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"first baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_baseman"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Oakland Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Athletics"},{"link_name":"2012 MLB draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Major_League_Baseball_draft"},{"link_name":"Gold Glove Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Glove_Award"},{"link_name":"Silver Slugger Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Slugger_Award"},{"link_name":"Fielding Bible Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fielding_Bible_Award"},{"link_name":"MLB All-Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game"}],"text":"For persons of a similar name, see Matthew Olson (disambiguation).\"Nicole Olson\" redirects here. For the wife of the man shot at Cobb Theatre, see Death of Chad Oulson.Baseball playerMatthew Kent Olson (born March 29, 1994) is an American professional baseball first baseman for the Atlanta Braves of Major League Baseball (MLB). He has previously played in MLB for the Oakland Athletics.Olson was drafted by the Athletics in the first round of the 2012 MLB draft, and made his MLB debut with them in 2016. After six seasons with the Athletics, he was traded to the Braves prior to the 2022 season and signed an eight-year contract extension. Olson has won two Gold Glove Awards, a Silver Slugger Award, three Fielding Bible Awards, and was an MLB All-Star in 2021 and 2023.","title":"Matt Olson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-athleticdob-3"},{"link_name":"Harvard Crimson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_baseball"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-athleticdob-3"},{"link_name":"Parkview High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkview_High_School_(Georgia)"},{"link_name":"Lilburn, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilburn,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"batting average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"doubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_runs"},{"link_name":"runs batted in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runs_batted_in"},{"link_name":"fielding percentage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fielding_percentage"},{"link_name":"uniform number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_(sports)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Oakland Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Athletics"},{"link_name":"2012 Major League Baseball draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Major_League_Baseball_draft"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"college baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_baseball"},{"link_name":"Vanderbilt University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_University"},{"link_name":"Commodores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanderbilt_Commodores_baseball"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Olson is the second son of Scott and Lee Olson.[1] Scott Olson served as his sons' youth baseball coach,[2] until high school.[3] Matt Olson's older brother, Zack, later pitched for the Harvard Crimson.[3] Matt Olson attended Parkview High School in Lilburn, Georgia, where he played first base and pitched for the Parkview Panthers, leading them to back-to-back state championships in 2011 and 2012.[4] Olson finished his high school career with a .431 batting average, 44 doubles, 45 home runs, 168 runs batted in (RBIs), and a fielding percentage over 0.980. He holds the Parkview High School and Gwinnett County records for wins and RBIs. His uniform number, No. 21, was retired by Parkview High School in February 2019.[5] After graduating from high school with honors in 2012, Olson was drafted by the Oakland Athletics in the first round of the 2012 Major League Baseball draft.[6][7] He had committed to play college baseball at Vanderbilt University, but ultimately decided to forgo his commitment to the Commodores and signed with Oakland.[8]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matt_Olson.jpg"}],"text":"Olson with the Athletics in 2017","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arizona League Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_League_Athletics"},{"link_name":"Vermont Lake Monsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Lake_Monsters"},{"link_name":"Beloit Snappers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beloit_Snappers"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Stockton Ports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton_Ports"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Minor League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Midland RockHounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_RockHounds"},{"link_name":"Nashville Sounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Sounds"}],"sub_title":"Minor leagues","text":"Olson made his professional debut that season with the Arizona League Athletics and also played for the Vermont Lake Monsters that first season. In total, he played in 50 games and hit .282/.352/.521 with nine home runs and 45 RBIs.In 2013, Olson played with the Beloit Snappers.[9] In 134 games he hit .225/.326/.435 though still hit 23 home runs while driving in 93 RBIs.Olson played the 2014 season with the Stockton Ports.[10] Throughout the season he was among the home run leaders in Minor League Baseball, as during the season he batted .262/.404/.543 with 37 home runs and 97 RBIs in 138 games, leading all minor leaguers with 500 or more plate appearances with a walk percentage of 18.5%.[11][12] He played the 2015 season with the Midland RockHounds where he hit .249 with 17 home runs and 75 RBIs in 133 games. Olson played the entire 2016 minor league season with the Nashville Sounds. In 131 games, he batted .235 with 17 home runs and 60 RBIs.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Houston Astros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Astros"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Seattle Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Mariners"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Gold Glove Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawlings_Gold_Glove_Award"},{"link_name":"defensive runs saved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_Runs_Saved"},{"link_name":"ultimate zone rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_zone_rating"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Tokyo, Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo,_Japan"},{"link_name":"hamate bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamate_bone"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Defensive Runs Saved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_Runs_Saved"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"2021 Major League Baseball All-Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"American League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_League"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"2021 Major League Baseball Home Run Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Major_League_Baseball_Home_Run_Derby"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Silver Slugger Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Slugger_Award"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Gold Glove Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Glove_Award"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Oakland Athletics","text":"The Athletics purchased Olson's contract on September 12, 2016, and he was called up to the major-league club.[13] He played in 11 games for Oakland. In 2017, Olson split time between Nashville and Oakland. In 79 games for Nashville, he batted .272 with 23 home runs and 60 RBIs,[14] and in 59 games for Oakland, he hit .259 with 24 home runs and 45 RBIs. With Oakland, he hit 13 in the month of September (a rookie record) and one in five straight games. It was tied for third-most home runs in a player's first 65 career games in MLB history.[15]Olson spent all of 2018 with Oakland, playing all 162 games. On April 18, Olson hit his first career walk-off, an RBI single to secure a 12–11 comeback win over the Chicago White Sox.[16] His first walk-off home run came in a game against the Houston Astros on August 17.[17] On September 26, he hit his first career grand slam in a 9–3 victory over the Seattle Mariners.[18][19] Olson finished his 2018 campaign batting .247 with 29 home runs and 84 RBIs.[20] He also won his first Gold Glove Award, leading all AL first basemen with 14 defensive runs saved and an 11.6 ultimate zone rating.[21]Olson played in both games of the 2019 Opening Series in Tokyo, Japan. During the second game on March 21, he was removed from the game after he felt pain in his right hand. The next day, he underwent successful surgery to remove the hamate bone from the hand, returning to the lineup on May 7.[22] He batted .267/.351/.545 for the 2019 season. On defense, he had a 13 Defensive Runs Saved (DRS) rating, best among first basemen.[23] He received his second consecutive Gold Glove Award for his defensive performance.[24]On July 24, 2020, Olson hit the first Opening Day walk-off grand slam since 1986.[25] Olson struggled in the 2020 season shortened by the COVID-19 pandemic, batting .195, although he led the Oakland A's in games played (60), home runs (14), and RBIs (42).[26]In 2021, Olson led the team in games played (156), hits (153), home runs (39), RBIs (111), and walks (88); ranked second for batting average (.271) and on-base percentage (.371); and led the team in slugging percentage (.540).[27] Olson was also selected for the 2021 Major League Baseball All-Star Game to represent the American League[28] and participated in the 2021 Major League Baseball Home Run Derby.[29] Olson was a finalist for the Silver Slugger Award[30] and for the Gold Glove Award.[31]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atlanta Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves"},{"link_name":"Cristian Pache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian_Pache"},{"link_name":"Shea Langeliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shea_Langeliers"},{"link_name":"Joey Estes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Estes"},{"link_name":"Ryan Cusick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Cusick"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Freddie Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Freeman"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Austin Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_Riley"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Jeff Francoeur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Francoeur"},{"link_name":"Stephen Vogt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Vogt"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Dansby Swanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dansby_Swanson"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"2023 Major League Baseball All-Star Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"50 home run club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50_home_run_club"},{"link_name":"Andruw Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andruw_Jones"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"live-ball era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live-ball_era"},{"link_name":"Eddie Mathews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Mathews"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Silver Slugger Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Slugger_Award"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"Atlanta Braves","text":"On March 14, 2022, the Athletics traded Olson to the Atlanta Braves in exchange for Cristian Pache, Shea Langeliers, Joey Estes, and Ryan Cusick.[32][33] The next day, Olson signed an 8-year contract extension worth $168 million.[34] At the time it was announced, the extension was the largest contract in team history, surpassing an eight-year deal worth $135 million signed by Freddie Freeman in 2014.[35] Its length and total value were exceeded by a contract given to teammate Austin Riley later that season. Olson primarily wore the number 28 jersey with the Oakland Athletics,[36] and used the same number upon signing with the Braves.[37] Olson started wearing number 28 upon his 2017 major league promotion to Oakland because his preferred number (21), which he wore to honor Jeff Francoeur, was then being used by Stephen Vogt.[38] Olson was one of two players in Major League Baseball to appear in all 162 games of the 2022 season, alongside teammate Dansby Swanson, who made 162 starts.[39]At the midseason of the 2023 season, Olson was again nominated as a reserve infielder for the National League in the 2023 Major League Baseball All-Star Game.[40] In hitting his 40th home run of the 2023 season on August 10, Olson set a franchise record for the quickest 40-homer season.[41] On September 11, he hit his fiftieth home run to become the second-ever member of the 50 home run club from the Braves, following Andruw Jones in 2005.[42][43] Olson tied, then broke, Jones's franchise record for home runs in a season on September 12 and 16, respectively.[44][45] On September 28, Olson hit his 54th home run of the season and set the live-ball era franchise single-season record for runs batted in, which had been held by Eddie Mathews.[46] After the 2023 season, Olson was named the winner of the National League Silver Slugger Award for first basemen.[47][48]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Atlanta, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Roberto Clemente Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Clemente_Award"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"autism spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism_spectrum"}],"text":"Olson and his wife Nicole married in November 2021.[49][50] They reside in Atlanta, Georgia.[51]Olson was the Atlanta Braves' 2023 nominee for the Roberto Clemente Award.[52][53] He is involved with ReClif, a treatment and fitness center for people on the autism spectrum.","title":"Personal life"}]
[{"image_text":"Olson with the Athletics in 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Matt_Olson.jpg/220px-Matt_Olson.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"McWilliams, Julian (March 18, 2018). \"A's star Matt Olson has been groomed to be a franchise pillar by his mother\". The Athletic. Retrieved May 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://theathletic.com/352185/2018/05/13/as-star-matt-olson-has-been-groomed-to-be-a-franchise-pillar-by-his-mother/","url_text":"\"A's star Matt Olson has been groomed to be a franchise pillar by his mother\""}]},{"reference":"Gallegos, Martin (June 16, 2019). \"Olson's father gladly went the extra mile\". MLB.com. Retrieved May 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/matt-olson-very-grateful-for-his-father","url_text":"\"Olson's father gladly went the extra mile\""}]},{"reference":"O'Brien, David (April 6, 2022). \"Braves first baseman Matt Olson, shaped by bonds forged in Atlanta, comes home\". The Athletic. Retrieved May 7, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://theathletic.com/3229706/2022/04/06/braves-first-baseman-matt-olson-shaped-by-bonds-forged-in-atlanta-comes-home/","url_text":"\"Braves first baseman Matt Olson, shaped by bonds forged in Atlanta, comes home\""}]},{"reference":"Friedlander, David (June 8, 2012). \"Olson comes up big in the clutch for Parkview\". Gwinnett Daily Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gwinnettdailypost.com/archive/olson-comes-up-big-in-the-clutch-for-parkview/article_54968e43-6cc0-5fbe-9e4d-24dafa8e6c4f.html","url_text":"\"Olson comes up big in the clutch for Parkview\""}]},{"reference":"Troyke, Christine (February 7, 2019). \"Parkview retires Matt Olson's baseball number\". Gwinnett Daily Post. Retrieved April 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gwinnettprepsports.com/sports/parkview-retires-matt-olson-s-baseball-number/article_d0820f71-081e-5d91-bbfa-842d077e93ed.html","url_text":"\"Parkview retires Matt Olson's baseball number\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwinnett_Daily_Post","url_text":"Gwinnett Daily Post"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Jane (June 4, 2012). \"Comp picks yield value in prep ranks for A's\". MLB.com. Archived from the original on May 4, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160504222400/http://m.athletics.mlb.com/news/article/32768792","url_text":"\"Comp picks yield value in prep ranks for A's\""},{"url":"http://oakland.athletics.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20120604&content_id=32768792&vkey=news_oak&c_id=oak","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bernarde, Scott (June 5, 2012). \"Parkview's Matt Olson Picked by the A's\". Lilburn-Mountain Park, GA Patch. Retrieved August 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://patch.com/georgia/lilburn/parkview-s-matt-olson-picked-by-the-a-s","url_text":"\"Parkview's Matt Olson Picked by the A's\""}]},{"reference":"Cortez, Javier (July 28, 2016). \"One-time Vanderbilt commitment Matt Olson on track with Sounds\". The Tennessean. Retrieved August 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tennessean.com/story/sports/baseball/2016/07/28/one-time-vanderbilt-commitment-matt-olson-track-nashville-sounds/87568646/","url_text":"\"One-time Vanderbilt commitment Matt Olson on track with Sounds\""}]},{"reference":"Barry, John (April 2, 2013). \"Athletics' No. 5 overall prospect brings big bat to Beloit lineup\". GazetteXtra. Retrieved August 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gazettextra.com/archives/athletics-no-overall-prospect-brings-big-bat-to-beloit-lineup/article_311c1397-392e-5a12-9b90-8e376b9a75a4.html","url_text":"\"Athletics' No. 5 overall prospect brings big bat to Beloit lineup\""}]},{"reference":"Curtright, Guy (June 20, 2014). \"MINOR LEAGUE NOTES: Parkview grad Matt Olson breaks out\". Gwinnett Daily Post. Retrieved August 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gwinnettdailypost.com/archive/minor-league-notes-parkview-grad-matt-olson-breaks-out/article_2f3f913a-169f-549f-82cb-3a395cec2d9d.html","url_text":"\"MINOR LEAGUE NOTES: Parkview grad Matt Olson breaks out\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matt Olson » Statistics » Batting - FanGraphs Baseball\". www.fangraphs.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fangraphs.com/statss.aspx?playerid=14344&position=1B","url_text":"\"Matt Olson » Statistics » Batting - FanGraphs Baseball\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ports' Olson in contention to win home run award\". RecordNet.com. August 4, 2014. Retrieved August 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.recordnet.com/article/20140804/A_NEWS/140809954","url_text":"\"Ports' Olson in contention to win home run award\""}]},{"reference":"Slusser, Susan (September 12, 2016). \"A's call up prospects Matt Olson, Renato Nunez\". San Francisco Gate. Retrieved September 12, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/athletics/article/A-s-call-up-prospects-Matt-Olson-Renato-Nunez-9217388.php","url_text":"\"A's call up prospects Matt Olson, Renato Nunez\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matt Olson Stats, Highlights, Bio - MiLB.com Stats - The Official Site of Minor League Baseball\". MiLB.com. Retrieved June 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.milb.com/player/index.jsp?player_id=621566#/career/R/hitting/2018/ALL","url_text":"\"Matt Olson Stats, Highlights, Bio - MiLB.com Stats - The Official Site of Minor League Baseball\""}]},{"reference":"Spaeder, Ryan (September 19, 2017). \"A's Matt Olson makes up for lost time with home run binge\". Sporting News. Retrieved August 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sportingnews.com/us/mlb/news/matt-olson-oakland-athletics-career-home-runs-sanchez-bellinger-mcgwire-berger-65-games/3maejujnn41o12yi1lc2wzsux","url_text":"\"A's Matt Olson makes up for lost time with home run binge\""}]},{"reference":"\"A's beat White Sox in 14-inning, nearly 6-hour game\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. April 18, 2018. Retrieved July 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/recap?gameId=380418111","url_text":"\"A's beat White Sox in 14-inning, nearly 6-hour game\""}]},{"reference":"Park, Do-Hyoung (August 17, 2018). \"Olson's walk-off homer lifts A's over Astros\". MLB.com. Retrieved July 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/matt-olson-s-walk-off-homer-beats-astros-c290829032","url_text":"\"Olson's walk-off homer lifts A's over Astros\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olson's slam helps A's beat Mariners 9-3, close on Yankees\". ESPN.com. Associated Press. Retrieved July 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/recap?gameId=380926112","url_text":"\"Olson's slam helps A's beat Mariners 9-3, close on Yankees\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Jane (September 26, 2018). \"Olson's 1st slam, Davis' 47th HR pace A's win\". MLB.com. Retrieved August 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/matt-olson-hits-1st-career-grand-slam-in-win-c296237112","url_text":"\"Olson's 1st slam, Davis' 47th HR pace A's win\""}]},{"reference":"\"A's Matt Olson hasn't lost his power whatsoever after hand surgery\". NBC Bay Area. May 17, 2019. Retrieved August 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcsports.com/bayarea/athletics/matt-olson-hasnt-lost-his-power-whatsoever-after-hand-surgery","url_text":"\"A's Matt Olson hasn't lost his power whatsoever after hand surgery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Golden Corners: Chapman, Olson win first Gold Glove awards\". NBC Bay Area. November 4, 2018. Retrieved August 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcsports.com/bayarea/athletics/matt-chapman-matt-olson-win-first-career-gold-glove-awards","url_text":"\"Golden Corners: Chapman, Olson win first Gold Glove awards\""}]},{"reference":"Simon, Andrew (March 22, 2019). \"Matt Olson undergoes surgery on hand\". MLB.com. Retrieved March 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/matt-olson-has-surgery-on-hand","url_text":"\"Matt Olson undergoes surgery on hand\""}]},{"reference":"\"Major League Leaderboards » 2019 » First Basemen » Fielding Statistics | FanGraphs Baseball\". Fangraphs.com. January 1, 2019. Retrieved October 7, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fangraphs.com/leaders.aspx?pos=1b&stats=fld&lg=all&qual=y&type=1&season=2019&month=0&season1=2019&ind=0&team=0&rost=0&age=0&filter=&players=0&startdate=2019-01-01&enddate=2019-12-31&sort=13,d","url_text":"\"Major League Leaderboards » 2019 » First Basemen » Fielding Statistics | FanGraphs Baseball\""}]},{"reference":"\"A's Matt Chapman, Matt Olson win second career AL Gold Glove awards\". NBC Sports. November 3, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcsports.com/bayarea/athletics/matt-chapman-matt-olson-win-second-career-al-gold-glove-awards","url_text":"\"A's Matt Chapman, Matt Olson win second career AL Gold Glove awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC_Sports","url_text":"NBC Sports"}]},{"reference":"Rubin, Shayna (July 24, 2020). \"A's: Matt Olson hits walk-off grand slam in Opening Day win over Angels\". Mercury News. Retrieved July 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/07/24/as-matt-olson-hits-walk-off-grand-slam-in-opening-day-win-over-angels/","url_text":"\"A's: Matt Olson hits walk-off grand slam in Opening Day win over Angels\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Oakland Athletics Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved August 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/OAK/2020.shtml","url_text":"\"2020 Oakland Athletics Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 Oakland Athletics Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/OAK/2021.shtml","url_text":"\"2021 Oakland Athletics Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"A's Matt Olson Named American League All-Star\". MLB.com. July 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/press-release/a-s-matt-olson-named-american-league-all-star","url_text":"\"A's Matt Olson Named American League All-Star\""}]},{"reference":"Randhawa, Manny (July 12, 2021). \"Olson opens eyes with HR Derby round\". MLB.com. Retrieved November 14, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/matt-olson-hits-23-homers-in-2021-home-run-derby","url_text":"\"Olson opens eyes with HR Derby round\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matt Olson named 2021 Silver Slugger finalist for AL first basemen\". NBC Bay Area. October 25, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcsports.com/bayarea/athletics/matt-olson-named-2021-silver-slugger-finalist-al-first-basemen","url_text":"\"Matt Olson named 2021 Silver Slugger finalist for AL first basemen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Athletics' Matt Chapman, Sean Murphy win AL Gold Glove awards\". NBC Bay Area. November 8, 2021. Retrieved November 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcsports.com/bayarea/athletics/athletics-matt-chapman-sean-murphy-win-al-gold-glove-awards","url_text":"\"Athletics' Matt Chapman, Sean Murphy win AL Gold Glove awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Atlanta Braves acquire slugging 1B Matt Olson from Oakland Athletics\". ESPN.com. Associated Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/33502449/sources-atlanta-braves-acquire-slugging-1b-matt-olson-oakland-athletics","url_text":"\"Atlanta Braves acquire slugging 1B Matt Olson from Oakland Athletics\""}]},{"reference":"\"A's get Braves' top prospect Pache, 3 others in trade of Olson\". MLB.com. March 14, 2022. Retrieved March 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/a-s-get-cristian-pache-shea-langeliers-ryan-cusick-in-matt-olson-trade-to-braves","url_text":"\"A's get Braves' top prospect Pache, 3 others in trade of Olson\""}]},{"reference":"\"Braves sign new pickup Olson to 8-year deal\". MLB.com. March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/matt-olson-braves-contract","url_text":"\"Braves sign new pickup Olson to 8-year deal\""}]},{"reference":"Newberry, Paul (March 15, 2022). \"Braves sign new 1B Olson to $168 million, 8-year contract\". Greenwich Time. Associated Press. Retrieved March 15, 2022. One day after cutting ties with Freddie Freeman, the Atlanta Braves signed new first baseman Matt Olson to a $168 million, eight-year contract on Tuesday...The payout is the largest in Braves' history, surpassing the $135 million, eight-year deal that Freeman signed after the 2013 season.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greenwichtime.com/sports/article/Braves-sign-new-1B-Olson-to-168-million-8-year-17003885.php","url_text":"\"Braves sign new 1B Olson to $168 million, 8-year contract\""}]},{"reference":"Gallegos, Martin (December 1, 2021). \"The best A's player to wear each number\". MLB.com. Retrieved March 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/best-a-s-players-by-uniform-number","url_text":"\"The best A's player to wear each number\""}]},{"reference":"Olney, Buster (March 15, 2022). \"Five free-agent fits for Freddie Freeman as Atlanta Braves move on\". ESPN.com. Retrieved March 16, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buster_Olney","url_text":"Olney, Buster"},{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/insider/story/_/id/33509186/five-free-agent-fits-freddie-freeman-atlanta-braves-move-on","url_text":"\"Five free-agent fits for Freddie Freeman as Atlanta Braves move on\""}]},{"reference":"Doolittle, Bradford (July 13, 2022). \"MLB's most productive jersey numbers\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/espn/feature/story/_/id/34179059/power-derek-jeter-no-2-mlb-most-productive-jersey-numbers","url_text":"\"MLB's most productive jersey numbers\""}]},{"reference":"Bowman, Mark (October 5, 2022). \"Rest, then Braves ready for postseason run\". MLB.com. Retrieved October 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/braves/news/braves-ready-to-rest-ramp-up-for-2022-playoffs-nlds-game-1","url_text":"\"Rest, then Braves ready for postseason run\""}]},{"reference":"Toscano, Justin. \"Great Eight: Braves set franchise record with eight All-Stars\". The Atlanta Journal-Constitution.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ajc.com/sports/atlanta-braves/great-eight-braves-set-franchise-record-with-eight-all-stars/RT3G4AHJL5C7LBWLR7XMX2UIIU/","url_text":"\"Great Eight: Braves set franchise record with eight All-Stars\""}]},{"reference":"Bowman, Mark (August 10, 2023). \"Olson's torrid HR pace ties Ohtani, knocks down Braves mark\". MLB.com. Retrieved August 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/braves/news/matt-olson-becomes-fastest-brave-to-hit-40-homers-in-a-season","url_text":"\"Olson's torrid HR pace ties Ohtani, knocks down Braves mark\""}]},{"reference":"Bowman, Mark (September 11, 2023). \"Olson, Acuña inch closer to history in twin bill with Philly\". MLB.com. Retrieved September 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/news/matt-olson-hits-50th-home-run-vs-phillies","url_text":"\"Olson, Acuña inch closer to history in twin bill with Philly\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olson clubs 49th, 50th home runs; 1 shy of Jones' Braves mark\". ESPN.com. September 11, 2023. Retrieved September 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/38383010/olson-clubs-49th-50-hrs-1-shy-jones-braves-mark","url_text":"\"Olson clubs 49th, 50th home runs; 1 shy of Jones' Braves mark\""}]},{"reference":"Bowman, Mark (September 12, 2023). \"Olson hits 51st home run, tying Braves' franchise record\". MLB.com. Retrieved September 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/braves/news/matt-olson-braves-single-season-home-run-record","url_text":"\"Olson hits 51st home run, tying Braves' franchise record\""}]},{"reference":"Leckie, Paige (September 16, 2023). \"Olson sets Braves' single-season record with 52nd homer\". MLB.com. Retrieved September 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/braves/news/matt-olson-breaks-braves-single-season-home-run-record","url_text":"\"Olson sets Braves' single-season record with 52nd homer\""}]},{"reference":"Bowman, Mark (September 28, 2023). \"Olson breaks Braves' RBI record with 54th homer\". MLB.com. Retrieved September 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/braves/news/matt-olson-sets-braves-rbi-record","url_text":"\"Olson breaks Braves' RBI record with 54th homer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rangers haul in Silver Slugger Awards, including team honor\". ESPN.com. Reuters. November 9, 2023. Retrieved November 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/38858752/rangers-haul-silver-slugger-awards-including-team-honor","url_text":"\"Rangers haul in Silver Slugger Awards, including team honor\""}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Brian (November 9, 2023). \"Power and glory: Here are your 2023 Silver Slugger winners\". MLB.com. Retrieved November 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/braves/news/silver-slugger-award-winners-2023","url_text":"\"Power and glory: Here are your 2023 Silver Slugger winners\""}]},{"reference":"Olson, Matt (November 2021). \"A day I'll never forget. A special weekend with friends and family. 11/20/21. So happy to call you my wife- I love you\". Instagram.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CWjXa2au8RK/","url_text":"\"A day I'll never forget. A special weekend with friends and family. 11/20/21. So happy to call you my wife- I love you\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matt Olson full Braves introduction press conference\". YouTube. 11Alive. March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_MMJutW-mWw","url_text":"\"Matt Olson full Braves introduction press conference\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matt Olson signs long-term extension with Braves\". YouTube. Bally Sports South. March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wvhv2PUKmOE","url_text":"\"Matt Olson signs long-term extension with Braves\""}]},{"reference":"\"Matt Olson Q&A: A's slugger working on special project in quarantine\". NBC Bay Area. April 30, 2020. Retrieved August 4, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcsports.com/bayarea/athletics/matt-olson-qa-slugger-working-special-project-quarantine","url_text":"\"Matt Olson Q&A: A's slugger working on special project in quarantine\""}]},{"reference":"Castrovince, Anthony (September 12, 2023). \"The 'Unspoken Bond' between Olson and longtime friend\". MLB.com. Retrieved September 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/braves/news/matt-olson-reece-blankenship-friendship","url_text":"\"The 'Unspoken Bond' between Olson and longtime friend\""}]},{"reference":"Bowman, Mark (January 13, 2024). \"Longtime friendship inspires Olson's charity event\". MLB.com. Retrieved January 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlb.com/braves/news/matt-olson-braves-reclif-fundraiser-autism-awareness","url_text":"\"Longtime friendship inspires Olson's charity event\""}]}]
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honor\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/braves/news/silver-slugger-award-winners-2023","external_links_name":"\"Power and glory: Here are your 2023 Silver Slugger winners\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CWjXa2au8RK/","external_links_name":"\"A day I'll never forget. A special weekend with friends and family. 11/20/21. So happy to call you my wife- I love you\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_MMJutW-mWw","external_links_name":"\"Matt Olson full Braves introduction press conference\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wvhv2PUKmOE","external_links_name":"\"Matt Olson signs long-term extension with Braves\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcsports.com/bayarea/athletics/matt-olson-qa-slugger-working-special-project-quarantine","external_links_name":"\"Matt Olson Q&A: A's slugger working on special project in quarantine\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/braves/news/matt-olson-reece-blankenship-friendship","external_links_name":"\"The 'Unspoken Bond' between Olson and longtime friend\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/braves/news/matt-olson-braves-reclif-fundraiser-autism-awareness","external_links_name":"\"Longtime friendship inspires Olson's charity event\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/player/621566","external_links_name":"MLB"},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/player/stats/_/id/32767","external_links_name":"ESPN"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/o/olsonma02.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.fangraphs.com/statss.aspx?playerid=14344","external_links_name":"Fangraphs"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=olson-003mat","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/O/Polsom001.htm","external_links_name":"Retrosheet"},{"Link":"https://x.com/mattolson21","external_links_name":"Matt Olson"},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/matt_olson21/","external_links_name":"Matt Olson"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Miller_(politician)
Patrick Miller (politician)
["1 References"]
For other people named Patrick Miller, see Patrick Miller (disambiguation). Patrick Miller (died 26 February 1845) was a Scottish officer in the British Army and a politician. He sat in the House of Commons of Great Britain from 1790 to 1796. He was the son of Patrick Miller of Dalswinton, an Edinburgh banker. He was a nephew of Sir Thomas Miller, 1st Baronet and a first cousin of William Miller (1755–1846). He became a captain the in 14th Dragoons in 1789, and was with his regiment in Ireland when he was elected at the 1790 general election as the MP for Dumfries Burghs. The election was fiercely contested, with Miller's patron the 4th Duke of Queensberry spending over £8,000, while rival candidate Sir James Johnstone spent over £12,000 (equivalent to £1.81 million in 2024). Johnstone lodged a petition, but Miller's election was upheld on 1 April 1791. Miller left the army in 1791, and although he does not appear to have spoken in Parliament, he did vote in divisions. However, his record was inconsistent, as he followed the shifting politics of his patron Queensberry. He did not stand for re-election in the 1796 general election. In 1806 he wrote to Charles Fox seeking his support for a re-entry to Parliament, and apologising for his previous erratic conduct. He explained that this was due to Queensberry's "silly and selfish views", but his efforts were unsuccessful. References ^ Leigh Rayment's list of baronets – Baronetcies beginning with "J" ^ a b c Thorne, R. G. (1986). R. Thorne (ed.). "MILLER, Patrick (d.1845), of Dalswinton, Dumfries". The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1790-1820. Boydell and Brewer. Retrieved 3 July 2014. ^ a b Henry, D. G. (1986). R. Thorne (ed.). "Dumfries Burghs". The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1790-1820. Boydell and Brewer. Retrieved 2 July 2014. ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024. Parliament of Great Britain Preceded bySir James Johnstone, 4th Bt Member of Parliament for Dumfries Burghs 1790–1796 Succeeded byAlexander Hope Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States This article about a Member of the Parliament of Great Britain (1707–1800) representing a Scottish constituency is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article related to the British Army is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"Thorne, R. G. (1986). R. Thorne (ed.). \"MILLER, Patrick (d.1845), of Dalswinton, Dumfries\". The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1790-1820. Boydell and Brewer. Retrieved 3 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/miller-patrick-1845","url_text":"\"MILLER, Patrick (d.1845), of Dalswinton, Dumfries\""}]},{"reference":"Henry, D. G. (1986). R. Thorne (ed.). \"Dumfries Burghs\". The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1790-1820. Boydell and Brewer. Retrieved 2 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/constituencies/dumfries-burghs","url_text":"\"Dumfries Burghs\""}]},{"reference":"Clark, Gregory (2017). \"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/","url_text":"\"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeasuringWorth","url_text":"MeasuringWorth"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through_the_Waves
Through the Waves
["1 Plot","2 Cast","2.1 Main","2.2 Supporting","2.2.1 Oh Family","2.2.2 Sohyun-dong Neighbors","2.2.3 Daeguk Construction","2.2.4 Golden Carriage Cabaret","2.2.5 Lucky Entertainment","2.2.6 Extended","3 Original soundtrack","3.1 Part 1","3.2 Part 2","3.3 Part 3","4 Ratings","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
Through the WavesPromotional posterHangulTV소설 파도야 파도야 GenrePeriod dramaRomanceFamilyWritten byLee Hyun-jaeLee Hwang-wonDirected byLee Duk-gunCreative directorLee Dae-kyungStarringAh YoungPark Jung-wookJay KimJang Jae-hoSeo HaNoh Haeng-haKim Jung-heonJung Yoon-hyeCountry of originSouth KoreaOriginal languageKoreanNo. of episodes143ProductionExecutive producerLee Gun-joonProducerPark Man-youngRunning time40 minProduction companyKBS Drama ProductionOriginal releaseNetworkKBS2ReleaseFebruary 12 (2018-02-12) –August 31, 2018 (2018-08-31) Through the Waves (Korean: 파도야 파도야; Hanja: 波濤야 波濤야; RR: Padoya Padoya) is a 2018 South Korea morning soap opera starring Ah Young, Park Jung-wook, Jay Kim, Jang Jae-ho, Seo Ha, Noh Haeng-ha, Kim Jung-heon, and Jung Yoon-hye. It aired on KBS2 from February 12, 2018 to August 31, 2018. It is the 44th and the final TV Novel series (13th in 2010s) of KBS. It is also the lowest-rated TV Novel series, averaging only 7.4% and hitting a peak of 10.4%, according to AGB Nielsen's nationwide ratings. Plot This is a family drama which tells the story of a family of five women who lost their property and became separated after the war. Cast Main Ah Young as Oh Bok-shil/Oh Se-ra, the only daughter in the Oh household who becomes a singer named Oh Se-ra in order to look for her missing father. Jo Ye-rin as young Oh Bok-shil Park Jung-wook as Han Kyung-ho, Bok-shil's childhood friend and Daeguk Construction employee who realizes his feelings for her. Park Ha-joon as young Han Kyung-ho Jay Kim as Cha Sang-pil, the chief executive officer of Lucky Entertainment and an orphan who becomes insecure of his position in the Hwang household that adopted him. Jang Jae-ho as Oh Jung-hoon, the eldest of the Oh brood who shoulders the burden of being the man of the household and fails in his dreams of becoming a lawyer. Kwon Mi-reu as young Oh Jung-hoon Seo Ha as Uhm Soon-young, Jung-hoon's girlfriend of four years whom he had to abandon to marry a rich woman. Noh Haeng-ha as Hwang Mi-jin, the daughter of construction magnate Hwang Chang-shik whom Jung-hoon marries to get a better chance in life. Lee Yoo-joo as young Hwang Mi-jin Kim Jung-heon as Oh Jung-tae, the second son of the Oh family who could not go to school and could only live a poor and violent life. Lee Hyun-bin as young Oh Jung-tae Jung Yoon-hye as Kim Choon-ja, the Oh siblings' childhood friend and neighbor who insistently clings onto her longtime crush, Jung-tae. Supporting Oh Family Lee Kyung-jin as Lee Ok-boon, the mother of the Oh siblings who lost her husband during the war and was forced to make difficult decisions to survive. Ban Hyo-jung as Hong Ki-jun, the grandmother of the Oh siblings who lives with the guilt of losing her son's riches during the war and plunging their family into poverty. Lee Si-hoo as Oh Jung-woo, the youngest of the Oh siblings whose leg becomes lame in a childhood accident. Jung Hyeon-jun as young Oh Jung-woo Sohyun-dong Neighbors Kyun Oh-hyun as Han Cheon-sam, Kyung-ho's father who works as a musician for the Golden Carriage Cabaret. Lee Kyung-sil as Yang Mal-soon, Kyung-ho's mother who is a seamstress and holds a tight leash on the household. Jung Sung-ho as Kim Sang-man, Choon-ja's father who works for the government and helps the Oh family settle into the poor Seoul neighborhood of Sohyun-dong. Daeguk Construction Sunwoo Jae-duk as Hwang Chang-sik, the Chairman of Daeguk Construction whose wealth was secretly built on the stolen riches of the Oh family. Sung Hyun-ah as Cheon Geum-geum, Chang-shik's nosy and haughty wife. Golden Carriage Cabaret Lee Joo-hyun as Cho Dong-chul, chief executive officer of Golden Carriage Cabaret who runs a gang of thugs and does dirty work for Hwang Chang-shik. Park Seon-young as Gu Mi-shim, Soon-young's aunt who initially opposes her relationship with Jung-hoon. Song Young-jae as Johnny Kim, Han Cheon-sam's musical partner who influences his gambling addiction. Nam Tae-woo as Park Yong-chil, Dong-chul's lackey. Lucky Entertainment Kim Min-seon as Oh Hae-rin, the daughter of a rich ally of Hwang Chang-shik and Bok-shil's fellow singer trainee who has a crush on Kyung-ho. Seo Jae-won as Heo Jin-gyu, Sang-pil's employee. Extended Kim Kwang-tae as Lee Jin-mok Jo Hee Kang Jae-eun Lee Yoon-sang Goo Jung-rim Lee Ye-rin Original soundtrack Through the Waves OSTSoundtrack album by Various artistsGenreSoundtrackLanguageKoreanEnglishLabelLOEN Entertainment Part 1 Released on March 19, 2018 (2018-03-19)No.TitleLyricsMusicArtistLength1."The Road To You" (그대에게 가는 길)Lee Ji-yoonBlue OceanCha Soo-kyung 3:042."The Road To You" (Inst.) Blue Ocean 3:04Total length:6:08 Part 2 Released on April 5, 2018 (2018-04-05)No.TitleLyricsMusicArtistLength1."Fate" (인연)Hwi Jang-nam, Choi Chul-ho, Miss KimHwi Jang-nim, Miss KimDong Woo3:102."Fate" (Inst.) Hwi Jang-nim, Miss Kim 3:10Total length:6:20 Part 3 Released on April 27, 2018 (2018-04-27)No.TitleLyricsMusicArtistLength1."Pinwheel" (바람개비)Kim Jong-chulChoi Chul-ho, Kim Jong-chulAh Young2:572."Pinwheel" (Inst.) Choi Chul-ho, Kim Jong-chul 2:57Total length:5:54 Ratings In this table, The blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings. NR denotes that the drama did not rank in the top 20 daily programs on that date. Ep. Original broadcast date Average audience share AGB Nielsen ratings TNmS ratings Nationwide Seoul National Capital Area Nationwide 001 February 12, 2018 7.8% (15th) 6.9% (16th) 10.1% (7th) 002 February 13, 2018 7.5% (14th) 6.6% (14th) 9.4% (9th) 003 February 14, 2018 7.4% (17th) 7.0% (17th) 7.7% (17th) 004 February 15, 2018 8.0% (17th) 6.5% (18th) 9.2% (14th) 005 February 16, 2018 7.4% (16th) 6.2% (18th) 10.3% (10th) 006 February 19, 2018 7.5% (12th) 6.7% (12th) 9.0% (11th) 007 February 20, 2018 5.8% (20th) NR 8.2% (NR) 008 February 21, 2018 6.3% (15th) 5.3% (19th) 8.5% (11th) 009 February 22, 2018 7.7% (18th) 7.2% (17th) 9.2% (14th) 010 February 23, 2018 7.3% (17th) 6.4% (20th) 9.7% (12th) 011 February 26, 2018 6.8% (18th) NR 9.3% (14th) 012 February 27, 2018 7.8% (15th) 6.8% (18th) 11.5% (9th) 013 February 28, 2018 7.7% (15th) 7.0% (17th) 9.9% (12th) 014 March 1, 2018 8.2% NR 11.1% 015 March 2, 2018 7.3% 6.1% 9.7% 016 March 5, 2018 6.8% 6.0% 10.3% 017 March 6, 2018 7.3% 6.0% 10.8% 018 March 7, 2018 2.5% NR 7.7% 019 March 8, 2018 6.7% 10.0% 020 March 9, 2018 6.9% 6.1% 9.6% 021 March 12, 2018 4.7% NR 6.4% 022 March 13, 2018 6.5% 8.6% 023 March 14, 2018 7.7% 6.6% 10.3% 024 March 15, 2018 7.1% NR 9.1% 025 March 19, 2018 6.8% 10.2% 026 March 19, 2018 6.3% 10.4% 027 March 20, 2018 7.1% 6.3% 9.6% 028 March 21, 2018 7.0% NR 10.1% 029 March 22, 2018 6.6% 9.3% 030 March 23, 2018 6.8% 9.7% 031 March 26, 2018 6.5% 8.9% 032 March 27, 2018 7.5% 6.8% 9.9% 033 March 28, 2018 7.0% 6.3% 9.3% 034 March 29, 2018 7.2% 6.3% 8.5% 035 March 30, 2018 6.9% 5.9% 9.0% 036 March 31, 2018 6.6% 6.2% 9.3% 037 April 2, 2018 7.1% 6.3% 10.8% 038 April 3, 2018 6.8% 5.5% 10.6% 039 April 4, 2018 5.8% NR 8.4% 040 April 5, 2018 6.5% 7.9% 041 April 6, 2018 6.6% 5.8% 8.8% 042 April 9, 2018 7.6% 7.0% 9.0% 043 April 10, 2018 6.7% 6.0% 8.7% 044 April 11, 2018 5.9% NR 7.8% 045 April 12, 2018 6.6% 5.3% 8.5% 046 April 13, 2018 6.9% 5.5% 8.7% 047 April 16, 2018 7.0% 6.0% 10.0% 048 April 17, 2018 7.5% 6.6% 9.7% 049 April 18, 2018 7.2% NR 10.7% 050 April 19, 2018 7.5% 5.6% 10.6% 051 April 20, 2018 6.8% 5.7% 8.6% 052 April 23, 2018 6.8% 5.7% 9.0% 053 April 24, 2018 3.6% (19th) NR 4.7% 054 April 25, 2018 6.8% 9.4% 055 April 26, 2018 7.7% 6.7% 10.5% 056 April 27, 2018 7.7% 7.2% 8.8% 057 April 30, 2018 7.4% 6.3% 9.2% 058 May 1, 2018 7.2% 6.2% 8.7% 059 May 2, 2018 7.0% 8.8% 060 May 3, 2018 6.8% 5.7% 8.2% 061 May 4, 2018 6.7% 5.8% 8.6% 062 May 7, 2018 7.1% 6.0% 8.7% 063 May 8, 2018 7.3% 6.6% 8.4% 064 May 9, 2018 6.3% NR 8.8% 065 May 10, 2018 6.0% 7.6% 066 May 11, 2018 6.6% 6.1% 8.6% 067 May 14, 2018 7.0% 6.3% 9.2% 068 May 15, 2018 7.5% 6.6% 10.5% 069 May 16, 2018 5.7% NR 8.0% 070 May 17, 2018 6.4% 6.7% 071 May 18, 2018 6.6% 6.0% 9.3% 072 May 21, 2018 6.9% 8.8% 073 May 22, 2018 6.4% 5.4% 9.6% 074 May 23, 2018 6.6% NR 8.2% 075 May 24, 2018 6.8% 5.7% 9.4% 076 May 25, 2018 6.5% 5.6% 9.1% 077 May 28, 2018 6.2% 5.9% 9.8% 078 May 29, 2018 6.8% 6.3% 9.2% 079 May 30, 2018 7.0% 8.4% 080 May 31, 2018 6.6% 5.6% 9.0% 081 June 4, 2018 7.5% 7.1% 8.7% 082 June 5, 2018 6.7% 6.1% 8.5% 083 June 6, 2018 7.4% 6.6% 8.8% 084 June 7, 2018 7.3% 6.5% 9.8% 085 June 8, 2018 5.3% 5.0% 7.3% 086 June 11, 2018 7.0% 6.3% 9.0% 087 June 12, 2018 7.2% 6.6% 9.6% 088 June 13, 2018 6.9% 6.0% 10.5% 089 June 14, 2018 6.3% 8.4% 090 June 15, 2018 7.3% 9.2% 091 June 18, 2018 6.9% 8.6% 092 June 19, 2018 7.9% 6.8% 9.8% 093 June 20, 2018 8.3% 7.3% 10.2% 094 June 21, 2018 7.6% 6.3% 9.4% 095 June 22, 2018 8.8% 7.9% 10.5% 096 June 25, 2018 8.9% 7.8% 10.7% 097 June 26, 2018 7.8% 6.6% 10.4% 098 June 27, 2018 8.2% 7.3% 10.7% 099 June 28, 2018 7.7% NR 11.0% 100 June 29, 2018 7.9% 6.7% 10.7% 101 July 2, 2018 7.2% 6.3% 9.2% 102 July 3, 2018 7.8% 6.2% 10.4% 103 July 4, 2018 7.7% 6.2% 10.1% 104 July 5, 2018 7.8% NR 8.9% 105 July 6, 2018 7.6% 6.4% 10.0% 106 July 9, 2018 7.8% 7.0% 10.5% 107 July 10, 2018 8.1% 6.8% 10.4% 108 July 11, 2018 8.5% 7.1% 11.0% 109 July 12, 2018 7.4% NR 9.1% 110 July 13, 2018 7.7% 6.0% 10.1% 111 July 16, 2018 6.5% 5.6% 9.8% 112 July 17, 2018 7.6% 6.7% 10.4% 113 July 18, 2018 7.7% 6.3% 10.5% 114 July 19, 2018 8.4% 7.3% 10.1% 115 July 20, 2018 8.5% 7.6% NR 116 July 23, 2018 7.5% 6.4% 9.5% 117 July 24, 2018 7.6% 10.3% 118 July 25, 2018 7.8% 6.5% 10.4% 119 July 26, 2018 7.8% 6.8% 9.3% 120 July 27, 2018 8.0% 6.5% 9.0% 121 July 30, 2018 8.4% 7.6% 9.9% 122 July 31, 2018 8.0% 6.8% 8.6% 123 August 2, 2018 9.6% 8.4% 8.7% 124 August 3, 2018 8.4% 7.3% 9.4% 125 August 6, 2018 9.2% 7.9% 10.2% 126 August 7, 2018 8.4% 6.9% 10.1% 127 August 8, 2018 8.8% 7.5% 10.7% 128 August 9, 2018 9.0% 7.4% 11.8% 129 August 10, 2018 8.7% 7.7% 10.7% 130 August 13, 2018 8.6% 7.5% 10.6% 131 August 14, 2018 8.4% 7.3% 9.8% 132 August 15, 2018 9.1% 7.8% 10.7% 133 August 16, 2018 8.8% 7.4% 10.6% 134 August 17, 2018 8.3% 7.1% 135 August 20, 2018 9.1% 8.0% 10.9% 136 August 21, 2018 8.6% 7.7% 9.9% 137 August 22, 2018 10.3% (7th) 8.9% (8th) 138 August 23, 2018 9.7% 8.1% 139 August 24, 2018 9.2% 7.6% 140 August 27, 2018 9.0% 6.9% 141 August 28, 2018 8.8% 7.2% 142 August 29, 2018 9.8% 8.1% 143 August 30, 2018 10.4% (6th) 8.3% (9th) Average ratings 7.4% % % Notes ^ Episodes 1-3 were aired 10 minutes late at 9:10 a.m. due to the 2018 Winter Olympics. ^ Episodes scheduled to air on February 15 and 16 were pushed back due to the 2018 Winter Olympics. References ^ Kim, Mi-ji (December 14, 2017). " 달샤벳 아영, 싸이더스HQ와 전속계약…KBS 드라마로 첫 행보". Xsport News (in Korean). Archived from the original on February 10, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2018. ^ Lee, Nam-kyung (February 6, 2018). '파도야 파도야' 김견우, “조아영 사이에 둔 삼각관계..능력 어필할 것”. Break News (in Korean). Archived from the original on February 10, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2018. ^ Park, Chan-ha (February 6, 2018). '파도야 파도야' 김견우-조아영 '잘 어울리는 훈남훈녀 한 쌍' . News 20 Busan (in Korean). Archived from the original on September 14, 2023. Retrieved February 9, 2018. ^ Chu, Young-wook (February 6, 2018). 현재위치 : 홈 > 뉴스 > 포토 '파도야 파도야' 장재호, '부드러운 미소'. Bridge Economy (in Korean). Archived from the original on February 10, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2018. ^ Park, Hwa-sun (February 4, 2018). 서하, '파도야 파도야' 캐스팅…'꽃피어라 달순아' 후속 12일 첫방송. Kyunggi Daily (in Korean). Archived from the original on February 10, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2018. ^ Lee, Nam-kyung (February 6, 2018). '파도야 파도야' 노행하, “황미진 役 얄미운 캐릭터..미움 받을 준비돼 있어”. Break News (in Korean). Archived from the original on February 10, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2018. ^ Kim, Hyun-woo (February 6, 2018). 정헌, 파도야 파도야에서 만나요. Asia Today (in Korean). Archived from the original on February 10, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2018. ^ Son, Jin-ah (February 6, 2018). "레인보우 출신 정윤혜, KBS '파도야파도야' 주연 합류(공식)". Star MBN (in Korean). Archived from the original on July 31, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2018. ^ "Nielsen Korea일일시청률" . AGB Nielsen. Archived from the original on June 1, 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2018. ^ "TNmS 일일시청률" (in Korean). NAVER. Archived from the original on October 26, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2018. External links Official website (in Korean)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"Hanja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanja"},{"link_name":"RR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"soap opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"Ah Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ah_Young"},{"link_name":"Jay Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_(South_Korean_singer)"},{"link_name":"Noh Haeng-ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noh_Haeng-ha"},{"link_name":"Kim Jung-heon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jung-heon"},{"link_name":"KBS2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBS2"},{"link_name":"TV Novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBS_TV_Novel"}],"text":"Through the Waves (Korean: 파도야 파도야; Hanja: 波濤야 波濤야; RR: Padoya Padoya) is a 2018 South Korea morning soap opera starring Ah Young, Park Jung-wook, Jay Kim, Jang Jae-ho, Seo Ha, Noh Haeng-ha, Kim Jung-heon, and Jung Yoon-hye. It aired on KBS2 from February 12, 2018 to August 31, 2018.It is the 44th and the final TV Novel series (13th in 2010s) of KBS. It is also the lowest-rated TV Novel series, averaging only 7.4% and hitting a peak of 10.4%, according to AGB Nielsen's nationwide ratings.","title":"Through the Waves"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This is a family drama which tells the story of a family of five women who lost their property and became separated after the war.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ah Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ah_Young"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Jo Ye-rin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Ye-rin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jay Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_(South_Korean_singer)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Noh Haeng-ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noh_Haeng-ha"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kim Jung-heon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Jung-heon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Main","text":"Ah Young as Oh Bok-shil/Oh Se-ra,[1] the only daughter in the Oh household who becomes a singer named Oh Se-ra in order to look for her missing father.\nJo Ye-rin as young Oh Bok-shil\nPark Jung-wook as Han Kyung-ho,[2] Bok-shil's childhood friend and Daeguk Construction employee who realizes his feelings for her.\nPark Ha-joon as young Han Kyung-ho\nJay Kim as Cha Sang-pil,[3] the chief executive officer of Lucky Entertainment and an orphan who becomes insecure of his position in the Hwang household that adopted him.\nJang Jae-ho as Oh Jung-hoon,[4] the eldest of the Oh brood who shoulders the burden of being the man of the household and fails in his dreams of becoming a lawyer.\nKwon Mi-reu as young Oh Jung-hoon\nSeo Ha as Uhm Soon-young,[5] Jung-hoon's girlfriend of four years whom he had to abandon to marry a rich woman.\nNoh Haeng-ha as Hwang Mi-jin,[6] the daughter of construction magnate Hwang Chang-shik whom Jung-hoon marries to get a better chance in life.\nLee Yoo-joo as young Hwang Mi-jin\nKim Jung-heon as Oh Jung-tae,[7] the second son of the Oh family who could not go to school and could only live a poor and violent life.\nLee Hyun-bin as young Oh Jung-tae\nJung Yoon-hye as Kim Choon-ja,[8] the Oh siblings' childhood friend and neighbor who insistently clings onto her longtime crush, Jung-tae.","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Through_the_Waves&action=edit&section=5"},{"link_name":"Lee Kyung-jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Kyung-jin"},{"link_name":"Ban Hyo-jung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Hyo-jung"},{"link_name":"Lee Si-hoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Si-hoo"},{"link_name":"Jung Hyeon-jun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jung_Hyeon-jun"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Through_the_Waves&action=edit&section=6"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Through_the_Waves&action=edit&section=7"},{"link_name":"Sunwoo Jae-duk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunwoo_Jae-duk"},{"link_name":"Sung Hyun-ah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sung_Hyun-ah"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Through_the_Waves&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Through_the_Waves&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Through_the_Waves&action=edit&section=10"}],"sub_title":"Supporting","text":"Oh Family[edit]\nLee Kyung-jin as Lee Ok-boon, the mother of the Oh siblings who lost her husband during the war and was forced to make difficult decisions to survive.\nBan Hyo-jung as Hong Ki-jun, the grandmother of the Oh siblings who lives with the guilt of losing her son's riches during the war and plunging their family into poverty.\nLee Si-hoo as Oh Jung-woo, the youngest of the Oh siblings whose leg becomes lame in a childhood accident.\nJung Hyeon-jun as young Oh Jung-woo\nSohyun-dong Neighbors[edit]\nKyun Oh-hyun as Han Cheon-sam, Kyung-ho's father who works as a musician for the Golden Carriage Cabaret.\nLee Kyung-sil as Yang Mal-soon, Kyung-ho's mother who is a seamstress and holds a tight leash on the household.\nJung Sung-ho as Kim Sang-man, Choon-ja's father who works for the government and helps the Oh family settle into the poor Seoul neighborhood of Sohyun-dong.\nDaeguk Construction[edit]\nSunwoo Jae-duk as Hwang Chang-sik, the Chairman of Daeguk Construction whose wealth was secretly built on the stolen riches of the Oh family.\nSung Hyun-ah as Cheon Geum-geum, Chang-shik's nosy and haughty wife.\nGolden Carriage Cabaret[edit]\nLee Joo-hyun as Cho Dong-chul, chief executive officer of Golden Carriage Cabaret who runs a gang of thugs and does dirty work for Hwang Chang-shik.\nPark Seon-young as Gu Mi-shim, Soon-young's aunt who initially opposes her relationship with Jung-hoon.\nSong Young-jae as Johnny Kim, Han Cheon-sam's musical partner who influences his gambling addiction.\nNam Tae-woo as Park Yong-chil, Dong-chul's lackey.\nLucky Entertainment[edit]\nKim Min-seon as Oh Hae-rin, the daughter of a rich ally of Hwang Chang-shik and Bok-shil's fellow singer trainee who has a crush on Kyung-ho.\nSeo Jae-won as Heo Jin-gyu, Sang-pil's employee.\nExtended[edit]\nKim Kwang-tae as\nLee Jin-mok\nJo Hee\nKang Jae-eun\nLee Yoon-sang\nGoo Jung-rim\nLee Ye-rin","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Original soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cha Soo-kyung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cha_Soo-kyung&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%A8%EC%88%98%EA%B2%BD"}],"sub_title":"Part 1","text":"Released on March 19, 2018 (2018-03-19)No.TitleLyricsMusicArtistLength1.\"The Road To You\" (그대에게 가는 길)Lee Ji-yoonBlue OceanCha Soo-kyung [ko]3:042.\"The Road To You\" (Inst.) Blue Ocean 3:04Total length:6:08","title":"Original soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Part 2","text":"Released on April 5, 2018 (2018-04-05)No.TitleLyricsMusicArtistLength1.\"Fate\" (인연)Hwi Jang-nam, Choi Chul-ho, Miss KimHwi Jang-nim, Miss KimDong Woo3:102.\"Fate\" (Inst.) Hwi Jang-nim, Miss Kim 3:10Total length:6:20","title":"Original soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ah Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ah_Young"}],"sub_title":"Part 3","text":"Released on April 27, 2018 (2018-04-27)No.TitleLyricsMusicArtistLength1.\"Pinwheel\" (바람개비)Kim Jong-chulChoi Chul-ho, Kim Jong-chulAh Young2:572.\"Pinwheel\" (Inst.) Choi Chul-ho, Kim Jong-chul 2:57Total length:5:54","title":"Original soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In this table, The blue numbers represent the lowest ratings and the red numbers represent the highest ratings.\nNR denotes that the drama did not rank in the top 20 daily programs on that date.","title":"Ratings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"2018 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"2018 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics"}],"text":"^ Episodes 1-3 were aired 10 minutes late at 9:10 a.m. due to the 2018 Winter Olympics.\n\n^ Episodes scheduled to air on February 15 and 16 were pushed back due to the 2018 Winter Olympics.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Kim, Mi-ji (December 14, 2017). \"[공식] 달샤벳 아영, 싸이더스HQ와 전속계약…KBS 드라마로 첫 행보\". Xsport News (in Korean). Archived from the original on February 10, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xportsnews.com/jenter/?ac=article_view&entry_id=923710&_REFERER=http%3A%2F%2Fentertain.naver.com%2Fnow%2Fread%3Foid%3D311%26aid%3D0000804176","url_text":"\"[공식] 달샤벳 아영, 싸이더스HQ와 전속계약…KBS 드라마로 첫 행보\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180210002511/http://www.xportsnews.com/jenter/?ac=article_view&entry_id=923710&_REFERER=http%3A%2F%2Fentertain.naver.com%2Fnow%2Fread%3Foid%3D311%26aid%3D0000804176","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Nam-kyung (February 6, 2018). '파도야 파도야' 김견우, “조아영 사이에 둔 삼각관계..능력 어필할 것”. Break News (in Korean). Archived from the original on February 10, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.breaknews.com/sub_read.html?uid=558887&section=sc4","url_text":"'파도야 파도야' 김견우, “조아영 사이에 둔 삼각관계..능력 어필할 것”"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180210002855/http://www.breaknews.com/sub_read.html?uid=558887&section=sc4","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Park, Chan-ha (February 6, 2018). '파도야 파도야' 김견우-조아영 '잘 어울리는 훈남훈녀 한 쌍' [포토]. News 20 Busan (in Korean). Archived from the original on September 14, 2023. Retrieved February 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://news20.busan.com/controller/newsController.jsp?newsId=20180206000116","url_text":"'파도야 파도야' 김견우-조아영 '잘 어울리는 훈남훈녀 한 쌍' [포토]"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230914000930/https://www.busan.com/view/busan/view.php?code=20180206000116","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chu, Young-wook (February 6, 2018). 현재위치 : 홈 > 뉴스 > 포토 [브릿지포토] '파도야 파도야' 장재호, '부드러운 미소'. Bridge Economy (in Korean). Archived from the original on February 10, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.viva100.com/main/view.php?key=20180206010002276","url_text":"현재위치 : 홈 > 뉴스 > 포토 [브릿지포토] '파도야 파도야' 장재호, '부드러운 미소'"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180210062031/http://www.viva100.com/main/view.php?key=20180206010002276","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Park, Hwa-sun (February 4, 2018). 서하, '파도야 파도야' 캐스팅…'꽃피어라 달순아' 후속 12일 첫방송. Kyunggi Daily (in Korean). Archived from the original on February 10, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kyeonggi.com/?mod=news&act=articleView&idxno=1440532","url_text":"서하, '파도야 파도야' 캐스팅…'꽃피어라 달순아' 후속 12일 첫방송"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180210180219/http://www.kyeonggi.com/?mod=news&act=articleView&idxno=1440532","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lee, Nam-kyung (February 6, 2018). '파도야 파도야' 노행하, “황미진 役 얄미운 캐릭터..미움 받을 준비돼 있어”. Break News (in Korean). Archived from the original on February 10, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.breaknews.com/sub_read.html?uid=558886&section=sc4","url_text":"'파도야 파도야' 노행하, “황미진 役 얄미운 캐릭터..미움 받을 준비돼 있어”"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180210002847/http://www.breaknews.com/sub_read.html?uid=558886&section=sc4","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kim, Hyun-woo (February 6, 2018). [포토] 정헌, 파도야 파도야에서 만나요. Asia Today (in Korean). Archived from the original on February 10, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asiatoday.co.kr/view.php?key=20180206010003415","url_text":"[포토] 정헌, 파도야 파도야에서 만나요"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180210002928/http://www.asiatoday.co.kr/view.php?key=20180206010003415","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Son, Jin-ah (February 6, 2018). \"레인보우 출신 정윤혜, KBS '파도야파도야' 주연 합류(공식)\". Star MBN (in Korean). Archived from the original on July 31, 2018. Retrieved February 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://star.mbn.co.kr/view.php?year=2018&no=84021&refer=portal","url_text":"\"레인보우 출신 정윤혜, KBS '파도야파도야' 주연 합류(공식)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180731093444/http://star.mbn.co.kr/view.php?year=2018&no=84021&refer=portal","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Nielsen Korea일일시청률\" [Nielsen Korea Daily Ratings]. AGB Nielsen. Archived from the original on June 1, 2016. Retrieved July 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nielsenkorea.co.kr/tv_terrestrial_day.asp?menu=Tit_1&sub_menu=3_1&area=00","url_text":"\"Nielsen Korea일일시청률\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160601140426/http://www.nielsenkorea.co.kr/tv_terrestrial_day.asp?menu=Tit_1&sub_menu=3_1&area=00","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"TNmS 일일시청률\" [TNmS Daily Ratings] (in Korean). NAVER. Archived from the original on October 26, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.search.naver.com/search.naver?sm=mtb_sug.psn&where=m&query=TNMS+%EC%A7%80%EC%83%81%ED%8C%8C+%EC%8B%9C%EC%B2%AD%EB%A5%A0&oquery=03%EC%9B%9431%EC%9D%BC+TNMS+%EC%A7%80%EC%83%81%ED%8C%8C+%EC%8B%9C%EC%B2%AD%EB%A5%A0&tqi=TVtJPlpySCwssbqjSHlssssst0s-044093&qdt=0&acq=TNMS+%EC%A7%80%EC%83%81%ED%8C%8C+%EC%8B%9C%EC%B2%AD%EB%A5%A0&acr=1","url_text":"\"TNmS 일일시청률\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211026095602/https://m.search.naver.com/search.naver?sm=mtb_sug.psn&where=m&query=TNMS+%EC%A7%80%EC%83%81%ED%8C%8C+%EC%8B%9C%EC%B2%AD%EB%A5%A0&oquery=03%EC%9B%9431%EC%9D%BC+TNMS+%EC%A7%80%EC%83%81%ED%8C%8C+%EC%8B%9C%EC%B2%AD%EB%A5%A0&tqi=TVtJPlpySCwssbqjSHlssssst0s-044093&qdt=0&acq=TNMS+%EC%A7%80%EC%83%81%ED%8C%8C+%EC%8B%9C%EC%B2%AD%EB%A5%A0&acr=1","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styphelia_crassifolia
Styphelia crassifolia
["1 References"]
Species of flowering plant Styphelia crassifolia Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Ericales Family: Ericaceae Genus: Styphelia Species: S. crassifolia Binomial name Styphelia crassifolia(Sond.) F.Muell. Occurrence data from AVH Synonyms Leucopogon crassifolius Sond. Styphelia crassifolia is a species of flowering plant in the family Ericaceae and is endemic to This species was first described in 1845 as Leucopogon crassifolius by Otto Wilhelm Sonder in Lehmann's Plantae Preissianae from specimens collected at Cape Riche. In 1867 Ferdinand von Mueller transferred it to the genus, Styphelia as S. crassifolia in his Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae. Styphelia crassifolia occurs in scattered locations mainly between the Fitzgerald River National Park and Cape Riche, with outliers north of Cheyne Beach and near Chillinup, in the Esperance Plains bioregion in the south-west of Western Australia. References ^ "Styphelia crassifolia". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 20 November 2023. ^ Bentham, George (1868). Flora Australiensis. Vol. 4. London: Lovell Reeve & Co. p. 222. Retrieved 20 November 2023. ^ "Leucopogon crassifolius". APNI. Retrieved 20 November 2023. ^ Sonder, Otto Wilhelm (1845). Plantae Preissianae. Hamburg: Sumptibus Meissneri. pp. 316–317. Retrieved 20 November 2023. ^ "Styphelia crassifolia". APNI. Retrieved 20 November 2023. ^ von Mueller, Ferdinand (1867). Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae. Vol. 6. Melbourne: Victorian Government Printer. p. 33. Retrieved 20 November 2023. ^ Hislop, Michael; Nguyen, Hung Ky (2022). "A taxonomic review of the Styphelia tamminensis subgroup (Ericaceae: Epacridoideae: Styphelieae)". Nuytsia. 33: 288. Retrieved 20 November 2023. ^ "Styphelia crassifolia". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions. Taxon identifiersStyphelia crassifolia Wikidata: Q65949965 APNI: 104160 CoL: 53BGZ FloraBase: 49792 GBIF: 4009877 IPNI: 325725-1 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325725-1 WFO: wfo-0000499672 Leucopogon crassifolius Wikidata: Q51048442 APNI: 98599 CoL: 6Q6D2 FloraBase: 6380 GBIF: 4009600 IPNI: 325289-1 NCBI: 142212 Open Tree of Life: 11593 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:325289-1 WFO: wfo-0000359497 This Ericaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Australian asterid article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Liddell-Grainger
David Liddell-Grainger
["1 Biography","2 Career","3 First marriage and issue","4 Second marriage and issue","5 Death and legacy","6 References"]
Scottish politician This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "David Liddell-Grainger" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) David Ian Liddell-Grainger KStJ FSAScot (26 January 1930 – 12 March 2007) of Ayton Castle, in Berwickshire, was a prominent freemason who served as Grand Master Mason of the Grand Lodge of Scotland from 1969 until 1974. In 1955 he was created an Officer of St John of Jerusalem and in 1974 a Knight of St John of Jerusalem and served in the Royal Company of Archers between 1955 and 1983. He was a member of Berwickshire County Council from 1958 to 1973 and was a Deputy Lieutenant of Berwickshire between 1963 and 1985. Much of his family's wealth derived from his great-great grandfather Richard Grainger (1797-1861) “visionary and builder” the creator of much of the present centre of the City of Newcastle, “the prime mover behind one of the most significant exercises in urban planning in the middle decades of the 19th century and a builder and speculator unparalleled in the region”. He married Anne Mary Sibylla Abel Smith, a third cousin of Queen Elizabeth II. Biography Grey Street Newcastle-upon-Tyne, part of the Grainger Town estate developed by Richard Grainger (1797-1861) “visionary and builder”, an ancestor of David Liddell-Grainger and founder of much of the Liddell-Grainger family fortune David Liddell-Grainger was the son of Captain Henry Hubert Liddell-Grainger (1886–1935), Scots Guards, JP, DL, of Ayton Castle, by his wife Lady Muriel Felicia Vere Bertie, daughter and only child and heiress of Montague Bertie, 12th Earl of Lindsey, who married secondly, in 1938, Sir Malcolm Barclay-Harvey, a soldier, Member of Parliament, Governor of South Australia from 1939 to 1944, Prior for Scotland of the Order of St John from 1964, and a prominent freemason who served as Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of South Australia, 1941–44 and later as Grand Master Mason of the Grand Lodge of Scotland 1949–1953. In 1924 Barclay-Harvey had inherited from his father Dinnet House in Aberdeenshire, with its 14,000-acre (5,666 ha) estate. Ayton Castle, in Berwickshire, built in 1851 and purchased in 1894/5 by Henry Liddell Grainger (1856/9–1905) David Liddell-Grainger's father died in 1935 when he was aged 5, and his mother remarried three years later in 1938 to Sir Malcolm Barclay-Harvey, Governor of South Australia from 1939 to 1944, and a prominent Freemason who served as Grand Master of South Australia, (1941 – 44) and later as Grand Master Mason of the Grand Lodge of Scotland 1949–1953. David thus accompanied his step-father to Australia, where he attended St Peter's College, Adelaide. He then continued his education in England, where he attended Eton College and later the University of London. Career Following in the footsteps of his step-father, David became a Freemason and was initiated into Scottish Freemasonry in The Lodge of Ayton Castle, No.1423, and served as Master of that Lodge 1960-1961. He was a Founder Member of Lodge Sir Robert Moray, No.1641, (Edinburgh, Scotland) and also a Founder Member of Lodge Fleur de Lys, No.1722, (Airdrie, North Lanarkshire). He was elected a member of the Grand Committee of the Grand Lodge of Antient Free and Accepted Masons of Scotland in 1962, and served as Grand Master Mason of the Grand Lodge of Scotland from 1969 until 1974, the head of Scottish freemasonry, a position occupied by his step-father 16 years earlier, from 1949 to 1953. His step-father served as Prior for Scotland of the Order of St John from 1964, and in 1955 David was created an Officer of St John of Jerusalem and in 1974 a Knight of St John of Jerusalem. Between 1955 and 1883 he served in the Royal Company of Archers, The Queen's Bodyguard for Scotland, a ceremonial unit which serves as the Sovereign's bodyguard in Scotland, of which his step-father was also a member. First marriage and issue On 14 December 1957, he married Anne Mary Sibylla Abel Smith, a third cousin of Queen Elizabeth II, being a daughter of Colonel Sir Henry Abel Smith, Governor of Queensland, Australia (1958–66), by his wife née "Princess May of Teck" who on her mother's side was a great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria and on her father's side was a great-great-granddaughter of King George III (grandfather of Queen Victoria) and the niece of Queen Mary (née Princess Mary of Teck), wife of King George V and mother of two kings. The marriage took place in St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, at which Queen Elizabeth II and other members of the Royal Family were present. The couple had five children: Ian Richard Peregrine Liddell-Grainger (born 23 February 1959), a Conservative Party Member of Parliament Charles Montagu Liddell-Grainger (born 23 July 1960) Simon Rupert Liddell-Grainger (born 28 December 1962) Alice Mary Liddell-Grainger (born 3 March 1965) Malcolm Henry Liddell-Grainger (born 14 December 1967) Second marriage and issue Liddell-Grainger conducted an affair in the 1970s, which was public knowledge, with Lady de la Rue (née Christine Schellin), the young wife of his elderly near neighbour Sir Eric de la Rue, 3rd Baronet (1906–1989). As a result, Liddell-Grainger and his first wife, Anne Abel Smith, were divorced in 1981. Christine de la Rue then moved into the Liddell-Grainger family home, Ayton Castle, and bore Liddell-Grainger two children, (David) Henry Liddell-Grainger (born 31 January 1983) and Maximilian Liddell-Grainger (born 1985; died 1998). He later married Christine on 18 October 1996. Despite this, when Christine's first husband, Sir Eric de la Rue, became terminally ill, he was moved into Ayton Castle, where he stayed until his death. Death and legacy When Liddell-Grainger died in 2007, Ayton Castle and its 6,000-acre (2,428-hectare) estate was left to the surviving son of his second marriage, not to the children of his first marriage. Christine had her second husband buried in the grounds of Ayton Castle, near the graves of their second son who had died from cancer aged 13 in 1999, and of a stillborn baby called James. On deciding to sell the Castle, it was felt that the presence of the graves would not be conducive to buyers, so in 2012 Christine sought permission from Duns Sheriff Court to exhume them and rebury them within Ayton village. In July 2015 the Castle was sold although elements of the estate have been retained by the Liddell-Grainger family. References ^ a b "Death of a Past Grand Master". Grand Lodge of Scotland. Retrieved 16 April 2015. ^ As inscribed on memorial plaque affixed to wall of his residence File:Richard Grainger 1797 - 1861, site of his offices, 28 Clayton Street West, Newcastle (3554240867).jpg ^ historicengland.org.uk ^ Playford, John, "Sir Charles Malcolm Barclay-Harvey (1890–1969)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 6 December 2023 ^ Burke's Landed Gentry, 18th edition, vol. I, ed. Peter Townend, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 1965, p. 330 ^ Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage, 107th edition, vol. 1, Burke's Peerage Ltd, 2003, p. 205 ^ a b The Grand Lodge of Scotland Year Book. 2008. Pp.87-88.ISBN 0-902324-80-2 ^ a b Johnson, Simon (12 June 2012). "Aristocrat to empty her family mausoleum in order to sell her home". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 16 April 2015. ^ Dailyrecord.co.uk (13 June 2012). "Widow plans to exhume bodies of husband and two sons to sell historic castle". Daily Record. Retrieved 6 December 2023. Masonic offices Preceded byRonald Orr-Ewing Grand Master of theGrand Lodge of Scotland 1969–1974 Succeeded byRobert Wolrige Gordon Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KStJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KStJ"},{"link_name":"FSAScot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FSAScot"},{"link_name":"Ayton Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayton_Castle,_Scottish_Borders"},{"link_name":"Berwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwickshire"},{"link_name":"freemason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemason"},{"link_name":"Grand Lodge of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Death_of_a_Past_Grand_Master-1"},{"link_name":"Officer of St John of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerable_Order_of_St_John"},{"link_name":"Royal Company of Archers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Company_of_Archers"},{"link_name":"Berwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwickshire"},{"link_name":"Deputy Lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Richard Grainger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Grainger"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"David Ian Liddell-Grainger KStJ FSAScot (26 January 1930 – 12 March 2007) of Ayton Castle, in Berwickshire, was a prominent freemason who served as Grand Master Mason of the Grand Lodge of Scotland from 1969 until 1974.[1] In 1955 he was created an Officer of St John of Jerusalem and in 1974 a Knight of St John of Jerusalem and served in the Royal Company of Archers between 1955 and 1983. He was a member of Berwickshire County Council from 1958 to 1973 and was a Deputy Lieutenant of Berwickshire between 1963 and 1985. Much of his family's wealth derived from his great-great grandfather Richard Grainger (1797-1861) “visionary and builder”[2] the creator of much of the present centre of the City of Newcastle, “the prime mover behind one of the most significant exercises in urban planning in the middle decades of the 19th century and a builder and speculator unparalleled in the region”.[3] He married Anne Mary Sibylla Abel Smith, a third cousin of Queen Elizabeth II.","title":"David Liddell-Grainger"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Newcastle---Theatre-Royal-and-Grey-Street-from-the-north.jpg"},{"link_name":"Grainger Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grainger_Town"},{"link_name":"Richard Grainger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Grainger"},{"link_name":"Scots Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_Guards"},{"link_name":"JP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magistrate_(England_and_Wales)"},{"link_name":"DL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Montague Bertie, 12th Earl of Lindsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montague_Bertie,_12th_Earl_of_Lindsey"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Barclay-Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Barclay-Harvey"},{"link_name":"Governor of South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Grand Lodge of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ayton_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_813849.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ayton Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayton_Castle,_Scottish_Borders"},{"link_name":"Berwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwickshire"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Barclay-Harvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_Barclay-Harvey"},{"link_name":"Governor of South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Freemason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemason"},{"link_name":"Grand Lodge of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"St Peter's College, Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Peter%27s_College,_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Eton College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eton_College"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Grey Street Newcastle-upon-Tyne, part of the Grainger Town estate developed by Richard Grainger (1797-1861) “visionary and builder”, an ancestor of David Liddell-Grainger and founder of much of the Liddell-Grainger family fortuneDavid Liddell-Grainger was the son of Captain Henry Hubert Liddell-Grainger (1886–1935), Scots Guards, JP, DL, of Ayton Castle, by his wife Lady Muriel Felicia Vere Bertie, daughter and only child and heiress of Montague Bertie, 12th Earl of Lindsey, who married secondly, in 1938, Sir Malcolm Barclay-Harvey, a soldier, Member of Parliament, Governor of South Australia from 1939 to 1944, Prior for Scotland of the Order of St John from 1964, and a prominent freemason who served as Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of South Australia, 1941–44 and later as Grand Master Mason of the Grand Lodge of Scotland 1949–1953. In 1924 Barclay-Harvey had inherited from his father Dinnet House in Aberdeenshire, with its 14,000-acre (5,666 ha) estate.[4]Ayton Castle, in Berwickshire, built in 1851 and purchased in 1894/5 by Henry Liddell Grainger (1856/9–1905)David Liddell-Grainger's father died in 1935 when he was aged 5, and his mother remarried three years later in 1938 to Sir Malcolm Barclay-Harvey, Governor of South Australia from 1939 to 1944, and a prominent Freemason who served as Grand Master of South Australia, (1941 – 44) and later as Grand Master Mason of the Grand Lodge of Scotland 1949–1953. David thus accompanied his step-father to Australia, where he attended St Peter's College, Adelaide. He then continued his education in England, where he attended Eton College and later the University of London.[5][6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Airdrie, North Lanarkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airdrie,_North_Lanarkshire"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scotland_Year_Book_2008._Pp.87-88-7"},{"link_name":"Grand Lodge of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Death_of_a_Past_Grand_Master-1"},{"link_name":"Officer of St John of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerable_Order_of_St_John"},{"link_name":"Royal Company of Archers, The Queen's Bodyguard for Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Company_of_Archers"}],"text":"Following in the footsteps of his step-father, David became a Freemason and was initiated into Scottish Freemasonry in The Lodge of Ayton Castle, No.1423, and served as Master of that Lodge 1960-1961. He was a Founder Member of Lodge Sir Robert Moray, No.1641, (Edinburgh, Scotland) and also a Founder Member of Lodge Fleur de Lys, No.1722, (Airdrie, North Lanarkshire). He was elected a member of the Grand Committee of the Grand Lodge of Antient Free and Accepted Masons of Scotland in 1962,[7] and served as Grand Master Mason of the Grand Lodge of Scotland from 1969 until 1974,[1] the head of Scottish freemasonry, a position occupied by his step-father 16 years earlier, from 1949 to 1953.His step-father served as Prior for Scotland of the Order of St John from 1964, and in 1955 David was created an Officer of St John of Jerusalem and in 1974 a Knight of St John of Jerusalem. Between 1955 and 1883 he served in the Royal Company of Archers, The Queen's Bodyguard for Scotland, a ceremonial unit which serves as the Sovereign's bodyguard in Scotland, of which his step-father was also a member.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anne Mary Sibylla Abel Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Abel_Smith"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Henry Abel Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Abel_Smith"},{"link_name":"Governor of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Princess May of Teck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_May_Abel_Smith"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Queen Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_of_Teck"},{"link_name":"George V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V"},{"link_name":"Royal Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Family"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scotland_Year_Book_2008._Pp.87-88-7"},{"link_name":"Ian Richard Peregrine Liddell-Grainger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Liddell-Grainger"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"}],"text":"On 14 December 1957, he married Anne Mary Sibylla Abel Smith, a third cousin of Queen Elizabeth II, being a daughter of Colonel Sir Henry Abel Smith, Governor of Queensland, Australia (1958–66), by his wife née \"Princess May of Teck\" who on her mother's side was a great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria and on her father's side was a great-great-granddaughter of King George III (grandfather of Queen Victoria) and the niece of Queen Mary (née Princess Mary of Teck), wife of King George V and mother of two kings. The marriage took place in St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, at which Queen Elizabeth II and other members of the Royal Family were present.[7] The couple had five children:Ian Richard Peregrine Liddell-Grainger (born 23 February 1959), a Conservative Party Member of Parliament\nCharles Montagu Liddell-Grainger (born 23 July 1960)\nSimon Rupert Liddell-Grainger (born 28 December 1962)\nAlice Mary Liddell-Grainger (born 3 March 1965)\nMalcolm Henry Liddell-Grainger (born 14 December 1967)","title":"First marriage and issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Eric de la Rue, 3rd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Rue_baronets"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dt-8"}],"text":"Liddell-Grainger conducted an affair in the 1970s, which was public knowledge, with Lady de la Rue (née Christine Schellin), the young wife of his elderly near neighbour Sir Eric de la Rue, 3rd Baronet (1906–1989). As a result, Liddell-Grainger and his first wife, Anne Abel Smith, were divorced in 1981. Christine de la Rue then moved into the Liddell-Grainger family home, Ayton Castle, and bore Liddell-Grainger two children, (David) Henry Liddell-Grainger (born 31 January 1983) and Maximilian Liddell-Grainger (born 1985; died 1998). He later married Christine on 18 October 1996. Despite this, when Christine's first husband, Sir Eric de la Rue, became terminally ill, he was moved into Ayton Castle, where he stayed until his death.[8]","title":"Second marriage and issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dt-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"When Liddell-Grainger died in 2007, Ayton Castle and its 6,000-acre (2,428-hectare) estate was left to the surviving son of his second marriage, not to the children of his first marriage.[8] Christine had her second husband buried in the grounds of Ayton Castle, near the graves of their second son who had died from cancer aged 13 in 1999, and of a stillborn baby called James. On deciding to sell the Castle, it was felt that the presence of the graves would not be conducive to buyers, so in 2012 Christine sought permission from Duns Sheriff Court to exhume them and rebury them within Ayton village.[9] In July 2015 the Castle was sold although elements of the estate have been retained by the Liddell-Grainger family.","title":"Death and legacy"}]
[{"image_text":"Grey Street Newcastle-upon-Tyne, part of the Grainger Town estate developed by Richard Grainger (1797-1861) “visionary and builder”, an ancestor of David Liddell-Grainger and founder of much of the Liddell-Grainger family fortune","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Newcastle---Theatre-Royal-and-Grey-Street-from-the-north.jpg/220px-Newcastle---Theatre-Royal-and-Grey-Street-from-the-north.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ayton Castle, in Berwickshire, built in 1851 and purchased in 1894/5 by Henry Liddell Grainger (1856/9–1905)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Ayton_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_813849.jpg/220px-Ayton_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_813849.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Death of a Past Grand Master\". Grand Lodge of Scotland. Retrieved 16 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://grandlodgescotland.com/index.php/news/263-death-of-a-past-grand-master","url_text":"\"Death of a Past Grand Master\""}]},{"reference":"Playford, John, \"Sir Charles Malcolm Barclay-Harvey (1890–1969)\", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 6 December 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/barclayharvey-sir-charles-malcolm-9427","url_text":"\"Sir Charles Malcolm Barclay-Harvey (1890–1969)\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Simon (12 June 2012). \"Aristocrat to empty her family mausoleum in order to sell her home\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 16 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/scotland/9326616/Aristocrat-to-empty-her-family-mausoleum-in-order-to-sell-her-home.html","url_text":"\"Aristocrat to empty her family mausoleum in order to sell her home\""}]},{"reference":"Dailyrecord.co.uk (13 June 2012). \"Widow plans to exhume bodies of husband and two sons to sell historic castle\". Daily Record. Retrieved 6 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/widow-plans-to-exhume-bodies-of-husband-1129144","url_text":"\"Widow plans to exhume bodies of husband and two sons to sell historic castle\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Lawrence_Vaincourt
Just a Common Soldier
["1 References"]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's general notability guideline. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Just a Common Soldier" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Just a Common Soldier" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) "Just a Common Soldier", also known as "A Soldier Died Today", is a poem written in 1987. Written and published in 1987 by Canadian veteran and columnist A. Lawrence Vaincourt, it now appears in a number of anthologies and newspapers, particularly around Remembrance Day. The Australian Legion included it in their video tribute, Victory in the Pacific, and it was a central part of the 2009 Royal British Legion Poppy Appeal. In 2008 it was carved into marble for an American veterans' memorial. Set to music by the author's son, composer Randy Vancourt, it has been released several times as a recording, most recently on November 1, 2013 by American singer Connie Francis. References ^ Gallant, Jacques (November 10, 2014). "Poem written by veteran republished around the world every Remembrance Day". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2020-08-13.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Remembrance Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remembrance_Day"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Randy Vancourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Vancourt"},{"link_name":"Connie Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connie_Francis"}],"text":"\"Just a Common Soldier\", also known as \"A Soldier Died Today\", is a poem written in 1987.Written and published in 1987 by Canadian veteran and columnist A. Lawrence Vaincourt, it now appears in a number of anthologies and newspapers, particularly around Remembrance Day.[1]The Australian Legion included it in their video tribute, Victory in the Pacific, and it was a central part of the 2009 Royal British Legion Poppy Appeal.In 2008 it was carved into marble for an American veterans' memorial.Set to music by the author's son, composer Randy Vancourt, it has been released several times as a recording, most recently on November 1, 2013 by American singer Connie Francis.","title":"Just a Common Soldier"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Gallant, Jacques (November 10, 2014). \"Poem written by veteran republished around the world every Remembrance Day\". Toronto Star. Retrieved 2020-08-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2014/11/10/poem_written_by_veteran_republished_around_the_world_every_remembrance_day.html","url_text":"\"Poem written by veteran republished around the world every Remembrance Day\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star","url_text":"Toronto Star"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Aster_(1864)
USS Aster
["1 Service history","2 References"]
American Civil War tugboat History United States Orderedas Alice Laid downdate unknown Launcheddate unknown Acquired25 July 1864 Commissioned12 August 1864 Out of service7 October 1864 Stricken1864 (est.) Fate Burned to prevent capture 7 October 1864 General characteristics Displacement285 tons Lengthnot known Beam23 ft (7.0 m) Depth10 ft (3.0 m) Depth of hold10 ft (3.0 m) Propulsion steam engine screw-propelled Speednot known Complement30 Armament one 30-pounder Parrott rifle two heavy 12-pounder smoothbore guns USS Aster was a steam operated tugboat acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She was used by the Navy to patrol navigable waterways of the Confederacy to prevent the South from trading with other countries. Service history On 25 July 1864 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Union Navy purchased the wooden steamer Alice from Bishop, Son, and Company. Renamed Aster, this screw tug was placed in commission on 12 August 1864, Acting Master Samuel Hall in command. On 25 August 1864, Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles ordered Aster to proceed to waters off Wilmington, North Carolina, for duty in the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron. Since the ship's logs do not seem to have survived, the details of her voyage south are unknown. She apparently joined the squadron in the first fortnight of September, but, on the 16th of that month, was at Norfolk, Virginia, undergoing repairs. She arrived off New Inlet on 7 October and began her blockading duties. About an hour before midnight, she sighted a vessel steaming toward New Inlet and gave chase. Just as she was about to cut off the blockade runner – which later proved to be the Halifax steamer Annie – Aster grounded on Carolina Shoals. Hall and his crew made every effort to refloat Aster, but failed. USS Berberry came to her aid, but was unable to pull her free. Hall then transferred his crew to Berberry and then, aided by his officers, put the torch to the ship which then blew up. References  This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here. vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1864Shipwrecks 3 Jan: Grafton 10 Jan: USS Iron Age 15 Jan: Lottie Sleigh 1 Feb: USS Smith-Briggs 2 Feb: USS Underwriter 17 Feb: USS Housatonic 17 Feb: H. L. Hunley 22 Feb: USS Linden 27 Feb: Westward Ho! 6 Mar: USS Peterhoff 21 Mar: USS Clifton 28 Mar: USS Kingfisher 1 Apr: Maple Leaf 15 Apr: USS Eastport 15 Apr: Emma 18 Apr: Bombshell 19 Apr: USS Southfield 22 Apr: USS Petrel 26 Apr: Homer 30 Apr: Grecian 5 May: USS Covington 5 May: USS Signal 6 May: USS Commodore Jones 7 May: CSS Roanoke 7 May: USS Shawsheen 10 May: Invercauld 16 May: John Williams 17 May: Marchioness 22 May: USS Columbine 1 Jun: Daring 12 Jun: USS Lavender 14 Jun: USS Courier 19 Jun: CSS Alabama 19 Jun: Alvin Clark 24 Jun: USS Queen City 27 Jun: Mary Robinson 25 Jul: USS Undine 5 Aug: CSS Gaines 5 Aug: USS Philippi 5 Aug: USS Tecumseh 7 Aug: CSS Phoenix 8 Aug: USS Violet 11 Aug: James Funk 11 Aug: William Bell 12 Aug: Adriatic 31 Aug: Mary Bowers c. Aug: Houqua 3 Sep: USS Brandywine 23 Sep: USS Antelope 27 Sep: CSS North Carolina 7 Oct: USS Aster 27 Oct: CSS Albemarle 4 Nov: USS Elfin 4 Nov: USS Key West 4 Nov: USS Tawah 4 Nov: USS Undine 5 Nov: CSS Spray 11 Nov: USS Tulip 28 Nov: CSS Florida 7 Dec: USS Narcissus 9 Dec: USS Bazely 9 Dec: USS Otsego 12 Dec: CSS Resolute 14 Dec: HMS Bombay 19 Dec: CSS Water Witch 21 Dec: CSS Georgia 21 Dec: CSS Isondiga 21 Dec: CSS Savannah 24 Dec: USS Louisiana 30 Dec: USS Annie 30 Dec: USS Rattler c. Dec: J. M. Chapman c. Dec: USS Monarch Unkn: Carolina Unkn: Duke of Roxburgh Other incidents 17 Feb: USS St. Clair 10 May: USS Mound City 9 Jun: John Bowes Jun: HMS Liverpool 14 Jul: HDMS Dannebrog 13 Aug: HMS Enterprise 24 Aug: SMS Grille Aug: HMS Urgent 1 Sep: Avalon 1 Sep: HMS Eclipse 5 Oct: Nubia 7 Oct: CSS Florida (Bahia incident) 20 Oct: HMS Eclipse 20 Oct: Snaefell Unkn: Kingfisher ← 1863 1865 →
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tugboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugboat"},{"link_name":"Union Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Navy"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America"}],"text":"USS Aster was a steam operated tugboat acquired by the Union Navy during the American Civil War. She was used by the Navy to patrol navigable waterways of the Confederacy to prevent the South from trading with other countries.","title":"USS Aster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Union Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Navy"},{"link_name":"steamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steamboat"},{"link_name":"Secretary of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"Gideon Welles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon_Welles"},{"link_name":"Wilmington, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic Blockading Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Blockading_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Norfolk, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"New Inlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Inlet"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"Carolina Shoals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carolina_Shoals&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"USS Berberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Berberry"}],"text":"On 25 July 1864 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the Union Navy purchased the wooden steamer Alice from Bishop, Son, and Company. Renamed Aster, this screw tug was placed in commission on 12 August 1864, Acting Master Samuel Hall in command.On 25 August 1864, Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles ordered Aster to proceed to waters off Wilmington, North Carolina, for duty in the North Atlantic Blockading Squadron. Since the ship's logs do not seem to have survived, the details of her voyage south are unknown. She apparently joined the squadron in the first fortnight of September, but, on the 16th of that month, was at Norfolk, Virginia, undergoing repairs.She arrived off New Inlet on 7 October and began her blockading duties. About an hour before midnight, she sighted a vessel steaming toward New Inlet and gave chase. Just as she was about to cut off the blockade runner – which later proved to be the Halifax steamer Annie – Aster grounded on Carolina Shoals. Hall and his crew made every effort to refloat Aster, but failed. USS Berberry came to her aid, but was unable to pull her free. Hall then transferred his crew to Berberry and then, aided by his officers, put the torch to the ship which then blew up.","title":"Service history"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/a13/aster.htm","external_links_name":"here"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillipsburg_Mall
Phillipsburg Mall
["1 History","2 Closure and redevelopment","3 References"]
Coordinates: 40°41′06″N 75°09′14″W / 40.685°N 75.154°W / 40.685; -75.154This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Shopping mall in New Jersey, United StatesPhillipsburg MallExterior view of Phillipsburg Mall, May 2018LocationLopatcong Township and Pohatcong Township, New Jersey, United StatesCoordinates40°41′06″N 75°09′14″W / 40.685°N 75.154°W / 40.685; -75.154Opening dateSeptember 24, 1989Closing dateMarch 18, 2020DeveloperCrown AmericanOwnerMason Asset Management, Namdar Realty GroupTotal retail floor area578,925 square feet (53,784 m2)No. of floors1 Phillipsburg Mall was an indoor shopping mall located along U.S. Route 22 in Warren County, New Jersey, United States. Despite its name, the mall was actually located on the border of Lopatcong Township and Pohatcong Township, just east of Phillipsburg. The mall was located on the eastern edge of the Lehigh Valley, the metropolitan area of Allentown, Pennsylvania. The mall's anchor store was Kohl's. Other anchor stores were The Bon-Ton, Sears, and Black Rose Antiques & Collectibles. Demolition of the remaining mall structures began in February 2024. History Interior view of Phillipsburg Mall, March 2019 Crown American first announced Phillipsburg Mall in 1985. The original anchor stores chosen were Bradlees, Sears, and Hess's, then a subsidiary of Crown American. As Bradlees was undergoing store closings at the time, Crown American instead chose to make that anchor space a Kmart. The Mall was originally slated for a 1987 opening, but was delayed due to highway and sewage system issues. Upon opening on September 24, 1989, the mall had Kmart, Hess's (the first and only location in New Jersey), and Sears as its anchor stores, as well as 90 smaller stores, with more to come later in the year. Over 7,000 people attended the mall's grand opening. The Hess's store even had to skip its ribbon-cutting ceremony due to the crowd of 2,000–3,000 waiting to shop there. Traffic on U.S Route 22 was backed up to a mile from the mall in both directions on opening day. JCPenney would later open in March 1990. The Hess's store was sold to The Bon-Ton in 1994. Kmart closed its store at Phillipsburg Mall in 2002 as part of bankruptcy proceedings; one year later, the space was sold to Kohl's. The store would open in April 2004. PREIT, which acquired the Crown American portfolio in 2003, sold the mall to Mason Asset Management/Namdar Realty Group for $11.5 million in 2013. On January 15, 2014, it was announced that the JCPenney store would be closing as part of a plan to close 33 locations nationwide. In addition to this anchor, many stores left the mall in 2013 and 2014. As those stores were closing, other new shops began to open. An antique shop called Black Rose Antiques & Collectibles began to occupy the former JCPenney space. The store opened on January 1, 2017. Meanwhile, a record store called Spin Me Round Records opened near the former JCPenney space. In 2017, a Gold's Gym opened in the space once occupied by Hot Topic and several restaurants. On November 2, 2017, Sears Holdings announced that Sears would also be closing as part of a plan to close 63 Sears and Kmart stores nationwide. The Phillipsburg Mall location closed on January 28, 2018. In November, 2017, Bon-Ton, struggling with around $1.1 billion in debt, announced a plan to close over 40 stores in 2018, including its Phillipsburg Mall location. On January 31, 2018, Bon-Ton confirmed that closing sales would begin February 1 and run for 10–12 weeks until the store is closed in April. The store closed on April 29, 2018. In August 2018, due to a heavy rain storm, an approximately 200 sq ft (19 m2) portion of roof in the former Sears collapsed. Due to the roof collapse, stores that were on the Sears side of the mall moved closer to the Kohls side of the mall and Sears was blocked off. In September 2018, the Old Navy store, that had opened around 2000, had closed and relocated down the street to a Shopping Center. The former Sears was demolished in August 2019, followed by the former Bon-Ton in October of that year. Demolition on the remaining parts of the mall began in February 2024. Closure and redevelopment GameStop at Phillipsburg Mall prior to the mall's demolition, January 2020 Mason Asset Management President Elliot Nassim said in March 2019 that the property "...is better suited as something other than a mall." Throughout 2019, many stores in the mall closed, including AT&T, Gold's Gym, H&M, Victoria's Secret, and others. On December 23, 2019, the remaining tenants of Phillipsburg Mall received lease termination notifications, informing them they had 30 days to vacate the mall. As of July 2020, the interior mall was shuttered. On January 28, 2020, Black Rose Antiques announced that it would be closing in March 2020. In March 2020, Kohl's stated that it would not be closing because it is separately owned. On January 29, 2021, Mason Asset Management announced that demolition of the mall is scheduled to begin "within the next couple of weeks" and will be completed by June 2021 to make way for a proposed 852,000-square-foot (79,200 m2) warehouse. This was delayed to early 2024 in February when demolition began. References ^ a b "Phillipsburg Mall Fact Sheet" (PDF). PREIT. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-09. Retrieved 2010-10-17. ^ Stanley, Liz (August 19, 1990). "Phillipsburg Mall waiting for the crowds a year later, mall merchants will give shoppers a little time". The Morning Call. Retrieved 29 October 2019. ^ "Third Store Is Announced For P'burg Mall". The Morning Call. 21 May 1985. Retrieved 3 December 2014. ^ "Phillipsburg Mall Will Have K Mart Instead Of Bradlees". The Morning Call. 25 February 1989. Retrieved 3 December 2014. ^ "Phillipsburg Mall Is Instant Hit". The Morning Call. 25 October 1989. Retrieved 3 December 2014. ^ lehighvalleylive.com, Steve Novak | For (2020-01-06). "The life and death of the Phillipsburg Mall, in photos". lehighvalleylive. Retrieved 2020-01-06. ^ "CROWN American Realty Trust shareholders approve Hess's lease modifications". PR Newswire. 9 September 1994. Retrieved 3 December 2014. ^ "In the red, everything's a blue light special". The Morning Call. 27 May 2002. Retrieved 3 December 2014. ^ "Crown American Realty Trust Reports First Quarter FFO of $0.32 Per Share, Up From $0.23 Per Share Last Year on Restated Basis". PR Newswire. 14 May 2003. Retrieved 3 December 2014. ^ Zanki, Tom (January 10, 2013). "Phillipsburg Mall sold to New York firm for $11.5 million". The Express-Times. Retrieved January 29, 2013. ^ "Here's A List Of The J.C. Penney Stores That Are Closing". The Huffington Post. January 15, 2014. Retrieved January 16, 2014. ^ "Phillipsburg Mall struggles to fill stores". The Morning Call. 8 February 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2014. ^ http://blackroseantiques.com/ ^ https://www.facebook.com/BlackRosePhillipsburgMall/ ^ "'It's a passion,' owner of new Phillipsburg Mall record store says of 'treasure hunt' for vinyl". 18 April 2015. ^ https://www.facebook.com/SpinMeRoundStore/ ^ Snider, Mike; Jones, Charisse (November 3, 2017). "Another 60-plus Sears, Kmart stores set to close in January 2018; see the list". USA Today. Gannett. Retrieved November 3, 2017. ^ Salamone, Jon Harris, Anthony. "Bon-Ton closing two Lehigh Valley-area stores". Lehigh Valley Business Cycle. Retrieved 2018-02-01.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Novak, Steve (6 August 2018). "Phillipsburg Mall open after roof collapse. But how long will it stay that way?". Lehigh Valley Live. Retrieved 29 October 2019. ^ Novak, Steve (23 October 2019). "Bon-Ton gone: Another Phillipsburg Mall anchor is torn down (and ownership is silent)". Lehigh Valley Live. Retrieved 29 October 2019. ^ Novak, Steve; Bresswein, Kurt (14 August 2019). "Phillipsburg Mall demolishes a vacant anchor. It's not clear if it will be replaced". Lehigh Valley Live. Retrieved 29 October 2019. ^ "Demolition underway at former Phillipsburg Mall", WFMZ-TV, February 6, 2024. Accessed February 7, 2024. "Demolition is underway at the former Phillipsburg Mall. The property straddles Lopatcong and Pohatcong townships. Many stores left the mall leading up to its closure in 2020." ^ Staff (December 23, 2019). "Tenant: All tenants inside Phillipsburg Mall served notices of eviction, have 30 days to find new location". Allentown, PA: WFMZ-TV. Retrieved December 23, 2019. ^ "'Some customers almost in tears': Phillipsburg Mall anchor store announces closing". 28 January 2020. ^ Hindash, Saed (26 February 2021). "Days out from wrecking ball, vacant Phillipsburg Mall resembles a dystopia (PHOTOS)". lehighvalleylive. lehighvalleylive.com. Retrieved 26 February 2021. ^ WFMZ-TV (29 January 2021). "Demolition set to begin on Phillipsburg Mall in coming weeks". WFMZ.com. Retrieved 2021-01-29. vteShopping malls in New JerseyAtlantic County ACX1 Studios Hamilton Mall Harbor Square The Quarter at Tropicana Tanger Outlets Atlantic City Bergen County American Dream Meadowlands Fashion Center Garden State Plaza The Outlets at Bergen Town Center Paramus Park The Shops at Riverside Burlington County Burlington Center Mall East Gate Square Moorestown Mall The Promenade at Sagemore Camden County Cherry Hill Mall Main Street Complex Voorhees Town Center Cumberland County Cumberland Mall Essex County Lackawanna Terminal Livingston Mall The Mall at Short Hills Gloucester County Deptford Mall Hudson County The Mall at Mill Creek Newport Centre The Plaza at Harmon Meadow Mercer County MarketFair Princeton Shopping Center Quaker Bridge Mall Middlesex County Brunswick Square Forrestal Village Menlo Park Mall Woodbridge Center Monmouth County Freehold Raceway Mall The Grove at Shrewsbury Manalapan EpiCentre Monmouth Mall Pier Village Seaview Square Mall Morris County Rockaway Townsquare The Shops at Ledgewood Commons Ocean County Ocean County Mall Seacourt Pavilion Passaic County Center City Mall Wayne Towne Center Willowbrook Mall Somerset County Bridgewater Commons Union County Elizabeth Center The Mills at Jersey Gardens Warren County Phillipsburg Mall Closed or partially closed shopping malls are shown in italics. vteNamdar Realty GroupFacilities Alabama Eastdale Mall Wiregrass Commons Mall Arkansas Central Mall Northwest Arkansas Mall California Sierra Vista Mall Sunrise Mall West Valley Mall Colorado Chapel Hills Mall The Citadel Connecticut Crystal Mall Meriden Mall Trumbull Mall Delaware Concord Mall Florida Gulf View Square Merritt Square Mall Regency Square Mall Georgia The Gallery at South DeKalb Illinois Ford City Mall Hickory Point Mall Northfield Square River Oaks Center University Mall Iowa College Square Mall Crossroads Mall Kentucky Florence Mall Louisiana Acadiana Mall Maine Bangor Mall Maryland Country Club Mall Marley Station Mall Michigan Genesee Valley Center Jackson Crossing The Lakes Mall Westland Shopping Center Nebraska Conestoga Mall New Jersey Hamilton Mall Phillipsburg Mall Voorhees Town Center New Mexico Mesilla Valley Mall New York The Shops at Ithaca Mall Newburgh Mall South Shore Mall Ohio Midway Mall River Valley Mall Oregon Heritage Mall Pennsylvania Beaver Valley Mall Berkshire Mall Chambersburg Mall Logan Valley Mall Nittany Mall North Hanover Mall Pittsburgh Mills Uniontown Mall Tennessee Southland Mall (Memphis, Tennessee) Texas South Park Mall Westgate Mall Utah Cache Valley Mall Washington Wenatchee Valley Mall
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shopping mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_mall"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_22_in_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Warren County, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Lopatcong Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopatcong_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Pohatcong Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohatcong_Township,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Phillipsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillipsburg,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Lehigh Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_Valley"},{"link_name":"Allentown, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Kohl's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohl%27s"},{"link_name":"The Bon-Ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bon-Ton"},{"link_name":"Sears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears"}],"text":"Shopping mall in New Jersey, United StatesPhillipsburg Mall was an indoor shopping mall located along U.S. Route 22 in Warren County, New Jersey, United States. Despite its name, the mall was actually located on the border of Lopatcong Township and Pohatcong Township, just east of Phillipsburg.The mall was located on the eastern edge of the Lehigh Valley, the metropolitan area of Allentown, Pennsylvania. The mall's anchor store was Kohl's. Other anchor stores were The Bon-Ton, Sears, and Black Rose Antiques & Collectibles. Demolition of the remaining mall structures began in February 2024.","title":"Phillipsburg Mall"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PhillipsburgMallInterior.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Crown American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_American"},{"link_name":"Bradlees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradlees"},{"link_name":"Sears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears"},{"link_name":"Hess's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hess%27s"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kmart_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opening-5"},{"link_name":"JCPenney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._C._Penney"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The Bon-Ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bon-Ton"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kohl's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohl%27s"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"PREIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PREIT"},{"link_name":"Mason Asset Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason_Asset_Management"},{"link_name":"Namdar Realty Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namdar_Realty_Group"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lvl-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-huffpost-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"antique shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antique_shop"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"record store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_store"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Gold's Gym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold%27s_Gym"},{"link_name":"Hot Topic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Topic"},{"link_name":"Sears Holdings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears_Holdings"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Bon-Ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bon-Ton"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lvl08062018-19"},{"link_name":"Old Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Navy"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lvl10232019-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lvl08012019-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Interior view of Phillipsburg Mall, March 2019Crown American first announced Phillipsburg Mall in 1985. The original anchor stores chosen were Bradlees, Sears, and Hess's, then a subsidiary of Crown American.[3] As Bradlees was undergoing store closings at the time, Crown American instead chose to make that anchor space a Kmart.[4] The Mall was originally slated for a 1987 opening, but was delayed due to highway and sewage system issues. Upon opening on September 24, 1989, the mall had Kmart, Hess's (the first and only \nlocation in New Jersey), and Sears as its anchor stores, as well as 90 smaller stores, with more to come later in the year.[5] Over 7,000 people attended the mall's grand opening. The Hess's store even had to skip its ribbon-cutting ceremony due to the crowd of 2,000–3,000 waiting to shop there. Traffic on U.S Route 22 was backed up to a mile from the mall in both directions on opening day. JCPenney would later open in March 1990.[6] The Hess's store was sold to The Bon-Ton in 1994.[7] Kmart closed its store at Phillipsburg Mall in 2002 as part of bankruptcy proceedings;[8] one year later, the space was sold to Kohl's.[9] The store would open in April 2004.PREIT, which acquired the Crown American portfolio in 2003, sold the mall to Mason Asset Management/Namdar Realty Group for $11.5 million in 2013.[10] On January 15, 2014, it was announced that the JCPenney store would be closing as part of a plan to close 33 locations nationwide.[11] In addition to this anchor, many stores left the mall in 2013 and 2014.[12]As those stores were closing, other new shops began to open. An antique shop called Black Rose Antiques & Collectibles began to occupy the former JCPenney space. The store opened on January 1, 2017.[13][14] Meanwhile, a record store called Spin Me Round Records opened near the former JCPenney space.[15][16] In 2017, a Gold's Gym opened in the space once occupied by Hot Topic and several restaurants.On November 2, 2017, Sears Holdings announced that Sears would also be closing as part of a plan to close 63 Sears and Kmart stores nationwide. The Phillipsburg Mall location closed on January 28, 2018.[17]In November, 2017, Bon-Ton, struggling with around $1.1 billion in debt, announced a plan to close over 40 stores in 2018, including its Phillipsburg Mall location. On January 31, 2018, Bon-Ton confirmed that closing sales would begin February 1 and run for 10–12 weeks until the store is closed in April.[18] The store closed on April 29, 2018.In August 2018, due to a heavy rain storm, an approximately 200 sq ft (19 m2) portion of roof in the former Sears collapsed.[19] Due to the roof collapse, stores that were on the Sears side of the mall moved closer to the Kohls side of the mall and Sears was blocked off. In September 2018, the Old Navy store, that had opened around 2000, had closed and relocated down the street to a Shopping Center.The former Sears was demolished in August 2019, followed by the former Bon-Ton in October of that year.[20][21] Demolition on the remaining parts of the mall began in February 2024.[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pburg-mall-closing-gamestop.jpg"},{"link_name":"GameStop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameStop"},{"link_name":"AT&T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T"},{"link_name":"Gold's Gym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold%27s_Gym"},{"link_name":"H&M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%26M"},{"link_name":"Victoria's Secret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria%27s_Secret"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Kohl's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohl%27s"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lv-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"GameStop at Phillipsburg Mall prior to the mall's demolition, January 2020Mason Asset Management President Elliot Nassim said in March 2019 that the property \"...is better suited as something other than a mall.\" Throughout 2019, many stores in the mall closed, including AT&T, Gold's Gym, H&M, Victoria's Secret, and others. On December 23, 2019, the remaining tenants of Phillipsburg Mall received lease termination notifications, informing them they had 30 days to vacate the mall.[23] As of July 2020, the interior mall was shuttered.\nOn January 28, 2020, Black Rose Antiques announced that it would be closing in March 2020.[24] In March 2020, Kohl's stated that it would not be closing because it is separately owned.[25]On January 29, 2021, Mason Asset Management announced that demolition of the mall is scheduled to begin \"within the next couple of weeks\" and will be completed by June 2021 to make way for a proposed 852,000-square-foot (79,200 m2) warehouse. This was delayed to early 2024 in February when demolition began. [26]","title":"Closure and redevelopment"}]
[{"image_text":"Interior view of Phillipsburg Mall, March 2019","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/PhillipsburgMallInterior.jpeg/220px-PhillipsburgMallInterior.jpeg"},{"image_text":"GameStop at Phillipsburg Mall prior to the mall's demolition, January 2020","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Pburg-mall-closing-gamestop.jpg/220px-Pburg-mall-closing-gamestop.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Phillipsburg Mall Fact Sheet\" (PDF). PREIT. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-09. Retrieved 2010-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110809103319/http://preit.com/download/leasing/detail/factsheet/20.pdf","url_text":"\"Phillipsburg Mall Fact Sheet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PREIT","url_text":"PREIT"},{"url":"http://www.preit.com/download/leasing/detail/factsheet/20.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stanley, Liz (August 19, 1990). \"Phillipsburg Mall waiting for the crowds a year later, mall merchants will give shoppers a little time\". The Morning Call. Retrieved 29 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mcall.com/news/mc-xpm-1990-08-19-2757109-story.html","url_text":"\"Phillipsburg Mall waiting for the crowds a year later, mall merchants will give shoppers a little time\""}]},{"reference":"\"Third Store Is Announced For P'burg Mall\". The Morning Call. 21 May 1985. Retrieved 3 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.mcall.com/1985-05-21/news/2470877_1_bradlees-crown-american-hess","url_text":"\"Third Store Is Announced For P'burg Mall\""}]},{"reference":"\"Phillipsburg Mall Will Have K Mart Instead Of Bradlees\". The Morning Call. 25 February 1989. Retrieved 3 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.mcall.com/1989-02-25/business/2675684_1_k-mart-crown-american-shop","url_text":"\"Phillipsburg Mall Will Have K Mart Instead Of Bradlees\""}]},{"reference":"\"Phillipsburg Mall Is Instant Hit\". The Morning Call. 25 October 1989. Retrieved 3 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.mcall.com/1989-09-25/news/2697926_1_crown-american-sewer-system-crown-s-executive-vice-president","url_text":"\"Phillipsburg Mall Is Instant Hit\""}]},{"reference":"lehighvalleylive.com, Steve Novak | For (2020-01-06). \"The life and death of the Phillipsburg Mall, in photos\". lehighvalleylive. Retrieved 2020-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lehighvalleylive.com/news/j66j-2020/01/ada30317fd110/the-life-and-death-of-the-phillipsburg-mall-in-photos.html","url_text":"\"The life and death of the Phillipsburg Mall, in photos\""}]},{"reference":"\"CROWN American Realty Trust shareholders approve Hess's lease modifications\". PR Newswire. 9 September 1994. Retrieved 3 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/CROWN+AMERICAN+REALTY+TRUST+SHAREHOLDERS+APPROVE+HESS%27S+LEASE...-a015806374","url_text":"\"CROWN American Realty Trust shareholders approve Hess's lease modifications\""}]},{"reference":"\"In the red, everything's a blue light special\". The Morning Call. 27 May 2002. Retrieved 3 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.mcall.com/2002-05-27/news/3405609_1_kmart-closing-empty-shelves","url_text":"\"In the red, everything's a blue light special\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crown American Realty Trust Reports First Quarter FFO of $0.32 Per Share, Up From $0.23 Per Share Last Year on Restated Basis\". PR Newswire. 14 May 2003. Retrieved 3 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/crown-american-realty-trust-reports-first-quarter-ffo-of-032-per-share-up-from-023-per-share-last-year-on-restated-basis-55677662.html","url_text":"\"Crown American Realty Trust Reports First Quarter FFO of $0.32 Per Share, Up From $0.23 Per Share Last Year on Restated Basis\""}]},{"reference":"Zanki, Tom (January 10, 2013). \"Phillipsburg Mall sold to New York firm for $11.5 million\". The Express-Times. Retrieved January 29, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lehighvalleylive.com/phillipsburg/index.ssf/2013/01/phillipsburg_mall_sold_to_grea.html","url_text":"\"Phillipsburg Mall sold to New York firm for $11.5 million\""}]},{"reference":"\"Here's A List Of The J.C. Penney Stores That Are Closing\". The Huffington Post. January 15, 2014. Retrieved January 16, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/15/jc-penney-closing-stores_n_4604436.html","url_text":"\"Here's A List Of The J.C. Penney Stores That Are Closing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Phillipsburg Mall struggles to fill stores\". The Morning Call. 8 February 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.mcall.com/2014-02-08/business/mc-phillipsburg-mall-future-rw-0209-20140208_1_lehigh-valley-mall-vacancy-rate-new-jersey-mall","url_text":"\"Phillipsburg Mall struggles to fill stores\""}]},{"reference":"\"'It's a passion,' owner of new Phillipsburg Mall record store says of 'treasure hunt' for vinyl\". 18 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lehighvalleylive.com/phillipsburg/index.ssf/2015/04/its_a_passion_owner_of_new_phi.html","url_text":"\"'It's a passion,' owner of new Phillipsburg Mall record store says of 'treasure hunt' for vinyl\""}]},{"reference":"Snider, Mike; Jones, Charisse (November 3, 2017). \"Another 60-plus Sears, Kmart stores set to close in January 2018; see the list\". USA Today. Gannett. Retrieved November 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2017/11/03/another-60-plus-sears-kmart-stores-set-close-january-2018/828585001/","url_text":"\"Another 60-plus Sears, Kmart stores set to close in January 2018; see the list\""}]},{"reference":"Salamone, Jon Harris, Anthony. \"Bon-Ton closing two Lehigh Valley-area stores\". Lehigh Valley Business Cycle. Retrieved 2018-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mcall.com/business/retail/mc-biz-bon-ton-store-closures-20180131-story.html","url_text":"\"Bon-Ton closing two Lehigh Valley-area stores\""}]},{"reference":"Novak, Steve (6 August 2018). \"Phillipsburg Mall open after roof collapse. But how long will it stay that way?\". Lehigh Valley Live. Retrieved 29 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lehighvalleylive.com/warren-county/2018/08/phillipsburg_mall_roof_collaps.html","url_text":"\"Phillipsburg Mall open after roof collapse. But how long will it stay that way?\""}]},{"reference":"Novak, Steve (23 October 2019). \"Bon-Ton gone: Another Phillipsburg Mall anchor is torn down (and ownership is silent)\". Lehigh Valley Live. Retrieved 29 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lehighvalleylive.com/phillipsburg/2019/10/bon-ton-gone-another-phillipsburg-mall-anchor-is-torn-down-and-ownership-is-silent.html","url_text":"\"Bon-Ton gone: Another Phillipsburg Mall anchor is torn down (and ownership is silent)\""}]},{"reference":"Novak, Steve; Bresswein, Kurt (14 August 2019). \"Phillipsburg Mall demolishes a vacant anchor. It's not clear if it will be replaced\". Lehigh Valley Live. Retrieved 29 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lehighvalleylive.com/phillipsburg/2019/08/phillipsburg-mall-demolishes-a-vacant-anchor-its-not-clear-if-it-will-be-replaced.html","url_text":"\"Phillipsburg Mall demolishes a vacant anchor. It's not clear if it will be replaced\""}]},{"reference":"Staff (December 23, 2019). \"Tenant: All tenants inside Phillipsburg Mall served notices of eviction, have 30 days to find new location\". Allentown, PA: WFMZ-TV. Retrieved December 23, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wfmz.com/news/area/western-newjersey/tenant-all-tenants-inside-phillipsburg-mall-served-notices-of-eviction/article_0bded924-25f2-11ea-ad6e-cb49340c749d.html","url_text":"\"Tenant: All tenants inside Phillipsburg Mall served notices of eviction, have 30 days to find new location\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Some customers almost in tears': Phillipsburg Mall anchor store announces closing\". 28 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lehighvalleylive.com/news/2020/01/some-customers-almost-in-tears-phillipsburg-mall-anchor-store-announces-closing.html?outputType=amp","url_text":"\"'Some customers almost in tears': Phillipsburg Mall anchor store announces closing\""}]},{"reference":"Hindash, Saed (26 February 2021). \"Days out from wrecking ball, vacant Phillipsburg Mall resembles a dystopia (PHOTOS)\". lehighvalleylive. lehighvalleylive.com. Retrieved 26 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lehighvalleylive.com/phillipsburg/2021/02/days-out-from-wrecking-ball-vacant-phillipsburg-mall-resembles-a-dystopia-photos.html","url_text":"\"Days out from wrecking ball, vacant Phillipsburg Mall resembles a dystopia (PHOTOS)\""}]},{"reference":"WFMZ-TV (29 January 2021). \"Demolition set to begin on Phillipsburg Mall in coming weeks\". WFMZ.com. Retrieved 2021-01-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wfmz.com/news/area/newjersey/demolition-set-to-begin-on-phillipsburg-mall-in-coming-weeks/article_31793190-6249-11eb-88e0-a7cf34f5b525.html","url_text":"\"Demolition set to begin on Phillipsburg Mall in coming weeks\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaudhary_Nisar_Ali_Khan
Chaudhary Nisar Ali Khan
["1 Early life and education","2 Political career","2.1 Early career","2.2 1985–1993","2.3 1993–2002","2.4 2002–2011","2.5 2013–2017","2.6 2017–present","3 Ministries","3.1 Minister of Science and Technology (1988)","3.2 Minister of Petroleum and Natural Resources (1990–1993)","3.3 Minister of Provincial Coordination (1997–1999)","3.4 Minister of Petroleum and Natural Resources (1997–1999)","3.5 Ministries under Yousaf Raza (2008)","3.6 Minister of Narcotics Control and Interiors","4 Political views","4.1 \"Potohari group\"","4.2 Stance about the United States","5 Offices held","6 References"]
Pakistani politician ChaudharyNisar Ali Khanچوہدری نثار علی خانMember of the Provincial Assembly of PunjabIn office26 May 2021 – 14 January 2023ConstituencyPP-10 (Rawalpindi-V)34th Minister for Interior and Narcotics ControlIn office7 June 2013 – 28 July 2017PresidentMamnoon HussainPrime MinisterNawaz SharifPreceded byMalik HabibSucceeded byAhsan IqbalLeader of the OppositionIn office17 September 2008 – 7 June 2013PresidentAsif Ali ZardariPrime MinisterYusuf Raza GillaniPreceded byChaudhry Pervaiz ElahiSucceeded bySyed Khurshid Ahmed ShahMinister for National Food Security & ResearchIn office31 March 2008 – 13 May 2008Prime MinisterYusuf Raza GillaniPreceded bySikandar Hayat Khan BosanSucceeded byNazar Muhammad GondalMinister for CommunicationsIn office29 March 2008 – 13 May 2008PresidentPervez MusharrafPrime MinisterYusuf Raza GillaniPreceded byMuhammad Shamim SiddiquiMinister for Inter Provincial CoordinationIn office1997–1999PresidentWasim Sajjad Muhammad Rafiq TararPrime MinisterNawaz SharifMinister for Petroleum and Natural ResourcesIn office1997–1999PresidentWasim Sajjad Muhammad Rafiq TararPrime MinisterNawaz SharifIn office1990–1993PresidentGhulam Ishaq KhanPrime MinisterNawaz SharifMinister for Science and TechnologyIn officeJune 1988 – December 1988Preceded byMalik Naeem Khan AwanSucceeded byJehangir Bader Personal detailsBorn (1954-07-31) 31 July 1954 (age 69)Chakri, Punjab, PakistanPolitical partyIndependent (2018-present)Other politicalaffiliationsPakistan Muslim League (N) (2008-2018) Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (before 1993)RelativesIftikhar Ali Khan (brother) Chaudhary Nisar Ali Khan (Urdu: چوہدری نِثار علی خان; born 31 July 1954) is a Pakistani politician who served as the Interior Minister from 2013 to 2017. He had been a member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab from August 2018 till January 2023. He however was unsuccessful in winning a National Assembly seat. A former leader of the Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz), Khan had been a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan between 1985 and May 2018. He was the Leader of the Opposition in the National Assembly from 2008 to 2013. Born in Chakri, Khan was educated at Army Burn Hall College. Khan has served in various federal cabinet positions since 1988. He briefly served as the Science and Technology Minister in 1988. During Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's first and second tenures, he held the cabinet portfolio of Petroleum and Natural Resources Minister. During the Gillani ministry, he briefly served as the Food, Agriculture and Livestock Minister with the additional portfolio of Communications Minister. In June 2013, during the third Sharif ministry, he was appointed as the Interior Minister, which he held until the dissolution of the federal cabinet in July 2017 following the dismissal of Sharif by the Supreme Court. He took oath as Member of Provincial Assembly of Punjab on 26 May 2021. Early life and education Khan was born on 31 July 1954 to Brigadier (retired) Fateh Khan in the Chakri village, Rawalpindi District. He was born in a family of Jodhra and Alpial tribes of Rajputs. He belongs to a family with a long tradition in the armed forces, beginning with the British Raj: His great-great-grandfather Chaudhary Sher Khan assisted the British during the Indian rebellion of 1857; his grandfather Chaudhary Sultan Khan fought for the British Indian Army and died during World War I; his father Chaudhary Fateh Khan has also served in the British Indian Army while members of his extended family continue to serve in the Pakistan Army. His elder brother is General Iftikhar Ali Khan. He got his early education from Aitchison College, Lahore and later went to Army Burn Hall College, Abbottabad for higher studies. During his time at Aitchison he captained its cricket team, Imran Khan playing under him. Nisar Ali Khan in United States. Political career Early career Khan began his political career in the 1980s after becoming chairman of Rawalpindi district council. He became close to Nawaz Sharif during the rule of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. 1985–1993 He was first elected to the National Assembly in the 1985 general election from constituency NA-52 (Rawalpindi-III). He was re-elected to the National Assembly from the same constituency in the 1988 general election on the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad ticket. He was then appointed as the Federal Minister for Science and Technology. After getting re-elected for the third time to the National Assembly in the 1990 general election on the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad ticket from constituency NA-52 (Rawalpindi-III), Khan was made the Federal Minister for Petroleum and Natural Resources and Provincial Coordinator, where he served from 1990 to 1993 during the first government of Sharif. He was re-elected to the national assembly for the fourth time in the 1993 general election from constituency NA-52 (Rawalpindi-III). 1993–2002 He was re-elected to the National Assembly for the fifth time in the 1997 general election from constituency NA-52 (Rawalpindi-III) and was for the second time appointed as the Federal Minister for Petroleum and Natural Resources, where he served until he was dismissed in October 1999 after the coup d'état when then Chief of Army Staff, Pervez Musharraf, overthrew the elected government of Sharif. Khan was placed under house arrest for many weeks. It was during his tenure as Member of the National Assembly, he became the most powerful man in PML-N after Nawaz Sharif. Khan was also among Sharif's loyalists who kept the PML-N alive during the Musharraf rule. Musharraf was reportedly appointed as the Chief of Army Staff on the recommendation of Khan. Khan was re-elected to the National Assembly for the sixth time in the 2002 general election from constituency NA-52 (Rawalpindi-III). However, he lost the election in constituency NA-53 (Rawalpindi-IV). 2002–2011 He was re-elected as a member of the National Assembly in the 2008 general election for the seventh time, both from constituency NA-52 (Rawalpindi-III) and from constituency NA-53 (Rawalpindi-IV). Later, Khan vacated the NA-52 seat and retained NA-53. Khan was appointed as the Federal Minister for Food, Agriculture and Livestock and Federal Minister for Communications in March 2008 in the government of Yousaf Raza Gillani, but his tenure was short-lived due to PML-N's decision to leave the Pakistan Peoples Party-led coalition government. In September 2008, he was appointed as the Leader of the Opposition in the National Assembly after the resignation of Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi. In October 2011, he became the first-ever chairperson of the Public Accounts Committee of the National Assembly (which was created to audit the accounts of the government) to present annual reports, but he resigned in November 2011 claiming that accountability was not possible under the Pakistan Peoples Party regime led by President Asif Ali Zardari and Prime Minister Gilani. 2013–2017 For the 2013 general election, Khan was made part of PML-N's central parliamentary board tasked with selecting candidates for the election. Khan was re-elected to the National Assembly from constituency NA-52 (Rawalpindi-III) for the eighth time in the election and was appointed as the Federal Minister for Interior and Narcotics Control in the Sharif cabinet, as he had a close relationship with the Pakistan Armed Forces. In 2013, Dawn reported that, although Khan had no post in PML-N, he was known for his assertiveness in the party's affairs and had had differences with other PML-N leaders. Reportedly, before the 2013 election, Khan lobbied to become the Chief Minister of Punjab, Pakistan, and proposed that Shehbaz Sharif be made Minister for Water and Power, but Nawaz Sharif did not give the party ticket to Khan for the provincial seat. In spite of that, Khan contested the election for provincial assembly seat as an independent candidate and won. Dawn reported that Khan was once considered the de facto chief minister of Punjab. In March 2015, The News International commended the 21-month progress of Khan as Interior Minister. However, Khan was held responsible for failing to implement and enforce the proposals and plans of the National Action Plan. Khan was also criticised for delaying the inauguration of the Safe City Project in Islamabad, under which 1,800 surveillance cameras were installed across the city. During his tenure as Interior Minister, he issued the approval to launch Biometric passport in Pakistan. 2017–present He ceased to hold ministerial office on 28 July 2017 when the federal cabinet was disbanded following the resignation of Sharif after the Panama Papers case decision. A day earlier, Khan had announced that he was considering stepping down as Interior Minister and resigning from membership in the National Assembly because of his differences with the party leaders. After the resignation of Sharif, Khan held a farewell meeting with his Interior Ministry staff and made it clear that he would not become part of the next federal cabinet of the incoming prime minister Shahid Khaqan Abbasi, who is junior to him. As of September 2017, Khan was the longest continuously-serving member of the National Assembly, who was elected to the National Assembly eight times since 1985 election. On 4 August 2017, Abbasi announced his cabinet without Khan being a member. However, reportedly Khan did not renounce his seat in the National Assembly. Khan was accused for giving safe passage to Pervez Musharraf for going out of Pakistan despite a treason case against him. In February 2018, Imran Khan offered Khan to join Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf before 2018 general election. On 27 February, it was reported Nawaz Sharif has parted ways with Khan. In June 2018, he parted ways with PML-N and announced to run for the 2018 general election as an independent candidate instead of seeking the nomination of PML-N and criticized Sharif brothers saying "These Sharifs will not able to show their faces anywhere if I decide to open my mouth." In July 2018, he in a press conference said "My decision to run as an independent candidate does not mean I have parted ways with the PML-N". He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as an independent candidate from Constituency PP-10 (Rawalpindi-V) in the 2018 general election. He received 53,212 votes and defeated Naseer UI Husnain Shah a Independent politician. In the same election, he also ran for the seat in the National Assembly as an independent candidate from Constituency NA-59 (Rawalpindi-III) and Constituency NA-63 (Rawalpindi-VII), but was unsuccessful. Following the election, he went outside Pakistan and did not take oath of the provincial assembly seat. In January 2019, a petition was filed in the Lahore High Court against Khan which directed the Election Commission of Pakistan to de-notify him for his failure to take oath as member of the Punjab Assembly. Ministries Minister of Science and Technology (1988) He was appointed as the Minister of Science and Technology for the first time as the ministers for a very short time of 6 months from June 1988 to December 1988, under Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq. He was preceded by Malik Naeem Khan Awan and at that time he was Member of National Assembly on the ticket of Islami Jamhoori Ittehad from NA-54 (Rawalpindi-III). Nishar resigned from the ministry after Pakistan Peoples Party won the election and Benazir Bhutto became the Prime Minister of Pakistan. He was not able to make any reforms as a Minister because of a short period of just 6 months and he passed his ministry to Jehangir Bader. Minister of Petroleum and Natural Resources (1990–1993) After getting re-elected for the third time to the National Assembly in the 1990 general election on the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad ticket from constituency NA-52 (Rawalpindi-III), Khan was made the Federal Minister for Petroleum and Natural Resources and Provincial Coordinator, where he served from 1990 to 1993 during the first government of Sharif. At that time the president was Ghulam Ishaq Khan and he was also a close aid of him. At that time Sharif survived a serious constitutional crisis when President Khan attempted to dismiss him under article 58-2b, in April 1993, but he successfully challenged the decision in the Supreme Court. Sharif resigned from the post, after which all ministers were resigned and Nishar was also removed for the second time from his ministry without completing his whole term. Minister of Provincial Coordination (1997–1999) He was sworn in as the Minister of Provincial Co-ordination in the year 1997 on 17 February after Nawaz Sharif elected as the Prime Minister of Pakistan for the Second time and remained till 12 October 1999 after General Musharaff imposed Martial law in the country. Minister of Petroleum and Natural Resources (1997–1999) He was sworn in as Minister of Petroleum and Natural Resources for the second time along with Minister of Provincial Coordination. Ministries under Yousaf Raza (2008) Nisar was appointed at position of 3 Ministries under Yousaf Raza Gillani, when he was the face of PML (N) in 2008 Pakistani general election and remained for a short period of 2 months(from 31 May 2008 - 14 March 2008) as the party was in alliance with Pakistan Peoples Party, and at that time Nisar openly blamed Pervez Musharraf and PML (Q) over weak Law and Order. He was assigned 3 ministries: Minister of Communications Minister of Livestock, Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Minister of Food Security and Research Minister of Narcotics Control and Interiors Nisar was appointed as the 34th Minister of Narcotics Control and Minister of Interior under the Third Nawaz Sharif Ministry in the year 2013, when Pakistan Muslim League (N) made the government in 2013 Pakistani general election. Nisar who was Leader of Opposition from 2008 to 2013 was appointed as the Minister and sworn in for the position on 11 May 2013. He was preceded by Malik Habib and remained in the office for 4 years till 2017, after when Nawaz Sharif resigned from the position of Prime Minister due to Corruption charges and the government fell down. Political views "Potohari group" Khan, apart from being close to the Pakistan Army due to his family background, has also been considered as the head of the so-called "Potohari group", a section of the PML-N that is considered closer to Shehbaz Sharif, as opposed to the "Lahori group" consisting of the traditional leadership of the party and perceived to be closer to the elder brother Nawaz Sharif. Stance about the United States Despite being perceived as anti-American, a contradictory version of Khan's political views surfaced in a leaked US diplomatic cable in 2011. The cable, which was sent by the former United States Ambassador to Pakistan, Anne W. Patterson, in September 2008 reads: "As always, Nisar insisted that he and the PML-N were pro-American (saying that his wife and children in fact are Americans)." Khan clarified that he was not against the American nation, but was opposing the US policy towards Muslims after the 9/11 attacks. Offices held S No Office Period Reference 1. Minister of Science and Technology June 1988 – December 1988 2. Minister of Petroleum and Natural Resources 1990–1993 3. Minister of Provincial Co-ordination 1997–1999 4. Minister of Petroleum and Natural Resources 1997–1999 5. Minister of Communications March 2008 – May 2008 6. Minister of Livestock, Agriculture and Animal Husbandry March 2008 – May 2008 6. Minister of Food Security and Research March 2008 – May 2008 7. Leader of Opposition September 2008 – June 2013 8. Minister of Interiors and Narcotics Control June 2013 – July 2017 References ^ a b "Detail Information". www.pildat.org. PILDAT. Archived from the original on 21 April 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ Sheikh, Adnan (26 May 2021). "Chaudhry Nisar takes oath as MPA almost 3 years after being elected". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 1 September 2021. ^ "PP-10 Results - Election 2018 Results - - Candidates List - Constituency Details - Geo.tv". www.geo.tv. Retrieved 18 July 2019. ^ "If elections are held on time…". www.thenews.com.pk. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017. ^ a b c d e "Chaudhry of Chakri on a crossroads again". Pakistan Today. 16 August 2016. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "The Chaudhry of Chakri". Daily Times. 22 October 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2020. ^ Wasim, Amir (1 May 2013). "Besieged bastion". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 7 September 2020. ^ a b Sarfraz, Aamer (23 October 2018). "The Chaudhry of Chakri". Daily Times. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. ^ "Nisar's last bet". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 4 December 2017. ^ "Former defence secretary laid to rest in Chakri". DAWN.COM. 24 August 2009. Archived from the original on 29 March 2017. Retrieved 28 March 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Chaudhry Nisar Ali Khan". Dawn. 25 April 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ a b c d e f "Federal cabinet unveiled: Enter the ministers – The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. 8 June 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ a b c Yasin, Aamir (12 June 2018). "Nisar's 34-year association with PML-N comes to a bitter end". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 12 June 2018. ^ Ghumman, Khawar (7 June 2013). "Experience and loyalty count in the PML-N kitchen cabinet". DAWN.COM. Dawn. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ a b c d e f g h "Pindi's NA-53 getting ready for hot contest". DAWN.COM. 25 December 2007. Archived from the original on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2017. ^ a b "Federal Ministers". most.comsatshosting.com. Ministry of Science and Technology. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ a b "Chaudhry Nisar wins NA-52 election in Rawalpindi". Dawn. 12 May 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ a b Mahmood, Amjad (26 March 2013). "'Loyalists dominate' N parliamentary board". Dawn. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "As Pakistan goes to polls: Take a peek at some major NA constituencies". DAWN.COM. 10 May 2013. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 6 April 2017. ^ "List of Federal Ministers". www.communication.gov.pk. Ministry of Communications. 31 October 2016. Archived from the original on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "Gilani to sit on resignations till Asif's return: Decision final: Nisar". Dawn. 14 May 2008. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2016. ^ Wasim, Amir (26 August 2008). "Nawaz pulls out of coalition: Justice Saeeduz Zaman is PML-N candidate for president's post". DAWN. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "Nisar is now Leader of Opposition in NA". Dawn. 18 September 2008. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ Zaman, Qamar (19 October 2011). "Rare feat: Nisar becomes first PAC chief to present annual reports". The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2012.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "Stepping up the pressure: Chaudhry Nisar quits parliamentary watchdog". Tribune Express. 28 November 2011. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 20 May 2012.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ Jamil, Farah (7 June 2013). "26 member Cabinet to take oath today". Aaj News. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2016. ^ "Sharif's 25-member cabinet takes oath". Dawn. 7 June 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "Nisar Khan to be Pakistan government's point man for dealing with Taliban". NDTV.com. 8 June 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "Campaign trail: For Chaudhry Nisar, party comes first – The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. 9 May 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ "Well done, Chaudhry Nisar Ali Khan!". www.thenews.com.pk. The News International. 24 March 2015. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ Asad, Malik (6 June 2016). "Nisar inaugurates Safe Cities project in Islamabad". DAWN.COM. Dawn. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 21 October 2016.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) ^ Qarar, Shakeel (13 December 2017). "Govt to issue e-passports from March 2018: Ahsan Iqbal". DAWN.COM. Archived from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2017. ^ "PM Nawaz Sharif steps down; federal cabinet stands dissolved". Daily Pakistan Global. Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 28 July 2017. ^ Reporter, The Newspaper's Staff (28 July 2017). "Nisar not to leave Sharif in the lurch". DAWN.COM. Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 29 July 2017. ^ "Ch Nisar not to join Khaqan Cabinet, appointment of FM urged – PakObserver". PakObserver. 31 July 2017. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2017. ^ "Search for new interior minister a challenge for Khaqan". The Nation. Archived from the original on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 31 July 2017. ^ Zaman, Yusuf (6 September 2017). "Parliament trivia". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 22 February 2018. ^ "Pakistani president swears in members of new Cabinet". ABC News. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 4 August 2017. ^ "Pakistan PM Shahid Khaqan Abbasi delays Cabinet formation as interior minister refuses post". Firstpost. 3 August 2017. Archived from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 3 August 2017. ^ Asad, Malik (21 December 2017). "'Nisar allowed safe passage to Musharraf'". DAWN.COM. Archived from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2017. ^ Wasim, Amir (12 February 2018). "Imran advises Nisar to join PTI". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 12 February 2018. ^ "Nawaz parts ways with Chaudhry Nisar Ali Khan: report". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 27 February 2018. ^ Hussain, Javed (11 June 2018). "Chaudhry Nisar confirms he will contest election independently, lashes out at Sharif family". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 11 June 2018. ^ Iqbal, Amjad (11 July 2018). "Nisar waves aside rumours of forming a 'jeep group'". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 11 July 2018. ^ "Chaudhry Nisar wins PP-10 election". The News. Retrieved 3 August 2018. ^ Reporter, A (3 August 2018). "Chaudhry Nisar to contest by-elections for Pindi NA seat". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 3 August 2018. ^ Yasin, Aamir (8 September 2018). "Ex-MPA from Chaudhry Nisar's group meets Nawaz in jail". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 8 September 2018. ^ Bilal, Rana (26 January 2019). "MPA-elect Chaudhry Nisar's failure to take oath challenged in LHC". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 26 January 2019. ^ "Obituary: Benazir Bhutto". 27 December 2007. Retrieved 7 September 2020. ^ "BBC News | SOUTH ASIA | Profile: Nawaz Sharif". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 7 September 2020. ^ "Nishar Ali Khan" (PDF). Open Pakistan Parliament. ^ Akbar, M. K. (1 January 1998). Pakistan Today. Mittal Publications. ISBN 978-81-7099-700-9. ^ Dugger, Celia W. (14 October 1999). "Pakistan Calm After Coup; Leading General Gives No Clue About How He Will Rule". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 7 September 2020. ^ "Pakistan opposition see gains - CNN.com". edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 7 September 2020. ^ 2013 Pakistani general election ^ "Imran Khan resigns from National Assembly with party members to intensify pressure on Sharif government". Pakistan News. Retrieved 7 September 2020. ^ Raza, Shahzad (18 July 2014). "Return of Chaudhry Nisar". The Friday Times. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. ^ Newspaper, the (13 September 2011). "Chaudhry Nisar admits his wife, children are US citizens". Dawn. Archived from the original on 10 December 2013. Retrieved 13 October 2016. ^ "Nisar Ali Khan: Latest News, Photos, Videos on Nisar Ali Khan". NDTV.com. Retrieved 7 September 2020. ^ a b Second Nawaz Sharif provincial cabinet ^ Rehman, Atika (13 February 2020). "Rumour mill churns as Chaudhry Nisar visits London". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 7 September 2020. ^ "Pakistan Interior Minister Chaudhry Nisar Ali Khan keeps everyone guessing about political future". The Financial Express. 1 August 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2020. Preceded byMalik Naeem Khan Awan Minister for Science and Technology 1988–1988 Succeeded byJehangir Bader Preceded byUnknown Minister for Petroleum and Natural Resources 1990–1993 Succeeded byUnknown Preceded byUnknown Minister for Inter Provincial Coordination ? – 1999 Succeeded byUnknown Preceded byUnknown Minister for Petroleum and Natural Resources 1997–1999 Succeeded byUnknown Preceded bySikandar Hayat Khan Bosan Minister for National Food Security & Research 2008–2008 Succeeded byUnknown Preceded byChaudhry Pervaiz Elahi Leader of the Opposition in the National Assembly 2008–2013 Succeeded bySyed Khurshid Ahmed Shah Preceded byMalik Habib Minister for Interior and Narcotics Control 2013–2017 Succeeded byAhsan Iqbal vteInterior Ministers of Pakistan Fazlur Rahman Khwaja Shahabuddin Mushtaq Ahmed Gurmani Iskander Mirza A. K. Fazlul Huq Abdus Sattar Talpur Jalal Baba Zakir Husain Habibullah Khan Marwat Ayub Khan Chaudhry Ali Akbar Khan Afzal Rahman Khan Abdul Hamid Khan Abdur Rashid Khan Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Abdul Qayyum Khan Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Inamul Haq Khan Mahmoud Haroon Sardar Farooq Shaukat Khan Lodi Muhammad Khan Junejo Aslam Khattak Wasim Sajjad Malik Naseem Ahmed Aheer Aitzaz Ahsan Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain Fateh Khan Bandial Naseerullah Babar Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain Moinuddin Haider Faisal Saleh Hayat Aftab Ahmad Sherpao Hamid Nawaz Khan Rehman Malik Malik Habib Chaudhary Nisar Ali Khan Ahsan Iqbal Imran Khan Ijaz Ahmed Shah Sheikh Rasheed Rana Sanaullah Sarfaraz Bugti Gohar Ejaz Mohsin Raza Naqvi Italics indicate caretaker ministers vteThird Sharif cabinet (2013–2017)Federal ministersNawaz Sharif Ishaq Dar Khawaja Muhammad Asif Pervaiz Rashid* Nisar Ali Khan Shahid Khaqan Abbasi Ahsan Iqbal Khurram Dastgir Khan Rana Tanveer Hussain Khawaja Saad Rafique Ghulam Murtaza Jatoi Sikandar Hayat Khan Bosan Kamran Michael Sardar Muhammad Yousuf Abdul Qadir Baloch Pir Sadaruddin Shah Akram Khan Durrani Barjees Tahir Zahid Hamid Sheikh Aftab Ahmed Hasil Bizenjo Riaz Hussain Pirzada Sanaullah ZehriAdvisers Sartaj Aziz Shujaat Azeem* Amir Muqam Ministers of State Usman Ibrahim Muhammad Baligh Ur Rehman Tariq Fazal Chaudhry Anusha Rahman Marriyum Aurangzeb Saira Afzal Tarar Jam Kamal Khan Muhammad Amin Ul Hasnat Shah Abid Sher Ali Tariq Fatemi Abdul Hakeem Baloch* vteLeaders of the opposition of Pakistan Jinnah Amin Wali-Khan Mazari Imam Wali-Khan Bhutto N. Sharif Bhutto Fazl-ur-Rehman Elahi Nisar Khurshid Shah S. Sharif Raja Riaz Omar Ayub
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"Pakistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani"},{"link_name":"Interior Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"Provincial Assembly of the Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_the_Punjab"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(Nawaz)"},{"link_name":"National Assembly of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Leader of the Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"Chakri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakri_Vakilan"},{"link_name":"Army Burn Hall College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Burn_Hall_College"},{"link_name":"Nawaz Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif"},{"link_name":"first","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Sharif_ministry"},{"link_name":"Petroleum and Natural Resources Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Petroleum_and_Natural_Resources_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"Gillani ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillani_ministry"},{"link_name":"Food, Agriculture and Livestock Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Food_Security_%26_Research_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"third Sharif ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Sharif_ministry"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan"}],"text":"Chaudhary Nisar Ali Khan (Urdu: چوہدری نِثار علی خان; born 31 July 1954) is a Pakistani politician who served as the Interior Minister from 2013 to 2017. He had been a member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab from August 2018 till January 2023.[2] He however was unsuccessful in winning a National Assembly seat.[3] A former leader of the Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz), Khan had been a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan between 1985 and May 2018. He was the Leader of the Opposition in the National Assembly from 2008 to 2013.Born in Chakri, Khan was educated at Army Burn Hall College. Khan has served in various federal cabinet positions since 1988. He briefly served as the Science and Technology Minister in 1988. During Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif's first and second tenures, he held the cabinet portfolio of Petroleum and Natural Resources Minister. During the Gillani ministry, he briefly served as the Food, Agriculture and Livestock Minister with the additional portfolio of Communications Minister. In June 2013, during the third Sharif ministry, he was appointed as the Interior Minister, which he held until the dissolution of the federal cabinet in July 2017 following the dismissal of Sharif by the Supreme Court.He took oath as Member of Provincial Assembly of Punjab on 26 May 2021.","title":"Chaudhary Nisar Ali Khan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pildat/dob-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pakistantoday-5"},{"link_name":"Chakri village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakri_Vakilan"},{"link_name":"Rawalpindi District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rawalpindi_District"},{"link_name":"Jodhra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodhra"},{"link_name":"Alpial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpial"},{"link_name":"Rajputs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_Rajputs"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"British Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"Indian rebellion of 1857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857"},{"link_name":"British Indian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Army"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Army"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"Iftikhar Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iftikhar_Ali_Khan_(general)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Aitchison College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aitchison_College"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"Army Burn Hall College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Burn_Hall_College"},{"link_name":"Abbottabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbottabad"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn1-11"},{"link_name":"Imran Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imran_Khan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nisar_Ali_Khan.png"}],"text":"Khan was born on 31 July 1954[4][1] to Brigadier (retired) Fateh Khan[5] in the Chakri village, Rawalpindi District. He was born in a family of Jodhra and Alpial tribes of Rajputs.[6][7]He belongs to a family with a long tradition in the armed forces, beginning with the British Raj: His great-great-grandfather Chaudhary Sher Khan assisted the British during the Indian rebellion of 1857; his grandfather Chaudhary Sultan Khan fought for the British Indian Army and died during World War I; his father Chaudhary Fateh Khan has also served in the British Indian Army while members of his extended family continue to serve in the Pakistan Army.[8] His elder brother is General Iftikhar Ali Khan.[9][10]He got his early education from Aitchison College, Lahore and later went to Army Burn Hall College, Abbottabad for higher studies.[11] During his time at Aitchison he captained its cricket team, Imran Khan playing under him.[8]Nisar Ali Khan in United States.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tribune/profile-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dawn/12june2018-13"},{"link_name":"Nawaz Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn/june2013-14"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"Khan began his political career in the 1980s[12] after becoming chairman of Rawalpindi district council.[13] He became close to Nawaz Sharif during the rule of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq.[14]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1985 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Pakistani_general_election"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn1-11"},{"link_name":"1988 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Pakistani_general_election"},{"link_name":"Islami Jamhoori Ittehad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islami_Jamhoori_Ittehad"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dawn/25dec2007-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-16"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tribune/profile-12"},{"link_name":"1990 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Pakistani_general_election"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn1-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dawn/25dec2007-15"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn1-11"},{"link_name":"1993 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Pakistani_general_election"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn1-11"}],"sub_title":"1985–1993","text":"He was first elected to the National Assembly in the 1985 general election from constituency NA-52 (Rawalpindi-III).[11] He was re-elected to the National Assembly from the same constituency in the 1988 general election on the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad ticket.[15] He was then appointed as the Federal Minister for Science and Technology.[16][12] After getting re-elected for the third time to the National Assembly in the 1990 general election[11] on the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad ticket from constituency NA-52 (Rawalpindi-III),[15] Khan was made the Federal Minister for Petroleum and Natural Resources and Provincial Coordinator, where he served from 1990 to 1993 during the first government of Sharif.[11] He was re-elected to the national assembly for the fourth time in the 1993 general election from constituency NA-52 (Rawalpindi-III).[11]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1997 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Pakistani_general_election"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn1-11"},{"link_name":"coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Pakistani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"Pervez Musharraf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn1-11"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn/may2013-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dawn/25dec2007-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dawn/12june2018-13"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn/march2013-18"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dawn/25dec2007-15"},{"link_name":"2002 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Pakistani_general_election"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn1-11"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dawn/25dec2007-15"}],"sub_title":"1993–2002","text":"He was re-elected to the National Assembly for the fifth time in the 1997 general election from constituency NA-52 (Rawalpindi-III)[11] and was for the second time appointed as the Federal Minister for Petroleum and Natural Resources, where he served until he was dismissed in October 1999 after the coup d'état when then Chief of Army Staff, Pervez Musharraf, overthrew the elected government of Sharif.[11][17] Khan was placed under house arrest for many weeks.[15] It was during his tenure as Member of the National Assembly, he became the most powerful man in PML-N after Nawaz Sharif.[13] Khan was also among Sharif's loyalists who kept the PML-N alive during the Musharraf rule.[18] Musharraf was reportedly appointed as the Chief of Army Staff on the recommendation of Khan.[15]Khan was re-elected to the National Assembly for the sixth time in the 2002 general election from constituency NA-52 (Rawalpindi-III).[11] However, he lost the election in constituency NA-53 (Rawalpindi-IV).[15]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2008 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Pakistani_general_election"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn1-11"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Federal Minister for Food, Agriculture and Livestock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Food_Security_%26_Research_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"Yousaf Raza Gillani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yousaf_Raza_Gillani"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Peoples Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ministry/Communications-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dawn/14may2008-21"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn1-11"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaudhry_Pervaiz_Elahi"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tribune/profile-12"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Express_Tribune-24"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tribune/profile-12"},{"link_name":"Asif Ali Zardari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asif_Ali_Zardari"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"2002–2011","text":"He was re-elected as a member of the National Assembly in the 2008 general election for the seventh time, both from constituency NA-52 (Rawalpindi-III)[11] and from constituency NA-53 (Rawalpindi-IV). Later, Khan vacated the NA-52 seat and retained NA-53.[19]Khan was appointed as the Federal Minister for Food, Agriculture and Livestock and Federal Minister for Communications in March 2008 in the government of Yousaf Raza Gillani, but his tenure was short-lived due to PML-N's decision to leave the Pakistan Peoples Party-led coalition government.[20][21][11][22]In September 2008, he was appointed as the Leader of the Opposition in the National Assembly after the resignation of Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi.[12][23] In October 2011, he became the first-ever chairperson of the Public Accounts Committee of the National Assembly (which was created to audit the accounts of the government) to present annual reports,[24] but he resigned[12] in November 2011 claiming that accountability was not possible under the Pakistan Peoples Party regime led by President Asif Ali Zardari and Prime Minister Gilani.[25]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2013 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Pakistani_general_election"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn/march2013-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn/may2013-17"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn/2013-27"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Dawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn1-11"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pakistantoday-5"},{"link_name":"Chief Minister of Punjab, Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Punjab,_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Shehbaz Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehbaz_Sharif"},{"link_name":"Minister for Water and Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Water_and_Power_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pakistantoday-5"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dawn/25dec2007-15"},{"link_name":"The News International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News_International"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"National Action Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Action_Plan_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pakistantoday-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pakistantoday-5"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Biometric passport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometric_passport"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"2013–2017","text":"For the 2013 general election, Khan was made part of PML-N's central parliamentary board tasked with selecting candidates for the election.[18] Khan was re-elected to the National Assembly from constituency NA-52 (Rawalpindi-III) for the eighth time in the election[17] and was appointed as the Federal Minister for Interior and Narcotics Control in the Sharif cabinet,[26][27] as he had a close relationship with the Pakistan Armed Forces.[28]In 2013, Dawn reported that, although Khan had no post in PML-N, he was known for his assertiveness in the party's affairs and had had differences with other PML-N leaders.[11][5] Reportedly, before the 2013 election, Khan lobbied to become the Chief Minister of Punjab, Pakistan,[29] and proposed that Shehbaz Sharif be made Minister for Water and Power, but Nawaz Sharif did not give the party ticket to Khan for the provincial seat. In spite of that, Khan contested the election for provincial assembly seat as an independent candidate and won.[5] Dawn reported that Khan was once considered the de facto chief minister of Punjab.[15]In March 2015, The News International commended the 21-month progress of Khan as Interior Minister.[30] However, Khan was held responsible for failing to implement and enforce the proposals and plans of the National Action Plan.[5] Khan was also criticised for delaying the inauguration of the Safe City Project in Islamabad,[5] under which 1,800 surveillance cameras were installed across the city.[31] During his tenure as Interior Minister, he issued the approval to launch Biometric passport in Pakistan.[32]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panama Papers case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Papers_case_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Shahid Khaqan Abbasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahid_Khaqan_Abbasi"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Pervez Musharraf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Imran Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imran_Khan"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Tehreek-e-Insaf"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dawn/12june2018-13"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Provincial Assembly of the Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_Assembly_of_the_Punjab"},{"link_name":"Constituency PP-10 (Rawalpindi-V)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PP-10_(Rawalpindi-V)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Independent politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"},{"link_name":"NA-59 (Rawalpindi-III)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NA-59_(Rawalpindi-III)"},{"link_name":"NA-63 (Rawalpindi-VII)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NA-63_(Rawalpindi-VII)"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"sub_title":"2017–present","text":"He ceased to hold ministerial office on 28 July 2017 when the federal cabinet was disbanded following the resignation of Sharif after the Panama Papers case decision.[33] A day earlier, Khan had announced that he was considering stepping down as Interior Minister and resigning from membership in the National Assembly because of his differences with the party leaders.[34] After the resignation of Sharif, Khan held a farewell meeting with his Interior Ministry staff and made it clear that he would not become part of the next federal cabinet of the incoming prime minister Shahid Khaqan Abbasi, who is junior to him.[35][36] As of September 2017, Khan was the longest continuously-serving member of the National Assembly, who was elected to the National Assembly eight times \nsince 1985 election.[37] On 4 August 2017, Abbasi announced his cabinet without Khan being a member.[38] However, reportedly Khan did not renounce his seat in the National Assembly.[39] Khan was accused for giving safe passage to Pervez Musharraf for going out of Pakistan despite a treason case against him.[40]In February 2018, Imran Khan offered Khan to join Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf before 2018 general election.[41] On 27 February, it was reported Nawaz Sharif has parted ways with Khan.[42]In June 2018, he parted ways with PML-N[13] and announced to run for the 2018 general election as an independent candidate instead of seeking the nomination of PML-N and criticized Sharif brothers saying \"These Sharifs will not able to show their faces anywhere if I decide to open my mouth.\"[43] In July 2018, he in a press conference said \"My decision to run as an independent candidate does not mean I have parted ways with the PML-N\".[44]He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as an independent candidate from Constituency PP-10 (Rawalpindi-V) in the 2018 general election.[45] He received 53,212 votes and defeated Naseer UI Husnain Shah a Independent politician. In the same election, he also ran for the seat in the National Assembly as an independent candidate from Constituency NA-59 (Rawalpindi-III) and Constituency NA-63 (Rawalpindi-VII), but was unsuccessful.[46] Following the election, he went outside Pakistan and did not take oath of the provincial assembly seat.[47]In January 2019, a petition was filed in the Lahore High Court against Khan which directed the Election Commission of Pakistan to de-notify him for his failure to take oath as member of the Punjab Assembly.[48]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ministries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tribune/profile-12"},{"link_name":"Malik Naeem Khan Awan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Naeem_Khan_Awan"},{"link_name":"Islami Jamhoori Ittehad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islami_Jamhoori_Ittehad"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dawn/25dec2007-15"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Peoples Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party"},{"link_name":"Benazir Bhutto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Jehangir Bader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehangir_Bader"}],"sub_title":"Minister of Science and Technology (1988)","text":"He was appointed as the Minister of Science and Technology for the first time as the ministers for a very short time of 6 months from June 1988 to December 1988, under Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq.[12] He was preceded by Malik Naeem Khan Awan and at that time he was Member of National Assembly on the ticket of Islami Jamhoori Ittehad from NA-54 (Rawalpindi-III).[15] Nishar resigned from the ministry after Pakistan Peoples Party won the election and Benazir Bhutto became the Prime Minister of Pakistan.[49] He was not able to make any reforms as a Minister because of a short period of just 6 months and he passed his ministry to Jehangir Bader.","title":"Ministries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1990 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Pakistani_general_election"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dawn/25dec2007-15"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn1-11"},{"link_name":"Ghulam Ishaq Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Ishaq_Khan"},{"link_name":"Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif"},{"link_name":"article 58-2b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Minister of Petroleum and Natural Resources (1990–1993)","text":"After getting re-elected for the third time to the National Assembly in the 1990 general election on the Islami Jamhoori Ittehad ticket from constituency NA-52 (Rawalpindi-III), Khan was made the Federal Minister for Petroleum and Natural Resources and Provincial Coordinator, where he served from 1990 to 1993 during the first government of Sharif.[15][11] At that time the president was Ghulam Ishaq Khan and he was also a close aid of him. At that time Sharif survived a serious constitutional crisis when President Khan attempted to dismiss him under article 58-2b, in April 1993, but he successfully challenged the decision in the Supreme Court.[50] Sharif resigned from the post, after which all ministers were resigned and Nishar was also removed for the second time from his ministry without completing his whole term.[51]","title":"Ministries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nawaz Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"General Musharaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Musharaff"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Minister of Provincial Coordination (1997–1999)","text":"He was sworn in as the Minister of Provincial Co-ordination in the year 1997 on 17 February after Nawaz Sharif elected as the Prime Minister of Pakistan for the Second time and remained till 12 October 1999 after General Musharaff imposed Martial law in the country.[52][53]","title":"Ministries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Minister of Petroleum and Natural Resources (1997–1999)","text":"He was sworn in as Minister of Petroleum and Natural Resources for the second time along with Minister of Provincial Coordination.","title":"Ministries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yousaf Raza Gillani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yousaf_Raza_Gillani"},{"link_name":"PML (N)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PML_(N)"},{"link_name":"2008 Pakistani general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Pakistani_general_election"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Peoples Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party"},{"link_name":"Pervez Musharraf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervez_Musharraf"},{"link_name":"PML (Q)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PML_(Q)"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Ministries under Yousaf Raza (2008)","text":"Nisar was appointed at position of 3 Ministries under Yousaf Raza Gillani, when he was the face of PML (N) in 2008 Pakistani general election and remained for a short period of 2 months(from 31 May 2008 - 14 March 2008) as the party was in alliance with Pakistan Peoples Party, and at that time Nisar openly blamed Pervez Musharraf and PML (Q) over weak Law and Order.[54] He was assigned 3 ministries:Minister of Communications\nMinister of Livestock, Agriculture and Animal Husbandry\nMinister of Food Security and Research","title":"Ministries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minister of Narcotics Control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Narcotics_Control_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"Minister of Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Pakistan)"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Muslim League (N)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Muslim_League_(N)"},{"link_name":"2013 Pakistani general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Pakistani_general_election"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Malik Habib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malik_Habib"},{"link_name":"Nawaz Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Minister of Narcotics Control and Interiors","text":"Nisar was appointed as the 34th Minister of Narcotics Control and Minister of Interior under the Third Nawaz Sharif Ministry in the year 2013, when Pakistan Muslim League (N) made the government in 2013 Pakistani general election.[55] Nisar who was Leader of Opposition from 2008 to 2013 was appointed as the Minister and sworn in for the position on 11 May 2013. He was preceded by Malik Habib and remained in the office for 4 years till 2017, after when Nawaz Sharif resigned from the position of Prime Minister due to Corruption charges and the government fell down.[56]","title":"Ministries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Political views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Potohari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari"},{"link_name":"Shehbaz Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehbaz_Sharif"},{"link_name":"Lahori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"Nawaz Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"\"Potohari group\"","text":"Khan, apart from being close to the Pakistan Army due to his family background, has also been considered as the head of the so-called \"Potohari group\", a section of the PML-N that is considered closer to Shehbaz Sharif, as opposed to the \"Lahori group\" consisting of the traditional leadership of the party and perceived to be closer to the elder brother Nawaz Sharif.[57]","title":"Political views"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leaked US diplomatic cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dawn1-11"},{"link_name":"United States Ambassador to Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Anne W. Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_W._Patterson"},{"link_name":"9/11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9/11_attacks"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"}],"sub_title":"Stance about the United States","text":"Despite being perceived as anti-American, a contradictory version of Khan's political views surfaced in a leaked US diplomatic cable in 2011.[11] The cable, which was sent by the former United States Ambassador to Pakistan, Anne W. Patterson, in September 2008 reads: \"As always, Nisar insisted that he and the PML-N were pro-American (saying that his wife and children in fact are Americans).\" Khan clarified that he was not against the American nation, but was opposing the US policy towards Muslims after the 9/11 attacks.[58]","title":"Political views"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Offices held"}]
[{"image_text":"Nisar Ali Khan in United States.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Nisar_Ali_Khan.png/220px-Nisar_Ali_Khan.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Detail Information\". www.pildat.org. PILDAT. Archived from the original on 21 April 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140421181437/http://www.pildat.org/mna/rsDetail.asp?detid=52","url_text":"\"Detail Information\""}]},{"reference":"Sheikh, Adnan (26 May 2021). \"Chaudhry Nisar takes oath as MPA almost 3 years after being elected\". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 1 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dawn.com/news/1625830","url_text":"\"Chaudhry Nisar takes oath as MPA almost 3 years after being elected\""}]},{"reference":"\"PP-10 Results - Election 2018 Results - - Candidates List - Constituency Details - Geo.tv\". www.geo.tv. Retrieved 18 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.geo.tv/election/PP-10","url_text":"\"PP-10 Results - Election 2018 Results - - Candidates List - Constituency Details - Geo.tv\""}]},{"reference":"\"If elections are held on time…\". www.thenews.com.pk. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/404658","url_text":"\"If elections are held on time…\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171205143518/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/404658","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Chaudhry of Chakri on a crossroads again\". Pakistan Today. 16 August 2016. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161029084500/http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/08/16/national/chaudhry-of-chakri-on-a-crossroads-again/","url_text":"\"Chaudhry of Chakri on a crossroads again\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Chaudhry of Chakri\". Daily Times. 22 October 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailytimes.com.pk/313437/the-chaudhry-of-chakri/","url_text":"\"The Chaudhry of Chakri\""}]},{"reference":"Wasim, Amir (1 May 2013). \"Besieged bastion\". DAWN.COM. 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today\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170121082201/http://aaj.tv/2013/06/26-member-cabinet-to-take-oath-today/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161029083515/http://www.dawn.com/news/1016686","external_links_name":"\"Sharif's 25-member cabinet takes oath\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161029084857/http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/nisar-khan-to-be-pakistan-governments-point-man-for-dealing-with-taliban-524737","external_links_name":"\"Nisar Khan to be Pakistan government's point man for dealing with Taliban\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161029084911/http://tribune.com.pk/story/546414/campaign-trail-for-chaudhry-nisar-party-comes-first/","external_links_name":"\"Campaign trail: For Chaudhry Nisar, party comes first – The Express Tribune\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161029085035/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/30906-well-done-chaudhry-nisar-ali-khan","external_links_name":"\"Well done, Chaudhry Nisar 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalh%C3%ADphona_language
Kalinago language
["1 History","2 Phonology","2.1 Vowels","2.2 Consonants","3 References"]
Arawakan language historically spoken in the Lesser Antilles For the language of the mainland Carib of South America, see Carib language. KalinagoIgneriKalhíphonaNative toWindward Islands (Guadeloupe to Grenada, except Barbados)EthnicityKalinago, IgneriExtinct1920s in Dominica (survives in Garifuna)Language familyArawakan NorthernTa-ArawakanIgñeriKalinagoEarly formIgneri Language codesISO 639-3crbLinguist ListcrbGlottologisla1278  Iñeri (Kalinago) among other Pre-Columbian languages of the Antilles The Kalinago language, also known as Igneri (Iñeri, Inyeri, etc.), was an Arawakan language historically spoken by the Kalinago of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean. Kalinago proper became extinct by about 1920 due to population decline and colonial period deportations resulting in language death, but an offshoot survives as Garifuna, primarily in Central America. Despite its name, Kalinago was not closely related to the Carib language of the mainland Caribs. Instead, it appears to have been a development of the Arawakan language spoken by the islands' earlier Igneri inhabitants, which incoming Caribs adopted in the pre-Columbian era. During the French colonial period, Carib men also spoke a Cariban-derived pidgin amongst themselves. History At the time of European contact, the Kalinago lived throughout the Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles, from Guadeloupe to Grenada. Contemporary traditions indicated the Caribs (or Kaliphuna) had conquered these islands from their previous inhabitants, the Igneri. Because the Kalinago were thought to have descended from the mainland Caribs (Kalina) of South America, it was long assumed that they spoke Carib or a related Cariban language. However, studies in the 20th century determined that the language of the Antillean Caribs was not Cariban, but Arawakan, related to the Lokono language on the South American mainland and more distantly to the Taíno language of the Greater Antilles. Modern scholars have proposed several hypotheses accounting for the prevalence of an Arawak language among the Kalinago. Scholars such as Irving Rouse suggested that Caribs from South America conquered the Igneri but did not displace them, and took on their language over time. Others doubt there was an invasion at all. Sued Badillo proposed that Igneri living in the Lesser Antilles adopted the "Carib" identity due to their close economic and political ties with the rising mainland Carib polity in the 16th century. In any event, the fact that the Kalinago' language evidently derived from a pre-existing Arawakan variety has led some linguists to term it "Igneri". It appears to have been as distinct from Taíno as from mainland Arawak varieties. During the period of French colonization in the 17th century, and possibly earlier, male Kalinago used a Cariban-based pidgin in addition to the Arawakan Kalinago language. The pidgin was evidently similar to one used by mainland Caribs to communicate with their Arawak neighbors. Berend J. Hoff and Douglas Taylor hypothesized that it dated to the time of the Carib expansion through the islands, and that males maintained it to emphasize their origins. However, scholars who doubt the existence of a Carib invasion suggest this pidgin was a later development acquired by contact with indigenous peoples of the mainland. Phonology Vowels Front Central Back plain nasal plain nasal plain nasal Close i ĩ ɨ ɨ̃ u ũ Mid e ẽ o õ Open a ã Consonants Kalinago has 15 consonants. Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal plain asp. Stop p t k Fricative ɸ s ɕ x h Nasal m n nʰ ɲ Approximant w l j Flap ɾ A number of people also pronounced /ɕ/ as an alveolar . References ^ a b c Rouse, Irving (1992). The Tainos. Yale University Press. p. 21. ISBN 0300051816. Retrieved June 17, 2014. ^ a b Hill, Jonathan David; Santos-Granero, Fernando (2002). Comparative Arawakan Histories: Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia. University of Illinois Press. p. 54. ISBN 0252073843. Archived from the original on May 26, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2014. ^ Rouse, Irving (1992). The Tainos. Yale University Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN 0300051816. Retrieved June 17, 2014. ^ Josephs, Keisha M. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Kalinago. University of Arizona. vteArawakan (Maipurean) languagesNorthernCaribbean Lokono Caquetio Garífuna Kalinago Parauhano Shebaya Taíno Wayuu Palikuran Marawan Palikúr Pidjanan Aroaqui Atorada Mapidian (?) Mawayana Parawana Wapishana Upper AmazonWestern Nawiki Achawa Amarizana Anauyá Cabiyari (?) Cabre (?) Guarú Kawishana Mainatari Mandawaca Mariaté Mepuri Pasé Piapoco Resígaro (?) Warekena Waraikú (?) Wainumá Wiriná (?) Yabaâna (?) Yucuna Yumana Eastern Nawiki Baniwa Kurripako Tariana Central Upper Amazon Avane Baré Baniwa of Guainia Guinao Maipure Marawá Yavitero Manao Kariaí Manao Shiriana (?) SouthernWestern Chamicuro Morique Yanesha' Central Maipurean Agavotaguerra (?) Custenau Enawenê-Nawê Paresí Saraveca Waura–Mehináku Yawalapití Piro Apurinã Iñapari Cararí Mashco Piro Piro Kanamaré Bolivia–Parana Baure Lapachu Moxos Pauna Terêna–Chané Campa Asháninka Ashéninga Axininca Caquinte Matsiguenga Nomatsiguenga Pucapucari Macro-Arawakan Arauán Candoshi-Shapra Guajiboan Munichi Puquina
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carib language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carib_language"},{"link_name":"Arawakan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawakan_language"},{"link_name":"Kalinago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinago"},{"link_name":"Lesser Antilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Antilles"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"language death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_death"},{"link_name":"Garifuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garifuna_language"},{"link_name":"Carib language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carib_language"},{"link_name":"mainland Caribs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Caribs"},{"link_name":"Igneri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneri"},{"link_name":"pidgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidgin"}],"text":"For the language of the mainland Carib of South America, see Carib language.The Kalinago language, also known as Igneri (Iñeri, Inyeri, etc.), was an Arawakan language historically spoken by the Kalinago of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean. Kalinago proper became extinct by about 1920 due to population decline and colonial period deportations resulting in language death, but an offshoot survives as Garifuna, primarily in Central America.Despite its name, Kalinago was not closely related to the Carib language of the mainland Caribs. Instead, it appears to have been a development of the Arawakan language spoken by the islands' earlier Igneri inhabitants, which incoming Caribs adopted in the pre-Columbian era. During the French colonial period, Carib men also spoke a Cariban-derived pidgin amongst themselves.","title":"Kalinago language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kalinago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinago"},{"link_name":"Windward Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windward_Islands"},{"link_name":"Lesser Antilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_Antilles"},{"link_name":"Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe"},{"link_name":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada"},{"link_name":"Igneri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igneri"},{"link_name":"mainland Caribs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_Caribs"},{"link_name":"Carib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carib_language"},{"link_name":"Cariban language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cariban_language"},{"link_name":"Arawakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawakan"},{"link_name":"Lokono language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokono_language"},{"link_name":"Taíno language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rouse21-1"},{"link_name":"Irving Rouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Rouse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rouse21-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill54-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rouse21-1"},{"link_name":"French colonization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"pidgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidgin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hill54-2"}],"text":"At the time of European contact, the Kalinago lived throughout the Windward Islands of the Lesser Antilles, from Guadeloupe to Grenada. Contemporary traditions indicated the Caribs (or Kaliphuna) had conquered these islands from their previous inhabitants, the Igneri. Because the Kalinago were thought to have descended from the mainland Caribs (Kalina) of South America, it was long assumed that they spoke Carib or a related Cariban language. However, studies in the 20th century determined that the language of the Antillean Caribs was not Cariban, but Arawakan, related to the Lokono language on the South American mainland and more distantly to the Taíno language of the Greater Antilles.[1]Modern scholars have proposed several hypotheses accounting for the prevalence of an Arawak language among the Kalinago. Scholars such as Irving Rouse suggested that Caribs from South America conquered the Igneri but did not displace them, and took on their language over time.[1] Others doubt there was an invasion at all. Sued Badillo proposed that Igneri living in the Lesser Antilles adopted the \"Carib\" identity due to their close economic and political ties with the rising mainland Carib polity in the 16th century.[2] In any event, the fact that the Kalinago' language evidently derived from a pre-existing Arawakan variety has led some linguists to term it \"Igneri\". It appears to have been as distinct from Taíno as from mainland Arawak varieties.[1]During the period of French colonization in the 17th century, and possibly earlier, male Kalinago used a Cariban-based pidgin in addition to the Arawakan Kalinago language. The pidgin was evidently similar to one used by mainland Caribs to communicate with their Arawak neighbors. Berend J. Hoff and Douglas Taylor hypothesized that it dated to the time of the Carib expansion through the islands, and that males maintained it to emphasize their origins.[3] However, scholars who doubt the existence of a Carib invasion suggest this pidgin was a later development acquired by contact with indigenous peoples of the mainland.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Vowels","title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Consonants","text":"Kalinago has 15 consonants.A number of people also pronounced /ɕ/ as an alveolar [s].[4]","title":"Phonology"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"Rouse, Irving (1992). The Tainos. Yale University Press. p. 21. ISBN 0300051816. Retrieved June 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tainosrisedeclin00rous","url_text":"The Tainos"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tainosrisedeclin00rous/page/21","url_text":"21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300051816","url_text":"0300051816"}]},{"reference":"Hill, Jonathan David; Santos-Granero, Fernando (2002). Comparative Arawakan Histories: Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia. University of Illinois Press. p. 54. ISBN 0252073843. Archived from the original on May 26, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qb4LoGZnf-8C&q=Lokono&pg=PA41","url_text":"Comparative Arawakan Histories: Rethinking Language Family and Culture Area in Amazonia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0252073843","url_text":"0252073843"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095709/https://books.google.com/books?id=qb4LoGZnf-8C&q=Lokono&pg=PA41#v=snippet&q=Lokono&f=false","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Rouse, Irving (1992). The Tainos. Yale University Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN 0300051816. Retrieved June 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tainosrisedeclin00rous","url_text":"The Tainos"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tainosrisedeclin00rous/page/21","url_text":"21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300051816","url_text":"0300051816"}]},{"reference":"Josephs, Keisha M. (2019). A Descriptive Grammar of Kalinago. University of Arizona.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Girls%27_4_%C3%97_100_metre_medley_relay
Swimming at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics – Girls' 4 × 100 metre medley relay
["1 Medalists","2 Heats","2.1 Heat 1","2.2 Heat 2","3 Final","4 References"]
Girls' 4 × 100 metre medley relay at the 2010 Summer Youth OlympicsVenueSingapore Sports SchoolDates16 August 2010Competitors40 from 10 nationsWinning time4:09.68Medalists  Zoe JohnsonEmma McKeonEmily SeligMadi Wilson   Australia Ekaterina AndreevaOlga DetenyukKristina KochetkovaAlexandra Papusha   Russia Dorte BaumertLena KallaLina RathsackJuliane Reinhold   Germany2014 → Swimming at the2010 Summer Youth OlympicsFreestyle50 mboysgirls100 mboysgirls200 mboysgirls400 mboysgirlsBackstroke50 mboysgirls100 mboysgirls200 mboysgirlsBreaststroke50 mboysgirls100 mboysgirls200 mboysgirlsButterfly50 mboysgirls100 mboysgirls200 mboysgirlsIndividual medley200 mboysgirlsFreestyle relay4×100 mboysgirlsmixedMedley relay4×100 mboysgirlsmixedvte The girls' 4 × 100 metre medley relay event at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games took place on 16 August 2010 at the Singapore Sports School. Medalists Gold  Australia 4:09.68 Silver  Russia 4:11.07 Bronze  Germany 4:11.76 Heats Heat 1 Rank Lane Nationality Time Notes 1 4  Australia 4:13.12 Q 2 3  Germany 4:13.38 Q 3 6  Japan 4:19.00 Q 4 2  South Africa 4:24.41 Q 5 5  Brazil 4:25.66 Q Heat 2 Rank Lane Nationality Time Notes 1 2  Russia 4:13.43 Q 2 3  China 4:13.63 Q 3 4  Canada 4:17.94 Q 4 7  United States 4:26.15 5 5  Singapore 4:28.56 6  Italy DNS Final Rank Lane Nationality Time Notes 4  Australia 4:09.68 3  Russia 4:11.07 5  Germany 4:11.76 4 2  Canada 4:16.72 5 7  Japan 4:16.80 6 1  South Africa 4:23.52 7 8  Brazil 4:24.62 6  China DSQ References ^ "Swimming at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics‐Girls' 4 x 100 metres Medley Relay". Olympedia. Retrieved February 9, 2023. Heat Results Final Result vteYouth Olympic champions in swimming – girls' 4 × 100 metre medley relay 2010:  Madison Wilson / Zoe Johnson / Emily Selig / Emma McKeon (AUS) 2014:  Qiu Yuhan / He Yun / Zhang Yufei / Shen Duo (CHN) 2018:  Peng Xuwei / Zheng Muyan / Lin Xintong / Yang Junxuan (CHN) Bold: Olympic medalists in swimming This Youth Olympics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progresista
Progressive Party (Spain)
["1 History","2 See also","3 References"]
"Progresista" redirects here. For the Argentine football club, see Club Progresista. Political party in Spain Progressive Party Partido ProgresistaLeaderJuan Prim (last)FounderJuan Álvarez MendizábalFounded1834 (1834)Dissolved1874 (1874)Succeeded byConstitutional PartyIdeologyLiberalismProgressivismPro-federalismAnti-clericalismPolitical positionCentre-leftPolitics of SpainPolitical partiesElections The Progressive Party (Spanish: Partido Progresista) was one of the two Spanish political parties that contended for power during the reign of Isabel II (reigned 1833–1868). It was to the left of the opposing Moderate Party (Spanish: Partido Moderado) but also characterised itself as liberal. Like the Moderate Party, it supported Isabel against the claims of the Carlists. History The party was established in 1834 as the extreme liberal opposition, during the regency of queen mother Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies; Queen Isabel was only three years old. It was the party of the exaltados, veinteañistas or progresistas, heirs of the Trienio Liberal ("liberal triennium") of 1820–1823, whereas the Moderate Party represented the doceañistas who traced their roots to the Spanish Constitution of 1812. The Progressives were the party of the National Militia, the jury trial, a secular state, and of national sovereignty and the broadening of the franchise under census suffrage. On this last matter, their position was somewhat milder than popular sovereignty, in that it did not necessarily call for the universal franchise. Like their Moderate opponents, they supported the monarchy of Isabel II, particularly against the Carlist pretenders. Their political position, however, was repeatedly compromised as Maria Christina and later Isabela herself continually attempted to achieve a compromise with the Carlists. The Progressive Party disintegrated gradually after the murder of its last leader, General Juan Prim, 1st Marquis of los Castillejos in 1870, splitting into the Constitutional Party, the Radical Democratic Party, and the Democratic Party. It wasn't formally dissolved, however, until the 1874 restoration of the monarchy. See also Parties and factions in Isabelline Spain Trienio Liberal References ^ Vilches, Jorge (2007). "Nación, libertad, revolución. El patriotismo liberal entre el dos de mayo y la reunión de Cortes (1808-1810)". Cuadernos de Ilustración y Romanticismo (15): 193–205. doi:10.25267/cuad_ilus_romant.2007.i15.09. hdl:10498/9837. ISSN 2173-0687. ^ Bermúdez Soto, Jorge (2015-11-24). "El principio de legalidad y la nulidad de Derecho Público en la Constitución Política. Fundamentos para la aplicación de una solución de Derecho Común". Revista de Derecho Público (70). doi:10.5354/0719-5249.2008.37764. ISSN 0719-5249. Authority control databases International VIAF National Spain
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_men%27s_Olympic_basketball_team
1960 United States men's Olympic basketball team
["1 Roster","2 Olympic trials","3 Olympic tournament","3.1 Results","4 Legacy","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Olympic basketball team 1960 United States men's Olympic basketball teamHead coachPete Newell1960 Summer OlympicsScoring leader Oscar Robertson (17.3)← 19561964 → The 1960 United States men's Olympic basketball team competed in the Games of the XVII Olympiad in Rome, Italy, representing the United States of America. The USA team, coached by California Golden Bears head coach Pete Newell, dominated the competition, winning its games by an average of 42.4 points per game. The team is considered by many to be the best amateur level basketball team of all time, and was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a unit, in 2010. Roster United States men's national basketball team – 1960 Summer Olympics roster Players Coaches Pos. No. Name Age – Date of birth Height Club Ctr. G 13 Jay Arnette 21 – (1938-12-19)December 19, 1938 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) Texas C 4 Walt Bellamy 21 – (1939-07-24)July 24, 1939 2.11 m (6 ft 11 in) Indiana F 5 Bob Boozer 23 – (1937-04-26)April 26, 1937 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) Peoria Caterpillars F 6 Terry Dischinger 19 – (1940-11-21)November 21, 1940 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in) Purdue F 7 Burdette Haldorson 26 – (1934-01-12)January 12, 1934 2.06 m (6 ft 9 in) Phillips 66ers C 8 Darrall Imhoff 21 – (1938-10-11)October 11, 1938 2.08 m (6 ft 10 in) California G 9 Allen Kelley 27 – (1932-12-24)December 24, 1932 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) Peoria Caterpillars G 10 Lester Lane 28 – (1932-03-06)March 6, 1932 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) Wichita Vickers F 11 Jerry Lucas 20 – (1940-03-30)March 30, 1940 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) Ohio State F 14 Oscar Robertson 21 – (1938-11-24)November 24, 1938 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) Cincinnati G 12 Adrian Smith 23 – (1936-10-05)October 5, 1936 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) U.S. Armed Forces G 3 Jerry West 22 – (1938-05-28)May 28, 1938 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) West Virginia Head coach Pete Newell Legend Club – describes lastclub before the tournament Age – describes ageon August 26, 1960 Source: Olympic trials Trials for the team were held in March and April 1960, in Denver, at the Denver Coliseum. The trials were conducted in the form of an eight team tournament, including teams from the reigning NCAA National Champions, the Ohio State Buckeyes, a team of NCAA All-Stars featuring stars such as Jerry West and Oscar Robertson, an NAIA All-Star team, and the AAU Champions, the Peoria Caterpillar Cats. The NCAA All-Stars won the competition convincingly, and so Pete Newell was named the team's head coach, with Warren Womble as his assistant. The trials came at a time when the AAU and NCAA were wrestling for control of USA Basketball, and the make-up of the team represented that uneasy truce, as the team was made up of seven collegiate stars, four AAU players, and one representative of the US Armed Forces (guard Adrian Smith). This compromise meant that many top college players were left off the team, including Ohio State's John Havlicek and Providence guard Lenny Wilkens. Olympic tournament See also: Basketball at the 1960 Summer Olympics The team went 8–0 in the Olympic basketball tournament, held in Rome, averaging 101.9 points per game and holding their opponents to 59.5. Five Americans averaged double-figures in scoring - Oscar Robertson (17.3), Jerry Lucas (16.8), Jerry West (14.1), Terry Dischinger (11.3) and Adrian Smith (10.9). Lucas was the star of the medal round, as he scored 21 points in the gold medal game against Brazil, after having scored 26 points in the previous game against host Italy. Results USA 88, Italy 54 USA 125, Japan 66 USA 107, Hungary 63 USA 104, Yugoslavia 42 USA 108, Uruguay 50 USA 81, USSR 57 USA 112, Italy 81 USA 90, Brazil 63 Legacy The 1960 team is thought to be one of the best amateur sports teams in basketball history. Nine members of the squad went on to play in the NBA and four players from the team – Robertson, Lucas, West and Walt Bellamy – have individually been elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, as have head coach Pete Newell and Dutch Lonborg, who was on Newell's staff as team manager. Other career distinctions by team members include Robertson's League MVP Award in 1963–64. Dischinger's 1963 NBA Rookie of the Year Award (an award also received by Robertson (1961), Bellamy (1962), and Lucas(1964), Adrian Smith's NBA All-Star Game MVP in 1966, and West's NBA Finals MVP in 1969. Eight members were later selected to at least one NBA All-Star Game (Bob Boozer, Darrall Imhoff and Adrian Smith were NBA All-Star Game participants during their careers. In total, there were 43 future All-Star berths amongst the teammates. The team was elected to the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame in 1984. In 2010, along with the "Dream Team," the 1960 US Olympic men's basketball team was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a unit. The election marks only the seventh and eighth teams so honored. See also 1960 Summer Olympics Basketball at the 1960 Summer Olympics United States at the 1960 Summer Olympics United States men's national basketball team References ^ ""1960 USA Men's Olympic Games Roster". USA Basketball. Archived from the original on January 3, 2010. ^ Cunningham, Carson (2009). American Hoops: U.S. Men's Olympic Basketball From Berlin to Beijing. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-2293-9. ^ "1960 USA Men's Olympic Games Roster Archived 2010-01-03 at the Wayback Machine." usabasketball.com. Retrieved on April 6, 2010. ^ 1960 Olympic Games : Tournament for Men. ^ Game: BRAZIL vs USA (Group 1) Date: 10 September 1960. ^ Game: USA vs ITALY (Group 1) Date: 8 September 1960. ^ "Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Announces Class of 2010 Archived 2010-04-09 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on April 11, 2010. External links Team profile at USA Basketball official site US Olympic Hall of Fame Class of 1984 page vteUnited States men's national basketball teamOlympic Games Results 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 Final 1976 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 FIBA World Cup Results 1950 1954 1959 1963 1967 1970 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 Final 2014 Final 2019 2023 In culture Team USA Basketball (video game) vteUnited States basketball squad – 1960 Summer Olympics – Gold medal 3 West 4 Bellamy 5 Boozer 6 Dischinger 7 Haldorson 8 Imhoff 9 Kelley 10 Lane 11 Lucas 12 Smith 13 Arnette 14 Robertson Coach: Newell vteSummer Olympics men's basketball tournament winners 1936:  United States (USA) 1948:  United States (USA) 1952:  United States (USA) 1956:  United States (USA) 1960:  United States (USA) 1964:  United States (USA) 1968:  United States (USA) 1972:  Soviet Union (URS) 1976:  United States (USA) 1980:  Yugoslavia (YUG) 1984:  United States (USA) 1988:  Soviet Union (URS) 1992:  United States (USA) 1996:  United States (USA) 2000:  United States (USA) 2004:  Argentina (ARG) 2008:  United States (USA) 2012:  United States (USA) 2016:  United States (USA) 2020:  United States (USA) 2024: TBD vteNaismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Class of 2010Players Cynthia Cooper-Dyke Dennis Johnson Gus Johnson Karl Malone Ubiratan "Bira" Pereira Maciel Scottie Pippen Coaches Bob Hurley, Sr. Contributors Jerry Buss Teams 1960 United States men's Olympic team 1992 United States men's Olympic team ("The Dream Team") vteMembers of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of FamePlayersGuards R. Allen Archibald Beckman Belov Bing Blazejowski Borgmann Braun Brennan Bryant Cervi Cheeks Clayton Cooper-Dyke Cousy Dampier Davies Drexler Dumars Edwards Endacott Frazier Friedman Galis Gervin Ginóbili Goodrich Greer Grentz Guerin Hammon Hanson Hardaway Haynes Holman Hyatt Isaacs Iverson Jeannette Jenkins D. Johnson M. Johnson K. Jones S. Jones Jordan Kidd Lieberman Maravich Marcari Marčiulionis Martin McDermott McGrady D. McGuire Meyers R. Miller Moncrief Monroe Moore C. Murphy Nash Page Parker Payton Petrović Phillip Posey Richmond Robertson Rodgers Roosma J. Russell Schommer Scott Sedran Sharman K. Smith Staley Steinmetz Stockton Swoopes Thomas D. Thompson Vandivier Wade Wanzer Weatherspoon West Westphal J. White Wilkens Woodard Wooden Forwards Arizin Barkley Barry Baylor Bird Bosh Boswell Bradley R. Brown Cash Catchings C. Cooper Cunningham Curry Dalipagić Dandridge Dantley DeBusschere Dehnert Duncan English Erving Foster Fulks Gale Garnett Gasol Gates Gola Hagan Havlicek Hawkins Hayes Haywood Heinsohn Hill Howell Hudson L. Jackson G. Johnson B. Jones King Korać Kukoč Lucas Luisetti K. Malone McClain B. McCracken J. McCracken McGinnis McHale Mikkelsen C. Miller Mullin Nowitzki Pettit Pierce Pippen Pollard Pullins Radja Ramsey Rodman Schayes E. Schmidt O. Schmidt Stokes C. Thompson T. Thompson Twyman Walker Webber N. White Wilkes Wilkins Worthy Yardley Centers Abdul-Jabbar Barlow Beaty Bellamy Chamberlain T. Cooper Ćosić Cowens Crawford Daniels DeBernardi Divac Donovan Ewing Gallatin Gilmore Griffith Gruenig Harris-Stewart Houbregs Issel Jackson W. Johnson Johnston M. Krause Kurland Lanier Leslie Lovellette Lapchick Macauley Maciel M. Malone McAdoo Meneghin Mikan Mourning S. Murphy Mutombo Olajuwon O'Neal Parish Reed Risen Robinson B. Russell Sabonis Sampson Semjonova Sikma Thurmond Unseld Wachter Wallace Walton Washington Whalen Yao Coaches Adelman Alexeeva P. Allen Anderson Auerbach Auriemma Barmore Barry Bess Blair Blood Boeheim L. Brown Calhoun Calipari Cann Carlson Carnesecca Carnevale Carril Case Chancellor Chaney Conradt Crum Daly Dean Díaz-Miguel Diddle Drake Driesell Ferrándiz Fitch Fitzsimmons Gaines Gamba Gardner Gaze Gill Gomelsky Gunter Hannum Harshman Haskins Hatchell Heinsohn Hickey Hixon Hobson Holzman Huggins Hughes Hurley Iba Izzo P. Jackson Julian Karl Keady Keaney Keogan Knight Krzyzewski Kundla Lambert Leonard Lewis Litwack Loeffler Lonborg Magee McCutchan McGraw A. McGuire F. McGuire McLendon Meanwell Meyer Miller Moore Mulkey Nelson Nikolić Novosel Olson Pitino Popovich Ramsay Richardson Riley Rubini Rupp Rush B. Russell Sachs Self Sharman Shelton Sloan D. Smith Stanley Stevens Stringer Summitt Sutton Tarkanian Taylor Teague J. Thompson Tomjanovich VanDerveer Wade Watts Wilkens G. Williams R. Williams Wooden Woolpert Wootten Wright Yow Contributors Abbott Ackerman Attles Barksdale Baumann Bee Biasone H. Brown W. Brown Bunn Buss Clifton Colangelo Costello Davidson Douglas Duer Embry Fagan Fisher Fleisher Garfinkel Gavitt Gottlieb Granik Gulick Harris Harrison Hearn Henderson Hepp Hickox Hinkle Irish M. Jackson Jernstedt R. Jones Kennedy Knight J. Krause Lemon Liston Lloyd Lobo McLendon Mokray Morgan Morgenweck Naismith Newell Newton J. O'Brien L. O'Brien Olsen Podoloff Porter Raveling Reid Reinsdorf Ripley Sanders Saperstein Schabinger St. John Stagg Stanković Steitz Stern Taylor Thorn Tower Trester Valvano Vitale Wells Welts Wilke Winter Zollner Referees Bavetta Enright Evans Garretson Hepbron Hoyt Kennedy Leith Mihalik Nichols Nucatola Quigley Rudolph Shirley Strom Tobey Walsh Teams 1948–1982 Wayland Baptist women's teams 1956–57 Tennessee A&I State men's team 1957–58 Tennessee A&I State men's team 1958–59 Tennessee A&I State men's team 1960 United States men's Olympic team 1965–66 Texas Western men's team 1976 United States women's Olympic team 1992 United States men's Olympic team All-American Red Heads Buffalo Germans The First Team Harlem Globetrotters Immaculata College New York Renaissance Original Celtics
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Games of the XVII Olympiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Rome, Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome,_Italy"},{"link_name":"United States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"USA team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"California Golden Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Golden_Bears_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Pete Newell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Newell"},{"link_name":"amateur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_sports"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naismith_Memorial_Basketball_Hall_of_Fame"}],"text":"The 1960 United States men's Olympic basketball team competed in the Games of the XVII Olympiad in Rome, Italy, representing the United States of America.The USA team, coached by California Golden Bears head coach Pete Newell, dominated the competition, winning its games by an average of 42.4 points per game. The team is considered by many to be the best amateur level basketball team of all time, and was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a unit, in 2010.","title":"1960 United States men's Olympic basketball team"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"Denver Coliseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Coliseum"},{"link_name":"NCAA National Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_NCAA_University_Division_basketball_tournament"},{"link_name":"Ohio State Buckeyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959%E2%80%9360_Ohio_State_Buckeyes_men%27s_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I"},{"link_name":"Jerry West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_West"},{"link_name":"Oscar Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Robertson"},{"link_name":"NAIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics"},{"link_name":"AAU Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AAU_men%27s_basketball_champions"},{"link_name":"Peoria Caterpillar Cats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peoria_Caterpillar_Cats"},{"link_name":"Pete Newell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Newell"},{"link_name":"Warren Womble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Womble"},{"link_name":"AAU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_Athletic_Association_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"USA Basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Basketball"},{"link_name":"collegiate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_basketball"},{"link_name":"US Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_armed_forces"},{"link_name":"Adrian Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Smith_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"John Havlicek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Havlicek"},{"link_name":"Providence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence_Friars_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Lenny Wilkens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenny_Wilkens"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Trials for the team were held in March and April 1960, in Denver, at the Denver Coliseum. The trials were conducted in the form of an eight team tournament, including teams from the reigning NCAA National Champions, the Ohio State Buckeyes, a team of NCAA All-Stars featuring stars such as Jerry West and Oscar Robertson, an NAIA All-Star team, and the AAU Champions, the Peoria Caterpillar Cats. The NCAA All-Stars won the competition convincingly, and so Pete Newell was named the team's head coach, with Warren Womble as his assistant.The trials came at a time when the AAU and NCAA were wrestling for control of USA Basketball, and the make-up of the team represented that uneasy truce, as the team was made up of seven collegiate stars, four AAU players, and one representative of the US Armed Forces (guard Adrian Smith). This compromise meant that many top college players were left off the team, including Ohio State's John Havlicek and Providence guard Lenny Wilkens.[2]","title":"Olympic trials"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basketball at the 1960 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Jerry Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Lucas"},{"link_name":"Terry Dischinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Dischinger"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"See also: Basketball at the 1960 Summer OlympicsThe team went 8–0 in the Olympic basketball tournament,[3] held in Rome, averaging 101.9 points per game and holding their opponents to 59.5. Five Americans averaged double-figures in scoring - Oscar Robertson (17.3), Jerry Lucas (16.8), Jerry West (14.1), Terry Dischinger (11.3) and Adrian Smith (10.9).[4] Lucas was the star of the medal round, as he scored 21 points in the gold medal game against Brazil,[5] after having scored 26 points in the previous game against host Italy.[6]","title":"Olympic tournament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"USSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_national_basketball_team"}],"sub_title":"Results","text":"USA 88, Italy 54\nUSA 125, Japan 66\nUSA 107, Hungary 63\nUSA 104, Yugoslavia 42\nUSA 108, Uruguay 50\nUSA 81, USSR 57\nUSA 112, Italy 81\nUSA 90, Brazil 63","title":"Olympic tournament"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"amateur sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_sports"},{"link_name":"NBA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"Walt Bellamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Bellamy"},{"link_name":"Dutch Lonborg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Lonborg"},{"link_name":"NBA Rookie of the Year Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Rookie_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"NBA All-Star Game MVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_All-Star_Game_MVP"},{"link_name":"Bob Boozer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Boozer"},{"link_name":"Darrall Imhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrall_Imhoff"},{"link_name":"U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Olympic_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"\"Dream Team,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_States_men%27s_Olympic_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The 1960 team is thought to be one of the best amateur sports teams in basketball history. Nine members of the squad went on to play in the NBA and four players from the team – Robertson, Lucas, West and Walt Bellamy – have individually been elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, as have head coach Pete Newell and Dutch Lonborg, who was on Newell's staff as team manager. Other career distinctions by team members include Robertson's League MVP Award in 1963–64. Dischinger's 1963 NBA Rookie of the Year Award (an award also received by Robertson (1961), Bellamy (1962), and Lucas(1964), Adrian Smith's NBA All-Star Game MVP in 1966, and West's NBA Finals MVP in 1969. Eight members were later selected to at least one NBA All-Star Game (Bob Boozer, Darrall Imhoff and Adrian Smith were NBA All-Star Game participants during their careers. In total, there were 43 future All-Star berths amongst the teammates. The team was elected to the U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame in 1984.In 2010, along with the \"Dream Team,\" the 1960 US Olympic men's basketball team was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame as a unit. The election marks only the seventh and eighth teams so honored.[7]","title":"Legacy"}]
[]
[{"title":"1960 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"title":"Basketball at the 1960 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"title":"United States at the 1960 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"title":"United States men's national basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_basketball_team"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_men%27s_national_water_polo_team
Serbia men's national water polo team
["1 Competitive record","1.1 Medals","1.2 Olympic Games","1.3 World Championship","1.4 World Cup","1.5 World League","1.6 European Championship","1.7 Europa Cup","1.8 Mediterranean Games","2 Team","2.1 Current squad","2.2 Coaches","2.3 Most appearances and goals","3 Philanthropy","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
This article is about the Serbian men's national water polo team. For the women's team, see Serbia women's national water polo team. For the national team that played under the flag of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, see Yugoslavia national water polo team. SerbiaFINA codeSRBNickname(s)Делфини / Delfini(The Dolphins)AssociationWater Polo Association of Serbia ConfederationLEN (Europe)Head coachUroš StevanovićAsst coachDarko BilićStefan ĆirićCaptainNikola JakšićMost capsDejan Savić (444)Top scorer(s)Aleksandar Šapić (981)FINA ranking (since 2008)Current3 (as of 9 August 2021)Highest1 (2009–2011, 2014–2019)Lowest4 (2013)Olympic Games (team statistics)Appearances6 (first in 1996)Best result (2016, 2020)World ChampionshipAppearances14 (first in 1998)Best result (2005, 2009, 2015)World CupAppearances9 (first in 1997)Best result (2006, 2010, 2014)World LeagueAppearances18 (first in 2003)Best result (2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019)European ChampionshipAppearances13 (first in 1997)Best result (2001, 2003, 2006, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018)Europa CupAppearances2 (first in 2018)Best result4th (2018)Mediterranean GamesAppearances6 (first in 1997)Best result (1997, 2009, 2018, 2022)MediaWebsitewaterpoloserbia.org Medal record Event 1st 2nd 3rd Olympic Games 2 1 3 World Championship 3 2 3 World Cup 3 0 2 World League 12 1 1 European Championship 7 2 1 Europa Cup 0 0 0 Mediterranean Games 4 0 1 Summer Universiade 4 1 2 Total 35 7 13 Men's water polo Representing  FR Yugoslavia /  Serbia and Montenegro /  Serbia Olympic Games 2016 Rio de Janeiro Team 2020 Tokyo Team 2004 Athens Team 2000 Sydney Team 2008 Beijing Team 2012 London Team World Championship 2005 Montreal Team 2009 Rome Team 2015 Kazan Team 2001 Fukuoka Team 2011 Shanghai Team 1998 Perth Team 2003 Barcelona Team 2017 Budapest Team FINA World Cup 2006 Budapest 2010 Oradea 2014 Almaty 2002 Belgrade 2018 Berlin FINA World League 2005 Belgrade 2006 Athens 2007 Berlin 2008 Genova 2010 Niš 2011 Firenze 2013 Chelyabinsk 2014 Dubai 2015 Bergamo 2016 Huizhou 2017 Ruza 2019 Belgrade 2004 Long Beach 2009 Podgorica European Championship 2001 Budapest 2003 Kranj 2006 Belgrade 2012 Eindhoven 2014 Budapest 2016 Belgrade 2018 Barcelona 1997 Seville 2008 Málaga 2010 Zagreb Mediterranean Games 1997 Bari Team 2009 Pescara Team 2018 Tarragona Team 2022 Oran Team 2005 Almeria Team Summer Universiade 1995 Fukuoka Team 2005 Izmir Team 2011 Shenzhen Team 2017 Taipei Team 2003 Daegu Team 2009 Belgrade Team 2013 Kazan Team Logo of the Water Polo Association of Serbia  2015 world champions on a 2015 Serbian stamp The Serbia men's national water polo team represents Serbia in international water polo competitions and is controlled by the Water Polo Association of Serbia . They have won gold medals in the Olympics, World and European Championships, World Cup, FINA World League, Mediterranean Games and Universiade, making them one of the most successful men's water polo teams in the world. They are Serbia's most successful national team, having won more titles than all other Serbian national teams combined. In 2016, they became the first team to hold titles in all five existing major championships: European Championship, World Championship, World Cup, World League and Olympic Games simultaneously. Competitive record Medals Includes matches of Serbia and Montenegro and Serbia. Updated after the 2022 Mediterranean Games Competition Total Olympic Games 2 1 3 6 World Championship 3 2 3 8 World Cup 3 0 2 5 World League 12 1 1 14 European Championship 7 2 1 10 Europa Cup 0 0 0 0 Mediterranean Games 4 0 1 5 Summer Universiade 4 1 2 7 Total 35 7 13 55 Olympic Games Main article: Serbia men's Olympic water polo team records and statistics Year Position 1936 to 1988 part of SFR Yugoslavia as  FR Yugoslavia 1992 Barcelona suspended 1996 Atlanta 8th 2000 Sydney as  Serbia and Montenegro 2004 Athens as  Serbia 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris qualified 2028 Los Angeles future events 2032 Brisbane World Championship Year Position 1973 to 1991 part of SFR Yugoslavia as  FR Yugoslavia 1994 Rome suspended 1998 Perth 2001 Fukuoka as  Serbia and Montenegro 2003 Barcelona 2005 Montreal as  Serbia 2007 Melbourne 4th 2009 Rome 2011 Shanghai 2013 Barcelona 7th 2015 Kazan 2017 Budapest 2019 Gwangju 5th 2022 Budapest 5th 2023 Fukuoka 4th 2024 Doha 6th 2025 Kallang future events 2027 Budapest World Cup Year Position 1979 to 1991 part of SFR Yugoslavia as  FR Yugoslavia 1993 Athens suspended 1995 Atlanta did not participate 1997 Athens 7th 1999 Sydney 5th 2002 Belgrade as  Serbia and Montenegro 2006 Budapest as  Serbia 2010 Oradea 2014 Almaty 2018 Berlin 2023 Los Angeles 7th World League Year Position as  FR Yugoslavia 2002 Patras did not participate as  Serbia and Montenegro 2003 New York 4th 2004 Long Beach 2005 Belgrade 2006 Athens as  Serbia 2007 Berlin 2008 Genoa 2009 Podgorica 2010 Niš 2011 Florence 2012 Almaty did not participate 2013 Chelyabinsk 2014 Dubai 2015 Bergamo 2016 Huizhou 2017 Ruza 2018 Budapest preliminary round 2019 Belgrade 2020 Tbilisi preliminary round 2022 Strasbourg 5th European Championship Year Position 1950 to 1991 part of SFR Yugoslavia as  FR Yugoslavia 1993 Sheffield suspended 1995 Vienna did not participate 1997 Seville 1999 Florence 7th 2001 Budapest as  Serbia and Montenegro 2003 Kranj as  Serbia 2006 Belgrade 2008 Malaga 2010 Zagreb 2012 Eindhoven 2014 Budapest 2016 Belgrade 2018 Barcelona 2020 Budapest 5th 2022 Split 9th 2024 Dubrovnik and Zagreb 7th 2026 Belgrade future event Europa Cup Year Position 2018 Rijeka 4th 2019 Zagreb 6th Mediterranean Games Year Position 1959 to 1991 part of SFR Yugoslavia as  FR Yugoslavia 1993 Languedoc-Roussillon suspended 1997 Bari 2001 Tunis 4th as  Serbia and Montenegro 2005 Almeria as  Serbia 2009 Pescara 2013 Tunis 6th 2018 Tarragona 2022 Oran 2026 Taranto future event Team Current squad Roster for the 2024 World Championships. Head coach: Uroš Stevanović 1 Radoslav Filipović GK 2 Dušan Mandić FP 3 Strahinja Rašović FP 4 Sava Ranđelović FP 5 Petar Jakšić FP 6 Đorđe Vučinić FP 7 Radomir Drašović FP 8 Nikola Jakšić FP 9 Nemanja Vico FP 10 Nemanja Ubović FP 11 Nikola Lukić FP 12 Viktor Rašović FP 13 Branislav Mitrović GK 14 Đorđe Lazić FP 15 Luka Gladović FP Coaches 1992–1999 Nikola Stamenić 1999–2004 Nenad Manojlović 2004–2006 Petar Porobić 2006–2012 Dejan Udovičić 2012–2022 Dejan Savić 2022– present Uroš Stevanović Most appearances and goals Main article: Serbia men's national water polo team statistics Professional friendly and competitive matches only where Yugoslavia, Serbia and Montenegro and now Serbia were represented. Name Years Matches Goals 1 Dejan Savić 1994–2008 444 405 2 Aleksandar Šapić 1997–2008 385 981 3 Filip Filipović 2003–2021 381 677 4 Živko Gocić 2003–2016 362 207 5 Slobodan Nikić 2003–2016 355 354 6 Igor Milanović 1984–1996 349 540 7 Aleksandar Ćirić 1997–2008 346 201 8 Vladimir Vujasinović 1990–2008 341 391 9 Duško Pijetlović 2005–2021 340 472 10 Andrija Prlainović 2005–2021 336 541 Statistics accurate as of matches played 6 August 2021 Philanthropy On 25 December 2011, Serbia's water polo team was included in a humanitarian action "Bitka za Bebe" ("the Battle for the Babies") playing an exhibition match with the team of the Faculty of Organizational Sciences (FON), in Belgrade. Before the Serbian water polo team had joined the action, many other athletes were included. Among them was the world number one in tennis at that time, Novak Djokovic, football and basketball players of Red Star Belgrade, and many others. Proceeds from the ticket sales went to fund "Bitka za Bebe" and enough money was successfully raised to purchase one incubator. See also Serbia men's Olympic water polo team records and statistics Yugoslavia men's national water polo team Serbia and Montenegro men's national water polo team List of Olympic champions in men's water polo List of men's Olympic water polo tournament records and statistics List of world champions in men's water polo References ^ "Vaterpolo Srbija - Serbia Water Polo: Osvojene medalje". ^ "Rulers of all competitions". b92.net. Retrieved 1 March 2018. ^ a b c d "HistoFINA – Water polo medalists and statistics" (PDF). fina.org. FINA. September 2019. pp. 4, 14, 25, 40, 48. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021. ^ "21st World Aquatics World Championships Men's Water Polo Team Roster SRB" (PDF). Omega Timing. 5 February 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2024. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Serbia men's national water polo team. Official website (in Serbian) FR Yugoslavia squads vteFR Yugoslavia men's water polo squad – 1996 Summer Olympics – 8th place 1 Šoštar (GK) 2 Trbojević 3 Subotić 4 Zimonjić 5 Milanović 6 Šapić 7 Vičević 8 Uskoković 9 Savić 10 Jelenić 11 Vujasinović 12 Perović 13 Tadić (GK) Coach: Andrić vteFR Yugoslavia men's water polo squad – 2000 Summer Olympics – Bronze medal 1 Šoštar (GK) 2 Trbojević 3 Kuljača (GK) 4 Zimonjić 5 Savić 6 Ikodinović 7 Jelenić 8 Uskoković 9 Ćirić 10 Šapić 11 Vujasinović 12 Vukanić 13 Vasović Coach: Manojlović vteFR Yugoslavia squad – 2001 European Championship – Gold medal 1 Šoštar 2 Trbojević 3 Kuljača 4 Zimonjić 5 Savić 6 Ikodinović 7 Jelenić 8 Uskoković 9 Ćirić 10 Šapić 11 Vujasinović 12 Vukanić 13 Šefik 14 Janović 15 Peković Head Coach: Manojlović vteFR Yugoslavia men's water polo squad – 2001 World Aquatics Championships – Silver medal 1 Šoštar (GK) 2 Trbojević 3 Šefik (GK) 4 Zimonjić 5 Savić 6 Ikodinović 7 Jelenić 8 Uskoković 9 Ćirić 10 Šapić 11 Vujasinović (C) 12 Vukanić 13 Peković Coach: Manojlović Serbia and Montenegro squads vteSerbia and Montenegro squad – 2003 European Championship – Gold medal 1 Šefik 2 Nikić 3 Gocić 4 Udovičić 5 Savić 6 Ikodinović 7 Jelenić 8 Gojković 9 Ćirić 10 Šapić 11 Vujasinović 12 Jokić 13 Zloković 14 Filipović 15 Kuljača Head Coach: Manojlović vteSerbia and Montenegro men's water polo squad – 2003 World Aquatics Championships – Bronze medal 1 Šefik (GK) 2 Nikić 3 Kuljača (GK) 4 Udovičić 5 Savić 6 Ikodinović 7 Jelenić 8 Gojković 9 Ćirić 10 Šapić 11 Vujasinović (C) 12 Jokić 13 Zloković Coach: Manojlović vteSerbia and Montenegro men's water polo squad – 2004 Summer Olympics – Silver medal 1 Šefik (GK) 2 Trbojević 3 Nikić 4 Udovičić 5 Savić 6 Ikodinović 7 Jelenić 8 Gojković 9 Ćirić 10 Šapić 11 Vujasinović (C) 12 Jokić 13 Kuljača (GK) Coach: Manojlović vteSerbia and Montenegro men's water polo squad – 2005 World Aquatics Championships – Gold medal (1st title) 1 Šefik (GK) 2 Trbojević 3 Janović 4 Udovičić 5 Savić 6 Ikodinović 7 Nikić 8 Gojković 9 Zloković 10 Šapić 11 Vujasinović (C) 12 Jokić 13 Radić (GK) Coach: Porobić Serbia squads Serbia squads – Summer Olympics vteSerbia men's water polo squad – 2008 Summer Olympics – Bronze medal 1 Šefik (GK) 2 Prlainović 3 Gocić 4 V. Udovičić 5 Savić 6 Pijetlović 7 Rađen 8 Filipović 9 Ćirić 10 Šapić 11 Vujasinović (C) 12 Peković 13 Soro (GK) Coach: D. Udovičić vteSerbia men's water polo squad – 2012 Summer Olympics – Bronze medal 1 Soro (GK) 2 Šaponjić 3 Gocić 4 V. Udovičić (C) 5 Mandić (LH) 6 D. Pijetlović 7 Nikić 8 Aleksić 9 Rađen 10 Filipović (LH) 11 Prlainović 12 S. Mitrović 13 G. Pijetlović (GK) Coach: D. Udovičić vteSerbia men's water polo squad – 2016 Summer Olympics – Gold medal (1st title) 1 G. Pijetlović (GK) 2 Mandić (LH) 3 Gocić (C) 4 Ranđelović 5 Ćuk 6 D. Pijetlović 7 Nikić 8 Aleksić 9 Jakšić 10 Filipović (LH) 11 Prlainović 12 S. Mitrović 13 B. Mitrović (GK) Coach: Savić vteSerbia men's water polo squad – 2020 Summer Olympics – Gold medal (2nd title) 1 G. Pijetlović (GK) 2 Mandić (LH) 3 Dedović 4 Ranđelović 5 Lazić 6 D. Pijetlović 7 Rašović 8 Aleksić 9 Jakšić 10 Filipović (C, LH) 11 Prlainović 12 S. Mitrović 13 B. Mitrović (GK) Coach: Savić Serbia squads – World Aquatics Championships vteSerbia men's water polo squad – 2007 World Aquatics Championships – 4th place 1 Šefik (GK) 2 Prlainović 3 Gocić 4 V. Udovičić 5 Savić 6 Ikodinović 7 Nikić 8 Filipović 9 Ćirić 10 Šapić 11 Vujasinović (C) 12 Korolija 13 Soro (GK) Coach: D. Udovičić vteSerbia men's water polo squad – 2009 World Aquatics Championships – Gold medal (1st title) 1 Soro (GK) 2 Avramović 3 Gocić 4 V. Udovičić (C) 5 Gak 6 D. Pijetlović 7 Nikić 8 Aleksić 9 Rađen 10 Filipović 11 Prlainović 12 S. Mitrović 13 G. Pijetlović (GK) Coach: D. Udovičić vteSerbia men's water polo squad – 2011 World Aquatics Championships – Silver medal 1 Soro (GK) 2 Avramović 3 Gocić 4 V. Udovičić (C) 5 Ćuk 6 D. Pijetlović 7 Nikić 8 Aleksić 9 Rađen 10 Filipović 11 Prlainović 12 S. Mitrović 13 G. Pijetlović (GK) Coach: D. Udovičić vteSerbia men's water polo squad – 2013 World Aquatics Championships – 7th place 1 B. Mitrović (GK) 2 Mandić 3 Gocić 4 Udovičić (C) 5 Ćuk 6 D. Pijetlović 7 Nikić 8 Aleksić 9 Rađen 10 Filipović 11 Prlainović 12 S. Mitrović 13 G. Pijetlović (GK) Coach: Savić vteSerbia men's water polo squad – 2015 World Aquatics Championships – Gold medal (2nd title) 1 G. Pijetlović (GK) 2 Mandić 3 Gocić (C) 4 Ranđelović 5 Ćuk 6 D. Pijetlović 7 Nikić 8 Aleksić 9 Jakšić 10 Filipović 11 Prlainović 12 S. Mitrović 13 B. Mitrović (GK) Coach: Savić vteSerbia men's water polo squad – 2017 World Aquatics Championships – Bronze medal 1 G. Pijetlović (GK) 2 Mandić 3 Rašović 4 Ranđelović 5 Ćuk 6 D. Pijetlović 7 Ubović 8 Aleksić 9 Jakšić 10 Filipović (C) 11 Prlainović 12 S. Mitrović 13 B. Mitrović (GK) Coach: Savić vteSerbia men's water polo squad – 2019 World Aquatics Championships – 5th place 1 Rističević (GK) 2 Mandić 3 Rašović 4 Ranđelović 5 Ćuk (C) 6 Lazić 7 Vico 8 Dedović 9 Jakšić 10 Drašović 11 Stojanović 12 Rašović 13 Dobožanov (GK) Coach: Savić Serbia squads – European Championship vteSerbia squad – 2006 European Championship – Gold medal 1 Šefik 2 Trbojević 3 Gocić 4 V. Udovičić 5 Savić 6 Ikodinović 7 Nikić 8 Filipović 9 Ćirić 10 Šapić 11 Vujasinović 12 Peković 13 Soro 14 D. Pijetlović 15 Prlainović Head Coach: D. Udovičić vteSerbia squad – 2008 European Championship – Silver medal 1 Šefik 2 Prlainović 3 Gocić 4 V. Udovičić 5 Savić 6 D. Pijetlović 7 Nikić 8 Filipović 9 Ćirić 10 Šapić 11 Vujasinović 12 Peković 13 Soro 14 Avramović 15 Rađen Head Coach: D. Udovičić vteSerbia squad – 2010 European Championship – Bronze medal 1 Soro 2 Avramović 3 Gocić 4 V. Udovičić 5 Vapenski 6 D. Pijetlović 7 Nikić 8 Aleksić 9 Rađen 10 Filipović 11 Prlainović 12 S. Mitrović 13 G. Pijetlović Head Coach: D. Udovičić vteSerbia squad – 2012 European Championship – Gold medal 1 Soro 2 Šaponjić 3 Gocić 4 V. Udovičić 5 Ćuk 6 D. Pijetlović 7 Nikić 8 Aleksić 9 Rađen 10 Filipović 11 Prlainović 12 S. Mitrović 13 B. Mitrović Head Coach: D. Udovičić vteSerbia squad – 2014 European Championship – Gold medal 1 G. Pijetlović 2 Mandić 3 Gocić 4 Ranđelović 5 Ćuk 6 D. Pijetlović 7 Nikić 8 Aleksić 9 Rađen 10 Filipović 11 Prlainović 12 S. Mitrović 13 B. Mitrović Head Coach: Savić vteSerbia squad – 2016 European Championship – Gold medal 1 G. Pijetlović 2 Mandić 3 Gocić 4 Ranđelović 5 Ćuk 6 D. Pijetlović 7 Nikić 8 Aleksić 9 Jakšić 10 Filipović 11 Prlainović 12 S. Mitrović 13 B. Mitrović Head Coach: Savić vteSerbia squad – 2018 European Championship – Gold medal 1 G. Pijetlović 2 Mandić 3 Rašović 4 Ranđelović 5 Ćuk 6 D. Pijetlović 7 Vico 8 Aleksić 9 Jakšić 10 Filipović (c) 11 Prlainović 12 S. Mitrović 13 B. Mitrović Head Coach: Savić vteWater polo in SerbiaWater polo Federation of SerbiaNational teamsMen Serbia Women Serbia League competitionsMen Serbian Water Polo League A Women Serbian Water Polo League A for Women Cup competitionsMen Serbian Water Polo Cup Women Serbian Water Polo Cup for Women vte Awards of Olympic Committee of Serbia Sportsman of The Year 1994: Stevan Pletikosić 1995: Aleksandar Đorđević 1996: Vladimir Grbić 1997: Nikola Grbić 1998: Dejan Bodiroga 1999: Nedeljko Jovanović 2000: Vladimir Grbić 2001: Aleksandar Šoštar 2002: Dejan Bodiroga 2003: Milorad Čavić 2004: Aleksandar Šapić 2005: Vladimir Vujasinović 2006: Nikola Stojić 2007: Novak Djokovic 2008: Milorad Čavić 2009: Milorad Čavić 2010: Novak Djokovic 2011: Novak Djokovic 2012: Andrija Prlainović 2013: Novak Djokovic 2014: Novak Djokovic 2015: Novak Djokovic 2016: Filip Filipović 2017: Milenko Zorić & Marko Tomićević 2018: Novak Djokovic 2019: Novak Djokovic 2020: Novak Djokovic 2021: Filip Filipović 2022: Zurabi Datunashvili 2023: Novak Djokovic Sportswoman of The Year 1994: Jasna Šekarić 1995: Jasna Šekarić 1996: Aleksandra Ivošev 1997: Jasna Šekarić 1998: Olivera Jevtić 1999: Olivera Jevtić 2000: Jasna Šekarić 2001: Jelena Dokić 2002: Mara Kovačević 2003: Silvija Erdelji 2004: Jasna Šekarić 2005: Jasna Šekarić 2006: Olivera Jevtić 2007: Jelena Janković 2008: Jelena Janković 2009: Nađa Higl 2010: Zorana Arunović 2011: Jovana Brakočević 2012: Milica Mandić 2013: Ivana Španović 2014: Nikolina Moldovan 2015: Ivana Španović 2016: Tijana Bogdanović 2017: Milica Mandić 2018: Tijana Bošković 2019: Tijana Bošković 2020: Bobana Veličković 2021: Jovana Preković 2022: Ivana Vuleta 2023: Ivana Španović Men's Team of The Year 1995: Basketball team 1996: Basketball team 1997: Basketball team 1998: Basketball team 1999: Handball team 2000: Voleyball team 2001: Water polo team 2002: Basketball team 2003: Water polo team 2004: Water polo team 2005: Water polo team 2006: Water polo team 2007: Water polo team 2008: Water polo team 2009: Water polo team 2010: Voleyball team 2011: Water polo team 2012: Water polo team 2013: Voleyball team 2014: Basketball team 2015: Water polo team 2016: Water polo team 2017: Water polo team 2018: 3x3 basketball team 2019: Voleyball team 2021: Water polo team 2022: 3x3 basketball team 2023: 3x3 basketball team Women's Team of The Year 1995: Shooting team 1996: Karate club "Soko Štark" 1997: Karate club "Knjaz Miloš" 1998: Handball club "Budućnost" 1999: Chess team 2001: Handball team 2005: Junior basketball team 2006: Volleyball team 2007: Volleyball team 2008: Volleyball team 2009: Volleyball team 2010: Volleyball team 2011: Volleyball team 2012: Fed Cup team 2013: Handball team 2015: Basketball team 2016: Volleyball team 2017: Volleyball team 2018: Volleyball team 2019: Volleyball team 2021: Volleyball team 2022: Volleyball team 2023: Volleyball team Team Sport Athlete of The Year 2022: Tijana Bošković 2023: Strahinja Stojačić Young Athlete of The Year 2010: Velimir Stjepanović 2011: Uroš Kovačević 2012: Dušan Mandić 2013: Andrija Šljukić 2014: Nemanja Majdov 2015: Tijana Bogdanović 2016: Nikola Jakšić 2017: Tijana Bošković 2018: Nadica Božanić 2019: Ivana Perović 2020: Matija Dinić 2021: Adriana Vilagoš 2022: Adriana Vilagoš 2023: Angelina Topić Coach of The Year 2009: Dejan Udovičić 2010: Marián Vajda 2011: Marián Vajda 2012: Dragan Jović 2013: Saša Bošković 2014: Dragan Plavšić 2015: Dejan Savić 2016: Dejan Savić 2017: Dragan Jović 2018: Zoran Terzić 2019: Slobodan Kovač 2020: Jasna Šekarić 2021: Dragan Jović 2022: Dragan Jović 2023 Goran Obradović vte National sports teams of Serbia 3x3 basketball F M M U-18 American football Badminton Baseball Basketball F F U-20 F U-19 F U-17 University M M U-20 M U-19 M U-18 M U-17 M U-16 University Beach handball F M Beach soccer Cricket Football F F U-19 F U-17 M M U-21 M U-20 M U-19 M U-17 Futsal Handball F M M-Y Ice hockey M M U-20 M U-18 W Korfball Rugby league Rugby union F F7 M M7 Softball Tennis F M X Volleyball F F U-23 F U-20 F U-18 M M U-21 M U-19 Water polo F M Olympics Paralympics European Games Mediterranean Games Universiade vteMen's national water polo teams of Europe (LEN)Current teams Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Faroe Islands Finland France Georgia Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Israel Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Defunct teams Czechoslovakia East Germany Serbia and Montenegro Soviet Union Yugoslavia Men's water polo tournament winners vteSummer Olympics men's water polo tournament winners 1900:  Great Britain (GBR) 1904:  United States (USA) 1908:  Great Britain (GBR) 1912:  Great Britain (GBR) 1920:  Great Britain (GBR) 1924:  France (FRA) 1928:  Germany (GER) 1932:  Hungary (HUN) 1936:  Hungary (HUN) 1948:  Italy (ITA) 1952:  Hungary (HUN) 1956:  Hungary (HUN) 1960:  Italy (ITA) 1964:  Hungary (HUN) 1968:  Yugoslavia (YUG) 1972:  Soviet Union (URS) 1976:  Hungary (HUN) 1980:  Soviet Union (URS) 1984:  Yugoslavia (YUG) 1988:  Yugoslavia (YUG) 1992:  Italy (ITA) 1996:  Spain (ESP) 2000:  Hungary (HUN) 2004:  Hungary (HUN) 2008:  Hungary (HUN) 2012:  Croatia (CRO) 2016:  Serbia (SRB) 2020:  Serbia (SRB) Note: demonstration sport years indicated in italics vteWorld Aquatics Championships men's water polo tournament winners 1973:  Hungary 1975:  Soviet Union 1978:  Italy 1982:  Soviet Union 1986:  Yugoslavia 1991:  Yugoslavia 1994:  Italy 1998:  Spain 2001:  Spain 2003:  Hungary 2005:  Serbia and Montenegro 2007:  Croatia 2009:  Serbia 2011:  Italy 2013:  Hungary 2015:  Serbia 2017:  Croatia 2019:  Italy 2022:  Spain 2023:  Hungary 2024:  Croatia vteFINA Men's Water Polo World Cup winners 1979:  Hungary 1981:  Soviet Union 1983:  Soviet Union 1985:  West Germany 1987:  Yugoslavia 1989:  Yugoslavia 1991:  United States 1993:  Italy 1995:  Hungary 1997:  United States 1999:  Hungary 2002:  Russia 2006:  Serbia and Montenegro 2010:  Serbia 2014:  Serbia 2018:  Hungary 2023:  Spain vteFINA Men's Water Polo World League winners 2002:  Russia 2003:  Hungary 2004:  Hungary 2005:  Serbia and Montenegro 2006:  Serbia and Montenegro 2007:  Serbia 2008:  Serbia 2009:  Montenegro 2010:  Serbia 2011:  Serbia 2012:  Croatia 2013:  Serbia 2014:  Serbia 2015:  Serbia 2016:  Serbia 2017:  Serbia 2018:  Montenegro 2019:  Serbia 2020–21:  Montenegro 2022:  Italy vteMen's European Water Polo Championship winners 1926:  Hungary 1927:  Hungary 1931:  Hungary 1934:  Hungary 1938:  Hungary 1947:  Italy 1950:  Netherlands 1954:  Hungary 1958:  Hungary 1962:  Hungary 1966:  Soviet Union 1970:  Soviet Union 1974:  Hungary 1977:  Hungary 1981:  West Germany 1983:  Soviet Union 1985:  Soviet Union 1987:  Soviet Union 1989:  West Germany 1991:  Yugoslavia 1993:  Italy 1995:  Italy 1997:  Hungary 1999:  Hungary 2001:  Serbia and Montenegro 2003:  Serbia and Montenegro 2006:  Serbia 2008:  Montenegro 2010:  Croatia 2012:  Serbia 2014:  Serbia 2016:  Serbia 2018:  Serbia 2020:  Hungary 2022:  Croatia 2024:  Spain
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbia women's national water polo team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_women%27s_national_water_polo_team"},{"link_name":"Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia national water polo team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_national_water_polo_team"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waterpolo_Association_of_Serbia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Water Polo Association of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_Polo_Association_of_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RS053-15.jpg"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"water polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo"},{"link_name":"Water Polo Association of Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Water_Polo_Association_of_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5"},{"link_name":"most successful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_water_polo_world_medalists#Men's_water_polo_world_medalists"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This article is about the Serbian men's national water polo team. For the women's team, see Serbia women's national water polo team. For the national team that played under the flag of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, see Yugoslavia national water polo team.Logo of the Water Polo Association of Serbia [sr]2015 world champions on a 2015 Serbian stampThe Serbia men's national water polo team represents Serbia in international water polo competitions and is controlled by the Water Polo Association of Serbia [sr]. They have won gold medals in the Olympics, World and European Championships, World Cup, FINA World League, Mediterranean Games and Universiade, making them one of the most successful men's water polo teams in the world.They are Serbia's most successful national team, having won more titles than all other Serbian national teams combined.[1] In 2016, they became the first team to hold titles in all five existing major championships: European Championship, World Championship, World Cup, World League and Olympic Games simultaneously.[2]","title":"Serbia men's national water polo team"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Competitive record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2022 Mediterranean Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Mediterranean_Games"}],"sub_title":"Medals","text":"Includes matches of Serbia and Montenegro and Serbia.Updated after the 2022 Mediterranean Games","title":"Competitive record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Olympic Games","title":"Competitive record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"World Championship","title":"Competitive record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"World Cup","title":"Competitive record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"World League","title":"Competitive record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"European Championship","title":"Competitive record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Europa Cup","title":"Competitive record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mediterranean Games","title":"Competitive record"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2024 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_2024_World_Aquatics_Championships_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_tournament"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Uroš Stevanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uro%C5%A1_Stevanovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Radoslav Filipović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radoslav_Filipovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dušan Mandić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Mandi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Strahinja Rašović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strahinja_Ra%C5%A1ovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Sava Ranđelović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sava_Ran%C4%91elovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Petar Jakšić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petar_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Đorđe Vučinić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90or%C4%91e_Vu%C4%8Dini%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Radomir Drašović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radomir_Dra%C5%A1ovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nikola Jakšić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Nemanja Vico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nemanja_Vico&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nemanja Ubović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nemanja_Ubovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nikola Lukić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Luki%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Viktor Rašović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Ra%C5%A1ovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Branislav Mitrović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branislav_Mitrovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Đorđe Lazić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90or%C4%91e_Lazi%C4%87_(water_polo)"},{"link_name":"Luka Gladović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luka_Gladovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Current squad","text":"Roster for the 2024 World Championships.[4]Head coach: Uroš Stevanović1 Radoslav Filipović GK\n2 Dušan Mandić FP\n3 Strahinja Rašović FP\n4 Sava Ranđelović FP\n5 Petar Jakšić FP\n6 Đorđe Vučinić FP\n7 Radomir Drašović FP\n8 Nikola Jakšić FP\n9 Nemanja Vico FP\n10 Nemanja Ubović FP\n11 Nikola Lukić FP\n12 Viktor Rašović FP\n13 Branislav Mitrović GK\n14 Đorđe Lazić FP\n15 Luka Gladović FP","title":"Team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nikola Stamenić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Stameni%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Nenad Manojlović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nenad_Manojlovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Petar Porobić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petar_Porobi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Dejan Udovičić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejan_Udovi%C4%8Di%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Dejan Savić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dejan_Savi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Uroš Stevanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uro%C5%A1_Stevanovi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Coaches","text":"1992–1999 Nikola Stamenić\n1999–2004 Nenad Manojlović\n2004–2006 Petar Porobić\n2006–2012 Dejan Udovičić\n2012–2022 Dejan Savić\n2022– present Uroš Stevanović","title":"Team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Serbia and Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"}],"sub_title":"Most appearances and goals","text":"Professional friendly and competitive matches only where Yugoslavia, Serbia and Montenegro and now Serbia were represented.Statistics accurate as of matches played 6 August 2021","title":"Team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Faculty of Organizational Sciences (FON)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Novak Djokovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novak_Djokovic"},{"link_name":"Red Star Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Star_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"incubator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neonatal_intensive_care_unit"}],"text":"On 25 December 2011, Serbia's water polo team was included in a humanitarian action \"Bitka za Bebe\" (\"the Battle for the Babies\") playing an exhibition match with the team of the Faculty of Organizational Sciences (FON), in Belgrade. Before the Serbian water polo team had joined the action, many other athletes were included. Among them was the world number one in tennis at that time, Novak Djokovic, football and basketball players of Red Star Belgrade, and many others. Proceeds from the ticket sales went to fund \"Bitka za Bebe\" and enough money was successfully raised to purchase one incubator.","title":"Philanthropy"}]
[{"image_text":"Logo of the Water Polo Association of Serbia [sr]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Waterpolo_Association_of_Serbia.jpg"},{"image_text":"2015 world champions on a 2015 Serbian stamp","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/RS053-15.jpg/260px-RS053-15.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Serbia men's Olympic water polo team records and statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_men%27s_Olympic_water_polo_team_records_and_statistics"},{"title":"Yugoslavia men's national water polo team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia_men%27s_national_water_polo_team"},{"title":"Serbia and Montenegro men's national water polo team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro_men%27s_national_water_polo_team"},{"title":"List of Olympic champions in men's water polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Olympic_champions_in_men%27s_water_polo"},{"title":"List of men's Olympic water polo tournament records and statistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_men%27s_Olympic_water_polo_tournament_records_and_statistics"},{"title":"List of world champions in men's water polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_world_champions_in_men%27s_water_polo"}]
[{"reference":"\"Vaterpolo Srbija - Serbia Water Polo: Osvojene medalje\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.waterpoloserbia.org/index.php?id=454","url_text":"\"Vaterpolo Srbija - Serbia Water Polo: Osvojene medalje\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rulers of all competitions\". b92.net. Retrieved 1 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.b92.net/sport/rio2016/vaterpolo/vesti.php?yyyy=2016&mm=08&dd=20&nav_id=1167887","url_text":"\"Rulers of all competitions\""}]},{"reference":"\"HistoFINA – Water polo medalists and statistics\" (PDF). fina.org. FINA. September 2019. pp. 4, 14, 25, 40, 48. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://resources.fina.org/fina/document/2021/02/20/232cd7f6-8cd2-4b12-93fd-ec8f785b0726/histofina_wp_2019_final.pdf","url_text":"\"HistoFINA – Water polo medalists and statistics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FINA","url_text":"FINA"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210801030719/https://resources.fina.org/fina/document/2021/02/20/232cd7f6-8cd2-4b12-93fd-ec8f785b0726/histofina_wp_2019_final.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"21st World Aquatics World Championships Men's Water Polo Team Roster SRB\" (PDF). Omega Timing. 5 February 2024. Retrieved 5 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://waterpolo.sportresult.com/pdf/WCH2024/MSRB-R.pdf","url_text":"\"21st World Aquatics World Championships Men's Water Polo Team Roster SRB\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.waterpoloserbia.org/","external_links_name":"waterpoloserbia.org"},{"Link":"https://www.waterpoloserbia.org/index.php?id=454","external_links_name":"\"Vaterpolo Srbija - Serbia Water Polo: Osvojene medalje\""},{"Link":"http://www.b92.net/sport/rio2016/vaterpolo/vesti.php?yyyy=2016&mm=08&dd=20&nav_id=1167887","external_links_name":"\"Rulers of all competitions\""},{"Link":"https://resources.fina.org/fina/document/2021/02/20/232cd7f6-8cd2-4b12-93fd-ec8f785b0726/histofina_wp_2019_final.pdf","external_links_name":"\"HistoFINA – Water polo medalists and statistics\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210801030719/https://resources.fina.org/fina/document/2021/02/20/232cd7f6-8cd2-4b12-93fd-ec8f785b0726/histofina_wp_2019_final.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://waterpolo.sportresult.com/pdf/WCH2024/MSRB-R.pdf","external_links_name":"\"21st World Aquatics World Championships Men's Water Polo Team Roster SRB\""},{"Link":"https://www.waterpoloserbia.org/index.php?id=17","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Mustard_Stewart
Fred Mustard Stewart
["1 Bibliography","2 References","3 External links"]
American novelist (1932–2007) For other people named Fred Stewart, see Fred Stewart (disambiguation). Fred Mustard StewartBorn(1932-09-17)September 17, 1932Anderson, Indiana, United StatesDiedFebruary 7, 2007(2007-02-07) (aged 74)New York City, United StatesOccupationWriterNationalityAmericanGenreFiction, historical fiction, horror fiction, science fictionNotable worksThe Mephisto Waltz, Six Weeks, Century, Ellis Island Fred Mustard Stewart (September 17, 1932 – February 7, 2007) was an American novelist. His most popular books were The Mephisto Waltz (1969), adapted for the 1971 film of the same name starring Alan Alda; Six Weeks (1976), made into a 1982 film starring Mary Tyler Moore; Century, a New York Times best-seller in 1981; and Ellis Island (1983), which became a CBS mini-series in 1984. Stewart attended the Lawrenceville School in New Jersey, class of 1950. He graduated from Princeton University in 1954, where he was a member of the Colonial Club. He originally planned to be a concert pianist, and studied with Eduard Steuermann at the Juilliard School. Bibliography Savage Family Saga The Magnificent Savages (1996): covers 1850s–1860s The Young Savages (1998): covers 1880s–1890s The Naked Savages (1999): covers 1897–1929 The Savages in Love and War (2001): covers 1930–1941 The Mephisto Waltz (1969) The Methuselah Enzyme (1970) Lady Darlington (1971) The Mannings (1973) Star Child (1974) Six Weeks (1976) A Rage Against Heaven (0-670-58910-1, 1978): spans the American Civil War, from 1860 to 1871 Century (1981) Ellis Island (1983) The Glitter and the Gold (1985) The Titan (1985) Pomp and Circumstance (1991) References ^ Memorials, Princeton Alumni Weekly, June 6, 2007. http://www.princeton.edu/paw/archive_new/PAW06-07/14-0606/memorials.html External links New York Times obituary, Feb. 12, 2007 Fred Mustard Stewart at IMDb Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel Finland Belgium United States Japan Czech Republic 2 Australia Greece Netherlands Academics CiNii People Trove Other IdRef This article about a novelist of the United States born in the 1930s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fred Stewart (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Stewart_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"novelist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelist"},{"link_name":"the 1971 film of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mephisto_Waltz"},{"link_name":"Alan Alda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Alda"},{"link_name":"a 1982 film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Weeks"},{"link_name":"Mary Tyler Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Tyler_Moore"},{"link_name":"Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_(1981_book)"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Ellis Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Island_(novel)"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"mini-series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini-series"},{"link_name":"Lawrenceville School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrenceville_School"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Colonial Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Eduard Steuermann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Steuermann"},{"link_name":"Juilliard School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juilliard_School"}],"text":"For other people named Fred Stewart, see Fred Stewart (disambiguation).Fred Mustard Stewart (September 17, 1932 – February 7, 2007) was an American novelist. His most popular books were The Mephisto Waltz (1969), adapted for the 1971 film of the same name starring Alan Alda; Six Weeks (1976), made into a 1982 film starring Mary Tyler Moore; Century, a New York Times best-seller in 1981; and Ellis Island (1983), which became a CBS mini-series in 1984.Stewart attended the Lawrenceville School in New Jersey, class of 1950. He graduated from Princeton University in 1954, where he was a member of the Colonial Club.[1] He originally planned to be a concert pianist, and studied with Eduard Steuermann at the Juilliard School.","title":"Fred Mustard Stewart"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Rage Against Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Rage_Against_Heaven"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Ellis Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Island_(novel)"}],"text":"Savage Family SagaThe Magnificent Savages (1996): covers 1850s–1860s\nThe Young Savages (1998): covers 1880s–1890s\nThe Naked Savages (1999): covers 1897–1929\nThe Savages in Love and War (2001): covers 1930–1941The Mephisto Waltz (1969)\nThe Methuselah Enzyme (1970)\nLady Darlington (1971)\nThe Mannings (1973)\nStar Child (1974)\nSix Weeks (1976)\nA Rage Against Heaven (0-670-58910-1, 1978): spans the American Civil War, from 1860 to 1871\nCentury (1981)\nEllis Island (1983)\nThe Glitter and the Gold (1985)\nThe Titan (1985)\nPomp and Circumstance (1991)","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukar_(2000_film)
Pukar (2000 film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Soundtrack","3.1 Track list","4 Awards","5 References","6 External links"]
2000 Indian filmPukarPosterDirected byRajkumar SantoshiWritten byDialogues:Rajkumar SantoshiAnjum RajabaliK.K. RainaScreenplay byRajkumar SantoshiAnjum RajabaliStory byRajkumar SantoshiProduced bySurinder KapoorBoney KapoorBharat ShahStarringAnil KapoorMadhuri DixitNamrata ShirodkarDanny DenzongpaOm PuriCinematographyAshok MehtaSantosh SivanBaba AzmiChota K. NaiduEdited byRajkumar SantoshiMusic byA. R. RahmanProductioncompanyS K Film EnterprisesDistributed byEros InternationalShemaroo EntertainmentRelease date 4 February 2000 (2000-02-04) Running time165 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageHindiBudget$4.9 million Pukar (lit. 'The Call') is a 2000 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film co-written and directed by Rajkumar Santoshi and Cinematography by Ashok Mehta, Santosh Sivan, Baba Azmi and Chota K. Naidu. It stars Anil Kapoor, Madhuri Dixit, Namrata Shirodkar, Danny Denzongpa, Shivaji Satam and Om Puri. The score and soundtrack were composed by A. R. Rahman. Pukar released on 4 February 2000, and received critical acclaim, but did average business at the box office. At the 48th National Film Awards, Pukar won 2 National Film Awards – Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration and Best Actor (Kapoor). At the 46th Filmfare Awards, Pukar received 2 nominations – Best Actor (Kapoor) and Best Actress (Dixit). Plot Para SF officer Major Jaidev "Jai" Rajvansh and his fellow officer manage to rescue a leading politician as well as capture his kidnapper, Pakistani Terrorist Abhrush. The terrorist has been wanted for years and he is finally captured by the two officers. Jai returns to a joyous welcome and is declared a national hero. His senior offers him to take leave for a week, Jai accepts it and returns to his hometown. There he meets his childhood friend Anjali who has always harboured love for Jai. Anjali wants to make most of Jai's holiday and tries to get close to him and spend time with him as much as she can. At a party, he meets Miss India, Pooja Mallapa. As they spend time together, they begin to fall in love. As Jai's parents are arranging his marriage to Anjali, Jai admits his love for Pooja and that he always thought of Anjali as a close friend. Heartbroken and jealous, Anjali wants revenge for Jai's rejection. Realizing her frustration with Jai, Abhrush takes advantage (via the said "kidnapped" politician who is hand in glove with Abhrush) and together they plot to destroy Jai's reputation and life. Anjali manages to steal confidential documents detailing plans for Abhrush's movement from prison to prison. The following events lead to Jai being court-martialed and declared a traitor to the country. Pooja leaves him due to family pressure. Jai, determined to prove his innocence and redeem himself, decides to pursue Abhrush alone. Ultimately Anjali comes to her senses and realizes her mistake. To atone for it, she single-handedly tries to thwart Abhrush's plans and help Jai prove his innocence. Jai overpowers Abhrush. Finally, Jai expresses his love for Anjali and forgives her and both unite to live happily. Cast Anil Kapoor as Major Jaidev Rajvansh (Jai) Madhuri Dixit as Anjali Sudhir Joshi as Anjali's Father Namrata Shirodkar as Pooja Mallapa Om Puri as Colonel Iqbal Hussain (Commanding Officer of the Unit) Danny Denzongpa as Abhrush (Ruthless Terrorist) Kulbhushan Kharbanda as Major General of the Regiment (Colonel Commandant) Shivaji Satam as Lieutenant Colonel Suraj Dev Rana (2IC of the Unit) Farida Jalal as Gayetri Rajvansh Rohini Hattangadi as Mrs. Mallapa (Pooja's Mother) Girish Karnad as Mr. Rajvansh Govind Namdeo as Mr. Mishra Anjan Srivastav as Tiwari (Mishra's Assistant) Mukesh Rishi as Bakshi (Abhrush's Assistant) Yashpal Sharma as Major Kartar Singh K.D Chandran as General Mallapa (Pooja's Father) Major Ravi Viju Khote as Dayanand Awasthi Neeraj Vora Prabhu Deva as himself in song, "Kay Sera Sera" Lata Mangeshkar as herself in song, "Ek Tu Hi Bharosa" Soundtrack PukarSoundtrack album by A. R. RahmanReleased29 November 1999 (India)RecordedPanchathan Record InnGenreFilm soundtrackLabelVenusProducerA. R. RahmanA. R. Rahman chronology Taj Mahal(1999) Pukar(1999) Alaipayuthey(2000) The music is given by A. R. Rahman, while the lyrics were written by Majrooh Sultanpuri and Javed Akhtar. The song Kay Sera Sera is based on "Kadhal Niagara" from En Swasa Kaatre. Rahman reused the song "Oh Bosnia" as "Ek Tu Hi Bharosa". The song was composed and performed by Rahman in his Malaysian concert in 1996 that was in aid of Bosnian victims. The piano was played by Rahman himself. "Hai Jaana" has two parts within the film version and soundtrack version. The song "Sunta Hai Mera Khuda" was shot at Arches National Park in Utah, United States. The song " Kismat Se Tum Humko Mile Ho" was shot at Mount Marcus Baker in Alaska, United States. Track list No Song Artist(s) Lyrics Length 1 "Kay Sera Sera" Shankar Mahadevan, Kavita Krishnamurthy Javed Akhtar 06:51 2 "Sunta Hai Mera Khuda" Udit Narayan, Kavita Krishnamurthy, Swarnalatha Majrooh Sultanpuri 06:36 3 "Humrahi Jab Ho Mastana" Udit Narayan, Hema Sardesai 04:26 4 "Hai Jaana" (Soundtrack Version) Sujatha Mohan 04:18 5 "Kismat Se Tum" Sonu Nigam, Anuradha Paudwal 06:20 6 "Ek Tu Hi Bharosa" Lata Mangeshkar 06:29 7 "Hai Jaana"(Film Version) Sujatha Mohan Awards 46th Filmfare Awards: Nominated: Best Actor – Anil Kapoor Best Actress – Madhuri Dixit 2nd IIFA Awards: Nominated: Best Actor – Anil Kapoor Best Actress – Madhuri Dixit Best Supporting Actress – Namrata Shirodkar 48th National Film Awards: Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration – Rajkumar Santoshi Best Actor – Anil Kapoor 2001 Screen Awards: Nominated: Best Actor – Anil Kapoor Best Actress – Madhuri Dixit Best Comedian – Rohini Hattangadi Best Female Playback Singer – Kavita Krishnamurthy for "Kay Sera Sera" Best Choreography – Prabhu Deva for "Kay Sera Sera" Won: Best Publicity Design — Himanshu Nanda and Rahul Nanda References ^ Lall, Bhuvan (18 February 2000). "Hindi budget costs take off". Screen International. p. 10. ^ "Rediff on the NeT, Movies: The Pukar review". ^ "Pukar". Sify. Archived from the original on 29 April 2022. ^ "Pukar Review | Pukar Movie Review | Pukar 2000 Public Review | Film Review". Bollywood Hungama. 11 February 2000. ^ "Box office 2000". Archived from the original on 24 December 2006. External links Pukar at IMDb vteFilms directed by Karan MalhotraDirector Agneepath (2012) Brothers (2015) Shamshera (2022) Assistant Director Pukar (2000) Lajja (film) (2001) Tumko Na Bhool Paayenge (2002) Main Hoon Na (2004) Swades (2004) Lakshya (2004) Jaan-E-Mann (2006) Jodhaa Akbar (2008) My Name Is Khan (2010) vteFilms of Rajkumar Santoshi Ghayal (1990) Damini (1993) Andaz Apna Apna (1994) Barsaat (1995) Ghatak: Lethal (1996) China Gate (1998) Pukar (2000) Lajja (2001) The Legend of Bhagat Singh (2002) Khakee (2004) Family - Ties of Blood (2006) Halla Bol (2008) Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani (2009) Phata Poster Nikhla Hero (2013) Bad Boy (2023) vteNational Film Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration1965–1980 Shaheed (1965)  – (1966)  – (1967) Janmabhoomi (1968) Saat Hindustani (1969) Thurakkatha Vathil (1970) Do Boond Pani (1971) Achanum Bappayum (1972) Garm Hava (1973) Parinay (1974)  – (1975)  – (1976)  – (1977) Grahana (1978) 22 June 1897 (1979) Bhavni Bhavai (1980) 1981–2000 Saptapadi (1981) Aaroodam (1982) Sookha (1983) Aadmi Aur Aurat (1984) Sree Narayana Guru (1985)  – (1986) Tamas (1987) Rudraveena (1988) Santha Shishunala Sharifa (1989)  – (1990) Aadi Mimansa (1991) Roja (1992) Sardar (1993) Mukta (1994) Bombay (1995) Kaanaakkinaavu (1996) Border (1997) Zakhm (1998) Shaheed Udham Singh (1999) Pukar (2000) 2001–2020 Bub (2001) Mr. and Mrs. Iyer (2002) Pinjar (2003) Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero (2004) Daivanamathil (2005) Kallarali Hoovagi (2006) Dharm (2007) Aai Kot Nai (2008) Delhi-6 (2009) Moner Manush (2010)  – (2011) Thanichalla Njan (2012) Thalaimuraigal (2013)  – (2014) Nanak Shah Fakir (2015) Dikchow Banat Palaax (2016) Dhappa (2017) Ondalla Eradalla (2018) Taj Mahal (2019) – (2020) 2021–present The Kashmir Files (2021)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"action thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_thriller"},{"link_name":"Rajkumar Santoshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajkumar_Santoshi"},{"link_name":"Ashok Mehta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashok_Mehta"},{"link_name":"Santosh Sivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santosh_Sivan"},{"link_name":"Baba Azmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Azmi"},{"link_name":"Chota K. Naidu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chota_K._Naidu"},{"link_name":"Anil Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Madhuri Dixit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhuri_Dixit"},{"link_name":"Namrata Shirodkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namrata_Shirodkar"},{"link_name":"Danny Denzongpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Denzongpa"},{"link_name":"Shivaji Satam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji_Satam"},{"link_name":"Om Puri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_Puri"},{"link_name":"score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_score"},{"link_name":"soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"A. R. Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._R._Rahman"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"48th National Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/48th_National_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"National Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nargis_Dutt_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film_on_National_Integration"},{"link_name":"Best Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Actor"},{"link_name":"46th Filmfare Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/46th_Filmfare_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Actor"},{"link_name":"Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Actress"}],"text":"2000 Indian filmPukar (lit. 'The Call') is a 2000 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film co-written and directed by Rajkumar Santoshi and Cinematography by Ashok Mehta, Santosh Sivan, Baba Azmi and Chota K. Naidu. It stars Anil Kapoor, Madhuri Dixit, Namrata Shirodkar, Danny Denzongpa, Shivaji Satam and Om Puri. The score and soundtrack were composed by A. R. Rahman.[2][3][4]Pukar released on 4 February 2000, and received critical acclaim, but did average business at the box office.[5]At the 48th National Film Awards, Pukar won 2 National Film Awards – Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration and Best Actor (Kapoor). At the 46th Filmfare Awards, Pukar received 2 nominations – Best Actor (Kapoor) and Best Actress (Dixit).","title":"Pukar (2000 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miss India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femina_Miss_India"}],"text":"Para SF officer Major Jaidev \"Jai\" Rajvansh and his fellow officer manage to rescue a leading politician as well as capture his kidnapper, Pakistani Terrorist Abhrush. The terrorist has been wanted for years and he is finally captured by the two officers. Jai returns to a joyous welcome and is declared a national hero. His senior offers him to take leave for a week, Jai accepts it and returns to his hometown. There he meets his childhood friend Anjali who has always harboured love for Jai. Anjali wants to make most of Jai's holiday and tries to get close to him and spend time with him as much as she can.At a party, he meets Miss India, Pooja Mallapa. As they spend time together, they begin to fall in love. As Jai's parents are arranging his marriage to Anjali, Jai admits his love for Pooja and that he always thought of Anjali as a close friend. Heartbroken and jealous, Anjali wants revenge for Jai's rejection. Realizing her frustration with Jai, Abhrush takes advantage (via the said \"kidnapped\" politician who is hand in glove with Abhrush) and together they plot to destroy Jai's reputation and life.Anjali manages to steal confidential documents detailing plans for Abhrush's movement from prison to prison. The following events lead to Jai being court-martialed and declared a traitor to the country. Pooja leaves him due to family pressure. Jai, determined to prove his innocence and redeem himself, decides to pursue Abhrush alone. Ultimately Anjali comes to her senses and realizes her mistake. To atone for it, she single-handedly tries to thwart Abhrush's plans and help Jai prove his innocence. Jai overpowers Abhrush. Finally, Jai expresses his love for Anjali and forgives her and both unite to live happily.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anil Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(rank)"},{"link_name":"Madhuri Dixit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhuri_Dixit"},{"link_name":"Sudhir Joshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudhir_Joshi"},{"link_name":"Namrata Shirodkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namrata_Shirodkar"},{"link_name":"Om Puri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_Puri"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"Danny Denzongpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Denzongpa"},{"link_name":"Kulbhushan Kharbanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulbhushan_Kharbanda"},{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General"},{"link_name":"Shivaji Satam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivaji_Satam"},{"link_name":"Lieutenant Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_Colonel"},{"link_name":"Farida Jalal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farida_Jalal"},{"link_name":"Rohini Hattangadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohini_Hattangadi"},{"link_name":"Girish Karnad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girish_Karnad"},{"link_name":"Govind Namdeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govind_Namdeo"},{"link_name":"Anjan Srivastav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjan_Srivastav"},{"link_name":"Mukesh Rishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukesh_Rishi"},{"link_name":"Yashpal Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yashpal_Sharma_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(rank)"},{"link_name":"K.D Chandran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K.D_Chandran&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General"},{"link_name":"Major Ravi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Ravi"},{"link_name":"Viju Khote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viju_Khote"},{"link_name":"Neeraj Vora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neeraj_Vora"},{"link_name":"Prabhu Deva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prabhu_Deva"},{"link_name":"Lata Mangeshkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lata_Mangeshkar"}],"text":"Anil Kapoor as Major Jaidev Rajvansh (Jai)\nMadhuri Dixit as Anjali\nSudhir Joshi as Anjali's Father\nNamrata Shirodkar as Pooja Mallapa\nOm Puri as Colonel Iqbal Hussain (Commanding Officer of the Unit)\nDanny Denzongpa as Abhrush (Ruthless Terrorist)\nKulbhushan Kharbanda as Major General of the Regiment (Colonel Commandant)\nShivaji Satam as Lieutenant Colonel Suraj Dev Rana (2IC of the Unit)\nFarida Jalal as Gayetri Rajvansh\nRohini Hattangadi as Mrs. Mallapa (Pooja's Mother)\nGirish Karnad as Mr. Rajvansh\nGovind Namdeo as Mr. Mishra\nAnjan Srivastav as Tiwari (Mishra's Assistant)\nMukesh Rishi as Bakshi (Abhrush's Assistant)\nYashpal Sharma as Major Kartar Singh\nK.D Chandran as General Mallapa (Pooja's Father)\nMajor Ravi\nViju Khote as Dayanand Awasthi\nNeeraj Vora\nPrabhu Deva as himself in song, \"Kay Sera Sera\"\nLata Mangeshkar as herself in song, \"Ek Tu Hi Bharosa\"","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A. R. Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._R._Rahman"},{"link_name":"Majrooh Sultanpuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majrooh_Sultanpuri"},{"link_name":"Javed Akhtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javed_Akhtar"},{"link_name":"En Swasa Kaatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_Swasa_Kaatre"},{"link_name":"Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._R._Rahman"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Malaysian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Bosnian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnians"},{"link_name":"piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano"},{"link_name":"Arches National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arches_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"Mount Marcus Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Marcus_Baker"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"}],"text":"The music is given by A. R. Rahman, while the lyrics were written by Majrooh Sultanpuri and Javed Akhtar. The song Kay Sera Sera is based on \"Kadhal Niagara\" from En Swasa Kaatre. Rahman reused the song \"Oh Bosnia\" as \"Ek Tu Hi Bharosa\"[citation needed]. The song was composed and performed by Rahman in his Malaysian concert in 1996 that was in aid of Bosnian victims. The piano was played by Rahman himself. \"Hai Jaana\" has two parts within the film version and soundtrack version. The song \"Sunta Hai Mera Khuda\" was shot at Arches National Park in Utah, United States. The song \" Kismat Se Tum Humko Mile Ho\" was shot at Mount Marcus Baker in Alaska, United States.","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Track list","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorebunglow
Jorebungalow
["1 Geography","1.1 Location","1.2 Area overview","2 Civic Administration","2.1 Police station","3 Demographics","4 Economy","5 References"]
Coordinates: 27°00′44″N 88°15′31″E / 27.0122°N 88.2585°E / 27.0122; 88.2585 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Jorebungalow" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Village in West Bengal, IndiaJorebungalowVillageJorebungalowLocation in West Bengal, IndiaShow map of West BengalJorebungalowJorebungalow (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 27°00′44″N 88°15′31″E / 27.0122°N 88.2585°E / 27.0122; 88.2585Country IndiaStateWest BengalDistrictDrjeelingPopulation (2011) • Total703Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN734201Lok Sabha constituencyDarjeelingVidhan Sabha constituencyDarjeelingWebsitedarjeeling.gov.in Jorebungalow (also spelt Jorebunglow) is a village in the Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri CD block in the Darjeeling Sadar subdivision of the Darjeeling district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Geography 8km5milesNEP A L Mariabong TGR River Mechi Balason River Thurbo TETEV Pussimbing TETE Phuguri TET Okayti TETE Gopaldhara TETE Avongrove TETE SoureniR Singbulli TGR PanighattaR Nagri Farm TGR Tumsong TGR Sungma TGR Poobong TGR PokhriabongR JorebungalowR Dhajea TGR Chamong TGR MirikM SukhiapokhriCT SonadaCT Mangarjung TGCT Rongmook Ceder TGCT  Places and tea estates in the southern portion of Darjeeling Sadar subdivision (including Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri CD block), and Mirik Subdivision in Darjeeling districtCT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, NP: national park/ wildlife sanctuary, TE: tea estateAbbreviations used in names – TG for Tea Garden (town/village), TE for Tea EstateOwing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly Location Jorebungalow is located at 27°00′44″N 88°15′31″E / 27.0122°N 88.2585°E / 27.0122; 88.2585. Area overview The map alongside shows a part of the southern portion of the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region in the Darjeeling district. In the Darjeeling Sadar subdivision 61.00% of the total population lives in the rural areas and 39.00% of the population lives in the urban areas. In the Mirik subdivision 80.11% of the total population lives in rural areas and 19.89% lives in urban areas. There are 78 tea gardens/ estates (the figure varies slightly according to different sources), in the district, producing and largely exporting Darjeeling tea. It engages a large proportion of the population directly/ indirectly. Some tea gardens were identified in the 2011 census as census towns or villages. Such places are marked in the map as CT (census town) or R (rural/ urban centre). Specific tea estate pages are marked TE. Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map. Civic Administration Police station Jorebungalow police station has jurisdiction over the Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri CD block. Demographics According to the 2011 Census of India, Jorebungalow had a total population of 2,854 of which 1,368 (48%) were males and 1,486 (52%) were females. There were 267 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Jorebungalow was 2,332 (8171% of the population over 6 years). Economy This tiny hamlet was one of the most important trading points during the British rule. For most of the tea gardens in the neighbouring areas like Glenbourne, Teesta Valley, etc., Jorebungalow was the storage point for tea leaves to be transported to Calcutta and beyond and to bring back rations and items of daily needs. References ^ "Darjeeling". District Profile - General Information. District administration. Retrieved 21 March 2020. ^ "District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling". Tables 2.2, 2.4b. Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 21 March 2020. ^ "Darjeeling Tea". District administration. Archived from the original on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2020. ^ "2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables". West Bengal – District-wise. Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 21 March 2020. ^ "District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling". Tables 2.1, 2.2. Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 22 February 2020. ^ "District Profile - Darjeeling". District administration. Archived from the original on 17 August 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2020. ^ "2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables". West Bengal – District-wise. Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 22 February 2020. vteCities, towns and locations in Darjeeling DistrictCities, municipal and census townsDarjeeling Sadar subdivision Badamtam Tea Garden Chongtong Tea Garden Darjeeling Ging Tea Garden Mangarjung Tea Garden (Nagri) Rongmook Ceder Tea Garden Singtam Tea Garden Sonada Sukhiapokhri Kurseong subdivision Cart Road Kurseong Mirik subdivision Mirik Siliguri subdivision Bara Mohansingh Bairatisal Bhimram Dakshin Bagdogra Dumriguri Geni Jitu Kalkut Kharibari Lalman Mathapari Shyamdhan Siliguri Tari Uttar Bagdogra Locationsother than cities and townsDarjeeling Sadar subdivision Bijanbari Chamong Tea Garden Dhajea Tea Garden Ghum Jorebungalow Lebong & Mineral Spring Tea Garden Lodhoma Manebhanjyang Mariabong Tea Garden Nagri Farm Tea Garden Orange Valley Tea Garden Peshok Tea Garden Pokhriabong Poobong Tea Garden Pattabong Tea Garden Rangli Rangliot Rimbick Rishihat Tea Garden Sandakphu Singla Tea Garden Soom Tea Garden Sungma Tea Garden Takdah Teesta Valley Tea Garden Tonglu Tumsong Tea Garden Tukvar Tea Garden Kurseong subdivision Ambootia Giddapahar Gayabari Longview Tea Garden Mangpu Monteviot Tea Garden Rohini Tea Garden Simulbari Tea Garden Sittong Sukna Tindharia Mirik subdivision Panighatta Singbulli Tea Garden Soureni Siliguri subdivision Bagdogra Batasi Bengdubi Matigarahat Mohorgon Tea Garden Naxalbari Panitanki Phansidewa Tea estates Arya Tea Estate Avongrove Tea Estate Badamtam Tea Estate Balasun Tea Estate Castleton Tea Estate Glenburn Tea Estate Gopaldhara Tea Estate Goomtee Tea Estate Happy Valley Tea Estate Jungpana Tea Estate Lopchu Tea Estate Makaibari Tea Estate Margaret's Hope Tea Estate North Tukvar Tea Estate Okayti Tea Estate Phoobsering Tea Estate Phuguri Tea Estate Pussimbing Tea Estate Puttabong Tea Estate Thurbo Tea Estate See also Darjeeling related topics Bagdogra Airport People from Darjeeling district Villages in Darjeeling district India portal This article about a location in the Darjeeling district of West Bengal is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorebunglow_Sukhiapokhri_(community_development_block)"},{"link_name":"CD block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_development_blocks_in_India"},{"link_name":"Darjeeling Sadar subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Sadar_subdivision"},{"link_name":"Darjeeling district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_district"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"}],"text":"Village in West Bengal, IndiaJorebungalow (also spelt Jorebunglow) is a village in the Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri CD block in the Darjeeling Sadar subdivision of the Darjeeling district in the Indian state of West Bengal.","title":"Jorebungalow"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/10/26.9/88.23333/en"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.openstreetmap.org/copyright"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariabong_Tea_Garden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurbo_Tea_Estate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pussimbing_Tea_Estate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phuguri_Tea_Estate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okayti_Tea_Estate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopaldhara_Tea_Estate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avongrove_Tea_Estate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soureni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singbulli_Tea_Garden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panighatta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagri_Farm_Tea_Garden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumsong_Tea_Garden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungma_Tea_Garden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poobong_Tea_Garden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokhriabong"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhajea_Tea_Garden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamong_Tea_Garden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirik"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhiapokhri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangarjung_Tea_Garden_(Nagri)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongmook_Ceder_Tea_Garden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/11/26.9/88.23333/en"}],"text":"8km5milesNEP\nA\nL\nMariabong TGR\nRiver\nMechi\nBalason River\nThurbo TETEV\nPussimbing TETE\nPhuguri TET\nOkayti TETE\nGopaldhara TETE\nAvongrove TETE\nSoureniR\nSingbulli TGR\nPanighattaR\nNagri Farm TGR\nTumsong TGR\nSungma TGR\nPoobong TGR\nPokhriabongR\nJorebungalowR\nDhajea TGR\nChamong TGR\nMirikM\nSukhiapokhriCT\nSonadaCT\n\nMangarjung TGCT\n\nRongmook Ceder TGCT  Places and tea estates in the southern portion of Darjeeling Sadar subdivision (including Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri CD block), and Mirik Subdivision in Darjeeling districtCT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, NP: national park/ wildlife sanctuary, TE: tea estateAbbreviations used in names – TG for Tea Garden (town/village), TE for Tea EstateOwing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"27°00′44″N 88°15′31″E / 27.0122°N 88.2585°E / 27.0122; 88.2585","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jorebungalow&params=27.0122_N_88.2585_E_"}],"sub_title":"Location","text":"Jorebungalow is located at 27°00′44″N 88°15′31″E / 27.0122°N 88.2585°E / 27.0122; 88.2585.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darjeeling Himalayan hill region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_hill_region"},{"link_name":"Darjeeling Sadar subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_Sadar_subdivision"},{"link_name":"Mirik subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirik_subdivision"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-admin-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-handbook-2"},{"link_name":"Darjeeling tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darjeeling_tea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"census towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_town"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Area overview","text":"The map alongside shows a part of the southern portion of the Darjeeling Himalayan hill region in the Darjeeling district. In the Darjeeling Sadar subdivision 61.00% of the total population lives in the rural areas and 39.00% of the population lives in the urban areas. In the Mirik subdivision 80.11% of the total population lives in rural areas and 19.89% lives in urban areas.[1][2] There are 78 tea gardens/ estates (the figure varies slightly according to different sources), in the district, producing and largely exporting Darjeeling tea. It engages a large proportion of the population directly/ indirectly.[3] Some tea gardens were identified in the 2011 census as census towns or villages.[4] Such places are marked in the map as CT (census town) or R (rural/ urban centre). Specific tea estate pages are marked TE.Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Civic Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorebunglow_Sukhiapokhri_(community_development_block)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Police station","text":"Jorebungalow police station has jurisdiction over the Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri CD block.[5][6]","title":"Civic Administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 Census of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Census_of_India"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"According to the 2011 Census of India, Jorebungalow had a total population of 2,854 of which 1,368 (48%) were males and 1,486 (52%) were females. There were 267 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Jorebungalow was 2,332 (8171% of the population over 6 years).[7]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta"}],"text":"This tiny hamlet was one of the most important trading points during the British rule. For most of the tea gardens in the neighbouring areas like Glenbourne, Teesta Valley, etc., Jorebungalow was the storage point for tea leaves to be transported to Calcutta and beyond and to bring back rations and items of daily needs.","title":"Economy"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Darjeeling\". District Profile - General Information. District administration. Retrieved 21 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://darjeeling.gov.in/dist-prof.html","url_text":"\"Darjeeling\""}]},{"reference":"\"District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling\". Tables 2.2, 2.4b. Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 21 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook","url_text":"\"District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling\""}]},{"reference":"\"Darjeeling Tea\". District administration. Archived from the original on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190911133459/http://www.darjeeling.gov.in/darj-tea.html","url_text":"\"Darjeeling Tea\""},{"url":"http://www.darjeeling.gov.in/darj-tea.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables\". West Bengal – District-wise. Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 21 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html","url_text":"\"2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables\""}]},{"reference":"\"District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling\". Tables 2.1, 2.2. Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 22 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook","url_text":"\"District Statistical Handbook 2013 Darjeeling\""}]},{"reference":"\"District Profile - Darjeeling\". District administration. Archived from the original on 17 August 2015. Retrieved 22 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150817064946/http://darjeeling.gov.in/dist-prof.html","url_text":"\"District Profile - Darjeeling\""},{"url":"http://www.darjeeling.gov.in/dist-prof.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables\". West Bengal – District-wise. Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 22 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/pcadata/Houselisting-housing-WB.html","url_text":"\"2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverly_Potts
Disappearance of Beverly Potts
["1 Background","1.1 Personality","2 August 24, 1951","2.1 Showagon performances","2.2 Halloran Park","3 Final sightings","4 Disappearance","4.1 Investigation","4.2 Media coverage","5 Theories","5.1 Potential investigative flaw","6 Family statement","7 Later developments","7.1 1950s","7.2 1970s and later","8 Suspects","8.1 William Ross Slates","8.2 Frank Dale Davis","8.3 Harvey Lee Rush","8.4 William Henry Redmond","8.5 Maple Heights Child Molester","9 Aftermath","10 Media","10.1 Bibliography","10.2 Television","11 See also","12 Notes","13 References","14 Further reading","15 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°27′22″N 81°45′23″W / 41.45624°N 81.75647°W / 41.45624; -81.75647Unsolved 1951 disappearance in the United States Beverly PottsPotts, c. 1951BornBeverly Rose Potts(1941-04-15)April 15, 1941Cleveland, OhioDisappearedAugust 24, 1951 (aged 10)Cleveland, Ohio41°27′22″N 81°45′23″W / 41.45624°N 81.75647°W / 41.45624; -81.75647StatusMissing for 72 years, 9 months and 22 daysKnown forMissing personHeight4 ft 11 in (1.50 m) (approximate)ParentsRobert PottsElizabeth Potts (née Treuer)FamilyAnita Lois Potts (sister)Distinguishing featuresCaucasian female. 90 pounds. Blonde hair, blue eyes. Small, round scar on upper left arm; small scar above left eyebrow. Kidney-shaped birthmark upon rear of left foot. Beverly Rose Potts (April 15, 1941 – disappeared August 24, 1951) was a ten-year-old American girl who disappeared while walking home from a neighborhood festival event held in a park less than a quarter of a mile from her Cleveland, Ohio home. Despite intense publicity and repeated, exhaustive efforts to locate the girl, both at the time of her disappearance and in more recent decades, no trace of Potts or definitive leads as to the circumstances surrounding her disappearance have ever materialized. Foul play is strongly suspected, although no definitive suspect has ever been identified. The disappearance of Beverly Potts implemented the largest manhunt to locate a missing person in the history of Cleveland at the time. The case itself is regarded as one of the most infamous missing persons and cold cases in Ohio and has been described by one author as "one of the most haunting and heartbreaking mysteries" in the history of Cleveland. Background Beverly Potts was the younger of two daughters born to Robert and Elizabeth (née Treuer) Potts. The family resided in a modest home in a middle-class neighborhood in Cleveland, Ohio, which her father had purchased in 1927. Her father worked long and irregular hours as a stagehand at the Allen Theater in downtown Cleveland, whereas her mother was a homemaker. Her older sister, 22-year-old Anita, worked as a clerk at the National Cash Register Company. Potts' father was of English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry, whereas her mother was of Hungarian ancestry. Potts, c. 1946 Personality Potts was a quiet, responsible, obedient child who was close to her parents and only sister and who enjoyed music and dancing. She was tall for her age, and affectionately nicknamed "Rosebud" by her mother. According to some accounts, by 1951 she appeared one or two years older than her ten years, although she still enjoyed playing with childhood toys such as dolls. She attended Louis Agassiz Elementary School, where she was regarded as an attentive and popular student who typically achieved B grades. Although Potts was generally shy but friendly, her best friend, 11-year-old Patricia "Patsy" Swing, would remark the child was loath to be the recipient of prolonged or cruel jokes and could lose her temper on occasion. Nonetheless, she was described by many who knew her as markedly timid and taciturn when in the company of individuals she did not know—particularly adolescent or adult males outside of her immediate family. This wariness extended to male family members of her close friends, including Swing's own father. Shortly after her tenth birthday in April 1951, Potts began asking her mother to allow her to change her hairstyle from the distinctive foot-long blonde pigtails she had typically worn since her childhood to a fashionable banged and bobbed hairstyle popular with girls at the time. Although her mother initially refused, she relented in June 1951 and allowed her daughter to have her hair cut short. Elizabeth retained her daughter's pigtails and ribbons in crepe paper. Throughout her entire childhood, Potts' parents insisted she always observe a strict curfew, and they would ground her if she did not return home by the agreed time. On one day in mid-August 1951, Potts and a cousin, Amber Lathan, arrived home slightly later than agreed. In response, Potts' mother forbade her daughter from attending an upcoming annual performing show to be held at nearby Halloran Park on August 24. However, as one of her daughter's greatest interests was the performing arts and Potts had been thrilled at the prospect of viewing the performance, her mother agreed to let her attend this performance event on the afternoon in question in return for a promise she would immediately return home. Potts, photographed in Hudson, Ohio, on August 19, 1951, five days prior to her disappearance August 24, 1951 Showagon performances On the afternoon of August 24, Potts ate supper with her family, then assisted her mother with cleaning the dishes, for which the child was paid a nickel. By agreement, she and her best friend and neighbor, Patricia Swing then rode to West Cleveland's Halloran Park to attend the annual summer city-sponsored children's performance event, scheduled to commence at eight o'clock. This location was less than a quarter of a mile from the Potts' Linnet Avenue household and an estimated three-minute walk from her home. The two rode to the park together on their bicycles, leaving the Potts household at around 6:55 p.m. Potts was dressed in a reddish-pink turtleneck shirt, blue denim jeans, a navy blue jacket, and brown Kerrybrooke shoes. The performance in question at Halloran Park on that date was the Showagon; an annual jamboree-like event jointly sponsored by the City Recreation Department and the Cleveland Press predominantly showcasing the talents of local youngsters with acts including singers, dancing troupes, amateur magicians, and acrobatics who performed upon a long flatbed truck converted into a stage. Potts and Swing are believed to have arrived at the park at approximately 6:58 p.m. Halloran Park Halloran Park was the only large playground close to Potts' home. The 11.5 acre park had opened to the public in 1945, and was a popular recreational location for local children, young couples and families. Attending the park unsupervised in the late afternoon was a rare instance for neighborhood children, as locals generally considered the park unsafe for children after dark, when large trees dimmed the surrounding streetlights and visibility was thus limited. The park was also frequented by the local vagrant population. According to Swing, beyond exchanging brief greetings with two thirteen-year-old girls whom both knew at Halloran Park, neither conversed with any individual during their time together at this location, although the sheer size of the crowd made navigating upon their bicycles awkward for both. At 8:10 p.m., deciding it would be easier to maneuver on foot through the increasingly large crowds in attendance, the two returned to their homes to drop off their bikes, arriving back at the park sometime before 8:30 p.m. At approximately 8:45 p.m., Swing, who had promised her parents to be home before dark, turned toward her friend and suggested the two return home "before dark"; Potts—enthralled by the performances—refused, saying that she had been given permission to stay for the entirety of the show, which was not scheduled to end until after 9 p.m. Swing left the park and returned to her home, arriving at approximately 8:50 p.m. She later informed investigators she had last seen Potts in the crowd, avidly watching an onstage dancing performance. Final sightings By 9:30 p.m., the performance event had ended and the estimated 1,500 people at the park had begun returning home. At this time, a 13-year-old boy named Fred Krause saw a girl he believed to be Potts walking diagonally across the park in a northeasterly direction, about 150 yards from the corner of Linnet Avenue and West 117th Street. (This would have been the quickest route for Potts' to take to her home, which would then only be two or three minutes' walk away from the park.) The girl was walking on the grass just to the right of the walkway as Krause cycled past on his bicycle. Krause lived on the same street as Potts and knew the girl reasonably well via delivering the Cleveland Press to her home on his paper route. Although his visibility was limited due to the onset of darkness and the fact Linnet Avenue had only four streetlights—each partly obscured by maple and chestnut trees which lined the street in spring and summer—Krause recognized Potts by the distinctive way she walked with her toes pointed at outward angles; a characteristic he and other neighborhood children had termed duck-like. Krause simply sounded his horn as he sped past the girl. Other witnesses informed investigators they had seen a girl resembling Potts walking near a stationary, "battered" and crudely painted black 1937 or '38 Dodge coupé with a "smoking, noisy muffler" and recently repaired fenders on West 117th Street, apparently speaking to two young men inside the vehicle. These various eyewitnesses placed this encounter anywhere between 8:30 and 9:30 p.m., although none of these individuals had seen the girl entering the car. One of the final potential sightings of Potts occurred at approximately 9:45 p.m. close to the intersection of West 110th Street and Baltic Avenue. This sighting was reported by an unidentified woman who informed investigators she had observed a dark colored 1948 coupe, driven by a man she estimated to be in his forties, speeding north on Baltic Avenue with an obviously distressed child upon the back seat with her hands bound behind her back, thrashing and repeatedly shouting "I want to get out!" Disappearance When Potts had not returned home by 10 p.m., her family phoned the Swing residence, only to be informed their daughter had returned home alone almost an hour previous and that Potts had remained alone at the park. Her father and sister immediately began to search the area; their search began by retracing the environs of the route Beverly had taken to Halloran Park, then a search of the park itself. The family search then expanded to encompass nearby streets and locations the child may have been before the two returned home. Her sister then fruitlessly phoned the homes of Beverly's friends before the family visited the nearby homes of other close friends who did not have a telephone. On each occasion, they learned their child was not at any of these residences. Approximately one hour later, at 10:57 p.m., having found no sign of their daughter and sister, the distraught family contacted the police to report Beverly missing. The first officers to arrive at the Potts household would do so shortly after midnight. A routine inspection of the property revealed the child was not hiding at the home, that her bicycle was still in the family garage, and that she had not taken any clothing beyond those she had worn when leaving her home. Furthermore, her piggy bank still contained all her savings, including the nickel she had earned the previous evening. Police artist sketch of Potts, depicting the clothing she wore at the time of her disappearance Investigation Police immediately launched an intense effort to locate Potts; their efforts began by searching the local vicinity and questioning friends, acquaintances, and individuals known to have been at Halloran Park. By daylight on August 25, a large-scale, statewide manhunt to locate the child was implemented, and numerous suspects were detained and interrogated over the following weeks. The individuals to assume overall charge of the investigation were Detective Chief James McArthur—appointed to head the investigation on the morning of August 25—and, later, officer David Kerr. McArthur assigned 45 officers full-time to search for the child. Their physical searches were bolstered by numerous auxiliary police and civilian volunteers. Potts' family members were soon cleared as suspects as investigators rapidly determined that her home life had been stable and by all accounts happy, and there appeared to be no reason for her to have run away. Furthermore, all three agreed to undergo—and passed—polygraph tests. Investigators also learned from Potts' mother that on August 24, her daughter was eagerly anticipating a family trip to Euclid Beach Park, which the family had been scheduled to embark upon the morning after her disappearance. With assistance from over 1,000 volunteers, police implemented a large-scale search for the child. The search included door-to-door canvassing of nearby neighborhoods, tracing suspicious cars, searching nearby vacant lots, sewers, and wasteland, and the usage of two Civil Air Patrol planes to survey open railway cars and other potential areas of interest as far afield as Edgewater Park and reservations alongside the Rocky River. Creeks and swimming pools were also dragged, divers also searched Lake Erie, and members of the public outside the designated search radius were encouraged to search vacant lots and empty buildings. All these avenues of investigation failed to yield results. An off duty Cleveland Police patrolman at Halloran Park, George Vorell, informed police he had observed two young men aged between seventeen and twenty openly leering at young girls watching the Showagon performances. These two individuals had walked behind the stage and out of Vorell's sight shortly before the conclusion of the performances. Another individual to report lewd behavior at the park was a classmate of Potts, Patricia Nagg, who informed police a young man had repeatedly thrust his hips back and forth in a manner simulating intercourse as he had stared at her. These three individuals were never traced. On August 29, the Cleveland News reported police had arrested a strong suspect in the case: William Slates. Slates was a 25-year-old, unemployed former serviceman who lived with his widowed mother on West 116th Street. He had previously been arrested in 1949 for making sexual advances toward an eight-year-old girl in a local movie theater. As such, he was known to police and locals alike for his unhealthy interest in underage girls. Slates's name was given to authorities by a neighbor who reported he had abruptly boarded up his home the day after Potts' disappearance and left the neighborhood, having first borrowed a friend's car. A police search of his home revealed a loaded .25 caliber in a bureau drawer. He was quickly traced to a hotel in Columbus and returned to Cleveland. Although two of Slates's friends gave conflicting accounts of his movements on the evening of Potts' disappearance and a polygraph test indicated deception when Slates was questioned about the child, he was released from custody when his 17-year-old girlfriend provided an alibi in which she claimed Slates had been "making out" with her in a car at Edgewater Park on the evening in question. Media coverage Media interest in the child's disappearance was intense. All three statewide television stations and all editorials devoted intense publicity to Potts' disappearance and the ongoing ordeal of her family, who granted several interviews in which they stated their belief their daughter had been abducted and was being held against her will, emphasizing in one interview: "She's being held by someone. Beverly is too shy to go along willingly; she was so shy nothing could have enticed her to go with anyone ... she'd been earnestly warned about talking with strange persons." Most news broadcasts and newspaper articles were accompanied by images of Potts, a description of the child and her clothing, the circumstances surrounding her disappearance, updates regarding the investigation and—by the Tuesday following her disappearance—a police artist's sketch of the child wearing the clothing she wore on the evening of her disappearance. All media broadcasts and literature were accompanied by public appeals for information, with investigators regularly providing updates as to the progress of their investigation. By the week following Potts' abduction, numerous potential suspects had been eliminated from the inquiry. The FBI had also distributed 22,000 circulars nationwide, and a $1,500 reward (equivalent to $17,608 in 2023) had also been offered by her father's labor union, AFL-Stagehands, for any information successfully leading to the whereabouts of his daughter and the identity of her kidnapper(s). As a result of police and media appeals, investigators assigned to the case received several thousands of telephone tips—some obvious hoaxes; others considered worthy of investigation. All credible tips were pursued; however, all failed to bear fruition. Theories In the days following Potts' disappearance, investigators considered two scenarios the most likely for the child's absence: She had either been abducted for ransom, or to be subjected to a sexual assault. All mail to the Potts household was intercepted and screened for ransom demands or distasteful hoaxes before a detective brought the mail to the household; however, no ransom note was received in the days or weeks following Potts' disappearance. As such, the likelihood the child had been kidnapped for ransom was soon discounted. Investigators strongly suspected that the actual motive behind the child's abduction was therefore sexual; that the perpetrator(s) was most likely a local individual known—at least by sight—to Potts; and that the child had almost certainly been either forced into a car, or lured into a home close to Halloran Park. Three months prior to Potts' disappearance, in May 1951, a five-year-old Lakewood girl named Gail Ann Michel had been abducted from a local department store. The child was found abandoned, but unharmed, eighteen hours later. The same month, two underage girls had been sexually assaulted in Halloran Park, and just weeks prior to Potts' disappearance, three local women had been sexually assaulted in locations close to the Potts household. On August 26, all known sex offenders—with or without a predilection for children—residing in Cleveland's West Side were also questioned with regards to their whereabouts on the date of Potts' disappearance; all 65 individuals were eliminated from the inquiry. Potts was known to be markedly shy, especially around men. She was also cautious of any strangers—male or female. Many senior investigators theorized the child had likely been enticed into a nearby house or car on her way home by someone she knew, perhaps with the promise of a babysitting job or a request to run an errand, with the abduction itself most likely occurring upon a moment of opportunism. This theory was considered particularly likely to Inspector James McArthur, who declared to reporters on August 29: " lived in a happy home and had no desire to run away. I think she was taken away in an automobile by a person or persons she knew well enough to talk to. Every bit of evidence in this case; every report and every conversation leads to the conclusion that Beverly absolutely would not have gone anywhere with a stranger." Potential investigative flaw One theory pursued in the months and, particularly, years following Potts' disappearance was that the child had been killed by a neighbor and her body buried within or upon the grounds of one of the properties either on or near to Linnet Avenue which the child had passed as she returned home from Halloran Park. The fact that house-to-house searches of all homes upon and close to the street where Potts had lived were not conducted until September 14—and then only in instances in which owners gave police their consent—has been viewed by more recent investigators as a major flaw in the original investigation, which had viewed such an invasion of homeowners' privacy without any hard evidence or strong suspicion as unorthodox. Family statement One week after the disappearance of their daughter and sister, the Potts family issued a public appeal to her abductor(s), stating they accepted the likelihood Beverly was no longer alive and pleading for the return of her body in order that the child could receive a decent Christian burial, stating: "We have finally come to the realization we will never see our Beverly alive again. We urge whoever did this terrible thing to write or telephone to us, or the police, the location of Beverly's body so that we can reclaim and give her a decent Christian burial." Beverly Potts (center), pictured with her parents and sister at Christmas 1947 Potts' abductor(s) failed to respond to this appeal. Later developments 1950s On September 4, 1951, a warehouse worker named Henry Palmer observed a human-shaped, cloth-wrapped form measuring approximately 5 feet (1.5 m) floating in the Cuyahoga River current behind the building where he worked. Palmer observed what he believed to be human hands and feet protruding from the edges of this bundle; his observations were corroborated by a Mrs. Ada Skrovan, who also observed a similarly-wrapped package—which she remained adamant had been bound with rope—in the vicinity. Both individuals separately informed police of their sightings. Although the river bed was dragged, the bundle sighted by both was never located. By mid-September, press attention to Potts' disappearance began to decrease, although all developments in the case continued to be publicized. The number of officers assigned full-time to the search for Potts began to gradually decrease in 1952. Nonetheless, the case remained active, with investigators remaining determined to locate the child or her body. By the following year, Inspector McArthur publicly remarked there was virtually no hope of locating the child alive, although he continued to search for the child until his retirement in 1957. The police card filing system implemented to cross-check information relating to Potts' disappearance had expanded to contain 2,800 entries relating to potential public sightings, suspects, and tips by April 1952. Over 1,200 of these records detailed potential suspects—some of whom resided in states as afar as Washington. Each had been questioned and eliminated. Over 500 vehicles either sighted in the vicinity of Potts' abduction or linked to potential suspects had also been traced and their owner's alibi verified. In 1954, police arrested a middle-aged man, a 20-year-old woman, and a 24-year-old man on charges of peddling pornographic photographs. One individual depicted in the cache of seized images was a prepubescent girl bearing a resemblance to Potts. Although the individuals insisted the child was not Potts, her parents initially believed otherwise, before changing their minds. 1970s and later A anonymous tip to authorities from an unnamed Chardon woman who claimed to have known Potts as a child was received in early 1973. This individual claimed her friend's body was buried in the "grease pit" of a former auto repair shop, leading to an April 1973 search of what had once been the inspection pit of an auto body shop on West 52nd Street; however, this search proved negative. In 1980, two retired Cleveland police detectives, James Fuerst and Robert Shankland, revealed that in 1974 they had received a tip from a local attorney with a client whose brother had supposedly confessed to abducting Potts. The detectives subsequently found and questioned the brother, who, they said, had readily admitted to having lived near Halloran Park in 1951 and making a habit of picking up and molesting young girls there. The man did not remember abducting Potts in particular, but said he had "flashes" of memory involving a girl named Beverly. Fuerst and Shankland were convinced the man was guilty, but the county prosecutors' office refused to pursue the case, citing a lack of evidence. In February 1994, a couple renovating a house on Midvale Avenue, Cleveland, discovered several pieces of yellowing notebook paper alongside a man's shirt beneath old carpeting upon the stairs. The author of this note, Anna Haynik, recorded in detail what she insisted were the "true facts" surrounding the abduction and murder of Beverly Potts, which she insisted had been committed by her husband, Steve (aged 40 at the time of the crime). Haynik further alleged her husband was the Potts' milkman. According to the author, her husband had previously raped Potts' mother and was therefore likely Beverly's biological father; Potts herself had died of an accidental drug overdose before her husband had dismembered the child's body. The note further alleged Haynik had caught her husband in the act of incinerating her remains in the basement furnace. Upon being traced and questioned by police, Haynik (then aged 83) admitted penning and concealing the notes, but insisted all the allegations were false; she had written and hidden the letter in 1953 solely as a revenge fantasy against her abusive husband. Furthermore, by the time of his death in 1981, she had completely forgotten about the document. Beginning in July 2000, a series of handwritten letters were sent to the editorial offices of the Cleveland Plain Dealer, purporting to be from an elderly man who claimed that as he was terminally ill and "in the twilight of life", he wished to confess to molesting and murdering Potts before his death. According to the author, Potts' murder was unplanned, as he had "only wanted to (sexually) fondle" the child upon luring her into his vehicle, although when Potts had begun screaming, he had struck her into unconsciousness before proceeding to sexually fondle her. Upon realizing the blows he had inflicted had proven fatal, he had then thrown her body into the Cuyahoga River—from where, the author speculated, her body had drifted to Lake Erie. Investigators strongly questioned the authenticity of these claims; this skepticism increased as several sentences and claims contained in successive letters to follow had evidently been copied from previous hoax letters and false claims made by previous suspects—leading to speculation the author may be a retired police officer. The anonymous author pledged to turn himself in on the fiftieth anniversary of Potts' disappearance, but shortly beforehand, wrote to say he had to enter a nursing home and would be unable to honor his promise or otherwise reveal himself. An extensive investigation failed to turn up any clues to the author's identity, and investigators believe the letters to have been a distasteful hoax. Other letters sent by a separate individual and received by Cleveland Police in July 2002 are also viewed as hoaxes. Suspects William Ross Slates Slates was a 25-year-old former serviceman who had lived with his widowed mother on West 116th Street, close to Halloran Park, since 1950. He had previously been arrested in March 1949 for making sexual advances toward an eight-year-old girl in a local movie theater, resulting in his being placed on a year's probation and his dishonorable discharge from the armed forces. Slates is known to have fraudulently borrowed a friend's car the day after Potts' disappearance and abruptly left the neighborhood. Via police tracing phone calls made to his 17-year-old girlfriend's home, he was quickly traced to a hotel in Columbus and returned to Cleveland. Two of Slates's friends—Dale Smallwood and Fraser Jenkins—provided varying and conflicting accounts of his movements on the evening of Potts' disappearance and Slates himself was unable to offer a plausible explanation for his abrupt decision to leave Cleveland. Police interest in his potential culpability was further heightened when a polygraph test indicated deception when Slates faced questions pertaining to Potts' abduction. Nonetheless, no physical evidence could be found linking Slates to the child. He was released from custody when his girlfriend provided an unverifiable alibi—contradicting Slates's own claims as to his whereabouts on the evening of August 24—that she had been "making out" with him in a car on the evening in question. No surviving documentation exists to indicate whether investigations into Slates continued after he was released from custody. He died in 1978. Frank Dale Davis Davis was a 52-year-old ex-convict arrested in the early hours of November 15, 1951, while attempting to extort a ransom payment from Potts' family having falsely claimed to have kidnapped their daughter and sister. He had begun contacting the Potts family on November 9, claiming to be holding Beverly captive and demanding a $25,000 ransom for her release as opposed to cutting the "very sick" child's throat. Robert Potts successfully bartered the anonymous caller's ransom sum to $5,000 and agreed to hand over the money upon the promise his daughter would be released to her mother outside the Terminal Tower "within three hours." Against the caller's instructions, Potts informed Inspector McArthur of these developments. Davis insisted in his calls to Robert that his wife, Elizabeth, should deliver the ransom sum alone to 750 Prospect Avenue at the prearranged time of 5:30 a.m., although an undercover detective named Bernard Conley dressed as Elizabeth to apprehend the caller in a sting operation approved by Potts' parents and in which several armed officers were deployed at discreet locations. By prearrangement, Conley took a Yellow Cab to the caller's instructed destination in the early hours of November 15; Davis was arrested at gunpoint minutes later when—as the caller had promised—he waved a handkerchief from afar instructing Elizabeth to approach and hand the ransom package to him, then leave the scene. After seven hours of interrogation, Davis admitted the attempted extortion, claiming he had been "strapped for money." He denied any knowledge of the abduction, and was formally cleared of any involvement by police. Davis later pleaded guilty to charges of blackmail and extortion, for which he was sent to the Ohio State Penitentiary. He was paroled on July 1, 1957. Harvey Lee Rush Rush was an impoverished 47-year-old drifter and Cleveland native who had relocated from his home city to Los Angeles in the spring of 1951, where he sporadically worked as a hospital attendant. He briefly became a suspect in Potts' abduction in December 1955 following his arrest for public intoxication in Los Angeles. According to his official three-page confession, Rush admitted to murdering a girl in his home city whom he claimed to have met at a "puppet event". He claimed to have buried the girl in a shallow grave beneath a bridge spanning the Rocky River. The discrepancies in Rush's confession were immediately apparent to Cleveland Police; he incorrectly described his victim as being 12-years-old, bespectacled, with shoulder-length brown hair—also insisting he had committed this murder in July 1952, whereas Potts was ten years old, with dark blonde, bobbed hair, had never worn glasses, and was last seen in August 1951. Moreover, he could not give the girl's name or a consistent description of her facial features or her clothing. However, Rush had previously lived close to the Potts household in the 1940s. Despite severe skepticism from senior investigators, Rush was extradited to Cleveland on December 15. Rush recanted his entire story almost immediately after his extradition to Cleveland, saying he had confessed merely as a way to ensure his return to his hometown. Upon disproving Rush's confession, investigators were legally unable to detain him. William Henry Redmond In January 1988, William Henry Redmond (b. January 22, 1922), an Ohio native and former carnival truck driver and Ferris wheel operator with an extensive record of child molestation convictions relating to young girls dating back to 1935, was indicted for the April 25, 1951 murder of eight-year-old Jane Marie Althoff in Trainer, Pennsylvania. Althoff's body was discovered in Redmond's carnival vehicle, and his fingerprints were discovered at the crime scene; however, he had fled the state by the time of the discovery of her body and assumed an alias. He was only located in Grand Island, Nebraska, in 1988. By the time of his questioning about the Potts case in March 1988, Redmond was terminally ill; he was informed no further charges would be brought against him if he confessed to Potts' murder and revealed the location of her body. Redmond refused to make a statement admitting or denying his culpability in the case. Although investigators were unable to prove his whereabouts on the date of Potts' disappearance, the circumstances surrounding her abduction are dissimilar to other confirmed and suspected victims of Redmond, who simply abandoned his victims' bludgeoned bodies with little or no attempt at concealment. He died in 1992. Maple Heights Child Molester This unnamed individual first became known to investigators as a suspect in Potts' abduction in 1974 following a letter sent to a Cleveland lawyer by a client who named his own brother as the individual likely responsible for the child's murder. According to the author, his brother had an extensive history of sexually molesting female children and had fled Cleveland in 1966 after being indicted for abducting two young girls, but had recently returned to Maple Heights. He had also recently confessed to his sibling to having kidnapped and murdered a young girl close to Halloran Park in the early 1950s. An investigation into this suspect's background revealed numerous arrests for child molestation, including time served at the Ohio Penitentiary for the sexual abuse of a young girl in 1951. He was arrested approximately three weeks after his brother had sent the letter to authorities, and freely admitted to having resided close to Halloran Park in the early 1950s and to have frequently "prowled" the district in search of underage girls to molest. One of the detectives to question this individual, Robert Shankland, would later recollect the suspect had divulged details of the crime only "someone who had been there could have known" and the records of the vehicle he had owned in 1951 matched eyewitness descriptions of one of the cars sighted in the vicinity of Halloran Park at the estimated time of Potts' abduction; however, investigators were unable to find sufficient evidence to charge this individual. The vast majority of contemporary records pertaining to the actual investigations relating to this subject have been lost—likely having been taken from case files by investigators in their inquiries into the June 1980 abduction and murder of eight-year-old Maple Heights schoolgirl Tiffany Papesh and never returned to their appropriate archives. Beyond his age being "in his fifties" by 1980, no further details as to this individual's actual identity are known. Aftermath The enduring mystery of Potts' disappearance, the exhaustive—yet ultimately unsuccessful—nationwide investigation to locate the child and determine the actual motive behind her abduction has captured the imagination of the press and public alike in and around Cleveland for decades. According to some accounts, Potts' disappearance increased parents' wariness as to their own children's safety and many children raised in and around the city were heavily chaperoned for many years following the incident. The case remains one of Cleveland's most infamous missing persons cases, with information still sought by investigators, and a Crime Stoppers reward of $15,000 remaining active. Potts' sister relocated to another city in 1952; she later married and bore three children. Her mother, Elizabeth, died of liver disease on May 11, 1956, at age 56. Shortly after Elizabeth's death her husband, Robert, remarked to the media his wife's health had been "going downhill ever since Beverly disappeared." Robert continued to live alone at Linnet Avenue for several years; he died alone of heart failure on February 11, 1970. His body was found slumped upon a couch in the living room with the television switched on. He and his wife are interred in West Park Cemetery in Cuyahoga County, Ohio. "I still think of her as ten years old ... she's still a little girl. It's hard for me to visualize how she would look today." Anita Potts Georges, reflecting on her memories of her sister. November 2003. In 1991, Potts' sister, Anita, unveiled a memorial stone to her sister directly alongside the graves of her parents. At the unveiling, Anita declared that if her sister's remains were ever discovered and identified, she should be laid to rest beneath this memorial stone, alongside her parents. This marker is inscribed with the words: "In Memory of Beverly Rose Potts." Anita Potts Georges continued to search for her only sister until her own death in 2006. She seldom discussed her sister's disappearance in much detail prior to her death. However, the effect of her sister's abduction greatly impacted her own parenting. According to her daughter, Megan Roberts (b. 1964), the event "absolutely affected her parenting. She was strict, and always wanted to know where we were, who we were with ... but she very seldom spoke of Beverly other than to tell us she had a sister that disappeared. She would say it was just too painful to talk about ... it was very emotional for her." Media Bibliography Badal, James Jessen (2005). Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. ISBN 0-873-38836-4. Pettem, Silvia (2017). The Long Term Missing: Hope and Help for Families. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-442-25680-4. Sprague, Donald F. (2013). Investigating Missing Children Cases: A Guide for First Responders and Investigators. New York: Taylor & LFrancis Group. ISBN 978-1-439-86063-2. Television The 2004 documentary Dusk & Shadow: The Mystery of Beverly Potts draws direct inspiration from Potts' disappearance. Directed by Mark Wade Stone, this 53-minute documentary was first broadcast on December 14, 2004. Potts' sister, Anita, is among those interviewed by the director. See also Child abduction Cold case List of kidnappings List of people who disappeared National Center for Missing and Exploited Children The Doe Network Portals: 1950s Law Ohio Notes ^ In the early 1950s, this annual summer festival regularly attracted crowds of up to 1,500 people. ^ Halloran Park was named after William Ignatius Halloran, a local serviceman who perished upon the USS Arizona in the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Halloran was the first Cleveland native to die in World War II. ^ On September 1, Swing would claim to investigators that a short, plump woman, holding a small child by the hand, had placed her hand on Potts' shoulder as she and Potts had watched the Showagon performances. Swing was unsure whether her friend and this woman exchanged words, although she did recall the woman remarking to others in the crowd that one of her children was performing on stage that evening. ^ Krause did not report this sighting to police until September 3. ^ One of these males is described as having blond hair; the other dark brown or black hair. These two individuals were never traced. ^ Kerr would join the manhunt to locate Potts on August 30 due to an ultimately discounted lead that Potts had been struck and killed by a Chevrolet coupé owned by a teenager named Beverly Saunders (described in contemporary press articles as a "hot rod queen") who had loaned her vehicle to two teenagers who had struck and killed Potts. A forensic examination of Saunders' vehicle had revealed several blonde hairs on a door hinge, although Saunders herself was blonde. ^ House-to-house searches of all properties upon and around Linnet Avenue were not conducted until September 14. These searches were conducted only in instances where home owners gave their consent. ^ Slates's mother was midway through a two-week vacation in Virginia at the time. ^ Contemporary legal provisions enacted after the 1932 Lindbergh kidnapping prohibited the FBI from becoming actively involved in the manhunt unless an abductor either contacted his/her victim's relatives via telephone or sent a ransom note. As Potts' family received neither, the bureau was unable to legally become involved in the investigation. ^ The public reward sum for information leading to Potts' return would eventually reach over $8,000. ^ Despite her youth, Potts was considered by neighbors and family friends to be a responsible child. As such, she had frequently been entrusted to babysit for neighborhood children. ^ For several days prior to his arrest for public intoxication, Rush had repeatedly attempted to borrow money from family in Cleveland in order to return to his home city; he had spent the $25 his mother had sent him for a bus ticket on alcohol on the afternoon of his arrest. ^ According to police records, upon being informed of his arrest, the first words this individual had stated were: "You finally got me. I'm glad it's all over." References ^ Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts, ISBN 0-873-38836-4 p. 76 ^ a b c Child Kidnapping: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice of the Committee on the Judiciary United States Senate, ISBN 978-0-788-18639-4 p. 63 ^ Rhoades, Nikki (February 23, 2020). "Nine Cold Cases From The Cleveland Area That Puzzle True Crime Fans To This Day". onlyinyourstate.com. Retrieved March 8, 2023. ^ a b Legendary Locals of Cleveland, ISBN 978-1-467-10029-8 p. 53 ^ Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts, ISBN 0-873-38836-4 pp. 13; 69 ^ a b c d e f "A Justice Story: Beverly Rose Potts". New York Daily News. New York. June 10, 1973. Retrieved March 8, 2023. ^ James Jessen Badal (2005). Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts. Kent State Press. p. 50. ISBN 0-873-38836-4. ^ Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts, ISBN 0-873-38836-4 p. 26 ^ Scherrer, Yasmin (November 28, 2022). "Beverly Potts Disappeared After a Show in Cleveland, Never to Be Seen Again. What Happened to Her?". Medium. Retrieved March 10, 2023. ^ Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts, ISBN 0-873-38836-4 p. 39 ^ Loreno, Darcie (April 17, 2017). "Missing: Beverly Rose Potts". WJW (TV). Cleveland, Ohio. Retrieved March 21, 2023. ^ a b c d e Feran, Thomas (March 27, 2018). "Beverly Potts Vanished 67 Years Ago, and the Mystery Remains Unsolved". The Cleveland Plain Dealer. Retrieved March 12, 2023. ^ "Has 29-year-old Kidnapping in Cleveland Finally Been Solved". Telegraph-Forum. Bucyrus, Ohio. United Press International. August 18, 1980. Retrieved April 15, 2023. ^ a b c d e f James Jessen Badal (2005). Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts. Kent State Press. p. 165. ISBN 0-873-38836-4. ^ Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts, ISBN 0-873-38836-4 pp. 28-29 ^ a b c d MacDonald, Evan (August 24, 2015). "Remembering the Beverly Potts Case on the Anniversary of Her Disappearance". The Cleveland Plain Dealer. Retrieved March 8, 2023. ^ Gallek, Peggy (August 24, 2015). "Could Mysterious Phone Call Lead to Answers More than 60 Years After Cleveland Girl Disappeared?". Fox 8. Cleveland, Ohio. Retrieved March 30, 2023. ^ "Solar Elevation on Friday, 24 August 1951 in Lancaster, Ohio". weatherspark.com. August 24, 1951. Retrieved March 21, 2023. ^ Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts, ISBN 0-873-38836-4 p. 34 ^ Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts, ISBN 0-873-38836-4 p. 35 ^ Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts, ISBN 0-873-38836-4 p. 36 ^ a b Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts, ISBN 0-873-38836-4 p. 37 ^ Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts, ISBN 0-873-38836-4 p. 38 ^ Kovac, Marc (June 4, 2017). "Capital News: More than 600 Ohio Children Still Have Mot Made it Home". Akron Beacon Journal. Retrieved April 16, 2023. ^ "Beverly Potts: Search Continues". The Newark Advocate. August 28, 1951. Retrieved March 15, 2023. ^ a b c Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts, ISBN 0-873-38836-4 pp. 83;101 ^ a b c d McGunagle, Freda (January 24, 1999). "Beverly Potts Went to See a Carnival, but Never Returned and was Never Found" (PDF). The Plain Dealer. Retrieved March 17, 2023. ^ "Reward Posted for Child". Mansfield News-Journal. Mansfield, Ohio. August 27, 1951. Retrieved March 24, 2023. ^ Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts, ISBN 0-873-38836-4 pp. 29-30 ^ a b c d Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts, ISBN 0-873-38836-4 pp. 73-74 ^ a b Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts, ISBN 0-873-38836-4 pp. 43; 71-72 ^ a b Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts, ISBN 0-873-38836-4 pp. 51-52 ^ a b "Reward Posted For Child". Mansfield News Journal. Mansfield, Ohio. August 27, 1951. p. 1. Retrieved July 20, 2017 – via newspapers.com. ^ Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts, ISBN 0-873-38836-4 p. 62 ^ Hoover, Mark (December 29, 2020). "Marc Hoover: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts". The Clermont Sun. Retrieved March 30, 2023. ^ Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts, ISBN 0-873-38836-4 p. 8 ^ "Kidnapping Feared in Cleveland Case". The Daily Republican. UPI. August 27, 1951. Retrieved March 8, 2023. ^ a b Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts, ISBN 0-873-38836-4 p. 50 ^ "Police Hold a New Suspect in the Disappearance of Beverly Potts". Defiance Crescent News. May 15, 1956. Retrieved April 25, 2023. ^ Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts, ISBN 0-873-38836-4 pp. 99-100 ^ "Police May Have Solved 23-year-old-Kidnapping". The Bryan Times. UPI. August 18, 1980. Retrieved November 30, 2014. ^ "1951 Disappearance Investigated". BG News. Bowling Green, Ohio. March 4, 1994. Retrieved April 23, 2023. ^ a b Mockery of Justice: The True Story of the Sheppard Murder Case, ISBN 978-1-555-53241-3 p. 318 ^ Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts, ISBN 0-873-38836-4 p. 159 ^ a b Good, Meaghan. "The Charley Project: Beverly Rose Potts". The Charley Project. Retrieved November 30, 2014. ^ Larkin, Brent (September 29, 2012). "Investigators Still Chasing Amy Mihaljevic's Killer". The Cleveland Plain Dealer. Retrieved November 30, 2014. ^ a b Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts, ISBN 0-873-38836-4 pp. 108-115 ^ "Murder Story a Hoax: Man Says He Confessed to Get Back to Cleveland". Kansas City Times. Associated Press. December 17, 1955. Retrieved November 30, 2014 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts, ISBN 0-873-38836-4 p. 123 ^ a b "People v. Redmons (1990)". law.justia.com. May 21, 1990. Retrieved March 8, 2023. ^ Hunter, Bradley (January 28, 2017). "Suspected Carnie Serial Killer Liked Little Girls". Toronto Sun. Retrieved October 31, 2022. ^ a b Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts, ISBN 0-873-38836-4 pp. 141-143 ^ "Has 29-year-old Kidnapping in Cleveland Finally Been Solved?". Telegraph-Forum. United Press International. August 18, 1980. Retrieved April 21, 2023. ^ "Child Still Missing". Mansfield News Journal. Associated Press. June 17, 1980. Retrieved April 21, 2023. ^ a b Larkin, Brent (August 23, 2015). "64 Years Later, a Possible Break in the Disappearance of Beverly Potts". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved April 5, 2023. ^ MacDonald, Evan (August 24, 2015). "Beverly Potts' Disappearance Affected Her Sister Throughout Her Life". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved March 16, 2023. ^ Larkin, Brent (August 24, 2006). "The Sad, Enduring Mystery of the Disappearance of Beverly Potts". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved July 16, 2017. ^ Marino, Jacqueline (November 17, 2004). "On the (Cold) Case". Cleveland Magazine. Retrieved March 12, 2023. Further reading Badal, James Jessen (2005). Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. ISBN 0-873-38836-4. Becker, Thea (2012). Legendary Locals of Cleveland. South Carolina: Gray & Company. ISBN 978-1-467-10029-8. Bellamy, John S. (1997). The Maniac in the Bushes: More True Tales of Cleveland Crime and Disaster. Cleveland, Ohio: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-886-22819-1. Collins, James J. (1999). Law Enforcement Policies and Practices Regarding Missing Children and Homeless Youth. United States: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. ISBN 978-0-788-18639-4. Cooper, Cynthia L.; Sheppard, Sam L. (1995). Mockery of Justice: The True Story of the Sheppard Murder Case. Lebanon, New Hampshire: University Press of New England. ISBN 978-1-555-53241-3. Greene, Dr. Karen Shalev; Alys, Llian (2016). Missing Persons: A Handbook of Research. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-409-46802-8. Katz, Hélèna (2010). Cold Cases: Famous Unsolved Mysteries, Crimes, and Disappearances in America. Santa Barbara: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-37692-4. Metzenbaum, Howard (1983). Child Kidnapping: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice of the Committee on the Judiciary United States Senate. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-788-18639-4. Pettem, Silvia (2017). The Long Term Missing: Hope and Help for Families. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-442-25680-4. Sprague, Donald F. (2013). Investigating Missing Children Cases: A Guide for First Responders and Investigators. New York: Taylor & LFrancis Group. ISBN 978-1-439-86063-2. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beverly Potts. Contemporary news article pertaining to the disappearance of Beverly Potts 2014 News 5 Cleveland report pertaining to Potts' disappearance 2015 news article focusing upon the 64th anniversary of Potts' disappearance Remembering the Beverly Potts Case on the Anniversary of Her Disappearance: A collection of contemporary newspaper articles published by the Cleveland Plain Dealer Beverly Potts at charleyproject.org Beverly Potts (Cenotaph) at Find a Grave Beverly Potts at NamUs Beverly Potts at The Doe Network
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"disappeared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_person"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"Foul play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Find-2"},{"link_name":"missing person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_person"},{"link_name":"cold cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_case"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-978-1-467-10029-8_p53-4"}],"text":"Unsolved 1951 disappearance in the United StatesBeverly Rose Potts (April 15, 1941 – disappeared August 24, 1951) was a ten-year-old American girl who disappeared while walking home from a neighborhood festival event held in a park less than a quarter of a mile from her Cleveland, Ohio home. Despite intense publicity and repeated, exhaustive efforts to locate the girl, both at the time of her disappearance and in more recent decades, no trace of Potts or definitive leads as to the circumstances surrounding her disappearance have ever materialized. Foul play is strongly suspected, although no definitive suspect has ever been identified.[2]The disappearance of Beverly Potts implemented the largest manhunt to locate a missing person in the history of Cleveland at the time. The case itself is regarded as one of the most infamous missing persons and cold cases in Ohio[3] and has been described by one author as \"one of the most haunting and heartbreaking mysteries\" in the history of Cleveland.[4]","title":"Disappearance of Beverly Potts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"stagehand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stagehand"},{"link_name":"Allen Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Theatre"},{"link_name":"National Cash Register Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCR_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beverly_Potts3.jpeg"}],"text":"Beverly Potts was the younger of two daughters born to Robert and Elizabeth (née Treuer) Potts. The family resided in a modest home in a middle-class neighborhood in Cleveland, Ohio, which her father had purchased in 1927. Her father worked long and irregular hours as a stagehand at the Allen Theater in downtown Cleveland, whereas her mother was a homemaker. Her older sister, 22-year-old Anita, worked as a clerk at the National Cash Register Company. Potts' father was of English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry, whereas her mother was of Hungarian ancestry.[5]Potts, c. 1946","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Justice-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"pigtails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigtail"},{"link_name":"banged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangs_(hair)"},{"link_name":"bobbed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_cut"},{"link_name":"ribbons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"curfew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curfew"},{"link_name":"performing arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performing_arts"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beverly_Potts2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hudson, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson,_Ohio"}],"sub_title":"Personality","text":"Potts was a quiet, responsible, obedient child who was close to her parents and only sister and who enjoyed music and dancing. She was tall for her age, and affectionately nicknamed \"Rosebud\" by her mother. According to some accounts, by 1951 she appeared one or two years older than her ten years, although she still enjoyed playing with childhood toys such as dolls. She attended Louis Agassiz Elementary School, where she was regarded as an attentive and popular student who typically achieved B grades.[6]Although Potts was generally shy but friendly, her best friend, 11-year-old Patricia \"Patsy\" Swing, would remark the child was loath to be the recipient of prolonged or cruel jokes and could lose her temper on occasion. Nonetheless, she was described by many who knew her as markedly timid and taciturn when in the company of individuals she did not know—particularly adolescent or adult males outside of her immediate family. This wariness extended to male family members of her close friends, including Swing's own father.[7]Shortly after her tenth birthday in April 1951, Potts began asking her mother to allow her to change her hairstyle from the distinctive foot-long blonde pigtails she had typically worn since her childhood to a fashionable banged and bobbed hairstyle popular with girls at the time. Although her mother initially refused, she relented in June 1951 and allowed her daughter to have her hair cut short. Elizabeth retained her daughter's pigtails and ribbons in crepe paper.[8]Throughout her entire childhood, Potts' parents insisted she always observe a strict curfew, and they would ground her if she did not return home by the agreed time. On one day in mid-August 1951, Potts and a cousin, Amber Lathan, arrived home slightly later than agreed. In response, Potts' mother forbade her daughter from attending an upcoming annual performing show to be held at nearby Halloran Park on August 24. However, as one of her daughter's greatest interests was the performing arts and Potts had been thrilled at the prospect of viewing the performance, her mother agreed to let her attend this performance event on the afternoon in question in return for a promise she would immediately return home.[9]Potts, photographed in Hudson, Ohio, on August 19, 1951, five days prior to her disappearance","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"August 24, 1951"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nickel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel_(United_States_coin)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Find-2"},{"link_name":"turtleneck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo_neck"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Treuer-12"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Press"},{"link_name":"acrobatics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrobatics"},{"link_name":"flatbed truck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flatbed_truck"},{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Showagon performances","text":"On the afternoon of August 24, Potts ate supper with her family, then assisted her mother with cleaning the dishes, for which the child was paid a nickel. By agreement, she and her best friend and neighbor, Patricia Swing[10] then rode to West Cleveland's Halloran Park to attend the annual summer city-sponsored children's performance event, scheduled to commence at eight o'clock.[11] This location was less than a quarter of a mile from the Potts' Linnet Avenue household and an estimated three-minute walk from her home.[2] The two rode to the park together on their bicycles, leaving the Potts household at around 6:55 p.m. Potts was dressed in a reddish-pink turtleneck shirt, blue denim jeans, a navy blue jacket, and brown Kerrybrooke shoes.[12]The performance in question at Halloran Park on that date was the Showagon; an annual jamboree-like event jointly sponsored by the City Recreation Department and the Cleveland Press predominantly showcasing the talents of local youngsters with acts including singers, dancing troupes, amateur magicians, and acrobatics who performed upon a long flatbed truck converted into a stage.[n 1] Potts and Swing are believed to have arrived at the park at approximately 6:58 p.m.[13]","title":"August 24, 1951"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre"},{"link_name":"[n 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twilight-16"},{"link_name":"[n 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twilight-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Article-19"}],"sub_title":"Halloran Park","text":"Halloran Park was the only large playground close to Potts' home. The 11.5 acre park had opened to the public in 1945, and was a popular recreational location for local children, young couples and families.[n 2] Attending the park unsupervised in the late afternoon was a rare instance for neighborhood children, as locals generally considered the park unsafe for children after dark, when large trees dimmed the surrounding streetlights and visibility was thus limited. The park was also frequented by the local vagrant population.[14]According to Swing, beyond exchanging brief greetings with two thirteen-year-old girls whom both knew at Halloran Park, neither conversed with any individual during their time together at this location,[n 3] although the sheer size of the crowd made navigating upon their bicycles awkward for both. At 8:10 p.m., deciding it would be easier to maneuver on foot through the increasingly large crowds in attendance, the two returned to their homes to drop off their bikes, arriving back at the park sometime before 8:30 p.m.[15]At approximately 8:45 p.m., Swing, who had promised her parents to be home before dark, turned toward her friend and suggested the two return home \"before dark\"; Potts—enthralled by the performances—refused, saying that she had been given permission to stay for the entirety of the show, which was not scheduled to end until after 9 p.m. Swing left the park and returned to her home, arriving at approximately 8:50 p.m. She later informed investigators she had last seen Potts in the crowd, avidly watching an onstage dancing performance.[14][16]","title":"August 24, 1951"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[n 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Dodge coupé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodge_Series_D5"},{"link_name":"muffler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muffler"},{"link_name":"[n 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twilight-16"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"By 9:30 p.m., the performance event had ended and the estimated 1,500 people at the park had begun returning home. At this time, a 13-year-old boy named Fred Krause saw a girl he believed to be Potts walking diagonally across the park in a northeasterly direction, about 150 yards from the corner of Linnet Avenue and West 117th Street.[17] (This would have been the quickest route for Potts' to take to her home, which would then only be two or three minutes' walk away from the park.) The girl was walking on the grass just to the right of the walkway as Krause cycled past on his bicycle. Krause lived on the same street as Potts and knew the girl reasonably well via delivering the Cleveland Press to her home on his paper route. Although his visibility was limited due to the onset of darkness and the fact Linnet Avenue had only four streetlights—each partly obscured by maple and chestnut trees which lined the street in spring and summer[18]—Krause recognized Potts by the distinctive way she walked with her toes pointed at outward angles; a characteristic he and other neighborhood children had termed duck-like. Krause simply sounded his horn as he sped past the girl.[19][n 4]Other witnesses informed investigators they had seen a girl resembling Potts walking near a stationary, \"battered\" and crudely painted black 1937 or '38 Dodge coupé with a \"smoking, noisy muffler\" and recently repaired fenders on West 117th Street, apparently speaking to two young men inside the vehicle.[n 5] These various eyewitnesses placed this encounter anywhere between 8:30 and 9:30 p.m., although none of these individuals had seen the girl entering the car.[14]One of the final potential sightings of Potts occurred at approximately 9:45 p.m. close to the intersection of West 110th Street and Baltic Avenue. This sighting was reported by an unidentified woman who informed investigators she had observed a dark colored 1948 coupe, driven by a man she estimated to be in his forties, speeding north on Baltic Avenue with an obviously distressed child upon the back seat with her hands bound behind her back, thrashing and repeatedly shouting \"I want to get out!\"[21]","title":"Final sightings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P.37-27"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Find-2"},{"link_name":"piggy bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piggy_bank"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beverly_Potts_Police_Artist%27s_Sketch_August_29,_1951.jpg"}],"text":"When Potts had not returned home by 10 p.m., her family phoned the Swing residence, only to be informed their daughter had returned home alone almost an hour previous and that Potts had remained alone at the park. Her father and sister immediately began to search the area; their search began by retracing the environs of the route Beverly had taken to Halloran Park, then a search of the park itself. The family search then expanded to encompass nearby streets and locations the child may have been before the two returned home.[22] Her sister then fruitlessly phoned the homes of Beverly's friends before the family visited the nearby homes of other close friends who did not have a telephone. On each occasion, they learned their child was not at any of these residences.[2]Approximately one hour later, at 10:57 p.m., having found no sign of their daughter and sister, the distraught family contacted the police to report Beverly missing. The first officers to arrive at the Potts household would do so shortly after midnight. A routine inspection of the property revealed the child was not hiding at the home, that her bicycle was still in the family garage, and that she had not taken any clothing beyond those she had worn when leaving her home. Furthermore, her piggy bank still contained all her savings, including the nickel she had earned the previous evening.[23]Police artist sketch of Potts, depicting the clothing she wore at the time of her disappearance","title":"Disappearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[n 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"auxiliary police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_police"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F.McGunagle-33"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twilight-16"},{"link_name":"polygraph tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygraph"},{"link_name":"Euclid Beach Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclid_Beach_Park"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-P.37-27"},{"link_name":"Civil Air Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol"},{"link_name":"Edgewater Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgewater_Park_(Cleveland)"},{"link_name":"Rocky River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_River_(Ohio)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[n 7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"dragged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dredging"},{"link_name":"Lake Erie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Erie"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Justice-6"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Division_of_Police"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Cleveland News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_News"},{"link_name":"sexual advances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_harassment"},{"link_name":"[n 8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":".25 caliber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.25_caliber"},{"link_name":"Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73-74-37"}],"sub_title":"Investigation","text":"Police immediately launched an intense effort to locate Potts; their efforts began by searching the local vicinity and questioning friends, acquaintances, and individuals known to have been at Halloran Park.[24] By daylight on August 25, a large-scale, statewide manhunt to locate the child was implemented, and numerous suspects were detained and interrogated over the following weeks. The individuals to assume overall charge of the investigation were Detective Chief James McArthur—appointed to head the investigation on the morning of August 25—and, later, officer David Kerr.[25][n 6] McArthur assigned 45 officers full-time to search for the child. Their physical searches were bolstered by numerous auxiliary police and civilian volunteers.[27]Potts' family members were soon cleared as suspects as investigators rapidly determined that her home life had been stable and by all accounts happy, and there appeared to be no reason for her to have run away.[14] Furthermore, all three agreed to undergo—and passed—polygraph tests. Investigators also learned from Potts' mother that on August 24, her daughter was eagerly anticipating a family trip to Euclid Beach Park, which the family had been scheduled to embark upon the morning after her disappearance.[22]With assistance from over 1,000 volunteers, police implemented a large-scale search for the child. The search included door-to-door canvassing of nearby neighborhoods, tracing suspicious cars, searching nearby vacant lots, sewers, and wasteland, and the usage of two Civil Air Patrol planes to survey open railway cars and other potential areas of interest as far afield as Edgewater Park and reservations alongside the Rocky River.[28][n 7] Creeks and swimming pools were also dragged, divers also searched Lake Erie, and members of the public outside the designated search radius were encouraged to search vacant lots and empty buildings. All these avenues of investigation failed to yield results.[6]An off duty Cleveland Police patrolman at Halloran Park, George Vorell, informed police he had observed two young men aged between seventeen and twenty openly leering at young girls watching the Showagon performances. These two individuals had walked behind the stage and out of Vorell's sight shortly before the conclusion of the performances. Another individual to report lewd behavior at the park was a classmate of Potts, Patricia Nagg, who informed police a young man had repeatedly thrust his hips back and forth in a manner simulating intercourse as he had stared at her. These three individuals were never traced.[29]On August 29, the Cleveland News reported police had arrested a strong suspect in the case: William Slates. Slates was a 25-year-old, unemployed former serviceman who lived with his widowed mother on West 116th Street. He had previously been arrested in 1949 for making sexual advances toward an eight-year-old girl in a local movie theater. As such, he was known to police and locals alike for his unhealthy interest in underage girls.Slates's name was given to authorities by a neighbor who reported he had abruptly boarded up his home the day after Potts' disappearance and left the neighborhood, having first borrowed a friend's car.[n 8] A police search of his home revealed a loaded .25 caliber in a bureau drawer. He was quickly traced to a hotel in Columbus and returned to Cleveland. Although two of Slates's friends gave conflicting accounts of his movements on the evening of Potts' disappearance and a polygraph test indicated deception when Slates was questioned about the child, he was released from custody when his 17-year-old girlfriend provided an alibi in which she claimed Slates had been \"making out\" with her in a car at Edgewater Park on the evening in question.[30]","title":"Disappearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willingly-39"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Willingly-39"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F.McGunagle-33"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBI-40"},{"link_name":"[n 9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"labor union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union"},{"link_name":"kidnapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abduction"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F.McGunagle-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T.E._Reward-42"},{"link_name":"[n 10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F.McGunagle-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-T.E._Reward-42"}],"sub_title":"Media coverage","text":"Media interest in the child's disappearance was intense. All three statewide television stations and all editorials devoted intense publicity to Potts' disappearance and the ongoing ordeal of her family, who granted several interviews in which they stated their belief their daughter had been abducted and was being held against her will, emphasizing in one interview: \"She's being held by someone. Beverly is too shy to go along willingly; she was so shy nothing could have enticed her to go with anyone ... she'd been earnestly warned about talking with strange persons.\"[31]Most news broadcasts and newspaper articles were accompanied by images of Potts, a description of the child and her clothing, the circumstances surrounding her disappearance, updates regarding the investigation and—by the Tuesday following her disappearance[31]—a police artist's sketch of the child wearing the clothing she wore on the evening of her disappearance. All media broadcasts and literature were accompanied by public appeals for information, with investigators regularly providing updates as to the progress of their investigation.[27]By the week following Potts' abduction, numerous potential suspects had been eliminated from the inquiry. The FBI had also distributed 22,000 circulars nationwide,[32][n 9] and a $1,500 reward (equivalent to $17,608 in 2023) had also been offered by her father's labor union, AFL-Stagehands, for any information successfully leading to the whereabouts of his daughter and the identity of her kidnapper(s).[27][33][n 10]As a result of police and media appeals, investigators assigned to the case received several thousands of telephone tips—some obvious hoaxes; others considered worthy of investigation. All credible tips were pursued; however, all failed to bear fruition.[27][33]","title":"Disappearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sexual assault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_assault"},{"link_name":"motive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motive_(law)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Lakewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakewood,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"sex offenders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_offender"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[n 11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"opportunism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunism"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twilight-16"},{"link_name":"Inspector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector#United_States"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trust-48"}],"text":"In the days following Potts' disappearance, investigators considered two scenarios the most likely for the child's absence: She had either been abducted for ransom, or to be subjected to a sexual assault. All mail to the Potts household was intercepted and screened for ransom demands or distasteful hoaxes before a detective brought the mail to the household; however, no ransom note was received in the days or weeks following Potts' disappearance. As such, the likelihood the child had been kidnapped for ransom was soon discounted. Investigators strongly suspected that the actual motive behind the child's abduction was therefore sexual; that the perpetrator(s) was most likely a local individual known—at least by sight—to Potts; and that the child had almost certainly been either forced into a car, or lured into a home close to Halloran Park.[35]Three months prior to Potts' disappearance, in May 1951, a five-year-old Lakewood girl named Gail Ann Michel had been abducted from a local department store. The child was found abandoned, but unharmed, eighteen hours later. The same month, two underage girls had been sexually assaulted in Halloran Park, and just weeks prior to Potts' disappearance, three local women had been sexually assaulted in locations close to the Potts household.[36] On August 26, all known sex offenders—with or without a predilection for children—residing in Cleveland's West Side were also questioned with regards to their whereabouts on the date of Potts' disappearance; all 65 individuals were eliminated from the inquiry.[37]Potts was known to be markedly shy, especially around men. She was also cautious of any strangers—male or female. Many senior investigators theorized the child had likely been enticed into a nearby house or car on her way home by someone she knew, perhaps with the promise of a babysitting job[n 11] or a request to run an errand, with the abduction itself most likely occurring upon a moment of opportunism.[14] This theory was considered particularly likely to Inspector James McArthur, who declared to reporters on August 29: \"[Potts] lived in a happy home and had no desire to run away. I think she was taken away in an automobile by a person or persons she knew well enough to talk to. Every bit of evidence in this case; every report and every conversation leads to the conclusion that Beverly absolutely would not have gone anywhere with a stranger.\"[38]","title":"Theories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"hard evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_gun"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saunders-31"}],"sub_title":"Potential investigative flaw","text":"One theory pursued in the months and, particularly, years following Potts' disappearance was that the child had been killed by a neighbor and her body buried within or upon the grounds of one of the properties either on or near to Linnet Avenue which the child had passed as she returned home from Halloran Park.[39] The fact that house-to-house searches of all homes upon and close to the street where Potts had lived were not conducted until September 14—and then only in instances in which owners gave police their consent—has been viewed by more recent investigators as a major flaw in the original investigation, which had viewed such an invasion of homeowners' privacy without any hard evidence or strong suspicion as unorthodox.[26]","title":"Theories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christian burial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_burial"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Treuer-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beverly_Rose_Potts_and_Family_Christmas_1947_with_Pet_Dog_Fancy.jpg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Treuer-12"}],"text":"One week after the disappearance of their daughter and sister, the Potts family issued a public appeal to her abductor(s), stating they accepted the likelihood Beverly was no longer alive and pleading for the return of her body in order that the child could receive a decent Christian burial, stating: \"We have finally come to the realization we will never see our Beverly alive again. We urge whoever did this terrible thing to write or telephone to us, or the police, the location of Beverly's body so that we can reclaim [her] and give her a decent Christian burial.\"[12]Beverly Potts (center), pictured with her parents and sister at Christmas 1947Potts' abductor(s) failed to respond to this appeal.[12]","title":"Family statement"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Later developments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cuyahoga River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyahoga_River"},{"link_name":"current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_(fluid)"},{"link_name":"corroborated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corroborating_evidence"},{"link_name":"river bed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_bed"},{"link_name":"dragged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dredging"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Justice-6"},{"link_name":"card filing system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_card"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_(state)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Justice-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Justice-6"}],"sub_title":"1950s","text":"On September 4, 1951, a warehouse worker named Henry Palmer observed a human-shaped, cloth-wrapped form measuring approximately 5 feet (1.5 m) floating in the Cuyahoga River current behind the building where he worked. Palmer observed what he believed to be human hands and feet protruding from the edges of this bundle; his observations were corroborated by a Mrs. Ada Skrovan, who also observed a similarly-wrapped package—which she remained adamant had been bound with rope—in the vicinity. Both individuals separately informed police of their sightings. Although the river bed was dragged, the bundle sighted by both was never located.[40]By mid-September, press attention to Potts' disappearance began to decrease, although all developments in the case continued to be publicized. The number of officers assigned full-time to the search for Potts began to gradually decrease in 1952. Nonetheless, the case remained active, with investigators remaining determined to locate the child or her body. By the following year, Inspector McArthur publicly remarked there was virtually no hope of locating the child alive, although he continued to search for the child until his retirement in 1957.[6]The police card filing system implemented to cross-check information relating to Potts' disappearance had expanded to contain 2,800 entries relating to potential public sightings, suspects, and tips by April 1952. Over 1,200 of these records detailed potential suspects—some of whom resided in states as afar as Washington. Each had been questioned and eliminated. Over 500 vehicles either sighted in the vicinity of Potts' abduction or linked to potential suspects had also been traced and their owner's alibi verified.[6]In 1954, police arrested a middle-aged man, a 20-year-old woman, and a 24-year-old man on charges of peddling pornographic photographs. One individual depicted in the cache of seized images was a prepubescent girl bearing a resemblance to Potts. Although the individuals insisted the child was not Potts, her parents initially believed otherwise, before changing their minds.[6]","title":"Later developments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chardon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chardon,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"inspection pit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_inspection_pit"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Article-19"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Justice-6"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bryantimes-52"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-978-1-555-53241-3_p318-54"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-978-1-555-53241-3_p318-54"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Plain Dealer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Plain_Dealer"},{"link_name":"fondle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_intimacy"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cproject-56"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"1970s and later","text":"A anonymous tip to authorities from an unnamed Chardon woman who claimed to have known Potts as a child was received in early 1973. This individual claimed her friend's body was buried in the \"grease pit\" of a former auto repair shop, leading to an April 1973 search of what had once been the inspection pit of an auto body shop on West 52nd Street; however, this search proved negative.[16][6]In 1980, two retired Cleveland police detectives, James Fuerst and Robert Shankland, revealed that in 1974 they had received a tip from a local attorney with a client whose brother had supposedly confessed to abducting Potts. The detectives subsequently found and questioned the brother, who, they said, had readily admitted to having lived near Halloran Park in 1951 and making a habit of picking up and molesting young girls there. The man did not remember abducting Potts in particular, but said he had \"flashes\" of memory involving a girl named Beverly. Fuerst and Shankland were convinced the man was guilty, but the county prosecutors' office refused to pursue the case, citing a lack of evidence.[41]In February 1994, a couple renovating a house on Midvale Avenue, Cleveland, discovered several pieces of yellowing notebook paper alongside a man's shirt beneath old carpeting upon the stairs. The author of this note, Anna Haynik, recorded in detail what she insisted were the \"true facts\" surrounding the abduction and murder of Beverly Potts, which she insisted had been committed by her husband, Steve (aged 40 at the time of the crime). Haynik further alleged her husband was the Potts' milkman.[42]According to the author, her husband had previously raped Potts' mother and was therefore likely Beverly's biological father; Potts herself had died of an accidental drug overdose before her husband had dismembered the child's body. The note further alleged Haynik had caught her husband in the act of incinerating her remains in the basement furnace.[43] Upon being traced and questioned by police, Haynik (then aged 83) admitted penning and concealing the notes, but insisted all the allegations were false; she had written and hidden the letter in 1953 solely as a revenge fantasy against her abusive husband. Furthermore, by the time of his death in 1981, she had completely forgotten about the document.[43]Beginning in July 2000, a series of handwritten letters were sent to the editorial offices of the Cleveland Plain Dealer, purporting to be from an elderly man who claimed that as he was terminally ill and \"in the twilight of [his] life\", he wished to confess to molesting and murdering Potts before his death.According to the author, Potts' murder was unplanned, as he had \"only wanted to (sexually) fondle\" the child upon luring her into his vehicle, although when Potts had begun screaming, he had struck her into unconsciousness before proceeding to sexually fondle her. Upon realizing the blows he had inflicted had proven fatal, he had then thrown her body into the Cuyahoga River—from where, the author speculated, her body had drifted to Lake Erie.[44]Investigators strongly questioned the authenticity of these claims; this skepticism increased as several sentences and claims contained in successive letters to follow had evidently been copied from previous hoax letters and false claims made by previous suspects—leading to speculation the author may be a retired police officer. The anonymous author pledged to turn himself in on the fiftieth anniversary of Potts' disappearance, but shortly beforehand, wrote to say he had to enter a nursing home and would be unable to honor his promise or otherwise reveal himself. An extensive investigation failed to turn up any clues to the author's identity, and investigators believe the letters to have been a distasteful hoax.[45] Other letters sent by a separate individual and received by Cleveland Police in July 2002 are also viewed as hoaxes.[46]","title":"Later developments"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Suspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dishonorable discharge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_discharge#United_States"},{"link_name":"tracing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_tapping"},{"link_name":"physical evidence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_evidence"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73-74-37"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73-74-37"}],"sub_title":"William Ross Slates","text":"Slates was a 25-year-old former serviceman who had lived with his widowed mother on West 116th Street, close to Halloran Park, since 1950. He had previously been arrested in March 1949 for making sexual advances toward an eight-year-old girl in a local movie theater, resulting in his being placed on a year's probation and his dishonorable discharge from the armed forces.Slates is known to have fraudulently borrowed a friend's car the day after Potts' disappearance and abruptly left the neighborhood. Via police tracing phone calls made to his 17-year-old girlfriend's home, he was quickly traced to a hotel in Columbus and returned to Cleveland. Two of Slates's friends—Dale Smallwood and Fraser Jenkins—provided varying and conflicting accounts of his movements on the evening of Potts' disappearance and Slates himself was unable to offer a plausible explanation for his abrupt decision to leave Cleveland. Police interest in his potential culpability was further heightened when a polygraph test indicated deception when Slates faced questions pertaining to Potts' abduction. Nonetheless, no physical evidence could be found linking Slates to the child. He was released from custody when his girlfriend provided an unverifiable alibi—contradicting Slates's own claims as to his whereabouts on the evening of August 24—that she had been \"making out\" with him in a car on the evening in question.[30]No surviving documentation exists to indicate whether investigations into Slates continued after he was released from custody. He died in 1978.[30]","title":"Suspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extortion"},{"link_name":"Terminal Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_Tower"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108-115-58"},{"link_name":"sting operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sting_operation"},{"link_name":"Yellow Cab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Cab"},{"link_name":"blackmail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackmail"},{"link_name":"Ohio State Penitentiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Penitentiary"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108-115-58"}],"sub_title":"Frank Dale Davis","text":"Davis was a 52-year-old ex-convict arrested in the early hours of November 15, 1951, while attempting to extort a ransom payment from Potts' family having falsely claimed to have kidnapped their daughter and sister. He had begun contacting the Potts family on November 9, claiming to be holding Beverly captive and demanding a $25,000 ransom for her release as opposed to cutting the \"very sick\" child's throat. Robert Potts successfully bartered the anonymous caller's ransom sum to $5,000 and agreed to hand over the money upon the promise his daughter would be released to her mother outside the Terminal Tower \"within three hours.\" Against the caller's instructions, Potts informed Inspector McArthur of these developments.[47]Davis insisted in his calls to Robert that his wife, Elizabeth, should deliver the ransom sum alone to 750 Prospect Avenue at the prearranged time of 5:30 a.m., although an undercover detective named Bernard Conley dressed as Elizabeth to apprehend the caller in a sting operation approved by Potts' parents and in which several armed officers were deployed at discreet locations.By prearrangement, Conley took a Yellow Cab to the caller's instructed destination in the early hours of November 15; Davis was arrested at gunpoint minutes later when—as the caller had promised—he waved a handkerchief from afar instructing Elizabeth to approach and hand the ransom package to him, then leave the scene.After seven hours of interrogation, Davis admitted the attempted extortion, claiming he had been \"strapped for money.\" He denied any knowledge of the abduction, and was formally cleared of any involvement by police. Davis later pleaded guilty to charges of blackmail and extortion, for which he was sent to the Ohio State Penitentiary. He was paroled on July 1, 1957.[47]","title":"Suspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"public intoxication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_intoxication"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kctimes-59"},{"link_name":"[n 12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Harvey Lee Rush","text":"Rush was an impoverished 47-year-old drifter and Cleveland native who had relocated from his home city to Los Angeles in the spring of 1951, where he sporadically worked as a hospital attendant. He briefly became a suspect in Potts' abduction in December 1955 following his arrest for public intoxication in Los Angeles. According to his official three-page confession, Rush admitted to murdering a girl in his home city whom he claimed to have met at a \"puppet event\". He claimed to have buried the girl in a shallow grave beneath a bridge spanning the Rocky River.The discrepancies in Rush's confession were immediately apparent to Cleveland Police; he incorrectly described his victim as being 12-years-old, bespectacled, with shoulder-length brown hair—also insisting he had committed this murder in July 1952, whereas Potts was ten years old, with dark blonde, bobbed hair, had never worn glasses, and was last seen in August 1951. Moreover, he could not give the girl's name or a consistent description of her facial features or her clothing. However, Rush had previously lived close to the Potts household in the 1940s. Despite severe skepticism from senior investigators, Rush was extradited to Cleveland on December 15.Rush recanted his entire story almost immediately after his extradition to Cleveland, saying he had confessed merely as a way to ensure his return to his hometown. Upon disproving Rush's confession, investigators were legally unable to detain him.[48][n 12]","title":"Suspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Henry Redmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Redmond"},{"link_name":"Ferris wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferris_wheel"},{"link_name":"indicted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indictment"},{"link_name":"Trainer, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trainer,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Althoff-62"},{"link_name":"fingerprints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fingerprint"},{"link_name":"Grand Island, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Island,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Althoff-62"},{"link_name":"bludgeoned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bludgeoning"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twilight-16"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"William Henry Redmond","text":"In January 1988, William Henry Redmond (b. January 22, 1922), an Ohio native and former carnival truck driver and Ferris wheel operator with an extensive record of child molestation convictions relating to young girls dating back to 1935, was indicted for the April 25, 1951 murder of eight-year-old Jane Marie Althoff in Trainer, Pennsylvania.[50] Althoff's body was discovered in Redmond's carnival vehicle, and his fingerprints were discovered at the crime scene; however, he had fled the state by the time of the discovery of her body and assumed an alias. He was only located in Grand Island, Nebraska, in 1988.[50]By the time of his questioning about the Potts case in March 1988, Redmond was terminally ill; he was informed no further charges would be brought against him if he confessed to Potts' murder and revealed the location of her body. Redmond refused to make a statement admitting or denying his culpability in the case.Although investigators were unable to prove his whereabouts on the date of Potts' disappearance, the circumstances surrounding her abduction are dissimilar to other confirmed and suspected victims of Redmond, who simply abandoned his victims' bludgeoned bodies with little or no attempt at concealment. He died in 1992.[14][51]","title":"Suspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maple Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple_Heights,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maple-64"},{"link_name":"Ohio Penitentiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_Penitentiary"},{"link_name":"[n 13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maple-64"},{"link_name":"Tiffany Papesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kidnappings#1980%E2%80%931989"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"sub_title":"Maple Heights Child Molester","text":"This unnamed individual first became known to investigators as a suspect in Potts' abduction in 1974 following a letter sent to a Cleveland lawyer by a client who named his own brother as the individual likely responsible for the child's murder.According to the author, his brother had an extensive history of sexually molesting female children and had fled Cleveland in 1966 after being indicted for abducting two young girls, but had recently returned to Maple Heights. He had also recently confessed to his sibling to having kidnapped and murdered a young girl close to Halloran Park in the early 1950s.[52]An investigation into this suspect's background revealed numerous arrests for child molestation, including time served at the Ohio Penitentiary for the sexual abuse of a young girl in 1951. He was arrested approximately three weeks after his brother had sent the letter to authorities, and freely admitted to having resided close to Halloran Park in the early 1950s and to have frequently \"prowled\" the district in search of underage girls to molest.[n 13] One of the detectives to question this individual, Robert Shankland, would later recollect the suspect had divulged details of the crime only \"someone who had been there could have known\" and the records of the vehicle he had owned in 1951 matched eyewitness descriptions of one of the cars sighted in the vicinity of Halloran Park at the estimated time of Potts' abduction; however, investigators were unable to find sufficient evidence to charge this individual.[52]The vast majority of contemporary records pertaining to the actual investigations relating to this subject have been lost—likely having been taken from case files by investigators in their inquiries into the June 1980 abduction and murder of eight-year-old Maple Heights schoolgirl Tiffany Papesh and never returned to their appropriate archives. Beyond his age being \"in his fifties\" by 1980, no further details as to this individual's actual identity are known.[53][54]","title":"Suspects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chaperoned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaperone_(social)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Article-19"},{"link_name":"Crime Stoppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_Stoppers"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Active-68"},{"link_name":"liver disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_disease"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Active-68"},{"link_name":"heart failure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_failure"},{"link_name":"Cuyahoga County, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Article-19"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cproject-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Treuer-12"}],"text":"The enduring mystery of Potts' disappearance, the exhaustive—yet ultimately unsuccessful—nationwide investigation to locate the child and determine the actual motive behind her abduction has captured the imagination of the press and public alike in and around Cleveland for decades. According to some accounts, Potts' disappearance increased parents' wariness as to their own children's safety and many children raised in and around the city were heavily chaperoned for many years following the incident. The case remains one of Cleveland's most infamous missing persons cases,[16] with information still sought by investigators, and a Crime Stoppers reward of $15,000 remaining active.[55]Potts' sister relocated to another city in 1952; she later married and bore three children. Her mother, Elizabeth, died of liver disease on May 11, 1956, at age 56.[55] Shortly after Elizabeth's death her husband, Robert, remarked to the media his wife's health had been \"going downhill ever since Beverly disappeared.\" Robert continued to live alone at Linnet Avenue for several years; he died alone of heart failure on February 11, 1970. His body was found slumped upon a couch in the living room with the television switched on. He and his wife are interred in West Park Cemetery in Cuyahoga County, Ohio.[56]\"I still think of her as ten years old ... she's still a little girl. It's hard for me to visualize how she would look today.\"\n\n\nAnita Potts Georges, reflecting on her memories of her sister. November 2003.In 1991, Potts' sister, Anita, unveiled a memorial stone to her sister directly alongside the graves of her parents. At the unveiling, Anita declared that if her sister's remains were ever discovered and identified, she should be laid to rest beneath this memorial stone, alongside her parents. This marker is inscribed with the words: \"In Memory of Beverly Rose Potts.\"[16][45]Anita Potts Georges continued to search for her only sister until her own death in 2006.[57] She seldom discussed her sister's disappearance in much detail prior to her death. However, the effect of her sister's abduction greatly impacted her own parenting. According to her daughter, Megan Roberts (b. 1964), the event \"absolutely affected her parenting. She was strict, and always wanted to know where we were, who we were with ... but she very seldom spoke of Beverly other than to tell us she had a sister that disappeared. She would say it was just too painful to talk about ... it was very emotional for her.\"[12]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-873-38836-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-873-38836-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-442-25680-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-442-25680-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-439-86063-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-439-86063-2"}],"sub_title":"Bibliography","text":"Badal, James Jessen (2005). Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. ISBN 0-873-38836-4.\nPettem, Silvia (2017). The Long Term Missing: Hope and Help for Families. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-442-25680-4.\nSprague, Donald F. (2013). Investigating Missing Children Cases: A Guide for First Responders and Investigators. New York: Taylor & LFrancis Group. ISBN 978-1-439-86063-2.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Treuer-12"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"The 2004 documentary Dusk & Shadow: The Mystery of Beverly Potts draws direct inspiration from Potts' disappearance. Directed by Mark Wade Stone, this 53-minute documentary was first broadcast on December 14, 2004. Potts' sister, Anita, is among those interviewed by the director.[58][12]","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-978-1-467-10029-8_p53-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"USS Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Arizona_(BB-39)"},{"link_name":"attack on Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"hot rod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_rod"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saunders-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saunders-31"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73-74-37"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-41"},{"link_name":"Lindbergh kidnapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindbergh_kidnapping"},{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI"},{"link_name":"abductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abduction"},{"link_name":"ransom note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransom_note"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FBI-40"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-49"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trust-48"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-61"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-65"}],"text":"^ In the early 1950s, this annual summer festival regularly attracted crowds of up to 1,500 people.[4]\n\n^ Halloran Park was named after William Ignatius Halloran, a local serviceman who perished upon the USS Arizona in the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Halloran was the first Cleveland native to die in World War II.\n\n^ On September 1, Swing would claim to investigators that a short, plump woman, holding a small child by the hand, had placed her hand on Potts' shoulder as she and Potts had watched the Showagon performances. Swing was unsure whether her friend and this woman exchanged words, although she did recall the woman remarking to others in the crowd that one of her children was performing on stage that evening.\n\n^ Krause did not report this sighting to police until September 3.\n\n^ One of these males is described as having blond hair; the other dark brown or black hair. These two individuals were never traced.[20]\n\n^ Kerr would join the manhunt to locate Potts on August 30 due to an ultimately discounted lead that Potts had been struck and killed by a Chevrolet coupé owned by a teenager named Beverly Saunders (described in contemporary press articles as a \"hot rod queen\") who had loaned her vehicle to two teenagers who had struck and killed Potts. A forensic examination of Saunders' vehicle had revealed several blonde hairs on a door hinge, although Saunders herself was blonde.[26]\n\n^ House-to-house searches of all properties upon and around Linnet Avenue were not conducted until September 14. These searches were conducted only in instances where home owners gave their consent.[26]\n\n^ Slates's mother was midway through a two-week vacation in Virginia at the time.[30]\n\n^ Contemporary legal provisions enacted after the 1932 Lindbergh kidnapping prohibited the FBI from becoming actively involved in the manhunt unless an abductor either contacted his/her victim's relatives via telephone or sent a ransom note. As Potts' family received neither, the bureau was unable to legally become involved in the investigation.[32]\n\n^ The public reward sum for information leading to Potts' return would eventually reach over $8,000.[34]\n\n^ Despite her youth, Potts was considered by neighbors and family friends to be a responsible child. As such, she had frequently been entrusted to babysit for neighborhood children.[38]\n\n^ For several days prior to his arrest for public intoxication, Rush had repeatedly attempted to borrow money from family in Cleveland in order to return to his home city; he had spent the $25 his mother had sent him for a bus ticket on alcohol on the afternoon of his arrest.[49]\n\n^ According to police records, upon being informed of his arrest, the first words this individual had stated were: \"You finally got me. I'm glad it's all over.\"","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-873-38836-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-873-38836-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-467-10029-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-467-10029-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-886-22819-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-886-22819-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-788-18639-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-788-18639-4"},{"link_name":"University Press of New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_New_England"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-555-53241-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-555-53241-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-409-46802-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-409-46802-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-313-37692-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37692-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-788-18639-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-788-18639-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-442-25680-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-442-25680-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-439-86063-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-439-86063-2"}],"text":"Badal, James Jessen (2005). Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. ISBN 0-873-38836-4.\nBecker, Thea (2012). Legendary Locals of Cleveland. South Carolina: Gray & Company. ISBN 978-1-467-10029-8.\nBellamy, John S. (1997). The Maniac in the Bushes: More True Tales of Cleveland Crime and Disaster. Cleveland, Ohio: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-886-22819-1.\nCollins, James J. (1999). Law Enforcement Policies and Practices Regarding Missing Children and Homeless Youth. United States: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. ISBN 978-0-788-18639-4.\nCooper, Cynthia L.; Sheppard, Sam L. (1995). Mockery of Justice: The True Story of the Sheppard Murder Case. Lebanon, New Hampshire: University Press of New England. ISBN 978-1-555-53241-3.\nGreene, Dr. Karen Shalev; Alys, Llian (2016). Missing Persons: A Handbook of Research. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-409-46802-8.\nKatz, Hélèna (2010). Cold Cases: Famous Unsolved Mysteries, Crimes, and Disappearances in America. Santa Barbara: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-37692-4.\nMetzenbaum, Howard (1983). Child Kidnapping: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice of the Committee on the Judiciary United States Senate. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-788-18639-4.\nPettem, Silvia (2017). The Long Term Missing: Hope and Help for Families. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-442-25680-4.\nSprague, Donald F. (2013). Investigating Missing Children Cases: A Guide for First Responders and Investigators. New York: Taylor & LFrancis Group. ISBN 978-1-439-86063-2.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Potts, c. 1946","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Beverly_Potts3.jpeg/150px-Beverly_Potts3.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Potts, photographed in Hudson, Ohio, on August 19, 1951, five days prior to her disappearance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Beverly_Potts2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Police artist sketch of Potts, depicting the clothing she wore at the time of her disappearance","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Beverly_Potts_Police_Artist%27s_Sketch_August_29%2C_1951.jpg/135px-Beverly_Potts_Police_Artist%27s_Sketch_August_29%2C_1951.jpg"},{"image_text":"Beverly Potts (center), pictured with her parents and sister at Christmas 1947","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d0/Beverly_Rose_Potts_and_Family_Christmas_1947_with_Pet_Dog_Fancy.jpg/186px-Beverly_Rose_Potts_and_Family_Christmas_1947_with_Pet_Dog_Fancy.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Child abduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_abduction"},{"title":"Cold case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_case"},{"title":"List of kidnappings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kidnappings"},{"title":"List of people who disappeared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_who_disappeared_mysteriously:_1910%E2%80%931990"},{"title":"National Center for Missing and Exploited Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Missing_and_Exploited_Children"},{"title":"The Doe Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Doe_Network"},{"title":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"title":"1950s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:1950s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg"},{"title":"Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Law"},{"title":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ohio"}]
[{"reference":"Badal, James Jessen (2005). Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. ISBN 0-873-38836-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-873-38836-4","url_text":"0-873-38836-4"}]},{"reference":"Pettem, Silvia (2017). The Long Term Missing: Hope and Help for Families. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-442-25680-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-442-25680-4","url_text":"978-1-442-25680-4"}]},{"reference":"Sprague, Donald F. (2013). Investigating Missing Children Cases: A Guide for First Responders and Investigators. New York: Taylor & LFrancis Group. ISBN 978-1-439-86063-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-439-86063-2","url_text":"978-1-439-86063-2"}]},{"reference":"Rhoades, Nikki (February 23, 2020). \"Nine Cold Cases From The Cleveland Area That Puzzle True Crime Fans To This Day\". onlyinyourstate.com. Retrieved March 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/ohio/cleveland/cold-cases-cle/","url_text":"\"Nine Cold Cases From The Cleveland Area That Puzzle True Crime Fans To This Day\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Justice Story: Beverly Rose Potts\". New York Daily News. New York. June 10, 1973. Retrieved March 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27486074/potts/","url_text":"\"A Justice Story: Beverly Rose Potts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News","url_text":"New York Daily News"}]},{"reference":"James Jessen Badal (2005). Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts. Kent State Press. p. 50. ISBN 0-873-38836-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rbp-VMvTFBcC","url_text":"Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-873-38836-4","url_text":"0-873-38836-4"}]},{"reference":"Scherrer, Yasmin (November 28, 2022). \"Beverly Potts Disappeared After a Show in Cleveland, Never to Be Seen Again. What Happened to Her?\". Medium. Retrieved March 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://medium.com/@yasminscherrer/beverly-potts-disappeared-after-a-show-in-cleveland-never-to-be-seen-again-what-happened-to-her-be2ff9a943ba","url_text":"\"Beverly Potts Disappeared After a Show in Cleveland, Never to Be Seen Again. What Happened to Her?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_(website)","url_text":"Medium"}]},{"reference":"Loreno, Darcie (April 17, 2017). \"Missing: Beverly Rose Potts\". WJW (TV). Cleveland, Ohio. Retrieved March 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://fox8.com/news/missing-beverly-rose-potts/","url_text":"\"Missing: Beverly Rose Potts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJW_(TV)","url_text":"WJW (TV)"}]},{"reference":"Feran, Thomas (March 27, 2018). \"Beverly Potts Vanished 67 Years Ago, and the Mystery Remains Unsolved\". The Cleveland Plain Dealer. Retrieved March 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2018/03/beverly_potts_vanished_67_year.html","url_text":"\"Beverly Potts Vanished 67 Years Ago, and the Mystery Remains Unsolved\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cleveland_Plain_Dealer","url_text":"The Cleveland Plain Dealer"}]},{"reference":"\"Has 29-year-old Kidnapping in Cleveland Finally Been Solved\". Telegraph-Forum. Bucyrus, Ohio. United Press International. August 18, 1980. Retrieved April 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122190569/telegraph-forum/","url_text":"\"Has 29-year-old Kidnapping in Cleveland Finally Been Solved\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press_International","url_text":"United Press International"}]},{"reference":"James Jessen Badal (2005). Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts. Kent State Press. p. 165. ISBN 0-873-38836-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rbp-VMvTFBcC","url_text":"Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-873-38836-4","url_text":"0-873-38836-4"}]},{"reference":"MacDonald, Evan (August 24, 2015). \"Remembering the Beverly Potts Case on the Anniversary of Her Disappearance\". The Cleveland Plain Dealer. Retrieved March 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2015/08/looking_back_at_the_disappeara.html","url_text":"\"Remembering the Beverly Potts Case on the Anniversary of Her Disappearance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cleveland_Plain_Dealer","url_text":"The Cleveland Plain Dealer"}]},{"reference":"Gallek, Peggy (August 24, 2015). \"Could Mysterious Phone Call Lead to Answers More than 60 Years After Cleveland Girl Disappeared?\". Fox 8. Cleveland, Ohio. Retrieved March 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://fox8.com/news/push-to-solve-cold-case-on-64th-anniversary-of-cleveland-girls-disappearance/","url_text":"\"Could Mysterious Phone Call Lead to Answers More than 60 Years After Cleveland Girl Disappeared?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WJW_(TV)","url_text":"Fox 8"}]},{"reference":"\"Solar Elevation on Friday, 24 August 1951 in Lancaster, Ohio\". weatherspark.com. August 24, 1951. Retrieved March 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://weatherspark.com/h/d/17274/1951/8/24/Historical-Weather-on-Friday-August-24-1951-in-Lancaster-Ohio-United-States","url_text":"\"Solar Elevation on Friday, 24 August 1951 in Lancaster, Ohio\""}]},{"reference":"Kovac, Marc (June 4, 2017). \"Capital News: More than 600 Ohio Children Still Have Mot Made it Home\". Akron Beacon Journal. Retrieved April 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://eu.beaconjournal.com/story/news/local/tallmadge-express/2017/06/04/capital-news-more-than-600/19967356007/","url_text":"\"Capital News: More than 600 Ohio Children Still Have Mot Made it Home\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akron_Beacon_Journal","url_text":"Akron Beacon Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Beverly Potts: Search Continues\". The Newark Advocate. August 28, 1951. Retrieved March 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/288188224/","url_text":"\"Beverly Potts: Search Continues\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advocate_(Newark)","url_text":"The Newark Advocate"}]},{"reference":"McGunagle, Freda (January 24, 1999). \"Beverly Potts Went to See a Carnival, but Never Returned and was Never Found\" (PDF). The Plain Dealer. Retrieved March 17, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://teachingcleveland.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/1951.pdf","url_text":"\"Beverly Potts Went to See a Carnival, but Never Returned and was Never Found\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plain_Dealer","url_text":"The Plain Dealer"}]},{"reference":"\"Reward Posted for Child\". Mansfield News-Journal. Mansfield, Ohio. August 27, 1951. Retrieved March 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12507923/reward-posted-for-child/","url_text":"\"Reward Posted for Child\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_Journal_(Ohio)","url_text":"Mansfield News-Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Reward Posted For Child\". Mansfield News Journal. Mansfield, Ohio. August 27, 1951. p. 1. Retrieved July 20, 2017 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12507923/reward_posted_for_child/","url_text":"\"Reward Posted For Child\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield_News_Journal","url_text":"Mansfield News Journal"}]},{"reference":"Hoover, Mark (December 29, 2020). \"Marc Hoover: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts\". The Clermont Sun. Retrieved March 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clermontsun.com/2020/12/29/marc-hoover-the-disappearance-of-beverly-potts","url_text":"\"Marc Hoover: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kidnapping Feared in Cleveland Case\". The Daily Republican. UPI. August 27, 1951. Retrieved March 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7198644/beverly-rose-potts/","url_text":"\"Kidnapping Feared in Cleveland Case\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Republican","url_text":"The Daily Republican"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPI","url_text":"UPI"}]},{"reference":"\"Police Hold a New Suspect in the Disappearance of Beverly Potts\". Defiance Crescent News. May 15, 1956. Retrieved April 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspaperarchive.com/defiance-crescent-news-may-15-1956-p-1/","url_text":"\"Police Hold a New Suspect in the Disappearance of Beverly Potts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Police May Have Solved 23-year-old-Kidnapping\". The Bryan Times. UPI. August 18, 1980. Retrieved November 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=799&dat=19800818&id=KqdPAAAAIBAJ&pg=6512,4026895","url_text":"\"Police May Have Solved 23-year-old-Kidnapping\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bryan_Times","url_text":"The Bryan Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPI","url_text":"UPI"}]},{"reference":"\"1951 Disappearance Investigated\". BG News. Bowling Green, Ohio. March 4, 1994. Retrieved April 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6664&context=bg-news","url_text":"\"1951 Disappearance Investigated\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BG_News","url_text":"BG News"}]},{"reference":"Good, Meaghan. \"The Charley Project: Beverly Rose Potts\". The Charley Project. Retrieved November 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.charleyproject.org/case/beverly-rose-potts","url_text":"\"The Charley Project: Beverly Rose Potts\""}]},{"reference":"Larkin, Brent (September 29, 2012). \"Investigators Still Chasing Amy Mihaljevic's Killer\". The Cleveland Plain Dealer. Retrieved November 30, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cleveland.com/opinion/index.ssf/2012/09/investigators_still_chasing_am.html","url_text":"\"Investigators Still Chasing Amy Mihaljevic's Killer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cleveland_Plain_Dealer","url_text":"The Cleveland Plain Dealer"}]},{"reference":"\"Murder Story a Hoax: Man Says He Confessed to Get Back to Cleveland\". Kansas City Times. Associated Press. December 17, 1955. Retrieved November 30, 2014 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12508300/murder_story_a_hoax_man_says_he/","url_text":"\"Murder Story a Hoax: Man Says He Confessed to Get Back to Cleveland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Times","url_text":"Kansas City Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"\"People v. Redmons (1990)\". law.justia.com. May 21, 1990. Retrieved March 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://law.justia.com/cases/california/supreme-court/3d/47/808.html","url_text":"\"People v. Redmons (1990)\""}]},{"reference":"Hunter, Bradley (January 28, 2017). \"Suspected Carnie Serial Killer Liked Little Girls\". Toronto Sun. Retrieved October 31, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://torontosun.com/2017/01/28/suspected-carnie-serial-killer-liked-little-girls/wcm/9c70da08-22b6-4e94-8a33-568dc2d05153","url_text":"\"Suspected Carnie Serial Killer Liked Little Girls\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Sun","url_text":"Toronto Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"Has 29-year-old Kidnapping in Cleveland Finally Been Solved?\". Telegraph-Forum. United Press International. August 18, 1980. Retrieved April 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122190569/telegraph-forum","url_text":"\"Has 29-year-old Kidnapping in Cleveland Finally Been Solved?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Press_International","url_text":"United Press International"}]},{"reference":"\"Child Still Missing\". Mansfield News Journal. Associated Press. June 17, 1980. Retrieved April 21, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122190402/news-journal","url_text":"\"Child Still Missing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansfield_News_Journal","url_text":"Mansfield News Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"Larkin, Brent (August 23, 2015). \"64 Years Later, a Possible Break in the Disappearance of Beverly Potts\". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved April 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2015/08/64_years_later_a_possible_brea.html","url_text":"\"64 Years Later, a Possible Break in the Disappearance of Beverly Potts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plain_Dealer","url_text":"The Plain Dealer"}]},{"reference":"MacDonald, Evan (August 24, 2015). \"Beverly Potts' Disappearance Affected Her Sister Throughout Her Life\". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved March 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2015/08/beverly_potts_disappearance_af.html","url_text":"\"Beverly Potts' Disappearance Affected Her Sister Throughout Her Life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plain_Dealer","url_text":"The Plain Dealer"}]},{"reference":"Larkin, Brent (August 24, 2006). \"The Sad, Enduring Mystery of the Disappearance of Beverly Potts\". The Plain Dealer. Retrieved July 16, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2006/08/the_sad_enduring_mystery_of_th.html","url_text":"\"The Sad, Enduring Mystery of the Disappearance of Beverly Potts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Plain_Dealer","url_text":"The Plain Dealer"}]},{"reference":"Marino, Jacqueline (November 17, 2004). \"On the (Cold) Case\". Cleveland Magazine. Retrieved March 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://clevelandmagazine.com/in-the-cle/people/articles/on-the-(cold)-case","url_text":"\"On the (Cold) Case\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Magazine","url_text":"Cleveland Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Badal, James Jessen (2005). Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. ISBN 0-873-38836-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-873-38836-4","url_text":"0-873-38836-4"}]},{"reference":"Becker, Thea (2012). Legendary Locals of Cleveland. South Carolina: Gray & Company. ISBN 978-1-467-10029-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-467-10029-8","url_text":"978-1-467-10029-8"}]},{"reference":"Bellamy, John S. (1997). The Maniac in the Bushes: More True Tales of Cleveland Crime and Disaster. Cleveland, Ohio: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-886-22819-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-886-22819-1","url_text":"978-1-886-22819-1"}]},{"reference":"Collins, James J. (1999). Law Enforcement Policies and Practices Regarding Missing Children and Homeless Youth. United States: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. ISBN 978-0-788-18639-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-788-18639-4","url_text":"978-0-788-18639-4"}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Cynthia L.; Sheppard, Sam L. (1995). Mockery of Justice: The True Story of the Sheppard Murder Case. Lebanon, New Hampshire: University Press of New England. ISBN 978-1-555-53241-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_New_England","url_text":"University Press of New England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-555-53241-3","url_text":"978-1-555-53241-3"}]},{"reference":"Greene, Dr. Karen Shalev; Alys, Llian (2016). Missing Persons: A Handbook of Research. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-409-46802-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-409-46802-8","url_text":"978-1-409-46802-8"}]},{"reference":"Katz, Hélèna (2010). Cold Cases: Famous Unsolved Mysteries, Crimes, and Disappearances in America. Santa Barbara: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-37692-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-37692-4","url_text":"978-0-313-37692-4"}]},{"reference":"Metzenbaum, Howard (1983). Child Kidnapping: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Juvenile Justice of the Committee on the Judiciary United States Senate. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-788-18639-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-788-18639-4","url_text":"978-0-788-18639-4"}]},{"reference":"Pettem, Silvia (2017). The Long Term Missing: Hope and Help for Families. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-442-25680-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-442-25680-4","url_text":"978-1-442-25680-4"}]},{"reference":"Sprague, Donald F. (2013). Investigating Missing Children Cases: A Guide for First Responders and Investigators. New York: Taylor & LFrancis Group. ISBN 978-1-439-86063-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-439-86063-2","url_text":"978-1-439-86063-2"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Disappearance_of_Beverly_Potts&params=41.45624_N_81.75647_W_region:US-OH_type:event","external_links_name":"41°27′22″N 81°45′23″W / 41.45624°N 81.75647°W / 41.45624; -81.75647"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Disappearance_of_Beverly_Potts&params=41.45624_N_81.75647_W_region:US-OH_type:event","external_links_name":"41°27′22″N 81°45′23″W / 41.45624°N 81.75647°W / 41.45624; -81.75647"},{"Link":"https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/ohio/cleveland/cold-cases-cle/","external_links_name":"\"Nine Cold Cases From The Cleveland Area That Puzzle True Crime Fans To This Day\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27486074/potts/","external_links_name":"\"A Justice Story: Beverly Rose Potts\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rbp-VMvTFBcC","external_links_name":"Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts"},{"Link":"https://medium.com/@yasminscherrer/beverly-potts-disappeared-after-a-show-in-cleveland-never-to-be-seen-again-what-happened-to-her-be2ff9a943ba","external_links_name":"\"Beverly Potts Disappeared After a Show in Cleveland, Never to Be Seen Again. What Happened to Her?\""},{"Link":"https://fox8.com/news/missing-beverly-rose-potts/","external_links_name":"\"Missing: Beverly Rose Potts\""},{"Link":"https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2018/03/beverly_potts_vanished_67_year.html","external_links_name":"\"Beverly Potts Vanished 67 Years Ago, and the Mystery Remains Unsolved\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122190569/telegraph-forum/","external_links_name":"\"Has 29-year-old Kidnapping in Cleveland Finally Been Solved\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=rbp-VMvTFBcC","external_links_name":"Twilight of Innocence: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts"},{"Link":"https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2015/08/looking_back_at_the_disappeara.html","external_links_name":"\"Remembering the Beverly Potts Case on the Anniversary of Her Disappearance\""},{"Link":"https://fox8.com/news/push-to-solve-cold-case-on-64th-anniversary-of-cleveland-girls-disappearance/","external_links_name":"\"Could Mysterious Phone Call Lead to Answers More than 60 Years After Cleveland Girl Disappeared?\""},{"Link":"https://weatherspark.com/h/d/17274/1951/8/24/Historical-Weather-on-Friday-August-24-1951-in-Lancaster-Ohio-United-States","external_links_name":"\"Solar Elevation on Friday, 24 August 1951 in Lancaster, Ohio\""},{"Link":"https://eu.beaconjournal.com/story/news/local/tallmadge-express/2017/06/04/capital-news-more-than-600/19967356007/","external_links_name":"\"Capital News: More than 600 Ohio Children Still Have Mot Made it Home\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/288188224/","external_links_name":"\"Beverly Potts: Search Continues\""},{"Link":"https://teachingcleveland.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/1951.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Beverly Potts Went to See a Carnival, but Never Returned and was Never Found\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12507923/reward-posted-for-child/","external_links_name":"\"Reward Posted for Child\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12507923/reward_posted_for_child/","external_links_name":"\"Reward Posted For Child\""},{"Link":"https://www.clermontsun.com/2020/12/29/marc-hoover-the-disappearance-of-beverly-potts","external_links_name":"\"Marc Hoover: The Disappearance of Beverly Potts\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7198644/beverly-rose-potts/","external_links_name":"\"Kidnapping Feared in Cleveland Case\""},{"Link":"https://newspaperarchive.com/defiance-crescent-news-may-15-1956-p-1/","external_links_name":"\"Police Hold a New Suspect in the Disappearance of Beverly Potts\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=799&dat=19800818&id=KqdPAAAAIBAJ&pg=6512,4026895","external_links_name":"\"Police May Have Solved 23-year-old-Kidnapping\""},{"Link":"https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6664&context=bg-news","external_links_name":"\"1951 Disappearance Investigated\""},{"Link":"http://www.charleyproject.org/case/beverly-rose-potts","external_links_name":"\"The Charley Project: Beverly Rose Potts\""},{"Link":"http://www.cleveland.com/opinion/index.ssf/2012/09/investigators_still_chasing_am.html","external_links_name":"\"Investigators Still Chasing Amy Mihaljevic's Killer\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12508300/murder_story_a_hoax_man_says_he/","external_links_name":"\"Murder Story a Hoax: Man Says He Confessed to Get Back to Cleveland\""},{"Link":"http://law.justia.com/cases/california/supreme-court/3d/47/808.html","external_links_name":"\"People v. Redmons (1990)\""},{"Link":"https://torontosun.com/2017/01/28/suspected-carnie-serial-killer-liked-little-girls/wcm/9c70da08-22b6-4e94-8a33-568dc2d05153","external_links_name":"\"Suspected Carnie Serial Killer Liked Little Girls\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122190569/telegraph-forum","external_links_name":"\"Has 29-year-old Kidnapping in Cleveland Finally Been Solved?\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/122190402/news-journal","external_links_name":"\"Child Still Missing\""},{"Link":"https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2015/08/64_years_later_a_possible_brea.html","external_links_name":"\"64 Years Later, a Possible Break in the Disappearance of Beverly Potts\""},{"Link":"https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2015/08/beverly_potts_disappearance_af.html","external_links_name":"\"Beverly Potts' Disappearance Affected Her Sister Throughout Her Life\""},{"Link":"http://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2006/08/the_sad_enduring_mystery_of_th.html","external_links_name":"\"The Sad, Enduring Mystery of the Disappearance of Beverly Potts\""},{"Link":"https://clevelandmagazine.com/in-the-cle/people/articles/on-the-(cold)-case","external_links_name":"\"On the (Cold) Case\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7198666/beverly-rose-potts/","external_links_name":"news article"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2BYw476zN4","external_links_name":"report"},{"Link":"http://www.cleveland.com/metro/index.ssf/2015/08/64_years_later_a_possible_brea.html","external_links_name":"news article"},{"Link":"https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2015/08/looking_back_at_the_disappeara.html","external_links_name":"collection of contemporary newspaper articles"},{"Link":"http://www.charleyproject.org/case/beverly-rose-potts","external_links_name":"Beverly Potts"},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/25466811","external_links_name":"Beverly Potts (Cenotaph)"},{"Link":"https://www.namus.gov/MissingPersons/Case#/4021","external_links_name":"Beverly Potts"},{"Link":"https://www.namus.gov/","external_links_name":"NamUs"},{"Link":"http://www.doenetwork.org/cases/162dfoh.html","external_links_name":"Beverly Potts"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apogaea
Apogaea
["1 Celebrations","2 History","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 37°07′20″N 104°42′30″W / 37.122246°N 104.708269°W / 37.122246; -104.708269This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Apogaea" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) ApogaeaLocation(s)Valdez, Colorado, United StatesInauguratedJuly 16–19, 2004 Most recentJune 9–12, 2022Participants1,750 (ticketed)Websitewww.apogaea.com Apogaea (meaning "far from Earth") is an annual collaborative outdoor arts and music festival held as a Colorado regional counterpart for the Burning Man event. Typically held in late spring (scheduled for June 7–10 in 2018) in southern Colorado, Apogaea ("Apo"), establishes a temporary autonomous zone where radical self-expression, inclusiveness, and self-reliance are the hallmarks of its participants. Like the Burning Man event, Apogaea includes art installations, performance art, DJ-music, live music, camps, and theme camps. Apogaea has a Creative Grants program that provides financial assistance for artists wanting to create visual art, performances or events, workshops, art vehicles, or theme camps for Apogaea; this grant cycle generally begins in January. In past years, nearly 50% of Apogaea's operating budget was given out as creative grants. In 2009 a second grant cycle (the "Bonus Round") was added to allow projects that didn't need as much time or money to complete to receive grants. As of 2018, Apogaea is one of the most art-centric of North American Regionals with art grants for 2014 totaling $50,000. Apogaea typically features a central "effigy" that burns on the Saturday night of the event. However, all fire at Apogaea is subject to local or regional fire bans in dry or dangerous conditions. In 2006 and 2012, Apogaea was under such a ban and had limited propane fire art and no effigy burn. Since moving to its new location in Valdez in 2016, the effigy burn has been limited to propane-fueled ignition of an effigy designed to produce no burning embers. No ember producing fire is allowed at this new site. Celebrations Effigies at Apogaea: 2004: no effigy 2005: Buddha 2006: Phoenix (not burned due to fire ban) 2007: Phoenix 2008: Squid 2009: Volcano 2010: Communigy (integrating pieces created by individual community members) 2011: Cocoon and Butterfly 2012: Blossom (not burned due to fire ban) 2013: Blossom 2014: Throne of the Emergent Multitude 2015: Syzygy: The Library Angel (not burned due to event cancellation) 2016: Syzygy: The Library Angel 2017: Heart of Gold 2018: Big Charles 2019: Draco's Nest 2020: 2021: 2022: Fire Sculpture Garden Temples at Apogaea: 2011: Temple of Moon 2013: Temple of Transubstantiation 2014: Temple of Infinite Life 2015: Temple of Resonance (not burned due to event cancellation) 2016: Temple of Resonance 2017: Hotaru no Hikari: The Firefly Temple 2019: Temple of Death 2020: 2021: 2022: Archways of the Ancients Themes for Apogaea: No themes prior to the 2008 event. 2008: Smells like Community Spirit 2009: Organized Chaos 2010: Artropolis ("Hailogaea" became the unofficial theme for the event after a hail filled weekend) 2011: Illuminate 2012: The Spiral 2013: Alchemy 2014: Emergence 2015: Synchronicity (Event was canceled) 2016: Moist 2017: Propaganda 2018: Reflection 2019: Analog 2020: Portals 2021: 2022: Portals Apogaea is organized and run by an unpaid Board of Directors and a wider circle of volunteer leads ("Apogaea Ignition") in areas such as Art, Safety, Operations, Communications, Administration, Outreach, and Volunteers. From 2008 to 2012, Apogaea ran from Thursday noon to dusk Sunday. Starting in 2013, Apo expanded to run from Wednesday through Sunday evening. Ticket prices have steadily climbed to its 2018 price of $150 online with no gate sales. 2011 was the first year that a sales cap was in place and the event sold out in mid-May. Due to its growing popularity, tickets for the event sold out in under four hours in 2012, spawning an alternate event named "Neoformia" held during the same time as Apogaea and located at Apogaea's previous location at the Happy Ass Ranch. Attendance for 2014 was capped at approximately 2,100 attendees, then in 2015 attendance was set to 2,300. Population size is capped in 2018 at 1,750. Apogaea is an all-ages event, though minors must be accompanied by a parent or legal guardian, and those under 21 are given a different color wristband. Past attendees have organized kid-friendly camping areas with planned activities for children. There are no free tickets given out (e.g., for volunteers, artists, or musicians), because of the philosophy that everyone attending is expected to contribute something to the event—whether it's their volunteer work, their participation, their camp, art, costumes, performance, or creativity—and Apogaea is not in a position to judge or value the merits of one person's contribution, creativity, or time over another's. Apogaea is generally held in early June, in an attempt to hold the event late enough in the spring that it's not freezing at night that high in the mountains, yet early enough to avoid dry-season fire bans or restrictions. It also tries to avoid Father's Day weekend and being the same week as nearby regionals such as Element 11 in Utah. For 2014, Apogaea was held during the days of June 4–8. All state and local fire-bans are strictly observed and Apogaea's volunteer leads work with county officials to implement safe and reasonable alternatives during fire bans. Any participant wishing to use fire in art, camp, or performance pieces is subject to fire-safety restrictions and is assisted and monitored by a team of volunteers trained in fire safety. In 2012, the main effigy was not burned due to a fire ban, but officials and volunteers arranged a fire parade instead. Propane flame effects were allowed as were propane burn barrels with the usual safety precautions taken. History From 2001 to 2003, a summer festival known as Geodesika took place in the mountains of Colorado. This was not an official Burning Man-sanctioned festival, but nevertheless held to Burning Man's philosophy and tenets, and many attendees were also Burning Man attendees. After a disagreement between Geodesika's founder and other festival organizers about how the festival should be run, the latter created a group to start a new, official Burning Man regional festival, named Apogaea. The first order of business for the new festival was to find a place to hold it. Isolation from populated areas, proximity to the Front Range of Colorado, suitability for camping for hundreds of people, cost, terrain, and altitude/nighttime temperatures were considerations in finding a place to hold Apogaea. Another Colorado festival, Dreamtime, had private land near Paonia, Colorado, on which they'd been holding a festival, and offered the land to Apogaea. It was decided to run a joint festival in 2004, "Apogaea in Dreamtime." While successful, differences in philosophies led the organizers of both festivals to agree that a joint festival would not work in the long term. Apogaea then found a landowner with space near Lake George, Colorado, who had hosted other festivals. The forested space, known as the Happy Ass Ranch, was the location for Apogaea for six consecutive years from 2005 to 2010. A steady annual increase in attendance presented certain challenges for the festival in terms of size and space limitations of its former home at Happy Ass Ranch. The approximately 1,100 participants in 2010, while successfully accommodated on the site, presented parking and camping challenges for the organizers of the event. In 2011, Apogaea secured a larger and more visually stunning site a few miles south in a forested area south of Bailey, Colorado. In 2015, Park County commissioners enacted a more restrictive permitting process designed to reduce the growing number of large scale events being held in and around Bailey and other towns in Park County. As a result, Apogaea was unable to secure a permit in 2015. An unofficial, smaller, event called Luminiferous, was held on private property near Granby Lake. A vast area in southern Colorado, outside of Valdez, Colorado, was secured for Apogaea in 2016. This new location is Apogaea's current home. The Valdez location is capable of supporting art cars and bicycle travel and features a slightly more desert-like terrain although the property has several ponds and large stands of pine trees along the perimeter. As with any other large-scale event, Apogaea has faced challenges and growing pains. Fortunately, Apogaea volunteers have worked hard to implement an organizational scheme and infrastructure to meet the demands presented by its recent spike in popularity. For example, in 2012, parking was greatly improved with a remote parking lot serviced by a shuttle system. This opened up more acreage for the event itself and made the town of Apogaea much more visually appealing. Also, eliminating gate sales helped to reduce the number of unprepared last-minute attendees who were drawn to the festival. As a result, in part, of eliminating walk-up gate sales, 2012 was the most dynamic and varied Apogaea yet with a high level of participation and interaction amongst all attendees. The move to the larger site in 2011 also made it possible to create "neighborhoods" within Apogaea and allow large sound camps to exist in areas where their sound did not dominate the entire festival. In the past, Apogaea had an annual "Miss Apogaea Pageant" which was something of a talent show for freaks by freaks. While the quality of "talent" was often dubious at best, it was a nice event to bring the entire community together. Although the event has lacked such a central rallying event for several years, theme camps have more than filled its vacancy with spectacular performances that draw the community together. In 2012, the town of Apogaea was treated to a wonderful circus of acrobats, jugglers, dancers and fire performers on Friday night while Camp Wardrobe MalFUNKtion put on a stunning PG-rated Burlesque show Saturday night that was hilarious and amazing. Other events were also community-building events such as fire performances hosted by the Fire Convergence. References ^ "Apogaea". Archived from the original on 6 June 2004. Retrieved 11 December 2014. ^ "Apogaea 2022 - BurnerTickets.com". 24 January 2023. ^ "The Big Money Round Has Ended!". 8 March 2015. ^ "The Effigy and the Temple: Interviews with the Artists". 3 January 2012. ^ "Introducing the 2017 Effigy and Temple!". 24 March 2017. ^ "2018 Big Money Grant Winners!". 7 March 2018. ^ a b "The Temple & the Effigy". ^ "Ludicrous Round Winners Announcement". 26 November 2014. ^ "The Temple | Apogaea". Archived from the original on 2017-02-02. Retrieved 2017-01-27. ^ "Introducing the 2017 Effigy and Temple!". 24 March 2017. ^ "The Temple & the Effigy". ^ "Apo 2010... Art, Camps & Things". 8 June 2010. ^ "2015 Apogaea Theme Announced and Ticket Art Contest (CLOSED)". 10 October 2014. ^ "2015 Apogaea Cancellation Letter". 21 May 2015. ^ "Apogaea 2017 Theme Contest now open!". 15 January 2017. ^ "And the winner of the 2017 theme contest is". 9 February 2017. ^ "2018 Theme Winner and Ticket Art contest!!!!". 30 October 2017. ^ "Apogaea 2015 Initial Announcements". 8 September 2014. External links Official website Westword feature article vteBurning ManPeople Larry Harvey John Law Regional events AfrikaBurn Alchemy Apogaea Blazing Swan Burning Flipside Firefly Arts Collective Kiwiburn Midburn Nowhere Playa del Fuego Transformus Where the Sheep Sleep Past events Fuego de los Muertos Locations Baker Beach Black Rock Desert Hualapai Flat Organizations Burning Man Project Burners Without Borders Cacophony Society Flaming Lotus Girls Bureau of Land Management Pink Mammoth Media BMIR Black Rock Beacon Dust & Illusions SomaFM Spark: A Burning Man Story Taking My Parents to Burning Man Years 2023 37°07′20″N 104°42′30″W / 37.122246°N 104.708269°W / 37.122246; -104.708269
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In 2009 a second grant cycle (the \"Bonus Round\") was added to allow projects that didn't need as much time or money to complete to receive grants. As of 2018, Apogaea is one of the most art-centric of North American Regionals with art grants for 2014 totaling $50,000.Apogaea typically features a central \"effigy\" that burns on the Saturday night of the event. However, all fire at Apogaea is subject to local or regional fire bans in dry or dangerous conditions. In 2006 and 2012, Apogaea was under such a ban and had limited propane fire art and no effigy burn. Since moving to its new location in Valdez in 2016, the effigy burn has been limited to propane-fueled ignition of an effigy designed to produce no burning embers. No ember producing fire is allowed at this new site.","title":"Apogaea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Effigies at Apogaea:\n2004: no effigy\n2005: Buddha\n2006: Phoenix (not burned due to fire ban)\n2007: Phoenix\n2008: Squid\n2009: Volcano\n2010: Communigy (integrating pieces created by individual community members)\n2011: Cocoon and Butterfly\n2012: Blossom (not burned due to fire ban)\n2013: Blossom\n2014: Throne of the Emergent Multitude\n2015: Syzygy: The Library Angel (not burned due to event cancellation) [3]\n2016: Syzygy: The Library Angel [4]\n2017: Heart of Gold[5]\n2018: Big Charles[6]\n2019: Draco's Nest [7]2020: [canceled by due to coronavirus]2021: [canceled by due to coronavirus]2022: Fire Sculpture Garden[7]Temples at Apogaea:\n2011: Temple of Moon\n2013: Temple of Transubstantiation\n2014: Temple of Infinite Life\n2015: Temple of Resonance (not burned due to event cancellation) [8]\n2016: Temple of Resonance [9]\n2017: Hotaru no Hikari: The Firefly Temple [10]\n 2019: Temple of Death [11]2020: [canceled by due to coronavirus]2021: [canceled by due to coronavirus]2022: Archways of the AncientsThemes for Apogaea:\nNo themes prior to the 2008 event.\n2008: Smells like Community Spirit\n2009: Organized Chaos\n2010: Artropolis (\"Hailogaea\" became the unofficial theme for the event after a hail filled weekend) [12]\n2011: Illuminate\n2012: The Spiral\n2013: Alchemy\n2014: Emergence\n2015: Synchronicity (Event was canceled) [13][14]\n2016: Moist [15]\n2017: Propaganda [16]\n2018: Reflection [17]\n2019: Analog\n2020: Portals [canceled due to coronavirus, theme carried over to 2022]2021: [canceled by due to coronavirus]2022: PortalsApogaea is organized and run by an unpaid Board of Directors and a wider circle of volunteer leads (\"Apogaea Ignition\") in areas such as Art, Safety, Operations, Communications, Administration, Outreach, and Volunteers.From 2008 to 2012, Apogaea ran from Thursday noon to dusk Sunday. Starting in 2013, Apo expanded to run from Wednesday through Sunday evening. Ticket prices have steadily climbed to its 2018 price of $150 online with no gate sales. 2011 was the first year that a sales cap was in place and the event sold out in mid-May. Due to its growing popularity, tickets for the event sold out in under four hours in 2012, spawning an alternate event named \"Neoformia\" held during the same time as Apogaea and located at Apogaea's previous location at the Happy Ass Ranch. Attendance for 2014 was capped at approximately 2,100 attendees, then in 2015 attendance was set to 2,300.[18] Population size is capped in 2018 at 1,750.Apogaea is an all-ages event, though minors must be accompanied by a parent or legal guardian, and those under 21 are given a different color wristband. Past attendees have organized kid-friendly camping areas with planned activities for children.There are no free tickets given out (e.g., for volunteers, artists, or musicians), because of the philosophy that everyone attending is expected to contribute something to the event—whether it's their volunteer work, their participation, their camp, art, costumes, performance, or creativity—and Apogaea is not in a position to judge or value the merits of one person's contribution, creativity, or time over another's.Apogaea is generally held in early June, in an attempt to hold the event late enough in the spring that it's not freezing at night that high in the mountains, yet early enough to avoid dry-season fire bans or restrictions. It also tries to avoid Father's Day weekend and being the same week as nearby regionals such as Element 11 in Utah. For 2014, Apogaea was held during the days of June 4–8.All state and local fire-bans are strictly observed and Apogaea's volunteer leads work with county officials to implement safe and reasonable alternatives during fire bans. Any participant wishing to use fire in art, camp, or performance pieces is subject to fire-safety restrictions and is assisted and monitored by a team of volunteers trained in fire safety. In 2012, the main effigy was not burned due to a fire ban, but officials and volunteers arranged a fire parade instead. Propane flame effects were allowed as were propane burn barrels with the usual safety precautions taken.","title":"Celebrations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Front Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_Range_Urban_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Paonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paonia"}],"text":"From 2001 to 2003, a summer festival known as Geodesika took place in the mountains of Colorado. This was not an official Burning Man-sanctioned festival, but nevertheless held to Burning Man's philosophy and tenets, and many attendees were also Burning Man attendees. After a disagreement between Geodesika's founder and other festival organizers about how the festival should be run, the latter created a group to start a new, official Burning Man regional festival, named Apogaea.The first order of business for the new festival was to find a place to hold it. Isolation from populated areas, proximity to the Front Range of Colorado, suitability for camping for hundreds of people, cost, terrain, and altitude/nighttime temperatures were considerations in finding a place to hold Apogaea.Another Colorado festival, Dreamtime, had private land near Paonia, Colorado, on which they'd been holding a festival, and offered the land to Apogaea. It was decided to run a joint festival in 2004, \"Apogaea in Dreamtime.\" While successful, differences in philosophies led the organizers of both festivals to agree that a joint festival would not work in the long term.Apogaea then found a landowner with space near Lake George, Colorado, who had hosted other festivals. The forested space, known as the Happy Ass Ranch, was the location for Apogaea for six consecutive years from 2005 to 2010. A steady annual increase in attendance presented certain challenges for the festival in terms of size and space limitations of its former home at Happy Ass Ranch. The approximately 1,100 participants in 2010, while successfully accommodated on the site, presented parking and camping challenges for the organizers of the event. In 2011, Apogaea secured a larger and more visually stunning site a few miles south in a forested area south of Bailey, Colorado. In 2015, Park County commissioners enacted a more restrictive permitting process designed to reduce the growing number of large scale events being held in and around Bailey and other towns in Park County. As a result, Apogaea was unable to secure a permit in 2015. An unofficial, smaller, event called Luminiferous, was held on private property near Granby Lake.A vast area in southern Colorado, outside of Valdez, Colorado, was secured for Apogaea in 2016. This new location is Apogaea's current home. The Valdez location is capable of supporting art cars and bicycle travel and features a slightly more desert-like terrain although the property has several ponds and large stands of pine trees along the perimeter.As with any other large-scale event, Apogaea has faced challenges and growing pains. Fortunately, Apogaea volunteers have worked hard to implement an organizational scheme and infrastructure to meet the demands presented by its recent spike in popularity.For example, in 2012, parking was greatly improved with a remote parking lot serviced by a shuttle system. This opened up more acreage for the event itself and made the town of Apogaea much more visually appealing.Also, eliminating gate sales helped to reduce the number of unprepared last-minute attendees who were drawn to the festival. As a result, in part, of eliminating walk-up gate sales, 2012 was the most dynamic and varied Apogaea yet with a high level of participation and interaction amongst all attendees. The move to the larger site in 2011 also made it possible to create \"neighborhoods\" within Apogaea and allow large sound camps to exist in areas where their sound did not dominate the entire festival.In the past, Apogaea had an annual \"Miss Apogaea Pageant\" which was something of a talent show for freaks by freaks. While the quality of \"talent\" was often dubious at best, it was a nice event to bring the entire community together. Although the event has lacked such a central rallying event for several years, theme camps have more than filled its vacancy with spectacular performances that draw the community together. In 2012, the town of Apogaea was treated to a wonderful circus of acrobats, jugglers, dancers and fire performers on Friday night while Camp Wardrobe MalFUNKtion put on a stunning PG-rated Burlesque show Saturday night that was hilarious and amazing. Other events were also community-building events such as fire performances hosted by the Fire Convergence.","title":"History"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Herzliya_shawarma_restaurant_bombing
2002 Herzliya bombing
["1 The attack","2 The perpetrator","3 Aftermath","4 Official reactions","5 See also","6 References"]
Coordinates: 32°10′02″N 34°50′31″E / 32.16722°N 34.84194°E / 32.16722; 34.84194Suicide bombing in Herzliya, Israel 2002 Herzliya bombingPart of the Second Intifada militancy campaignJamil (Mifgash Ha'Sharon) restaurantclass=notpageimage| The attack siteNative nameהפיגוע במפגש השרון ג'מיל בהרצליהLocation"Mifgash Ha'Sharon" restaurant, Herzliya, IsraelCoordinates32°10′02″N 34°50′31″E / 32.16722°N 34.84194°E / 32.16722; 34.84194DateJune 11, 2002; 22 years ago (2002-06-11) c. 7:30 pm (UTC+2)Attack typeSuicide bombingWeaponPipe bombDeaths1 Israeli teenager (+1 bomber)Injured15 Israeli civiliansPerpetratorAl-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades claimed responsibilityParticipant1 The 2002 Herzliya bombing took place on June 11, 2002, when a Palestinian suicide bomber set off a bomb at the Jamil (Mifgash Ha'Sharon) restaurant in the Israeli beach suburb of Herzliya. The event resulted in the death of one teenager, Hadar Hershkowitz, and the injury of 15 people. The attack led Israel to lodge a formal complaint with the UN security council, citing it as evidence for a "campaign of Palestinian terrorism" against Israeli civilians. The attack At about 7:30 pm, a Palestinian suicide bomber set off a pipe bomb in the Shawarma restaurant "Mifgash Ha'Sharon" (AKA "Jamil"), where about 30 people were sitting. The pipe bomb used in the attack was said to have been "relatively small." A rescue worker said that one of the explosive devices the bomber was wearing did not detonate. According to Israel, the explosives had been packed with nails and ball bearings. A 14-year-old girl was killed in the attack and 15 additional people were injured in the attack. According to Israeli sources, earlier that day, three Israeli high school students were injured when Palestinian militants attacked their school bus. One student was seriously injured. That same day, a Palestinian militant stabbed an Israeli policeman in Jerusalem. The perpetrator The Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades, a military wing of Fatah, claimed responsibility for the attack, stating that it was "in retaliation for the daily incursions by the occupation forces against the cities, towns, villages and refugee camps". The Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades spokesman stated that the suicide bomber was a 30-year-old Palestinian named Omar Zayadeh who originated from the Palestinian village of Ma'adama in the West Bank. Aftermath In 2003, Israeli troops demolished the home of bomber. According to Palestinian Media Watch, an Israel-based media watchdog organization, in 2010 the Palestinian Authority built a monument honoring the bomber in the town square of the West Bank town of Madama. The monument, in the form of a pyramid, features portraits of Yasser Arafat and of the bomber. Below the bomber's portrait are the words, "The heroic Shahada – Seeker (Martyrdom- Seeker) Omar Muhammad Ziyada (Abu Samed) who carried out the heroic Herzliya operation on June 11, 2002." Official reactions Involved parties  Israel: David Baker, an official in Sharon's office, condemned the attack as "another example of the Palestinians' intention to commit murder for the sake of murder".  Palestinian territories: Palestinian National Authority: PA officials condemned the attack, stating it was wrong to attack innocent people on the street. In the statement, the authority said it would do its "utmost" to prevent future attacks. Senior Hamas officials said the attack is "a natural response to Israel's crimes in the territories." See also 2006 Tel Aviv shawarma restaurant bombing References ^ a b c Teen killed in terror bombing near Tel Aviv Archived 2012-10-10 at the Wayback Machine. CNN. June 11, 2002 ^ a b c d "PA town square memorial honors suicide terrorist and his attack as 'heroic,'" Itamar Marcus and Barbara Crook, August 19, 2002, Palestine Media Watch. ^ a b c Israeli complaint to the UN Security Council Archived 2012-10-21 at the Wayback Machine. 14 June 2002. ^ MIDEAST TURMOIL: RAMALLAH; Israelis Pull Back From Arafat Compound. New York Times. June 13, 2002 ^ a b "Hadar Hershkowitz, June 11, 2002," Ministry of Foreign Affairs, accessed August 19, 2010, ^ "Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades claims responsibility for Herzliya attack; 70-year old Palestinian killed south of Jerusalem". Al Bawaba. 2002. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. ^ Amnesty demands PFLP chief's release; new PA cabinet meets. AMIRA HASS and AMOS HAREL. Ha'aretz, 14 June 2002 ^ كتائب الأقصى تتبنى عملية هرتسليا وقوات الاحتلال تعتقل فلسطينيتين بدعوى التخطيط لعمليتين فدائيتين Archived 2012-04-01 at the Wayback Machine. Ashraq al-Awsat (In Arabic) ^ IDF kills Palestinian in W. Bank. By Amos Harel. Haaretz ^ "Injured teen dies after suicide bombing". www.iol.co.za. ^ Teenage girl killed in Israel bomb blast. BBC. 12 June 2002 ^ Girl dies, 9 hurt in suicide bomb attack on Herzliya restaurant. Haim Shadmi, Amit Ben-Aroya, Ha'aretz vteProminent terrorist attacks against Israelis in the history of the Arab–Israeli conflict – the 2000s2001 Murder of Ofir Rahum (January 17) Azor attack (February 14) Netanya bombing (March 4) Murder of Shalhevet Pass (March 26) Murders of Koby Mandell and Yosef Ishran (May 8) 1st HaSharon Mall bombing (May 18) Dolphinarium discotheque massacre (June 1) Killing of Yehuda Shoham (June 5) Binyamina train station bombing (July 16) Sbarro restaurant bombing (August 9) Nahariya train station bombing (September 9) Assassination of Rehavam Ze'evi (October 17) Camp 80 junction bus attack (November 29) Ben Yehuda Street Bombings (December 1) Haifa bus bombing (December 2) Immanuel bus attack (December 12) 2002 Hadera attack (January 18) Tel Aviv outdoor mall bombing (January 25) Jaffa Street bombing (January 27) Karnei Shomron Mall bombing (February 16) Ein 'Arik checkpoint attack (February 19) Yeshivat Beit Yisrael bombing (March 2) Wadi al-Haramiya sniper attack (March 3) Seafood Market attack (March 5) Café Moment bombing (March 9) Matzuva attack (March 12) Egged bus 823 bombing (March 20) King George Street bombing (March 21) Passover massacre (March 27) ‡ Kiryat HaYovel supermarket bombing (March 29) Matza restaurant bombing (March 31) Yagur Junction bombing (April 10) Mahane Yehuda bombing (April 12) Adora attack (April 27) Rishon LeZion bombing (May 7) Netanya Market bombing (May 19) Pi Glilot bombing attempt (May 23) Megiddo Junction bus bombing (June 5) Herzliya bombing (June 11) Patt Junction bus bombing (June 18) French Hill bombing (June 19) Itamar attack (June 20) Los Angeles Airport shooting (July 4) Immanuel bus attack (July 16) Neve Shaanan Street bombing (July 17) Hebrew University bombing (July 31) Meron Junction bus attack (August 4) Allenby Street bus bombing (September 19) Karkur junction bombing (October 21) Sonol gas station bombing (October 27) Metzer attack (November 10) Kiryat Menachem bus bombing (November 21) Mombasa attacks (November 28) Beit She'an attack (November 28) Yeshivat Otniel shooting (December 27) 2003 Tel Aviv central bus station massacre (January 5) Haifa bus bombing (March 5) Mike's Place bombing (April 30) French Hill bombings (May 18) Afula mall bombing (May 19) Davidka Square bus bombing (June 11) Route 60 Hamas attack (June 20) Murder of Oleg Shaichat (July 28) Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing (August 19) Tzrifin bus stop attack (September 9) Café Hillel bombing (September 9) Maxim restaurant bombing (October 4) Geha Interchange bus stop bombing (December 25) 2004 2004 Erez Crossing bombing (January 14) Gaza Street bus bombing (January 29) Liberty Bell Park bus bombing (February 22) Ashdod Port bombings (March 14) Murder of the Hatuel family (May 2) Tashkent embassy bombing (July 30) Beersheba bus bombings (August 31) Sinai bombings (October 7) Carmel Market bombing (November 1) 2005 Karni border crossing attack (January 13) Stage Club bombing (February 25) 2nd HaSharon Mall bombing (July 12) Shfar'am attack (August 4) Kidnapping and murder of Sasson Nuriel (September 21) Hadera Market bombing (October 26) 3rd HaSharon Mall bombing (December 5) 2006 1st Rosh Ha'ir restaurant bombing (January 19) Kedumim bombing (March 30) 2nd Rosh Ha'ir restaurant bombing (April 17) Murder of Eliyahu Asheri (June 25) 2007 Eilat bombing (January 29) Nahal Telem shooting (December 28) 2008 Dimona bombing (February 4) Jerusalem yeshiva attack (March 6) Jerusalem bulldozer attack (July 2) Jerusalem BMW attack (September 22) 2009 Bat Ayin axe attack (April 2) Killing of Rabbi Meir Hai (December 24)   Attacks launched from the West Bank   Attacks launched from the Gaza Strip   Attacks launched from Lebanon ‡ indicates the terrorist attack which caused the greatest amount of Israeli casualties during the 2000s Full list of Palestinian suicide attacks List of Israeli civilian casualties in the Second Intifada Full list of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel List of projectile attacks from Lebanon on Israel and the Golan Heights List of attacks from Lebanon Rocket attack on Eilat 1990s 2010s vteProminent Palestinian militancy attacks in the 2000sWithinIsrael Azor attack3 (February 14, 2001) Netanya bombing2 (March 4, 2001) 1st HaSharon Mall entrance suicide bombing (May 18, 2001) Dolphinarium discotheque massacre2 (June 1, 2001) Binyamina train station suicide bombing (July 16, 2001) Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing2 (August 9, 2001) Nahariya train station suicide bombing (September 9, 2001) Camp 80 junction bus 823 attack (November 29, 2001) Ben Yehuda Street Bombings (December 1, 2001) Haifa bus 16 suicide bombing (December 2, 2001) Hadera attack (January 18, 2002) Tel Aviv outdoor mall bombing (January 25, 2002) Jaffa Street bombing (January 27, 2002) Karnei Shomron Mall suicide bombing (February 16, 2002) Yeshivat Beit Yisrael bombing (March 2, 2002) Seafood Market attack (March 5, 2002) Atzmona attack (March 7, 2002) Café Moment bombing (March 9, 2002) Matzuva attack1 (March 12, 2002) Egged bus 823 bombing (March 20, 2002) King George Street bombing (March 21, 2002) Passover massacre (March 27, 2002) Kiryat HaYovel supermarket bombing (March 29, 2002) Matza restaurant suicide bombing (March 31, 2002) Yagur Junction bombing (April 10, 2002) Mahane Yehuda Market bombing (April 12, 2002) Rishon LeZion bombing (May 7, 2002) Netanya Market bombing (May 19, 2002) Pi Glilot bombing attempt (May 23, 2002) Megiddo Junction bus bombing (June 5, 2002) Herzliya shawarma restaurant bombing (June 11, 2002) Patt Junction bus bombing (June 18, 2002) Neve Shaanan Street bombing (July 17, 2002) Hebrew University bombing (July 31, 2002) Meron Junction Bus 361 attack (August 4, 2002) Allenby Street bus bombing (September 19, 2002) Karkur junction suicide bombing (October 21, 2002) Metzer attack (November 2, 2002) Kiryat Menachem bus bombing (November 21, 2002) Beit She'an attack (November 28, 2002) Tel Aviv central bus station massacre (January 5, 2003) Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing (March 5, 2003) Mike's Place suicide bombing (April 30, 2003) Jerusalem bombings (May 18, 2003) Afula mall bombing (May 19, 2003) Davidka Square bus bombing (June 11, 2003) Murder of Oleg Shaichat (July 28, 2003) Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing (August 19, 2003) Tzrifin bus stop attack (September 9, 2003) Café Hillel bombing (September 9, 2003) Maxim restaurant suicide bombing (October 4, 2003) Geha Interchange bus stop bombing (December 25, 2003) 2004 Erez Crossing bombing3 (January 14, 2004) Gaza Street bus bombing (January 29, 2004) Liberty Bell Park bus bombing (February 22, 2004) Ashdod Port bombings (March 14, 2004) Beersheba bus bombings (August 31, 2004) Carmel Market bombing (November 1, 2004) Karni border crossing attack (January 13, 2005) Stage Club bombing (February 25, 2005) 2nd HaSharon Mall entrance suicide bombing (July 12, 2005) Hadera Market bombing (October 26, 2005) 3rd HaSharon Mall entrance suicide bombing (December 5, 2005) 2nd Rosh Ha'ir restaurant bombing (April 17, 2006) Gaza cross-border raid2 (June 25, 2006) Eilat bakery bombing (January 29, 2007) Dimona suicide bombing (February 4, 2008) Jerusalem yeshiva attack (March 6, 2008) Jerusalem bulldozer attack (July 2, 2008) Jerusalem BMW attack (September 22, 2008) West Bank Ramallah lynching (October 12, 2000) Murder of Ofir Rahum (January 17, 2001) Assassination of the Israeli Minister of Tourism Rehavam Ze'evi2 (October 17, 2001) Murder of Shalhevet Pass (March 26, 2001) Palestinian fatal stoning attack (June 5, 2001) Immanuel bus attack (December 12, 2001) Ein 'Arik checkpoint attack (19 February 2002) Wadi al-Haramiya sniper attack (March 3, 2002) French Hill Junction suicide bombing (June 19, 2002) Itamar attack (June 20, 2002) Immanuel bus attack (July 16, 2002) Sonol gas station bombing (October 27, 2002) Hebron ambush (November 15, 2002) Yeshivat Otniel shooting (December 27, 2002) Kidnapping and murder of Sasson Nuriel (September 21, 2005) Kedumim bombing (March 30, 2006) Murder of Eliyahu Asheri (June 25, 2006) Nahal Telem shooting (December 28, 2007) Bat Ayin axe attack (April 2, 2009) Killing of Rabbi Meir Hai (December 24, 2009) Gaza Strip Kissufim tank ambush ‎(September 5, 2002) Murder of the Hatuel family (May 2, 2004) IDF outpost bombing attack (December 12, 2004) Worldwide Sinai bombings (October 7, 2004) 1 Attacks launched from Lebanon 2 Attacks launched from the West Bank 3 Attacks launched from the Gaza Strip 1990s 2010s
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palestinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_people"},{"link_name":"suicide bomber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_bomber"},{"link_name":"Herzliya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzliya"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marcus-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-un-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Suicide bombing in Herzliya, IsraelThe 2002 Herzliya bombing took place on June 11, 2002, when a Palestinian suicide bomber set off a bomb at the Jamil (Mifgash Ha'Sharon) restaurant in the Israeli beach suburb of Herzliya.[1][2] The event resulted in the death of one teenager, Hadar Hershkowitz, and the injury of 15 people. The attack led Israel to lodge a formal complaint with the UN security council, citing it as evidence for a \"campaign of Palestinian terrorism\" against Israeli civilians.[3][4]","title":"2002 Herzliya bombing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pipe bomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_bomb"},{"link_name":"Shawarma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawarma"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MFA-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MFA-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-un-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-un-3"}],"text":"At about 7:30 pm, a Palestinian suicide bomber set off a pipe bomb in the Shawarma restaurant \"Mifgash Ha'Sharon\" (AKA \"Jamil\"), where about 30 people were sitting.[5] The pipe bomb used in the attack was said to have been \"relatively small.\"[5] A rescue worker said that one of the explosive devices the bomber was wearing did not detonate.[1] According to Israel, the explosives had been packed with nails and ball bearings.[3] A 14-year-old girl was killed in the attack and 15 additional people were injured in the attack.According to Israeli sources, earlier that day, three Israeli high school students were injured when Palestinian militants attacked their school bus. One student was seriously injured. That same day, a Palestinian militant stabbed an Israeli policeman in Jerusalem.[3]","title":"The attack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Martyrs_Brigades"},{"link_name":"Fatah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatah"},{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades, a military wing of Fatah, claimed responsibility for the attack, stating that it was \"in retaliation for the daily incursions by the occupation forces against the cities, towns, villages and refugee camps\". The Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades spokesman stated that the suicide bomber was a 30-year-old Palestinian named Omar Zayadeh who originated from the Palestinian village of Ma'adama in the West Bank.[6][7][8]","title":"The perpetrator"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Palestinian Media Watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Media_Watch"},{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marcus-2"},{"link_name":"Yasser Arafat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marcus-2"},{"link_name":"Martyrdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrdom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marcus-2"}],"text":"In 2003, Israeli troops demolished the home of bomber.[9]According to Palestinian Media Watch, an Israel-based media watchdog organization, in 2010 the Palestinian Authority built a monument honoring the bomber in the town square of the West Bank town of Madama.[2] The monument, in the form of a pyramid, features portraits of Yasser Arafat and of the bomber.[2] Below the bomber's portrait are the words, \"The heroic Shahada – Seeker (Martyrdom- Seeker) Omar Muhammad Ziyada (Abu Samed) who carried out the heroic Herzliya operation on June 11, 2002.\"[2]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Palestinian National Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-1"},{"link_name":"Hamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamas"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-haaretz-12"}],"text":"Involved partiesIsrael: David Baker, an official in Sharon's office, condemned the attack as \"another example of the Palestinians' intention to commit murder for the sake of murder\".[10]Palestinian territories:Palestinian National Authority: PA officials condemned the attack, stating it was wrong to attack innocent people on the street.[11] In the statement, the authority said it would do its \"utmost\" to prevent future attacks.[1]\nSenior Hamas officials said the attack is \"a natural response to Israel's crimes in the territories.\"[12]","title":"Official reactions"}]
[]
[{"title":"2006 Tel Aviv shawarma restaurant bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Rosh_Ha%27ir_restaurant_bombing"}]
[{"reference":"\"Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades claims responsibility for Herzliya attack; 70-year old Palestinian killed south of Jerusalem\". Al Bawaba. 2002. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230326155836/https://www.albawaba.com/news/al-aqsa-martyrs-brigades-claims-responsibility-herzliya-attack-70-year-old-palestinian-killed-s","url_text":"\"Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades claims responsibility for Herzliya attack; 70-year old Palestinian killed south of Jerusalem\""},{"url":"https://www.albawaba.com/news/al-aqsa-martyrs-brigades-claims-responsibility-herzliya-attack-70-year-old-palestinian-killed-s","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Injured teen dies after suicide bombing\". www.iol.co.za.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iol.co.za/news/world/injured-teen-dies-after-suicide-bombing-87992","url_text":"\"Injured teen dies after suicide bombing\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=2002_Herzliya_bombing&params=32_10_02_N_34_50_31_E_type:event_region:IL","external_links_name":"32°10′02″N 34°50′31″E / 32.16722°N 34.84194°E / 32.16722; 34.84194"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=2002_Herzliya_bombing&params=32_10_02_N_34_50_31_E_type:event_region:IL","external_links_name":"32°10′02″N 34°50′31″E / 32.16722°N 34.84194°E / 32.16722; 34.84194"},{"Link":"http://articles.cnn.com/2002-06-11/world/mideast_1_palestinian-security-sources-israeli-military-sources-abdul-rahim-mallouh?_s=PM:WORLD","external_links_name":"Teen killed in terror bombing near Tel Aviv"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121010200413/http://articles.cnn.com/2002-06-11/world/mideast_1_palestinian-security-sources-israeli-military-sources-abdul-rahim-mallouh?_s=PM:WORLD","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://palwatch.org/main.aspx?fi=157&doc_id=2816","external_links_name":"\"PA town square memorial honors suicide terrorist and his attack as 'heroic,'\""},{"Link":"http://www.undemocracy.com/A-56-983.pdf","external_links_name":"Israeli complaint to the UN Security Council"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121021195900/http://www.undemocracy.com/A-56-983.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/13/world/mideast-turmoil-ramallah-israelis-pull-back-from-arafat-compound.html?pagewanted=2","external_links_name":"MIDEAST TURMOIL: RAMALLAH; Israelis Pull Back From Arafat Compound"},{"Link":"http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Memorial/2002/1/Hadar+Hershkowitz.htm","external_links_name":"\"Hadar Hershkowitz, June 11, 2002,\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230326155836/https://www.albawaba.com/news/al-aqsa-martyrs-brigades-claims-responsibility-herzliya-attack-70-year-old-palestinian-killed-s","external_links_name":"\"Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades claims responsibility for Herzliya attack; 70-year old Palestinian killed south of Jerusalem\""},{"Link":"https://www.albawaba.com/news/al-aqsa-martyrs-brigades-claims-responsibility-herzliya-attack-70-year-old-palestinian-killed-s","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=4&article=108253&issueno=8599","external_links_name":"كتائب الأقصى تتبنى عملية هرتسليا وقوات الاحتلال تعتقل فلسطينيتين بدعوى التخطيط لعمليتين فدائيتين"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120401135016/http://www.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=4&article=108253&issueno=8599","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.haaretz.com/news/idf-kills-palestinian-in-w-bank-1.23581","external_links_name":"IDF kills Palestinian in W. Bank"},{"Link":"https://www.iol.co.za/news/world/injured-teen-dies-after-suicide-bombing-87992","external_links_name":"\"Injured teen dies after suicide bombing\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/world/newsid_2040000/2040649.stm","external_links_name":"Teenage girl killed in Israel bomb blast"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_fraction_discriminator
Constant fraction discriminator
["1 From another point of view","2 Principle of operation","3 Applications","4 References"]
Electronic signal processing device This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Constant fraction discriminator" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Comparison of threshold triggering (left) and constant fraction triggering (right) A constant fraction discriminator (CFD) is an electronic signal processing device, designed to mimic the mathematical operation of finding a maximum of a pulse by finding the zero of its slope. Some signals do not have a sharp maximum, but short rise times t r {\displaystyle t_{r}} . Typical input signals for CFDs are pulses from plastic scintillation counters, such as those used for lifetime measurement in positron annihilation experiments. The scintillator pulses have identical rise times that are much longer than the desired temporal resolution. This forbids simple threshold triggering, which causes a dependence of the trigger time on the signal's peak height, an effect called time walk (see diagram). Identical rise times and peak shapes permit triggering not on a fixed threshold but on a constant fraction of the total peak height, yielding trigger times independent from peak heights. From another point of view Principle of operation of CFD A time-to-digital converter assigns timestamps. The time-to-digital converter needs fast rising edges with normed height. The plastic scintillation counter delivers fast rising edge with varying heights. Theoretically, the signal could be split into two parts. One part would be delayed and the other low pass filtered, inverted and then used in a variable-gain amplifier to amplify the original signal to the desired height. Practically, it is difficult to achieve a high dynamic range for the variable-gain amplifier, and analog computers have problems with the inverse value. Principle of operation The incoming signal is split into three components. One component is delayed by a time t d {\displaystyle t_{d}} , with 0 ≪ t d ≤ t r {\displaystyle 0\ll t_{d}\leq t_{r}}  – it may be multiplied by a small factor to put emphasis on the leading edge of the pulse – and connected to the noninverting input of a comparator. One component is connected to the inverting input of this comparator. One component is connected to the noninverting input of another comparator. A threshold value is connected to the inverting input of the other comparator. The output of both comparators is fed through an AND gate. A discriminator without that constant fraction would just be a comparator. Therefore the word discriminator is used for something different (namely for an FM-demodulator). Often the logic levels are shifted from -15 V < low < 0 < high < 15 V delivered by the comparator to 0 V < low < 1.5 V < high < 3.3 V needed by CMOS logic. Applications If the discriminator triggers a sampler with a following comparator this is called a single channel analyzer (SCA). If an Analog-to-digital converter is used, this is called a multi channel analyzer (MCA). References Beuzekom, M. (2006). "Identifying fast hadrons with silicon detectors", Appendix A, University of Groningen Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Dissertation
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Constant_fraction_1.svg"},{"link_name":"maximum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxima_and_minima"},{"link_name":"slope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slope"},{"link_name":"scintillation counters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scintillation_counter"},{"link_name":"positron annihilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%E2%80%93positron_annihilation"}],"text":"Comparison of threshold triggering (left) and constant fraction triggering (right)A constant fraction discriminator (CFD) is an electronic signal processing device, designed to mimic the mathematical operation of finding a maximum of a pulse by finding the zero of its slope. Some signals do not have a sharp maximum, but short rise times \n \n \n \n \n t\n \n r\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle t_{r}}\n \n.Typical input signals for CFDs are pulses from plastic scintillation counters, such as those used for lifetime measurement in positron annihilation experiments. The scintillator pulses have identical rise times that are much longer than the desired temporal resolution. This forbids simple threshold triggering, which causes a dependence of the trigger time on the signal's peak height, an effect called time walk (see diagram). Identical rise times and peak shapes permit triggering not on a fixed threshold but on a constant fraction of the total peak height, yielding trigger times independent from peak heights.","title":"Constant fraction discriminator"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CFD_Diagram1.jpg"},{"link_name":"time-to-digital converter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-to-digital_converter"},{"link_name":"time-to-digital converter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-to-digital_converter"},{"link_name":"scintillation counter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scintillation_counter"},{"link_name":"amplifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplifier"},{"link_name":"analog computers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_computer"}],"text":"Principle of operation of CFDA time-to-digital converter assigns timestamps. The time-to-digital converter needs fast rising edges with normed height. The plastic scintillation counter delivers fast rising edge with varying heights. Theoretically, the signal could be split into two parts. One part would be delayed and the other low pass filtered, inverted and then used in a variable-gain amplifier to amplify the original signal to the desired height. Practically, it is difficult to achieve a high dynamic range for the variable-gain amplifier, and analog computers have problems with the inverse value.","title":"From another point of view"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comparator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparator"},{"link_name":"AND gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AND_gate"},{"link_name":"discriminator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster%E2%80%93Seeley_discriminator"},{"link_name":"demodulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demodulator"},{"link_name":"logic levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_families"}],"text":"The incoming signal is split into three components.\nOne component is delayed by a time \n \n \n \n \n t\n \n d\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle t_{d}}\n \n, with \n \n \n \n 0\n ≪\n \n t\n \n d\n \n \n ≤\n \n t\n \n r\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 0\\ll t_{d}\\leq t_{r}}\n \n – it may be multiplied by a small factor to put emphasis on the leading edge of the pulse – and connected to the noninverting input of a comparator. One component is connected to the inverting input of this comparator. One component is connected to the noninverting input of another comparator. A threshold value is connected to the inverting input of the other comparator. The output of both comparators is fed through an AND gate. A discriminator without that constant fraction would just be a comparator.Therefore the word discriminator is used for something different\n(namely for an FM-demodulator).Often the logic levels are shifted from -15 V < low < 0 < high < 15 V delivered by the comparator to 0 V < low < 1.5 V < high < 3.3 V needed by CMOS logic.","title":"Principle of operation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Analog-to-digital converter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110717022401/http://www.ortec-online.com/download/Fast-Timing-Discriminator-Introduction.pdf"}],"text":"If the discriminator triggers a sampler with a following comparator this is called a single channel analyzer (SCA).\nIf an Analog-to-digital converter is used, this is called a multi channel analyzer (MCA).[1]","title":"Applications"}]
[{"image_text":"Comparison of threshold triggering (left) and constant fraction triggering (right)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Constant_fraction_1.svg/300px-Constant_fraction_1.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Principle of operation of CFD","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/CFD_Diagram1.jpg/400px-CFD_Diagram1.jpg"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep_(exercise)
Strength training
["1 Principles and training methods","1.1 Proper form","1.2 Stretching and warm-up","1.3 Breathing","1.4 Training volume","1.5 Movement tempo","1.6 Weekly frequency","1.7 Rest period","1.8 Order","1.9 Periodization","1.10 Training splits","1.11 Exercise selection","1.12 Equipment","2 Aerobic exercise versus anaerobic exercise","3 Nutrition and supplementation","3.1 Hydration","4 Effects","4.1 Bones, joints, frailty, posture and in people at risk","4.2 Mortality, longevity, muscle and body composition","4.3 Neurobiological effects","4.4 Lipid and inflammatory outcomes","4.5 Sports performance","5 History","6 Subpopulations","6.1 Sex differences","6.2 Safety concerns related to children","6.3 Older adults","7 See also","8 References"]
Performance of physical exercises designed to improve strength A gym environment where various forms of strength training are being practiced. Identified from left to right, the exercises are: overhead presses, battle ropes, planking, and kettlebell raises. Strength training, also known as weight training or resistance training, involves the performance of physical exercises that are designed to improve strength and endurance. It is often associated with the lifting of weights. It can also incorporate a variety of training techniques such as bodyweight exercises, isometrics, and plyometrics. Training works by progressively increasing the force output of the muscles and uses a variety of exercises and types of equipment. Strength training is primarily an anaerobic activity, although circuit training also is a form of aerobic exercise. Strength training can increase muscle, tendon, and ligament strength as well as bone density, metabolism, and the lactate threshold; improve joint and cardiac function; and reduce the risk of injury in athletes and the elderly. For many sports and physical activities, strength training is central or is used as part of their training regimen. Principles and training methods The basic principles of strength training involve repeatedly overloading a group of muscles. This is typically done by contracting the muscles against heavy resistance and then returning to the starting position for several repetitions until failure. The basic method of resistance training uses the principle of progressive overload, in which the muscles are overloaded by working against as high resistance as they are capable of. They respond by growing larger and stronger. Beginning strength-trainers are in the process of training the neurological aspects of strength, the ability of the brain to generate a rate of neuronal action potentials that will produce a muscular contraction that is close to the maximum of the muscle's potential. Proper form A dumbbell half-squat. Strength training also requires the use of proper or 'good form', performing the movements with the appropriate muscle group, and not transferring the weight to different body parts in order to move greater weight (called 'cheating'). Failure to use good form during a training set can result in injury or a failure to meet training goals. If the desired muscle group is not challenged sufficiently, the threshold of overload is never reached and the muscle does not gain in strength. At a particularly advanced level, however, "cheating" can be used to break through strength plateaus and encourage neurological and muscular adaptation. Maintaining proper form is one of the many steps in order to perfectly perform a certain technique. Correct form in weight training improves strength, muscle tone, and maintaining a healthy weight. Improper form can lead to strains and fractures. Stretching and warm-up Main article: Warming up Weight trainers often spend time warming up before starting a workout, and it is recommended by the NCSA. A warm up may include cardiovascular activity such as light stationary biking (a "pulse raiser"), flexibility and joint mobility exercises, static and/or dynamic stretching, "passive warm up" such as applying heat pads or taking a hot shower, and workout-specific warm up, such as rehearsal of the intended exercise with no weights or light weights. The intended purpose of warming up is to enhance exercise effectiveness and reduce the risk of injury. Evidence is limited regarding whether warming up reduces injuries during strength training. As of 2015, no articles existed on the effects of warm up for upper body injury prevention. For the lower limbs, several programs significantly reduce injuries in sports and military training, but no universal injury prevention program has emerged, and it is unclear if warm ups designed for these areas will also be applicable to strength training. Static stretching can increase the risk of injury due to its analgesic effect and cellular damage caused by it. The effects of warming up on exercise effectiveness are clearer. For 1RM trials, an exercise rehearsal has significant benefits. For submaximal strength training (3 sets of 80% of 1RM to failure), exercise rehearsal does not provide any benefits regarding fatigue or total repetitions for exercises such as bench press, squats, and arm curl, compared to no warm-up. Dynamic warm-ups (performed with greater than 20% of maximal effort) enhance strength and power in upper-body exercises. When properly warmed up the lifter will have more strength and stamina since the blood has begun to flow to the muscle groups. Pulse raisers do not have any effect on either 1RM or submaximal training. Static stretching induces strength loss, and should therefore probably not be performed before strength training. Resistance training functions as an active form of flexibility training, with similar increases in range of motion when compared to performing a static stretching protocol. Static stretching, performed either before or after exercise, also does not reduce muscle soreness in healthy adults. Breathing In weight training, as with most forms of exercise, there is a tendency for the breathing pattern to deepen. This helps to meet increased oxygen requirements. One approach to breathing during weight training consists of avoiding holding one’s breath and breathing shallowly. The benefits of this include protecting against a lack of oxygen, passing out, and increased blood pressure. The general procedure of this method is to inhale when lowering the weight (the eccentric portion) and exhale when lifting the weight (the concentric portion). However, the reverse, inhaling when lifting and exhaling when lowering, may also be recommended. There is little difference between the two techniques in terms of their influence on heart rate and blood pressure. On the other hand, for people working with extremely heavy loads (such as powerlifters), breathing à la the Valsalva maneuver is often used. This involves deeply inhaling and then bracing down with the abdominal and lower back muscles as the air is held in during the entire rep. Air is then expelled once the rep is done, or after a number of reps is done. The Valsalva maneuver leads to an increase in intrathoracic and intra-abdominal pressure. This enhances the structural integrity of the torso—protecting against excessive spinal flexion or extension and providing a secure base to lift heavy weights effectively and securely. However, as the Valsalva maneuver increases blood pressure, lowers heart rate, and restricts breathing, it can be a dangerous method for those with hypertension or for those who faint easily. Training volume Training volume is commonly defined as sets × reps × load. That is, an individual moves a certain load for some number of repetitions, rests, and repeats this for some number of sets, and the volume is the product of these numbers. For non-weightlifting exercises, the load may be replaced with intensity, the amount of work required to achieve the activity. Training volume is one of the most critical variables in the effectiveness of strength training. There is a positive relationship between volume and hypertrophy. The load or intensity is often normalized as the percentage of an individual's one-repetition maximum (1RM). Due to muscle failure, the intensity limits the maximum number of repetitions that can be carried out in one set, and is correlated with the repetition ranges chosen. Depending on the goal, different loads and repetition amounts may be appropriate: Strength development (1RM performance): Gains may be achieved with a variety of loads. However, training efficiency is maximized by using heavy loads (80% to 100% of 1RM). The number of repetitions is secondary and may be 1 to 5 repetitions per set. Muscle growth (hypertrophy): Hypertrophy can be maximized by taking sets to failure or close to failure. Any load 30% of 1RM or greater may be used. The NCSA recommends "medium" loads of 8 to 12 repetitions per set with 60% to 80% of 1RM. Endurance: Endurance may be trained by performing many repetitions, such as 15 or more per set. The NCSA recommends "light" loads below 60% of 1RM, but some studies have found conflicting results suggesting that "moderate" 15-20RM loads may work better when performed to failure. Training to muscle failure is not necessary for increasing muscle strength and muscle mass, but it also is not harmful. Movement tempo The speed or pace at which each repetition is performed is also an important factor in strength and muscle gain. The emerging format for expressing this is as a 4-number tempo code such as 3/1/4/2, meaning an eccentric phase lasting 3 seconds, a pause of 1 second, a concentric phase of 4 seconds, and another pause of 2 seconds. The letter X in a tempo code represents a voluntary explosive action whereby the actual velocity and duration is not controlled and may be involuntarily extended as fatigue manifests, while the letter V implies volitional freedom "at your own pace". A phase's tempo may also be measured as the average movement velocity. Less precise but commonly used characterizations of tempo include the total time for the repetition or a qualitative characterization such as fast, moderate, or slow. The ACSM recommends a moderate or slower tempo of movement for novice- and intermediate-trained individuals, but a combination of slow, moderate, and fast tempos for advanced training. Intentionally slowing down the movement tempo of each repetition can increase muscle activation for a given number of repetitions. However, the maximum number of repetitions and the maximum possible load for a given number of repetitions decreases as the tempo is slowed. Some trainers calculate training volume using the time under tension (TUT), namely the time of each rep times the number of reps, rather than simply the number of reps. However, hypertrophy is similar for a fixed number of repetitions and each repetition's duration varying from 0.5 s - 8 s. There is however a marked decrease in hypertrophy for "very slow" durations greater than 10 s. There are similar hypertrophic effects for 50-60% 1RM loads with a slower 3/0/3/0 tempo and 80-90% 1RM loads with a faster 1/1/1/0 tempo. It may be beneficial for both hypertrophy and strength to use fast, short concentric phases and slower, longer eccentric phases. Research has not yet isolated the effects of concentric and eccentric durations, or tested a wide variety of exercises and populations. Weekly frequency In general, for muscular strength, more training sessions per week results in greater increases. However, when training volume was equated, training frequency had no effect on muscle strength. Additionally, single-joint exercises did not show a significant effect of increased frequency. There may be a fatigue recovery effect where splitting the same volume of training across multiple days improves gains, but this must be verified by future research. For muscle growth, a training frequency of two sessions per week had greater effects than once per week. Whether training a muscle group three times per week is superior to a twice-per-week protocol remains to be determined. Rest period The rest period is defined as the time dedicated to recovery between sets and exercises. Exercise causes metabolic stress, such as the buildup of lactic acid and the depletion of adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine. Resting 3–5 minutes between sets allows for significantly greater repetitions in the next set versus resting 1–2 minutes. For untrained individuals (no previous resistance training experience), the effect of resting on muscular strength development is small and other factors such as volitional fatigue and discomfort, cardiac stress, and the time available for training may be more important. Moderate rest intervals (60-160s) are better than short (20-40 s), but long rest intervals (3–4 minutes) have no significant difference from moderate. For trained individuals, rest of 2–4 minutes is sufficient to maximize strength gain, compared to shorter intervals 20s-60s and longer intervals of 5 minutes. Intervals of greater than 5 minutes have not been studied. Starting at 2 minutes and progressively decreasing the rest interval over the course of a few weeks to 30s can produce similar strength gains to a constant 2 minutes. Regarding older individuals, a 1 minute rest is sufficient in females. Order The largest increases in strength happen for the exercises in the beginning of a session. Supersets are defined as a pair of different exercise sets performed without rest, followed by a normal rest period. Common superset configurations are two exercises for the same muscle group, agonist-antagonist muscles, or alternating upper and lower body muscle groups. Exercises for the same muscle group (flat bench press followed by the incline bench press) result in a significantly lower training volume than a traditional exercise format with rests. However, agonist–antagonist supersets result in a significantly higher training volume when compared to a traditional exercise format. Similarly, holding training volume constant but performing upper–lower body supersets and tri-sets reduce elapsed time but increased perceived exertion rate. These results suggest that specific exercise orders may allow more intense, more time-efficient workouts with results similar to longer workouts. Periodization See also: Sports periodization Periodization refers to the organization of training into sequential phases and cyclical periods, and the change in training over time. The simplest strength training periodization involves keeping a fixed schedule of sets and reps (e.g. 2 sets of 12 reps of bicep curls every 2 days), and steadily increasing the intensity on a weekly basis. This is conceptually a parallel model, as several exercises are done each day and thus multiple muscles are developed simultaneously. It is also sometimes called linear periodization, but this designation is considered a misnomer. Sequential or block periodization concentrates training into periods ("blocks"). For example, for athletes, performance can be optimized for specific events based on the competition schedule. An annual training plan may be divided hierarchically into several levels, from training phases down to individual sessions. Traditional periodization can be viewed as repeating one weekly block over and over. Block periodization has the advantage of focusing on specific motor abilities and muscle groups. Because only a few abilities are worked on at a time, the effects of fatigue are minimized. With careful goal selection and ordering, there may be synergistic effects. A traditional block consists of high-volume, low-intensity exercises, transitioning to low-volume, high-intensity exercises. However, to maximize progress to specific goals, individual programs may require different manipulations, such as decreasing the intensity and increasing volume. Undulating periodization is an extension of block periodization to frequent changes in volume and intensity, usually daily or weekly. Because of the rapid changes, it is theorized that there will be more stress on the neuromuscular system and better training effects. Undulating periodization yields better strength improvements on 1RM than non-periodized training. For hypertrophy, it appears that daily undulating periodization has similar effect to more traditional models. Training splits Further information: Split weight training A training split refers to how the trainee divides and schedules their training volume, or in other words which muscles are trained on a given day over a period of time (usually a week). Popular training splits include full body, upper/lower, push/pull/legs, and the "bro" split. Some training programs may alternate splits weekly. Exercise selection Further information: List of weight training exercises Exercise selection depends on the goals of the strength training program. If a specific sport or activity is targeted, the focus will be on specific muscle groups used in that sport. Various exercises may target improvements in strength, speed, agility, or endurance. For other populations such as older individuals, there is little information to guide exercise selection, but exercises can be selected on the basis of specific functional capabilities as well as the safety and efficiency of the exercises. For strength and power training in able-bodied individuals, the NCSA recommends emphasizing integrated or compound movements (multi-joint exercises), such as with free weights, over exercises isolating a muscle (single-joint exercises), such as with machines. This is due to the fact that only the compound movements improve gross motor coordination and proprioceptive stabilizing mechanisms. However, single-joint exercises can result in greater muscle growth in the targeted muscles, and are more suitable for injury prevention and rehabilitation. Low variation in exercise selection or targeted muscle groups, combined with a high volume of training, is likely to lead to overtraining and training maladaptation. Many exercises such as the squat have several variations. Some studies have analyzed the differing muscle activation patterns, which can aid in exercise selection. Equipment Commonly used equipment for resistance training include free weights—including dumbbells, barbells, and kettlebells—weight machines, and resistance bands. Resistance can also be generated by inertia in flywheel training instead of by gravity from weights, facilitating variable resistance throughout the range of motion and eccentric overload. Some bodyweight exercises do not require any equipment, and others may be performed with equipment such as suspension trainers or pull-up bars. Aerobic exercise versus anaerobic exercise See also: Anaerobic exercise Strength training exercise is primarily anaerobic. Even while training at a lower intensity (training loads of ~20-RM), anaerobic glycolysis is still the major source of power, although aerobic metabolism makes a small contribution. Weight training is commonly perceived as anaerobic exercise, because one of the more common goals is to increase strength by lifting heavy weights. Other goals such as rehabilitation, weight loss, body shaping, and bodybuilding often use lower weights, adding aerobic character to the exercise. Except in the extremes, a muscle will fire fibres of both the aerobic or anaerobic types on any given exercise, in varying ratio depending on the load on the intensity of the contraction. This is known as the energy system continuum. At higher loads, the muscle will recruit all muscle fibres possible, both anaerobic ("fast-twitch") and aerobic ("slow-twitch"), to generate the most force. However, at maximum load, the anaerobic processes contract so forcefully that the aerobic fibers are completely shut out, and all work is done by the anaerobic processes. Because the anaerobic muscle fibre uses its fuel faster than the blood and intracellular restorative cycles can resupply it, the maximum number of repetitions is limited. In the aerobic regime, the blood and intracellular processes can maintain a supply of fuel and oxygen, and continual repetition of the motion will not cause the muscle to fail. Circuit weight training is a form of exercise that uses a number of weight training exercise sets separated by short intervals. The cardiovascular effort to recover from each set serves a function similar to an aerobic exercise, but this is not the same as saying that a weight training set is itself an aerobic process. Strength training is typically associated with the production of lactate, which is a limiting factor of exercise performance. Regular endurance exercise leads to adaptations in skeletal muscle which can prevent lactate levels from rising during strength training. This is mediated via activation of PGC-1alpha which alter the LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) isoenzyme complex composition and decreases the activity of the lactate generating enzyme LDHA, while increasing the activity of the lactate metabolizing enzyme LDHB. Nutrition and supplementation Main article: Sports nutrition Supplementation of protein in the diet of healthy adults increases the size and strength of muscles during prolonged resistance exercise training (RET); protein intakes of greater than 1.62 grams per kilogram of body weight a day did not additionally increase fat–free mass (FFM), muscle size, or strength, with the caveat that "Increasing age reduces… the efficacy of protein supplementation during RET." It is not known how much carbohydrate is necessary to maximize muscle hypertrophy. Strength adaptations may not be hindered by a low-carbohydrate diet. A light, balanced meal prior to the workout (usually one to two hours beforehand) ensures that adequate energy and amino acids are available for the intense bout of exercise. The type of nutrients consumed affects the response of the body, and nutrient timing whereby protein and carbohydrates are consumed prior to and after workout has a beneficial impact on muscle growth. Water is consumed throughout the course of the workout to prevent poor performance due to dehydration. A protein shake is often consumed immediately following the workout. However, the anabolic window is not particularly narrow and protein can also be consumed before or hours after the exercise with similar effects. Glucose (or another simple sugar) is often consumed as well since this quickly replenishes any glycogen lost during the exercise period. If consuming recovery drink after a workout, to maximize muscle protein anabolism, it is suggested that the recovery drink contain glucose (dextrose), protein (usually whey) hydrolysate containing mainly dipeptides and tripeptides, and leucine. Some weight trainers also take ergogenic aids such as creatine or anabolic steroids to aid muscle growth. In a meta-analysis study that investigated the effects of creatine supplementation on repeated sprint ability, it was discovered that creatine increased body mass and mean power output. The creatine-induced increase in body mass was a result of fluid retention. The increase in mean power output was attributed to creatine's ability to counteract the lack of intramuscular phosphocreatine. Creatine does not have an effect on fatigue or maximum power output. Hydration As with other sports, weight trainers should avoid dehydration throughout the workout by drinking sufficient water. This is particularly true in hot environments, or for those older than 65. Some athletic trainers advise athletes to drink about 7 imperial fluid ounces (200 mL) every 15 minutes while exercising, and about 80 imperial fluid ounces (2.3 L) throughout the day. However, a much more accurate determination of how much fluid is necessary can be made by performing appropriate weight measurements before and after a typical exercise session, to determine how much fluid is lost during the workout. The greatest source of fluid loss during exercise is through perspiration, but as long as fluid intake is roughly equivalent to the rate of perspiration, hydration levels will be maintained. Under most circumstances, sports drinks do not offer a physiological benefit over water during weight training. Insufficient hydration may cause lethargy, soreness or muscle cramps. The urine of well-hydrated persons should be nearly colorless, while an intense yellow color is normally a sign of insufficient hydration. Effects The effects of strength training include greater muscular strength, improved muscle tone and appearance, increased endurance, cardiovascular health, and enhanced bone density. Bones, joints, frailty, posture and in people at risk Strength training also provides functional benefits. Stronger muscles improve posture, provide better support for joints, and reduce the risk of injury from everyday activities. Progressive resistance training may improve function, quality of life and reduce pain in people at risk of fracture, with rare adverse effects. Weight-bearing exercise also helps to prevent osteoporosis and to improve bone strength in those with osteoporosis. For many people in rehabilitation or with an acquired disability, such as following stroke or orthopaedic surgery, strength training for weak muscles is a key factor to optimise recovery. Mortality, longevity, muscle and body composition Strength training appears to be associated with a "10–17% lower risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD), total cancer, diabetes and lung cancer". Two key outcomes of strength training are muscle hypertrophy and muscular strength gain which are associated with reduced all-cause mortality. Strength training causes endocrine responses that could have positive effects. It also reduces blood pressure (SBP and DBP) and alters body composition, reducing body fat percentage, body fat mass and visceral fat, which is usually beneficial as obesity predisposes towards several chronic diseases and e.g. body fat distribution is one predictor of insulin resistance and related complications. Neurobiological effects Strength training also leads to various beneficial neurobiological effects – likely including functional brain changes, lower white matter atrophy, neuroplasticity (including some degree of BDNF expression), and white matter-related structural and functional changes in neuroanatomy. Although resistance training has been less studied for its effect on depression than aerobic exercise, it has shown benefits compared to no intervention. Lipid and inflammatory outcomes Moreover, it also promotes decreases in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and C-reactive protein (CRP) as well as increases in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and adiponectin concentrations. Sports performance Stronger muscles improve performance in a variety of sports. Sport-specific training routines are used by many competitors. These often specify that the speed of muscle contraction during weight training should be the same as that of the particular sport. Strength training can substantially prevent sports injuries, increase jump height and improve change of direction. History See also: History of physical training and fitness Arthur Saxon performing a Two Hands Anyhow with an early kettlebell and plate-loaded barbell The genealogy of lifting can be traced back to the beginning of recorded history where humanity's fascination with physical abilities can be found among numerous ancient writings. In many prehistoric tribes, they would have a big rock they would try to lift, and the first one to lift it would inscribe their name into the stone. Such rocks have been found in Greek and Scottish castles. Progressive resistance training dates back at least to Ancient Greece, when legend has it that wrestler Milo of Croton trained by carrying a newborn calf on his back every day until it was fully grown. Another Greek, the physician Galen, described strength training exercises using the halteres (an early form of dumbbell) in the 2nd century. Ancient Greek sculptures also depict lifting feats. The weights were generally stones, but later gave way to dumbbells. The dumbbell was joined by the barbell in the later half of the 19th century. Early barbells had hollow globes that could be filled with sand or lead shot, but by the end of the century these were replaced by the plate-loading barbell commonly used today. Weightlifting was first introduced in the Olympics in the 1896 Athens Olympic Games as a part of track and field, and was officially recognized as its own event in 1914. The 1960s saw the gradual introduction of exercise machines into the still-rare strength training gyms of the time. Weight training became increasingly popular in the 1970s, following the release of the bodybuilding movie Pumping Iron, and the subsequent popularity of Arnold Schwarzenegger. Since the late 1990s, increasing numbers of women have taken up weight training; currently, nearly one in five U.S. women engage in weight training on a regular basis. Subpopulations Sex differences Men and women have similar reactions to resistance training with comparable effect sizes for hypertrophy and lower body strength, although some studies have found that women experience a greater relative increase in upper-body strength. Because of their greater starting strength and muscle mass, absolute gains are higher in men. In older adults, women experienced a larger increase in lower-body strength. Safety concerns related to children Orthopaedic specialists used to recommend that children avoid weight training because the growth plates on their bones might be at risk. The very rare reports of growth plate fractures in children who trained with weights occurred as a result of inadequate supervision, improper form or excess weight, and there have been no reports of injuries to growth plates in youth training programs that followed established guidelines. The position of the National Strength and Conditioning Association is that strength training is safe for children if properly designed and supervised. Younger children are at greater risk of injury than adults if they drop a weight on themselves or perform an exercise incorrectly; further, they may lack understanding of, or ignore the safety precautions around weight training equipment. As a result, supervision of minors is considered vital to ensuring the safety of any youth engaging in strength training. Older adults Aging is associated with sarcopenia, a decrease in muscle mass and strength. 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S2CID 34659847. vteStrength training exercisesPectorals (chest) Bench press (c) Chest fly (i) Dip (c) Machine fly (i) Push-up (c) Lats and trapezius (upper back) Bent-over row (c) Chin-up (c) Muscle-up (c) Pull-down (c) Pull-up (c) Seated row (c) Shoulder shrug (i) Supine row (c) Face pull (c) Deltoids (shoulders) Bridge (c) Face pull (c) Front raise (i) Headstand into handstand push-up (c) Lateral raise (i) Rear delt raise (i) Shoulder press (c) Upright row (c) Biceps (front of arms) Bicep curl (i) Chin-up (c) Reverse grip push-up (c) Triceps (back of arms) Close-grip bench press (c) Close grip push-up (c) Dip (c) Push-down (i) Triceps extension (i) Forearms Wrist curl (i) Abdomen and obliques (abdomen) Crunch (i) Leg raise (c) Russian twist (c) Sit-up (c) Squat (c) Lower back Bridge (c) Deadlift (c) Good-morning (c) Hyperextension (c) Pelvic lift (c) Hips and buttocks Bridge (c) Deadlift (c) Dirty dog exercise (c) Leg press (c) Lunge (c) Squat (c) Quadriceps (front of thighs) Bridge (c) Deadlift (c) Leg extension (i) Leg press (c) Lunge (c) Squat (c) Hamstrings (back of thighs) Bridge (c) Deadlift (c) Good-morning (c) Leg curl (i) Leg press (c) Lunge (c) Squat (c) Adductors (inside of thighs) Side-lying leg raise (i) Calves Calf raise (i) See also Bodybuilding Bodyweight exercise Calisthenics Muscle hypertrophy Weightlifting Plyometrics Weight training (List of exercises) Flywheel training Gym Legend (c) – compound exercise, (i) – isolated exercise vteExerciseTypesAerobic exercise Aerobics Cycling Distance running Endurance training Hiking Jogging Swimming Walking Anaerobic exercise High-intensity interval training Sprinting Strength training Bodybuilding Bodyweight exercise Flywheel training Suspension training Weight training Other Athletic training Calisthenics Circuit training Climbing Cross-training Interval training Muscle hypertrophy Outdoor fitness Physical therapy Stretching Yoga Related History Epigenetics Exercise and music Exercise equipment Exercise physiology Neurobiological effects Exercise mimetic Exercise trends Fitness app Fitness culture Outline of exercise Physical culture Physical fitness Category vteSportTypes Individual Team Military sports Parasports Women Professional Semi-professional Amateur Science Exercise Biomechanics Practice Periodization Physiology Strength training Doping Medicine Athletic training Chriopractic Injury Physicians Psychology Nutrition Bodybuilding supplements Sports drink Pedagogy Physical education Physical activity Rating system Sociology Organizations Clubs Governing bodies Leagues Season Postseason School Teams International Business Agents Broadcasting Economics Industry Marketing Sponsorship Trade Communication General managers Journalism Magazines Podcasts Radio Promoters Culture Betting Cheerleaders Entertainment Fan History Memorabilia Naming Nicknames Numbering Olympic culture Philosophy Rivalries Sports mascots Sportsmanship Violence Equipment Artificial turf Balls Caving Exercise Flying disc Sportswear Politics Sports law Ministries National sport Regulation Sport by region Africa Australia Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Sports portal Category Outline Authority control databases: National Japan
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Small_group_fitness_sessions_bundall.jpg"},{"link_name":"battle ropes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_ropes"},{"link_name":"planking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plank_(exercise)"},{"link_name":"kettlebell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettlebell"},{"link_name":"weights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting"},{"link_name":"bodyweight exercises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodyweight_exercises"},{"link_name":"isometrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometrics"},{"link_name":"plyometrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plyometrics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"progressively increasing the force output of the muscles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_overload"},{"link_name":"equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Weight_training_equipment"},{"link_name":"anaerobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_exercise"},{"link_name":"circuit training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_training"},{"link_name":"aerobic exercise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_exercise"},{"link_name":"muscle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_muscle"},{"link_name":"tendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tendon"},{"link_name":"ligament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligament"},{"link_name":"bone density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_density"},{"link_name":"metabolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism"},{"link_name":"lactate threshold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactate_threshold"},{"link_name":"joint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint"}],"text":"A gym environment where various forms of strength training are being practiced. Identified from left to right, the exercises are: overhead presses, battle ropes, planking, and kettlebell raises.Strength training, also known as weight training or resistance training, involves the performance of physical exercises that are designed to improve strength and endurance. It is often associated with the lifting of weights. It can also incorporate a variety of training techniques such as bodyweight exercises, isometrics, and plyometrics.[1]Training works by progressively increasing the force output of the muscles and uses a variety of exercises and types of equipment. Strength training is primarily an anaerobic activity, although circuit training also is a form of aerobic exercise.Strength training can increase muscle, tendon, and ligament strength as well as bone density, metabolism, and the lactate threshold; improve joint and cardiac function; and reduce the risk of injury in athletes and the elderly. For many sports and physical activities, strength training is central or is used as part of their training regimen.","title":"Strength training"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"progressive overload","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_overload"},{"link_name":"muscles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"neuronal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuron"},{"link_name":"action potentials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_potential"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"}],"text":"The basic principles of strength training involve repeatedly overloading a group of muscles. This is typically done by contracting the muscles against heavy resistance and then returning to the starting position for several repetitions until failure.[2] The basic method of resistance training uses the principle of progressive overload, in which the muscles are overloaded by working against as high resistance as they are capable of. They respond by growing larger and stronger.[3] \nBeginning strength-trainers are in the process of training the neurological aspects of strength, the ability of the brain to generate a rate of neuronal action potentials that will produce a muscular contraction that is close to the maximum of the muscle's potential.[4][better source needed]","title":"Principles and training methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DumbbellDeadlift.JPG"},{"link_name":"dumbbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbbell"},{"link_name":"half-squat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squat_(exercise)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rippetoe-2005-5"},{"link_name":"good form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_(exercise)"},{"link_name":"cheating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheating#Sports"},{"link_name":"neurological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurological"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Proper form","text":"A dumbbell half-squat.[5]Strength training also requires the use of proper or 'good form', performing the movements with the appropriate muscle group, and not transferring the weight to different body parts in order to move greater weight (called 'cheating'). Failure to use good form during a training set can result in injury or a failure to meet training goals. If the desired muscle group is not challenged sufficiently, the threshold of overload is never reached and the muscle does not gain in strength. At a particularly advanced level, however, \"cheating\" can be used to break through strength plateaus and encourage neurological and muscular adaptation.[6]Maintaining proper form is one of the many steps in order to perfectly perform a certain technique. Correct form in weight training improves strength, muscle tone, and maintaining a healthy weight. Improper form can lead to strains and fractures.[7]","title":"Principles and training methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"warming up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warming_up"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iversen-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iversen-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCrary-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iversen-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCrary-10"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iversen-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iversen-9"}],"sub_title":"Stretching and warm-up","text":"Weight trainers often spend time warming up before starting a workout, and it is recommended by the NCSA. A warm up may include cardiovascular activity such as light stationary biking (a \"pulse raiser\"), flexibility and joint mobility exercises, static and/or dynamic stretching, \"passive warm up\" such as applying heat pads or taking a hot shower, and workout-specific warm up,[8] such as rehearsal of the intended exercise with no weights or light weights. The intended purpose of warming up is to enhance exercise effectiveness and reduce the risk of injury.[9]Evidence is limited regarding whether warming up reduces injuries during strength training.[9] As of 2015, no articles existed on the effects of warm up for upper body injury prevention.[10] For the lower limbs, several programs significantly reduce injuries in sports and military training, but no universal injury prevention program has emerged, and it is unclear if warm ups designed for these areas will also be applicable to strength training.[11] Static stretching can increase the risk of injury due to its analgesic effect and cellular damage caused by it.[12]The effects of warming up on exercise effectiveness are clearer. For 1RM trials, an exercise rehearsal has significant benefits. For submaximal strength training (3 sets of 80% of 1RM to failure), exercise rehearsal does not provide any benefits regarding fatigue or total repetitions for exercises such as bench press, squats, and arm curl, compared to no warm-up.[9] Dynamic warm-ups (performed with greater than 20% of maximal effort) enhance strength and power in upper-body exercises.[10] When properly warmed up the lifter will have more strength and stamina since the blood has begun to flow to the muscle groups.[13] Pulse raisers do not have any effect on either 1RM or submaximal training.[9] Static stretching induces strength loss, and should therefore probably not be performed before strength training. Resistance training functions as an active form of flexibility training, with similar increases in range of motion when compared to performing a static stretching protocol. Static stretching, performed either before or after exercise, also does not reduce muscle soreness in healthy adults.[9]","title":"Principles and training methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"blood pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure"},{"link_name":"heart rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_rate"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"powerlifters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerlifting"},{"link_name":"Valsalva maneuver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valsalva_maneuver"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Breathing","text":"In weight training, as with most forms of exercise, there is a tendency for the breathing pattern to deepen. This helps to meet increased oxygen requirements. One approach to breathing during weight training consists of avoiding holding one’s breath and breathing shallowly. The benefits of this include protecting against a lack of oxygen, passing out, and increased blood pressure. The general procedure of this method is to inhale when lowering the weight (the eccentric portion) and exhale when lifting the weight (the concentric portion). However, the reverse, inhaling when lifting and exhaling when lowering, may also be recommended. There is little difference between the two techniques in terms of their influence on heart rate and blood pressure.[14]On the other hand, for people working with extremely heavy loads (such as powerlifters), breathing à la the Valsalva maneuver is often used. This involves deeply inhaling and then bracing down with the abdominal and lower back muscles as the air is held in during the entire rep. Air is then expelled once the rep is done, or after a number of reps is done. The Valsalva maneuver leads to an increase in intrathoracic and intra-abdominal pressure. This enhances the structural integrity of the torso—protecting against excessive spinal flexion or extension and providing a secure base to lift heavy weights effectively and securely.[15] However, as the Valsalva maneuver increases blood pressure, lowers heart rate, and restricts breathing, it can be a dangerous method for those with hypertension or for those who faint easily.","title":"Principles and training methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_work"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schoenfeld2017-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schoenfeld2019-17"},{"link_name":"one-repetition maximum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-repetition_maximum"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schoenfeld2021-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schoenfeld2021-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schoenfeld2021-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schoenfeld2021-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grgic2022-19"}],"sub_title":"Training volume","text":"Training volume is commonly defined as sets × reps × load. That is, an individual moves a certain load for some number of repetitions, rests, and repeats this for some number of sets, and the volume is the product of these numbers. For non-weightlifting exercises, the load may be replaced with intensity, the amount of work required to achieve the activity. Training volume is one of the most critical variables in the effectiveness of strength training. There is a positive relationship between volume and hypertrophy.[16][17]The load or intensity is often normalized as the percentage of an individual's one-repetition maximum (1RM). Due to muscle failure, the intensity limits the maximum number of repetitions that can be carried out in one set, and is correlated with the repetition ranges chosen. Depending on the goal, different loads and repetition amounts may be appropriate:[18]Strength development (1RM performance): Gains may be achieved with a variety of loads. However, training efficiency is maximized by using heavy loads (80% to 100% of 1RM). The number of repetitions is secondary and may be 1 to 5 repetitions per set.[18]\nMuscle growth (hypertrophy): Hypertrophy can be maximized by taking sets to failure or close to failure. Any load 30% of 1RM or greater may be used. The NCSA recommends \"medium\" loads of 8 to 12 repetitions per set with 60% to 80% of 1RM.[18]\nEndurance: Endurance may be trained by performing many repetitions, such as 15 or more per set. The NCSA recommends \"light\" loads below 60% of 1RM, but some studies have found conflicting results suggesting that \"moderate\" 15-20RM loads may work better when performed to failure.[18]Training to muscle failure is not necessary for increasing muscle strength and muscle mass, but it also is not harmful.[19]","title":"Principles and training methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilk-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilk-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wilk-20"}],"sub_title":"Movement tempo","text":"The speed or pace at which each repetition is performed is also an important factor in strength and muscle gain. The emerging format for expressing this is as a 4-number tempo code such as 3/1/4/2, meaning an eccentric phase lasting 3 seconds, a pause of 1 second, a concentric phase of 4 seconds, and another pause of 2 seconds. The letter X in a tempo code represents a voluntary explosive action whereby the actual velocity and duration is not controlled and may be involuntarily extended as fatigue manifests, while the letter V implies volitional freedom \"at your own pace\". A phase's tempo may also be measured as the average movement velocity. Less precise but commonly used characterizations of tempo include the total time for the repetition or a qualitative characterization such as fast, moderate, or slow. The ACSM recommends a moderate or slower tempo of movement for novice- and intermediate-trained individuals, but a combination of slow, moderate, and fast tempos for advanced training.[20]Intentionally slowing down the movement tempo of each repetition can increase muscle activation for a given number of repetitions. However, the maximum number of repetitions and the maximum possible load for a given number of repetitions decreases as the tempo is slowed. Some trainers calculate training volume using the time under tension (TUT), namely the time of each rep times the number of reps, rather than simply the number of reps.[20] However, hypertrophy is similar for a fixed number of repetitions and each repetition's duration varying from 0.5 s - 8 s. There is however a marked decrease in hypertrophy for \"very slow\" durations greater than 10 s.[21] There are similar hypertrophic effects for 50-60% 1RM loads with a slower 3/0/3/0 tempo and 80-90% 1RM loads with a faster 1/1/1/0 tempo. It may be beneficial for both hypertrophy and strength to use fast, short concentric phases and slower, longer eccentric phases. Research has not yet isolated the effects of concentric and eccentric durations, or tested a wide variety of exercises and populations.[20]","title":"Principles and training methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Weekly frequency","text":"In general, for muscular strength, more training sessions per week results in greater increases. However, when training volume was equated, training frequency had no effect on muscle strength. Additionally, single-joint exercises did not show a significant effect of increased frequency. There may be a fatigue recovery effect where splitting the same volume of training across multiple days improves gains, but this must be verified by future research.[22]For muscle growth, a training frequency of two sessions per week had greater effects than once per week. Whether training a muscle group three times per week is superior to a twice-per-week protocol remains to be determined.[23]","title":"Principles and training methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grgic2018-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grgic2018-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grgic2018-24"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grgic2018-24"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grgic2018-24"}],"sub_title":"Rest period","text":"The rest period is defined as the time dedicated to recovery between sets and exercises. Exercise causes metabolic stress, such as the buildup of lactic acid and the depletion of adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine.[24] Resting 3–5 minutes between sets allows for significantly greater repetitions in the next set versus resting 1–2 minutes.[25]For untrained individuals (no previous resistance training experience), the effect of resting on muscular strength development is small and other factors such as volitional fatigue and discomfort, cardiac stress, and the time available for training may be more important. Moderate rest intervals (60-160s) are better than short (20-40 s), but long rest intervals (3–4 minutes) have no significant difference from moderate.[24]For trained individuals, rest of 2–4 minutes is sufficient to maximize strength gain, compared to shorter intervals 20s-60s and longer intervals of 5 minutes. Intervals of greater than 5 minutes have not been studied.[24] Starting at 2 minutes and progressively decreasing the rest interval over the course of a few weeks to 30s can produce similar strength gains to a constant 2 minutes.[26][24]Regarding older individuals, a 1 minute rest is sufficient in females.[24]","title":"Principles and training methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nunes2021-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krzysztofik-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krzysztofik-28"}],"sub_title":"Order","text":"The largest increases in strength happen for the exercises in the beginning of a session.[27]Supersets are defined as a pair of different exercise sets performed without rest, followed by a normal rest period. Common superset configurations are two exercises for the same muscle group, agonist-antagonist muscles, or alternating upper and lower body muscle groups.[28] Exercises for the same muscle group (flat bench press followed by the incline bench press) result in a significantly lower training volume than a traditional exercise format with rests.[29] However, agonist–antagonist supersets result in a significantly higher training volume when compared to a traditional exercise format.[30] Similarly, holding training volume constant but performing upper–lower body supersets and tri-sets reduce elapsed time but increased perceived exertion rate.[31] These results suggest that specific exercise orders may allow more intense, more time-efficient workouts with results similar to longer workouts.[28]","title":"Principles and training methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sports periodization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_periodization"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams-32"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Periodization","text":"See also: Sports periodizationPeriodization refers to the organization of training into sequential phases and cyclical periods, and the change in training over time. The simplest strength training periodization involves keeping a fixed schedule of sets and reps (e.g. 2 sets of 12 reps of bicep curls every 2 days), and steadily increasing the intensity on a weekly basis. This is conceptually a parallel model, as several exercises are done each day and thus multiple muscles are developed simultaneously. It is also sometimes called linear periodization, but this designation is considered a misnomer.[32]Sequential or block periodization concentrates training into periods (\"blocks\"). For example, for athletes, performance can be optimized for specific events based on the competition schedule. An annual training plan may be divided hierarchically into several levels, from training phases down to individual sessions. Traditional periodization can be viewed as repeating one weekly block over and over. Block periodization has the advantage of focusing on specific motor abilities and muscle groups.[32] Because only a few abilities are worked on at a time, the effects of fatigue are minimized. With careful goal selection and ordering, there may be synergistic effects. A traditional block consists of high-volume, low-intensity exercises, transitioning to low-volume, high-intensity exercises. However, to maximize progress to specific goals, individual programs may require different manipulations, such as decreasing the intensity and increasing volume.[33]Undulating periodization is an extension of block periodization to frequent changes in volume and intensity, usually daily or weekly. Because of the rapid changes, it is theorized that there will be more stress on the neuromuscular system and better training effects. Undulating periodization yields better strength improvements on 1RM than non-periodized training.[32] For hypertrophy, it appears that daily undulating periodization has similar effect to more traditional models.[34]","title":"Principles and training methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Split weight training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_weight_training"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"}],"sub_title":"Training splits","text":"Further information: Split weight trainingA training split refers to how the trainee divides and schedules their training volume, or in other words which muscles are trained on a given day over a period of time (usually a week). Popular training splits include full body, upper/lower, push/pull/legs, and the \"bro\" split. Some training programs may alternate splits weekly.[35][better source needed]","title":"Principles and training methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of weight training exercises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_weight_training_exercises"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheppard-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-E4E-38"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheppard-36"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-E4E-38"},{"link_name":"overtraining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtraining"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"squat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squat_(exercise)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Exercise selection","text":"Further information: List of weight training exercisesExercise selection depends on the goals of the strength training program. If a specific sport or activity is targeted, the focus will be on specific muscle groups used in that sport. Various exercises may target improvements in strength, speed, agility, or endurance.[36] For other populations such as older individuals, there is little information to guide exercise selection, but exercises can be selected on the basis of specific functional capabilities as well as the safety and efficiency of the exercises.[37]For strength and power training in able-bodied individuals, the NCSA recommends emphasizing integrated or compound movements (multi-joint exercises), such as with free weights, over exercises isolating a muscle (single-joint exercises), such as with machines.[38] This is due to the fact that only the compound movements improve gross motor coordination and proprioceptive stabilizing mechanisms.[36] However, single-joint exercises can result in greater muscle growth in the targeted muscles,[39] and are more suitable for injury prevention and rehabilitation.[38] Low variation in exercise selection or targeted muscle groups, combined with a high volume of training, is likely to lead to overtraining and training maladaptation.[40] Many exercises such as the squat have several variations. Some studies have analyzed the differing muscle activation patterns, which can aid in exercise selection.[41]","title":"Principles and training methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dumbbells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbbells"},{"link_name":"barbells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbells"},{"link_name":"kettlebells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettlebells"},{"link_name":"weight machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weight_machines"},{"link_name":"resistance bands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistance_band"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"inertia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inertia"},{"link_name":"flywheel training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flywheel_training"},{"link_name":"gravity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity"},{"link_name":"range of motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_of_motion"},{"link_name":"eccentric overload","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccentric_overload"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"bodyweight exercises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodyweight_exercise"},{"link_name":"suspension trainers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_trainer"},{"link_name":"pull-up bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pull-up_bar"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Equipment","text":"Commonly used equipment for resistance training include free weights—including dumbbells, barbells, and kettlebells—weight machines, and resistance bands.[42]Resistance can also be generated by inertia in flywheel training instead of by gravity from weights, facilitating variable resistance throughout the range of motion and eccentric overload.[43][44]Some bodyweight exercises do not require any equipment, and others may be performed with equipment such as suspension trainers or pull-up bars.[45]","title":"Principles and training methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anaerobic exercise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_exercise"},{"link_name":"anaerobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_exercise"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kraemer-46"},{"link_name":"anaerobic glycolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_glycolysis"},{"link_name":"aerobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_exercise"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kraemer-46"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"PGC-1alpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PGC-1alpha"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"text":"See also: Anaerobic exerciseStrength training exercise is primarily anaerobic.[46] Even while training at a lower intensity (training loads of ~20-RM), anaerobic glycolysis is still the major source of power, although aerobic metabolism makes a small contribution.[47] Weight training is commonly perceived as anaerobic exercise, because one of the more common goals is to increase strength by lifting heavy weights. Other goals such as rehabilitation, weight loss, body shaping, and bodybuilding often use lower weights, adding aerobic character to the exercise.Except in the extremes, a muscle will fire fibres of both the aerobic or anaerobic types on any given exercise, in varying ratio depending on the load on the intensity of the contraction.[46] This is known as the energy system continuum. At higher loads, the muscle will recruit all muscle fibres possible, both anaerobic (\"fast-twitch\") and aerobic (\"slow-twitch\"), to generate the most force. However, at maximum load, the anaerobic processes contract so forcefully that the aerobic fibers are completely shut out, and all work is done by the anaerobic processes. Because the anaerobic muscle fibre uses its fuel faster than the blood and intracellular restorative cycles can resupply it, the maximum number of repetitions is limited.[48] In the aerobic regime, the blood and intracellular processes can maintain a supply of fuel and oxygen, and continual repetition of the motion will not cause the muscle to fail.Circuit weight training is a form of exercise that uses a number of weight training exercise sets separated by short intervals. The cardiovascular effort to recover from each set serves a function similar to an aerobic exercise, but this is not the same as saying that a weight training set is itself an aerobic process.Strength training is typically associated with the production of lactate, which is a limiting factor of exercise performance. Regular endurance exercise leads to adaptations in skeletal muscle which can prevent lactate levels from rising during strength training. This is mediated via activation of PGC-1alpha which alter the LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) isoenzyme complex composition and decreases the activity of the lactate generating enzyme LDHA, while increasing the activity of the lactate metabolizing enzyme LDHB.[49]","title":"Aerobic exercise versus anaerobic exercise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morton-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morton-50"},{"link_name":"carbohydrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbohydrate"},{"link_name":"low-carbohydrate diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-carbohydrate_diet"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"nutrient timing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient_timing"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"dehydration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydration"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schoenfeld2017_2-54"},{"link_name":"glycogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogen"},{"link_name":"whey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whey"},{"link_name":"leucine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucine"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"ergogenic aids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergogenic_aid"},{"link_name":"creatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"anabolic steroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabolic_steroid"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glaister-2022-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glaister-2022-58"},{"link_name":"phosphocreatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphocreatine"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glaister-2022-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glaister-2022-58"}],"text":"Supplementation of protein in the diet of healthy adults increases the size and strength of muscles during prolonged resistance exercise training (RET); protein intakes of greater than 1.62 grams per kilogram of body weight a day did not additionally increase fat–free mass (FFM), muscle size, or strength,[50] with the caveat that \"Increasing age reduces… the efficacy of protein supplementation during RET.\"[50]It is not known how much carbohydrate is necessary to maximize muscle hypertrophy. Strength adaptations may not be hindered by a low-carbohydrate diet.[51]A light, balanced meal prior to the workout (usually one to two hours beforehand) ensures that adequate energy and amino acids are available for the intense bout of exercise. The type of nutrients consumed affects the response of the body, and nutrient timing whereby protein and carbohydrates are consumed prior to and after workout has a beneficial impact on muscle growth.[52] Water is consumed throughout the course of the workout to prevent poor performance due to dehydration. A protein shake is often consumed immediately[53] following the workout. However, the anabolic window is not particularly narrow and protein can also be consumed before or hours after the exercise with similar effects.[54] Glucose (or another simple sugar) is often consumed as well since this quickly replenishes any glycogen lost during the exercise period.\nIf consuming recovery drink after a workout, to maximize muscle protein anabolism, it is suggested that the recovery drink contain glucose (dextrose), protein (usually whey) hydrolysate containing mainly dipeptides and tripeptides, and leucine.[55]Some weight trainers also take ergogenic aids such as creatine[56] or anabolic steroids to aid muscle growth.[57] In a meta-analysis study that investigated the effects of creatine supplementation on repeated sprint ability, it was discovered that creatine increased body mass and mean power output.[58] The creatine-induced increase in body mass was a result of fluid retention.[58] The increase in mean power output was attributed to creatine's ability to counteract the lack of intramuscular phosphocreatine.[58] Creatine does not have an effect on fatigue or maximum power output.[58]","title":"Nutrition and supplementation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dehydration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehydration"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACSM07-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-Cane_75-64"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACSM07-61"},{"link_name":"sports drinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_drinks"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-Cane_76-65"},{"link_name":"muscle cramps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_cramps"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-Cane_153-66"},{"link_name":"urine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnson-Cane_153-66"}],"sub_title":"Hydration","text":"As with other sports, weight trainers should avoid dehydration throughout the workout by drinking sufficient water. This is particularly true in hot environments, or for those older than 65.[59][60][61][62][63]Some athletic trainers advise athletes to drink about 7 imperial fluid ounces (200 mL) every 15 minutes while exercising, and about 80 imperial fluid ounces (2.3 L) throughout the day.[64]However, a much more accurate determination of how much fluid is necessary can be made by performing appropriate weight measurements before and after a typical exercise session, to determine how much fluid is lost during the workout. The greatest source of fluid loss during exercise is through perspiration, but as long as fluid intake is roughly equivalent to the rate of perspiration, hydration levels will be maintained.[61]Under most circumstances, sports drinks do not offer a physiological benefit over water during weight training.[65]Insufficient hydration may cause lethargy, soreness or muscle cramps.[66] The urine of well-hydrated persons should be nearly colorless, while an intense yellow color is normally a sign of insufficient hydration.[66]","title":"Nutrition and supplementation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"}],"text":"The effects of strength training include greater muscular strength, improved muscle tone and appearance, increased endurance, cardiovascular health, and enhanced bone density.[67]","title":"Effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"posture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_posture"},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"joints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint"},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frailty-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"quality of life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_life"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"osteoporosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoporosis"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21360219-71"},{"link_name":"rehabilitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_(neuropsychology)"},{"link_name":"disability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disability"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"Bones, joints, frailty, posture and in people at risk","text":"Strength training also provides functional benefits. Stronger muscles improve posture,[vague] provide better support for joints,[vague] and reduce the risk of injury from everyday activities.[68][69]Progressive resistance training may improve function, quality of life and reduce pain in people at risk of fracture, with rare adverse effects.[70] Weight-bearing exercise also helps to prevent osteoporosis and to improve bone strength in those with osteoporosis.[71] For many people in rehabilitation or with an acquired disability, such as following stroke or orthopaedic surgery, strength training for weak muscles is a key factor to optimise recovery.[72]","title":"Effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"muscle hypertrophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_hypertrophy"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"endocrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocrine"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"blood pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressure"},{"link_name":"SBP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systolic_blood_pressure"},{"link_name":"DBP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diastolic_blood_pressure"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"body fat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_fat"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"insulin resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin_resistance"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"}],"sub_title":"Mortality, longevity, muscle and body composition","text":"Strength training appears to be associated with a \"10–17% lower risk of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease (CVD), total cancer, diabetes and lung cancer\".[73] Two key outcomes of strength training are muscle hypertrophy and muscular strength gain which are associated with reduced all-cause mortality.[74]Strength training causes endocrine responses that could have positive effects.[75] It also reduces blood pressure (SBP and DBP)[76][77] and alters body composition, reducing body fat percentage, body fat mass and visceral fat,[78] which is usually beneficial as obesity predisposes towards several chronic diseases and e.g. body fat distribution is one predictor of insulin resistance and related complications.[79]","title":"Effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"neurobiological effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurobiological_effects_of_physical_exercise"},{"link_name":"white matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_matter"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"neuroplasticity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroplasticity"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"BDNF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDNF"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"sub_title":"Neurobiological effects","text":"Strength training also leads to various beneficial neurobiological effects – likely including functional brain changes, lower white matter atrophy,[80] neuroplasticity[81] (including some degree of BDNF expression),[82] and white matter-related structural and functional changes in neuroanatomy.[83] Although resistance training has been less studied for its effect on depression than aerobic exercise, it has shown benefits compared to no intervention.[84]","title":"Effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"total cholesterol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_cholesterol"},{"link_name":"triglycerides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triglycerides"},{"link_name":"low-density lipoprotein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-density_lipoprotein"},{"link_name":"C-reactive protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-reactive_protein"},{"link_name":"high-density lipoprotein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-density_lipoprotein"},{"link_name":"adiponectin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiponectin"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"sub_title":"Lipid and inflammatory outcomes","text":"Moreover, it also promotes decreases in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and C-reactive protein (CRP) as well as increases in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and adiponectin concentrations.[85]","title":"Effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"muscle contraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_contraction"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"prevent sports injuries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injury_prevention"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"jump height","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_height"},{"link_name":"change of direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Change_of_direction"}],"sub_title":"Sports performance","text":"Stronger muscles improve performance in a variety of sports. Sport-specific training routines are used by many competitors. These often specify that the speed of muscle contraction during weight training should be the same as that of the particular sport.[86] Strength training can substantially prevent sports injuries,[87] increase jump height and improve change of direction.","title":"Effects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of physical training and fitness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_physical_training_and_fitness"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EarlyBarbell.png"},{"link_name":"Arthur Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Saxon"},{"link_name":"Two Hands Anyhow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Hands_Anyhow"},{"link_name":"kettlebell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettlebell"},{"link_name":"barbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbell"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Scottish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Milo of Croton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milo_of_Croton"},{"link_name":"calf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calf_(animal)"},{"link_name":"Galen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galen"},{"link_name":"halteres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halteres_(ancient_Greece)"},{"link_name":"dumbbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbbell"},{"link_name":"sand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand"},{"link_name":"lead shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_shot"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Todd-90"},{"link_name":"in the 1896 Athens Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"exercise machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_machine"},{"link_name":"gyms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gym"},{"link_name":"Pumping Iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumping_Iron"},{"link_name":"Arnold Schwarzenegger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-U.S.C.D.P.-92"}],"text":"See also: History of physical training and fitnessArthur Saxon performing a Two Hands Anyhow with an early kettlebell and plate-loaded barbellThe genealogy of lifting can be traced back to the beginning of recorded history[88] where humanity's fascination with physical abilities can be found among numerous ancient writings. In many prehistoric tribes, they would have a big rock they would try to lift, and the first one to lift it would inscribe their name into the stone. Such rocks have been found in Greek and Scottish castles.[89] Progressive resistance training dates back at least to Ancient Greece, when legend has it that wrestler Milo of Croton trained by carrying a newborn calf on his back every day until it was fully grown. Another Greek, the physician Galen, described strength training exercises using the halteres (an early form of dumbbell) in the 2nd century.Ancient Greek sculptures also depict lifting feats. The weights were generally stones, but later gave way to dumbbells. The dumbbell was joined by the barbell in the later half of the 19th century. Early barbells had hollow globes that could be filled with sand or lead shot, but by the end of the century these were replaced by the plate-loading barbell commonly used today.[90]Weightlifting was first introduced in the Olympics in the 1896 Athens Olympic Games as a part of track and field, and was officially recognized as its own event in 1914.[91]The 1960s saw the gradual introduction of exercise machines into the still-rare strength training gyms of the time. Weight training became increasingly popular in the 1970s, following the release of the bodybuilding movie Pumping Iron, and the subsequent popularity of Arnold Schwarzenegger. Since the late 1990s, increasing numbers of women have taken up weight training; currently, nearly one in five U.S. women engage in weight training on a regular basis.[92]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Subpopulations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"effect sizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect_size"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"}],"sub_title":"Sex differences","text":"Men and women have similar reactions to resistance training with comparable effect sizes for hypertrophy and lower body strength, although some studies have found that women experience a greater relative increase in upper-body strength. Because of their greater starting strength and muscle mass, absolute gains are higher in men.[93] In older adults, women experienced a larger increase in lower-body strength.[94]","title":"Subpopulations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orthopaedic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery"},{"link_name":"growth plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_plate"},{"link_name":"bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KH-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSCA-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KH-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSCA-96"}],"sub_title":"Safety concerns related to children","text":"Orthopaedic specialists used to recommend that children avoid weight training because the growth plates on their bones might be at risk. The very rare reports of growth plate fractures in children who trained with weights occurred as a result of inadequate supervision, improper form or excess weight, and there have been no reports of injuries to growth plates in youth training programs that followed established guidelines.[95][96] The position of the National Strength and Conditioning Association is that strength training is safe for children if properly designed and supervised.[97] Younger children are at greater risk of injury than adults if they drop a weight on themselves or perform an exercise incorrectly; further, they may lack understanding of, or ignore the safety precautions around weight training equipment. As a result, supervision of minors is considered vital to ensuring the safety of any youth engaging in strength training.[95][96]","title":"Subpopulations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sarcopenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcopenia"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fragala-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liu-2009-100"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fragala-98"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liu-2009-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"oldest old","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldest_old"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fragala-98"},{"link_name":"quality of life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_life"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liu-2009-100"},{"link_name":"falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falling_(accident)"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liu-2009-100"},{"link_name":"activities of daily living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activities_of_daily_living"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liu-2009-100"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fragala-98"},{"link_name":"assisted living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisted_living"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fragala-98"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"}],"sub_title":"Older adults","text":"Aging is associated with sarcopenia, a decrease in muscle mass and strength.[98][99][100] Resistance training can mitigate this effect,[98][100][101] and even the oldest old (those above age 85) can increase their muscle mass with a resistance training program, although to a lesser degree than younger individuals.[98] With more strength older adults have better health, better quality of life, better physical function[100] and fewer falls.[100] Resistance training can improve physical functioning in older people, including the performance of activities of daily living.[100][98] Resistance training programs are safe for older adults, can be adapted for mobility and disability limitations, and may be used in assisted living settings.[98] Resistance training at lower intensities such as 45% of 1RM can still result in increased muscular strength.[102]","title":"Subpopulations"}]
[{"image_text":"A gym environment where various forms of strength training are being practiced. Identified from left to right, the exercises are: overhead presses, battle ropes, planking, and kettlebell raises.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Small_group_fitness_sessions_bundall.jpg/350px-Small_group_fitness_sessions_bundall.jpg"},{"image_text":"A dumbbell half-squat.[5]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/DumbbellDeadlift.JPG/220px-DumbbellDeadlift.JPG"},{"image_text":"Arthur Saxon performing a Two Hands Anyhow with an early kettlebell and plate-loaded barbell","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/EarlyBarbell.png/170px-EarlyBarbell.png"}]
[{"title":"Physical strength","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_strength"}]
[{"reference":"\"Strength Training\". FitnessHealth101. Retrieved 19 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fitnesshealth101.com/fitness/weight-training/strength-training","url_text":"\"Strength Training\""}]},{"reference":"Schoenfeld BJ, Grgic J, Ogborn D, Krieger JW (December 2017). \"Strength and Hypertrophy Adaptations Between Low- vs. High-Load Resistance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis\". Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 31 (12): 3508–23. doi:10.1519/JSC.0000000000002200. PMID 28834797. S2CID 24994953.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1519%2FJSC.0000000000002200","url_text":"10.1519/JSC.0000000000002200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28834797","url_text":"28834797"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24994953","url_text":"24994953"}]},{"reference":"Brooks GA, Fahey TD, White TP (1996). Exercise Physiology: Human Bioenergetics and Its Applications. Mayfield Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-07-255642-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/exercisephysiolo00broo","url_text":"Exercise Physiology: Human Bioenergetics and Its Applications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-255642-1","url_text":"978-0-07-255642-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Why strength depends on more than muscle: Neural adaptations could account for differing strength gains despite similar muscle mass\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/07/170710091652.htm","url_text":"\"Why strength depends on more than muscle: Neural adaptations could account for differing strength gains despite similar muscle mass\""}]},{"reference":"Rippetoe M, Lon Kilgore (2005). \"Knees\". Starting Strength. The Aasgard Company. pp. 46–49. ISBN 978-0-9768054-0-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Rippetoe","url_text":"Rippetoe M"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/startingstrength00ripp","url_text":"Starting Strength"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/startingstrength00ripp/page/n46","url_text":"46"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9768054-0-3","url_text":"978-0-9768054-0-3"}]},{"reference":"Hughes, David C.; Ellefsen, Stian; Baar, Keith (June 2018). \"Adaptations to Endurance and Strength Training\". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 8 (6): a029769. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a029769. ISSN 2157-1422. PMC 5983157. PMID 28490537.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5983157","url_text":"\"Adaptations to Endurance and Strength Training\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fcshperspect.a029769","url_text":"10.1101/cshperspect.a029769"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2157-1422","url_text":"2157-1422"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5983157","url_text":"5983157"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28490537","url_text":"28490537"}]},{"reference":"\"Weight training: Do's and don'ts of proper technique - Mayo Clinic\". www.mayoclinic.org. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrospect_(Epica_album)
Retrospect (Epica album)
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"]
2013 live album by EpicaRetrospectLive album by EpicaReleased8 November 2013Recorded23 March 2013, at the Klokgebouw in Eindhoven, NetherlandsGenreSymphonic metalPower metalGothic metalNeo-classical metalLengthapprox. 175 min LabelNuclear BlastProducerEpicaEpica chronology Requiem for the Indifferent(2012) Retrospect(2013) The Quantum Enigma(2014) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAbout.comLords Of Metal Retrospect is the third live album by Dutch symphonic metal band Epica in celebration of their tenth anniversary. The recorded live show took part in Eindhoven, Netherlands on 23 March 2013 at the Klokgebouw, and was sold out. Because of the great demand by international fans, Epica announced a live stream, called the Retrostream, on 4 March 2013. Epica performed on stage with the same orchestra that accompanied Epica in the recording of the live album The Classical Conspiracy: the 70-piece Extended Hungarian Remenyi Ede Chamber Orchestra and the Choir of Miskolc National Theatre. The expanded ensemble mostly played Epica songs, including a whole new song called Retrospect, especially written for this live show with the same name. Like on The Classical Conspiracy, Epica played some classical music, excerpts from operas and movie soundtracks, however not as many as on the aforementioned show. The album was released on CD, DVD and Blu-ray on 8 November 2013, through Nuclear Blast Records. Before the release of the show on Blu-ray and DVD, the show premiered at two movie theaters: Mathäser Multiplex Kino in Munich, Germany (6 November) and Service Bioscoop Zien in Eindhoven, Netherlands (7 November). On the day of the release, the show was shown in a Belgian movie theater: Kinepolis in Kortrijk, Belgium. The day after, the show was shown a final time in a movie theater: Cineteca Nacional in Mexico City (9 November). Track listing CD 1No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Introspect"Coen Janssen4:202."Monopoly on Truth"Isaac Delahaye/Mark Jansen/Simone Simons7:093."Sensorium"Mark Jansen/Ad Sluijter/Coen Janssen/Simone Simons6:044."Unleashed" (Orchestral Intro from "This Is the Time" Single)Simone Simons/Coen Janssen/Mark Jansen/Isaac Delahaye6:245."Martyr of the Free Word"Ariën van Weesenbeek/Coen Janssen/Mark Jansen/Isaac Delahaye6:256."Chasing the Dragon"Ad Sluijter/Yves Huts/Mark Jansen/Simone Simons8:097."Presto" (from "The Four Seasons")Antonio Vivaldi3:088."Never Enough"Ad Sluijter/Simone Simons/Yves Huts5:479."Stabat Mater Dolorosa" (from "Stabat Mater")Giovanni Battista Pergolesi4:0810."Twin Flames" (Live Premiere)Mark Jansen5:03Total length:56:37 CD 2No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Serenade of Self-Destruction"Mark Jansen/Isaac Delahaye/Coen Janssen/Simone Simons10:102."Orchestral Medley" (Feint/Fools of Damnation/Mother of Light/Kingdom of Heaven/Run for a Fall/Deep Water Horizon)Ad Sluijter/Coen Janssen/Mark Jansen/Simone Simons/Isaac Delahaye7:533."The Divine Conspiracy" (Anniversary Edition)Ad Sluijter/Coen Janssen/Mark Jansen7:384."Delirium"Coen Janssen/Isaac Delahaye/Simone Simons6:115."Blank Infinity"Mark Jansen/Coen Janssen/Simone Simons5:046."The Obsessive Devotion"Ad Sluijter/Mark Jansen7:577."Retrospect" (Unreleased Song, Live Premiere)Coen Janssen/Sascha Paeth/Isaac Delahaye/Simone Simons4:288."Battle of the Heroes & Imperial March" (from Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith and The Empire Strikes Back)John Williams6:269."Quietus" (Silent Reverie)Mark Jansen/Yves Huts/Coen Janssen/Ad Sluijter/Simone Simons/Jeroen Simons3:5910."The Phantom Agony"Ad Sluijter/Mark Jansen/Yves Huts9:22Total length:69:08 CD 3No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Cry for the Moon" (Extended Drum Outro)Mark Jansen/Ad Sluijter/Simone Simons12:232."Sancta Terra"Mark Jansen/Ad Sluijter/Simone Simons5:503."Design Your Universe"Mark Jansen/Isaac Delahaye/Coen Janssen11:104."Storm the Sorrow"Coen Janssen/Simone Simons5:435."Consign to Oblivion"Mark Jansen/Ad Sluijter9:446."Outrospect"Coen Janssen3:57Total length:48:47 Personnel Epica Simone Simons – lead vocals Mark Jansen – lead & rhythm guitar, grunts, screams Isaac Delahaye – lead & rhythm guitar, backing vocals Rob van der Loo – bass Coen Janssen – synthesizer, piano Ariën van Weesenbeek – drums Additional musicians Floor Jansen – vocals on "Stabat Mater Dolorosa" and "Sancta Terra" Ad Sluijter – lead & rhythm guitar on "Quietus" Yves Huts – bass on "Quietus" Jeroen Simons – drums on "Quietus" Tamás Kriston – violin on "Presto" The Extended Hungarian Reményi Ede Chamber Orchestra Benjamin Almassy – violin Anna Bekes – violin Zoltan Ficsor – violin Boglárka Jobbágy-Balog – violin Szófia Kaulics-Nagy – violin Maria Császáriné Lazányi – violin Diana Pavliskó – violin Eva Siklosi – violin Eszter Szavári-Sovány – violin Tamás Kriston – violin József Kautzky – viola Anita Kiss – viola Tamás Tóth – viola Katalin Tressó – viola Angelika Beres – celli Hajnalka Csécsi – celli Kamilla Matakovics – celli Arpad Balog – double bass Peter Lokös – double bass Gyula Ács – clarinet Sandor Czimer – clarinet Istvan Molnar – trombone Daniel Négyesi – trombone Gyorgy Aranyosi – trumpet Peter Gal – trumpet Peter Lendvai – oboe Andrea Csécsi – oboe Janos Dobos – tuba Tamás Dömötör – timpani Istvan Halasz – bassoon Krisztian Jardany – bassoon Attila Kelemen – French horn Sándor Horváth – French horn Marianna Móri – flute Tamás Siklósi – flute Mark Viragh – percussion The Choir of Miskolc National Theatre Anett Baranyai, Boglarka Jambrik, Edina Kecskemeti, Nóra Kiss, Zsuzsa Kurucz, Éva Mészáros, Erika Radnai, Eva Vajda, Dániel Gyetvai, Balázs Bodnár Richard Hegedüs, Andras Marton, Nándor Nagy, Balász Székely, Roland Tötös, Dóra Diána Horváth, Ágnes Jordanov, Diána Kuttor, Mariann Majláth, Éva Orth, Oxana Pacsenko, Annette Simon, Szófia Tarczali, Dávid Dani, Sandor Demeter, Gergely Irlanda, Balazs Kolozsi, Robert Molnar, Mihály Petrány Production Zsolt Regos – conductor, choirmaster Jochem Jacobs – engineering, editing, mixing, mastering Sander van Gelswijck – engineering, editing, mixing, mastering Stefan Heilemann – art direction, design Tim Tronckoe – photography Jeroen Aarts – photography Evelyne Steenberghe – photography Marcel de Vré – director References ^ Bowar, Chad. "Epica – Retrospect DVD/CD Review". About.com. Retrieved May 18, 2014. ^ Buitenhuis, Melanie. "Epica – Retrospect". Lords Of Metal. Retrieved May 18, 2014. ^ "RETROSPECT SOLD OUT!". Epica. March 19, 2013. Archived from the original on May 18, 2014. Retrieved May 18, 2014. ^ "RETROSTREAM ANNOUNCED". Epica. March 4, 2013. Archived from the original on May 18, 2014. Retrieved May 18, 2014. ^ "PRE-ORDER EPICA'S RETROSPECT". Epica. September 24, 2013. Archived from the original on May 18, 2014. Retrieved May 18, 2014. ^ "EPICA'S RETROSPECT – MOVIE THEATER PREMIERES ANNOUNCED". Epica. September 6, 2013. Archived from the original on May 18, 2014. Retrieved May 18, 2014. ^ "Tonight!". Epica. September 6, 2013. Retrieved August 21, 2015. vteEpica Mark Jansen Coen Janssen Simone Simons Ariën van Weesenbeek Isaac Delahaye Rob van der Loo Yves Huts Ad Sluijter Helena Iren Michaelsen Jeroen Simons Studio albums The Phantom Agony Consign to Oblivion The Divine Conspiracy Design Your Universe Requiem for the Indifferent The Quantum Enigma The Holographic Principle Omega EPs The Solace System Epica vs Attack on Titan Songs Live albums The Classical Conspiracy Retrospect Compilations The Road to Paradiso Related articles Discography After Forever God Dethroned Kamelot MaYaN Joyride Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
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Strikes Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Empire_Strikes_Back"},{"link_name":"John Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Williams"}],"text":"CD 1No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Introspect\"Coen Janssen4:202.\"Monopoly on Truth\"Isaac Delahaye/Mark Jansen/Simone Simons7:093.\"Sensorium\"Mark Jansen/Ad Sluijter/Coen Janssen/Simone Simons6:044.\"Unleashed\" (Orchestral Intro from \"This Is the Time\" Single)Simone Simons/Coen Janssen/Mark Jansen/Isaac Delahaye6:245.\"Martyr of the Free Word\"Ariën van Weesenbeek/Coen Janssen/Mark Jansen/Isaac Delahaye6:256.\"Chasing the Dragon\"Ad Sluijter/Yves Huts/Mark Jansen/Simone Simons8:097.\"Presto\" (from \"The Four Seasons\")Antonio Vivaldi3:088.\"Never Enough\"Ad Sluijter/Simone Simons/Yves Huts5:479.\"Stabat Mater Dolorosa\" (from \"Stabat Mater\")Giovanni Battista Pergolesi4:0810.\"Twin Flames\" (Live Premiere)Mark Jansen5:03Total length:56:37CD 2No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Serenade of Self-Destruction\"Mark Jansen/Isaac Delahaye/Coen Janssen/Simone Simons10:102.\"Orchestral Medley\" (Feint/Fools of Damnation/Mother of Light/Kingdom of Heaven/Run for a Fall/Deep Water Horizon)Ad Sluijter/Coen Janssen/Mark Jansen/Simone Simons/Isaac Delahaye7:533.\"The Divine Conspiracy\" (Anniversary Edition)Ad Sluijter/Coen Janssen/Mark Jansen7:384.\"Delirium\"Coen Janssen/Isaac Delahaye/Simone Simons6:115.\"Blank Infinity\"Mark Jansen/Coen Janssen/Simone Simons5:046.\"The Obsessive Devotion\"Ad Sluijter/Mark Jansen7:577.\"Retrospect\" (Unreleased Song, Live Premiere)Coen Janssen/Sascha Paeth/Isaac Delahaye/Simone Simons4:288.\"Battle of the Heroes & Imperial March\" (from Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith and The Empire Strikes Back)John Williams6:269.\"Quietus\" (Silent Reverie)Mark Jansen/Yves Huts/Coen Janssen/Ad Sluijter/Simone Simons/Jeroen Simons3:5910.\"The Phantom Agony\"Ad Sluijter/Mark Jansen/Yves Huts9:22Total length:69:08CD 3No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Cry for the Moon\" (Extended Drum Outro)Mark Jansen/Ad Sluijter/Simone Simons12:232.\"Sancta Terra\"Mark Jansen/Ad Sluijter/Simone Simons5:503.\"Design Your Universe\"Mark Jansen/Isaac Delahaye/Coen Janssen11:104.\"Storm the Sorrow\"Coen Janssen/Simone Simons5:435.\"Consign to Oblivion\"Mark Jansen/Ad Sluijter9:446.\"Outrospect\"Coen Janssen3:57Total length:48:47","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simone Simons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Simons"},{"link_name":"Mark Jansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Jansen"},{"link_name":"grunts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_growl"},{"link_name":"screams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screaming_(music)"},{"link_name":"Isaac Delahaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Delahaye"},{"link_name":"Rob van der Loo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_van_der_Loo"},{"link_name":"Floor Jansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_Jansen"},{"link_name":"Ad Sluijter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Sluijter"},{"link_name":"Jeroen Simons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeroen_Simons"}],"text":"EpicaSimone Simons – lead vocals\nMark Jansen – lead & rhythm guitar, grunts, screams\nIsaac Delahaye – lead & rhythm guitar, backing vocals\nRob van der Loo – bass\nCoen Janssen – synthesizer, piano\nAriën van Weesenbeek – drumsAdditional musiciansFloor Jansen – vocals on \"Stabat Mater Dolorosa\" and \"Sancta Terra\"\nAd Sluijter – lead & rhythm guitar on \"Quietus\"\nYves Huts – bass on \"Quietus\"\nJeroen Simons – drums on \"Quietus\"\nTamás Kriston – violin on \"Presto\"The Extended Hungarian Reményi Ede Chamber OrchestraBenjamin Almassy – violin\nAnna Bekes – violin\nZoltan Ficsor – violin\nBoglárka Jobbágy-Balog – violin\nSzófia Kaulics-Nagy – violin\nMaria Császáriné Lazányi – violin\nDiana Pavliskó – violin\nEva Siklosi – violin\nEszter Szavári-Sovány – violin\nTamás Kriston – violin\nJózsef Kautzky – viola\nAnita Kiss – viola\nTamás Tóth – viola\nKatalin Tressó – viola\nAngelika Beres – celli\nHajnalka Csécsi – celli\nKamilla Matakovics – celli\nArpad Balog – double bass\nPeter Lokös – double bass\nGyula Ács – clarinet\nSandor Czimer – clarinet\nIstvan Molnar – trombone\nDaniel Négyesi – trombone\nGyorgy Aranyosi – trumpet\nPeter Gal – trumpet\nPeter Lendvai – oboe\nAndrea Csécsi – oboe\nJanos Dobos – tuba\nTamás Dömötör – timpani\nIstvan Halasz – bassoon\nKrisztian Jardany – bassoon\nAttila Kelemen – French horn\nSándor Horváth – French horn\nMarianna Móri – flute\nTamás Siklósi – flute\nMark Viragh – percussionThe Choir of Miskolc National TheatreAnett Baranyai, Boglarka Jambrik, Edina Kecskemeti, Nóra Kiss, Zsuzsa Kurucz, Éva Mészáros, Erika Radnai, Eva Vajda, Dániel Gyetvai, Balázs Bodnár Richard Hegedüs, Andras Marton, Nándor Nagy, Balász Székely, Roland Tötös, Dóra Diána Horváth, Ágnes Jordanov, Diána Kuttor, Mariann Majláth, Éva Orth, Oxana Pacsenko, Annette Simon, Szófia Tarczali, Dávid Dani, Sandor Demeter, Gergely Irlanda, Balazs Kolozsi, Robert Molnar, Mihály PetrányProductionZsolt Regos – conductor, choirmaster\nJochem Jacobs – engineering, editing, mixing, mastering\nSander van Gelswijck – engineering, editing, mixing, mastering\nStefan Heilemann – art direction, design\nTim Tronckoe – photography\nJeroen Aarts – photography\nEvelyne Steenberghe – photography\nMarcel de Vré – director","title":"Personnel"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Bowar, Chad. \"Epica – Retrospect DVD/CD Review\". About.com. Retrieved May 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://heavymetal.about.com/od/epica/fl/Epica-Retrospect-DVDCD-Review.htm","url_text":"\"Epica – Retrospect DVD/CD Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About.com","url_text":"About.com"}]},{"reference":"Buitenhuis, Melanie. \"Epica – Retrospect\". Lords Of Metal. Retrieved May 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lordsofmetal.nl/nl/reviews/view/id/25743","url_text":"\"Epica – Retrospect\""}]},{"reference":"\"RETROSPECT SOLD OUT!\". Epica. March 19, 2013. Archived from the original on May 18, 2014. Retrieved May 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140518012218/http://epica.nl/news/2013-03-19-retrospect-sold-out","url_text":"\"RETROSPECT SOLD OUT!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epica_(band)","url_text":"Epica"},{"url":"http://epica.nl/news/2013-03-19-retrospect-sold-out","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"RETROSTREAM ANNOUNCED\". Epica. March 4, 2013. Archived from the original on May 18, 2014. Retrieved May 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140518012223/http://epica.nl/news/2013-03-04-retrostream-announced","url_text":"\"RETROSTREAM ANNOUNCED\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epica_(band)","url_text":"Epica"},{"url":"http://epica.nl/news/2013-03-04-retrostream-announced","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PRE-ORDER EPICA'S RETROSPECT\". Epica. September 24, 2013. Archived from the original on May 18, 2014. Retrieved May 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140518012215/http://epica.nl/news/2013-09-24-pre-order-epica-s-retrospect","url_text":"\"PRE-ORDER EPICA'S RETROSPECT\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epica_(band)","url_text":"Epica"},{"url":"http://epica.nl/news/2013-09-24-pre-order-epica-s-retrospect","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"EPICA'S RETROSPECT – MOVIE THEATER PREMIERES ANNOUNCED\". Epica. September 6, 2013. Archived from the original on May 18, 2014. Retrieved May 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140518012618/http://epica.nl/news/2013-09-06-epica-s-retrospect-movie-theater-premieres-announced","url_text":"\"EPICA'S RETROSPECT – MOVIE THEATER PREMIERES ANNOUNCED\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epica_(band)","url_text":"Epica"},{"url":"http://epica.nl/news/2013-09-06-epica-s-retrospect-movie-theater-premieres-announced","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tonight!\". Epica. September 6, 2013. Retrieved August 21, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/epica/photos/a.10151254811182924.1073741825.8031842923/10151525246797924/","url_text":"\"Tonight!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epica_(band)","url_text":"Epica"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://heavymetal.about.com/od/epica/fl/Epica-Retrospect-DVDCD-Review.htm","external_links_name":"\"Epica – Retrospect DVD/CD Review\""},{"Link":"http://www.lordsofmetal.nl/nl/reviews/view/id/25743","external_links_name":"\"Epica – Retrospect\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20140518012218/http://epica.nl/news/2013-03-19-retrospect-sold-out","external_links_name":"\"RETROSPECT SOLD OUT!\""},{"Link":"http://epica.nl/news/2013-03-19-retrospect-sold-out","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20140518012223/http://epica.nl/news/2013-03-04-retrostream-announced","external_links_name":"\"RETROSTREAM ANNOUNCED\""},{"Link":"http://epica.nl/news/2013-03-04-retrostream-announced","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20140518012215/http://epica.nl/news/2013-09-24-pre-order-epica-s-retrospect","external_links_name":"\"PRE-ORDER EPICA'S RETROSPECT\""},{"Link":"http://epica.nl/news/2013-09-24-pre-order-epica-s-retrospect","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20140518012618/http://epica.nl/news/2013-09-06-epica-s-retrospect-movie-theater-premieres-announced","external_links_name":"\"EPICA'S RETROSPECT – MOVIE THEATER PREMIERES ANNOUNCED\""},{"Link":"http://epica.nl/news/2013-09-06-epica-s-retrospect-movie-theater-premieres-announced","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/epica/photos/a.10151254811182924.1073741825.8031842923/10151525246797924/","external_links_name":"\"Tonight!\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/9d62f8ff-23a5-4510-9473-8265da194b57","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weary_and_Wired
Weary and Wired
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","2.1 Additional musicians","2.2 Additional background vocals","3 External links"]
2007 studio album by Marc FordWeary and WiredStudio album by Marc FordReleasedMarch 27, 2007GenreBlues-rock, Southern rock, jam rockLength61:36LabelBlues Bureau InternationalProducerMarc FordAnthony Arvizu, Mark Dutton (co-producers)Marc Ford chronology It's About Time(2003) Weary and Wired(2007) Marc Ford and the Neptune Blues Club(2008) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic linkModern Guitars MagazinelinkNetRhythmslink Weary and Wired is the second album by guitarist and singer-songwriter Marc Ford. The album was released on March 27, 2007, on the Blues Bureau International label. Track listing All songs written by Marc Ford, except as indicated. Featherweight Dreamland – 3:17 Don't Come Around – 3:43 It'll Be Over Soon – 3:07 Dirty Girl – 3:05 The Other Side (Ryan Bingham) – 2:53 1000 Ways (Marc Ford, Elijah Ford) – 4:04 Smoke Signals (Marc Ford, Luther Russell) – 8:26 Greazy Chicken – 6:01 Currents – 6:04 Just Take the Money – 2:53 Medicine Time – 4:05 The Same Thing (Willie Dixon) – 8:44 Running Man Blues – 2:44 Bye Bye Suzy – 2:59 The Big Callback – 3:29 Personnel Marc Ford – vocals, guitars, backing vocals, record producer Muddy (a.k.a. Mark Dutton) — bass guitar, backing vocals, co-producer Doni Gray – drums, backing vocals Additional musicians Elijah Ford – bass guitar on "Featherweight Dreamland", 2nd guitar on "1000 Ways", backing vocals Mike Malone – Hammond organ, piano Afton – organ on "Smoke Signals" Aaron West – saxophone Will Artope – trumpet Additional background vocals Chris Lizotte, Kirsten Ford, Scott Owen, Joel Owen External links Marc Ford official website Marc Ford MySpace Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marc Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Ford"}],"text":"2007 studio album by Marc FordWeary and Wired is the second album by guitarist and singer-songwriter Marc Ford. The album was released on March 27, 2007, on the Blues Bureau International label.","title":"Weary and Wired"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ryan Bingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Bingham"},{"link_name":"Luther Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Russell"},{"link_name":"Willie Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Dixon"}],"text":"All songs written by Marc Ford, except as indicated.Featherweight Dreamland – 3:17\nDon't Come Around – 3:43\nIt'll Be Over Soon – 3:07\nDirty Girl – 3:05\nThe Other Side (Ryan Bingham) – 2:53\n1000 Ways (Marc Ford, Elijah Ford) – 4:04\nSmoke Signals (Marc Ford, Luther Russell) – 8:26\nGreazy Chicken – 6:01\nCurrents – 6:04\nJust Take the Money – 2:53\nMedicine Time – 4:05\nThe Same Thing (Willie Dixon) – 8:44\nRunning Man Blues – 2:44\nBye Bye Suzy – 2:59\nThe Big Callback – 3:29","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Marc Ford – vocals, guitars, backing vocals, record producer\nMuddy (a.k.a. Mark Dutton) — bass guitar, backing vocals, co-producer\nDoni Gray – drums, backing vocals","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hammond organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond_organ"}],"sub_title":"Additional musicians","text":"Elijah Ford – bass guitar on \"Featherweight Dreamland\", 2nd guitar on \"1000 Ways\", backing vocals\nMike Malone – Hammond organ, piano\nAfton – organ on \"Smoke Signals\"\nAaron West – saxophone\nWill Artope – trumpet","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Additional background vocals","text":"Chris Lizotte, Kirsten Ford, Scott Owen, Joel Owen","title":"Personnel"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Lily_Walker
Mary Lily Walker
["1 Early life and university","2 London","3 Return to Dundee and the D.S.U.","4 Death","5 Commemoration","6 References"]
Mary Lily Walker (5 July 1863 – 1 July 1913) was a Scottish social reformer, who worked to improve conditions for women and children working in industrial Dundee. Early life and university Walker excelled academically from a young age, first being educated at Tayside House, before completing her schooling at the High School of Dundee between 1880 and 1881. During her time there, she won prizes in French, German, Perspective and Practical Geometry. After finishing her studies at the High School, she attended University College Dundee upon its inception in 1883. Walker continued to study there for 11 years, studying under professors such as D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson (with whom she developed a close friendship and corresponded continuously throughout her life), Alfred Ewing, John Steggall and Patrick Geddes. She continued to flourish, winning prizes at the university in Classics, Ancient History, Senior Latin, Literature, Botany, Embryology, Zoology, Physiology, Chemistry, and History. During her time there she also had two papers published on avian anatomy. Walker's interest in social reform was initiated upon joining the Dundee Social Union (DSU), a group formed in 1888 by a group of the university's professors to improve the quality of life of Dundee's poor, particularly housing and health. Initially she worked as a rent collector, engaging closely with the families who lived in properties owned by the group. In 1891, she was appointed Superintendent of Housing and Chief Manager of properties. During her time in this role, she started to work more elements of social work into her role, starting clubs for the working women, for example. London In 1893, Walker travelled to London, working directly under the social reformer Octavia Hill at the Women's University Settlement in Southwark. Walker returned to Dundee and focused further on improving the lives of the city's poor through her work with the DSU, despite being offered wardenship of a new settlement by Octavia Hill. Walker adapted what she had learned in London under Hill's tutelage to fit Dundee's particular poverty concerns. By 1905, 40,000 people were employed in the textiles industry in the city; over three-quarters of these were women, and untold numbers children. It was from her work in Southwark that she came into contact with other influential luminaries of the time such as Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntree. After the death of her close friend Madge Oliphant Valentine (niece of author Margaret Oliphant), Walker travelled to London again. From May 1898 she spent a year living and working with the Grey Ladies, a religious order based in Blackheath. There she trained in social work, with a view to bringing her experience back to Dundee. It was also at this time that Walker started wearing the grey habit of the order, clothing that she would wear for most of the rest of her life, and which she can be seen wearing in the only known photograph in existence of her. Return to Dundee and the D.S.U. In 1899, Walker returned to Dundee and resumed work with the Dundee Social Union (DSU). With high-profile speakers lecturing at the group's events, and wider activities in Dundee, membership rose from 61 members in 1899 to 168 by 1905. Walker encouraged the group to move towards the use of more professional workers rather than relying on employees. To this end she persuaded the DSU to train workers in her house, Grey Lodge Settlement, on the basis that she would fund training for one worker if the group funded two themselves. In 1901 Walker was elected as a parish councillor, alongside Agnes Husband, and in 1905 was appointed to the Distress Committee which dealt with poor relief. The DSU produced reports factual on social conditions in Dundee, which were published by local politician and newspaper proprietor John Leng. Walker and her professional colleague Mona Wilson undertook the data gathering arrangements on behalf of the DSU's Social Enquiry Committee for these publications. The reports dealt with housing conditions, household income and expenditure, women's paid work, infant mortality and child health. Part one was an investigation based on the medical inspection of school children in School Board Schools which includes detailed tables (e.g., weights, heights, diseases and eyes). A second report dealt with housing and industrial conditions and the unusual circumstances in a city dominated by the jute industry which employed mainly women and children. Infant mortality was recognised as a problem in Dundee and, under Walker's guidance, DSU opened a restaurant for working mothers was in the West Port in 1906. Mothers were supplied with nourishing meals and advice for the first three months of their child's life, providing they breast-fed their infants and stayed away from work. This successful initiative was taken over by the city corporation under the Medical Officer of Health Dr Charles Templeman leading to further restaurants and infant health clinics. In 1913 Walker provided a statement on housing conditions in Dundee for the Ballantyne-led Royal Commission on housing in Scotland. Death Mary Lily Walker died on the morning of 1 July 1913, in her bed in Grey Lodge, Dundee. Shortly before her death, she was attended by her doctor, Julia F. Pringle, who worked at the Dundee Infants Hospital and Blackscroft Baby Clinic. The death was registered by her close friend Guilmera Peterson, younger sister of Meta Peterson, her lifelong friend. A funeral was held two days later on 3 July 1913, at St Paul's Cathedral, Dundee, which Walker had attended. The horse-drawn cortege was accompanied by a large number of people from different walks of life, 'in one of the largest funerals seen in Dundee for a considerable time' as described in The Courier. The procession left the town centre and continued on through Dundee to Balgay Cemetery, where Mary Lily Walker was interred in a grave topped with a Celtic cross, which still stands there. She is buried next to her stepsister Grace, her brother Arthur Thomas John, and her mother Mary Anne Allen. Commemoration Walker has been remembered with a plaque on Walker House at Grey Lodge Settlement, South George Street, Dundee, as part of the Dundee Women's Trail. Grey Lodge Settlement is a registered Scottish charity and carries on the work Walker started; the association's minutes are held by Dundee City Archives. Walker's birthplace on Perth Road, Dundee, was also marked with a plaque in 2016. To mark the 100th anniversary of her death a four-day celebration of her life and legacy was held in the city. The High School of Dundee named its new purpose-built nursery the Mary Lily Walker building after their former pupil in 2014. One of Dundee’s hostels for people experiencing homelessness, the Lily Walker Centre in the city’s Ann Street, is named after Mary Lily Walker. References ^ Small, Eddie (2013). Mary Lily Walker: Forgotten Visionary of Dundee. Dundee: Dundee University Press. pp. 51–52. ISBN 9781845861636. ^ Walker, Mary L. (1888). "On the Form of the Quadrate Bone in Birds". Studies from the Museum of Zoology in University College, Dundee. 1 (1). ^ Walker, Mary L. (1889). "On the Larynx and Hyoid of Monotremata". Studies from the Museum of Zoology in University College, Dundee. 3. ^ a b "Dundee Social Union : Museum : University of Dundee". www.dundee.ac.uk. Retrieved 22 June 2022. ^ Baillie, Myra (1996). Mary Lily Walker: Social Worker and Reformer (MA.). McMaster University. ^ Walker, Mary L.; Wilson, Mona (1905). "1. A General Report". Report on Housing and Industrial Conditions and Medical Inspection of School Children (Report). Dundee Social Union. ^ Small, 2013, p. 120 ^ Small, Eddie (2013). Mary Lily Walker 1853-1913: Forgotten Visionary of Dundee. Dundee: Dundee University Press. pp. 120–130. ISBN 9781845861636. ^ a b Dundee Social Union Social Enquiry Committee (1905). Report of investigation into social conditions in Dundee. Part 1: Medical inspection of school children. Dundee: John Leng. ^ Dundee Social Union (1905). Report upon Housing and Industrial Conditions. John Leng and Co.: Dundee. ^ Royal Commission on Housing; Ballantyne, Henry (1917). Report of the Royal Commission on the Housing of the Industrial Population of Scotland, Rural and Urban. BPP Cd.8731. Edinburgh: Edinburgh, HMSO. pp. 48–52. ^ "Death notices (classified advertisement)". The Scotsman. 2 July 1913. p. 16. Retrieved 13 June 2022. ^ "Dundee pays last tribute Miss Mary L Walker". The Courier. 4 July 1913. ^ "Mary Lily Walker | Dundee Women's Trail". Retrieved 23 June 2022. ^ The National Archives. "Grey Lodge Settlement Association, Dundee, minutes, reports and records". discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 23 June 2022. ^ "Dundee's 'unsung heroine' Mary Lily Walker commemorated". BBC News. 5 July 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2022. ^ "Mary Lily Walker: Dundee remembers 'forgotten visionary' of social reform". BBC News. 27 June 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2022. ^ High School of Dundee. "Nursery prospectus (download as pdf)". High School of Dundee. Retrieved 23 June 2022. ^ Mary Lily Walker Project Team (11 September 2014). "Mary Lily Walker Building Opened". Mary Lily Walker. Retrieved 23 June 2022. Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Mary Lily Walker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"High School of Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_School_of_Dundee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"University College Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College_Dundee"},{"link_name":"D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Arcy_Wentworth_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Alfred Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Ewing"},{"link_name":"John Steggall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Steggall"},{"link_name":"Patrick Geddes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Geddes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Walker excelled academically from a young age, first being educated at Tayside House, before completing her schooling at the High School of Dundee between 1880 and 1881.[1] During her time there, she won prizes in French, German, Perspective and Practical Geometry.After finishing her studies at the High School, she attended University College Dundee upon its inception in 1883. Walker continued to study there for 11 years, studying under professors such as D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson (with whom she developed a close friendship and corresponded continuously throughout her life), Alfred Ewing, John Steggall and Patrick Geddes. She continued to flourish, winning prizes at the university in Classics, Ancient History, Senior Latin, Literature, Botany, Embryology, Zoology, Physiology, Chemistry, and History. During her time there she also had two papers published on avian anatomy.[2][3]Walker's interest in social reform was initiated upon joining the Dundee Social Union (DSU), a group formed in 1888 by a group of the university's professors to improve the quality of life of Dundee's poor, particularly housing and health.[4] Initially she worked as a rent collector, engaging closely with the families who lived in properties owned by the group. In 1891, she was appointed Superintendent of Housing and Chief Manager of properties.[5] During her time in this role, she started to work more elements of social work into her role, starting clubs for the working women, for example.","title":"Early life and university"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Octavia Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavia_Hill"},{"link_name":"Women's University Settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_University_Settlement"},{"link_name":"Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwark"},{"link_name":"textiles industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textiles_industry"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Charles Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Booth_(philanthropist)"},{"link_name":"Seebohm Rowntree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seebohm_Rowntree"},{"link_name":"Margaret Oliphant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Oliphant"},{"link_name":"Blackheath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackheath,_London"}],"text":"In 1893, Walker travelled to London, working directly under the social reformer Octavia Hill at the Women's University Settlement in Southwark. Walker returned to Dundee and focused further on improving the lives of the city's poor through her work with the DSU, despite being offered wardenship of a new settlement by Octavia Hill. Walker adapted what she had learned in London under Hill's tutelage to fit Dundee's particular poverty concerns. By 1905, 40,000 people were employed in the textiles industry in the city; over three-quarters of these were women, and untold numbers children.[6] It was from her work in Southwark that she came into contact with other influential luminaries of the time such as Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntree.After the death of her close friend Madge Oliphant Valentine (niece of author Margaret Oliphant), Walker travelled to London again. From May 1898 she spent a year living and working with the Grey Ladies, a religious order based in Blackheath. There she trained in social work, with a view to bringing her experience back to Dundee. It was also at this time that Walker started wearing the grey habit of the order, clothing that she would wear for most of the rest of her life, and which she can be seen wearing in the only known photograph in existence of her.","title":"London"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Agnes Husband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Husband"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"John Leng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Leng_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"},{"link_name":"jute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juteopolis"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Medical Officer of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_officer_of_health"},{"link_name":"Royal Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_commission"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In 1899, Walker returned to Dundee and resumed work with the Dundee Social Union (DSU). With high-profile speakers lecturing at the group's events, and wider activities in Dundee, membership rose from 61 members in 1899 to 168 by 1905.[7] Walker encouraged the group to move towards the use of more professional workers rather than relying on employees. To this end she persuaded the DSU to train workers in her house, Grey Lodge Settlement, on the basis that she would fund training for one worker if the group funded two themselves.In 1901 Walker was elected as a parish councillor, alongside Agnes Husband, and in 1905 was appointed to the Distress Committee which dealt with poor relief.[8]The DSU produced reports factual on social conditions in Dundee, which were published by local politician and newspaper proprietor John Leng. Walker and her professional colleague Mona Wilson undertook the data gathering arrangements on behalf of the DSU's Social Enquiry Committee for these publications.[9] The reports dealt with housing conditions, household income and expenditure, women's paid work, infant mortality and child health. Part one was an investigation based on the medical inspection of school children in School Board Schools which includes detailed tables (e.g., weights, heights, diseases and eyes).[9] A second report dealt with housing and industrial conditions and the unusual circumstances in a city dominated by the jute industry which employed mainly women and children.[10]Infant mortality was recognised as a problem in Dundee and, under Walker's guidance, DSU opened a restaurant for working mothers was in the West Port in 1906. Mothers were supplied with nourishing meals and advice for the first three months of their child's life, providing they breast-fed their infants and stayed away from work.[4] This successful initiative was taken over by the city corporation under the Medical Officer of Health Dr Charles Templeman leading to further restaurants and infant health clinics.In 1913 Walker provided a statement on housing conditions in Dundee for the Ballantyne-led Royal Commission on housing in Scotland. [11]","title":"Return to Dundee and the D.S.U."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"St Paul's Cathedral, Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral,_Dundee"},{"link_name":"The Courier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Courier_(Dundee)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Celtic cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_cross"}],"text":"Mary Lily Walker died on the morning of 1 July 1913, in her bed in Grey Lodge, Dundee.[12] Shortly before her death, she was attended by her doctor, Julia F. Pringle, who worked at the Dundee Infants Hospital and Blackscroft Baby Clinic. The death was registered by her close friend Guilmera Peterson, younger sister of Meta Peterson, her lifelong friend.A funeral was held two days later on 3 July 1913, at St Paul's Cathedral, Dundee, which Walker had attended. The horse-drawn cortege was accompanied by a large number of people from different walks of life, 'in one of the largest funerals seen in Dundee for a considerable time' as described in The Courier.[13] The procession left the town centre and continued on through Dundee to Balgay Cemetery, where Mary Lily Walker was interred in a grave topped with a Celtic cross, which still stands there. She is buried next to her stepsister Grace, her brother Arthur Thomas John, and her mother Mary Anne Allen.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Scottish charity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_Scottish_Charity_Regulator"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"High School of Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_School_of_Dundee"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Walker has been remembered with a plaque on Walker House at Grey Lodge Settlement, South George Street, Dundee, as part of the Dundee Women's Trail.[14] Grey Lodge Settlement is a registered Scottish charity and carries on the work Walker started; the association's minutes are held by Dundee City Archives.[15] Walker's birthplace on Perth Road, Dundee, was also marked with a plaque in 2016.[16] To mark the 100th anniversary of her death a four-day celebration of her life and legacy was held in the city.[17] The High School of Dundee named its new purpose-built nursery the Mary Lily Walker building after their former pupil in 2014.[18] [19]One of Dundee’s hostels for people experiencing homelessness, the Lily Walker Centre in the city’s Ann Street, is named after Mary Lily Walker.","title":"Commemoration"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Small, Eddie (2013). Mary Lily Walker: Forgotten Visionary of Dundee. Dundee: Dundee University Press. pp. 51–52. ISBN 9781845861636.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845861636","url_text":"9781845861636"}]},{"reference":"Walker, Mary L. (1888). \"On the Form of the Quadrate Bone in Birds\". Studies from the Museum of Zoology in University College, Dundee. 1 (1).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Walker, Mary L. (1889). \"On the Larynx and Hyoid of Monotremata\". Studies from the Museum of Zoology in University College, Dundee. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Dundee Social Union : Museum : University of Dundee\". www.dundee.ac.uk. Retrieved 22 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dundee.ac.uk/museum/exhibitions/medical/mawsandbairns/dundee_social_union/","url_text":"\"Dundee Social Union : Museum : University of Dundee\""}]},{"reference":"Baillie, Myra (1996). Mary Lily Walker: Social Worker and Reformer (MA.). McMaster University.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Walker, Mary L.; Wilson, Mona (1905). \"1. A General Report\". Report on Housing and Industrial Conditions and Medical Inspection of School Children (Report). Dundee Social Union.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Small, Eddie (2013). Mary Lily Walker 1853-1913: Forgotten Visionary of Dundee. Dundee: Dundee University Press. pp. 120–130. ISBN 9781845861636.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845861636","url_text":"9781845861636"}]},{"reference":"Dundee Social Union Social Enquiry Committee (1905). Report of investigation into social conditions in Dundee. Part 1: Medical inspection of school children. Dundee: John Leng.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/b21970609","url_text":"Report of investigation into social conditions in Dundee. Part 1: Medical inspection of school children"}]},{"reference":"Dundee Social Union (1905). Report upon Housing and Industrial Conditions. John Leng and Co.: Dundee.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Royal Commission on Housing; Ballantyne, Henry (1917). Report of the Royal Commission on the Housing of the Industrial Population of Scotland, Rural and Urban. BPP Cd.8731. Edinburgh: Edinburgh, HMSO. pp. 48–52.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/reportofroyalcom00scotrich","url_text":"Report of the Royal Commission on the Housing of the Industrial Population of Scotland, Rural and Urban"}]},{"reference":"\"Death notices (classified advertisement)\". The Scotsman. 2 July 1913. p. 16. Retrieved 13 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.proquest.com/hnpscotsman","url_text":"\"Death notices (classified advertisement)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dundee pays last tribute Miss Mary L Walker\". The Courier. 4 July 1913.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Dundee pays last tribute Miss Mary L Walker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mary Lily Walker | Dundee Women's Trail\". Retrieved 23 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dundeewomenstrail.org.uk/womens-trail/mary-lily-walker/","url_text":"\"Mary Lily Walker | Dundee Women's Trail\""}]},{"reference":"The National Archives. \"Grey Lodge Settlement Association, Dundee, minutes, reports and records\". discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk. Retrieved 23 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F81360","url_text":"\"Grey Lodge Settlement Association, Dundee, minutes, reports and records\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dundee's 'unsung heroine' Mary Lily Walker commemorated\". BBC News. 5 July 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-36712338","url_text":"\"Dundee's 'unsung heroine' Mary Lily Walker commemorated\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mary Lily Walker: Dundee remembers 'forgotten visionary' of social reform\". BBC News. 27 June 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-23079798","url_text":"\"Mary Lily Walker: Dundee remembers 'forgotten visionary' of social reform\""}]},{"reference":"High School of Dundee. \"Nursery prospectus (download as pdf)\". High School of Dundee. Retrieved 23 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.highschoolofdundee.org.uk/admissions/nursery/welcome","url_text":"\"Nursery prospectus (download as pdf)\""}]},{"reference":"Mary Lily Walker Project Team (11 September 2014). \"Mary Lily Walker Building Opened\". Mary Lily Walker. Retrieved 23 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://marylilywalker.blogspot.com/2014/09/mary-lily-walker-building-opened.html","url_text":"\"Mary Lily Walker Building Opened\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.dundee.ac.uk/museum/exhibitions/medical/mawsandbairns/dundee_social_union/","external_links_name":"\"Dundee Social Union : Museum : University of Dundee\""},{"Link":"http://archive.org/details/b21970609","external_links_name":"Report of investigation into social conditions in Dundee. Part 1: Medical inspection of school children"},{"Link":"http://archive.org/details/reportofroyalcom00scotrich","external_links_name":"Report of the Royal Commission on the Housing of the Industrial Population of Scotland, Rural and Urban"},{"Link":"https://www.proquest.com/hnpscotsman","external_links_name":"\"Death notices (classified advertisement)\""},{"Link":"https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Dundee pays last tribute Miss Mary L Walker\""},{"Link":"https://www.dundeewomenstrail.org.uk/womens-trail/mary-lily-walker/","external_links_name":"\"Mary Lily Walker | Dundee Women's Trail\""},{"Link":"https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F81360","external_links_name":"\"Grey Lodge Settlement Association, Dundee, minutes, reports and records\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-36712338","external_links_name":"\"Dundee's 'unsung heroine' Mary Lily Walker commemorated\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-tayside-central-23079798","external_links_name":"\"Mary Lily Walker: Dundee remembers 'forgotten visionary' of social reform\""},{"Link":"https://www.highschoolofdundee.org.uk/admissions/nursery/welcome","external_links_name":"\"Nursery prospectus (download as pdf)\""},{"Link":"http://marylilywalker.blogspot.com/2014/09/mary-lily-walker-building-opened.html","external_links_name":"\"Mary Lily Walker Building Opened\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/305282342","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJppDYtTtRjpjT6cQtWYyd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2013100389","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoderidae
Echinoderidae
["1 Genera","2 References"]
Family of small marine invertebrates Echinoderidae Echinoderes hwiizaa Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Kinorhyncha Class: Cyclorhagida Order: Echinorhagata Family: EchinoderidaeCarus, 1885 Echinoderidae is a family of kinorhynchs in the class Cyclorhagida. Genera Cephalorhyncha Adrianov & Malakhov, 1999 Echinoderes Clarapède, 1863 Fissuroderes Neuhaus & Blasche, 2006 Meristoderes Herranz, Thormar, Benito, Sánchez & Pardos, 2012 Polacanthoderes Sørensen, 2008 References ^ Adrianov, A. V. & Malakhov, V. V. (1999). Cephalorhynch worms (Cephalorhyncha) of the World Ocean. Moscow: KMK Scientific Press. ^ Clararède, E. (1863). Zur Kenntnis der Gattung Echinoderes Duj. Beobachtungen über Anatomie un Entwicklungsgeschichte wirbelloser Thiere an der Küste von Normandie angelstellt. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann. ^ Neuhaus, B. & Blasche, T. (2006). Fissuroderes, a new genus of Kinorhyncha (Cyclorhagida) from the deep sea and continental shelf of New Zealand and from the continental shelf of Costa Rica. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 245(1), 19–52. ^ Herranz, M., Thormar, J., Benito, J., Sánchez, N. & Pardos, F. (2012). Meristoderes gen. nov., a new kinorhybch genus, with the description of two new species and their implications for echinoderid phylogeny (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida, Echinoderidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger, 251(3), 161–179. ^ Sørensen, M. V. (2008). A new kinorhynch genus from the Antarctic deep sea and a new species of Cephalorhyncha from Hawaii (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida: Echinoderidae). Organisms, Diversity, and Evolution, 8(3), 1–18. Taxon identifiersEchinoderidae Wikidata: Q3046969 Wikispecies: Echinoderidae ADW: Echinoderidae AFD: Echinoderidae BOLD: 532025 CoL: 7NHFJ EoL: 1913 GBIF: 5146 IRMNG: 113852 ITIS: 59478 NBN: NHMSYS0021053149 NCBI: 327033 NZOR: bbb72be5-2bbb-4305-b34c-51c9373a0816 Open Tree of Life: 7938 uBio: 5013980 WoRMS: 101070 This protostome-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"kinorhynchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinorhyncha"},{"link_name":"class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Cyclorhagida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclorhagida"}],"text":"Echinoderidae is a family of kinorhynchs in the class Cyclorhagida.","title":"Echinoderidae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cephalorhyncha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalorhyncha_(genus)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-II-1"},{"link_name":"Echinoderes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoderes"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-III-2"},{"link_name":"Fissuroderes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissuroderes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IV-3"},{"link_name":"Meristoderes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meristoderes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-V-4"},{"link_name":"Polacanthoderes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polacanthoderes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VI-5"}],"text":"Cephalorhyncha Adrianov & Malakhov, 1999[1]\nEchinoderes Clarapède, 1863[2]\nFissuroderes Neuhaus & Blasche, 2006[3]\nMeristoderes Herranz, Thormar, Benito, Sánchez & Pardos, 2012[4]\nPolacanthoderes Sørensen, 2008[5]","title":"Genera"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Bridge_(disambiguation)
Severn Bridge (disambiguation)
[]
Severn Bridge may refer to: Bridges Australia Severn River railway bridge, Dundee, over the Severn River at Dundee in New South Wales United Kingdom Severn Bridge, the first road bridge over the Severn Estuary between England and Wales Second Severn Crossing, over the Severn Estuary between England and Wales Severn Railway Bridge, over the Severn Estuary in England United States Severn River Bridge, also known as Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge, over the Severn River in Maryland Naval Academy Bridge, over the Severn River in Maryland Other uses Severn Bridge, Ontario, a community in Ontario, Canada Severn Bridge railway station, Gloucestershire, England See also List of crossings of the River Severn Seven Bridges (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Severn Bridge.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Severn Bridge (disambiguation)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bridges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Severn River railway bridge, Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_River_railway_bridge,_Dundee"}],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"Severn River railway bridge, Dundee, over the Severn River at Dundee in New South Wales","title":"Bridges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Severn Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Second Severn Crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Severn_Crossing"},{"link_name":"Severn Railway Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Railway_Bridge"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"Severn Bridge, the first road bridge over the Severn Estuary between England and Wales\nSecond Severn Crossing, over the Severn Estuary between England and Wales\nSevern Railway Bridge, over the Severn Estuary in England","title":"Bridges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Severn River Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_River_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Naval Academy Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Academy_Bridge"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"Severn River Bridge, also known as Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge, over the Severn River in Maryland\nNaval Academy Bridge, over the Severn River in Maryland","title":"Bridges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Severn Bridge, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Bridge,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Severn Bridge railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Bridge_railway_station"}],"text":"Severn Bridge, Ontario, a community in Ontario, Canada\nSevern Bridge railway station, Gloucestershire, England","title":"Other uses"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion_(passenger_train)
Champion (train)
["1 History","1.1 Atlantic Coast Line","1.2 Seaboard Coast Line","1.3 Amtrak","2 Equipment","3 Legacy","4 See also","5 References","6 External links","7 Further reading"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Champion" train – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) ChampionA postcard depiction of the Champion.OverviewService typeInter-city railStatusdiscontinuedLocaleNortheastern United States/Southeastern United StatesFirst serviceDecember 1, 1939Last serviceOctober 1, 1979SuccessorSilver MeteorFormer operator(s)Atlantic Coast Line (1939–1967)Seaboard Coast Line (1967–1971)Amtrak (1971–1979)RouteTerminiNew York CityWest Coast section: St. PetersburgEast Coast section: MiamiDistance travelled1,046 miles (1,683 km)Service frequencyDailyTrain number(s)East Coast Champion: 1 (southbound), 2 (northbound)West Coast Champion: 91 (southbound), 92 (northbound)Amtrak: 85 (southbound), 86 (northbound)On-board servicesSeating arrangementsReserved coachSleeping arrangementsRoomettes and double bedroomsCatering facilitiesDining carsObservation facilitiesTavern-lounge carsRoute map Legend Through-serviceto Boston 0 mi New York NYNJ 10 mi16 km Newark Penn 24 mi39 km Metropark 58 mi93 km Trenton NJPA 86 mi138 km North Philadelphia 91 mi146 km Philadelphia PADE 118 mi190 km Wilmington DEMD 187 mi301 km Baltimore MDDC 227 mi365 km Washington, D.C. DCVA 235 mi378 km Alexandria 262 mi422 km Quantico 281 mi452 km Fredericksburg 341 mi549 km Richmond 368 mi592 km Petersburg VANC 466 mi750 km Rocky Mount 482 mi776 km Wilson 556 mi895 km Fayetteville NCSC 639 mi1028 km Florence 734 mi1181 km Charleston 787 mi1267 km Yemassee SCGA 836 mi1345 km Savannah GAFL Floridianto Chicago 972 mi1564 km Jacksonville Silver Meteorto Miami 1078 mi1735 km DeLand 1095 mi1762 km Sanford 1111 mi1788 km Winter Park 1117 mi1798 km Orlando Poinciana 1974–1975 1178 mi1896 km Lakeland 1208 mi1944 km Tampa 1238 mi1992 km Clearwater 1251 mi2013 km St. Petersburg This diagram: viewtalkedit The Champion was a streamlined passenger train operated by the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad and Florida East Coast Railway between New York City and Miami or St. Petersburg, Florida. It operated from 1939 until 1979, continuing under the Seaboard Coast Line and Amtrak. It was a direct competitor to the Seaboard Air Line Railway's Silver Meteor, the first New York-Florida streamliner. History Atlantic Coast Line ACL #501, an EMC E3, at the North Carolina Transportation Museum. ACL #254, a tavern-lounge-observation car built for the Champion in 1940-41. Now at the Gold Coast Railroad Museum. The Champion started as a daily service of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad (ACL) in 1939, competing with the Silver Meteor of the Seaboard Air Line (SAL) on the New York–Florida route. Initially just a New York-Miami service, the ACL added a section serving St. Petersburg and the Tampa Bay area in 1941 once enough streamlined equipment was available. The train was rebranded as the Tamiami Champion, with the St. Petersburg section called the Tamiami Champion (West Coast) (91 northbound/92 southbound), and the Miami section called the Tamiami Champion (East Coast) (1 northbound/2 southbound). In 1943 the names became East Coast Champion and West Coast Champion. Southbound trains originated in New York's Pennsylvania Station, and traveled south over the Pennsylvania Railroad-owned Northeast Corridor through Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Washington, D.C. There, a radio-equipped lounge car was added to the train. Leaving Washington, trains used the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad to Richmond, Virginia, the north end of the ACL's main line. From Richmond, trains followed the Atlantic coast through Charleston, South Carolina and Savannah, Georgia to Jacksonville, Florida. Here the train split, with the West Coast section moving south then west through DeLand and Sanford on ACL rails to St. Petersburg, while the East Coast section turned south south-east to run along Florida's east coast to Miami via the Florida East Coast Railway. Prior to the Civil Rights Movement, black passengers on the Champion and other trains running through the southern United States were restricted to the "colored" coach, a combination baggage/coach behind the diesel. African Americans ate behind a curtain at two designated tables next to the kitchen of the dining car, but were barred from the observation-tavern-lounge on the rear of the train. Racial segregation on trains serving the South persisted even though the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), U. S. courts, and President Harry S. Truman's 1948 mandate (banning segregation in railroad dining cars) had ordered interstate carriers to desegregrate. By 1955 the West Coast Champion began hauling thru-cars for the City of Miami and South Wind streamliners to and from Chicago on its Jacksonville–Tampa/Sarasota leg via Orlando and its Jacksonville–St. Petersburg section via Gainesville, Ocala and Clearwater. During its long successful career the Champion network reached virtually every major city and resort in the Sunshine State except Florida Panhandle cities like Pensacola and Tallahassee, which were served by Seaboard's Jacksonville–New Orleans overnight Gulf Wind. By the early 1960s the West Coast Champion also had sections had different sections north of Florida: in Wilson, North Carolina a section branched southeast to Wilmington, North Carolina and in Florence, South Carolina a branch left bound for Augusta, Georgia. However, these through services were only offered southbound. By 1966 these Augusta service was offered northbound also. In 1967 these sections to Wilmington and Augusta shifted over the East Coast Champion. The Gulf coast branch lines carried West Coast Champion thru-cars to three different Florida branches, one to St. Petersburg, a second to Tampa, Bradenton and Sarasota, and a third to Fort Myers and Naples. By April 1967 the Augusta branch was switched over to the Everglades and Palmetto trains. The East Coast Champion ran up and down the Florida East Coast Railway stopping at popular east coast resorts. In 1963 the ACL rerouted the East Coast Champion from the coastal FEC tracks to an interior ACL route through Sanford and Auburndale, a town adjacent to Winter Haven, and then on SAL tracks from Auburndale to West Palm Beach and then to Miami. At the outset, the Champion was an all-coach streamliner pulled by a diesel electric locomotive. Pullman sleeping cars were added by 1941. One Champion A-unit resides at the North Carolina Transportation Museum in Spencer, North Carolina. Seaboard Coast Line The Venice section of SCL's Champion in 1971; led by SCL 4900In 1967, the Atlantic Coast Line merged with the Seaboard Air Line to form the Seaboard Coast Line, making the Champion a sister train to its longtime rivals, the Silver Meteor and Silver Star. Additionally, a few months after the merger, on September 4 northbound, and September 5 southbound, the East and West trains were consolidated into one. By December 1967, the name was simplified to the Champion, with the Miami and southeast Florida destinations eliminated, as the formerly SAL trains, the Silver Meteor and Silver Star had those responsibilities. Nonetheless, the Champion continued to have three different sections south of Jacksonville, simultaneously bound for different aforementioned Gulf Coast destinations from the ACL years. The Sarasota section was extended the next year to Venice. The Champion remained as a New York–St. Petersburg service, numbered #91 southbound and #92 northbound. Amtrak The northbound Champion at Lake Alfred, Florida, during the Amtrak era When Amtrak assumed control of most of the passenger rail service in the United States in 1971, the Champion was retained as a New York–St. Petersburg service (#85/87) operating over the same line it had for the past thirty-two years. On several occasions throughout the 1970s Amtrak would combine the Champion with its old rival the Silver Meteor. The first of these instances came in the summer of 1972: the train split in Savannah, Georgia, with the Champion section continuing to St. Petersburg and the renamed Meteor section passing west of Jacksonville via Thalmann, Georgia, and Callahan, Florida, on former Seaboard tracks to Miami. These combinations occurred again in 1975, 1976, and 1977, but with two changes: the split occurred at Jacksonville, and the Meteor again became the Silver Meteor.: 140–141  In 1978, the United States Department of Transportation recommended the consolidation of New York - Florida services, leading to the permanent consolidation of the Champion into the Silver Meteor in October 1979, serving as the Silver Meteor's Tampa section. Although there were indications that the Champion name would be preserved, it was dropped altogether with the October 1, 1979, timetable. The Silver Meteor continued to operate the Tampa section until 1994, when it was discontinued. The western terminus of the Tampa section, however, was cut back to Tampa from St. Petersburg in February 1984. Equipment Sample consist1939 TrainOriginal FEC consist Baggage-dormitory-coach "New Smyrna" (14 seats) Coach "Boca Raton" (60 seats) Coach "Vero Beach" (52 seats) Dining car "Fort Pierce" (48 seats) Coach "Cocoa-Rockledge" (60 seats) Coach "Pompano" (60 seats) Tavern-lounge-observation "Bay Biscayne" : 78  The Budd Company delivered three identical equipment sets for the Champion; the ACL owned two and the FEC the third (the FEC received an additional matching set which became the Henry M. Flagler). Each equipment set consisted of a baggage-dormitory-coach, four coaches, a dining car, and a tavern-lounge-observation car. In 1940–1941 Budd delivered additional equipment: three baggage-dorm-coaches, eight coaches, three dining cars, and three observation cars.: 74  The new equipment permitted the operation of an additional section between New York and St. Petersburg. Legacy Throughout its 40 years of service (1939–79) the Champion was always a big money maker and remained a fast, reliable, full service operation until Amtrak took over in 1971. ACL, SAL and SCL had maintained exceptionally high standards on its popular Florida streamliners while other railroads gave up on passenger service. According to former ACL/SCL/Amtrak train attendant James Longmire (now retired in Jacksonville, Florida), "The Champ was always packed and we didn't stop serving dinner until everyone got fed... no matter how long it took. We called the Champ "Big Bertha" because tips were so good we didn't have to cash our paychecks." See also Silver Meteor Rennert railroad accident (in 1943) References ^ "Atlantic Coast Line Railroad". Florida Rails Online Museum. Archived from the original on September 15, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2008. ^ Samuel Augustus Jennings (March 1988). "Reflections in Black and White". Passenger Train Journal. Glendale (CA), US: Interurban Press. ^ Atlantic Coast Line timetable, June 12, 1955, Tables B, G and H ^ Atlantic Coast Line December 1961 timetable, Tables D, 3 and 6 ^ Seaboard Coast Line timetable, July 1, 1967, Table 3 ^ American Rails, 'The Champion,' http://www.american-rails.com/champion.html ^ April 1967 ACL Timetable reproduced http://www.thejoekorner.com/brochures/acl-timetable/ ^ Atlantic Coast Line Railroad April 1967 timetable, Tables 4, 5, 12 http://www.thejoekorner.com/brochures/acl-timetable/index.html ^ American Rails, 'The Champion,' http://www.american-rails.com/champion.html ^ April 1967 ACL Timetable reproduced http://www.thejoekorner.com/brochures/acl-timetable/ ^ ACL system map at 'Official Guide of the Railways,' June 1961, Atlantic Coast Line section, p. 427 ^ SAL system map at 'Official Guide of the Railways,' June 1961, Seaboard Coast Line section, p. 453 ^ Atlantic Coast Line December 1963 timetable, Tables 1, 14 ^ "Timetable". Florida Rails Online Museum. Retrieved May 3, 2008. ^ "Timetable". Florida Rails Online Museum. Retrieved May 3, 2008. ^ "Atlantic Coast Line Railroad". Official Guide of the Railways. 74 (1). National Railway Publication Company. June 1941. ^ Seaboard Coast Line Railroad July 1, 1967, timetable, Table 5 ^ Seaboard Coast Line Railroad December 15, 1967, timetable, Table 5 ^ Seaboard Coast Line Railroad, December 13, 1968, timetable, Tables 4, 15 ^ "Passenger trains operating on the eve of Amtrak" (PDF). Trains.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 25, 2009. Retrieved May 3, 2008. ^ Goldberg, Bruce (1981). Amtrak--the first decade. Silver Spring, MD: Alan Books. OCLC 7925036. ^ "Amtrak cuts Florida service". St. Petersburg Times. August 30, 1979. Retrieved September 28, 2013. ^ a b Wayner, Robert J., ed. (1972). Car Names, Numbers and Consists. New York: Wayner Publications. OCLC 8848690. ^ Interview for "Keeping Track" by Samuel Augustus Jennings, 1992 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Champion (train). ACL Tamiami Champion timetable from 1941 ACL Champion timetable from 1966-1967 Amtrak Champion timetable from 1971 Further reading Schafer, Mike (2003). Classic American Railroads, Volume III. Saint Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7603-1649-8. vteFormer Amtrak routesLongdistanceWest Chief City of San Francisco Denver Zephyr Desert Wind El Capitan Inter-American Lone Star North Coast Hiawatha Pioneer San Francisco Zephyr Super Chief Texas Chief East Broadway Limited Champion Floridian Hilltopper James Whitcomb Riley Mountaineer National Limited Lake Shore Panama Limited River Cities Silver Palm (1996–2002) South Wind Spirit of St. Louis Three Rivers Vacationer (seasonal) CorridorWest Coast Daylight Expo '74 Las Vegas Limited Orange County Commuter Pacific International San Diegan Spirit of California Willamette Valley Midwest Abraham Lincoln Ann Rutledge Arrowhead Black Hawk Blue Ridge Calumet Campus Hoosier State Indiana Connection International Kansas City Mule Kentucky Cardinal Lake Cities Lake Country Limited Limited Loop Michigan Executive North Star Prairie Marksman Shawnee St. Louis Mule State House Turboliner Twilight Limited Twin Cities Hiawatha East George Washington Gulf Breeze Gulf Coast Limited Montrealer Shenandoah Silver Palm (1982–1985) West Virginian Northeast Corridor Atlantic City Express Bankers Beacon Hill Cape Codder (seasonal) Chesapeake Clamdigger Clocker Colonial Connecticut Yankee Fast Mail Merchants Limited Metroliner Night Owl Twilight Shoreliner Empire Corridor Empire State Express Niagara Rainbow Keystone Corridor Atlantic City Express Fort Pitt vteNamed trains of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Champion City of Miami Coast Line Florida Mail Dixiana Dixie Flagler Dixie Flyer Dixieland Everglades Flamingo Florida Arrow Florida Special Gulf Coast Special Havana Special Miamian Palmetto Seminole Southland South Wind Tar Heel Vacationer vteNamed trains of the Florida East Coast Railway Champion City of Miami Daylight Express Dixiana Dixie Flagler Dixie Flyer Florida Special Gulf Stream Havana Special Kansas City-Florida Special Miamian Royal Palm Royal Poinciana South Wind vteNamed trains of the Pennsylvania RailroadNamed trains Admiral Advance General Aiken-Augusta Special Akronite American Afternoon Steeler Birmingham Special Broadway Limited Buckeye Buffalo Day Express Bullet Cavalier Cincinnati Limited Clevelander Colonial Del-Mar-Va Express Dominion Express Duquesne East Wind Federal Florida Arrow General Indianapolis Limited Jeffersonian Juniata Kentuckian Keystone Liberty Limited Manhattan Limited Metropolitan Northern Express / Southern Express Morning Steeler Northern Arrow Patriot Penn Texas Pennsylvania Limited Pittsburgher Red Arrow Senator South Wind Southland Spirit of St. Louis St. Louisan Steeler Sunshine Special Trail Blazer Union Valpo Local Rolling stock View series vteNamed trains of Penn Central Admiral Birmingham Special Broadway Limited Champion Cincinnati Limited Colonial Duquesne Federal James Whitcomb Riley Juniata Manhattan Limited Merchants Limited Patriot Pelican Penn Texas Pennsylvania Limited Pilgrim Senator Silver Meteor Silver Star South Wind Spirit of St. Louis vtePassenger trains of the Seaboard Coast LineNamed trains Champion City of Miami Dixie Flyer Everglades Florida Special Gulf Coast Special Gulf Wind Palmland Palmetto Seminole Silver Comet Silver Meteor Silver Star South Wind Sunland Tidewater
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"streamlined","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamliner"},{"link_name":"passenger train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_train"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Coast Line Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Line_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Florida East Coast Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_East_Coast_Railway"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg_station_(ACL)"},{"link_name":"Seaboard Coast Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaboard_Coast_Line"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"Seaboard Air Line Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaboard_Air_Line_Railway"},{"link_name":"Silver Meteor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Meteor"}],"text":"The Champion was a streamlined passenger train operated by the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad and Florida East Coast Railway between New York City and Miami or St. Petersburg, Florida. It operated from 1939 until 1979, continuing under the Seaboard Coast Line and Amtrak. It was a direct competitor to the Seaboard Air Line Railway's Silver Meteor, the first New York-Florida streamliner.","title":"Champion (train)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atlantic_Coast_Line_501.jpg"},{"link_name":"EMC E3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMC_E3"},{"link_name":"North Carolina Transportation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Transportation_Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miami_FL_Gold_Coast_RR_Museum_ACL_254-01.jpg"},{"link_name":"tavern-lounge-observation car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lounge_car#Tavern-lounge_cars"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast Railroad Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_Railroad_Museum"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Coast Line Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Line_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Silver Meteor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Meteor"},{"link_name":"Seaboard Air Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaboard_Air_Line"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Station_(New_York_City)"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Northeast Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Fredericksburg_and_Potomac_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Richmond, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Charleston, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Savannah, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida"},{"link_name":"DeLand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeLand,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Sanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida East Coast Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_East_Coast_Railway"},{"link_name":"Civil Rights Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement"},{"link_name":"southern United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Racial segregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Interstate Commerce Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Commerce_Commission"},{"link_name":"Harry S. Truman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_S._Truman"},{"link_name":"City of Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Miami_(train)"},{"link_name":"South Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wind_(passenger_train)"},{"link_name":"streamliners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamliner_cars_(rail)"},{"link_name":"Tampa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa"},{"link_name":"Sarasota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarasota"},{"link_name":"Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Gainesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainesville,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Ocala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocala"},{"link_name":"Clearwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearwater,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Florida Panhandle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Panhandle"},{"link_name":"Gulf Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Wind"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Fort Myers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Myers"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Sanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Auburndale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auburndale,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Winter Haven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Haven,_Florida"},{"link_name":"West Palm Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Palm_Beach"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"diesel electric locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_electric_locomotive"},{"link_name":"Pullman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pullman_(car_or_coach)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"North Carolina Transportation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Transportation_Museum"},{"link_name":"Spencer, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer,_North_Carolina"}],"sub_title":"Atlantic Coast Line","text":"ACL #501, an EMC E3, at the North Carolina Transportation Museum.ACL #254, a tavern-lounge-observation car built for the Champion in 1940-41. Now at the Gold Coast Railroad Museum.The Champion started as a daily service of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad (ACL) in 1939, competing with the Silver Meteor of the Seaboard Air Line (SAL) on the New York–Florida route. Initially just a New York-Miami service, the ACL added a section serving St. Petersburg and the Tampa Bay area in 1941 once enough streamlined equipment was available. The train was rebranded as the Tamiami Champion, with the St. Petersburg section called the Tamiami Champion (West Coast) (91 northbound/92 southbound), and the Miami section called the Tamiami Champion (East Coast) (1 northbound/2 southbound). In 1943 the names became East Coast Champion and West Coast Champion.[1]Southbound trains originated in New York's Pennsylvania Station, and traveled south over the Pennsylvania Railroad-owned Northeast Corridor through Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Washington, D.C. There, a radio-equipped lounge car was added to the train. Leaving Washington, trains used the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad to Richmond, Virginia, the north end of the ACL's main line. From Richmond, trains followed the Atlantic coast through Charleston, South Carolina and Savannah, Georgia to Jacksonville, Florida. Here the train split, with the West Coast section moving south then west through DeLand and Sanford on ACL rails to St. Petersburg, while the East Coast section turned south south-east to run along Florida's east coast to Miami via the Florida East Coast Railway.Prior to the Civil Rights Movement, black passengers on the Champion and other trains running through the southern United States were restricted to the \"colored\" coach, a combination baggage/coach behind the diesel. African Americans ate behind a curtain at two designated tables next to the kitchen of the dining car, but were barred from the observation-tavern-lounge on the rear of the train.[2] Racial segregation on trains serving the South persisted even though the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), U. S. courts, and President Harry S. Truman's 1948 mandate (banning segregation in railroad dining cars) had ordered interstate carriers to desegregrate.By 1955 the West Coast Champion began hauling thru-cars for the City of Miami and South Wind streamliners to and from Chicago on its Jacksonville–Tampa/Sarasota leg via Orlando and its Jacksonville–St. Petersburg section via Gainesville, Ocala and Clearwater. During its long successful career the Champion network reached virtually every major city and resort in the Sunshine State except Florida Panhandle cities like Pensacola and Tallahassee, which were served by Seaboard's Jacksonville–New Orleans overnight Gulf Wind.[3] By the early 1960s the West Coast Champion also had sections had different sections north of Florida: in Wilson, North Carolina a section branched southeast to Wilmington, North Carolina and in Florence, South Carolina a branch left bound for Augusta, Georgia. However, these through services were only offered southbound.[4] By 1966 these Augusta service was offered northbound also. In 1967 these sections to Wilmington and Augusta shifted over the East Coast Champion.[5] The Gulf coast branch lines carried West Coast Champion thru-cars to three different Florida branches, one to St. Petersburg, a second to Tampa, Bradenton and Sarasota, and a third to Fort Myers and Naples.[6][7] By April 1967 the Augusta branch was switched over to the Everglades and Palmetto trains.[8]The East Coast Champion ran up and down the Florida East Coast Railway stopping at popular east coast resorts. [9] In 1963 the ACL rerouted the East Coast Champion from the coastal FEC tracks to an interior ACL route through Sanford and Auburndale, a town adjacent to Winter Haven, and then on SAL tracks from Auburndale to West Palm Beach and then to Miami.[10][11][12][13]At the outset, the Champion was an all-coach streamliner pulled by a diesel electric locomotive. Pullman sleeping cars were added by 1941.[14][15][16]\nOne Champion A-unit resides at the North Carolina Transportation Museum in Spencer, North Carolina.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SCL_Motor_Car_4900,_Train_98,_The_Champion,_at_Naples,_FL_on_March_14,_1971_(24915772993).jpg"},{"link_name":"SCL 4900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAL_2027"},{"link_name":"Seaboard Coast Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaboard_Coast_Line"},{"link_name":"Silver Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Star_(Amtrak_train)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Seaboard Coast Line","text":"The Venice section of SCL's Champion in 1971; led by SCL 4900In 1967, the Atlantic Coast Line merged with the Seaboard Air Line to form the Seaboard Coast Line, making the Champion a sister train to its longtime rivals, the Silver Meteor and Silver Star. Additionally, a few months after the merger, on September 4 northbound, and September 5 southbound, the East and West trains were consolidated into one. [17] By December 1967, the name was simplified to the Champion, with the Miami and southeast Florida destinations eliminated, as the formerly SAL trains, the Silver Meteor and Silver Star had those responsibilities.[18] Nonetheless, the Champion continued to have three different sections south of Jacksonville, simultaneously bound for different aforementioned Gulf Coast destinations from the ACL years. The Sarasota section was extended the next year to Venice.[19] The Champion remained as a New York–St. Petersburg service, numbered #91 southbound and #92 northbound.[20]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amtrak_Champion_at_Lake_Alfred_postcard.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lake Alfred, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Alfred,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Savannah, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Callahan, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callahan,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goldberg-21"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Amtrak","text":"The northbound Champion at Lake Alfred, Florida, during the Amtrak eraWhen Amtrak assumed control of most of the passenger rail service in the United States in 1971, the Champion was retained as a New York–St. Petersburg service (#85/87) operating over the same line it had for the past thirty-two years. On several occasions throughout the 1970s Amtrak would combine the Champion with its old rival the Silver Meteor. The first of these instances came in the summer of 1972: the train split in Savannah, Georgia, with the Champion section continuing to St. Petersburg and the renamed Meteor section passing west of Jacksonville via Thalmann, Georgia, and Callahan, Florida, on former Seaboard tracks to Miami. These combinations occurred again in 1975, 1976, and 1977, but with two changes: the split occurred at Jacksonville, and the Meteor again became the Silver Meteor.[21]: 140–141  In 1978, the United States Department of Transportation recommended the consolidation of New York - Florida services, leading to the permanent consolidation of the Champion into the Silver Meteor in October 1979, serving as the Silver Meteor's Tampa section. Although there were indications that the Champion name would be preserved,[22] it was dropped altogether with the October 1, 1979, timetable. The Silver Meteor continued to operate the Tampa section until 1994, when it was discontinued. The western terminus of the Tampa section, however, was cut back to Tampa from St. Petersburg in February 1984.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Budd Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budd_Company"},{"link_name":"Henry M. Flagler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Flagler"},{"link_name":"baggage-dormitory-coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combine_car"},{"link_name":"dining car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dining_car"},{"link_name":"observation car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation_car"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wayner-23"}],"text":"The Budd Company delivered three identical equipment sets for the Champion; the ACL owned two and the FEC the third (the FEC received an additional matching set which became the Henry M. Flagler). Each equipment set consisted of a baggage-dormitory-coach, four coaches, a dining car, and a tavern-lounge-observation car. In 1940–1941 Budd delivered additional equipment: three baggage-dorm-coaches, eight coaches, three dining cars, and three observation cars.[23]: 74  The new equipment permitted the operation of an additional section between New York and St. Petersburg.","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Throughout its 40 years of service (1939–79) the Champion was always a big money maker and remained a fast, reliable, full service operation until Amtrak took over in 1971. ACL, SAL and SCL had maintained exceptionally high standards on its popular Florida streamliners while other railroads gave up on passenger service. According to former ACL/SCL/Amtrak train attendant James Longmire (now retired in Jacksonville, Florida), \"The Champ was always packed and we didn't stop serving dinner until everyone got fed... no matter how long it took. We called the Champ \"Big Bertha\" because tips were so good we didn't have to cash our paychecks.\"[24]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Schafer, Mike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Schafer_(author)"},{"link_name":"Classic American Railroads, Volume III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=MCxgsaXmILcC"},{"link_name":"MBI Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBI_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7603-1649-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1649-8"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Former_Amtrak_routes"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Former_Amtrak_routes"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_Amtrak_routes"},{"link_name":"Amtrak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak"},{"link_name":"routes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Amtrak_routes"},{"link_name":"Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_(train)"},{"link_name":"City of San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_San_Francisco_(train)"},{"link_name":"Denver Zephyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Zephyr"},{"link_name":"Desert Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desert_Wind"},{"link_name":"El Capitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Capitan_(train)"},{"link_name":"Inter-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-American_(train)"},{"link_name":"Lone Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lone_Star_(Amtrak_train)"},{"link_name":"North Coast Hiawatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Coast_Hiawatha"},{"link_name":"Pioneer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_(train)"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Zephyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Zephyr"},{"link_name":"Super Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Chief"},{"link_name":"Texas Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Chief"},{"link_name":"Broadway Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_Limited"},{"link_name":"Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Floridian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floridian_(train)"},{"link_name":"Hilltopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilltopper_(train)"},{"link_name":"James Whitcomb Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Whitcomb_Riley_(train)"},{"link_name":"Mountaineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaineer_(train)"},{"link_name":"National Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Limited_(Amtrak_train)"},{"link_name":"Lake Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Shore_Limited#Amtrak_Lake_Shore"},{"link_name":"Panama Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Limited"},{"link_name":"River Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Cities_(train)"},{"link_name":"Silver Palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmetto_(train)#Revival"},{"link_name":"South Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wind_(train)"},{"link_name":"Spirit of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_St._Louis_(train)"},{"link_name":"Three Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Rivers_(train)"},{"link_name":"Vacationer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacationer_(train)"},{"link_name":"Coast Daylight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Daylight"},{"link_name":"Expo '74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_%2774_(train)"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_Limited"},{"link_name":"Orange County Commuter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County_Line"},{"link_name":"Pacific International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_International"},{"link_name":"San Diegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diegan_(train)"},{"link_name":"Spirit of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_California"},{"link_name":"Willamette Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willamette_Valley_(train)"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_(train)"},{"link_name":"Ann Rutledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Rutledge_(train)"},{"link_name":"Arrowhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrowhead_(train)"},{"link_name":"Black Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_(Amtrak_train)"},{"link_name":"Blue Ridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Ridge_(train)"},{"link_name":"Calumet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calumet_(train)"},{"link_name":"Campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campus_(train)"},{"link_name":"Hoosier State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoosier_State_(train)"},{"link_name":"Indiana Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calumet_(train)"},{"link_name":"International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_(Amtrak_train)"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Mule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Mule"},{"link_name":"Kentucky Cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Cardinal"},{"link_name":"Lake Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Cities_(Amtrak_train)"},{"link_name":"Lake Country Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Country_Limited"},{"link_name":"Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton_Limited"},{"link_name":"Loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_(Amtrak_train)"},{"link_name":"Michigan Executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Executive"},{"link_name":"North Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Star_(Amtrak_train)"},{"link_name":"Prairie Marksman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_Marksman"},{"link_name":"Shawnee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawnee_(train)"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Mule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Mule"},{"link_name":"State House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_House_(train)"},{"link_name":"Turboliner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turboliner#Service"},{"link_name":"Twilight Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twilight_Limited"},{"link_name":"Twin Cities Hiawatha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Cities_Hiawatha#Amtrak"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_(train)"},{"link_name":"Gulf Breeze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Breeze_(train)"},{"link_name":"Gulf Coast Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Coast_Limited"},{"link_name":"Montrealer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montrealer_(train)"},{"link_name":"Shenandoah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenandoah_(Amtrak_train)"},{"link_name":"Silver Palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Palm_(train)"},{"link_name":"West Virginian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginian_(Amtrak_train)"},{"link_name":"Northeast Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Amtrak_routes#Northeast_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Atlantic City Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City_Express_(Amtrak_train)"},{"link_name":"Bankers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankers_(train)"},{"link_name":"Beacon Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon_Hill_(train)"},{"link_name":"Cape Codder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Codder_(train)"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_(train)"},{"link_name":"Clamdigger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clamdigger_(train)"},{"link_name":"Clocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clocker_(train)"},{"link_name":"Colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_(Amtrak_train)"},{"link_name":"Connecticut Yankee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Yankee_(train)"},{"link_name":"Fast Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Mail_(Amtrak_train)"},{"link_name":"Merchants Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_Limited"},{"link_name":"Metroliner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroliner_(train)"},{"link_name":"Night Owl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Owl_(train)"},{"link_name":"Twilight Shoreliner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twilight_Shoreliner"},{"link_name":"Empire Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Amtrak_routes#Empire_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Empire State Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_State_Express"},{"link_name":"Niagara Rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Rainbow"},{"link_name":"Keystone Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Amtrak_routes#Keystone_Corridor"},{"link_name":"Atlantic City Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_City_Express_(Amtrak_train)"},{"link_name":"Fort Pitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Pitt_(train)"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:ACL_named_trains"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:ACL_named_trains"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:ACL_named_trains"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Coast Line Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Line_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"City of Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Miami_(train)"},{"link_name":"Dixiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dixiana_(train)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dixie Flagler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Flagler"},{"link_name":"Dixie Flyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Flyer_(train)"},{"link_name":"Flamingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamingo_(train)"},{"link_name":"Florida Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Special_(train)"},{"link_name":"Palmetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmetto_(ACL_train)"},{"link_name":"Seminole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole_(train)"},{"link_name":"Southland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southland_(train)"},{"link_name":"South Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wind_(train)"},{"link_name":"Vacationer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacationer_(train)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Atlantic_coast_line_logo.png"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:FEC_named_trains"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:FEC_named_trains"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FEC_named_trains"},{"link_name":"Florida East Coast Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_East_Coast_Railway"},{"link_name":"Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"City of Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Miami_(train)"},{"link_name":"Dixiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dixiana_(train)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dixie Flagler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Flagler"},{"link_name":"Dixie Flyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Flyer_(train)"},{"link_name":"Florida Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Special_(train)"},{"link_name":"Kansas City-Florida Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City-Florida_Special"},{"link_name":"Royal Palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Palm_(train)"},{"link_name":"South Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wind_(train)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Florida_East_Coast_Herald.png"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:PRR_named_trains"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:PRR_named_trains"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PRR_named_trains"},{"link_name":"Named trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pennsylvania_Railroad_passenger_trains"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_(train)"},{"link_name":"Advance General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_(train)#Advance_General"},{"link_name":"Aiken-Augusta Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aiken-Augusta_Special"},{"link_name":"Afternoon Steeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeler_(train)"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Special"},{"link_name":"Broadway Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_Limited"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Day Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Day_Express"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Limited"},{"link_name":"Colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_(PRR_train)"},{"link_name":"Del-Mar-Va Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del-Mar-Va_Express"},{"link_name":"Dominion Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Day_Express#Nighttime_counterpart"},{"link_name":"Duquesne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duquesne_(train)"},{"link_name":"East Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Wind_(train)"},{"link_name":"Federal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Express_(train)"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_(train)"},{"link_name":"Jeffersonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jeffersonian"},{"link_name":"Keystone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_(train)"},{"link_name":"Liberty Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Limited"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Limited"},{"link_name":"Morning Steeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeler_(train)"},{"link_name":"Northern Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Arrow"},{"link_name":"Penn Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Texas"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgher"},{"link_name":"Red Arrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Arrow_(PRR_train)"},{"link_name":"South Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wind_(train)"},{"link_name":"Southland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southland_(train)"},{"link_name":"Spirit of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_St._Louis_(train)"},{"link_name":"Steeler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steeler_(train)"},{"link_name":"Sunshine Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_Special"},{"link_name":"Trail Blazer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trail_Blazer_(train)"},{"link_name":"Valpo Local","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calumet_(train)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pennsylvania_Railroad.svg"},{"link_name":"View series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_series"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:PC_named_trains"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:PC_named_trains"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PC_named_trains"},{"link_name":"Penn Central","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Central"},{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral_(train)"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Special"},{"link_name":"Broadway Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_Limited"},{"link_name":"Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Limited"},{"link_name":"Colonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_(PRR_train)"},{"link_name":"Duquesne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duquesne_(train)"},{"link_name":"Federal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Express_(train)"},{"link_name":"James Whitcomb Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Whitcomb_Riley_(train)"},{"link_name":"Manhattan Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Limited"},{"link_name":"Merchants Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchants_Limited"},{"link_name":"Pelican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelican_(train)"},{"link_name":"Penn Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_Texas"},{"link_name":"Silver Meteor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Meteor"},{"link_name":"Silver Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Star_(passenger_train)"},{"link_name":"South Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wind_(train)"},{"link_name":"Spirit of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_of_St._Louis_(train)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PennCentral_Logo.svg"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:SCL_named_trains"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:SCL_named_trains"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SCL_named_trains"},{"link_name":"Seaboard Coast Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaboard_Coast_Line_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"City of Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Miami_(train)"},{"link_name":"Dixie Flyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixie_Flyer_(train)"},{"link_name":"Florida Special","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Special_(train)"},{"link_name":"Gulf Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Wind"},{"link_name":"Palmetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmetto_(ACL_train)"},{"link_name":"Seminole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminole_(train)"},{"link_name":"Silver Comet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Comet_(train)"},{"link_name":"Silver Meteor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Meteor"},{"link_name":"Silver Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Star_(passenger_train)"},{"link_name":"South Wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wind_(train)"}],"text":"Schafer, Mike (2003). Classic American Railroads, Volume III. Saint Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7603-1649-8.vteFormer Amtrak routesLongdistanceWest\nChief\nCity of San Francisco\nDenver Zephyr\nDesert Wind\nEl Capitan\nInter-American\nLone Star\nNorth Coast Hiawatha\nPioneer\nSan Francisco Zephyr\nSuper Chief\nTexas Chief\nEast\nBroadway Limited\nChampion\nFloridian\nHilltopper\nJames Whitcomb Riley\nMountaineer\nNational Limited\nLake Shore\nPanama Limited\nRiver Cities\nSilver Palm (1996–2002)\nSouth Wind\nSpirit of St. Louis\nThree Rivers\nVacationer (seasonal)\nCorridorWest\nCoast Daylight\nExpo '74\nLas Vegas Limited\nOrange County Commuter\nPacific International\nSan Diegan\nSpirit of California\nWillamette Valley\nMidwest\nAbraham Lincoln\nAnn Rutledge\nArrowhead\nBlack Hawk\nBlue Ridge\nCalumet\nCampus\nHoosier State\nIndiana Connection\nInternational\nKansas City Mule\nKentucky Cardinal\nLake Cities\nLake Country Limited\nLimited\nLoop\nMichigan Executive\nNorth Star\nPrairie Marksman\nShawnee\nSt. Louis Mule\nState House\nTurboliner\nTwilight Limited\nTwin Cities Hiawatha\nEast\nGeorge Washington\nGulf Breeze\nGulf Coast Limited\nMontrealer\nShenandoah\nSilver Palm (1982–1985)\nWest Virginian\n Northeast Corridor\nAtlantic City Express\nBankers\nBeacon Hill\nCape Codder (seasonal)\nChesapeake\nClamdigger\nClocker\nColonial\nConnecticut Yankee\nFast Mail\nMerchants Limited\nMetroliner\nNight Owl\nTwilight Shoreliner\nEmpire Corridor\nEmpire State Express\nNiagara Rainbow\nKeystone Corridor\nAtlantic City Express\nFort PittvteNamed trains of the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad\nChampion\nCity of Miami\nCoast Line Florida Mail\nDixiana\nDixie Flagler\nDixie Flyer\nDixieland\nEverglades\nFlamingo\nFlorida Arrow\nFlorida Special\nGulf Coast Special\nHavana Special\nMiamian\nPalmetto\nSeminole\nSouthland\nSouth Wind\nTar Heel\nVacationervteNamed trains of the Florida East Coast Railway\nChampion\nCity of Miami\nDaylight Express\nDixiana\nDixie Flagler\nDixie Flyer\nFlorida Special\nGulf Stream\nHavana Special\nKansas City-Florida Special\nMiamian\nRoyal Palm\nRoyal Poinciana\nSouth WindvteNamed trains of the Pennsylvania RailroadNamed trains\nAdmiral\nAdvance General\nAiken-Augusta Special\nAkronite\nAmerican\nAfternoon Steeler\nBirmingham Special\nBroadway Limited\nBuckeye\nBuffalo Day Express\nBullet\nCavalier\nCincinnati Limited\nClevelander\nColonial\nDel-Mar-Va Express\nDominion Express\nDuquesne\nEast Wind\nFederal\nFlorida Arrow\nGeneral\nIndianapolis Limited\nJeffersonian\nJuniata\nKentuckian\nKeystone\nLiberty Limited\nManhattan Limited\nMetropolitan\nNorthern Express / Southern Express\nMorning Steeler\nNorthern Arrow\nPatriot\nPenn Texas\nPennsylvania Limited\nPittsburgher\nRed Arrow\nSenator\nSouth Wind\nSouthland\nSpirit of St. Louis\nSt. Louisan\nSteeler\nSunshine Special\nTrail Blazer\nUnion\nValpo Local\nRolling stock\nView seriesvteNamed trains of Penn Central\nAdmiral\nBirmingham Special\nBroadway Limited\nChampion\nCincinnati Limited\nColonial\nDuquesne\nFederal\nJames Whitcomb Riley\nJuniata\nManhattan Limited\nMerchants Limited\nPatriot\nPelican\nPenn Texas\nPennsylvania Limited\nPilgrim\nSenator\nSilver Meteor\nSilver Star\nSouth Wind\nSpirit of St. LouisvtePassenger trains of the Seaboard Coast LineNamed trains\nChampion\nCity of Miami\nDixie Flyer\nEverglades\nFlorida Special\nGulf Coast Special\nGulf Wind\nPalmland\nPalmetto\nSeminole\nSilver Comet\nSilver Meteor\nSilver Star\nSouth Wind\nSunland\nTidewater","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"ACL #501, an EMC E3, at the North Carolina Transportation Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Atlantic_Coast_Line_501.jpg/220px-Atlantic_Coast_Line_501.jpg"},{"image_text":"ACL #254, a tavern-lounge-observation car built for the Champion in 1940-41. Now at the Gold Coast Railroad Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Miami_FL_Gold_Coast_RR_Museum_ACL_254-01.jpg/220px-Miami_FL_Gold_Coast_RR_Museum_ACL_254-01.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Venice section of SCL's Champion in 1971; led by SCL 4900","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/SCL_Motor_Car_4900%2C_Train_98%2C_The_Champion%2C_at_Naples%2C_FL_on_March_14%2C_1971_%2824915772993%29.jpg/220px-SCL_Motor_Car_4900%2C_Train_98%2C_The_Champion%2C_at_Naples%2C_FL_on_March_14%2C_1971_%2824915772993%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The northbound Champion at Lake Alfred, Florida, during the Amtrak era","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Amtrak_Champion_at_Lake_Alfred_postcard.jpg/220px-Amtrak_Champion_at_Lake_Alfred_postcard.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Silver Meteor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Meteor"},{"title":"Rennert railroad accident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rennert_railroad_accident"}]
[{"reference":"\"Atlantic Coast Line Railroad\". Florida Rails Online Museum. Archived from the original on September 15, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080915004408/http://www.getcruising.com/rails/_acl.html","url_text":"\"Atlantic Coast Line Railroad\""},{"url":"http://www.getcruising.com/rails/_acl.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Timetable\". Florida Rails Online Museum. Retrieved May 3, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.getcruising.com/cgi/museum.cgi?img=acltc41&class=acl","url_text":"\"Timetable\""}]},{"reference":"\"Timetable\". Florida Rails Online Museum. Retrieved May 3, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.getcruising.com/cgi/museum.cgi?img=acl1266&class=acl","url_text":"\"Timetable\""}]},{"reference":"\"Atlantic Coast Line Railroad\". Official Guide of the Railways. 74 (1). National Railway Publication Company. June 1941.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Passenger trains operating on the eve of Amtrak\" (PDF). Trains.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 25, 2009. Retrieved May 3, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090325213209/http://www.trains.com/ctr/objects/pdf/passenger_trains_operating_on_the_eve_of_amtrak.pdf","url_text":"\"Passenger trains operating on the eve of Amtrak\""},{"url":"http://www.trains.com/ctr/objects/pdf/passenger_trains_operating_on_the_eve_of_amtrak.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Goldberg, Bruce (1981). Amtrak--the first decade. Silver Spring, MD: Alan Books. OCLC 7925036.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7925036","url_text":"7925036"}]},{"reference":"\"Amtrak cuts Florida service\". St. Petersburg Times. August 30, 1979. Retrieved September 28, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bFYnAAAAIBAJ&pg=5258%2C4475291","url_text":"\"Amtrak cuts Florida service\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times","url_text":"St. Petersburg Times"}]},{"reference":"Wayner, Robert J., ed. (1972). Car Names, Numbers and Consists. New York: Wayner Publications. OCLC 8848690.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8848690","url_text":"8848690"}]},{"reference":"Schafer, Mike (2003). Classic American Railroads, Volume III. Saint Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7603-1649-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Schafer_(author)","url_text":"Schafer, Mike"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MCxgsaXmILcC","url_text":"Classic American Railroads, Volume III"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBI_Publishing","url_text":"MBI Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1649-8","url_text":"978-0-7603-1649-8"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dante_Swanson
Dante Swanson
["1 Honours","1.1 College","1.2 Professional","2 Coaching career","3 References"]
American basketball player You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Polish. (June 2017) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Polish article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Polish Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|pl|Dante Swanson}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Dante SwansonPersonal informationBorn (1981-01-23) January 23, 1981 (age 43)Wagoner, OklahomaNationalityAmericanListed height5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)Listed weight180 lb (82 kg)Career informationHigh schoolWagoner (Wagoner, Oklahoma)CollegeTulsa (1999–2003)NBA draft2003: undraftedPlaying career2003–2015PositionPoint guardCareer history2003–2004Astoria Bydgoszcz2004–2005Anwil Włocławek2005Śląsk Wrocław2005–2006Anwil Włocławek2007–2010AZS Koszalin2010–2012Hoverla2012–2013Cherkaski Mavpy2013–2014Best Balıkesir2014–2015AZS Koszalin Career highlights and awards Polish Cup winner (2010) Polish Cup MVP (2010) Dante Swanson (born January 23, 1981) is an American former professional basketball player. He played college basketball for Tulsa from 1999 till 2003. With Tulsa, he was a NIT champion in 2001. In 2001 and 2002, he was named to the WAC All-Defensive Team. In 2003, Swanson started his professional career. In 2007, he signed with AZS Koszalin, where he would stay three straight seasons. In 2009, he won the Polish Basketball Cup with Koszalin, and was named the competition's Most Valuable Player. In 2018 Swanson was elected to the Wagoner High School Athletics Hall of Fame. Honours College National Invitation Tournament: 2001 Individual All-WAC Second Team: 2002 WAC All-Defensive Team (2): 2001, 2002 Professional Polish Cup: 2010 Individual Polish Cup MVP: 2010 Coaching career Swanson was named the head coach of his alma mater Wagoner High School in March of 2021. He went 12-13 in his first season leading the Bulldogs. References ^ "Small Killing". ESPN the Magazine. ESPN. Retrieved 18 July 2018. ^ "Swanson earned spotlight whether he prefers it or not". Tulsa World. Tulsa World. Retrieved 18 July 2018. ^ World, Barry Lewis Tulsa. "Former TU basketball standout Dante Swanson named as Wagoner head coach". Tulsa World. Retrieved 2022-03-14. ^ "OSSAARankings.com 2021-22". www.ossaarankings.com. Retrieved 2022-03-14. vtePolish Cup MVP 2006: Dalmau 2010: Swanson 2011: Skibniewski 2012: Koszarek 2013: Waczyński 2014: Gabiński 2015: Zamojski 2016: Harris 2017: Koszarek 2018: Gruszecki 2019: Kostrzewski 2020: Jones 2021: Lundberg 2022: Garbacz 2023: Nevels 2024: Holman
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Tulsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa_Golden_Hurricane_men%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"NIT champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Invitation_Tournament"},{"link_name":"AZS Koszalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AZS_Koszalin"},{"link_name":"Polish Basketball Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Basketball_Cup"},{"link_name":"Most Valuable Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Valuable_Player"},{"link_name":"Wagoner High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagoner_High_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Dante Swanson (born January 23, 1981) is an American former professional basketball player.He played college basketball for Tulsa from 1999 till 2003.[1] With Tulsa, he was a NIT champion in 2001. In 2001 and 2002, he was named to the WAC All-Defensive Team.In 2003, Swanson started his professional career. In 2007, he signed with AZS Koszalin, where he would stay three straight seasons. In 2009, he won the Polish Basketball Cup with Koszalin, and was named the competition's Most Valuable Player. In 2018 Swanson was elected to the Wagoner High School Athletics Hall of Fame.[2]","title":"Dante Swanson"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Invitation Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Invitation_Tournament"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_National_Invitation_Tournament"},{"link_name":"WAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"WAC All-Defensive Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference"}],"sub_title":"College","text":"National Invitation Tournament: 2001IndividualAll-WAC Second Team: 2002\nWAC All-Defensive Team (2): 2001, 2002","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Basketball_Cup"},{"link_name":"Polish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Basketball_Cup"},{"link_name":"MVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_valuable_player"}],"sub_title":"Professional","text":"Polish Cup: 2010IndividualPolish Cup MVP: 2010","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Swanson was named the head coach of his alma mater Wagoner High School in March of 2021. [3] He went 12-13 in his first season leading the Bulldogs.[4]","title":"Coaching career"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaylinn_Hawkins
Jaylinn Hawkins
["1 College career","2 Professional career","2.1 Atlanta Falcons","2.2 Los Angeles Chargers","2.3 New England Patriots","3 References","4 External links"]
American football player (born 1997) American football player Jaylinn HawkinsHawkins in 2022No. 32 – New England PatriotsPosition:SafetyPersonal informationBorn: (1997-08-25) August 25, 1997 (age 26)Panama City, PanamaHeight:6 ft 1 in (1.85 m)Weight:208 lb (94 kg)Career informationHigh school:Buena Park(Buena Park, California)College:California (2015–2019)NFL draft:2020 / Round: 4 / Pick: 134Career history Atlanta Falcons (2020–2023) Los Angeles Chargers (2023) New England Patriots (2024–present) Roster status:ActiveCareer NFL statistics as of 2023Total tackles:135Sacks:0.5Forced fumbles:1Fumble recoveries:1Pass deflections:10Interceptions:4Defensive touchdowns:1Player stats at PFR Jaylinn Hawkins (born August 25, 1997) is an American football safety for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at California and selected in the fourth round of the 2020 NFL Draft by the Atlanta Falcons. College career Hawkins attended Buena Park High School, where he was a four star recruit, and graduated in 2015. He played college football at California and redshirted his first year. In the 2016 season, Hawkins played snaps in all 12 games and started three games at safety. He was also recognized as a scholar-athlete of the week. His uncle, Jeremiah Hawkins, joined the Bears as a freshman wide receiver this season. In 2017, Hawkins started 11 of the team's 12 games and played snaps in all 12. In 2018, Hawkins started 12 of the team's 13 games and played snaps in all 13. He led the Pac-12 with 6 interceptions. When targeted, he held the lowest passer rating (1.7) amongst Pac-12 safeties. At the 2018 Cheez-It Bowl, Hawkins had three interceptions, the most in any bowl game that year. Hawkins was named Defensive MVP of the game despite Cal's loss to TCU. Prior to the 2019 season, Hawkins was named a preseason 2nd team All-Pac-12 player. He started and played in all 13 games. During a game against Stanford, Hawkins made a one-handed interception that made the SportsCenter Top 10. In his overall college career, Jaylinn Hawkins recorded 156 tackles, 9.5 tackles for a loss, 10 interceptions and three forced fumbles and returned nine kicks for 129 yards. He graduated with a degree in American studies. Professional career Pre-draft measurables Height Weight Arm length Hand span Vertical jump Broad jump 6 ft 0+5⁄8 in(1.84 m) 208 lb(94 kg) 31+3⁄4 in(0.81 m) 9+1⁄2 in(0.24 m) 35.5 in(0.90 m) 9 ft 9 in(2.97 m) All values from NFL Combine Atlanta Falcons Hawkins was selected in the fourth round of the 2020 NFL Draft with the 134th overall pick by the Atlanta Falcons. His collegiate partner at safety, Ashtyn Davis, was taken in the third round of the 2020 NFL draft with the 68th overall pick by the New York Jets. Hawkins was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the Falcons on July 28, 2020, and was activated eight days later. Hawkins scored his first professional touchdown in Week 6 of the 2022 season against the San Francisco 49ers when he recovered a fumble in the end zone. He also recorded an interception in the same game. The Falcons waived Hawkins on October 17, 2023. Los Angeles Chargers On October 18, 2023, the Los Angeles Chargers claimed Hawkins off waivers. New England Patriots On March 21, 2024, Hawkins signed with the New England Patriots. References ^ "Cal Bears Football Roster - Jaylinn Hawkins". ^ Conway, Kelsey (April 25, 2020). "Jaylinn Hawkins' eye-popping interception shows glimpse of what he could be for Falcons". Atlanta Falcons.com. Retrieved April 27, 2020. ^ "Jaylinn Hawkins Draft and Combine Prospect Profile". NFL.com. Retrieved April 23, 2021. ^ "2020 Draft Scout Jaylinn Hawkins, California NFL Draft Scout College Football Profile". draftscout.com. Retrieved November 14, 2022. ^ "Atlanta Falcons select California safety Jaylinn Hawkins with No. 134 pick in the 2020 draft". atlantafalcons.com. Retrieved November 14, 2022. ^ Faraudo, Jeff (April 25, 2020). "Cal Football: Shocker -- Jaylinn Hawkins Taken in Fourth Round by Falcons". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved April 27, 2020. ^ Costello, Brian (April 24, 2020). "Jets select Ashtyn Davis with No. 68 pick in NFL Draft". New York Post. Retrieved May 27, 2020. ^ McFadden, Will (July 28, 2020). "Falcons place rookie Jaylinn Hawkins on reserve/COVID-19 list". AtlantaFalcons.com. Retrieved July 29, 2020. ^ McFadden, Will (August 5, 2020). "Falcons activate three players from reserve/COVID-19 list". AtlantaFalcons.com. Retrieved August 10, 2020. ^ "Falcons score on a fumble recovery of a fumble recovery". ESPN. October 16, 2022. Retrieved October 17, 2022. ^ Urben, Matt (October 17, 2023). "Falcons free up $1.7M in cap space by cutting Jaylinn Hawkins". USAToday.com. Retrieved October 18, 2023. ^ Waack, Terrin (October 18, 2023). "Falcons release defensive back, sign another from practice squad before Week 7 game with Bucs". AtlantaFalcons.com. Retrieved October 18, 2023. ^ Chargers Communications (October 18, 2023). "Los Angeles Chargers Claim Safety Jaylinn Hawkins". Chargers.com. Retrieved October 18, 2023. ^ "Patriots Re-sign WR Kendrick Bourne; Sign Unrestricted Free Agent S Jaylinn Hawkins". Patriots.com. March 21, 2024. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jaylinn Hawkins. Atlanta Falcons bio California Golden Bears bio vteAtlanta Falcons 2020 NFL draft selections A. J. Terrell Marlon Davidson Matt Hennessy Mykal Walker Jaylinn Hawkins Sterling Hofrichter vteNew England Patriots rosterActive 0 Christian Gonzalez 1 Ja'Lynn Polk 2 K. J. Osborn 3 Demario Douglas 4 Bailey Zappe 5 Jabrill Peppers 6 Javon Baker 7 JuJu Smith-Schuster 8 Ja'Whaun Bentley 9 Matthew Judon 10 Drake Maye 11 Tyquan Thornton 13 Joey Slye 14 Jacoby Brissett 15 Marte Mapu 16 Sione Takitaki 17 Bryce Baringer 19 Joe Milton 21 Antonio Gibson 22 Marco Wilson 23 Kyle Dugger 24 Joshuah Bledsoe 25 Marcus Jones 26 Shaun Wade 27 Marcellas Dial 28 Alex Austin 29 Isaiah Bolden 29 Terrell Jennings 30 Kaleb Ford-Dement 30 David Wallis 31 Jonathan Jones 32 Jaylinn Hawkins 33 Anfernee Jennings 34 Dell Pettus 35 Deshaun Fenwick 36 Kevin Harris 37 Chad Ryland 38 Rhamondre Stevenson 39 JaMycal Hasty 41 Brenden Schooler 42 Azizi Hearn 43 Steele Chambers 44 Joe Giles-Harris 45 Jacob Warren 46 La'Michael Pettway 47 Mikey Victor 48 Jahlani Tavai 49 Joe Cardona 50 Raekwon McMillan 51 Nick Leverett 52 William Bradley-King 53 Christian Elliss 54 John Morgan III 55 Joshua Uche 58 Jontrey Hunter 59 Vederian Lowe 60 David Andrews 61 Charles Turner III 62 Sidy Sow 63 Layden Robinson 65 Zuri Henry 66 Jotham Russell (Int.) 67 Jake Andrews 68 Atonio Mafi 69 Cole Strange 70 Caedan Wallace 71 Michael Onwenu 72 Tyrone Wheatley Jr. 74 Michael Jordan 76 Calvin Anderson 77 Chukwuma Okorafor 80 Kayshon Boutte 81 Austin Hooper 82 JaQuae Jackson 83 Jalen Reagor 84 Kendrick Bourne 85 Hunter Henry 86 Kawaan Baker 87 Mitchell Wilcox 88 Jaheim Bell 90 Christian Barmore 91 Deatrich Wise Jr. 92 Davon Godchaux 93 Oshane Ximines 94 Armon Watts 95 Daniel Ekuale 96 Sam Roberts 97 Trysten Hill 98 Jeremiah Pharms Jr. 99 Keion White -- Liam Fornadel AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LV LAC NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_(gridiron_football_position)"},{"link_name":"New England Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Golden_Bears_football"},{"link_name":"2020 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Falcons"}],"text":"American football playerJaylinn Hawkins (born August 25, 1997) is an American football safety for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at California and selected in the fourth round of the 2020 NFL Draft by the Atlanta Falcons.","title":"Jaylinn Hawkins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buena Park High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buena_Park_High_School"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Golden_Bears_football"},{"link_name":"redshirted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshirt_(college_sports)"},{"link_name":"first year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_California_Golden_Bears_football_team"},{"link_name":"the 2016 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_California_Golden_Bears_football_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_California_Golden_Bears_football_team"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_California_Golden_Bears_football_team"},{"link_name":"Pac-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pac-12"},{"link_name":"2018 Cheez-It Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Cheez-It_Bowl"},{"link_name":"bowl game that year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018%E2%80%9319_NCAA_football_bowl_games"},{"link_name":"TCU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_TCU_Horned_Frogs_football_team"},{"link_name":"2019 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_California_Golden_Bears_football_team"},{"link_name":"Stanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Stanford_Cardinal_football_team"},{"link_name":"SportsCenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SportsCenter"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"American studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_studies"}],"text":"Hawkins attended Buena Park High School, where he was a four star recruit, and graduated in 2015. He played college football at California and redshirted his first year.In the 2016 season, Hawkins played snaps in all 12 games and started three games at safety. He was also recognized as a scholar-athlete of the week. His uncle, Jeremiah Hawkins, joined the Bears as a freshman wide receiver this season.[1]In 2017, Hawkins started 11 of the team's 12 games and played snaps in all 12.In 2018, Hawkins started 12 of the team's 13 games and played snaps in all 13. He led the Pac-12 with 6 interceptions. When targeted, he held the lowest passer rating (1.7) amongst Pac-12 safeties. At the 2018 Cheez-It Bowl, Hawkins had three interceptions, the most in any bowl game that year. Hawkins was named Defensive MVP of the game despite Cal's loss to TCU.Prior to the 2019 season, Hawkins was named a preseason 2nd team All-Pac-12 player. He started and played in all 13 games. During a game against Stanford, Hawkins made a one-handed interception that made the SportsCenter Top 10.[2]In his overall college career, Jaylinn Hawkins recorded 156 tackles, 9.5 tackles for a loss, 10 interceptions and three forced fumbles and returned nine kicks for 129 yards. He graduated with a degree in American studies.","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Falcons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Falcons"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ashtyn Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtyn_Davis"},{"link_name":"New York Jets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Jets"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"San Francisco 49ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_49ers"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Atlanta Falcons","text":"Hawkins was selected in the fourth round of the 2020 NFL Draft with the 134th overall pick by the Atlanta Falcons.[6] His collegiate partner at safety, Ashtyn Davis, was taken in the third round of the 2020 NFL draft with the 68th overall pick by the New York Jets.[7] Hawkins was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the Falcons on July 28, 2020,[8] and was activated eight days later.[9]Hawkins scored his first professional touchdown in Week 6 of the 2022 season against the San Francisco 49ers when he recovered a fumble in the end zone.[10] He also recorded an interception in the same game.The Falcons waived Hawkins on October 17, 2023.[11][12]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Chargers"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Los Angeles Chargers","text":"On October 18, 2023, the Los Angeles Chargers claimed Hawkins off waivers.[13]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New England Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"New England Patriots","text":"On March 21, 2024, Hawkins signed with the New England Patriots.[14]","title":"Professional career"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Cal Bears Football Roster - Jaylinn Hawkins\".","urls":[{"url":"https://calbears.com/sports/football/roster/jaylinn-hawkins/14198","url_text":"\"Cal Bears Football Roster - Jaylinn Hawkins\""}]},{"reference":"Conway, Kelsey (April 25, 2020). \"Jaylinn Hawkins' eye-popping interception shows glimpse of what he could be for Falcons\". Atlanta Falcons.com. Retrieved April 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atlantafalcons.com/news/jaylinn-hawkins-eye-popping-interception-shows-glimpse-of-what-he-could-be-for-f","url_text":"\"Jaylinn Hawkins' eye-popping interception shows glimpse of what he could be for Falcons\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jaylinn Hawkins Draft and Combine Prospect Profile\". NFL.com. Retrieved April 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfl.com/prospects/jaylinn-hawkins/32004841-5741-6901-ca8d-82f5580f7a66","url_text":"\"Jaylinn Hawkins Draft and Combine Prospect Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Draft Scout Jaylinn Hawkins, California NFL Draft Scout College Football Profile\". draftscout.com. Retrieved November 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1002977&DraftYear=2020","url_text":"\"2020 Draft Scout Jaylinn Hawkins, California NFL Draft Scout College Football Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Atlanta Falcons select California safety Jaylinn Hawkins with No. 134 pick in the 2020 draft\". atlantafalcons.com. Retrieved November 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atlantafalcons.com/video/atlanta-falcons-select-california-safety-jaylinn-hawkins-with-no-134-pick-in-the","url_text":"\"Atlanta Falcons select California safety Jaylinn Hawkins with No. 134 pick in the 2020 draft\""}]},{"reference":"Faraudo, Jeff (April 25, 2020). \"Cal Football: Shocker -- Jaylinn Hawkins Taken in Fourth Round by Falcons\". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved April 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/college/cal/news/jaylinn-hawkins-a-surprise-pick","url_text":"\"Cal Football: Shocker -- Jaylinn Hawkins Taken in Fourth Round by Falcons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated","url_text":"Sports Illustrated"}]},{"reference":"Costello, Brian (April 24, 2020). \"Jets select Ashtyn Davis with No. 68 pick in NFL Draft\". New York Post. Retrieved May 27, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nypost.com/2020/04/24/jets-select-ashtyn-davis-with-no-68-pick-in-nfl-draft/","url_text":"\"Jets select Ashtyn Davis with No. 68 pick in NFL Draft\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post","url_text":"New York Post"}]},{"reference":"McFadden, Will (July 28, 2020). \"Falcons place rookie Jaylinn Hawkins on reserve/COVID-19 list\". AtlantaFalcons.com. Retrieved July 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atlantafalcons.com/news/falcons-place-rookie-jaylinn-hawkins-on-reserve-covid-19-list","url_text":"\"Falcons place rookie Jaylinn Hawkins on reserve/COVID-19 list\""}]},{"reference":"McFadden, Will (August 5, 2020). \"Falcons activate three players from reserve/COVID-19 list\". AtlantaFalcons.com. Retrieved August 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atlantafalcons.com/news/falcons-activate-three-players-from-reserve-covid-19-list","url_text":"\"Falcons activate three players from reserve/COVID-19 list\""}]},{"reference":"\"Falcons score on a fumble recovery of a fumble recovery\". ESPN. October 16, 2022. Retrieved October 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/34809108/falcons-score-fumble-recovery-fumble-recovery","url_text":"\"Falcons score on a fumble recovery of a fumble recovery\""}]},{"reference":"Urben, Matt (October 17, 2023). \"Falcons free up $1.7M in cap space by cutting Jaylinn Hawkins\". USAToday.com. Retrieved October 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://thefalconswire.usatoday.com/2023/10/17/atl-falcons-jaylinn-hawkins-cap-space/","url_text":"\"Falcons free up $1.7M in cap space by cutting Jaylinn Hawkins\""}]},{"reference":"Waack, Terrin (October 18, 2023). \"Falcons release defensive back, sign another from practice squad before Week 7 game with Bucs\". AtlantaFalcons.com. Retrieved October 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.atlantafalcons.com/news/safety-jaylinn-hawkins-released-micah-abernathy-signed-roster-week-7","url_text":"\"Falcons release defensive back, sign another from practice squad before Week 7 game with Bucs\""}]},{"reference":"Chargers Communications (October 18, 2023). \"Los Angeles Chargers Claim Safety Jaylinn Hawkins\". Chargers.com. Retrieved October 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chargers.com/news/los-angeles-chargers-claim-safety-jaylinn-hawkins","url_text":"\"Los Angeles Chargers Claim Safety Jaylinn Hawkins\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patriots Re-sign WR Kendrick Bourne; Sign Unrestricted Free Agent S Jaylinn Hawkins\". Patriots.com. March 21, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.patriots.com/news/patriots-re-sign-wr-kendrick-bourne-sign-unrestricted-free-agent-s-jaylinn-hawkins","url_text":"\"Patriots Re-sign WR Kendrick Bourne; Sign Unrestricted Free Agent S Jaylinn Hawkins\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Billboard_Latin_Music_Awards
2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards
["1 Performers","2 Winners and nominees","2.1 Special Merit Awards","3 References"]
American entertainment award ceremony 29th Billboard Latin Music AwardsDateSeptember 29, 2022SiteWatsco Center, Coral Gables, Florida, United StatesHosted byKate del Castillo, Jaime CamilHighlightsMost awardsBad Bunny (8)Most nominationsBad Bunny (23)Television coverageNetworkTelemundo ← 2021 Billboard Latin Music Awards 2023 → The 29th Billboard Latin Music Awards ceremony, presented by Billboard to honor the most popular albums, songs and performers in Latin music, took place on September 29, 2022, at the Watsco Center in Coral Gables, Florida. The ceremony was broadcast by Telemundo. The nominations were announced on August 18, 2022. Puerto Rican singer Chayanne received the Icon Award at the ceremony. Christina Aguilera was honored with the Spirit of Hope award, and also performed. Performers The performers for the ceremony were announced on August 25, 2022. List of performers at the 29th Billboard Latin Music Awards Artist(s) Song(s) Alejandra GuzmánAngela AguilarCNCOPablo López Tribute to Raphael “Mi gran noche”“Estar enamorado”"Como yo te amo”“Que sabe nadie”“Escándalo” Calibre 50 "El mexicano es ca..." Camilo "Aeropuerto" Chayanne "Como Tú y Yo" Christina Aguilera "La Reina" Elvis Crespo "Neverita""Suavemente" Eslabon Armado "Hasta La Muerte" Farruko "Nazareno (Remix)""Viaje" Grupo FirmeCamilo "Ya Supérame""Alaska" Los Ángeles AzulesCarlos Vives "Cumbia del Corazón" Maluma "Junio" Manuel Turizo "La Bachata" Ozuna "La Copa" Pepe Aguilar "Hasta Que Llegue El Alba" Piso 21Manuel Turizo "Los Cachos" Raphael "De tanta gente" Tini "Carne Y Hueso" Winners and nominees The nominations were announced on August 18, 2022, with Puerto Rican singer Bad Bunny leading with 23, followed by Karol G with 15, Farruko, with 11, Rauw Alejandro with 10, Aventura with 7 and Eslabon Armado with 6. With 23 nominations, Bad Bunny became one of the two artist to receive that amount of nominations in one ceremony, the other being Ozuna at the 2019 Billboard Latin Music Awards. Winners appear first and highlighted in bold. Artist of the Year New Artist of the Year Bad Bunny Farruko Jhayco Karol G Rauw Alejandro Ivan Cornejo Los Gemelos de Sinaloa Los Lara Luis R. Conriquez Yahritza y Su Esencia Tour of the Year Crossover Artist of the Year Bad Bunny Los Bukis Maluma Marc Anthony Ricky Martin & Enrique Iglesias Skrillex Chris Brown DJ Khaled Ed Sheeran Rvssian Shawn Mendes Hot Latin Song of the Year Hot Latin Song of the Year, Vocal Event Farruko – "Pepas" Bad Bunny & Chencho Corleone – "Me Porto Bonito" Bad Bunny – "Tití Me Preguntó" Bad Bunny – "Yonaguni" Becky G & Karol G – "Mamiii" Becky G & Karol G – "Mamiii" Aventura & Bad Bunny – "Volví" Bad Bunny & Bomba Estéreo – "Ojitos Lindos" Bad Bunny & Chencho Corleone – "Me Porto Bonito" Bad Bunny & Rauw Alejandro – "Party" Hot Latin Songs Artist of the Year, Male Hot Latin Songs Artist of the Year, Female Bad Bunny Farruko Jhayco Chencho Corleone Rauw Alejandro Karol G Anitta Becky G Kali Uchis Rosalía Duo/Group Hot Latin Songs Artist of the Year Hot Latin Songs Label of the Year Grupo Firme Aventura Calibre 50 Eslabon Armado Fuerza Regida Rimas Music VIP Sony Music Latin Universal Music Latin Entertainment Warner Latina Hot Latin Songs Imprint of the Year Airplay Song of the Year Rimas Carbon Fiber Duars Entertainment Sony Music Latin Universal Music Latino Rauw Alejandro – "Todo de Ti" Aventura & Bad Bunny – "Volví" Becky G & Karol G – "Mamiii" Farruko – "Pepas" Farruko, Víctor Cárdenas & DJ Adonis – "El Incomprendido" Airplay Label of the Year Airplay Imprint of the Year Sony Music Latin Lizos Rimas Universal Music Latin Entertainment Warner Latina Sony Music Latin Duars Entertainment Fonovisa Rimas Universal Music Latino Top Latin Album of the Year Top Latin Albums Artist of the Year, Duo/Group Bad Bunny – Un Verano Sin Ti Farruko – La 167 J Balvin – Jose Karol G – KG0516 Rauw Alejandro – Vice Versa Eslabon Armado Aventura Calibre 50 Los Bukis Maná Top Latin Albums Artist of the Year, Male Top Latin Albums Artist of the Year, Female Bad Bunny Anuel AA J Balvin Ozuna Rauw Alejandro Karol G Becky G Kali Uchis Natti Natasha Rosalía Top Latin Albums Label of the Year Top Latin Albums Imprint of the Year Rimas Del Sony Music Latin Universal Music Latin Entertainment Warner Latina Rimas Del Duars Entertainment Sony Music Latin Universal Music Latino Latin Pop Artist of the Year Latin Pop Duo/Group of the Year Enrique Iglesias Becky G Camilo Kali Uchis Sebastián Yatra Maná Bomba Estéreo CNCO Jesse & Joy Reik Latin Pop Song of the Year Latin Pop Album of the Year Rauw Alejandro – "Todo de Ti" Becky G & Karol G – "Mamiii" Karol G – "Provenza" Sebastián Yatra – "Tacones Rojos" Shakira & Rauw Alejandro – "Te Felicito" Rosalía – Motomami Becky G – Esquemas Enrique Iglesias – Final (Vol. 1) Jay Wheeler – De Mi Para Ti Sebastián Yatra – Dharma Latin Pop Airplay Label of the Year Latin Pop Airplay Imprint of the Year Sony Music Latin Rimas Universal Music Latin Entertainment Warner Latina WK Sony Music Latin Duars Entertainment Hecho a Mano RCA Universal Music Latino Latin Pop Albums Label of the Year Latin Pop Albums Imprint of the Year Universal Music Latin Entertainment Interscope Geffen A&M Records RCA Sony Music Latin Warner Latina Universal Music Latino Capitol Latin Hecho a Mano Sony Music Latin Warner Latina Tropical Artist of the Year, Solo Tropical Artist of the Year, Duo or Group Prince Royce Carlos Vives Elvis Crespo Marc Anthony Romeo Santos Aventura Gente de Zona La Sonora Dinamita Los Ángeles Azules Monchy & Alexandra Tropical Song of the Year Tropical Album of the Year Aventura & Bad Bunny – "Volví" Don Omar & Nio Garcia – "Se Menea" Marc Anthony – "Mala" Marc Anthony – "Pa'lla Voy" Romeo Santos – "Sus Huellas" Marc Anthony – Pa'lla Voy Buena Vista Social Club – Ahora Me Da Pena EP Carlos Vives – Cumbiana II El Gran Combo de Puerto Rico – De Trulla Con El Combo Luis Vargas / Frank Reyes – Grandes de La Bachata: Vol. IV Tropical Songs Airplay Label of the Year Tropical Songs Airplay Imprint of the Year Sony Music Latin Columbia Rimas Saban WK Sony Music Latin Aura Hecho a Mano Rimas Unisono Tropical Albums Label of the Year Tropical Albums Imprint of the Year Sony Music Latin BMG Discos Fuentes The Orchard Universal Music Latin Entertainment Sony Music Latin Norte Premium Latin The Orchard Top Stop Regional Mexican Artist of the Year, Solo Regional Mexican Artist of the Year, Duo or Group Christian Nodal Carin Leon Ivan Cornejo Junior H Natanael Cano Eslabon Armado Banda MS de Sergio Lizárraga Calibre 50 Grupo Firme Yahritza y Su Esencia Regional Mexican Song of the Year Regional Mexican Album of the Year Grupo Firme – "Ya Supérame (En Vivo Desde Culiacán, Sinaloa)" Calibre 50 – "A la Antigüita" Eslabon Armado featuring DannyLux – "Jugaste y Sufrí" Grupo Firme & Carin Leon – "El Tóxico" Grupo Firme & Maluma – "Cada Quien" Ivan Cornejo – Alma Vacía Calibre 50 – Las 20 Número 1 de Calibre 50 en Billboard Eslabon Armado – Nostalgia Eslabon Armado – Tu Veneno Mortal, Vol. 2 Junior H – Mi Vida En Un Cigarro 2 Regional Mexican Airplay Label of the Year Regional Mexican Airplay Imprint of the Year Universal Music Latin Entertainment Afinarte Lizos Music VIP Sony Music Latin Fonovisa Afinarte Disa Lizos Remex Regional Mexican Albums Label of the Year Regional Mexican Albums Imprint of the Year Universal Music Latin Entertainment Del Manzana Rancho Humilde Sony Music Latin DEL Fonovisa JHRH Manzana Z Records Latin Rhythm Artist of the Year, Solo Latin Rhythm Artist of the Year, Duo or Group Bad Bunny Farruko J Balvin Karol G Rauw Alejandro Wisin & Yandel Baby Rasta & Gringo Los Legendarios Piso 21 Zion & Lennox Latin Rhythm Song of the Year Latin Rhythm Album of the Year Farruko – "Pepas" Bad Bunny & Chencho Corleone – "Me Porto Bonito" Aventura & Bad Bunny – "Volví" Bad Bunny – "Yonaguni" Becky G & Karol G – "Mamiii" Bad Bunny – Un Verano Sin Ti Farruko – La 167 J Balvin – Jose Karol G – KG0516 Rauw Alejandro – Vice Versa Latin Rhythm Airplay Label of the Year Latin Rhythm Airplay Imprint of the Year Sony Music Latin Republic Rimas Universal Music Latin Entertainment Warner Latina Universal Music Latino Carbon Fiber Duars Entertainment Rimas Sony Music Latin Latin Rhythm Albums Label of the Year Latin Rhythm Albums Imprint of the Year Rimas Interscope Geffen A&M Records Real Hasta La Muerte Sony Music Latin Universal Music Latin Entertainment Rimas Carbon Fiber Duars Entertainment Real Hasta La Muerte Universal Music Latino Songwriter of the Year Producer of the Year Bad Bunny Edgar "Edge" Barrera Marco "Mag" Borrero Roberto "La Paciencia" Rosario Tainy Tainy Jimmy Humilde Marco "Mag" Borrero Ovy On The Drums Subelo Neo Publisher of the Year Publishing Corporation of the Year RSM Publishing, ASCAP Kid From The BKLYN Publishing, ASCAP Sony Discos Music Publishing LLC, ASCAP Universal Music Corp, ASCAP WC Music Corp., ASCAP Sony Music Publishing Kobalt Music RSM Publishing Universal Music Warner Chappell Music Special Merit Awards Icon Award: Chayanne Lifetime Achievement Award: Raphael Spirit of Hope: Christina Aguilera Legend Award: José Feliciano References ^ "Billboard Latin Music Awards Airing Live Sept. 29 on Telemundo". Billboard. July 5, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2022. ^ a b Flores, Griselda (August 18, 2022). "Bad Bunny Tops 2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards Finalists: Complete List". Billboard. Retrieved August 19, 2022. ^ a b Flores, Griselda (August 11, 2022). "Chayanne to Receive Icon Award at 2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards". Billboard. Retrieved August 19, 2022. ^ Flores, Griselda (March 15, 2022). "Eslabon Armado, Camilo, Tini, CNCO & More to Perform at 2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards". Billboard. Retrieved August 26, 2022. ^ Cobo, Leila (2022-09-30). "Bad Bunny Wins Big at 2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards: Complete Winners List". Billboard. Retrieved 2022-09-30. ^ Flores, Griselda (September 1, 2022). "Raphael to Receive Lifetime Achievement Award at 2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 2, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2022. ^ Roiz, Jessica (2022-09-08). "Christina Aguilera to Receive Spirit of Hope Award at 2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards". Billboard. Retrieved 2022-09-09. ^ Flores, Griselda (September 21, 2022). "Jose Feliciano to Receive First-Ever Billboard Legend Award at the 2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards". Billboard. Retrieved September 30, 2022. vteBillboard Latin Music AwardsGeneral Hot Latin Song of the Year Hot Latin Songs Artist of the Year Top Latin Album of the Year Streaming Song of the Year Producer of the Year Songwriter of the Year Urban Latin Rhythm Album of the Year Latin Rhythm Airplay Song of the Year Pop Latin Pop Song of the Year Discontinued Latin Jazz Album of the Year Reggaeton Album of the Year Reggaeton Song of the Year Digital Song of the Year Special Awards Lifetime Achievement Award Latin Music Hall of Fame Spirit of Hope Icon Award Ceremony year 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Related Billboard Music Award for Top Latin Artist Billboard Music Award for Top Latin Album Billboard Music Award for Top Latin Song Billboard Latin Women in Music
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard Latin Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Latin_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Latin music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_music"},{"link_name":"Watsco Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watsco_Center"},{"link_name":"Coral Gables, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_Gables,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Telemundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemundo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nominations-2"},{"link_name":"Chayanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chayanne"},{"link_name":"Icon Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Icon_Award"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Icon-3"},{"link_name":"Spirit of Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Spirit_of_Hope_Award"}],"text":"The 29th Billboard Latin Music Awards ceremony, presented by Billboard to honor the most popular albums, songs and performers in Latin music, took place on September 29, 2022, at the Watsco Center in Coral Gables, Florida.[1] The ceremony was broadcast by Telemundo.The nominations were announced on August 18, 2022.[2] Puerto Rican singer Chayanne received the Icon Award at the ceremony.[3] Christina Aguilera was honored with the Spirit of Hope award, and also performed.","title":"2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The performers for the ceremony were announced on August 25, 2022.[4]","title":"Performers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bad Bunny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Bunny"},{"link_name":"Karol G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karol_G"},{"link_name":"Farruko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farruko"},{"link_name":"Rauw Alejandro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauw_Alejandro"},{"link_name":"Aventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aventura_(band)"},{"link_name":"Eslabon Armado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eslabon_Armado"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nominations-2"},{"link_name":"Bad Bunny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Bunny"},{"link_name":"Ozuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozuna"},{"link_name":"2019 Billboard Latin Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Billboard_Latin_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The nominations were announced on August 18, 2022, with Puerto Rican singer Bad Bunny leading with 23, followed by Karol G with 15, Farruko, with 11, Rauw Alejandro with 10, Aventura with 7 and Eslabon Armado with 6.[2] With 23 nominations, Bad Bunny became one of the two artist to receive that amount of nominations in one ceremony, the other being Ozuna at the 2019 Billboard Latin Music Awards.Winners appear first and highlighted in bold.[5]","title":"Winners and nominees"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Icon Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Icon_Award"},{"link_name":"Chayanne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chayanne"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Icon-3"},{"link_name":"Lifetime Achievement Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Latin_Music_Lifetime_Achievement_Award"},{"link_name":"Raphael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Spirit of Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Spirit_of_Hope_Award"},{"link_name":"Christina Aguilera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Aguilera"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"José Feliciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Feliciano"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Special Merit Awards","text":"Icon Award: Chayanne[3]\nLifetime Achievement Award: Raphael[6]\nSpirit of Hope: Christina Aguilera[7]\nLegend Award: José Feliciano[8]","title":"Winners and nominees"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Billboard Latin Music Awards Airing Live Sept. 29 on Telemundo\". Billboard. July 5, 2022. Retrieved August 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/billboard-latin-music-awards-2022-date-1235110412/","url_text":"\"Billboard Latin Music Awards Airing Live Sept. 29 on Telemundo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"Flores, Griselda (August 18, 2022). \"Bad Bunny Tops 2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards Finalists: Complete List\". Billboard. Retrieved August 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/2022-billboard-latin-music-awards-nominations-1235127837/","url_text":"\"Bad Bunny Tops 2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards Finalists: Complete List\""}]},{"reference":"Flores, Griselda (August 11, 2022). \"Chayanne to Receive Icon Award at 2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards\". Billboard. Retrieved August 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/chayanne-icon-award-2022-billboard-latin-music-awards-1235125118/","url_text":"\"Chayanne to Receive Icon Award at 2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Flores, Griselda (March 15, 2022). \"Eslabon Armado, Camilo, Tini, CNCO & More to Perform at 2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards\". Billboard. Retrieved August 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/2022-billboard-latin-music-awards-performers-eslabon-armado-1235130677/","url_text":"\"Eslabon Armado, Camilo, Tini, CNCO & More to Perform at 2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Cobo, Leila (2022-09-30). \"Bad Bunny Wins Big at 2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards: Complete Winners List\". Billboard. Retrieved 2022-09-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/bad-bunny-wins-big-at-2022-billboard-latin-music-awards-1235147322/","url_text":"\"Bad Bunny Wins Big at 2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards: Complete Winners List\""}]},{"reference":"Flores, Griselda (September 1, 2022). \"Raphael to Receive Lifetime Achievement Award at 2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards\". Billboard. Archived from the original on September 2, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/rapahel-lifetime-achievement-award-at-2022-billboard-latin-music-awards-1235133565/","url_text":"\"Raphael to Receive Lifetime Achievement Award at 2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220902181919/https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/rapahel-lifetime-achievement-award-at-2022-billboard-latin-music-awards-1235133565/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Roiz, Jessica (2022-09-08). \"Christina Aguilera to Receive Spirit of Hope Award at 2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards\". Billboard. Retrieved 2022-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/christina-aguilera-honored-2022-billboard-latin-music-awards-spirit-of-hope-1235135923/","url_text":"\"Christina Aguilera to Receive Spirit of Hope Award at 2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Flores, Griselda (September 21, 2022). \"Jose Feliciano to Receive First-Ever Billboard Legend Award at the 2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards\". Billboard. Retrieved September 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/jose-feliciano-legend-award-2022-billboard-latin-music-awards-1235142088/","url_text":"\"Jose Feliciano to Receive First-Ever Billboard Legend Award at the 2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/billboard-latin-music-awards-2022-date-1235110412/","external_links_name":"\"Billboard Latin Music Awards Airing Live Sept. 29 on Telemundo\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/2022-billboard-latin-music-awards-nominations-1235127837/","external_links_name":"\"Bad Bunny Tops 2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards Finalists: Complete List\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/chayanne-icon-award-2022-billboard-latin-music-awards-1235125118/","external_links_name":"\"Chayanne to Receive Icon Award at 2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/2022-billboard-latin-music-awards-performers-eslabon-armado-1235130677/","external_links_name":"\"Eslabon Armado, Camilo, Tini, CNCO & More to Perform at 2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/awards/bad-bunny-wins-big-at-2022-billboard-latin-music-awards-1235147322/","external_links_name":"\"Bad Bunny Wins Big at 2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards: Complete Winners List\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/rapahel-lifetime-achievement-award-at-2022-billboard-latin-music-awards-1235133565/","external_links_name":"\"Raphael to Receive Lifetime Achievement Award at 2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220902181919/https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/rapahel-lifetime-achievement-award-at-2022-billboard-latin-music-awards-1235133565/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/christina-aguilera-honored-2022-billboard-latin-music-awards-spirit-of-hope-1235135923/","external_links_name":"\"Christina Aguilera to Receive Spirit of Hope Award at 2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/latin/jose-feliciano-legend-award-2022-billboard-latin-music-awards-1235142088/","external_links_name":"\"Jose Feliciano to Receive First-Ever Billboard Legend Award at the 2022 Billboard Latin Music Awards\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panicale
Panicale
["1 Main sights","2 Demographic evolution","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 43°2′N 12°6′E / 43.033°N 12.100°E / 43.033; 12.100Comune in Umbria, ItalyPanicaleComuneComune di PanicaleBackside of the Church of San Michele Arcangelo on Piazza Umberto I, the main square of PanicalePosition of Panicale within the Province of PerugiaLocation of Panicale PanicaleLocation of Panicale in ItalyShow map of ItalyPanicalePanicale (Umbria)Show map of UmbriaCoordinates: 43°2′N 12°6′E / 43.033°N 12.100°E / 43.033; 12.100CountryItalyRegionUmbriaProvinceProvince of Perugia (PG)FrazioniTavernelle, Colle San Paolo, Missiano, Casalini, Colle Calzolaro, Macereto, Mongiovino, Montale, Colgiordano, Gioveto, MigliaioloGovernment • MayorGiulio Cherubini (Partito Democratico)Area • Total78.8 km2 (30.4 sq mi)Elevation441 m (1,447 ft)Population (Dec. 2012) • Total5,669 • Density72/km2 (190/sq mi)DemonymPanicalesiTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code06064, 06068Dialing code075Patron saintMichaelSaint daySeptember 29WebsiteOfficial website Panicale is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Perugia in the Italian region Umbria. Located on the eastern slope of Mount Petrarvella, in the southeast of Valdichiana, it overlooks Lake Trasimeno and it is about 35 km far from Perugia. As of 31 December 2012, it had a population of 5,669 and an area of 78.8 km2. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy"). The municipality of Panicale contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Tavernelle, Colle San Paolo, Missiano, Casalini, Colle Calzolaro, Macereto, Mongiovino, Montale, Colgiordano, Gioveto and Migliaiolo. Panicale borders the following municipalities: Castiglione del Lago, Magione, Paciano, Perugia and Piegaro. Main sights Pietro Perugino's Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian Church of Saint Sebastian, contains Pietro Perugino's Fresco The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian (1505) Teatro Caporali Demographic evolution References ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019. ^ "Demo-Geodemo. - Mappe, Popolazione, Statistiche Demografiche dell'ISTAT". ^ "Umbria" (in Italian). Retrieved 1 August 2023. External links Official Site Wikimedia Commons has media related to Panicale. vteUmbria · Comuni of the Province of Perugia Assisi Bastia Umbra Bettona Bevagna Campello sul Clitunno Cannara Cascia Castel Ritaldi Castiglione del Lago Cerreto di Spoleto Citerna Città della Pieve Città di Castello Collazzone Corciano Costacciaro Deruta Foligno Fossato di Vico Fratta Todina Giano dell'Umbria Gualdo Cattaneo Gualdo Tadino Gubbio Lisciano Niccone Magione Marsciano Massa Martana Monte Castello di Vibio Monte Santa Maria Tiberina Montefalco Monteleone di Spoleto Montone Nocera Umbra Norcia Paciano Panicale Passignano sul Trasimeno Perugia Piegaro Pietralunga Poggiodomo Preci San Giustino Sant'Anatolia di Narco Scheggia e Pascelupo Scheggino Sellano Sigillo Spello Spoleto Todi Torgiano Trevi Tuoro sul Trasimeno Umbertide Valfabbrica Vallo di Nera Valtopina Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Geographic MusicBrainz area Other IdRef This Umbria location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
[{"reference":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","url_text":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Demo-Geodemo. - Mappe, Popolazione, Statistiche Demografiche dell'ISTAT\".","urls":[{"url":"http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2012gen/index02.html","url_text":"\"Demo-Geodemo. - Mappe, Popolazione, Statistiche Demografiche dell'ISTAT\""}]},{"reference":"\"Umbria\" (in Italian). Retrieved 1 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://borghipiubelliditalia.it/umbria/","url_text":"\"Umbria\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Way_Out_(2005)
No Way Out (2005)
["1 Production","1.1 Background","1.2 Storylines","2 Event","3 Aftermath","4 Results","4.1 WWE Championship #1 Contender's Tournament bracket","5 References","6 External links"]
World Wrestling Entertainment pay-per-view event No Way OutPromotional poster featuring John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL)PromotionWorld Wrestling EntertainmentBrand(s)SmackDown!DateFebruary 20, 2005CityPittsburgh, PennsylvaniaVenueMellon ArenaAttendance9,500Buy rate240,000Pay-per-view chronology ← PreviousRoyal Rumble Next →WrestleMania 21 No Way Out chronology ← Previous2004 Next →2006 The 2005 No Way Out was the seventh No Way Out professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held exclusively for wrestlers from the promotion's SmackDown! brand division. The event took place on February 20, 2005, in the Mellon Arena in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The main event featured a Barbed Wire Steel Cage match for the WWE Championship between reigning champion John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL) and Big Show, in which JBL won via escape. The predominant match on the undercard, was Kurt Angle versus John Cena, where the winner would face the WWE Champion for the title at WrestleMania 21. Production Mellon Arena, the then-home of the Pittsburgh Penguins, was the site of the seventh No Way Out pay-per-view event. Background No Way Out was first held by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) as the 20th In Your House pay-per-view (PPV) in February 1998. Following the discontinuation of the In Your House series, No Way Out returned in February 2000 as its own PPV event, thus establishing it as the annual February PPV for the promotion. The 2005 event was the seventh event in the No Way Out chronology and was held on February 20 in the Mellon Arena in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Like the previous year's event, the 2005 event featured wrestlers exclusively from the SmackDown! brand. Storylines The main feud heading into No Way Out was between John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL) and Big Show. At the Royal Rumble, JBL defended his WWE Championship in a Triple Threat Match against Kurt Angle and Big Show. During the bout, members from Team Angle (Luther Reigns and Mark Jindrak) and JBL's Cabinet (Orlando Jordan and the Basham Brothers) interfered, and eventually the Cabinet helped JBL retain his championship by pinning Angle. Later in the evening JBL entered the office of SmackDown! General manager Theodore Long, who immediately announced a Barbed Wire Steel Cage Match between JBL and Big Show for the WWE Championship at No Way Out. On the February 3 episode of SmackDown!, Big Show defeated the Bashams in a handicap match. On the February 10 episode of SmackDown!, JBL and his cabinet attacked Big Show, and on the February 17 episode of SmackDown!, Big Show did the same thing to JBL and his cabinet. Kurt Angle, who lost to John Cena in the tournament. The main match on the undercard was the Number One Contender tournament final between John Cena and Kurt Angle. It was first announced by SmackDown! General Manager Theodore Long on the February 3 episode of SmackDown!, and he booked some of the first-round matches for that night. The winner of the tournament would earn a main event spot challenging for the WWE Championship at WrestleMania 21. The first match of the tournament was The Undertaker versus Rene Dupree. The match ended in a double countout due to Luther Reigns preventing The Undertaker from re-entering the ring. He did this at the request of Angle, who was scheduled to face the winner of that match if Angle won his. The double countout meant that neither man advanced in the tournament, thereby giving a bye in the semi-finals to the winner of the other qualifying match. The next first round match was Eddie Guerrero against Booker T. Booker T won the match by pinfall, even after Guerrero had faked a knee injury to try to gain the advantage. On the February 10 episode of SmackDown!, the next first-round match in the tournament occurred between Cena and Orlando Jordan, which Cena won. The next match was Angle against Rey Mysterio Jr., which Angle won by forcing Mysterio to submit by using his Ankle Lock. Due to this win and the double countout the week before, Angle received a bye into the finals of the tournament. On the February 17 episode of SmackDown!, Cena had his semi-final against Booker T, which he won after an FU. Cena and Angle advanced to No Way Out in the final match of the tournament. The other main match on the undercard was The Undertaker versus Luther Reigns. The match was made after Reigns interfered in The Undertaker's match during the Number One Contenders tournament on the February 3 episode of SmackDown!. This interference cost The Undertaker his match, and his opportunity to challenge for the WWE Championship at WrestleMania. On the February 10 episode of SmackDown!, Reigns cut a promo on The Undertaker, and claimed that he wasn't scared of him. On the February 17 episode of SmackDown!, The Undertaker faced Reigns' tag team partner Mark Jindrak, immediately after Reigns had defeated Nunzio and cut another promo on The Undertaker. The Undertaker pinned Jindrak after a Chokeslam and a Tombstone Piledriver. Reigns then hit The Undertaker with a television camera. The Undertaker, however, quickly recovered, sat up in the ring, and then stalked Reigns to the backstage area. Event Other on-screen personnel Role: Name: English commentators Michael Cole Tazz Torrie Wilson(SmackDown! Rookie of the Year contest) Dawn Marie(SmackDown! Rookie of the Year contest) Spanish commentators Carlos Cabrera Hugo Savinovich Ring announcer Tony Chimel Referees Nick Patrick Charles Robinson Brian Hebner Jimmy Korderas General manager Theodore Long Pre-show hosts(Sunday Night Heat) Todd Grisham Ivory Steve Romero Josh Matthews Before the event went live on pay-per-view, Hardcore Holly and Charlie Haas defeated Kenzo Suzuki and René Duprée, with Hiroko, in a match taped for Heat. The match ended after Holly performed an Alabama Slam on Suzuki for the win. The first match that aired on pay-per-view was the WWE Tag Team Championship match between The Basham Brothers, Doug and Danny, and the challengers, Eddie Guerrero and Rey Mysterio Jr. The Bashams were in control of the match until Mysterio performed a moonsault. He tagged Guerrero, who hit Doug with a title belt whilst the referee was distracted. After a 619 from Mysterio, Guerrero pinned Doug to win the title. The second match was between Heidenreich and Booker T. Heidenreich dominated Booker for the entire match. Heidenreich was disqualified after hitting Booker with a Steel chair. After the match, Heidenreich attempted to pin Booker. The next match was the Cruiserweight Open for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship. The first two competitors were the defending champion, Funaki and Paul London. London pinned Funaki with the help of Spike Dudley, who entered early. With the help of the eliminated Funaki, London pinned Dudley. The next participant was Shannon Moore, who missed a Corkscrew Moonsault, allowing London to perform a 450° splash to eliminate him. The fifth entrant was Akio, who was eliminated by countout. The final participant was Chavo Guerrero Jr. Guerrero took control of the match, and when London tried to perform a roll-up, Guerrero pinned London using the ropes to win the title. The fourth match was The Undertaker versus Luther Reigns. Mark Jindrak accompanied Reigns to the ring but was ejected before the match started. Reigns hit the Undertaker with the ring bell and applied various submission holds. The Undertaker countered with a Tombstone piledriver to win the match. The fifth match was the final of the tournament to determine the #1 contender for the WWE Championship between Kurt Angle and John Cena. Angle performed a German Suplex into the turnbuckles to gain control. Angle applied the Ankle Lock but Cena escaped, and executed an FU for a near-fall. Angle applied another Ankle Lock but Cena reached the ropes. Angle continued to dominate until the referee was knocked down. Angle attempted to hit Cena with his steel chain but Cena countered with another FU to earn a title match at WrestleMania 21. Big Show challenged for the WWE Championship. Immediately before the main event, the third event in the 2005 Rookie Diva of the Year competition took place. The participants were Michelle McCool, Joy Giovanni, Lauren Jones, and Rochelle Loewen, and the segments were hosted by Torrie Wilson and Dawn Marie. The first event was an "evening gown" competition, which took place after the WWE Tag Team Championship match. The next event was the "Talent Contest", and the final one was the "Swimsuit Competition". The eventual winner was Giovanni, with 65% of the online votes that took place throughout the show. The main event was the Barbed Wire Steel Cage match for the WWE Championship between John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL) and Big Show. JBL took the early advantage in the match and tried to climb the cage to escape but was stopped by the barbed wire. He then sent Big Show into the cage, causing him to bleed. Big Show took control, prompting JBL's Cabinet to interfere. Orlando Jordan attempted to climb the cage as the Basham Brothers used a pair of bolt cutters to cut a small hole in the cage. General manager Theodore Long ejected the Cabinet from ringside but Jordan passed the bolt cutters through the cage to JBL. JBL used them to hit Big Show with for a near-fall. Big Show performed a chokeslam from the top rope, sending JBL through the ring. Big Show broke through the cage door but JBL had escaped, meaning JBL retained the title. Big Show then attacked JBL after the match until the Cabinet intervened. They attacked Big Show until Batista made the save and John Cena attacked JBL. Aftermath Further information: WrestleMania 21 Eddie Guerrero as one half of the WWE Tag Team Champions. On the following episode of SmackDown!, Eddie Guerrero and Rey Mysterio successfully defended the WWE Tag Team Championship against the former champions, the Basham Brothers. They continued to defend the titles against other teams, including Mark Jindrak and Luther Reigns, John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL) and Orlando Jordan, and Hardcore Holly and Charlie Haas. Guerrero, however, challenged Mysterio to a match at WrestleMania 21, to find out who was the better wrestler, which Mysterio accepted. The following week, on SmackDown!, Guerrero faced Danny Basham, but Mysterio accidentally cost him the match. Later that night, Guerrero cost Mysterio his match against Doug Basham. At WrestleMania, Mysterio defeated Guerrero. Mysterio and Guerrero lost the tag titles on April 21, to MNM, after Mysterio was pinned while Guerrero was distracted by MNM's manager, Melina. Booker T and Jon Heidenreich continued their feud, and they had a rematch a few weeks later on SmackDown!. Heidenreich won by Disqualification after Booker performed a DDT onto a steel chair. The following week, in a no-disqualification match, Booker won after a chairshot. Booker then moved on to a feud with Reigns, and was accompanied by his new wife, Sharmell. Reigns had fallen out with his tag team partner, Jindrak, just a few weeks prior, setting up matches between them. On the February 24 episode of SmackDown!, Chavo Guerrero Jr. successfully defended his WWE Cruiserweight Championship against Funaki. After the match, Paul London attacked Guerrero. On a later episode of Velocity, London defeated Akio to become the Number One Contender for the Cruiserweight title. The following week, London defeated Billy Kidman. On March 31, London became the new Cruiserweight Champion after winning a Cruiserweight Battle Royal. Randy Orton challenged The Undertaker to a match at WrestleMania on an episode of Raw. Orton had been inspired by Superstar Billy Graham, who encouraged him to "go where no wrestler has gone before". On the next episode of SmackDown!, the Undertaker accepted his challenge. On March 17, a contract signing for the match was scheduled to take place, and was attended by the SmackDown! General manager, Theodore Long, and Raw General Manager, Eric Bischoff. The Undertaker immediately signed the contract; however, before Orton signed the contract, he cut a promo on the Undertaker, and then slapped the Undertaker. Orton fled the ring after the Undertaker began to fill the arena with smoke, and didn't sign the contract. Orton taunted the Undertaker for the next few weeks, but the Undertaker responded with taunts of his own, and he attacked other superstars. On the final SmackDown! before WrestleMania, Orton's father, "Cowboy" Bob Orton, begged the Undertaker to have mercy on Orton. It ultimately proved to be a set-up, however, as Orton attacked the Undertaker and performed an RKO on him. At WrestleMania, "Cowboy" Bob interfered in Orton's match, but was unsuccessful when the Undertaker pinned Orton after a Tombstone piledriver. Cena with his customized WWE Championship belt. Kurt Angle entered into a feud with Shawn Michaels, with the pair fighting over who was the better wrestler in WWE. This feud had begun at the Royal Rumble, where Michaels had eliminated Angle. Angle then returned to the ring, and eliminated Michaels, before attacking him. A few weeks later, Michaels challenged Angle to a match at WrestleMania. On February 28, Angle appeared on Raw, attacking Michaels, and accepting his challenge. On the next episode of SmackDown!, Michaels ambushed Angle in the ring, and the two of them brawled, until security broke it up. Angle claimed that he was better than Michaels, and said he would prove it by achieving everything that Michaels had, but doing it faster. He then won a ladder match, mocking Michaels match from WrestleMania X. He then challenged Marty Jannetty, Michaels former tag team partner to a match. He won after Jannetty tapped out. Angle also persuaded Michaels' former manager, Sensational Sherri to do a spoof of Michaels' theme song, "Sexy Boy", calling his version "Sexy Kurt". Michaels, however, interrupted and played a video highlighting all his accomplishments. When Sherri got emotional from watching the video, Angle put her in the Ankle Lock. Angle also interfered in Michaels' matches on Raw. At WrestleMania, Angle won by making Michaels submit to his Ankle Lock. John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL) went on to face John Cena at WrestleMania. On the SmackDown! after No Way Out, Cena and The Big Show defeated JBL and Orlando Jordan. The following week, JBL cut a promo and Cena, and insulted him, while Cena defended his United States title against Jordan. Jordan won the title after the Basham Brothers distracted the referee, and JBL hit Cena with the WWE Championship belt. They then blew up Cena's customized design of the United States Championship, and replaced it with the original one. Later that night, Cena attacked the General Manager, Long, and was thrown out of the arena. During JBL's match that night, Cena returned and attacked JBL's cabinet. The next week, Long announced that if Cena laid a hand on JBL, apart from in matches, he would lose his WrestleMania match. In a six-person tag team match that night, Cena's team won, but Cena had to stop himself from attacking JBL after the bell had rung. On a later episode of SmackDown!, Long clarifies that if JBL physically provoked Cena, then Cena could retaliate. Cena then attempted to provoke JBL, by vandalising his limousine, and spray painting "FU" on JBL's shirt. On the last SmackDown! before WrestleMania, however, JBL had Cena arrested for vandalism and, once Cena was handcuffed, attacked him. At WrestleMania, Cena pinned JBL after an FU, to win the WWE Championship for the first time. Results No.ResultsStipulationsTimes1HCharlie Haas and Hardcore Holly defeated Kenzo Suzuki and René Duprée (with Hiroko)Tag team match5:202Eddie Guerrero and Rey Mysterio defeated The Basham Brothers (Danny Basham and Doug Basham) (c)Tag team match for the WWE Tag Team Championship14:503Booker T defeated Heidenreich by disqualificationSingles match6:494Chavo Guerrero defeated Funaki (c), Akio, Paul London, Shannon Moore and Spike DudleyCruiserweight Open for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship9:435The Undertaker defeated Luther ReignsSingles match11:446John Cena defeated Kurt AngleTournament final match to determine the #1 contender for the WWE Championship at WrestleMania 2119:227Joy Giovanni defeated Michelle McCool, Rochelle Loewen and Lauren Jones2005 SmackDown! Rookie Diva of the Year contest hosted by Torrie Wilson and Dawn Marie9:228John "Bradshaw" Layfield (c) defeated Big Show by escaping the cage Barbed Wire Steel Cage match for the WWE Championship15:11(c) – the champion(s) heading into the matchH – the match was broadcast prior to the pay-per-view on Sunday Night Heat WWE Championship #1 Contender's Tournament bracket Quarterfinals Semifinals Finals          Booker T Pin Eddie Guerrero Booker T John Cena Pin Orlando Jordan John Cena Pin John Cena Pin Kurt Angle 19:22 The Undertaker DCO René Duprée DCO BYE Kurt Angle Forfeit Rey Mysterio Kurt Angle Sub References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r "No Way Out 2005 Results". Hoffco. Retrieved 2007-12-20. ^ a b c d e f "No Way Out 2005". Pro Wrestling History. 2005-02-20. Retrieved 2008-03-08. ^ "WWE Pay-Per-View Buys (1993-2015)". Wrestlenomics. Retrieved January 25, 2021. ^ Cawthon, Graham (2013). The History of Professional Wrestling. Vol. 2: WWF 1990–1999. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ASIN B00RWUNSRS. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae Sokol, Chris (2005-02-21). "JBL finds another Way Out". Slam! Sports. Canadian Online Explorer. Archived from the original on 30 June 2012. Retrieved 2007-12-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ a b c d e "Royal Rumble 2005 Results". Online World of Wrestling. Retrieved 2007-12-20. ^ a b c Plummer, Dale; Tylwalk, Nick. "Batista claims the Rumble". Slam! Wrestling. Canadian Online Explorer. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved 2008-03-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "WWE SmackDown! Results - February 3, 2005". Online World Of Wrestling. 2005-02-03. Retrieved 2008-03-09. ^ a b c d e "SmackDown! results - February 10, 2005". Online World of Wrestling. Retrieved 2007-12-20. ^ a b c d e f g "SmackDown! results - February 17, 2005". Online World Of Wrestling. Retrieved 2007-12-20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "WWE No Way Out 2005 results". Online World Of Wrestling. Retrieved 2008-03-08. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v "WWE SD! presents No Way Out". Online Onslaught. 2005-02-20. Archived from the original on 2008-06-09. Retrieved 2008-03-09. ^ a b "NO WAY OUT 2005 RESULTS". WWE. 2005-02-20. Retrieved 2008-03-09. ^ a b c d e f "JBL vs. Big Show in a Barbed Wire Steel Cage Match for the WWE Championship". WWE. 2005-02-20. Retrieved 2008-03-09. ^ a b c d "WWE SmackDown! Results - February 24, 2005". Online World Of Wrestling. 2005-02-24. Retrieved 2008-03-11. ^ a b c d e f "WWE SmackDown! Results - March 3, 2005". Online World Of Wrestling. 2005-03-03. Retrieved 2008-03-11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "WWE SmackDown! Results - March 10, 2005". Online World Of Wrestling. 2005-03-10. Retrieved 2008-03-11. ^ a b c d e f g h i "WWE SmackDown! Results - March 24, 2005". Online World Of Wrestling. 2005-03-24. Retrieved 2008-03-11. ^ a b c d e f "WWE SmackDown! Results - March 31, 2005". Online World Of Wrestling. 2005-03-31. Retrieved 2008-03-11. ^ a b c d e "WrestleMania 21 Results". WWE. Archived from the original on March 27, 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-12. ^ "WWE SmackDown! Results - April 21, 2005". Online World Of Wrestling. Retrieved 2008-03-12. ^ a b c d e f g h "WWE SmackDown! Results - March 17, 2005". Online World Of Wrestling. Retrieved 2008-02-12. ^ "History Of the Cruiserweight Championship - Paul London". WWE. 2005-03-31. Retrieved 2008-03-13. ^ "WWE Raw Results - March 7, 2005". Online World Of Wrestling. 2005-03-07. Archived from the original on 2007-10-01. Retrieved 2008-03-14. ^ a b "WWE Raw Results - February 28, 2005". Online World Of Wrestling. 2005-02-28. Retrieved 2008-03-14. ^ "WWE Raw Results - March 21, 2005". Online World Of Wrestling. 2005-03-21. Retrieved 2008-03-14. ^ a b "WWE Raw Results - March 28, 2005". Online World Of Wrestling. 2008-03-28. Retrieved 2008-03-14. ^ a b c d "WWE PPV Wrestling Results - WrestleMania 21". Online World Of Wrestling. 2005-02-03. Retrieved 2008-03-14. ^ "WWE Raw Results - February 21, 2005". Online World Of Wrestling. 2005-02-21. Retrieved 2008-03-15. ^ "History Of The WWE Championship - John Cena". WWE. 2005-04-03. Retrieved 2008-03-15. External links Official WWE No Way Out Website vte ← 2004 2005 (2005) WWE pay-per-view events 2006 → New Year's Revolution Royal Rumble No Way Out WrestleMania 21 Backlash Judgment Day ECW One Night Stand Vengeance The Great American Bash SummerSlam Unforgiven No Mercy Taboo Tuesday Survivor Series Armageddon vteWWE pay-per-view and WWE Network eventsNo Way Out 1998 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2012 Current Royal Rumble (1988–present) Vengeance (2001–2007, 2011, 2021–present) Elimination Chamber (2010–2015, 2017–present) NXT Stand & Deliver (2021–present) WrestleMania (1985–present) Backlash (1999–2009, 2016–2018, 2020–present) King of the Ring (1993–2002, 2015, 2024–present) Battleground (2013–2017, 2023–present) Clash at the Castle (2022, 2024–present) Money in the Bank (2010–present) Heatwave (2024–present) SummerSlam (1988–present) Bash in Berlin (2024) No Mercy (1999–2008, 2016–2017, 2023–present) Crown Jewel (2018–2019, 2021–present) Survivor Series (1987–present) NXT Deadline (2022–present) Former The Wrestling Classic (1985) No Holds Barred (1989) This Tuesday in Texas (1991) One Night Only (1997) Capital Carnage (1998) Over the Edge (1998–1999) Fully Loaded (1998–2000) Invasion (2001) Rebellion (1999–2002) Insurrextion (2000–2003) Bad Blood (1997, 2003–2004) December to Dismember (2006) New Year's Revolution (2005–2007) One Night Stand (2005–2008) Unforgiven (1998–2008) Taboo Tuesday/Cyber Sunday (2004–2008) Armageddon (1999–2000, 2002–2008) Judgment Day (1998, 2000–2009) Breaking Point (2009) Bragging Rights (2009–2010) Capitol Punishment (2011) Over the Limit (2010–2012) No Way Out (1998, 2000–2009, 2012) NXT Arrival (2014) Fatal 4-Way (2010, 2014) The Beast in the East (2015) Live from Madison Square Garden (2015) Cruiserweight Classic Finale (2016) Roadblock (2016) United Kingdom Championship Special (2017) Great Balls of Fire (2017) Mae Young Classic (2017–2018) Greatest Royal Rumble (2018) United Kingdom Championship Tournament (2017–2018) Evolution (2018) Halftime Heat (2019) The Shield's Final Chapter (2019) Stomping Grounds (2019) Evolve's 10th Anniversary Celebration (2019) Smackville (2019) Starrcade (2017–2019) NXT UK TakeOver (2019–2020) Super ShowDown (2018–2020) Clash of Champions (2016–2017, 2019–2020) TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs (2009–2020) Superstar Spectacle (2021) NXT TakeOver (2014–2021) NXT WarGames (2017–2021) Day 1 (2022) In Your House (1995–1999, 2020–2022) Hell in a Cell (2009–2022) Worlds Collide (2019–2020, 2022) Extreme Rules (2009–2022) Halloween Havoc (2022) Night of Champions (2008–2015, 2023) The Great American Bash (2004–2009, 2023) Payback (2013–2017, 2020, 2023) Fastlane (2015–2019, 2021, 2023)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"No Way Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_No_Way_Out"},{"link_name":"professional wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling"},{"link_name":"pay-per-view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay-per-view"},{"link_name":"event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_WWE_pay-per-view_events"},{"link_name":"World Wrestling Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE"},{"link_name":"SmackDown!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmackDown_(WWE_brand)"},{"link_name":"brand division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_brand_extension"},{"link_name":"Mellon Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Arena_(Pittsburgh)"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"main event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_(sports)#Main_event"},{"link_name":"Barbed Wire Steel Cage match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardcore_wrestling"},{"link_name":"WWE Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Championship"},{"link_name":"John \"Bradshaw\" Layfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Layfield"},{"link_name":"Big Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Show"},{"link_name":"undercard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_(sports)#Undercard"},{"link_name":"Kurt Angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Angle"},{"link_name":"John Cena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cena"},{"link_name":"WrestleMania 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WrestleMania_21"}],"text":"The 2005 No Way Out was the seventh No Way Out professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held exclusively for wrestlers from the promotion's SmackDown! brand division. The event took place on February 20, 2005, in the Mellon Arena in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.The main event featured a Barbed Wire Steel Cage match for the WWE Championship between reigning champion John \"Bradshaw\" Layfield (JBL) and Big Show, in which JBL won via escape. The predominant match on the undercard, was Kurt Angle versus John Cena, where the winner would face the WWE Champion for the title at WrestleMania 21.","title":"No Way Out (2005)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pittsburgh-pennsylvania-mellon-arena-2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mellon Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Arena_(Pittsburgh)"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins"}],"text":"Mellon Arena, the then-home of the Pittsburgh Penguins, was the site of the seventh No Way Out pay-per-view event.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"No Way Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_No_Way_Out"},{"link_name":"World Wrestling Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wrestling_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"20th In Your House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Way_Out_of_Texas:_In_Your_House"},{"link_name":"pay-per-view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay-per-view"},{"link_name":"In Your House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Your_House"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWF9099Book-4"},{"link_name":"February 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Way_Out_(2000)"},{"link_name":"Mellon Arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mellon_Arena"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"SmackDown!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SmackDown_(WWE_brand)"},{"link_name":"brand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_brand_extension"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hoffco-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slam_review-5"}],"sub_title":"Background","text":"No Way Out was first held by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) as the 20th In Your House pay-per-view (PPV) in February 1998. Following the discontinuation of the In Your House series,[4] No Way Out returned in February 2000 as its own PPV event, thus establishing it as the annual February PPV for the promotion. The 2005 event was the seventh event in the No Way Out chronology and was held on February 20 in the Mellon Arena in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Like the previous year's event, the 2005 event featured wrestlers exclusively from the SmackDown! brand.[1][5]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"feud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feud_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"John \"Bradshaw\" Layfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Layfield"},{"link_name":"Big Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Show"},{"link_name":"Royal Rumble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Rumble_(2005)"},{"link_name":"WWE Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Championship"},{"link_name":"Triple Threat Match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types#Basic_non-elimination_matches"},{"link_name":"Kurt Angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Angle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RR05_OWOW-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RR05_Slam-7"},{"link_name":"Luther 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T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_Huffman"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feb_3_OWOW_SD-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feb_3_OWOW_SD-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feb_10-OWOW-SmackDown!-9"},{"link_name":"Rey Mysterio Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rey_Mysterio_Jr."},{"link_name":"Ankle 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promo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_professional_wrestling_terms#Promo"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feb_10-OWOW-SmackDown!-9"},{"link_name":"Nunzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunzio"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feb_17-OWOW-SmackDown!-10"},{"link_name":"Chokeslam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chokeslam"},{"link_name":"Tombstone Piledriver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piledriver_(professional_wrestling)#Tombstone_piledriver"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feb_17-OWOW-SmackDown!-10"},{"link_name":"television camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_video_camera"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feb_17-OWOW-SmackDown!-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Feb_17-OWOW-SmackDown!-10"}],"sub_title":"Storylines","text":"The main feud heading into No Way Out was between John \"Bradshaw\" Layfield (JBL) and Big Show. At the Royal Rumble, JBL defended his WWE Championship in a Triple Threat Match against Kurt Angle and Big Show.[6][7] During the bout, members from Team Angle (Luther Reigns and Mark Jindrak) and JBL's Cabinet (Orlando Jordan and the Basham Brothers) interfered, and eventually the Cabinet helped JBL retain his championship by pinning Angle.[6][7] Later in the evening JBL entered the office of SmackDown! General manager Theodore Long, who immediately announced a Barbed Wire Steel Cage Match between JBL and Big Show for the WWE Championship at No Way Out.[6][7] On the February 3 episode of SmackDown!, Big Show defeated the Bashams in a handicap match.[8] On the February 10 episode of SmackDown!, JBL and his cabinet attacked Big Show, and on the February 17 episode of SmackDown!, Big Show did the same thing to JBL and his cabinet.[9][10]Kurt Angle, who lost to John Cena in the tournament.The main match on the undercard was the Number One Contender tournament final between John Cena and Kurt Angle. It was first announced by SmackDown! General Manager Theodore Long on the February 3 episode of SmackDown!, and he booked some of the first-round matches for that night.[8] The winner of the tournament would earn a main event spot challenging for the WWE Championship at WrestleMania 21.[8] The first match of the tournament was The Undertaker versus Rene Dupree.[8] The match ended in a double countout due to Luther Reigns preventing The Undertaker from re-entering the ring.[8] He did this at the request of Angle, who was scheduled to face the winner of that match if Angle won his.[8] The double countout meant that neither man advanced in the tournament, thereby giving a bye in the semi-finals to the winner of the other qualifying match.[8] The next first round match was Eddie Guerrero against Booker T.[8] Booker T won the match by pinfall, even after Guerrero had faked a knee injury to try to gain the advantage.[8] On the February 10 episode of SmackDown!, the next first-round match in the tournament occurred between Cena and Orlando Jordan, which Cena won.[9] The next match was Angle against Rey Mysterio Jr., which Angle won by forcing Mysterio to submit by using his Ankle Lock.[9] Due to this win and the double countout the week before, Angle received a bye into the finals of the tournament.[8][9] On the February 17 episode of SmackDown!, Cena had his semi-final against Booker T, which he won after an FU.[10] Cena and Angle advanced to No Way Out in the final match of the tournament.[10]The other main match on the undercard was The Undertaker versus Luther Reigns. The match was made after Reigns interfered in The Undertaker's match during the Number One Contenders tournament on the February 3 episode of SmackDown!.[8] This interference cost The Undertaker his match, and his opportunity to challenge for the WWE Championship at WrestleMania.[8] On the February 10 episode of SmackDown!, Reigns cut a promo on The Undertaker, and claimed that he wasn't scared of him.[9] On the February 17 episode of SmackDown!, The Undertaker faced Reigns' tag team partner Mark Jindrak, immediately after Reigns had defeated Nunzio and cut another promo on The Undertaker.[10] The Undertaker pinned Jindrak after a Chokeslam and a Tombstone Piledriver.[10] Reigns then hit The Undertaker with a television camera.[10] The Undertaker, however, quickly recovered, sat up in the ring, and then stalked Reigns to the backstage area.[10]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pay-per-view","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pay-per-view"},{"link_name":"Hardcore Holly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Holly"},{"link_name":"Charlie Haas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Haas"},{"link_name":"Kenzo Suzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenzo_Suzuki"},{"link_name":"René Duprée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goguen"},{"link_name":"Hiroko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroko_Suzuki"},{"link_name":"Heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Heat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hoffco-1"},{"link_name":"Alabama Slam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_throws#Double_leg_slam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hoffco-1"},{"link_name":"WWE Tag Team Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Raw_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"Basham Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basham_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Eddie Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Rey 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Loewen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochelle_Loewen"},{"link_name":"Torrie Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torrie_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Dawn Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawn_Marie_Psaltis"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OWOW-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Online_Onslaught-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slam_review-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Online_Onslaught-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slam_review-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Online_Onslaught-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slam_review-5"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OWOW-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Online_Onslaught-12"},{"link_name":"Barbed Wire Steel Cage match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_match_types#Cages"},{"link_name":"WWE Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Championship"},{"link_name":"John \"Bradshaw\" Layfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Layfield"},{"link_name":"Big Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Show"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OWOW-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Online_Onslaught-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWE_main_event_results-14"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slam_review-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Online_Onslaught-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slam_review-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Online_Onslaught-12"},{"link_name":"JBL's Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cabinet_(professional_wrestling)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Online_Onslaught-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WWE_main_event_results-14"},{"link_name":"Orlando Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Basham Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basham_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Slam_review-5"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Online_Onslaught-12"},{"link_name":"General manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_wrestling_authority_figures#General_managers_2"},{"link_name":"Theodore 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the event went live on pay-per-view, Hardcore Holly and Charlie Haas defeated Kenzo Suzuki and René Duprée, with Hiroko, in a match taped for Heat.[1] The match ended after Holly performed an Alabama Slam on Suzuki for the win.[1] The first match that aired on pay-per-view was the WWE Tag Team Championship match between The Basham Brothers, Doug and Danny, and the challengers, Eddie Guerrero and Rey Mysterio Jr.[1][5] The Bashams were in control of the match until Mysterio performed a moonsault.[5] He tagged Guerrero, who hit Doug with a title belt whilst the referee was distracted.[5][11] After a 619 from Mysterio, Guerrero pinned Doug to win the title.[1][5]The second match was between Heidenreich and Booker T.[1][5] Heidenreich dominated Booker for the entire match.[5] Heidenreich was disqualified after hitting Booker with a Steel chair.[5][11] After the match, Heidenreich attempted to pin Booker.[1][5]The next match was the Cruiserweight Open for the WWE Cruiserweight Championship.[5][11] The first two competitors were the defending champion, Funaki and Paul London. London pinned Funaki with the help of Spike Dudley, who entered early.[5][11] With the help of the eliminated Funaki, London pinned Dudley.[5][11] The next participant was Shannon Moore, who missed a Corkscrew Moonsault, allowing London to perform a 450° splash to eliminate him.[1][5] The fifth entrant was Akio, who[1][5] was eliminated by countout.[5][11] The final participant was Chavo Guerrero Jr.[1][5] Guerrero took control of the match, and when London tried to perform a roll-up, Guerrero pinned London using the ropes to win the title.[1][5]The fourth match was The Undertaker versus Luther Reigns.[5][11] Mark Jindrak accompanied Reigns to the ring but was ejected before the match started.[5] Reigns hit the Undertaker with the ring bell and applied various submission holds. The Undertaker countered with a Tombstone piledriver to win the match.[5][12]The fifth match was the final of the tournament to determine the #1 contender for the WWE Championship between Kurt Angle and John Cena.[5][12] Angle performed a German Suplex into the turnbuckles to gain control.[5][12] Angle applied the Ankle Lock but Cena escaped, and executed an FU for a near-fall.[5][12] Angle applied another Ankle Lock but Cena reached the ropes.[5][12] Angle continued to dominate until the referee was knocked down.[12] Angle attempted to hit Cena with his steel chain but Cena countered with another FU to earn a title match at WrestleMania 21.[5][12]Big Show challenged for the WWE Championship.Immediately before the main event, the third event in the 2005 Rookie Diva of the Year competition took place.[1][13] The participants were Michelle McCool, Joy Giovanni, Lauren Jones, and Rochelle Loewen, and the segments were hosted by Torrie Wilson and Dawn Marie.[11][12] The first event was an \"evening gown\" competition, which took place after the WWE Tag Team Championship match.[5][12] The next event was the \"Talent Contest\", and the final one was the \"Swimsuit Competition\".[5][12] The eventual winner was Giovanni, with 65% of the online votes that took place throughout the show.[5][11][12]The main event was the Barbed Wire Steel Cage match for the WWE Championship between John \"Bradshaw\" Layfield (JBL) and Big Show.[11][12][14] JBL took the early advantage in the match and tried to climb the cage to escape but was stopped by the barbed wire.[5][12] He then sent Big Show into the cage, causing him to bleed.[5][12] Big Show took control, prompting JBL's Cabinet to interfere.[12][14] Orlando Jordan attempted to climb the cage as the Basham Brothers used a pair of bolt cutters to cut a small hole in the cage.[5][12] General manager Theodore Long ejected the Cabinet from ringside but Jordan passed the bolt cutters through the cage to JBL.[12][14] JBL used them to hit Big Show with for a near-fall.[12] Big Show performed a chokeslam from the top rope, sending JBL through the ring.[12][14] Big Show broke through the cage door but JBL had escaped, meaning JBL retained the title.[11][12][14] Big Show then attacked JBL after the match until the Cabinet intervened.[11][12] They attacked Big Show until Batista made the save and John Cena attacked JBL.[11][12]","title":"Event"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WrestleMania 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WrestleMania_21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eddie_Guerrero_with_belt.jpg"},{"link_name":"Eddie Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"WWE Tag Team Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_Raw_Tag_Team_Championship"},{"link_name":"SmackDown!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWE_SmackDown"},{"link_name":"Eddie Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Rey 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information: WrestleMania 21Eddie Guerrero as one half of the WWE Tag Team Champions.On the following episode of SmackDown!, Eddie Guerrero and Rey Mysterio successfully defended the WWE Tag Team Championship against the former champions, the Basham Brothers.[15] They continued to defend the titles against other teams, including Mark Jindrak and Luther Reigns,[16] John \"Bradshaw\" Layfield (JBL) and Orlando Jordan,[17] and Hardcore Holly and Charlie Haas.[18] Guerrero, however, challenged Mysterio to a match at WrestleMania 21, to find out who was the better wrestler, which Mysterio accepted.[18] The following week, on SmackDown!, Guerrero faced Danny Basham, but Mysterio accidentally cost him the match.[19] Later that night, Guerrero cost Mysterio his match against Doug Basham.[19] At WrestleMania, Mysterio defeated Guerrero.[20] Mysterio and Guerrero lost the tag titles on April 21, to MNM, after Mysterio was pinned while Guerrero was distracted by MNM's manager, Melina.[21]Booker T and Jon Heidenreich continued their feud, and they had a rematch a few weeks later on SmackDown!. Heidenreich won by Disqualification after Booker performed a DDT onto a steel chair.[16] The following week, in a no-disqualification match, Booker won after a chairshot.[17] Booker then moved on to a feud with Reigns, and was accompanied by his new wife, Sharmell.[19][22] Reigns had fallen out with his tag team partner, Jindrak, just a few weeks prior, setting up matches between them.[16][17]On the February 24 episode of SmackDown!, Chavo Guerrero Jr. successfully defended his WWE Cruiserweight Championship against Funaki.[15] After the match, Paul London attacked Guerrero.[15] On a later episode of Velocity, London defeated Akio to become the Number One Contender for the Cruiserweight title.[17] The following week, London defeated Billy Kidman.[22] On March 31, London became the new Cruiserweight Champion after winning a Cruiserweight Battle Royal.[19][23]Randy Orton challenged The Undertaker to a match at WrestleMania on an episode of Raw.[24] Orton had been inspired by Superstar Billy Graham, who encouraged him to \"go where no wrestler has gone before\".[25] On the next episode of SmackDown!, the Undertaker accepted his challenge.[17] On March 17, a contract signing for the match was scheduled to take place, and was attended by the SmackDown! General manager, Theodore Long, and Raw General Manager, Eric Bischoff.[22] The Undertaker immediately signed the contract; however, before Orton signed the contract, he cut a promo on the Undertaker, and then slapped the Undertaker.[22] Orton fled the ring after the Undertaker began to fill the arena with smoke, and didn't sign the contract.[22] Orton taunted the Undertaker for the next few weeks,[26][27] but the Undertaker responded with taunts of his own, and he attacked other superstars.[18] On the final SmackDown! before WrestleMania, Orton's father, \"Cowboy\" Bob Orton, begged the Undertaker to have mercy on Orton.[19] It ultimately proved to be a set-up, however, as Orton attacked the Undertaker and performed an RKO on him.[19] At WrestleMania, \"Cowboy\" Bob interfered in Orton's match, but was unsuccessful when the Undertaker pinned Orton after a Tombstone piledriver.[20][28]Cena with his customized WWE Championship belt.Kurt Angle entered into a feud with Shawn Michaels, with the pair fighting over who was the better wrestler in WWE. This feud had begun at the Royal Rumble, where Michaels had eliminated Angle.[6] Angle then returned to the ring, and eliminated Michaels, before attacking him.[6] A few weeks later, Michaels challenged Angle to a match at WrestleMania.[29] On February 28, Angle appeared on Raw, attacking Michaels, and accepting his challenge.[25] On the next episode of SmackDown!, Michaels ambushed Angle in the ring, and the two of them brawled, until security broke it up.[16] Angle claimed that he was better than Michaels, and said he would prove it by achieving everything that Michaels had, but doing it faster.[17] He then won a ladder match, mocking Michaels match from WrestleMania X.[17] He then challenged Marty Jannetty, Michaels former tag team partner to a match.[17] He won after Jannetty tapped out.[22] Angle also persuaded Michaels' former manager, Sensational Sherri to do a spoof of Michaels' theme song, \"Sexy Boy\", calling his version \"Sexy Kurt\".[18] Michaels, however, interrupted and played a video highlighting all his accomplishments.[18] When Sherri got emotional from watching the video, Angle put her in the Ankle Lock.[18] Angle also interfered in Michaels' matches on Raw.[27] At WrestleMania, Angle won by making Michaels submit to his Ankle Lock.[20][28]John \"Bradshaw\" Layfield (JBL) went on to face John Cena at WrestleMania.[20][28] On the SmackDown! after No Way Out, Cena and The Big Show defeated JBL and Orlando Jordan.[15] The following week, JBL cut a promo and Cena, and insulted him, while Cena defended his United States title against Jordan.[16] Jordan won the title after the Basham Brothers distracted the referee, and JBL hit Cena with the WWE Championship belt.[16] They then blew up Cena's customized design of the United States Championship, and replaced it with the original one.[17] Later that night, Cena attacked the General Manager, Long, and was thrown out of the arena.[17] During JBL's match that night, Cena returned and attacked JBL's cabinet.[17] The next week, Long announced that if Cena laid a hand on JBL, apart from in matches, he would lose his WrestleMania match.[22] In a six-person tag team match that night, Cena's team won, but Cena had to stop himself from attacking JBL after the bell had rung.[22] On a later episode of SmackDown!, Long clarifies that if JBL physically provoked Cena, then Cena could retaliate.[18] Cena then attempted to provoke JBL, by vandalising his limousine, and spray painting \"FU\" on JBL's shirt.[18] On the last SmackDown! before WrestleMania, however, JBL had Cena arrested for vandalism and, once Cena was handcuffed, attacked him.[18] At WrestleMania, Cena pinned JBL after an FU, to win the WWE Championship for the first time.[20][28][30]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"WWE Championship #1 Contender's Tournament bracket","title":"Results"}]
[{"image_text":"Mellon Arena, the then-home of the Pittsburgh Penguins, was the site of the seventh No Way Out pay-per-view event.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Pittsburgh-pennsylvania-mellon-arena-2007.jpg/250px-Pittsburgh-pennsylvania-mellon-arena-2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kurt Angle, who lost to John Cena in the tournament.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/KurtAngleSs05.jpg/170px-KurtAngleSs05.jpg"},{"image_text":"Big Show challenged for the WWE Championship.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bigshow0902.jpg/170px-Bigshow0902.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eddie Guerrero as one half of the WWE Tag Team Champions.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Eddie_Guerrero_with_belt.jpg/170px-Eddie_Guerrero_with_belt.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cena with his customized WWE Championship belt.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Cena_With_Spinner_Belt.jpg/170px-Cena_With_Spinner_Belt.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallombrosa_Altarpiece
Vallombrosa Altarpiece
["1 History","2 Description","3 See also","4 References","5 Sources"]
Painting by Pietro Perugino This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Vallombrosa Altarpiece" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Vallombrosa AltarpieceArtistPietro PeruginoYearc. 1500MediumOil on panelDimensions415 cm × 246 cm (163 in × 97 in)LocationGalleria dell'Accademia, Florence The Vallombrosa Altarpiece is a painting by the Italian Renaissance painter Pietro Perugino, dating to 1500–01. It is housed in the Accademia Gallery of Florence, Italy. History The portraits of Milanesi (left) and Baldassarre (right), the only surviving fragments of the predella. The painting was commissioned to Perugino in 1497 for the high altar of the Vallombrosa Abbey, by Don Biagio Milanesi, Father General of the Order of the Vallombrosan friars. It was finished in July 1500. Between the beginning of 1495 and the end of 1500, the Perugino workshop was engaged in manufacturing several large works on panel. Art historian G. C. Williamson calls it "one of the finest that Perugino ever produced". The work was originally completed by a predella, of which only two portraits remain (Biagio Milanesi, the then-abbot, and of the monk Baldassarre); both works are now at the Uffizi Gallery. After the Napoleonic invasion of Italy and the suppression of the abbey, the canvas was moved to Paris in 1810. However, it was restored to Tuscany in 1817, being assigned to the Florentine gallery in this occasion. Description As for other Perugino's works, the panel is divided into two sections, in a pattern derived from his Assumption (now lost) of the Sistine Chapel: the upper part with God and celestial figures, and the lower one, with the saints. In the middle is the ascending Mary, enclosed within an almond which sharply ends at the lunette, in turn occupied by a blessing God surrounded by angels. The figure of God and the framing angels and musicians are reminiscent of Perugino's earlier San Pietro Polyptych, done for the Abbey of San Pietro in Perugia, and whose theme was the Ascension of Christ. part of the San Pietro Polyptych Below are four saints, portrayed above an indeterminate hilly landscape: from left, Bernard degli Uberti, John Gualbert, founder of the monastery at Vallombrosa; Benedict and the Archangel Michael. At the lower edge is the artist's signature, reading "PETRVS PERVSINVS PINXIT AD MCCCCC". Baldassarre di Angelo, pictured in a panel of the predella, was procurator of the Vallombrosa abbey in 1500. He is identifiable thanks to the epigraph along the edges of the painting. Raphael worked as an assistant to Perugino. His early Baronci Altarpiece for the Church of St. Nicholas of Tolentine in Città di Castello owes much of its compositional format to the Vallombrosa Altarpiece. See also San Pietro Polyptych Ascension of Christ (Perugino) References ^ "Perugino in Florence", Comune di Firenze ^ O'Malley, Michelle. The Business of Art: Contracts and the Commissioning Process in Renaissance Italy, Yale University Press, 2005, p. 172 ISBN 9780300104387 ^ a b c "Portrait of don Baldassarre di Angelo", Galleria dell'Accademia di Firenze ^ Williamson, G.C., Pietro Vannucci: Called Perugino, G.Bell, 1903, Chap. VIII ^ Shaneyfelt, Sheri Francis. Painting in Renaissance Perugia: Perugino, Raphael, and their Circles, Cambridge University Press, 2023, no paginationISBN 9781009265546 Sources Garibaldi, Vittoria (2004). "Perugino". Pittori del Rinascimento. Florence: Scala. vtePietro PeruginoPaintings Nativity of the Virgin (c. 1472) Pietà Gonfalon (c. 1472) Visitation (c. 1472–1473) Miracle of the Snow (c. 1472–1474) Adoration of the Magi (Perugia) (c. 1470–1476) God the Father with Two Saints (1477–1478) St Sebastian between St Roch and St Peter (c. 1478) Delivery of the Keys (c. 1481–1482) Baptism of Christ (c. 1482) Moses Leaving for Egypt (c. 1482) Apollo and Daphnis (c. 1483) Galitzin Triptych (c. 1485) Portrait of Lorenzo di Credi (c. 1488) Annunciation of Fano (c. 1488–1490) St Sebastian (Nationalmuseum) (c. 1490) Albani Torlonia Polyptych (c. 1491) Madonna and Child with St Rose and St Catherine (c. 1490–1492) (with Andrea Aloigi) Agony in the Garden (c. 1483–1493) Pietà (c. 1483–1493) Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints John the Baptist and Sebastian (1493) The Virgin appearing to St. Bernard (c. 1490–1494) Madonna and Child with St John the Baptist and St Augustine (1494) Portrait of Francesco delle Opere (1494) Crucifixion (c. 1483–1495) St Sebastian (Hermitage) (1493–1494) Last Supper (c. 1493–1495) Lamentation over the Dead Christ (1495) Madonna and Child with Two Saints (c. 1495) Madonna and Child with St John the Baptist and St Catherine of Alexandria (c. 1495) Pazzi Crucifixion (c. 1495) Portrait of a Boy (1495) St Sebastian (Louvre) (c. 1495) Decemviri Altarpiece (1495–1496) Fano Altarpiece (1497) Madonna and Child with the Infant John the Baptist (c. 1497) Madonna della Consolazione (c. 1496–1498) Madonna del Sacco (c. 1495–1500) Ascension of Christ (c. 1496–1500) Certosa di Pavia Altarpiece (c. 1496–1500) Collegio del Cambio frescos (1496–1500) San Pietro Polyptych (c. 1496–1500) San Francesco al Prato Resurrection (c. 1499) Mary Magdalene (c. 1500) Tezi Altarpiece (c. 1500) Vallombrosa Altarpiece (c. 1500) Madonna in Glory with Saints (c. 1500–1501) Gonfalon of Justice (c. 1501) Madonna and Child (c. 1501) Monteripido Altarpiece (1502) The Battle Between Love and Chastity (1503) Adoration of the Magi (1504) Marriage of the Virgin (c. 1500–1504) The Martyrdom of St Sebastian (1505) Annunziata Polyptych (1504–1507) Chigi Altarpiece (c. 1506–1507) Madonna of Loreto (c. 1507) St Sebastian (São Paulo) (c. 1507) Baptism of Christ (Città della Pieve) (c. 1510) Sansepolcro Altarpiece (c. 1510) Corciano Altarpiece (1513) Madonna and Child with St Herculanus and St Constantius (1515) Transfiguration Altarpiece (1517) Madonna and Child with St Peter and St Paul (c. 1515–1520) Holy Trinity (c. 1505–1521) (with Raphael) Adoration of the Magi (Trevi) (c. 1521–1522) Spello Pietà (c. 1521–1522) Fontignano Madonna (1522) Madonna of Graces with Two Saints (1522) Sant'Agostino Altarpiece (1502–1523) Works by studio Madonna and Child (c. 1500–1510)
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In the middle is the ascending Mary, enclosed within an almond which sharply ends at the lunette, in turn occupied by a blessing God surrounded by angels. The figure of God and the framing\nangels and musicians are reminiscent of Perugino's earlier San Pietro Polyptych, done for the Abbey of San Pietro in Perugia, and whose theme was the Ascension of Christ.part of the San Pietro PolyptychBelow are four saints, portrayed above an indeterminate hilly landscape: from left, Bernard degli Uberti, John Gualbert, founder of the monastery at Vallombrosa; Benedict and the Archangel Michael. At the lower edge is the artist's signature, reading \"PETRVS PERVSINVS PINXIT AD MCCCCC\".Baldassarre di Angelo, pictured in a panel of the predella, was procurator of the Vallombrosa abbey in 1500. He is identifiable thanks to the epigraph along the edges of the painting.[3]Raphael worked as an assistant to Perugino. 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(Perugia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Perugino,_Perugia)"},{"link_name":"God the Father with Two Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_the_Father_with_Two_Saints"},{"link_name":"St Sebastian between St Roch and St Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Sebastian_between_St_Roch_and_St_Peter"},{"link_name":"Delivery of the Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delivery_of_the_Keys_(Perugino)"},{"link_name":"Baptism of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism_of_Christ_(Perugino,_Rome)"},{"link_name":"Moses Leaving for Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Leaving_for_Egypt_(Perugino)"},{"link_name":"Apollo and Daphnis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_and_Daphnis_(Perugino)"},{"link_name":"Galitzin Triptych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galitzin_Triptych"},{"link_name":"Portrait of Lorenzo di Credi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Lorenzo_di_Credi"},{"link_name":"Annunciation of Fano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation_of_Fano"},{"link_name":"St Sebastian (Nationalmuseum)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Sebastian_(Perugino,_Nationalmuseum)"},{"link_name":"Albani Torlonia Polyptych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albani_Torlonia_Polyptych"},{"link_name":"Madonna and Child with St Rose and St Catherine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_and_Child_with_St_Rose_and_St_Catherine"},{"link_name":"Andrea Aloigi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Aloigi"},{"link_name":"Agony in the Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agony_in_the_Garden_(Perugino)"},{"link_name":"Pietà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Perugino)"},{"link_name":"Madonna and Child Enthroned with Saints John the Baptist and Sebastian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_and_Child_Enthroned_with_Saints_John_the_Baptist_and_Sebastian"},{"link_name":"The Virgin appearing to St. Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Virgin_appearing_to_St._Bernard"},{"link_name":"Madonna and Child with St John the Baptist and St Augustine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_and_Child_with_St_John_the_Baptist_and_St_Augustine"},{"link_name":"Portrait of Francesco delle Opere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_Francesco_delle_Opere"},{"link_name":"Crucifixion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion_(Perugino_and_Signorelli)"},{"link_name":"St Sebastian (Hermitage)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Sebastian_(Perugino,_Hermitage)"},{"link_name":"Last Supper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Supper_(Perugino)"},{"link_name":"Lamentation over the Dead Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamentation_over_the_Dead_Christ_(Perugino)"},{"link_name":"Madonna and Child with Two Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_and_Child_with_Two_Saints_(Perugino)"},{"link_name":"Madonna and Child with St John the Baptist and St Catherine of Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_and_Child_with_St_John_the_Baptist_and_St_Catherine_of_Alexandria_(Perugino)"},{"link_name":"Pazzi Crucifixion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazzi_Crucifixion"},{"link_name":"Portrait of a Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_of_a_Boy_(Perugino)"},{"link_name":"St Sebastian (Louvre)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Sebastian_(Perugino,_Louvre)"},{"link_name":"Decemviri Altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decemviri_Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"Fano Altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fano_Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"Madonna and Child with the Infant John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_and_Child_with_the_Infant_John_the_Baptist_(Perugino)"},{"link_name":"Madonna della Consolazione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_della_Consolazione_(Perugino)"},{"link_name":"Madonna del Sacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_del_Sacco_(Perugino)"},{"link_name":"Ascension of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_of_Christ_(Perugino,_Lyon)"},{"link_name":"Certosa di Pavia Altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certosa_di_Pavia_Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"Collegio del Cambio frescos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegio_del_Cambio_frescos"},{"link_name":"San Pietro Polyptych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pietro_Polyptych"},{"link_name":"San Francesco al Prato Resurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francesco_al_Prato_Resurrection"},{"link_name":"Mary Magdalene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Magdalene_(Perugino)"},{"link_name":"Tezi Altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tezi_Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"Vallombrosa Altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Madonna in Glory with Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_in_Glory_with_Saints"},{"link_name":"Gonfalon of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonfalon_of_Justice"},{"link_name":"Madonna and Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_and_Child_(Perugino,_Washington)"},{"link_name":"Monteripido Altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monteripido_Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"The Battle Between Love and Chastity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_Between_Love_and_Chastity"},{"link_name":"Adoration of the Magi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Perugino,_Citt%C3%A0_della_Pieve)"},{"link_name":"Marriage of the Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage_of_the_Virgin_(Perugino)"},{"link_name":"The Martyrdom of St Sebastian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Martyrdom_of_St_Sebastian_(Perugino)"},{"link_name":"Annunziata Polyptych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunziata_Polyptych"},{"link_name":"Chigi Altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chigi_Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"Madonna of Loreto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_of_Loreto_(Perugino)"},{"link_name":"St Sebastian (São Paulo)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Sebastian_(Perugino,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo)"},{"link_name":"Baptism of Christ (Città della Pieve)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism_of_Christ_(Perugino,_Citt%C3%A0_della_Pieve)"},{"link_name":"Sansepolcro Altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sansepolcro_Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"Corciano Altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corciano_Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"Madonna and Child with St Herculanus and St Constantius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_and_Child_with_St_Herculanus_and_St_Constantius"},{"link_name":"Transfiguration Altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfiguration_Altarpiece_(Perugino)"},{"link_name":"Madonna and Child with St Peter and St Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_and_Child_with_St_Peter_and_St_Paul"},{"link_name":"Holy Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity_(Raphael_and_Perugino)"},{"link_name":"Raphael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael"},{"link_name":"Adoration of the Magi (Trevi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_(Perugino,_Trevi)"},{"link_name":"Spello Pietà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spello_Piet%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Fontignano Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontignano_Madonna"},{"link_name":"Madonna of Graces with Two Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_of_Graces_with_Two_Saints"},{"link_name":"Sant'Agostino Altarpiece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant%27Agostino_Altarpiece"},{"link_name":"Madonna and Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_and_Child_(studio_of_Perugino)"}],"text":"Garibaldi, Vittoria (2004). \"Perugino\". Pittori del Rinascimento. Florence: Scala.vtePietro PeruginoPaintings\nNativity of the Virgin (c. 1472)\nPietà Gonfalon (c. 1472)\nVisitation (c. 1472–1473)\nMiracle of the Snow (c. 1472–1474)\nAdoration of the Magi (Perugia) (c. 1470–1476)\nGod the Father with Two Saints (1477–1478)\nSt Sebastian between St Roch and St Peter (c. 1478)\nDelivery of the Keys (c. 1481–1482)\nBaptism of Christ (c. 1482)\nMoses Leaving for Egypt (c. 1482)\nApollo and Daphnis (c. 1483)\nGalitzin Triptych (c. 1485)\nPortrait of Lorenzo di Credi (c. 1488)\nAnnunciation of Fano (c. 1488–1490)\nSt Sebastian (Nationalmuseum) (c. 1490)\nAlbani Torlonia Polyptych (c. 1491)\nMadonna and Child with St Rose and St Catherine (c. 1490–1492) (with Andrea Aloigi)\nAgony in the Garden (c. 1483–1493)\nPietà (c. 1483–1493)\nMadonna and Child Enthroned with Saints John the Baptist and Sebastian (1493)\nThe Virgin appearing to St. Bernard (c. 1490–1494)\nMadonna and Child with St John the Baptist and St Augustine (1494)\nPortrait of Francesco delle Opere (1494)\nCrucifixion (c. 1483–1495)\nSt Sebastian (Hermitage) (1493–1494)\nLast Supper (c. 1493–1495)\nLamentation over the Dead Christ (1495)\nMadonna and Child with Two Saints (c. 1495)\nMadonna and Child with St John the Baptist and St Catherine of Alexandria (c. 1495)\nPazzi Crucifixion (c. 1495)\nPortrait of a Boy (1495)\nSt Sebastian (Louvre) (c. 1495)\nDecemviri Altarpiece (1495–1496)\nFano Altarpiece (1497)\nMadonna and Child with the Infant John the Baptist (c. 1497)\nMadonna della Consolazione (c. 1496–1498)\nMadonna del Sacco (c. 1495–1500)\nAscension of Christ (c. 1496–1500)\nCertosa di Pavia Altarpiece (c. 1496–1500)\nCollegio del Cambio frescos (1496–1500)\nSan Pietro Polyptych (c. 1496–1500)\nSan Francesco al Prato Resurrection (c. 1499)\nMary Magdalene (c. 1500)\nTezi Altarpiece (c. 1500)\nVallombrosa Altarpiece (c. 1500)\nMadonna in Glory with Saints (c. 1500–1501)\nGonfalon of Justice (c. 1501)\nMadonna and Child (c. 1501)\nMonteripido Altarpiece (1502)\nThe Battle Between Love and Chastity (1503)\nAdoration of the Magi (1504)\nMarriage of the Virgin (c. 1500–1504)\nThe Martyrdom of St Sebastian (1505)\nAnnunziata Polyptych (1504–1507)\nChigi Altarpiece (c. 1506–1507)\nMadonna of Loreto (c. 1507)\nSt Sebastian (São Paulo) (c. 1507)\nBaptism of Christ (Città della Pieve) (c. 1510)\nSansepolcro Altarpiece (c. 1510)\nCorciano Altarpiece (1513)\nMadonna and Child with St Herculanus and St Constantius (1515)\nTransfiguration Altarpiece (1517)\nMadonna and Child with St Peter and St Paul (c. 1515–1520)\nHoly Trinity (c. 1505–1521) (with Raphael)\nAdoration of the Magi (Trevi) (c. 1521–1522)\nSpello Pietà (c. 1521–1522)\nFontignano Madonna (1522)\nMadonna of Graces with Two Saints (1522)\nSant'Agostino Altarpiece (1502–1523)\nWorks by studio\nMadonna and Child (c. 1500–1510)","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"part of the San Pietro Polyptych","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Perugin_L%27Ascension_du_Christ_mbaLyon_d%C3%A9tail_cercle_sup%C3%A9rieur.jpg/220px-Perugin_L%27Ascension_du_Christ_mbaLyon_d%C3%A9tail_cercle_sup%C3%A9rieur.jpg"}]
[{"title":"San Pietro Polyptych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pietro_Polyptych"},{"title":"Ascension of Christ (Perugino)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_of_Christ_(Perugino)"}]
[{"reference":"Garibaldi, Vittoria (2004). \"Perugino\". Pittori del Rinascimento. Florence: Scala.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Vallombrosa+Altarpiece%22","external_links_name":"\"Vallombrosa Altarpiece\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Vallombrosa+Altarpiece%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Vallombrosa+Altarpiece%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Vallombrosa+Altarpiece%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Vallombrosa+Altarpiece%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Vallombrosa+Altarpiece%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.feelflorence.it/en/node/65838","external_links_name":"\"Perugino in Florence\", Comune di Firenze"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Hes-RGfPazAC&dq=Vallombrosa+Altarpiece&pg=PA172","external_links_name":"O'Malley, Michelle. The Business of Art: Contracts and the Commissioning Process in Renaissance Italy, Yale University Press, 2005, p. 172"},{"Link":"https://www.galleriaaccademiafirenze.it/en/artworks/ritratto-di-don-baldassarre-di-angelo/#","external_links_name":"\"Portrait of don Baldassarre di Angelo\", Galleria dell'Accademia di Firenze"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L3g_AAAAIAAJ&dq=Vallombrosa+Altarpiece&pg=PA159","external_links_name":"Williamson, G.C., Pietro Vannucci: Called Perugino, G.Bell, 1903, Chap. VIII"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BW-7EAAAQBAJ&dq=Vallombrosa+Altarpiece&pg=PT296","external_links_name":"Shaneyfelt, Sheri Francis. Painting in Renaissance Perugia: Perugino, Raphael, and their Circles, Cambridge University Press, 2023, no pagination"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawngate
Dawngate
["1 Gameplay","1.1 Minions","1.2 Lanes","1.3 Jungle","1.4 Roles","2 References","3 External links"]
Video gameDawngateDeveloper(s)Waystone GamesPublisher(s)Electronic ArtsPlatform(s)Microsoft WindowsReleaseCancelledGenre(s)Multiplayer online battle arenaMode(s)Multiplayer Dawngate was a multiplayer online battle arena video game developed by Waystone Games and published by Electronic Arts for Microsoft Windows. It was meant to be a free-to-play game likely to be supported by micro-transactions. News about the game began to leak during early-mid April 2013 with few details on mechanics, gameplay, or other elements. Testing period began on May 24, 2013, and the community beta was released on April 9, 2014. The open beta was released on May 19, 2014; on November 4, 2014, it was announced that because the beta was not shaping up as they had hoped, all development would stop and the game would be fully shut down in 90 days. In 2015, it became a registered trademark of EA. In June 2020 a development team of fans reached out to EA in a means to acquire the rights to the name to release their fan remake as "Dawngate". A Kickstarter has been set up as a means of gathering part of the funds required to obtain the rights and bring it back to life. Despite successfully raising the sought after funds, the project was abandoned when the cost to acquire the IP was determined to be prohibitively high. Gameplay Dawngate was a team-oriented game where a group of five players (shapers) work together to complete objectives and destroy the enemy nexus. Destroying the nexus would win the game for the team. Shapers and their stats could be modified by players by choosing spells and items. Shapers also had access to wards that could be placed to provide vision to areas of the map for their team. Minions AI controlled minions assisted shapers in their objectives. They regularly spawned at the home location, marching down the lanes towards the enemy home. More powerful striders could also spawn. Lanes Dawngate maps contained two lanes. Each lane was controlled by three powerful bindings per side. Lines running the length of the lane informed players of the status of their bindings and enemy bindings. Jungle Surrounding the lanes was the jungle, a neutral area containing passive creatures. Just like minions and shapers, these creatures could be killed for vim. The jungle was also a way to cut across the map to other lanes - but players use this area to hunt each other as well. Within the jungle were four Spirit Wells that passively gathered vim for each team. Also within the center of the jungle was the Parasite, a powerful creature not to be trifled with alone. Roles When starting the game and formulating a team, players could choose what roles they would like to provide. The role was not dependent upon shaper choice, though some shapers had an advantage in some areas. Role choice also provided role-specific benefits. Once players had chosen their shapers, final decisions could be made on what player would be assigned what role. There were four roles: Gladiator, Tactician, Hunter, and Predator. Gladiators focused on killing lane minions. Tacticians focused on harassing enemy shapers. Hunters focused on killing creatures in the jungle. Predators focused on killing enemy shapers. When choosing a role, players were also able to choose a loadout that granted additional passive bonuses. References ^ "Dawngate Monetization FAQ". Waystone Games. Archived from the original on 4 November 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2013. ^ Savage, Phil (16 May 2013). "Dawngate site trails EA's new unannounced DoTA-like". PC Gamer. Retrieved 12 June 2013. ^ Grayson, Nathan (21 May 2013). "EA's Dawngate MOBA Detailed, Beta This Friday". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Retrieved 15 June 2013. ^ Pitcher, Jenna (9 April 2014). "EA's lore-driven MOBA Dawngate enters community beta". Polygon. Retrieved 28 April 2014. ^ "AN IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT ABOUT THE FUTURE OF DAWNGATE". 19 October 2016. ^ "DAWNGATE Trademark - Registration Number 4682283 - Serial Number 86384266 :: Justia Trademarks". External links Official website
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multiplayer online battle arena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplayer_online_battle_arena"},{"link_name":"Electronic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Arts"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"free-to-play game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-to-play_game"},{"link_name":"micro-transactions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro-transactions"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Dawngate was a multiplayer online battle arena video game developed by Waystone Games and published by Electronic Arts for Microsoft Windows. It was meant to be a free-to-play game likely to be supported by micro-transactions.[1] News about the game began to leak during early-mid April 2013 with few details on mechanics, gameplay, or other elements.[2] Testing period began on May 24, 2013,[3] and the community beta was released on April 9, 2014.[4] The open beta was released on May 19, 2014; on November 4, 2014, it was announced that because the beta was not shaping up as they had hoped, all development would stop and the game would be fully shut down in 90 days.[5] In 2015, it became a registered trademark of EA.[6] In June 2020 a development team of fans reached out to EA in a means to acquire the rights to the name to release their fan remake as \"Dawngate\". A Kickstarter has been set up as a means of gathering part of the funds required to obtain the rights and bring it back to life. Despite successfully raising the sought after funds, the project was abandoned when the cost to acquire the IP was determined to be prohibitively high.","title":"Dawngate"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Dawngate was a team-oriented game where a group of five players (shapers) work together to complete objectives and destroy the enemy nexus. Destroying the nexus would win the game for the team.Shapers and their stats could be modified by players by choosing spells and items. Shapers also had access to wards that could be placed to provide vision to areas of the map for their team.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Minions","text":"AI controlled minions assisted shapers in their objectives. They regularly spawned at the home location, marching down the lanes towards the enemy home. More powerful striders could also spawn.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Lanes","text":"Dawngate maps contained two lanes. Each lane was controlled by three powerful bindings per side. Lines running the length of the lane informed players of the status of their bindings and enemy bindings.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Jungle","text":"Surrounding the lanes was the jungle, a neutral area containing passive creatures. Just like minions and shapers, these creatures could be killed for vim. The jungle was also a way to cut across the map to other lanes - but players use this area to hunt each other as well.Within the jungle were four Spirit Wells that passively gathered vim for each team. Also within the center of the jungle was the Parasite, a powerful creature not to be trifled with alone.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Roles","text":"When starting the game and formulating a team, players could choose what roles they would like to provide. The role was not dependent upon shaper choice, though some shapers had an advantage in some areas. Role choice also provided role-specific benefits. Once players had chosen their shapers, final decisions could be made on what player would be assigned what role.There were four roles: Gladiator, Tactician, Hunter, and Predator. Gladiators focused on killing lane minions. Tacticians focused on harassing enemy shapers. Hunters focused on killing creatures in the jungle. Predators focused on killing enemy shapers.When choosing a role, players were also able to choose a loadout that granted additional passive bonuses.","title":"Gameplay"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Dawngate Monetization FAQ\". Waystone Games. Archived from the original on 4 November 2014. Retrieved 12 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141104213532/http://dawnrealm.com/Dawngate-monetization-faq/","url_text":"\"Dawngate Monetization FAQ\""},{"url":"http://dawnrealm.com/Dawngate-monetization-faq/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Savage, Phil (16 May 2013). \"Dawngate site trails EA's new unannounced DoTA-like\". PC Gamer. Retrieved 12 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pcgamer.com/2013/05/16/dawngate-site-trails-eas-new-unannounced-dota-like/","url_text":"\"Dawngate site trails EA's new unannounced DoTA-like\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer","url_text":"PC Gamer"}]},{"reference":"Grayson, Nathan (21 May 2013). \"EA's Dawngate MOBA Detailed, Beta This Friday\". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. Retrieved 15 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2013/05/21/eas-dawngate-moba-detailed-beta-this-friday/","url_text":"\"EA's Dawngate MOBA Detailed, Beta This Friday\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock,_Paper,_Shotgun","url_text":"Rock, Paper, Shotgun"}]},{"reference":"Pitcher, Jenna (9 April 2014). \"EA's lore-driven MOBA Dawngate enters community beta\". Polygon. Retrieved 28 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.polygon.com/2014/4/9/5596390/eas-lore-driven-moba-dawngate-enters-community-beta","url_text":"\"EA's lore-driven MOBA Dawngate enters community beta\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygon_(website)","url_text":"Polygon"}]},{"reference":"\"AN IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT ABOUT THE FUTURE OF DAWNGATE\". 19 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dawngate.com/news/detail/an-important-announcement-about-the_32964","url_text":"\"AN IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT ABOUT THE FUTURE OF DAWNGATE\""}]},{"reference":"\"DAWNGATE Trademark - Registration Number 4682283 - Serial Number 86384266 :: Justia Trademarks\".","urls":[{"url":"https://trademarks.justia.com/863/84/dawngate-86384266.html","url_text":"\"DAWNGATE Trademark - Registration Number 4682283 - Serial Number 86384266 :: Justia Trademarks\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Haggis
Wild haggis
["1 Haggis abroad","2 See also","3 References"]
Fictional animal A fictional wild haggis specimen, Haggis scoticus, as displayed in the Glasgow Kelvingrove Gallery, next to a prepared example. Wild haggis (given the humorous taxonomic designation Haggis scoticus) is a fictional creature of Scottish folklore, said to be native to the Scottish Highlands. It is comically claimed to be the source of haggis, a traditional Scottish dish that is in fact made from the innards of sheep (including heart, lungs, and liver). According to some sources, the wild haggis's left and right legs are of different lengths (cf. Sidehill gouger or Dahu), allowing it to run quickly around the steep mountains and hillsides which make up its natural habitat, but only in one direction. It is further claimed that there are two varieties of haggis, one with longer left legs and the other with longer right legs. The former variety can run clockwise around a mountain (as seen from above) while the latter can run anticlockwise. The two varieties coexist peacefully but are unable to interbreed in the wild because in order for the male of one variety to mate with a female of the other, he must turn to face in the same direction as his intended mate, causing him to lose his balance before he can mount her. As a result of this difficulty, differences in leg length among the haggis population are accentuated. Haggis abroad The notion of the wild haggis is widely believed, though not always including the idea of mismatched legs. According to an online survey commissioned by haggis manufacturers Hall's of Broxburn, released on 26 November 2003, one-third of U.S. visitors to Scotland believed the wild haggis to be a real creature. See also Sidehill gouger Dahu, another fictional animal also said to exist in "clockwise" and "anticlockwise" varieties Jackalope Wolpertinger Drop bear Tree octopus References ^ a b Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum in The New York Times, accessed 9 February 2009 (Archived 21 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine) ^ a b Jonathan Green, Scottish Miscellany: Everything You Always Wanted to Know about Scotland the Brave, p. 128 ^ a b c A. M. King, L. Cromarty, C. Paterson, J. S. Boyd, "Applications of ultrasonography in the reproductive management of Dux magnus gentis venteris saginati", BMUS Bulletin (British Medical Ultrasound Society), Vol. 10, no.2, 2002 ^ a b John Carvel, "Majestic haggis of the glens proves elusive for US tourists" in The Guardian, Thursday 27 November 2003 02.18 ^ Wild Haggis at Undiscovered Scotland.co.uk, accessed 9 February 2009 ^ "US tourists want to hunt wild haggis" in The Sydney Morning Herald, 27 November 2003
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[{"image_text":"A fictional wild haggis specimen, Haggis scoticus, as displayed in the Glasgow Kelvingrove Gallery, next to a prepared example.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Haggis_scoticus.jpg/300px-Haggis_scoticus.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Sidehill gouger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidehill_gouger"},{"title":"Dahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahu"},{"title":"Jackalope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackalope"},{"title":"Wolpertinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolpertinger"},{"title":"Drop bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drop_bear"},{"title":"Tree octopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_octopus"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Converse_(DD-509)
USS Converse (DD-509)
["1 Solomon Islands, May 1943 – March 1944","2 Central Pacific, March – August 1944","3 Philippines and Okinawa, November 1944 – August 1945","4 Almirante Valdés (D23)","5 References","6 External links"]
Fletcher-class destroyer For other ships with the same name, see USS Converse. USS Converse (DD-509) in San Francisco Bay, 9 October 1944. History United States NamesakeGeorge A. Converse BuilderBath Iron Works Laid down23 February 1942 Launched30 August 1942 Commissioned20 November 1942 Decommissioned23 April 1946 Stricken1 October 1972 FateTransferred to Spain, 1 July 1959 Spain NameAlmirante Valdés (D23) Acquired1 July 1959 Stricken17 November 1986 FateScrapped in 1988 General characteristics Class and type Fletcher-class destroyer Lepanto-class destroyer Displacement2,050 long tons (2,083 t) Length376 ft 6 in (114.7 m) Beam39 ft 8 in (12.1 m) Draft17 ft 9 in (5.4 m) Propulsion60,000 shp (45 MW); 2 propellers Speed35 knots (65 km/h; 40 mph) Range6500 nmi (12,000 km) at 15 kt Complement336 Armament 5 × single 5 in (127 mm)/38 guns 5 × twin 40 mm (1.6 in) AA guns 7 × single 20 mm (0.8 in) AA guns 2 × quintuple 21 in (533 mm) torpedo tubes 6 × single depth charge throwers 2 × depth charge racks USS Converse (DD-509), a Fletcher-class destroyer, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for George A. Converse (1844–1909). Converse was launched 30 August 1942 by Bath Iron Works Corp., Bath, Maine; sponsored by Miss A. V. Jackson; and commissioned 20 November 1942. Solomon Islands, May 1943 – March 1944 After training at Guantanamo Bay and Pearl Harbor, Converse arrived at Nouméa 17 May 1943, and through the summer covered convoys carrying men and supplies to New Georgia, then escorted ships moving between Espiritu Santo and Guadalcanal. Arriving at Port Purvis in the Solomon Islands 16 September 1943, she joined Destroyer Squadron 23 (DesRon 23), with whom she was to win a Presidential Unit Citation (US) for operations in the northern Solomons between 31 October 1943 and 4 February 1944. On the first of those dates, Converse sortied with her squadron and cruisers to provide cover for amphibious landings on Bougainville, and on the night of 31 October – 1 November 1943, bombarded Buka and Bonis airfields and targets in the Shortlands. The next night her force intercepted a Japanese group of cruisers and destroyers heading for an attack on the transports lying at Bougainville, and opened fire in the Battle of Empress Augusta Bay. The Japanese lost one cruiser and one destroyer in this action, and were turned back from their intended attack on the transports, although the American defenders came under severe attack by aircraft from Rabaul supporting the Japanese ships. Converse continued bombardments and escort duty supporting the Bougainville operation, and on the night of 16–17 November 1943 joined Stanly in firing on a surfaced submarine, scoring several hits. On the night of 24–25 November, the squadron intercepted five Japanese destroyers attempting to evacuate critically needed aviation troops from Buka to Rabaul. In a skillfully-executed torpedo attack followed by a persistent chase, during which Converse was struck by a torpedo which failed to explode in the engine room, the squadron sank three of the enemy ships and caused heavy damage to a fourth, while emerging unscathed themselves. While escorting a group of ships carrying reinforcements and supplies to Bougainville 3 December 1943, Converse came under heavy attack from six waves of Japanese bombers. A near miss caused an electrical failure, putting her radar out of commission and resulting in a loss of power forward. Repairs were quickly made, and the Japanese force fought off, but Converse sailed from Port Purvis 14 December for complete repairs at Sydney, Australia. She rejoined her squadron at Port Purvis 30 January 1944 for bombardments and hunting forays against Japanese shipping through February and March in the northern Solomons. Central Pacific, March – August 1944 Converse cleared Port Purvis 27 March 1944 to join the Fast Carrier Task Force (then-TF 58) for screening duty during the air strikes on the Palaus from 30 March to 1 April, and with that force covered the Hollandia landings through preinvasion air attacks and bombardment, continuing their fire during the landings 22 April. Carrier attacks on Truk, Satawan, and Ponape at the close of the month found Converse continuing her screening duties. Attacks preparatory to, and covering, the invasion of Saipan began 12 June as targets throughout the Marianas were hit. While the landings themselves were made on 15 June, Converse's task force hit at Japanese bases in the Bonins, then returned to the Marianas to continue their close support. When the Japanese fleet challenged the American operations in the Marianas on 19 June, Converse continued her screening through the resulting aerial Battle of the Philippine Sea, a 2-day engagement which resulted in the sinking of three Japanese carriers and the loss to Japan of many aircraft and their irreplaceable pilots. After joining in shore bombardment of Guam and Rota at the, close of June, Converse replenished at Eniwetok, and on 4 August, sailed for overhaul at Mare Island Naval Shipyard. Philippines and Okinawa, November 1944 – August 1945 The destroyer returned to action 3 November 1944 when she joined the screen of carriers covering the convoy routes to newly invaded Leyte. On 21 December, while escorting the first resupply echelon to Mindoro, Converse came under attack by desperate Japanese suicide planes, and fired to drive them away as well as rescuing 266 survivors of LST-749. She gave fire support to the landings in Lingayen Gulf on 9 and 10 January 1945, and then joined the task unit assigned to recapture Corregidor. Her guns destroyed gun emplacements, barges, suicide boats, and entombed about 100 enemy troops by sealing the entrance to Malinta Tunnel. After brief overhaul in Subic Bay, Converse patrolled off Corregidor until mid-March 1945, and from 18 March to 1 April joined in the invasion of Panay and Negros. Through the next month she carried out a variety of duties in the development of Iloilo as a staging center for the planned invasion of Japan. On 16 May, Converse arrived off Okinawa, where she operated on dangerous and demanding radar picket duty until the close of the war. Often firing to drive off suicide-bent Japanese aircraft, she received no damage during the difficult months that followed. On 10 September she sailed from Okinawa for Pearl Harbor, the Panama Canal, and Washington, D.C., where on 19 October, the ceremonial award of the Presidential Unit Citation was made to her squadron. After overhaul at Brooklyn, she was decommissioned and placed in reserve at Charleston, South Carolina, 23 April 1946. In addition to the Presidential Unit Citation, Converse received 11 battle stars for World War II service. Almirante Valdés (D23) Main article: Lepanto-class destroyer On 1 July 1959 Converse was transferred under the Mutual Assistance Program to Spain, where she was renamed Almirante Valdés (D23). The ship was stricken 17 November 1986 and scrapped in 1988. References  This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here. External links USS Converse website at Destroyer History Foundation navsource.org: USS Converse hazegray.org: USS Converse vteFletcher-class destroyersCompleted Fletcher Radford Jenkins La Vallette Nicholas O'Bannon Chevalier Saufley Waller Strong Taylor De Haven Bache Beale Guest Bennett Fullam Hudson Hutchins Pringle Stanly Stevens Halford Leutze Philip Renshaw Ringgold Schroeder Sigsbee Conway Cony Converse Eaton Foote Spence Terry Thatcher Anthony Wadsworth Walker Brownson Daly Isherwood Kimberly Luce Abner Read Ammen Mullany (ex-Beatty) Bush Trathen Hazelwood Heermann Hoel McCord Miller Owen The Sullivans (ex-Putnam, Sullivan) Stephen Potter Tingey Twining Yarnall Boyd Bradford Brown Cowell Capps David W. Taylor Evans John D. Henley Franks Haggard Hailey Johnston Laws Longshaw Morrison Prichett Robinson Ross Rowe Smalley Stoddard Watts Wren Aulick Charles Ausburne Claxton Dyson Harrison John Rodgers McKee Murray Sproston Wickes William D. Porter Young Charrette Conner Hall Halligan Haraden Newcomb Bell Burns Izard Paul Hamilton Twiggs Howorth Killen Hart (ex-Mansfield) Metcalf Shields Wiley Abbot Braine Erben Hale Sigourney Stembel Albert W. Grant Caperton Cogswell Ingersoll Knapp Bearss John Hood Van Valkenburgh Charles J. Badger Colahan Dashiell Bullard Kidd Bennion Heywood L. Edwards Richard P. Leary Bryant Black Chauncey Clarence K. Bronson Cotten Dortch Gatling Healy Hickox Hunt Lewis Hancock Marshall McDermut McGowan McNair Melvin Hopewell Porterfield Stockham Wedderburn Picking Halsey Powell Uhlmann Remey Wadleigh Norman Scott Mertz Callaghan Cassin Young Irwin Preston Benham Cushing Monssen Jarvis Porter Colhoun Gregory Little Rooks Cancelled Percival Watson Stevenson Stockton Thorn Turner DD-523 (Unnamed) – DD-525 (Unnamed) DD-542 (Unnamed) DD-543 (Unnamed) DD-548 (Unnamed) DD-549 (Unnamed) Other operators Argentine NavyBrown class Almirante Brown (ex-Heermann) Espora (ex-Dortch) Rosales (ex-Stembel) Almirante Domecq García (ex-Braine) Almirante Storni (ex-Cowell)  Brazilian NavyPará class Pará (ex-Guest) Paraíba (ex-Bennett) Paraná (ex-Cushing) Pernambuco (ex-Hailey) Piauí (ex-Lewis Hancock) Santa Catarina (ex-Irwin) Maranhão (ex-Shields)  Chilean Navy Blanco Encalada (ex-Wadleigh) Cochrane (ex-Rooks) (Charles J. Badger was purchased by the Chilean Navy for spare parts)  Republic of China NavyHeng Yang class Kwei Yang (ex-Twining) Chiang Yang (ex-Mullany) An Yang (ex-Kimberly) Kun Yang (ex-Yarnall)  Colombian National Navy Antioquia (ex-Hale)  German NavyZerstörer 1 class Zerstörer 1 (ex-Anthony) Zerstörer 2 (ex-Ringgold) Zerstörer 3 (ex-Wadsworth) Zerstörer 4 (ex-Claxton) Zerstörer 5 (ex-Dyson) Zerstörer 6 (ex-Charles Ausburne)  Hellenic Navy Aspis (ex-Conner) Kimon (ex-Zerstörer 2) Lonchi (ex-Hall) Navarinon (ex-Brown) Nearchos (ex-Zerstörer 3) Sfendoni (ex-Aulick) Thyella (ex-Bradford) Velos (ex-Charrette) (Claxton and Dyson were purchased by the Hellenic Navy for spare parts)  Marina MilitareFante class Geniere (ex-Pritchett) Lanciere (ex-Taylor) Fante (ex-Walker)  Japan Maritime Self-Defense ForceAriake class Ariake (ex-Heywood L. Edwards) Yūgure (ex-Richard P. Leary)  Republic of Korea NavyChungmu class Chung Mu (ex-Erben) Seoul (ex-Halsey Powell) Pusan (ex-Hickox)  Mexican Navy Cuauhtémoc (ex-Harrison) Cuitláhuac (ex-John Rodgers)  Peruvian Navy Villar (ex-Benham) Almirante Guise (ex-Isherwood) (La Vallette and Terry were purchased by the Peruvian Navy for spare parts)  Spanish Navy Lepanto (ex-Capps) Almirante Ferrandíz (ex-David W. Taylor) Almirante Valdés (ex-Converse) Alcalá Galiano (ex-Jarvis) Jorge Juan (ex-McGowan)  Turkish Navy İstanbul (ex-Clarence K. Bronson) İzmir (ex-Van Valkenburgh) İzmit (ex-Cogswell) İskenderun (ex-Boyd) İçel (ex-Preston) Preceded by: Gleaves class Followed by: Allen M. Sumner class List of destroyers of the United States Navy
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USS Converse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Converse"},{"link_name":"Fletcher-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"George A. Converse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_A._Converse"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching"},{"link_name":"Bath Iron Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath_Iron_Works"},{"link_name":"Bath, Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Maine"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see USS Converse.USS Converse (DD-509), a Fletcher-class destroyer, was the second ship of the United States Navy to be named for George A. Converse (1844–1909).Converse was launched 30 August 1942 by Bath Iron Works Corp., Bath, Maine; sponsored by Miss A. V. Jackson; and commissioned 20 November 1942.","title":"USS Converse (DD-509)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guantanamo Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Nouméa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a"},{"link_name":"convoys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convoy"},{"link_name":"New Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Espiritu Santo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espiritu_Santo"},{"link_name":"Guadalcanal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadalcanal"},{"link_name":"Port Purvis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purvis_Bay"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"Destroyer Squadron 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_Squadron_23"},{"link_name":"Presidential Unit Citation (US)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Unit_Citation_(US)"},{"link_name":"Solomons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser"},{"link_name":"Bougainville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bougainville_campaign_(1944-45)"},{"link_name":"Buka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buka_Island"},{"link_name":"Bonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonis_Airfield"},{"link_name":"Shortlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortlands"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy"},{"link_name":"Battle of Empress Augusta Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Empress_Augusta_Bay"},{"link_name":"Rabaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabaul"},{"link_name":"Stanly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Stanly"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"torpedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo"},{"link_name":"squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squadron_(naval)"}],"text":"After training at Guantanamo Bay and Pearl Harbor, Converse arrived at Nouméa 17 May 1943, and through the summer covered convoys carrying men and supplies to New Georgia, then escorted ships moving between Espiritu Santo and Guadalcanal. Arriving at Port Purvis in the Solomon Islands 16 September 1943, she joined Destroyer Squadron 23 (DesRon 23), with whom she was to win a Presidential Unit Citation (US) for operations in the northern Solomons between 31 October 1943 and 4 February 1944.On the first of those dates, Converse sortied with her squadron and cruisers to provide cover for amphibious landings on Bougainville, and on the night of 31 October – 1 November 1943, bombarded Buka and Bonis airfields and targets in the Shortlands. The next night her force intercepted a Japanese group of cruisers and destroyers heading for an attack on the transports lying at Bougainville, and opened fire in the Battle of Empress Augusta Bay. The Japanese lost one cruiser and one destroyer in this action, and were turned back from their intended attack on the transports, although the American defenders came under severe attack by aircraft from Rabaul supporting the Japanese ships.Converse continued bombardments and escort duty supporting the Bougainville operation, and on the night of 16–17 November 1943 joined Stanly in firing on a surfaced submarine, scoring several hits. On the night of 24–25 November, the squadron intercepted five Japanese destroyers attempting to evacuate critically needed aviation troops from Buka to Rabaul. In a skillfully-executed torpedo attack followed by a persistent chase, during which Converse was struck by a torpedo which failed to explode in the engine room, the squadron sank three of the enemy ships and caused heavy damage to a fourth, while emerging unscathed themselves.While escorting a group of ships carrying reinforcements and supplies to Bougainville 3 December 1943, Converse came under heavy attack from six waves of Japanese bombers. A near miss caused an electrical failure, putting her radar out of commission and resulting in a loss of power forward. Repairs were quickly made, and the Japanese force fought off, but Converse sailed from Port Purvis 14 December for complete repairs at Sydney, Australia. She rejoined her squadron at Port Purvis 30 January 1944 for bombardments and hunting forays against Japanese shipping through February and March in the northern Solomons.","title":"Solomon Islands, May 1943 – March 1944"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fast Carrier Task Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Carrier_Task_Force"},{"link_name":"Palaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau"},{"link_name":"Carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"Truk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuuk_Lagoon"},{"link_name":"Satawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satawan"},{"link_name":"Ponape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohnpei"},{"link_name":"invasion of Saipan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Saipan"},{"link_name":"Marianas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Islands"},{"link_name":"Bonins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Philippine Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Philippine_Sea"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam"},{"link_name":"Rota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rota_(island)"},{"link_name":"Eniwetok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eniwetok"},{"link_name":"Mare Island Naval Shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Island_Naval_Shipyard"}],"text":"Converse cleared Port Purvis 27 March 1944 to join the Fast Carrier Task Force (then-TF 58) for screening duty during the air strikes on the Palaus from 30 March to 1 April, and with that force covered the Hollandia landings through preinvasion air attacks and bombardment, continuing their fire during the landings 22 April. Carrier attacks on Truk, Satawan, and Ponape at the close of the month found Converse continuing her screening duties.Attacks preparatory to, and covering, the invasion of Saipan began 12 June as targets throughout the Marianas were hit. While the landings themselves were made on 15 June, Converse's task force hit at Japanese bases in the Bonins, then returned to the Marianas to continue their close support. When the Japanese fleet challenged the American operations in the Marianas on 19 June, Converse continued her screening through the resulting aerial Battle of the Philippine Sea, a 2-day engagement which resulted in the sinking of three Japanese carriers and the loss to Japan of many aircraft and their irreplaceable pilots. After joining in shore bombardment of Guam and Rota at the, close of June, Converse replenished at Eniwetok, and on 4 August, sailed for overhaul at Mare Island Naval Shipyard.","title":"Central Pacific, March – August 1944"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte_(island)"},{"link_name":"Mindoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindoro"},{"link_name":"suicide planes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamikaze"},{"link_name":"LST-749","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-749"},{"link_name":"Corregidor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corregidor"},{"link_name":"Malinta Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malinta_Tunnel"},{"link_name":"Subic Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subic_Bay"},{"link_name":"Panay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panay"},{"link_name":"Negros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negros_Island"},{"link_name":"Iloilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iloilo"},{"link_name":"planned invasion of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Downfall"},{"link_name":"Okinawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa"},{"link_name":"radar picket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radar_picket"},{"link_name":"Panama Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_Canal"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Charleston, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"battle stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_star"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"The destroyer returned to action 3 November 1944 when she joined the screen of carriers covering the convoy routes to newly invaded Leyte. On 21 December, while escorting the first resupply echelon to Mindoro, Converse came under attack by desperate Japanese suicide planes, and fired to drive them away as well as rescuing 266 survivors of LST-749. She gave fire support to the landings in Lingayen Gulf on 9 and 10 January 1945, and then joined the task unit assigned to recapture Corregidor. Her guns destroyed gun emplacements, barges, suicide boats, and entombed about 100 enemy troops by sealing the entrance to Malinta Tunnel.After brief overhaul in Subic Bay, Converse patrolled off Corregidor until mid-March 1945, and from 18 March to 1 April joined in the invasion of Panay and Negros. Through the next month she carried out a variety of duties in the development of Iloilo as a staging center for the planned invasion of Japan. On 16 May, Converse arrived off Okinawa, where she operated on dangerous and demanding radar picket duty until the close of the war. Often firing to drive off suicide-bent Japanese aircraft, she received no damage during the difficult months that followed.On 10 September she sailed from Okinawa for Pearl Harbor, the Panama Canal, and Washington, D.C., where on 19 October, the ceremonial award of the Presidential Unit Citation was made to her squadron. After overhaul at Brooklyn, she was decommissioned and placed in reserve at Charleston, South Carolina, 23 April 1946.In addition to the Presidential Unit Citation, Converse received 11 battle stars for World War II service.","title":"Philippines and Okinawa, November 1944 – August 1945"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mutual Assistance Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_Defense_Assistance_Act"}],"text":"On 1 July 1959 Converse was transferred under the Mutual Assistance Program to Spain, where she was renamed Almirante Valdés (D23).The ship was stricken 17 November 1986 and scrapped in 1988.","title":"Almirante Valdés (D23)"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/c/converse-ii.html","external_links_name":"here"},{"Link":"http://www.destroyerhistory.org/fletcherclass/ussconverse/","external_links_name":"USS Converse website"},{"Link":"http://www.destroyerhistory.org/index.html","external_links_name":"Destroyer History Foundation"},{"Link":"http://www.navsource.org/archives/05/509.htm","external_links_name":"navsource.org: USS Converse"},{"Link":"http://www.hazegray.org/danfs/destroy/dd509txt.htm","external_links_name":"hazegray.org: USS Converse"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(Time_album)
Time (Time album)
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"]
1972 studio album by TimeTimeStudio album by TimeReleased1972GenreProgressive Rock, jazz rockLanguageCroatianLabelJugotonProducerVladimir VihaljekTime chronology Time(1972) Time II(1975) Time is the debut studio album by the Yugoslavian rock group Time, released in 1972 by Jugoton. The album was polled in 1998 as the 3rd on the list of 100 greatest Yugoslav rock and pop albums in the book YU 100: najbolji albumi jugoslovenske rok i pop muzike (YU 100: The Best albums of Yugoslav pop and rock music). Track listing All lyrics are written by Dado Topić; all music is composed by Dado Topić, except where notedA sideNo.TitleLength1."Istina mašina"4:402."Pjesma no. 3"5:543."Hegedupa upa"5:15 B sideNo.TitleMusicLength1."Kralj alkohol"Alberto Krasnić6:532."Za koji život treba da se rodim" 10:05 Personnel Dado Topić - vocals; bass and acoustic guitar (track 3) Vedran Božić - guitar Tihomir "Pop" Asanović - keyboards, hammond organ; synthesizers and melloton (track 3) Brane Živković - Lambert - piano, flute Mario Mavrin - bass Ratko Divjak - drums; congas (track 3) References ^ "Time". Discogs. Retrieved 1 October 2012. ^ Antonić, Duško; Štrbac, Danilo (1998). YU 100: najbolji albumi jugoslovenske rok i pop muzike. Belgrade: YU Rock Press. p. 5.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(rock_band)"},{"link_name":"Jugoton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugoton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"YU 100: najbolji albumi jugoslovenske rok i pop muzike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YU_100:_najbolji_albumi_jugoslovenske_rok_i_pop_muzike"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Time is the debut studio album by the Yugoslavian rock group Time, released in 1972 by Jugoton.[1]The album was polled in 1998 as the 3rd on the list of 100 greatest Yugoslav rock and pop albums in the book YU 100: najbolji albumi jugoslovenske rok i pop muzike (YU 100: The Best albums of Yugoslav pop and rock music).[2]","title":"Time (Time album)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All lyrics are written by Dado Topić; all music is composed by Dado Topić, except where notedA sideNo.TitleLength1.\"Istina mašina\"4:402.\"Pjesma no. 3\"5:543.\"Hegedupa upa\"5:15B sideNo.TitleMusicLength1.\"Kralj alkohol\"Alberto Krasnić6:532.\"Za koji život treba da se rodim\" 10:05","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tihomir \"Pop\" Asanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tihomir_Pop_Asanovi%C4%87"}],"text":"Dado Topić - vocals; bass and acoustic guitar (track 3)\nVedran Božić - guitar\nTihomir \"Pop\" Asanović - keyboards, hammond organ; synthesizers and melloton (track 3)\nBrane Živković - Lambert - piano, flute\nMario Mavrin - bass\nRatko Divjak - drums; congas (track 3)","title":"Personnel"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Time\". Discogs. Retrieved 1 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discogs.com/Time-Time/master/119011","url_text":"\"Time\""}]},{"reference":"Antonić, Duško; Štrbac, Danilo (1998). YU 100: najbolji albumi jugoslovenske rok i pop muzike. Belgrade: YU Rock Press. p. 5.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/Time-Time/master/119011","external_links_name":"\"Time\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Van_Upp
Virginia Van Upp
["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Queen of Columbia","3 Personal life","4 Filmography","5 References","6 External links"]
American screenwriter Virginia Van UppVirginia Van Upp in 1946Born(1902-01-13)January 13, 1902Chicago, Illinois, USDiedMarch 25, 1970(1970-03-25) (aged 68)Los Angeles, California USOccupations Film producer screenwriter Virginia Van Upp (January 13, 1902 – March 25, 1970) was an American film producer and screenwriter. Early life Van Upp was born in Chicago, the daughter of Harry and Helen Van Upp. Mrs Van Upp had been an editor and title writer for Thomas H. Ince. Van Upp performed in several silent films as a child actress. She soon worked her way up in the film industry, becoming a script writer, film editor, script reader, casting director, and agent. Career Her first screenplay credit was for Paramount Pictures' The Pursuit of Happiness (1934). She was a prolific writer and re-writer of screenplays for Paramount until 1943. Queen of Columbia Virginia Van Upp (right) with Rita Hayworth and Glenn Ford on the set of Gilda (1946), which she co-wrote and produced Ever on the lookout for talent, and after several writers failed to create a satisfying screenplay of Cover Girl (1944), Harry Cohn of Columbia Pictures hired Van Upp from Paramount to rewrite the script. Cover Girl was designed as a Technicolor project for Columbia's Rita Hayworth. Cohn surrounded his star with the best talent available, such as costume designers Travis Banton and Gwen Wakeling, who had extensive experience in big budget 20th Century Fox films. Cohn was initially reluctant to have Gene Kelly from MGM as Hayworth's co-star, until he was convinced that Kelly and his assistant Stanley Donen would do the choreography for the film for no extra fee. Van Upp not only fashioned a successful screenplay from the discarded drafts, but most importantly, gained the confidence of Rita Hayworth, becoming a friend and a mediator between her and the studio—even supervising Hayworth's costumes and rewriting her own work to suit Hayworth's new persona. Seeing the impressive results, Cohn made Van Upp an associate producer and later Executive Producer at the studio. Not only did Cohn recognize the importance of appealing to the large female audiences, while men were away during World War II, but Van Upp's broad experience in the film industry at all levels made her a rarity: as opposed to most screenwriters who resented studio interference with their work, she understood and welcomed diversity of opinion and pressure from the studio to complete a successful film. Van Upp was only one of three female producers in Hollywood at the time. (The others were Joan Harrison who was associated with Alfred Hitchcock, and Harriet Parsons, daughter of influential gossip columnist Louella Parsons.) On January 7, 1945, The New York Times commented: Miss Van Upp's new berth is considered to be the most important position yet for a woman at a major studio. She will have the overall supervision and preparation and actual filming of twelve to fourteen top budget pictures to be made by Columbia during the year. Working under her will be several associate producers, all men. As a producer, Van Upp's work was often uncredited, such as the recutting of Orson Welles's vehicle for his wife Rita Hayworth, The Lady from Shanghai. Perhaps Van Upp's best remembered production is film Gilda (1946), which she co-wrote and carefully supervised. After making The Guilt of Janet Ames (1947) with Rosalind Russell, Van Upp left Columbia to spend time with her family. Harry Cohn rewarded her with a job inspecting the Latin American market, where she visited 14 Central and South American countries. During this visit, Van Upp announced that she would produce films based on the novels Christ the Man and Tolvanera by Spanish writer Dr. Ginés de La Torre, but these plans never came to fruition. It was also announced that Virginia would produce a film on the life of Rudolph Valentino for independent producer Edward Small; Small made the film several years later without her involvement. Van Upp's script for Christ the Man, titled The Trial, about a staging of the life of Jesus Christ in a small, American town, was projected for producer/director Frank Capra. However, on Feb. 27, 1951, Paramount announced the picture had been abandoned because of "the heavy expenditure necessary to produce it," circa $2,000,000. Capra believed the subject matter influenced the decision. She returned to Columbia to work on Rita Hayworth's comeback film Affair in Trinidad (1952), which reunited her with Gilda co-star Glenn Ford. A projected film at Republic Pictures was cancelled due to an illness, and she reportedly made films for the United States Army in West Germany. Personal life Van Upp was married twice. Her second husband was production manager Ralph W. Nelson. They were divorced in 1949. The couple had one daughter. Filmography The Pursuit of Happiness (1934) - screenplay Timothy's Quest (1936) - screenplay Too Many Parents (1936) - screenplay Poppy (1936) - screenplay My American Wife (1936) - uncredited writer Easy to Take (1936) - screenplay Swing High, Swing Low (1937) - screenplay You and Me (1938) - screenplay St. Louis Blues (1939) - screenplay Honeymoon in Bali (1939) - screenplay Cafe Society (1939) - story, screenplay Virginia (1941) - story, screenplay Come Live with Me (1941) - story One Night in Lisbon (1941) - screenplay Bahama Passage (1941) - screenplay The Crystal Ball (1943) - screenplay Young and Willing (1943) - screenplay Cover Girl (1944) - screenplay The Impatient Years (1944) - story, screenplay, associate producer Together Again (1944) - screenplay, producer She Wouldn't Say Yes (1945) - screenplay, producer Gilda (1946) - producer The Guilt of Janet Ames (1947) - uncredited producer Here Comes the Groom (1951) - screenplay Affair in Trinidad (1952) - story, uncredited producer References ^ Variety Obituary April 15, 1970 ^ Francke, Lizzie. Script Girls: Women Screenwriters in Hollywood British Film Institute (1994) p. 59 ^ Finler, Joel Waldo The Hollywood Story Wallflower Press (2003) p. 91 ^ Dick, Bernard F. The Merchant Prince of Poverty Row: Harry Cohn of Columbia Pictures University Press of Kentucky (1993) p.67 ^ Biesen, Sheri Chinen. Blackout: World War II and the Origins of Film Noir Johns Hopkins University Press (2005) p. 147 ^ Kaplan, E. Ann. Women in Film Noir British Film Institute (1998) p. 227 ^ McLean, Adrienne L. Being Rita Hayworth: Labor, Identity, and Hollywood Stardom Rutgers University Press (2004) p. 236 ^ The Lima News October 22, 1949 p. 4 ^ Newsweek Volume 34 1949 ^ The Milwaukee Sentinel December 17, 1948 ^ The New York Times Feb. 28, 1951 ^ Virginia Van Upp Film Directors Site ^ Ralph W. Nelson IMDB External links Virginia Van Upp at IMDb Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Poland People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Virginia Van Upp (January 13, 1902 – March 25, 1970)[1] was an American film producer and screenwriter.","title":"Virginia Van Upp"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Thomas H. Ince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_H._Ince"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"script writer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Script_writer"},{"link_name":"film editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_editor"},{"link_name":"script reader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Script_reader"},{"link_name":"casting director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting_director"},{"link_name":"agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talent_agent"}],"text":"Van Upp was born in Chicago, the daughter of Harry and Helen Van Upp. Mrs Van Upp had been an editor and title writer for Thomas H. Ince.[2]Van Upp performed in several silent films as a child actress. She soon worked her way up in the film industry, becoming a script writer, film editor, script reader, casting director, and agent.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paramount Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"}],"text":"Her first screenplay credit was for Paramount Pictures' The Pursuit of Happiness (1934). She was a prolific writer and re-writer of screenplays for Paramount until 1943.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Backstage_photo_of_Gilda.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rita Hayworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Hayworth"},{"link_name":"Glenn Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Ford"},{"link_name":"Gilda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilda"},{"link_name":"Cover Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_Girl_(film)"},{"link_name":"Harry Cohn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Cohn"},{"link_name":"Columbia Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Technicolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technicolor"},{"link_name":"Rita Hayworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Hayworth"},{"link_name":"Travis Banton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Banton"},{"link_name":"Gwen Wakeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwen_Wakeling"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Gene Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Kelly"},{"link_name":"MGM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM"},{"link_name":"Stanley Donen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Donen"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Joan Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Harrison_(screenwriter)"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"Harriet Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Parsons"},{"link_name":"Louella Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louella_Parsons"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Orson Welles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson_Welles"},{"link_name":"The Lady from Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lady_from_Shanghai"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Gilda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilda"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"The Guilt of Janet Ames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guilt_of_Janet_Ames"},{"link_name":"Rosalind Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Russell"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ginés de La Torre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gin%C3%A9s_de_La_Torre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Valentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Valentino"},{"link_name":"Edward Small","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Small"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Frank Capra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Capra"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"comeback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comeback_(publicity)"},{"link_name":"Affair in Trinidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affair_in_Trinidad"},{"link_name":"Glenn Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Ford"},{"link_name":"Republic Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Pictures"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Queen of Columbia","text":"Virginia Van Upp (right) with Rita Hayworth and Glenn Ford on the set of Gilda (1946), which she co-wrote and producedEver on the lookout for talent, and after several writers failed to create a satisfying screenplay of Cover Girl (1944), Harry Cohn of Columbia Pictures hired Van Upp from Paramount to rewrite the script. Cover Girl was designed as a Technicolor project for Columbia's Rita Hayworth. Cohn surrounded his star with the best talent available, such as costume designers Travis Banton and Gwen Wakeling, who had extensive experience in big budget 20th Century Fox films.[3] Cohn was initially reluctant to have Gene Kelly from MGM as Hayworth's co-star, until he was convinced that Kelly and his assistant Stanley Donen would do the choreography for the film for no extra fee. Van Upp not only fashioned a successful screenplay from the discarded drafts, but most importantly, gained the confidence of Rita Hayworth, becoming a friend and a mediator between her and the studio—even supervising Hayworth's costumes and rewriting her own work to suit Hayworth's new persona.Seeing the impressive results, Cohn made Van Upp an associate producer and later Executive Producer at the studio. Not only did Cohn recognize the importance of appealing to the large female audiences, while men were away during World War II, but Van Upp's broad experience in the film industry at all levels made her a rarity: as opposed to most screenwriters who resented studio interference with their work,[4] she understood and welcomed diversity of opinion and pressure from the studio to complete a successful film.Van Upp was only one of three female producers in Hollywood at the time. (The others were Joan Harrison who was associated with Alfred Hitchcock, and Harriet Parsons, daughter of influential gossip columnist Louella Parsons.) On January 7, 1945, The New York Times commented:Miss Van Upp's new berth is considered to be the most important position yet for a woman at a major studio. She will have the overall supervision and preparation and actual filming of twelve to fourteen top budget pictures to be made by Columbia during the year. Working under her will be several associate producers, all men.[5]As a producer, Van Upp's work was often uncredited, such as the recutting of Orson Welles's vehicle for his wife Rita Hayworth, The Lady from Shanghai.[6]Perhaps Van Upp's best remembered production is film Gilda (1946), which she co-wrote and carefully supervised.[7]After making The Guilt of Janet Ames (1947) with Rosalind Russell, Van Upp left Columbia to spend time with her family. Harry Cohn rewarded her with a job inspecting the Latin American market, where she visited 14 Central and South American countries.[8] During this visit, Van Upp announced that she would produce films based on the novels Christ the Man and Tolvanera by Spanish writer Dr. Ginés de La Torre, but these plans never came to fruition.[9] It was also announced that Virginia would produce a film on the life of Rudolph Valentino for independent producer Edward Small; Small made the film several years later without her involvement.[10]Van Upp's script for Christ the Man, titled The Trial, about a staging of the life of Jesus Christ in a small, American town, was projected for producer/director Frank Capra. However, on Feb. 27, 1951, Paramount announced the picture had been abandoned because of \"the heavy expenditure necessary to produce it,\" circa $2,000,000. Capra believed the subject matter influenced the decision.[11]She returned to Columbia to work on Rita Hayworth's comeback film Affair in Trinidad (1952), which reunited her with Gilda co-star Glenn Ford.A projected film at Republic Pictures was cancelled due to an illness, and she reportedly made films for the United States Army in West Germany.[12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Van Upp was married twice. Her second husband was production manager Ralph W. Nelson.[13] They were divorced in 1949. The couple had one daughter.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Pursuit of Happiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pursuit_of_Happiness_(1934_film)"},{"link_name":"Timothy's Quest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy%27s_Quest_(1936_film)"},{"link_name":"Too Many Parents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_Many_Parents"},{"link_name":"Poppy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppy_(1936_film)"},{"link_name":"My American Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_American_Wife_(1936_film)"},{"link_name":"Easy to Take","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_to_Take"},{"link_name":"Swing High, Swing Low","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swing_High,_Swing_Low_(1938_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"You and Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_and_Me_(1938_film)"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Blues_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"Honeymoon in Bali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeymoon_in_Bali"},{"link_name":"Cafe Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafe_Society_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_(1941_film)"},{"link_name":"Come Live with Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_Live_with_Me_(film)"},{"link_name":"One Night in Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Night_in_Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Bahama Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahama_Passage"},{"link_name":"The Crystal Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crystal_Ball_(film)"},{"link_name":"Young and Willing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_and_Willing"},{"link_name":"Cover Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_Girl_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Impatient Years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Impatient_Years"},{"link_name":"Together Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Together_Again_(film)"},{"link_name":"She Wouldn't Say Yes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/She_Wouldn%27t_Say_Yes"},{"link_name":"Gilda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilda_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Guilt of Janet Ames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guilt_of_Janet_Ames"},{"link_name":"Here Comes the Groom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_Comes_the_Groom_(1951_film)"},{"link_name":"Affair in Trinidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affair_in_Trinidad"}],"text":"The Pursuit of Happiness (1934) - screenplay\nTimothy's Quest (1936) - screenplay\nToo Many Parents (1936) - screenplay\nPoppy (1936) - screenplay\nMy American Wife (1936) - uncredited writer\nEasy to Take (1936) - screenplay\nSwing High, Swing Low (1937) - screenplay\nYou and Me (1938) - screenplay\nSt. Louis Blues (1939) - screenplay\nHoneymoon in Bali (1939) - screenplay\nCafe Society (1939) - story, screenplay\nVirginia (1941) - story, screenplay\nCome Live with Me (1941) - story\nOne Night in Lisbon (1941) - screenplay\nBahama Passage (1941) - screenplay\nThe Crystal Ball (1943) - screenplay\nYoung and Willing (1943) - screenplay\nCover Girl (1944) - screenplay\nThe Impatient Years (1944) - story, screenplay, associate producer\nTogether Again (1944) - screenplay, producer\nShe Wouldn't Say Yes (1945) - screenplay, producer\nGilda (1946) - producer\nThe Guilt of Janet Ames (1947) - uncredited producer\nHere Comes the Groom (1951) - screenplay\nAffair in Trinidad (1952) - story, uncredited producer","title":"Filmography"}]
[{"image_text":"Virginia Van Upp (right) with Rita Hayworth and Glenn Ford on the set of Gilda (1946), which she co-wrote and produced","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Backstage_photo_of_Gilda.jpg/260px-Backstage_photo_of_Gilda.jpg"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Route_240
Oregon Route 240
["1 Route description","2 Major intersections","3 References"]
Route map: Highway in Oregon For the unsigned Highway 240, see Cape Arago Highway. This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Oregon Route 240" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Oregon Route 240Route 240 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by ODOTLength11.50 mi (18.51 km)Major junctionsWest end OR 47 in YamhillEast end OR 99W in Newberg LocationCountryUnited StatesStateOregon Highway system Oregon Highways Interstate US State Named Scenic ← OR 238→ OR 241 Oregon Route 240 is a short highway, running about 11 miles (18 km) from Newberg to Yamhill. It has medium traffic and it is to the southwest of the Portland metropolitan area. OR 240 is known as the Yamhill-Newberg Highway No. 151 (see Oregon highways and routes). Route description Oregon Route 240 begins at the intersection of Oregon Route 47 and Main Street in Yamhill. Merging with East Main Street, the highway leaves Yamhill, continuing eastward through farmland and arrives in Newberg, merging with North Main Street for just over 6 blocks. It stops there at the intersection with Oregon Route 99W. The road west of Newberg looking west Major intersections The entire route is in Yamhill County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Yamhill0.000.00 OR 47 – Carlton, McMinnville, Forest Grove Newberg11.4518.43 OR 99W south – McMinnvilleOne-way couplet 11.5018.51 OR 99W north – Portland, Salem 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi References KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Oregon Route 240KML is not from Wikidata
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_We_All_Were_Angels_(1956_film)
If We All Were Angels (1956 film)
["1 Cast","2 Bibliography","3 External links"]
1956 filmThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "If We All Were Angels" 1956 film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)If We All Were AngelsDirected byGünther LüdersWritten byHeinrich Spoerl (novel)Kurt NachmannProduced byGeorg RichterStarringDieter BorscheMarianne KochHans SöhnkerCinematographyGünther RittauEdited byAnneliese SchönnenbeckMusic byFranz GrotheProductioncompanyBavaria FilmDistributed bySchorcht FilmverleihRelease date 21 September 1956 (1956-09-21) Running time88 minutesCountryWest GermanyLanguageGerman If We All Were Angels (German: Wenn wir alle Engel wären) is a 1956 West German comedy film directed by Günther Lüders and starring Dieter Borsche, Marianne Koch and Hans Söhnker. It is a remake of the 1936 film If We All Were Angels. Cast Dieter Borsche as Christian Kempenich Marianne Koch as Elisabeth Kempenich Hans Söhnker as Enrico Farlotti Carla Hagen as Marie Fita Benkhoff as Selma Gustav Knuth as Kommissar Erich Ponto as Amtsrichter Ingrid Pan as Fräulein Knüll Edith Hancke as Junge Animierdame Elisabeth Lennartz as Frau Schimmelpfennig Ellinor Lang Albert Florath as Justizrat Genius Joachim Teege as Amtsanwalt Rudolf Therkatz as Bürgermeister Walter Gross as Robert Willy Maertens as Jörges Adolf Dell as Bürgermeister Bibliography Williams, Alan. Film and Nationalism. Rutgers University Press, 2002. External links If We All Were Angels at IMDb This article related to a German film of the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Günther Lüders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_L%C3%BCders"},{"link_name":"Dieter Borsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Borsche"},{"link_name":"Marianne Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Koch"},{"link_name":"Hans Söhnker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_S%C3%B6hnker"},{"link_name":"If We All Were Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/If_We_All_Were_Angels_(1936_film)"}],"text":"If We All Were Angels (German: Wenn wir alle Engel wären) is a 1956 West German comedy film directed by Günther Lüders and starring Dieter Borsche, Marianne Koch and Hans Söhnker. It is a remake of the 1936 film If We All Were Angels.","title":"If We All Were Angels (1956 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dieter Borsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Borsche"},{"link_name":"Marianne Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Koch"},{"link_name":"Hans Söhnker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_S%C3%B6hnker"},{"link_name":"Carla Hagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Hagen"},{"link_name":"Fita Benkhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fita_Benkhoff"},{"link_name":"Gustav Knuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Knuth"},{"link_name":"Erich Ponto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Ponto"},{"link_name":"Ingrid Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid_Pan"},{"link_name":"Edith Hancke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Hancke"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Lennartz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Lennartz"},{"link_name":"Ellinor Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ellinor_Lang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Albert Florath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Florath"},{"link_name":"Joachim Teege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Teege"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Therkatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Therkatz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Walter Gross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gross_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Willy Maertens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Maertens"},{"link_name":"Adolf Dell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Dell&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Dieter Borsche as Christian Kempenich\nMarianne Koch as Elisabeth Kempenich\nHans Söhnker as Enrico Farlotti\nCarla Hagen as Marie\nFita Benkhoff as Selma\nGustav Knuth as Kommissar\nErich Ponto as Amtsrichter\nIngrid Pan as Fräulein Knüll\nEdith Hancke as Junge Animierdame\nElisabeth Lennartz as Frau Schimmelpfennig\nEllinor Lang\nAlbert Florath as Justizrat Genius\nJoachim Teege as Amtsanwalt\nRudolf Therkatz as Bürgermeister\nWalter Gross as Robert\nWilly Maertens as Jörges\nAdolf Dell as Bürgermeister","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Williams, Alan. Film and Nationalism. Rutgers University Press, 2002.","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Collier
Joe Collier
["1 College career","2 Buffalo Bills (1962–1968)","3 Denver Broncos (1969–1988)","4 New England Patriots (1991–1992)","5 Personal life","6 Head coaching record","7 References","8 External links"]
American football coach (1932–2024) For the British pharmacologist, see Joe Collier (pharmacologist). American football player Joe CollierPersonal informationBorn:(1932-06-07)June 7, 1932Rock Island, Illinois, U.S.Died:May 6, 2024(2024-05-06) (aged 91)Littleton, Colorado, U.S.Career informationHigh school:Rock IslandCollege:NorthwesternNFL draft:1954 / Round: 22 / Pick: 257Career history As a coach: Western Illinois (1957–1959)Assistant coach Boston Patriots (1960–1961)Assistant coach Buffalo Bills (1962–1965)Linebackers and defensive backs coach Buffalo Bills (1966–1968)Head coach Denver Broncos (1969–1971)Defensive backs coach Denver Broncos (1972–1988)Defensive coordinator New England Patriots (1991–1992)Defensive coordinator Career highlights and awards 2× AFL champion (1964, 1965) 2× First-team All-American (1952, 1953) First-team All-Big Ten (1952) Colorado Sports Hall of Fame (2002) Head coaching recordRegular season:13–16–1 (.450)Postseason:0–1 (.000)Career:13–17–1 (.435)Coaching stats at PFR Joel Dale Collier (June 7, 1932 – May 6, 2024) was an American professional football coach who was the head coach of the Buffalo Bills of the American Football League (AFL) from 1966 through part of 1968, compiling a 13–16–1 record. He later coached in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Northwestern Wildcats, earning first-team All-American honors in 1952 and 1953. College career Collier attended Northwestern University, where he played on the Northwestern Wildcats football team. In 1952, his junior season, he broke Big Ten Conference records by catching seven touchdown passes and accumulating 650 receiving yards. He was named to the 1952 College Football All-America Team. Following the 1953 college football season, in which he captained the Wildcats and again earned All-American honors, Collier was selected by the New York Giants in the 22nd round of the 1954 NFL Draft. However, Collier decided not to play professional football, instead becoming an assistant coach at Western Illinois University after a three-year stint in the U.S. Army. Collier spent three seasons as a Western Illinois assistant, from 1957 to 1959. Buffalo Bills (1962–1968) After spending two seasons as an assistant coach with the Boston Patriots of the brand new AFL, Collier joined the Buffalo Bills in 1962 as a defensive coach. The team won the 1965 AFL Championship Game over the San Diego Chargers with help from defensive alignments that Collier designed. One idea he came up with was similar to the modern zone blitz; Collier's defense featured defensive line players moving back to cover pass attempts. Collier was promoted to head coach in 1966, after previous coach Lou Saban resigned. The Bills' best season under Collier came in his first year, when they won the Eastern Division with a 9–4–1 record, eventually losing to the Kansas City Chiefs in the AFL Championship Game. After coming within one game of an AFL championship, the team slumped to 4–10 in 1967. After a poor performance by the Bills in a 1968 pre-season game, Collier set up a scrimmage for his team. During the practice session, quarterback Jack Kemp broke his right leg, an injury that forced him to undergo season-ending surgery. The Bills fired Collier after a 48–6 loss to the Oakland Raiders in the second week of the regular season. Sports Illustrated opined that "Collier's fate undoubtedly was decided..." by Kemp's injury. Denver Broncos (1969–1988) Following his time as head coach of the Bills, Collier became a Denver Broncos coach in 1969 and spent 20 years with the team, which reached three Super Bowls with him as defensive coordinator. Collier was the architect of the Broncos' 3–4 defense in the late 1970s, a scheme that was known as the Orange Crush Defense. Although he preferred to set up the Broncos' defense with four linemen, Collier occasionally organized a 3–4 defense experimentally. After an injury to Lyle Alzado early in the 1976 season, Collier used the system more regularly and improved upon it: author Terry Frei called him "the scientist in the laboratory, coming up with ways to make the defense even better." After being hired by Saban, he remained the defensive coordinator for four subsequent Broncos head coaches. Dan Reeves fired Collier after the 1988 NFL season. New England Patriots (1991–1992) From 1991 to 1992, he was defensive coordinator for the New England Patriots. Collier took over a Patriots defense that had given up the second-most points in the league during a 1–15 season in 1990. However, Collier's first year saw the Patriots defense improve from second-worst in the league (out of 28 teams) to the middle of the pack (15th). Helping the Patriots' improved rankings was the fact that their run defense, which was last in the league in 1990, improved to 9th in the league in 1991. The Patriots failed to build on their 1991 defensive performance, as the unit finished 23rd overall during the 1992 season. New England ended up 2–14, winning four fewer games than they had in 1991. After his stint with the Patriots ended, Collier retired from the NFL. Personal life Joel Dale Collier was born in Rock Island, Illinois, on June 7, 1932. He was married to Shirley Ann Ketelaar from 1957 until her death in 2006. They had three children: Joel, Julie, and Lisa. Joel was hired in February 2009 by Kansas City Chiefs general manager Scott Pioli, a former executive for the Patriots, as a defensive backs coach for Chiefs head coach Todd Haley. By 2010, he was the team's assistant general manager. Prior to 2009, Collier was the secondary coach of the New England Patriots. Before his stint with the Patriots, he spent 11 years as an assistant for the Miami Dolphins. Collier lived with longtime partner Sue Henry. He died in Littleton, Colorado, on May 6, 2024, at the age of 91. Head coaching record Team Year Regular Season Post Season Won Lost Ties Win % Finish Won Lost Win % Result BUF 1966 9 4 1 .692 1st in AFL East 0 1 .000 Lost to Kansas City Chiefs in AFL Championship. BUF 1967 4 10 0 .286 3rd in AFL East – – – – BUF 1968 0 2 0 .000 5th in AFL East – – – – BUF Total 13 16 1 .448 0 1 .000 – AFL Total 13 16 1 .448 0 1 .000 – Total 13 16 1 .448 0 1 .000 – References ^ a b "Joe Collier Profile". Northwestern University. Retrieved August 20, 2008. ^ a b c d Maxymuk, John (2012). NFL Head Coaches: A Biographical Dictionary, 1920–2011. McFarland & Company. pp. 48–49. ISBN 9780786492954. ^ a b "Bills Name Joel Collier Head Coach". St. Petersburg Times. Associated Press. January 7, 1966. Retrieved August 13, 2011. ^ ESPN College Football Encyclopedia. ESPN Books. 2005. p. 1232. ISBN 978-1-4013-3703-2. ^ "1954 NFL Player Draft". Database Football. Archived from the original on December 31, 2008. Retrieved June 10, 2017. ^ Frei, Terry (2009). 77: Denver, The Broncos, and a Coming of Age. Taylor Trade Publishing. p. 320. ISBN 9781589794511. ^ a b c "Joel Collier – Secondary". New England Patriots. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved February 4, 2020. ^ "1966 Buffalo Bills". Pro Football Reference. Retrieved August 20, 2008. ^ "1967 Buffalo Bills". Pro Football Reference. Retrieved August 20, 2008. ^ Maule, Tex; Shrake, Edwin (September 16, 1968). "Eastern Division". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved August 20, 2008. ^ "Owner Regrets The Firing Of Collier". The Miami News. Associated Press. September 16, 1968. Retrieved August 13, 2011. ^ "A Roundup Of The Sports Information Of The Week". Sports Illustrated. September 23, 1968. Retrieved August 20, 2008. ^ a b "Broncos Dismiss Collier". The New York Times. Associated Press. December 19, 1988. Retrieved August 20, 2008. ^ Frei, p. 21. ^ Gustkey, Earl (November 1, 1986). "He Puts the D in Denver: Joe Collier Has Been Bronco Defensive Coordinator for 18 Seasons, 5 Head Coaches". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 13, 2011. ^ Borges, Ron (July 12, 1991). "After being out of football for two years, Patriots defensive coordinator Joe Collier is ... Restarting at the bottom". The Boston Globe. ProQuest 294607643. ^ a b "1990 NFL Opposition & Defensive Statistics". Pro Football Reference. Retrieved November 12, 2017. ^ "1991 NFL Opposition & Defensive Statistics". Pro Football Reference. Retrieved November 12, 2017. ^ Cerasuolo, Dick (October 18, 1992). "Opponents have Patriots on run". Telegram & Gazette. p. D6. ^ "1992 NFL Opposition & Defensive Statistics". Pro Football Reference. Retrieved November 12, 2017. ^ "Boston/New England Patriots Franchise Encyclopedia". Pro Football Reference. Retrieved November 12, 2017. ^ Miller, Jeffrey J. (2007). Rockin' the Rockpile: The Buffalo Bills of the American Football League. ECW Press. p. 535. ISBN 978-1-55022-797-0. ^ a b Frei, Terry (November 11, 2010). "Architect of "Orange Crush" defense proud of son's accomplishments". The Denver Post. Retrieved November 18, 2012. ^ "Shirley A. Collier: 1935 – 2006". Quad-City Times. Legacy.com. October 1, 2006. Retrieved February 8, 2022. ^ "Chiefs retain offensive coordinator Chan Gailey as Haley fills staff". USA Today. Associated Press. February 17, 2009. Retrieved May 2, 2009. ^ DiLalla, Aric (May 7, 2024). "Broncos mourn passing of legendary DC Joe Collier". www.denverbroncos.com. Retrieved May 10, 2024. ^ Tomasson, Chris (May 7, 2024). "Broncos legendary defensive coordinator Joe Collier dies at age 91". The Colorado Springs Gazette. Retrieved May 10, 2024. ^ DeArdo, Bryan (May 7, 2024). "Joe Collier, former Broncos defensive coordinator and leader of famed 'Orange Crush' unit, dies at age 91". CBS Sports. Retrieved May 10, 2024. ^ "Joe Collier". Pro Football Reference. Retrieved August 11, 2016. External links Joe Collier NFL Coaching Record Joe Collier Record, Statistics, and Category Ranks vteBuffalo Bills head coaches Buster Ramsey (1960–1961) Lou Saban (1962–1965) Joe Collier (1966–1968) Harvey Johnson # (1968) John Rauch (1969–1970) Harvey Johnson (1971) Lou Saban (1972–1976) Jim Ringo (1976–1977) Chuck Knox (1978–1982) Kay Stephenson (1983–1985) Hank Bullough (1985–1986) Marv Levy (1986–1997) Wade Phillips (1998–2000) Gregg Williams (2001–2003) Mike Mularkey (2004–2005) Dick Jauron (2006–2009) Perry Fewell # (2009) Chan Gailey (2010–2012) Doug Marrone (2013–2014) Rex Ryan (2015–2016) Anthony Lynn # (2016) Sean McDermott (2017–present) # denotes interim head coach vteNew York Giants 1954 NFL draft selections Ken Buck Clyde Bennett Dick Nolan Earl Putman George Jacoby Wayne Berry Ralph Starkey Pete O'Garro John Steinberg Tom Fitzpatrick Wendell Gulseth Bob Topp Bobby Epps Jim Swan George Rice Jackie Parker Crawford Mims Bob King Gene Snipes Rex Corless Joe Collier Pete Mangum Bill Harris Bill Baker George Van Zandt Bob Clatterbuck Jim Partridge Bill Mote Jim Gibson vteBuffalo Bills 1964 AFL champions 3 Pete Gogolak 12 Daryle Lamonica 15 Jack Kemp 20 Bobby Smith 22 Charley Warner 23 Gene Sykes 24 Booker Edgerson 25 Ollie Dobbins 26 George Saimes 30 Wray Carlton 34 Cookie Gilchrist 40 Ed Rutkowski 42 Butch Byrd 43 Joe Auer 44 Elbert Dubenion 45 Hagood Clarke 46 Ray Abruzzese 47 Willie Ross 50 Al Bemiller 51 John Tracey 53 Walt Cudzik 55 Paul Maguire 58 Mike Stratton 60 Dave Behrman 64 Harry Jacobs 66 Billy Shaw 67 Joe O'Donnell 70 Tom Sestak 72 Ron McDole 73 George Flint 74 Tom Keating 75 Dudley Meredith 77 Stew Barber 78 Jim Dunaway 79 Dick Hudson 81 Bill Groman 83 Hatch Rosdahl 84 Ernie Warlick 85 Glenn Bass 88 Tom Day Head Coach: Lou Saban Assistant Coaches: Joe Collier John Mazur Jerry Smith vteBuffalo Bills 1965 AFL champions 3 Pete Gogolak 12 Daryle Lamonica 15 Jack Kemp 20 Bobby Smith 22 Charley Warner 23 Gene Sykes 24 Booker Edgerson 26 George Saimes 27 Tom Janik 30 Wray Carlton 32 Donnie Stone 33 Billy Joe 40 Ed Rutkowski 42 Butch Byrd 43 Joe Auer 44 Elbert Dubenion 45 Hagood Clarke 46 Bo Roberson 48 Pete Mills 49 Floyd Hudlow 50 Al Bemiller 51 John Tracey 52 Bill Laskey 55 Paul Maguire 56 Marty Schottenheimer 58 Mike Stratton 60 Dave Behrman 64 Harry Jacobs 66 Billy Shaw 67 Joe O'Donnell 70 Tom Sestak 72 Ron McDole 73 George Flint 74 Tom Keating 75 Dudley Meredith 76 Henry Schmidt 77 Stew Barber 78 Jim Dunaway 79 Dick Hudson 80 Charley Ferguson 81 Bill Groman 82 Paul Costa 84 Ernie Warlick 85 Glenn Bass 88 Tom Day Head Coach: Lou Saban Assistant Coaches: Joe Collier John Mazur Jerry Smith
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joe Collier (pharmacologist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Collier_(pharmacologist)"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"Buffalo Bills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_Bills"},{"link_name":"American Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football_League"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_American_Football_League_season"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_American_Football_League_season"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Northwestern Wildcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Wildcats_football"},{"link_name":"All-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_All-America_Team"}],"text":"For the British pharmacologist, see Joe Collier (pharmacologist).American football playerJoel Dale Collier (June 7, 1932 – May 6, 2024) was an American professional football coach who was the head coach of the Buffalo Bills of the American Football League (AFL) from 1966 through part of 1968, compiling a 13–16–1 record. He later coached in the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the Northwestern Wildcats, earning first-team All-American honors in 1952 and 1953.","title":"Joe Collier"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northwestern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University"},{"link_name":"Northwestern Wildcats football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_Wildcats_football"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_college_football_season"},{"link_name":"Big Ten Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference"},{"link_name":"touchdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchdown"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NU-1"},{"link_name":"1952 College Football All-America Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_College_Football_All-America_Team"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maxymuk-2"},{"link_name":"1953 college football season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_college_football_season"},{"link_name":"All-American honors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_College_Football_All-America_Team"},{"link_name":"New York Giants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Giants"},{"link_name":"1954 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-name-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"assistant coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assistant_coach"},{"link_name":"Western Illinois University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Illinois_University"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NU-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Collier attended Northwestern University, where he played on the Northwestern Wildcats football team. In 1952, his junior season, he broke Big Ten Conference records by catching seven touchdown passes and accumulating 650 receiving yards.[1] He was named to the 1952 College Football All-America Team.[2] Following the 1953 college football season, in which he captained the Wildcats and again earned All-American honors, Collier was selected by the New York Giants in the 22nd round of the 1954 NFL Draft.[3][4][5] However, Collier decided not to play professional football, instead becoming an assistant coach at Western Illinois University after a three-year stint in the U.S. Army.[1] Collier spent three seasons as a Western Illinois assistant, from 1957 to 1959.[6]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Patriots"},{"link_name":"AFL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pats-7"},{"link_name":"1965 AFL Championship Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_American_Football_League_Championship_Game"},{"link_name":"San Diego Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Chargers"},{"link_name":"zone blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_blitz"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maxymuk-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-name-3"},{"link_name":"Lou Saban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Saban"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maxymuk-2"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"AFL Championship Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football_League_playoffs#1966_Championship"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_American_Football_League_season"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"quarterback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quarterback"},{"link_name":"Jack Kemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Kemp"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Oakland Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Raiders"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sports Illustrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"After spending two seasons as an assistant coach with the Boston Patriots of the brand new AFL,[7] Collier joined the Buffalo Bills in 1962 as a defensive coach. The team won the 1965 AFL Championship Game over the San Diego Chargers with help from defensive alignments that Collier designed. One idea he came up with was similar to the modern zone blitz; Collier's defense featured defensive line players moving back to cover pass attempts.[2] Collier was promoted to head coach in 1966,[3] after previous coach Lou Saban resigned.[2] The Bills' best season under Collier came in his first year, when they won the Eastern Division with a 9–4–1 record, eventually losing to the Kansas City Chiefs in the AFL Championship Game.[8] After coming within one game of an AFL championship, the team slumped to 4–10 in 1967.[9] After a poor performance by the Bills in a 1968 pre-season game, Collier set up a scrimmage for his team. During the practice session, quarterback Jack Kemp broke his right leg, an injury that forced him to undergo season-ending surgery.[10] The Bills fired Collier after a 48–6 loss to the Oakland Raiders in the second week of the regular season.[11] Sports Illustrated opined that \"Collier's fate undoubtedly was decided...\" by Kemp's injury.[12]","title":"Buffalo Bills (1962–1968)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Denver Broncos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver_Broncos"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_American_Football_League_season"},{"link_name":"Super Bowls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl"},{"link_name":"defensive coordinator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_coordinator"},{"link_name":"3–4 defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3%E2%80%934_defense"},{"link_name":"Orange Crush Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Crush_Defense"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-13"},{"link_name":"Lyle Alzado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyle_Alzado"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Dan Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Reeves"},{"link_name":"1988 NFL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-13"}],"text":"Following his time as head coach of the Bills, Collier became a Denver Broncos coach in 1969 and spent 20 years with the team, which reached three Super Bowls with him as defensive coordinator. Collier was the architect of the Broncos' 3–4 defense in the late 1970s, a scheme that was known as the Orange Crush Defense.[13] Although he preferred to set up the Broncos' defense with four linemen, Collier occasionally organized a 3–4 defense experimentally. After an injury to Lyle Alzado early in the 1976 season, Collier used the system more regularly and improved upon it: author Terry Frei called him \"the scientist in the laboratory, coming up with ways to make the defense even better.\"[14] After being hired by Saban, he remained the defensive coordinator for four subsequent Broncos head coaches.[15] Dan Reeves fired Collier after the 1988 NFL season.[13]","title":"Denver Broncos (1969–1988)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pats-7"},{"link_name":"a 1–15 season in 1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_New_England_Patriots_season"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-defensive1990-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-defensive1990-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"1992 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_New_England_Patriots_season"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maxymuk-2"}],"text":"From 1991 to 1992, he was defensive coordinator for the New England Patriots.[7] Collier took over a Patriots defense that had given up the second-most points in the league during a 1–15 season in 1990.[16][17] However, Collier's first year saw the Patriots defense improve from second-worst in the league (out of 28 teams) to the middle of the pack (15th). Helping the Patriots' improved rankings was the fact that their run defense, which was last in the league in 1990, improved to 9th in the league in 1991.[17][18]The Patriots failed to build on their 1991 defensive performance,[19] as the unit finished 23rd overall during the 1992 season.[20] New England ended up 2–14, winning four fewer games than they had in 1991.[21] After his stint with the Patriots ended, Collier retired from the NFL.[2]","title":"New England Patriots (1991–1992)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rock Island, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Island,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller535-22"},{"link_name":"Joel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joel_Collier"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-proud-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Scott Pioli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Pioli"},{"link_name":"Todd Haley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Haley"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"general manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_manager_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-proud-23"},{"link_name":"Miami Dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Dolphins"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pats-7"},{"link_name":"Littleton, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littleton,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Joel Dale Collier was born in Rock Island, Illinois, on June 7, 1932.[22] He was married to Shirley Ann Ketelaar from 1957 until her death in 2006. They had three children: Joel, Julie, and Lisa.[23][24] Joel was hired in February 2009 by Kansas City Chiefs general manager Scott Pioli, a former executive for the Patriots, as a defensive backs coach for Chiefs head coach Todd Haley.[25] By 2010, he was the team's assistant general manager.[23] Prior to 2009, Collier was the secondary coach of the New England Patriots. Before his stint with the Patriots, he spent 11 years as an assistant for the Miami Dolphins.[7]Collier lived with longtime partner Sue Henry. He died in Littleton, Colorado, on May 6, 2024, at the age of 91.[26][27][28]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Head coaching record"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Joe Collier Profile\". Northwestern University. Retrieved August 20, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://nusports.cstv.com/genrel/collier_joe00.html","url_text":"\"Joe Collier Profile\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University","url_text":"Northwestern University"}]},{"reference":"Maxymuk, John (2012). NFL Head Coaches: A Biographical Dictionary, 1920–2011. McFarland & Company. pp. 48–49. ISBN 9780786492954.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g9W5B0L1O0wC&pg=PA48","url_text":"NFL Head Coaches: A Biographical Dictionary, 1920–2011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786492954","url_text":"9780786492954"}]},{"reference":"\"Bills Name Joel Collier Head Coach\". St. Petersburg Times. Associated Press. January 7, 1966. Retrieved August 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eu1RAAAAIBAJ&sjid=OXQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3997,4147549","url_text":"\"Bills Name Joel Collier Head Coach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times","url_text":"St. Petersburg Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"ESPN College Football Encyclopedia. ESPN Books. 2005. p. 1232. ISBN 978-1-4013-3703-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4013-3703-2","url_text":"978-1-4013-3703-2"}]},{"reference":"\"1954 NFL Player Draft\". Database Football. Archived from the original on December 31, 2008. Retrieved June 10, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081231224434/http://www.databasefootball.com/draft/draftyear.htm?yr=1954&lg=NFL","url_text":"\"1954 NFL Player Draft\""},{"url":"http://www.databasefootball.com/draft/draftyear.htm?lg=NFL&yr=1954","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Frei, Terry (2009). 77: Denver, The Broncos, and a Coming of Age. Taylor Trade Publishing. p. 320. ISBN 9781589794511.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eiGZHVqzUSEC&pg=PA320","url_text":"77: Denver, The Broncos, and a Coming of Age"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589794511","url_text":"9781589794511"}]},{"reference":"\"Joel Collier – Secondary\". New England Patriots. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved February 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120722031434/http://archive.patriots.com/team/index.cfm?ac=playerbio&bio=30932","url_text":"\"Joel Collier – Secondary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots","url_text":"New England Patriots"},{"url":"http://archive.patriots.com/team/index.cfm?ac=playerbio&bio=30932","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1966 Buffalo Bills\". Pro Football Reference. Retrieved August 20, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/buf/1966.htm","url_text":"\"1966 Buffalo Bills\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Football_Reference","url_text":"Pro Football Reference"}]},{"reference":"\"1967 Buffalo Bills\". Pro Football Reference. Retrieved August 20, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/buf/1967.htm","url_text":"\"1967 Buffalo Bills\""}]},{"reference":"Maule, Tex; Shrake, Edwin (September 16, 1968). \"Eastern Division\". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved August 20, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tex_Maule","url_text":"Maule, Tex"},{"url":"http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1081580/4/index.htm","url_text":"\"Eastern Division\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Illustrated","url_text":"Sports Illustrated"}]},{"reference":"\"Owner Regrets The Firing Of Collier\". The Miami News. Associated Press. September 16, 1968. Retrieved August 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=u0E0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=YOsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5496,372021","url_text":"\"Owner Regrets The Firing Of Collier\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Miami_News","url_text":"The Miami News"}]},{"reference":"\"A Roundup Of The Sports Information Of The Week\". Sports Illustrated. September 23, 1968. Retrieved August 20, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1081612/2/index.htm","url_text":"\"A Roundup Of The Sports Information Of The Week\""}]},{"reference":"\"Broncos Dismiss Collier\". The New York Times. Associated Press. December 19, 1988. Retrieved August 20, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DEED61331F93AA25751C1A96E948260","url_text":"\"Broncos Dismiss Collier\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"Gustkey, Earl (November 1, 1986). \"He Puts the D in Denver: Joe Collier Has Been Bronco Defensive Coordinator for 18 Seasons, 5 Head Coaches\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved August 13, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1986-11-01/sports/sp-14510_1_bronco-defensive-coordinator","url_text":"\"He Puts the D in Denver: Joe Collier Has Been Bronco Defensive Coordinator for 18 Seasons, 5 Head Coaches\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Borges, Ron (July 12, 1991). \"After being out of football for two years, Patriots defensive coordinator Joe Collier is ... Restarting at the bottom\". The Boston Globe. ProQuest 294607643.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/294607643","url_text":"294607643"}]},{"reference":"\"1990 NFL Opposition & Defensive Statistics\". Pro Football Reference. Retrieved November 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1990/opp.htm","url_text":"\"1990 NFL Opposition & Defensive Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"1991 NFL Opposition & Defensive Statistics\". Pro Football Reference. Retrieved November 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1991/opp.htm","url_text":"\"1991 NFL Opposition & Defensive Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"Cerasuolo, Dick (October 18, 1992). \"Opponents have Patriots on run\". Telegram & Gazette. p. D6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegram_%26_Gazette","url_text":"Telegram & Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"1992 NFL Opposition & Defensive Statistics\". Pro Football Reference. Retrieved November 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1992/opp.htm","url_text":"\"1992 NFL Opposition & Defensive Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boston/New England Patriots Franchise Encyclopedia\". Pro Football Reference. Retrieved November 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/nwe/","url_text":"\"Boston/New England Patriots Franchise Encyclopedia\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Jeffrey J. (2007). Rockin' the Rockpile: The Buffalo Bills of the American Football League. ECW Press. p. 535. ISBN 978-1-55022-797-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y51jDUrPVtYC&pg=PA535","url_text":"Rockin' the Rockpile: The Buffalo Bills of the American Football League"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55022-797-0","url_text":"978-1-55022-797-0"}]},{"reference":"Frei, Terry (November 11, 2010). \"Architect of \"Orange Crush\" defense proud of son's accomplishments\". The Denver Post. Retrieved November 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.denverpost.com/broncos/ci_16591287","url_text":"\"Architect of \"Orange Crush\" defense proud of son's accomplishments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Denver_Post","url_text":"The Denver Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Shirley A. Collier: 1935 – 2006\". Quad-City Times. Legacy.com. October 1, 2006. Retrieved February 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legacy.com/amp/obituaries/quadcitytimes/19413388","url_text":"\"Shirley A. Collier: 1935 – 2006\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quad-City_Times","url_text":"Quad-City Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legacy.com","url_text":"Legacy.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Chiefs retain offensive coordinator Chan Gailey as Haley fills staff\". USA Today. Associated Press. February 17, 2009. Retrieved May 2, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/sports/football/nfl/chiefs/2009-02-17-chiefs-gailey_N.htm","url_text":"\"Chiefs retain offensive coordinator Chan Gailey as Haley fills staff\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"DiLalla, Aric (May 7, 2024). \"Broncos mourn passing of legendary DC Joe Collier\". www.denverbroncos.com. Retrieved May 10, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.denverbroncos.com/news/broncos-mourn-passing-of-legendary-dc-joe-collier","url_text":"\"Broncos mourn passing of legendary DC Joe Collier\""}]},{"reference":"Tomasson, Chris (May 7, 2024). \"Broncos legendary defensive coordinator Joe Collier dies at age 91\". The Colorado Springs Gazette. Retrieved May 10, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://gazette.com/sports/legendary-broncos-defensive-coordinator-joe-collier-dies-at-age-91/article_f88e2aa9-7efa-5f25-99f1-7e52a26c2a7c.html","url_text":"\"Broncos legendary defensive coordinator Joe Collier dies at age 91\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gazette_(Colorado_Springs)","url_text":"The Colorado Springs Gazette"}]},{"reference":"DeArdo, Bryan (May 7, 2024). \"Joe Collier, former Broncos defensive coordinator and leader of famed 'Orange Crush' unit, dies at age 91\". CBS Sports. Retrieved May 10, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/joe-collier-former-broncos-defensive-coordinator-and-leader-of-famed-orange-crush-unit-dies-at-age-91/","url_text":"\"Joe Collier, former Broncos defensive coordinator and leader of famed 'Orange Crush' unit, dies at age 91\""}]},{"reference":"\"Joe Collier\". Pro Football Reference. Retrieved August 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/coaches/CollJo0.htm","url_text":"\"Joe Collier\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermuthruda
Hermuthruda
["1 See also","2 References"]
Hermuthruda, Hermutrude (Old English: Eormenthryth) was a figure in Scandinavian romance. The chief authority for the legend of Hermuthruda is the Danish chronicle Gesta Danorum by Saxo Grammaticus. Described as "the wild queen of Scotland", she became the wife of Wihtlaeg or Vigletus and is described as a Wicked Queen type of character such as found in a variety of fiction. In the chronicle, Amlethus is sent to court Hermuthruda by the King of England. However the queen had a reputation for killing all suitors, Saxo saying "in the cruelty of her arrogance she had always loathed her wooers, and inflicted upon them the supreme punishment, so that out of many there was not one but paid for his boldness with his head". Hermuthruda takes a liking to Amlethus after stealing his shield and learning of his past. The couple are married until a battle with Wihtlaeg, before which Hermuthruda promises Amlethus her undying love for him, and that she will never marry another. After Wihtlaeg is victorious, Hermuthruda switches sides and immediately marries him in a display of inconsistency that leads to her becoming the "ancestress of Offa". See also Queen of Elphame References ^ Sir Israel Gollancz (1898). Hamlet in Iceland: being the Icelandic romantic Ambales saga, p. 36. AMS Press. ISBN 978-0-404-56502-2. Retrieved 6 December 2012. ^ Jean Gabbert Harrell (31 January 2008). Profundity: A Universal Value. Penn State Press. pp. 146–. ISBN 978-0-271-02840-8. Retrieved 6 December 2012. ^ a b c d Antonio Ballesteros González; Lucía Mora González (2001). Popular Texts in English: New Perspectives. Univ de Castilla La Mancha. pp. 30–. ISBN 978-84-8427-126-0. Retrieved 6 December 2012. ^ a b c d e Chambers, R. W., Beowulf, p. 39, Cambridge University Press, 1959. ^ Gesta Danorum, Book IV (ed. Holder, Alfred., p. 102).
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[]
[{"title":"Queen of Elphame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Elphame"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Letts_(publisher)
John Letts (publisher)
["1 References","2 External links"]
John Campbell Bonner Letts (18 November 1929 – 25 March 2006) was an English publisher, who founded the British Empire and Commonwealth Museum, was first chairman of National Heritage, and was instrumental in setting up the short-lived Earth Centre, Doncaster. Letts was educated at Oakley Hall preparatory school, of which his father, Major C. F. C. Letts, was headmaster, then at Haileybury and Jesus College, Cambridge, having won a scholarship for English, taking an M.A. in 1953. Having started out as a copywriter at S. H. Benson, from 1959, Letts worked for Penguin Books as publicity manager, until returning to advertising in the early 1960s for J. Walter Thompson. In 1964, he went to The Sunday Times as general manager, then in 1966 to Book Club Associates, retiring from new book publishing in 1971 after two years as marketing manager for Hutchinson. That year, Letts became co-chairman of the Folio Society, and founder chairman of National Heritage; he retired from the former in 1987, having doubled membership, and was made Life President of National Heritage in 1999. He was appointed O.B.E. in 1980. Letts was also the prime mover behind the Trollope Society which celebrates the work of the Victorian novelist Anthony Trollope. The Society published the first complete edition of Trollope's 47 novels. His wife, cookery writer Sarah Helen, was daughter of the architect and interior designer Brian O'Rorke and his wife Juliet Mabel Olga (1903-1988), elder daughter of solicitor Ernest Edward Wigan, M.A., of Oakley Lodge, Weybridge, Surrey, and his wife Mabel Helen, daughter of Robert Watson Willis of Hinxton House, East Sheen, Surrey. Letts and his wife had three sons and a daughter. His nephew is the journalist Quentin Letts. References ^ a b c d e "John Letts (obituary)". The Telegraph. 1 April 2006. Retrieved 6 December 2015. ^ a b "RFB Letts". ^ The Cambridge University List of Members 1976, p. 553 ^ "John Letts". April 2009. Archived from the original on 13 June 2022. ^ Visitation of England and Wales, vol. 13, J. J. Howard, 1905, p. 139, Wigan pedigree ^ Anthony Powell- Journals 1982-1986, Anthony Powell, Heinemann, 1995, p. 73 External links The Trollope Society Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Israel United States Netherlands Artists MusicBrainz Other IdRef This article about a British businessperson born in the 1920s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biography of a publisher is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliane_Brum
Eliane Brum
["1 Life","2 Works","2.1 Literature","2.2 Filmography","3 References","4 External links"]
Eliane BrumBornMay 23, 1966OccupationJournalist, writer and documentary filmmakerNationalityBrazilianAlma materPontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do SulYears active1988–presentNotable awardsAçorianos Award (1994)Jabuti Award (2007)SpouseJonathan Watts Eliane Brum (born May 1966, in Ijuí) is a Brazilian journalist, writer and documentarist. In 2019, she was long-listed for a National Book Award. Life She graduated from the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUC / RS) in 1988 and has written for Zero Hora, Época and El País and won more than 40 international awards for reporting, among them the Premio Rey de España and the Inter American Associated Press Award. Brum is the author of a novel - Uma Duas (published in English by AmazonCrossing as One Two - three feature news stories books: Coluna Prestes - O Avesso da Lenda, A Vida que Ninguém Vê (which was awarded in 2007 the Prêmio Jabuti) and O Olho da Rua - and A Menina Quebrada, a collection of columns written by her in Época magazine's website. Her work appeared in The Guardian. and El Pais. She participated in the Doctors without Borders compilation of special reports Dignity !, which also included authors such as Mario Vargas Llosa. She is co-director of three documentaries: Severina's Story, Gretchen Filme Estrada, and Laerte-se. She is married to British journalist Jonathan Watts. Works Literature 1994 - Coluna Prestes – O Avesso da Lenda (Arts & Crafts) 2006 - The Life Nobody Sees (Arquipélago Editorial) 2008 - Olho da Rua – a reporter in search of real-life literature (Editora Globo) 2011 - Uma Duas (LeYa) 2013 - The Broken Girl (Arquipélago Editorial) 2014 - My disappointments – The story of my life with words (Arquipélago Editorial) 2019 - Brazil, builder of ruins (Arquipélago Editorial) 2019 - The Collector of Leftover Souls: Field Notes on Brazil's Everyday Insurrections (Graywolf) 2021 - Banzeiro òkòtó: A trip to the Amazon Center of the World (Companhia das Letras) Filmography (Director, Screenwriter) 2005 - Uma História Severina (co-directed with Debora Diniz) 2010 - Gretchen Filme Estrada (codireção em parceria com Paschoal Samora) 2017 - Laerte-se (codireção em parceria com Lygia Barbosa da Silva) 2017 - Eu+1: Uma jornada de saúde mental na Amazônia References ^ "Eliane Brum". National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2023-06-23. ^ "Eliane Brum". PEN American Center. Retrieved 5 June 2015. ^ "Títulos Brasieiros Na Fila de Lançamentos da Amazon Crossing". Conexões Itaú Cultural (in Portuguese). Itaú Cultural. Retrieved 5 June 2015. ^ "Eliane Brum | The Guardian". the Guardian. Retrieved 2023-06-23. ^ PAÍS, Ediciones EL (2021-11-30). "Artigos escritos por Eliane Brum | EL PAÍS". El País Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-06-23. ^ Banzeiro Òkòtó: viagem à Amazônia Centro do Mundo, Companhia das Letras, 2021, p. 140. ^ Uma Duas (in Brazilian Portuguese). 15 October 2018. ISBN 978-85-5450-020-7. ^ "Brasil, construtor de ruínas". Eliane Brum (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2019-10-21. Retrieved 2021-03-22. ^ THE COLLECTOR OF LEFTOVER SOULS | Kirkus Reviews. ^ Banzeiro Okoto. 9 March 2023. ISBN 978-1-911648-61-1. ^ Atkins, William (2023-03-07). "A Manifesto for a New World, With the Amazon at Its Center". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2023-06-23. ^ Feinberg, Richard (2023-02-28). "Banzeiro Okoto: The Amazon as the Center of the World". Foreign Affairs. No. March/April 2023. ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved 2023-06-23. ^ "A Dispatch From the Battle to Protect the Amazon Rainforest". InsideHook. Retrieved 2023-06-23. ^ "'O centro do Brasil é a Amazônia', afirma a jornalista Eliane Brum". A Crítica. 2017-10-05. Retrieved 2020-11-12. External links Elian Brum's official page (in Portuguese) Portal dos Jornalistas - Eliane Brum Revista Época - Eliane Brum Eliane Brum Is in the Reforesting Vanguard The Nation, May 22, 2023 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Netherlands Portugal Other IdRef This article about a Brazilian journalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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In 2019, she was long-listed for a National Book Award.[1]","title":"Eliane Brum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Rio_Grande_do_Sul"},{"link_name":"Zero Hora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Hora"},{"link_name":"Época","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89poca_(Brazilian_magazine)"},{"link_name":"El País","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs"},{"link_name":"Premio Rey de España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Premio_Rey_de_Espa%C3%B1a&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Inter American Associated Press Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inter_American_Associated_Press_Award&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"AmazonCrossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AmazonCrossing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Prêmio Jabuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%AAmio_Jabuti"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Doctors without Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"Mario Vargas Llosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa"},{"link_name":"Laerte-se","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laerte-se"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Watts"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"She graduated from the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUC / RS) in 1988 and has written for Zero Hora, Época and El País and won more than 40 international awards for reporting, among them the Premio Rey de España and the Inter American Associated Press Award.[2]Brum is the author of a novel - Uma Duas (published in English by AmazonCrossing as One Two[3] - three feature news stories books: Coluna Prestes - O Avesso da Lenda, A Vida que Ninguém Vê (which was awarded in 2007 the Prêmio Jabuti) and O Olho da Rua - and A Menina Quebrada, a collection of columns written by her in Época magazine's website.Her work appeared in The Guardian.[4] and El Pais.[5]She participated in the Doctors without Borders compilation of special reports Dignity !, which also included authors such as Mario Vargas Llosa. She is co-director of three documentaries: Severina's Story, Gretchen Filme Estrada, and Laerte-se.She is married to British journalist Jonathan Watts.[6]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Editora Globo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editora_Globo"},{"link_name":"LeYa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Leya"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Literature","text":"1994 - Coluna Prestes – O Avesso da Lenda (Arts & Crafts)\n2006 - The Life Nobody Sees (Arquipélago Editorial)\n2008 - Olho da Rua – a reporter in search of real-life literature (Editora Globo)\n2011 - Uma Duas (LeYa)[7]\n2013 - The Broken Girl (Arquipélago Editorial)\n2014 - My disappointments – The story of my life with words (Arquipélago Editorial)\n2019 - Brazil, builder of ruins (Arquipélago Editorial)[8]\n2019 - The Collector of Leftover Souls: Field Notes on Brazil's Everyday Insurrections (Graywolf)[9]\n2021 - Banzeiro òkòtó: A trip to the Amazon Center of the World (Companhia das Letras)[10][11][12][13]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uma História Severina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uma_Hist%C3%B3ria_Severina"},{"link_name":"Debora Diniz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debora_Diniz"},{"link_name":"Laerte-se","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laerte-se"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Filmography","text":"(Director, Screenwriter)2005 - Uma História Severina (co-directed with Debora Diniz)\n2010 - Gretchen Filme Estrada (codireção em parceria com Paschoal Samora)\n2017 - Laerte-se (codireção em parceria com Lygia Barbosa da Silva)\n2017 - Eu+1: Uma jornada de saúde mental na Amazônia[14]","title":"Works"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javone_Prince
Javone Prince
["1 Filmography","2 References","3 External links"]
British comedian and actor Javone PrinceMediumTelevisionYears active2002–presentGenresSitcom, Sketch, drama Javone Prince is a British comedian and actor. He has appeared in many British comedy television shows, such as Horrible Histories, Sorry, I've Got No Head and Little Miss Jocelyn. He also Featured in The Dumping Ground as the character Lethal G. Prince is best known for starring as Jerwayne in PhoneShop. Prince also appears in several theatre productions including, Measure for Measure, Titus Andronicus and Richard III. He trained at LAMDA and is currently a member of the National Theatre. In July and August 2015, Prince's eponymous sketch show The Javone Prince Show was shown on BBC Two. Filmography Murder Prevention (1 episode, 2004) as Adam Yorke Manderlay (2005) as Jack According to Bex (1 episode, 2005) as Vox Pops Mumbo Jumbo (2005) as Gool The Judge (2005) as Afrikansk mand The Tiger and the Snow (2005) as Soldato americano Little Miss Jocelyn (3 episodes, 2006–2008) The Verdict (5 episodes, 2007) as Damien Scott Angelo's (3 episodes, 2007) as Mickey P Tittybangbang (1 episode, 2007) The Bill (1 episode, 2008) as Damon Watt Horrible Histories (8 episodes, 2009) as Various Comedy Showcase (1 episode, 2009) as Jerwayne Rev. (1 episode, 2010) as Policeman Lloyd Hotel Trubble (1 episode, 2010) as Z Dogg PhoneShop (16 episodes, 2010–2013) as Jerwayne Sorry, I've Got No Head (12 episodes, 2011) as Various, including Eddie Big & Olaff My Family (3 episodes, 2002–2011) as Customer and Matt At Home with Beyonce (2011) as Jay Z Life's Too Short (2011) as Passer-by Plebs (2013) as Bouncer Quick Cuts (2 episodes, 2013) The Javone Prince Show (2015) as himself (Nominated—British Academy Television Award for Best Male Comedy Performance) Flat TV (5 episodes, 2014–2016) as Carl Hank Zipzer as Mr Joy (2015–2016) Hank Zipzer's Christmas Catastrophe as Mr Joy (2016) The School that Got Teens Reading as presenter (2016) Timewasters (2017) as Pastor Gabriel Find Me in Paris as Oscar (2018–present) The Dumping Ground as Lethal G (2019) No Time to Die (2021) as Counter Don Dodger as PC Blathers (2022) References ^ PhoneShop – Jerwayne (Javone Prince). E4.com (2011-03-26). Retrieved on 2011-11-10. ^ Javone Prince – Company Members Archived 2011-09-07 at the Wayback Machine. National Theatre. Retrieved on 2011-11-10. ^ "The Javone Prince Show - BBC2 Sketch Show". British Comedy Guide. ^ How to Make Kids read again: Helen Skelton and Javone Prince reveal the secrets External links Javone Prince at IMDb Javone Prince's United Agents Profile Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany People Deutsche Biographie This article about a British actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_people"},{"link_name":"Horrible Histories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horrible_Histories_(2009_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Sorry, I've Got No Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorry,_I%27ve_Got_No_Head"},{"link_name":"Little Miss Jocelyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Miss_Jocelyn"},{"link_name":"The Dumping Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dumping_Ground"},{"link_name":"PhoneShop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhoneShop"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Measure for Measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_for_Measure"},{"link_name":"Titus Andronicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus_Andronicus"},{"link_name":"Richard III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_III_(play)"},{"link_name":"LAMDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAMDA"},{"link_name":"National Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Javone Prince Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Javone_Prince_Show"},{"link_name":"BBC Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Two"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Javone Prince is a British comedian and actor. He has appeared in many British comedy television shows, such as Horrible Histories, Sorry, I've Got No Head and Little Miss Jocelyn. He also Featured in The Dumping Ground as the character Lethal G. Prince is best known for starring as Jerwayne in PhoneShop.[1] Prince also appears in several theatre productions including, Measure for Measure, Titus Andronicus and Richard III. He trained at LAMDA and is currently a member of the National Theatre.[2]In July and August 2015, Prince's eponymous sketch show The Javone Prince Show was shown on BBC Two.[3]","title":"Javone Prince"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Murder Prevention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_Prevention"},{"link_name":"Manderlay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manderlay"},{"link_name":"According to Bex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/According_to_Bex"},{"link_name":"The Judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Judge_(2005_film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Tiger and the Snow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tiger_and_the_Snow"},{"link_name":"Little Miss Jocelyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Miss_Jocelyn"},{"link_name":"The Verdict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Verdict_(BBC)"},{"link_name":"Angelo's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo%27s"},{"link_name":"Tittybangbang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tittybangbang"},{"link_name":"The Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bill"},{"link_name":"Horrible Histories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horrible_Histories_(2009_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Comedy Showcase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_Showcase"},{"link_name":"Rev.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rev._(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Hotel Trubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Trubble"},{"link_name":"PhoneShop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhoneShop"},{"link_name":"Sorry, I've Got No Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorry,_I%27ve_Got_No_Head"},{"link_name":"My Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Family"},{"link_name":"Life's Too Short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life%27s_Too_Short_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Plebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebs_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Javone Prince Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Javone_Prince_Show"},{"link_name":"British Academy Television Award for Best Male Comedy Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Television_Award_for_Best_Male_Comedy_Performance"},{"link_name":"Hank Zipzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Zipzer_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Hank Zipzer's Christmas Catastrophe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Zipzer%27s_Christmas_Catastrophe"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Timewasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timewasters"},{"link_name":"Find Me in Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Find_Me_in_Paris"},{"link_name":"The Dumping Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dumping_Ground"},{"link_name":"No Time to Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Time_to_Die"},{"link_name":"Dodger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodger_(TV_series)"}],"text":"Murder Prevention (1 episode, 2004) as Adam Yorke\nManderlay (2005) as Jack\nAccording to Bex (1 episode, 2005) as Vox Pops\nMumbo Jumbo (2005) as Gool\nThe Judge (2005) as Afrikansk mand\nThe Tiger and the Snow (2005) as Soldato americano\nLittle Miss Jocelyn (3 episodes, 2006–2008)\nThe Verdict (5 episodes, 2007) as Damien Scott\nAngelo's (3 episodes, 2007) as Mickey P\nTittybangbang (1 episode, 2007)\nThe Bill (1 episode, 2008) as Damon Watt\nHorrible Histories (8 episodes, 2009) as Various\nComedy Showcase (1 episode, 2009) as Jerwayne\nRev. (1 episode, 2010) as Policeman Lloyd\nHotel Trubble (1 episode, 2010) as Z Dogg\nPhoneShop (16 episodes, 2010–2013) as Jerwayne\nSorry, I've Got No Head (12 episodes, 2011) as Various, including Eddie Big & Olaff\nMy Family (3 episodes, 2002–2011) as Customer and Matt\nAt Home with Beyonce (2011) as Jay Z\nLife's Too Short (2011) as Passer-by\nPlebs (2013) as Bouncer\nQuick Cuts (2 episodes, 2013)\nThe Javone Prince Show (2015) as himself (Nominated—British Academy Television Award for Best Male Comedy Performance)\nFlat TV (5 episodes, 2014–2016) as Carl\nHank Zipzer as Mr Joy (2015–2016)\nHank Zipzer's Christmas Catastrophe as Mr Joy (2016)\nThe School that Got Teens Reading as presenter (2016) [4]\nTimewasters (2017) as Pastor Gabriel\nFind Me in Paris as Oscar (2018–present)\nThe Dumping Ground as Lethal G (2019)\nNo Time to Die (2021) as Counter Don\nDodger as PC Blathers (2022)","title":"Filmography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"The Javone Prince Show - BBC2 Sketch Show\". British Comedy Guide.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.comedy.co.uk/guide/tv/the_javone_prince_show/","url_text":"\"The Javone Prince Show - BBC2 Sketch Show\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Comedy_Guide","url_text":"British Comedy Guide"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.e4.com/phoneshop/jerwayne.html","external_links_name":"PhoneShop – Jerwayne (Javone Prince)"},{"Link":"http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/30745/company-members/javone-prince.html","external_links_name":"Javone Prince – Company Members"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110907143242/http://www.nationaltheatre.org.uk/30745/company-members/javone-prince.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.comedy.co.uk/guide/tv/the_javone_prince_show/","external_links_name":"\"The Javone Prince Show - BBC2 Sketch Show\""},{"Link":"http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2016-10-22/how-to-make-kids-read-again-helen-skelton-and-javone-prince-reveal-the-secrets","external_links_name":"How to Make Kids read again: Helen Skelton and Javone Prince reveal the secrets"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1574883/","external_links_name":"Javone Prince"},{"Link":"http://unitedagents.co.uk/javone-prince","external_links_name":"Javone Prince's"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/311632269","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1061539059","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1061539059.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Javone_Prince&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knott%27s_Scary_Farm
Knott's Scary Farm
["1 Haunted attractions","2 Attraction history","3 History","4 Park transformation","4.1 The Green Witch","5 Awards","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 33°50′39″N 118°00′01″W / 33.844178°N 118.000267°W / 33.844178; -118.000267Seasonal Halloween event Knott's Scary FarmGenreHalloweenFrequencyAnnualLocation(s)Knotts Berry Farm33°50′39″N 118°00′01″W / 33.844178°N 118.000267°W / 33.844178; -118.000267Years active1973–2019, 2021–Inaugurated1973; 51 years ago (1973)WebsiteOfficial website Knott's Scary Farm or Knott's Halloween Haunt is a seasonal Halloween event at Knott's Berry Farm in Buena Park, California. It is an event in which the theme park is transformed into "160 acres of horror", via a series of roaming monsters, terrifying mazes and 'scare zones'. As of 2010, it was said to be the first, largest and longest-running Halloween event to be held at a theme park. Haunted attractions Wax Works Origins: The Curse Of Calico Mesmer: Sideshow Of The Mind Bloodline 1842 The Grimoire Cinema Slasher Room 13 The Chilling Chambers Attraction history Year Mazes Scare Zones Shows Notes 1 1973 The Monster MazeSatan's Saw MillThe Ghostway Express Ghost Town 2 1974 The Haunted ShackThe Devil's Log RideCalico Phantom's Mine RideTransylvania RailroadStagecoach Ride through Wolfman Country Ghost Town 3 1975 Terror MountainKnott's Scary TalesTrail of the TorturedHaunted MineTransylvania RailroadTrail of the Headless Horseman Ghost TownThe Gory '20sFiesta de Fiends The Hanging 4 1976 Trail of the TorturedTerror MountainHaunted MineTrail of the Headless HorsemanKnott's Scary TalesTransylvania ExpressGasoline Alley (Thru Sleepy Hollow) Ghost Town Dead Man's Hanging 5 1977 Ten Chilling Chambers (first standalone walk-through maze)Terror MountainHaunted MineGasoline Alley (Thru Sleepy Hollow)Transylvania ExpressThe Ghost CoachWitch's TwistBump the GhoulKnott's Scary Tales Ghost Town The Hanging 6 1978 The Trail of TerrorTerror MountainHaunted MineKnott's Scary Tales Ghost Town 7 1979 Chilling Chambers of HorrorsBlack Bart's Trail of TerrorTerror MountainHaunted MineKnott's Scary Tales Ghost Town Monsters' Revenge 8 1980 The Tomb of TerrorDr. Alucard's Chamber of HorrorsTerror MountainHaunted MineKnott's Scary Tales Ghost Town Midnight Witch Hanging 9 1981 The Trail of TerrorTerror MountainHaunted MineKnott's Scary Tales Ghost Town Midnight Witch Hanging 10 1982 The Terrifying Trail of Jack the RipperThe Mysterious CorridorsTerror MountainHaunted MineKnott's Scary Tales Ghost Town Midnight Witch Hanging 11 1983 The Realm of DarknessCorridors of MysteryTerror MountainHaunted MineTransylvania Taxi Ghost Town Midnight Witch Hanging 12 1984 Caverns of DoomThe House of Red DeathTerror MountainHaunted Mine Ghost Town Midnight Witch Hanging 13 1985 The Terrifying House of DoomCreep HouseTrail of the DoomedTerror MountainTrails of TerrorDragon's CavernsSorcerer's Lair Ghost Town Midnight Witch Hanging 14 1986 Mystical Maze of MadnessThe Best Little Horror HouseConviks HavenThe Last Train to TerrorNightmare MountainThe Dark Forest of the Sorcerer Ghost Town Midnight Witch Hanging 15 1987 Curse of the Sphinx Kingdom of the Dinosaurs Metro Madness Realm of the Sorcerer The Slaughterhouse The Enemy Within The Fourth Dimension The Return of Zulu Ghost Town Midnight Witch Hanging 16 1988 Bait's Motel Camp Hatchet Head Revenge of the Dead The Dark Threshold of Doom Toxic Terror Uncle Ernie's Madhouse Ghost Town Midnight Witch Hanging 17 1989 Bait's Motel Camp Hatchet Head Revenge of the Dead Terror Mountain The Dark Threshold of Doom Uncle Ernie's Madhouse Which Maze Ghost Town The Hanging 18 1990 Bait's Motel Encounters of Darkness The Fear Threshold of Doom Terror Mountain Revenge of the Dead Uncle Ernie's Madhouse Timothy L. Eerie Time Machine Ghost Town The Hanging 19 1991 Bait's Motel Encounters of Darkness Revenge of the Dead Terror Mountain The Body The Fear Threshold of Doom Uncle Ernie's Madhouse Ghost Town The Hanging 20 1992 Kingdom of the Lounge Lizards Lair of the Vampyre Mother Noose's Scary Tales Revenge of the Dead Temple of Sacrifice Terror Mountain Toxichem Uncle Ernie's Madhouse Ghost Town The Hanging 21 1993 House of Maniacs Jaws of Death Lair of the Vampyre Mother Noose's Scary Tales Nightmares Santa Claws Mountain Temple of Sacrifice Toxichem Ghost Town The Hanging 22 1994 Carnival of Death Cavern of Carnage House of Maniacs Industrial Evil Lair of the Vampyre Mother Noose's Scary Tales Nightmares Santa Claws Mountain Slasher of the Dark Toxichem Ghost Town The Hanging 23 1995 Carnival of Death Cavern of Carnage Curse of the Werewolf Dominion of the Dead Ghost Town Dead and Breakfast House of Maniacs Industrial Evil Nightmares Santa Claws Mountain Slasher of the Dark Ghost Town The Hanging 24 1996 Camp Gonnagetcha Carnival of Death Curse of the Werewolf Cavern of Carnage Dominion of the Dead Ghost Town Dead and Breakfast House of Maniacs Kingdom of the Lounge Lizards Nightmares The Underground Toon Terrortory Ghost Town The Gauntlet Cyber Insanity Day of the Dead Procession Dead Monsters of Rock Dr. Cleaver for President Laser Monster Madness The Deadly Dating Game The Hanging 25 1997 Bigfoot's Revenge Camp Gonnagetcha Curse of the Werewolf Dominion of the Dead Ghost Town Dead and Breakfast Nightmares The Inquisition The Underground The Underworld Unearthed Toon Terrortory XXV (25) Years of Fears Ghost Town The Gauntlet Cyber Insanity III Day of the Dead Procession Ed Alonzo's Magic & Mayhem Elvira's Dead Legends of Rock Laser Monster Madness The Deadly Dating Game The Hanging 26 1998 Alien Attack Bigfoot's Revenge Camp Gonnagetcha Deadman's Wharf Dominion of the Dead Horrorwood Hotel Nightmares: The Awakening The Inquisition The Underground The Underworld Unearthed Ghost Town The Gauntlet Day of the Dead Procession Ed Alonzo's Magic & Mayhem Electric Nightmares Elvira's Haunted House Party The Hanging The New Deadly Dating Game 27 1999 Alien Attack Bigfoot's Revenge Camp Gonnagetcha Deadman's Wharf Dominion of the Dead Elvira's Nightmare Horrorwood Hotel Tales from the Inquisition The Underground The Underworld Unearthed Ghost Town The Gauntlet Day of the Dead Procession Ed Alonzo's Magic & Mayhem Electric Nightmares Elvira's Ghost Stories Spectacular Tony Angelo, The Haunted Hypnotist The Hanging 28 2000 Alien Attack Army of the Underworld Camp Gonnagetcha Carnival of Carnivorous Clowns Deadman's Wharf Elvira's Nightmares Gothic Graveyard Horrorwood Hotel The Crypt Keeper's Tales from the Inquisition The Underground Voodoo Witch Project Backwoods CarnEVIL Ghost Town The Gauntlet The Swamp The Hanging 29 2001 Alien Attack Army of the Underworld Blood Bayou Carnival of Carnivorous Clowns Curse of the Spiderwoods Elvira's Red Moon Massacre Lore of the Vampire Malice in Wunderland The Cryptkeeper's Horrorwood Fright FestEvil The Underground CarnEVIL Ghost Town The Gauntlet The Swamp The Hanging 30 2002 Alien Attack Army of the Underworld Blood Bayou Curse of the Spider Fright Festival Carnival of Carnivorous Clowns Malice in Wunderland The Underground The Inquisition Lore of the Vampire Red Moon Massacre CarnEVIL Ghost Town The Gauntlet The Swamp The Hanging 31 2003 Army of the Underworld Asylum Blood Bayou Carnival of Carnivorous Clowns Curse of the Spider Hatchet High Lore of the Vampire Malice in Wunderland Red Moon Massacre Temple of Sacrifice The Inquisition Underground CarnEVIL Ghost Town The Swamp The Hanging 32 2004 Army of the Underworld Asylum Blood Bayou Carnival of Carnivorous Clowns Curse of the Spider Hatchet High Lore of the Vampire Malice in Wunderland Red Beard's Revenge Red Moon Massacre Temple of Sacrifice Terror Vision Ghost Town The Swamp The Gauntlet Ed Alonzo's Magic and Mayhem The Hanging 33 2005 13 Axe Murder Manor Asylum Carnival of Carnivorous Clowns Cavern of Lost Souls Curse of the Spider Feary Tales Hatchet High Lore of the Vampire Red Beard's Revenge Red Moon Massacre Temple of Sacrifice Terror Vision in 3-D CarnEVIL Ghost Town Silver Bullet Mining Town The Dark Realm The Gauntlet Hacks The Hanging 34 2006 13 Axe Murder Manor Asylum Cavern of Lost Souls Dark Realm with Lazer Rage Feary Tales in 3-D Hatchet High Lore of the Vampire Lost Vegas in 3-D Red Beard's Revenge Red Moon Massacre Terror Vision in 3-D The Grudge 2 CarnEVIL Ghost Town Silver Bullet Mining Town The Gauntlet Dead Idol Festival of Freaks Hacks Haunted Hypnochick Putz Prank Party The Hanging 35 2007 13 Axe Murder Manor Beowulf: Labyrinth into Darkness Black Widow's Cavern Dark Realm Lazer Tag Feary Tales Killer Clown Kollege Lore of the Vampire Lost Vegas Pyromaniax Red Beard's Revenge The Asylum The Doll Factory The Grudge 2 CarnEVIL Ghost Town Silver Bullet Mining Town The Gauntlet Festival of Freaks Hacks Inferno The Chipper Lowell Experience The Death of Dr. Cleaver The Hanging The Rocketz 36 2008 13 Axe Murder Manor Alien Annihilation Black Widow's Cavern Club Blood Corn Stalkers Killer Clown Kollege Labyrinth Lost Vegas Pyromaniax Quarantine The Asylum The Doll Factory The Slaughterhouse CarnEVIL Ghost Town The Gauntlet Dr. Cleaver's Big Election Fangs: A Vampire Show Festival of Freaks Inferno The Chipper Lowell Experience The Hanging The Hypnochick 37 2009 Alien Annihilation Black Widow's Cavern Cornstalkers Club Blood Dia De Los Muertos Labyrinth Lockdown: The Asylum Pyromaniax Quarantine Terror of London The Doll Factory The Slaughterhouse Uncle Bobo's Big Top of the Bizarre The Stepfather "Scare Scene" CarnEVIL Ghost Town The Gauntlet Bloodlust Festival of Freaks Inferno The Chipper Lowell Experience The Hanging 38 2010 Black Widow's CavernClub BloodCornstalkersDia De Los MuertosFallout ShelterLabyrinthLockdown: The AsylumSleepy Hollow MountainTerror of LondonThe Doll FactoryThe SlaughterhouseUncle Bobo's Big Top of the BizarreVirus Z CarnEVIL Ghost Town Necropolis: City of the Dead De' Anna the HypnoChickEd Alonzo's Psycho Circus of Magic and MayhemHACKS! presents Die, Die, Die!The HangingInfernoThe Chipper Lowell Experience Steel Drum Corps present BangZamora's Sideshow of the Bizarre 39 2011 CornstalkersDeliriumDia De Los MuertosEndgames: Warriors of the ApocalypseFallout ShelterInvasion BeneathLockdown: The AsylumSleepy Hollow MountainTerror of LondonThe Doll FactoryThe SlaughterhouseUncle Bobo's Big Top of the BizarreVirus Z CarnEVILGhost TownGypsy CampNecropolis: City of the Dead The HangingPutz' Prank PartyZamora's Side Show of HorrorsStreet Drum Corps Presents Bang!Haunt Wonders of TechnologyEd Alonzo's Psycho Circus of Magic and MayhemRed Moon Dance Company Presents Cursed! 40 2012 DeliriumDia De Los MuertosDominion of the DeadEndgames: Warriors of the ApocalypseFallout ShelterPinocchio UnstrungSlaughterhouseTerror of LondonThe Evil DeadTrappedTrick or TreatUncle Bobo's Big Top of the BizarreVirus Z Ghost TownNecropolisCarnevilGypsy Camp Ed Alonzo's Funhouse Tonga Tiki Terror The Hanging Games The Witching Hour Mephisto's Mechanical Mayhem Blood Drums Cursed Zamora's Sideshow of Torture Unearthed 41 2013 DeliriumBlack MagicDominion of the DamnedEndgames: Warriors of the ApocalypseForevermoreMirror MirrorPinocchio UnstrungThe Gunslinger's GraveTrick or TreatUncle Willy's SlaughterhouseThe Witch's KeepTrapped: The New Experiment Ghost TownNecropolisGypsy CampFiesta de los MuertosCarnEvil The HangingBlood DrumsCarny TrashCursedElvira's Sinema SeancePossessed 42 2014 VoodooThe Tooth FairyDominion of the DamnedBlack MagicForevermorePinocchio UnstrungThe Gunslinger's GraveTrick or TreatThe Witch's KeepTrapped: Lock and KeySpecial Ops: Infected Ghost TownGypsy Camp: The Cursed CaravanCarnEvilFiesta de los Muertos The HangingElvira's Big Top 43 2015 Voodoo: Order of the SerpentThe Tooth FairyParanormal Inc.Black MagicForevermorePinocchio UnstrungThe Gunslinger's Grave: A Blood Moon RisesTrick or TreatMy Bloody ClementineThe Dead of WinterSpecial Ops: Infected - Patient Zero Ghost TownCarnEvilFiesta de los Muertos The Hanging: Straight Outta CalicoElvira's Asylum 44 2016 Voodoo: Order of the SerpentThe Tooth FairyParanormal Inc.The Gunslinger's Grave: A Blood Moon RisesTrick or TreatThe Dead of Winter: Revenge of the Wendigo The Red BarnShadow LandsBlack Ops: InfectedSkeleton Key Rooms: Prey, Slasher, Visions, Zozo Ghost TownCarnEvilFiesta de los MuertosThe Hollow The HangingElvira's Danse Macabre 45 2017 Voodoo: Order of the SerpentThe Tooth FairyParanormal Inc.Dark RidePumpkin EaterTrick or Treat: Lights OutThe Red BarnShadow Lands Special Ops: InfectedHalloween Hootenanny Ghost TownCarnEvilFiesta de los MuertosThe Hollow The HangingElvira - Mistress of the Dark 46 2018 Special Ops: InfectedShadow LandsParanormal Inc.Trick or Treat: Lights OutPumpkin EaterThe Red BarnDark RideThe DepthsDark EntitiesHalloween Hootenanny Ghost TownCarnEvilThe HollowForsaken Lake Conjurers - Magic and Mirth at the Birdcage TheatreHacks! Cutting Room FloorThe Hanging: Shhh... It Happens 47 2019 Dark EntitiesDark RideHalloween HootenannyOrigins: The Curse of CalicoParanormal Inc.Pumpkin EaterShadow LandsSpecial Ops: InfectedThe DepthsWax Works CarnEVILForsaken LakeGhost TownThe Hollow Conjurers - Magic and Mirth at the Birdcage TheatreThe Hanging: Witches' RevengePuppet Up! Uncensored 2020 Canceled in response to the COVID-19 pandemic 48 2021 Dark EntitiesDark Ride: Castle of Chaos Halloween HootenannyMesmer: Sideshow of the MindOrigins: The Curse of CalicoParanormal Inc.Pumpkin EaterThe DepthsWax Works CarnEVILForsaken LakeGhost TownGore-ing '20sThe Hollow Carnival du GrotesqueDoce de La NocheInto The FogInvitation to TerrorPuppet Up! UncensoredWicked DrumsConjurers - Magic and Mirth at the Birdcage Theatre 49 2022 Bloodline 1842Dark EntitiesDark RideMesmer: Sideshow of the MindOrigins: The Curse of CalicoPumpkin EaterThe DepthsThe GrimoireWax Works The HollowGore-ing '20sForsaken LakeCarnEVILGhost Town Streets Carnival du GrotesqueConjurers: Dark MagicPuppet Up! Uncensored 50 2023 Bloodline 1842Cinema SlasherDark EntitiesMesmer: Sideshow of the MindOrigins: The Curse of CalicoRoom 13The Chilling ChambersThe DepthsThe GrimoireWax Works Gore-ing'20sForsaken LakeCarnEVILGhost Town StreetsThe Gauntlet Carnival du GrotesqueDr. Cleaver ReturnsMusic, Monsters, and MayhemThe Hanging: Uncancelled 51 2024 TBD TBD TBD History Two street monsters posing by the Ghost Town Coffin. The concept was introduced to the park's operations committee in a meeting in September 1973 by George Condos and Martha Boyd of the marketing department, and Bill Hollingshead and Gary Salisbury of the entertainment office. Bud Hurlbut, who built and operated (as a concessionaire) the Calico Mine Ride, the Timber Mountain Log Ride and other rides, decided that having static props wasn't enough, so he put on a gorilla suit and scared guests as they rode on the Mine Ride. Originally a three-night affair, running October 26–28, 1973, Halloween Haunt was an instant hit, and by the next year, the event sold out nightly. Knott's Berry Farm was originally modeled after Calico, California, a ghost town that was a result of the California silver rush. Already having a dedicated Ghost Town section in the theme park, this area would become the designed area for the original Halloween Haunt, eventually expanding to the entire park. The 1980s would continue to be a success for the theme park, and popular culture icons were employed to represent the event. In 1981, actor and singer "Weird Al" Yankovic joined the cast, as did Cassandra "Elvira" Peterson in the following year. Elvira was prominently featured in many Halloween Haunt events until 2001. According to postings on her Myspace page, Cassandra was released from her contract by the park's new owners due to their wanting a more family friendly appeal. The 1990s would show a different approach to Halloween. Humor was added to many facets in the theme park and Knott's turned from the explicit horror to black comedy. This continuing balance of horror and humor has been a key to the continuing success of Knott's Halloween Haunt. On August 4, 2020, Knott's announced that the 48th Scary Farm season would be cancelled in response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic which caused the closure of theme parks in California in March at the request of California Governor Gavin Newsom and was deferred to 2021. The theme park was not open at the time of the announcement. By the time the annual six-week-long event celebrated its 50th year in 2023, it has become the largest event of any theme park. Park transformation Charlene Parker as the Green Witch. While Knott's Berry Farm is a year-round theme park, the entire acreage is modified to fit the Halloween motif. Rides and other attractions are converted into macabre themes. Seasonal workers are cast as a variety of monsters, roaming the 160-acre (0.65 km2) park in terrifying scare zones, amidst haze produced by giant fog machines. The controversial "Hanging" live show was a staple of the Haunt that lampoons celebrities and people in the news through a series of staged hangings. The Hanging had been an annual event since the 1979 Halloween Haunt, but went on a brief hiatus after the 2019 season until it returned in 2023. As of 2023, the park has 10 mazes, 5 scare zones, and 4 live shows. The Green Witch Charlene Parker no longer portrays the Green Witch but continues to serve as a spinner and shift lead in Ghost Town at Knott's. Some characters have developed a special appeal, such as the legendary, iconic, and infamous villainess herself Sarah Rebecca Anne "The Green Witch Of Calico" Morgan-Marshall. Back in 1973, Diana Kirchen-Kelly was chosen to don the role of the first Green Witch under the name of Spooky Sarah when Haunt began. After Diana left the Haunt in 1976, the Green Witch role was passed to Barb Best Becka, then to Karen Aikman, and then to Charlene Parker in 1982. The Green Witch character became the most famous of the 1,000 "monsters" at Knott's Scary Farm, and Charlene Parker served in that role for over three decades (1983-2017). Tall and thin, she had a reputation for "gliding" rather than walking, and was continually able to catch guests by surprise. Some would fall over backwards onto the ground, and leave a wet spot on the pavement where they fell... This ability gave her "serious street cred" among her fellow "monsters." Sweepers at Knott's would just sit and wait near her, knowing that it would not be long before she would scare a group of guests so much that they would toss their food up into the air. In the age before cell phones, Knott's Guest Relations referred to her as "the Number 1 cause of separated parties." People would come to the Guest Relations office because their group had scattered after being "scared by a green witch." Parker was the subject of two feature articles about her in the Orange County Register, as well as the travel blog of the Los Angeles Times, and other publications, as well as appearing in Knott's commercials. In September 2021, Sarah was replaced by The Conductor as the new face of Knott's Scary Farm. Awards Knott's Scary Farm has won Amusement Today's Golden Ticket Award for Best Halloween Event twice, in 2005 and 2007. See also Halloween Haunt, Halloween events at other Cedar Fair parks Six Flags Fright Fest, Halloween events at Six Flags parks Universal's Halloween Horror Nights, Halloween event at Universal parks Howl-O-Scream, Halloween event at Busch Gardens References ^ a b MacDonald, Brady. "Knott's Berry Farm unveils Halloween Haunt 2008 mazes". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 12 December 2009. Retrieved 2008-10-22. ^ Pak, Ellyn (2007-09-25). "Knott's prepares for Halloween Haunt". Orange County Register. Retrieved 2023-10-29. ^ Jost, Domenik (September 11, 2010). "Halloween update: A look at the world's first, largest and longest-running theme park halloween event". Theme Park Insider. Retrieved September 18, 2017. ^ a b "Knott's Scary Farm Halloween Haunt- "Walk In, Freak Out"". Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-22. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Ultimate Haunt. "Ghost Town – Knott's Scary Farm Halloween Haunt". Ultimate Haunt. Retrieved 4 July 2010. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Ultimate Haunt. "Knott's Scary Farm Halloween Haunt History". Ultimate Haunt. Retrieved 4 July 2010. ^ Ultimate Haunt. "HALLOWEEN HAUNT 1987 15TH ANNUAL". Ultimate Haunt. Retrieved 4 July 2010. ^ Ultimate Haunt. "HALLOWEEN HAUNT 1988 16TH ANNUAL". Ultimate Haunt. Retrieved 4 July 2010. ^ Ultimate Haunt. "HALLOWEEN HAUNT 1989 17TH ANNUAL". Ultimate Haunt. Retrieved 4 July 2010. ^ Ultimate Haunt. "HALLOWEEN HAUNT 1990 18TH ANNUAL". Ultimate Haunt. Retrieved 4 July 2010. ^ Ultimate Haunt. "HALLOWEEN HAUNT 1991 19TH ANNUAL". Ultimate Haunt. Retrieved 4 July 2010. ^ Ultimate Haunt. "HALLOWEEN HAUNT 1992 20TH ANNUAL". Ultimate Haunt. Retrieved 4 July 2010. ^ Ultimate Haunt. "HALLOWEEN HAUNT 1993 21TH (sic) ANNUAL". Ultimate Haunt. Retrieved 4 July 2010. ^ Ultimate Haunt. "HALLOWEEN HAUNT 1994 22ND ANNUAL". Ultimate Haunt. Retrieved 4 July 2010. ^ Ultimate Haunt. "HALLOWEEN HAUNT 1995 23RD ANNUAL". Ultimate Haunt. Retrieved 4 July 2010. ^ Ultimate Haunt. "HALLOWEEN HAUNT 1996 24TH ANNUAL". Ultimate Haunt. Retrieved 4 July 2010. ^ Ultimate Haunt. "HALLOWEEN HAUNT 1997 25TH ANNUAL". Ultimate Haunt. Retrieved 4 July 2010. ^ Ultimate Haunt. "HALLOWEEN HAUNT 1998 26TH ANNUAL". Ultimate Haunt. Retrieved 4 July 2010. ^ Ultimate Haunt. "HALLOWEEN HAUNT 1999 27TH ANNUAL". Ultimate Haunt. Retrieved 4 July 2010. ^ Ultimate Haunt. "2000 Knott's Scary Farm Halloween Haunt". Ultimate Haunt. Retrieved 4 July 2010. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Ultimate Haunt. "CarnEVIL – Knott's Scary Farm Halloween Haunt". Ultimate Haunt. Retrieved 4 July 2010. ^ a b Ultimate Haunt. "2001 Knott's Scary Farm Halloween Haunt". Ultimate Haunt. Retrieved 4 July 2010. ^ a b c d e Ultimate Haunt. "Knott's Scary Farm History". Ultimate Haunt. Retrieved 4 July 2010. ^ Ultimate Haunt. "THE RETURN OF ZULU". Ultimate Haunt. Retrieved 4 July 2010. ^ Ultimate Haunt. "Knott's Halloween Haunt 2002". Ultimate Haunt. Retrieved 4 July 2010. ^ Ultimate Haunt. "Knott's Halloween Haunt 2003". Ultimate Haunt. Retrieved 4 July 2010. ^ Ultimate Haunt. "Knott's Scary Farm Halloween Haunt 2004". Ultimate Haunt. Retrieved 4 July 2010. ^ Ultimate Haunt. "2005 Knott's Scary Farm Halloween Haunt". Ultimate Haunt. Retrieved 4 July 2010. ^ Ultimate Haunt. "Knott's Halloween Haunt 2006". Ultimate Haunt. Retrieved 4 July 2010. ^ Ultimate Haunt. "Knott's Halloween Haunt 2007". Ultimate Haunt. Retrieved 4 July 2010. ^ Ultimate Haunt. "Knott's Halloween Haunt 2008". Ultimate Haunt. Retrieved 4 July 2010. ^ a b The DigitalSnakeBandit. "KSF 2009 Ghost Town - The Stepfather Box". YouTube. Retrieved 28 March 2024. ^ a b fyw321. "Stepfather Scare Scene and Heading To Asylum Lockdown". YouTube. Retrieved 28 March 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ a b Knotts Berry Farm. "Knotts Scary Farm Survival Guide". Park Map. Creepy L.A. Archived from the original on 3 January 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2010. ^ MacDonald, Brady (8 July 2009). "Knott's Berry Farm unveils Halloween Haunt 2009 mazes". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 15 July 2009. Retrieved 5 July 2010. ^ Hollywood Gothique. "Knott's Berry Farm's 2009 Halloween Haunt". Hollywood Gothique. Archived from the original on 20 October 2008. Retrieved 4 July 2010. ^ Ultimate Haunt. "Knott's Scary Farm Halloween Haunt 2009". Ultimate Haunt. Retrieved 4 July 2010. ^ Knott's Scary Farm. "Knott's Scary Farm – Facebook". Facebook page. Facebook. Retrieved 29 October 2023. ^ MacDonald, Brady (30 March 2010). "Knott's Berry Farm already preparing for Halloween Haunt 2010". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 29 October 2010. Retrieved 5 July 2010. ^ MacDonald, Brady (12 August 2010). "Knott's Berry Farm unveils Halloween Haunt 2010 shows". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 21 August 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ MacDonald, Brady (16 July 2010). "Knott's Berry Farm unveils Halloween Haunt 2010 mazes". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ "Knott's Berry Farm Haunt". Knott's Berry Farm. Archived from the original on 20 July 2010. Retrieved 21 August 2010. ^ "Halloween Haunt". Knott's Berry Farm. May 2011. Archived from the original on 26 September 2011. Retrieved 14 May 2011. ^ MacDonald, Brady (1 August 2012). "Knott's Berry Farm unveils Halloween Haunt 2012 mazes". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2 August 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2018. ^ MacDonald, Brady (11 July 2013). "Knott's Halloween Haunt 2013: Six new mazes and the return of Elvira". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 9 August 2013. Retrieved 31 August 2018. ^ MacDonald, Brady (7 August 2014). "Knott's Berry Farm unveils Halloween Haunt 2014 mazes". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 31 August 2018. ^ MacDonald, Brady (27 August 2015). "Knott's Halloween '15: A new haunted maze ruled by an evil queen, plus lots of zombie-killing ops". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 31 August 2018. ^ MacDonald, Brady (26 August 2016). "Knott's Berry Farm returns to the fog for Halloween Haunt 2016". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 31 August 2018. ^ Lam, Albert (1 September 2017). "Knott's Scary Farm 2017 Announcement Event". Westcoaster. Retrieved 31 August 2018. ^ Niles, Robert (30 August 2018). "Knott's Scary Farm reveals its 2018 line-up". Theme Park Insider. Retrieved 31 August 2018. ^ Tuttle, Brittani (30 August 2019). "Full lineup for Knott's Scary Farm 2019, featuring new maze 'Wax Works'". Theme Park Insider. Retrieved 11 September 2019. ^ Niles, Robert (22 July 2021). "Knott's Scary Farm Confirms 2021 Scare Zone Line-Up". Theme Park Insider. Retrieved 22 July 2021. ^ Niles, Robert (16 August 2021). "Knott's Reveals Full 2021 Scary Farm Line-Up". Theme Park Insider. Retrieved 14 September 2021. ^ Merritt, Christopher, and Lynxwiler, J. Eric. Knott's Preserved: From Boysenberry to Theme Park, the History of Knott's Berry Farm, pp. 126-9, Angel City Press, Santa Monica, CA, 2010. ISBN 978-1-883318-97-0. ^ "Knott's Scary Farm Halloween Haunt". Hollywood. Archived from the original on 20 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-23. ^ "COURSE 2: the 1980s". ultimatehaunt.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2010. Retrieved 2008-10-23. ^ Cassandra Peterson's MySpace page ^ "COURSE 3: THE 1990S". ultimatehaunt.com. Archived from the original on 22 August 2009. Retrieved 2008-10-23. ^ Mills, Thomas (2006-10-12). "Getting into their costumes". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2008-10-23. ^ "Knott's Berry Farm Amusement Park | Coronavirus Update". ^ "Plan A Trip". Knott's Berry Farm. Retrieved 2023-10-29. ^ "Uncensored 'Hanging' returns to Knott's Scary Farm – 'If you don't like it, don't watch'". The Mercury News. 2023-08-25. Retrieved 2023-10-17. ^ "Knott's Scary Farm 2023 Guide – 50 Years of Nostalgic Nightmares!". www.micechat.com. 2023-09-22. Retrieved 2023-10-17. ^ Pardes, Arielle (October 25, 2015). "The Long, Spooky History of America's First Amusement-Park Witch". Vice.com. Retrieved September 16, 2023. ^ Kheel, Rebecca (September 24, 2015). "Who does that job? Knott's Scary Farm witch delights in frightening you". Orange County Register. Retrieved September 7, 2023. ^ Pak, Ellyn (October 22, 2007). "A love for creeping people out". Orange County Register. p. 1. Retrieved July 29, 2011. ^ MacDonald, Brady (October 5, 2007). "Knott's green witch scares because she cares". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 18 July 2010. Retrieved July 29, 2011. ^ "Adventures in Education," Knott's Berry Farm, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011. ^ The Scary Vine, Knott's Berry Farm, Vol. 14, No. 10, October 9, 2009. ^ "Scare School". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-11-18. Retrieved 31 January 2019. ^ Forsyth, Jessica. "Bewitched," Coast magazine, Oct. 2008, pp. 42-3, Newport Beach, CA. ^ Owens, Jana (October 19, 2007). "Halloween Haunt brings thrills and chills to Knott's". Daily 49er. Retrieved July 13, 2014. ^ "All-time Winners By Category – The Golden Ticket Awards - Presented by Amusement Today". goldenticketawards.com. 8 January 2014. Knott's Scary Farm 2011: Here's A Cheer For 38 Years Of Fears, Leo Buck Buck-ing Trends November 30, 2011 External links Official website Comprehensive tribute site Halloween Haunt reviews, photos, and video vteKnott's Berry Farm History of Knott's Berry Farm Roller coasters Coast Rider GhostRider HangTime Jaguar! MonteZOOMa: The Forbidden Fortress Pony Express Sierra Sidewinder Silver Bullet Xcelerator Attractions Calico River Rapids Camp Snoopy Ghost Town & Calico Railroad Grand Sierra Railroad Knott's Bear-y Tales: Return to the Fair La Revolucion Sol Spin Sky Cabin Supreme Scream Timber Mountain Log Ride Shows Knott's Berry Farm's Wild West Stunt show Former attractions Boomerang Corkscrew Haunted Shack Kingdom of the Dinosaurs Knott's Bear-y Tales Perilous Plunge Screamin' Swing VertiGo Voyage to the Iron Reef Windjammer Surf Racers WindSeeker Season EventsKnott's Scary Farm vteHalloween eventsCommunity Halloween in the Castro Headless Horseman Hayride New York's Village Halloween Parade Pumpkin Fest Rutland Halloween Parade Shocktoberfest State Street Halloween Party (Madison) Terror Behind the Walls At theme parks Fright Fest Fright Nights HalloWeekends Halloween Haunt California's Great America Canada's Wonderland Dorney Park Kings Dominion Kings Island Halloween Spooktacular Happy Halloween Howl-O-Scream Busch Gardens Tampa Bay Busch Gardens Williamsburg SeaWorld San Antonio Knott's Scary Farm Mickey's Halloween Party Halloween Screams Mickey's Not-So-Scary Halloween Party SCarowinds Universal's Halloween Horror Nights ValleyScare
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Halloween","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween"},{"link_name":"Knott's Berry Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knott%27s_Berry_Farm"},{"link_name":"Buena Park, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buena_Park,_California"},{"link_name":"mazes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maze"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacDonald-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Register-2"},{"link_name":"Halloween event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haunted_attraction_(simulated)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Seasonal Halloween eventKnott's Scary Farm or Knott's Halloween Haunt is a seasonal Halloween event at Knott's Berry Farm in Buena Park, California. It is an event in which the theme park is transformed into \"160 acres of horror\", via a series of roaming monsters, terrifying mazes[1] and 'scare zones'.[2] As of 2010, it was said to be the first, largest and longest-running Halloween event to be held at a theme park.[3]","title":"Knott's Scary Farm"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Wax Works\nOrigins: The Curse Of Calico\nMesmer: Sideshow Of The Mind\nBloodline 1842\nThe Grimoire\nCinema Slasher\nRoom 13\nThe Chilling Chambers","title":"Haunted attractions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Attraction history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clowncrew13.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bud Hurlbut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_Hurlbut"},{"link_name":"Timber Mountain Log Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_Mountain_Log_Ride"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Calico, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calico_Ghost_Town"},{"link_name":"ghost town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_town"},{"link_name":"silver rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_rush"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gothique-55"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UH_Ghost_Town-5"},{"link_name":"popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture"},{"link_name":"\"Weird Al\" Yankovic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic"},{"link_name":"Cassandra \"Elvira\" Peterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassandra_Peterson"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-c1980-56"},{"link_name":"Myspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myspace"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"black comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_comedy"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d1980-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mills-59"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"California Governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Governor"},{"link_name":"Gavin Newsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Newsom"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coasterglobe_Theme_Park_and_Coaster_News-4"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FAQ-61"}],"text":"Two street monsters posing by the Ghost Town Coffin.The concept was introduced to the park's operations committee in a meeting in September 1973 by George Condos and Martha Boyd of the marketing department, and Bill Hollingshead and Gary Salisbury of the entertainment office. Bud Hurlbut, who built and operated (as a concessionaire) the Calico Mine Ride, the Timber Mountain Log Ride and other rides, decided that having static props wasn't enough, so he put on a gorilla suit and scared guests as they rode on the Mine Ride. Originally a three-night affair, running October 26–28, 1973, Halloween Haunt was an instant hit, and by the next year, the event sold out nightly.[54] Knott's Berry Farm was originally modeled after Calico, California, a ghost town that was a result of the California silver rush. Already having a dedicated Ghost Town section in the theme park,[55] this area would become the designed area for the original Halloween Haunt, eventually expanding to the entire park.[5]The 1980s would continue to be a success for the theme park, and popular culture icons were employed to represent the event. In 1981, actor and singer \"Weird Al\" Yankovic joined the cast, as did Cassandra \"Elvira\" Peterson in the following year.[56] Elvira was prominently featured in many Halloween Haunt events until 2001. According to postings on her Myspace page, Cassandra was released from her contract by the park's new owners due to their wanting a more family friendly appeal.[57] The 1990s would show a different approach to Halloween. Humor was added to many facets in the theme park and Knott's turned from the explicit horror to black comedy.[58] This continuing balance of horror and humor has been a key to the continuing success of Knott's Halloween Haunt.[59]On August 4, 2020, Knott's announced that the 48th Scary Farm season would be cancelled in response to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic which caused the closure of theme parks in California in March at the request of California Governor Gavin Newsom and was deferred to 2021. The theme park was not open at the time of the announcement.[60]By the time the annual six-week-long event celebrated its 50th year in 2023,[4] it has become the largest event of any theme park.[61]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charlene_Parker,_green_witch.jpg"},{"link_name":"theme park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theme_park"},{"link_name":"macabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macabre"},{"link_name":"fog machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog_machine"},{"link_name":"hangings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"Charlene Parker as the Green Witch.While Knott's Berry Farm is a year-round theme park, the entire acreage is modified to fit the Halloween motif. Rides and other attractions are converted into macabre themes. Seasonal workers are cast as a variety of monsters, roaming the 160-acre (0.65 km2) park in terrifying scare zones, amidst haze produced by giant fog machines.The controversial \"Hanging\" live show was a staple of the Haunt that lampoons celebrities and people in the news through a series of staged hangings. The Hanging had been an annual event since the 1979 Halloween Haunt, but went on a brief hiatus after the 2019 season until it returned in 2023.[62]\nAs of 2023, the park has 10 mazes, 5 scare zones, and 4 live shows.[63]","title":"Park transformation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charlene_Parker,_spinner.jpg"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-creeping-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"The Green Witch","text":"Charlene Parker no longer portrays the Green Witch but continues to serve as a spinner and shift lead in Ghost Town at Knott's.Some characters have developed a special appeal, such as the legendary, iconic, and infamous villainess herself Sarah Rebecca Anne \"The Green Witch Of Calico\" Morgan-Marshall.Back in 1973, Diana Kirchen-Kelly was chosen to don the role of the first Green Witch under the name of Spooky Sarah when Haunt began. After Diana left the Haunt in 1976, the Green Witch role was passed to Barb Best Becka, then to Karen Aikman, and then to Charlene Parker in 1982.[64]The Green Witch character became the most famous of the 1,000 \"monsters\" at Knott's Scary Farm, and Charlene Parker served in that role for over three decades (1983-2017). Tall and thin, she had a reputation for \"gliding\" rather than walking, and was continually able to catch guests by surprise. Some would fall over backwards onto the ground, and leave a wet spot on the pavement where they fell... This ability gave her \"serious street cred\" among her fellow \"monsters.\" Sweepers at Knott's would just sit and wait near her, knowing that it would not be long before she would scare a group of guests so much that they would toss their food up into the air. In the age before cell phones, Knott's Guest Relations referred to her as \"the Number 1 cause of separated parties.\" People would come to the Guest Relations office because their group had scattered after being \"scared by a green witch.\" Parker was the subject of two feature articles about her in the Orange County Register, as well as the travel blog of the Los Angeles Times, and other publications, as well as appearing in Knott's commercials.[65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72]In September 2021, Sarah was replaced by The Conductor as the new face of Knott's Scary Farm.","title":"Park transformation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amusement Today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusement_Today"},{"link_name":"Golden Ticket Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Ticket_Award"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"text":"Knott's Scary Farm has won Amusement Today's Golden Ticket Award for Best Halloween Event twice, in 2005 and 2007.[73]","title":"Awards"}]
[{"image_text":"Two street monsters posing by the Ghost Town Coffin.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Clowncrew13.jpg/200px-Clowncrew13.jpg"},{"image_text":"Charlene Parker as the Green Witch.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Charlene_Parker%2C_green_witch.jpg/220px-Charlene_Parker%2C_green_witch.jpg"},{"image_text":"Charlene Parker no longer portrays the Green Witch but continues to serve as a spinner and shift lead in Ghost Town at Knott's.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Charlene_Parker%2C_spinner.jpg/220px-Charlene_Parker%2C_spinner.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Halloween Haunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween_Haunt_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Cedar Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Fair"},{"title":"Six Flags Fright Fest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Flags_Fright_Fest"},{"title":"Universal's Halloween Horror Nights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal%27s_Halloween_Horror_Nights"},{"title":"Howl-O-Scream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howl-O-Scream"}]
[{"reference":"MacDonald, Brady. \"Knott's Berry Farm unveils Halloween Haunt 2008 mazes\". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 12 December 2009. Retrieved 2008-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091212065636/http://travel.latimes.com/daily-deal-blog/index.php/halloween-haunt-2008-2200/","url_text":"\"Knott's Berry Farm unveils Halloween Haunt 2008 mazes\""},{"url":"http://travel.latimes.com/daily-deal-blog/index.php/halloween-haunt-2008-2200/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Pak, Ellyn (2007-09-25). \"Knott's prepares for Halloween Haunt\". Orange County Register. Retrieved 2023-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ocregister.com/2007/09/25/knotts-prepares-for-halloween-haunt/","url_text":"\"Knott's prepares for Halloween Haunt\""}]},{"reference":"Jost, Domenik (September 11, 2010). \"Halloween update: A look at the world's first, largest and longest-running theme park halloween event\". Theme Park Insider. Retrieved September 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.themeparkinsider.com/flume/201009/2094/","url_text":"\"Halloween update: A look at the world's first, largest and longest-running theme park halloween event\""}]},{"reference":"\"Knott's Scary Farm Halloween Haunt- \"Walk In, Freak Out\"\". Archived from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081005204057/https://coasterglobe.wordpress.com/2008/09/22/knotts-scary-farm-haunt-walk-in-freak-out/","url_text":"\"Knott's Scary Farm Halloween Haunt- \"Walk In, Freak Out\"\""},{"url":"http://coasterglobe.wordpress.com/2008/09/22/knotts-scary-farm-haunt-walk-in-freak-out/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ultimate Haunt. \"Ghost Town – Knott's Scary Farm Halloween Haunt\". Ultimate Haunt. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Bangalore_bombing
2013 Bangalore bombing
["1 Event description and timeline","2 Investigation","3 Victims","4 See also","5 References"]
2013 Bangalore bombingLocationMalleswaram, Bangalore, Karnataka, IndiaDate17 April 2013 (GMT +5:30)WeaponsIEDDeathsNoneInjured16 A bomb explosion known as the 2013 Bangalore bombing occurred on 17 April 2013 in Bangalore, India, at 10:30 (IST) near the Bharatiya Janata Party Karnataka New State Office Jagannath Bhawan, on Temple Street 11th Cross, Malleswaram. Sixteen people were reported to have been injured. The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) confirmed that the latest Bangalore blast was a terror attack. Syed Ali and Jahan Aamir were arrested by the Bangalore Police for the attack. Event description and timeline (Timeline displayed in reverse chronological order) A motorcycle was parked in between two cars near the BJP Karnataka State Office Jagannath Bhawan. The blast ripped apart the motorcycle and gutted both cars. Windows of nearby houses and vehicles were also reported to have been shattered due to the shock-wave from the blast. 17 April 2013 at 3:00 pm – Security was stepped up in New Delhi in the wake of the Bangalore blast with special checking of inbound and outbound vehicles. Personnel were deployed across the national capital but police said there was no reason to panic. Vigilance was also stepped up at railway stations, airports, Metro stations, market places and other public places in the capital. 17 April 2013 – 2:45 pm – Eleven policemen were reportedly injured in the blast, sources said. 17 April 2013 – 2:30 pm – Union Home Minister Sushilkumar Shinde spoke on the Bangalore blast in Kolkata on Wednesday. He said he had already constituted a probe into the Bangalore blast. 17 April 2013 – 2:06 pm – An NSG team is set to leave for Bangalore. 17 April 2013 – 1:54 pm – Another blast was reported by the local media from Hebbal. Police, however, denied such reports. 17 April 2013 – 1:47 pm – NIA and sleuths were probing the blast site. Karnataka has been put on high alert. 17 April 2013 – 1:45 pm – Bangalore Police was alerted about possible disruptive activities a couple of days ago. On Tuesday, Bangalore hosted an IPL match and the security was expected to be high with elections around the corner. 17 April 2013 – 1:40 pm – BJP spokesperson Meenakshi Lekhi condemned the blast. 17 April 2013 – 1:38 pm – The Ind-Suzuki motorcycle in which the explosive (500 grams) was placed had a Tamil Nadu registration number and was parked there since yesterday, sources said. The explosion was carried out with a timer, it was learnt. The two-wheeler was a stolen one, reports said. 17 April 2013 – 1:36 pm – Senior BJP leader Venkaiah Naidu condemned the incident and hoped that the center and the government of Karnataka probed the incident in proper coordination. He said they would wait for the outcome of the probe. 17 April 2013 – 1:15 pm – Reports confirmed that IED was used to trigger the Malleshwaram blast in Bangalore on Wednesday morning. 1:10 pm – R Ashoka, Karnataka deputy chief minister and home minister said the BJP will not be deterred by such cowardly acts. He said it was clearly an act of terror. 17 April 2013 – 1:05 pm – A female victim admitted in the hospital said she fell down after hearing a massive explosion and seeing fire. "I don't remember anything after that," she said. Meanwhile, officials said none of the vehicles that were present at that Bangalore blast site had a LPG kit. Karnataka Police DGP Lalrokhuma Pachau said the motorcycle and a van were damaged the most in the blast. 17 April 2013 – 12:44 pm – Home Secretary RPN Singh appealed for peace and calm. Police said the nature of the injuries in the blast were not very serious and the injured were undergoing treatment at KC Hospital. Singh said the Karnataka Police will be given all possible help in probing the incident. 17 April 2013 – 12:33 pm – Police were suspecting whether the blast targeted at the BJP office. The entire area has been cordoned off. The toll of injured touches 16. 17 April 2013 – 12:23 pm – The injured in the blast included a CRPF jawan and an 18-year-old PU student who was on her way to the tutorial. They were being treated at KC Hospital in Malleshwaram. Two teenage girls were among the injured. 17 April 2013 – 12:13 pm – An NIA team was rushed to the blast spot. Although initially it was said that the NIA's assistance would not be required to probe the case. A forensic team had also reached the spot to probe the incident. The bomb squad was also expected to arrive at the spot. 17 April 2013 – 12:09 pm – BJP spokesperson Ashwatnarayana said they had come out in the street after hearing a huge blast. "We had first thought it to be a transformer blast," he said. "Thanks to good old trees on Bevinamarada Raste the damage is minimal," the BJP man told OneIndia News. If the blast near BJP's office in Banglore is a terror attack, it will certainly help the BJP politically on the eve of election. BJP leader Balbir Punj had said earlier that he hoped that it was not a terror attack. 17 April 2013 – 11:45 am – Commissioner of Police Raghavendra Auradkar said the explosion was caused by a motorcycle bomb. The police said the explosives were placed on the motorcycle. The police, however, said there was no need to seek NIA help in the probe at the moment. 17 April 2013 – 11:30 am – Karnataka Chief Minister Jagadish Shettar said it was too early to make any statement on whether it was a terror attack. He said the officials were investigating it thoroughly. Investigation According to police chief of Karnataka, Lalrokhuma Pachau, the material that was used for explosion was ammonium nitrate which is easily available in the market and frequently used by terrorist groups The motorbike used for the purpose was reported to have been stolen from Hyderabad while the number plate bearing Tamil Nadu registration number TN22R3769 was also recovered from the spot. A team from the National Investigation Agency has arrived from Delhi to investigate into the matter. A team of the National Security Guard has also left for Bangalore to aid the police. So far no one has claimed responsibility for the bombings. On Friday, April 21, 2023, a special court in Bengaluru convicted two Tamil Nadu-based men, part of terror organisation, Al-Umma, for their role in an explosion outside a BJP office in the city in 2013. Victims 16 people, 8 policemen and 8 civilians, are reported to have been injured in the blast. All the victims were rushed to KC General Hospital. According to director general of police (DGP) Lalrokhuma Pachau none of the victim suffered serious injuries. The eight civilians include three women and two teenagers. A number of vehicles and nearby houses also bore the brunt of the blast. With State elections due in Karnataka on 5 May 2013, the BJP State HQ was busy with many visitors. The injured policemen were on security duty at close proximity to the BJP office. See also 2010 Bangalore stadium bombing References ^ "Bangalore blast a terror attack, confirms Home Ministry". Retrieved 6 December 2014. ^ "Malleswaram blast: 2 from city arrested - TAMIL NADU - The Hindu". ^ Hari Kumar (18 April 2013). "Ammonium Nitrate Used in Bangalore Blast, Police Say". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 April 2013. ^ "Bomb blast near BJP office in Bangalore, Centre orders probe". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. ^ BS (18 April 2013). "Bangalore bomb blast injures 16; Centre joins probe". Retrieved 6 December 2014. ^ "MHA confirms Bangalore blast as terror strike". oneindia.com. Retrieved 6 December 2014. ^ "Bomb blast near BJP office in Bangalore, several injured". The Times of India. 17 April 2013. ^ Hindustan Times. "Terror strikes Bengaluru again, bike bomb goes off near BJP HQ". hindustantimes.com/. Archived from the original on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2014. ^ "Blast near BJP office – 13 Injured". Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2013. ^ "Blast outside Bangalore BJP office leaves 16 injured; probe ordered". Yahoo News India. 17 April 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2014. ^ "Blast outside BJP office in Bangalore; 16 injured". Retrieved 6 December 2014.
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Police, however, denied such reports.17 April 2013 – 1:47 pm – NIA and sleuths were probing the blast site. Karnataka has been put on high alert.17 April 2013 – 1:45 pm – Bangalore Police was alerted about possible disruptive activities a couple of days ago. On Tuesday, Bangalore hosted an IPL match and the security was expected to be high with elections around the corner.17 April 2013 – 1:40 pm – BJP spokesperson Meenakshi Lekhi condemned the blast.17 April 2013 – 1:38 pm – The Ind-Suzuki motorcycle in which the explosive (500 grams) was placed had a Tamil Nadu registration number and was parked there since yesterday, sources said. The explosion was carried out with a timer, it was learnt. The two-wheeler was a stolen one, reports said.17 April 2013 – 1:36 pm – Senior BJP leader Venkaiah Naidu condemned the incident and hoped that the center and the government of Karnataka probed the incident in proper coordination. He said they would wait for the outcome of the probe.17 April 2013 – 1:15 pm – Reports confirmed that IED was used to trigger the Malleshwaram blast in Bangalore on Wednesday morning. 1:10 pm – R Ashoka, Karnataka deputy chief minister and home minister said the BJP will not be deterred by such cowardly acts. He said it was clearly an act of terror.17 April 2013 – 1:05 pm – A female victim admitted in the hospital said she fell down after hearing a massive explosion and seeing fire. \"I don't remember anything after that,\" she said. Meanwhile, officials said none of the vehicles that were present at that Bangalore blast site had a LPG kit. Karnataka Police DGP Lalrokhuma Pachau said the motorcycle and a van were damaged the most in the blast.17 April 2013 – 12:44 pm – Home Secretary RPN Singh appealed for peace and calm. Police said the nature of the injuries in the blast were not very serious and the injured were undergoing treatment at KC Hospital. Singh said the Karnataka Police will be given all possible help in probing the incident.17 April 2013 – 12:33 pm – Police were suspecting whether the blast targeted at the BJP office. The entire area has been cordoned off. The toll of injured touches 16.17 April 2013 – 12:23 pm – The injured in the blast included a CRPF jawan and an 18-year-old PU student who was on her way to the tutorial. They were being treated at KC Hospital in Malleshwaram. Two teenage girls were among the injured.17 April 2013 – 12:13 pm – An NIA team was rushed to the blast spot. Although initially it was said that the NIA's assistance would not be required to probe the case. A forensic team had also reached the spot to probe the incident. The bomb squad was also expected to arrive at the spot.17 April 2013 – 12:09 pm – BJP spokesperson Ashwatnarayana said they had come out in the street after hearing a huge blast. \"We had first thought it to be a transformer blast,\" he said. \"Thanks to good old trees on Bevinamarada Raste the damage is minimal,\" the BJP man told OneIndia News. If the blast near BJP's office in Banglore is a terror attack, it will certainly help the BJP politically on the eve of election. BJP leader Balbir Punj had said earlier that he hoped that it was not a terror attack.17 April 2013 – 11:45 am – Commissioner of Police Raghavendra Auradkar said the explosion was caused by a motorcycle bomb. The police said the explosives were placed on the motorcycle. The police, however, said there was no need to seek NIA help in the probe at the moment.17 April 2013 – 11:30 am – Karnataka Chief Minister Jagadish Shettar said it was too early to make any statement on whether it was a terror attack. He said the officials were investigating it thoroughly.","title":"Event description and timeline"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"National Investigation Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Investigation_Agency"},{"link_name":"National Security Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Guard"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/2-more-convicted-in-2013-blast-case-in-bengaluru/articleshow/99700948.cms"}],"text":"According to police chief of Karnataka, Lalrokhuma Pachau, the material that was used for explosion was ammonium nitrate which is easily available in the market and frequently used by terrorist groups[3] The motorbike used for the purpose was reported to have been stolen from Hyderabad while the number plate bearing Tamil Nadu registration number TN22R3769 was also recovered from the spot.A team from the National Investigation Agency has arrived from Delhi to investigate into the matter. A team of the National Security Guard has also left for Bangalore to aid the police.[4][5][6][7][8][9]So far no one has claimed responsibility for the bombings.[10]On Friday, April 21, 2023, a special court in Bengaluru convicted two Tamil Nadu-based men, part of terror organisation, Al-Umma, for their role in an explosion outside a BJP office in the city in 2013.[1]","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"16 people, 8 policemen and 8 civilians, are reported to have been injured in the blast. All the victims were rushed to KC General Hospital. According to director general of police (DGP) Lalrokhuma Pachau none of the victim suffered serious injuries.[11] The eight civilians include three women and two teenagers.A number of vehicles and nearby houses also bore the brunt of the blast.With State elections due in Karnataka on 5 May 2013, the BJP State HQ was busy with many visitors. The injured policemen were on security duty at close proximity to the BJP office.","title":"Victims"}]
[]
[{"title":"2010 Bangalore stadium bombing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Bangalore_stadium_bombing"}]
[{"reference":"\"Bangalore blast a terror attack, confirms Home Ministry\". Retrieved 6 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bangalore-blast-bjp-terror-attack-home-ministry-sushilkumar-shinde/1/262709.html","url_text":"\"Bangalore blast a terror attack, confirms Home Ministry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Malleswaram blast: 2 from city arrested - TAMIL NADU - The Hindu\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/malleswaram-blast-2-from-city-arrested/article8386980.ece","url_text":"\"Malleswaram blast: 2 from city arrested - TAMIL NADU - The Hindu\""}]},{"reference":"Hari Kumar (18 April 2013). \"Ammonium Nitrate Used in Bangalore Blast, Police Say\". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/ammonium-nitrate-used-in-bangalore-blast-police-say/","url_text":"\"Ammonium Nitrate Used in Bangalore Blast, Police Say\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bomb blast near BJP office in Bangalore, Centre orders probe\". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 20 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130420144959/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-17/bangalore/38615034_1_lpg-cylinder-blast-bomb-blast-bjp-office","url_text":"\"Bomb blast near BJP office in Bangalore, Centre orders probe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-17/bangalore/38615034_1_lpg-cylinder-blast-bomb-blast-bjp-office","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"BS (18 April 2013). \"Bangalore bomb blast injures 16; Centre joins probe\". Retrieved 6 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/13-injured-in-bomb-blast-near-bjp-office-113041700120_1.html","url_text":"\"Bangalore bomb blast injures 16; Centre joins probe\""}]},{"reference":"\"MHA confirms Bangalore blast as terror strike\". oneindia.com. Retrieved 6 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.oneindia.in/2013/04/17/blast-near-bjp-office-in-bangalore-1-killed-1195696.html","url_text":"\"MHA confirms Bangalore blast as terror strike\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bomb blast near BJP office in Bangalore, several injured\". The Times of India. 17 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bomb-blast-near-bjp-office-in-bangalore-several-injured/articleshow/19593602.cms","url_text":"\"Bomb blast near BJP office in Bangalore, several injured\""}]},{"reference":"Hindustan Times. \"Terror strikes Bengaluru again, bike bomb goes off near BJP HQ\". hindustantimes.com/. Archived from the original on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130418075342/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Bangalore/13-hurt-in-Bangalore-explosion-cops-suspect-bombing/Article1-1045625.aspx","url_text":"\"Terror strikes Bengaluru again, bike bomb goes off near BJP HQ\""},{"url":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Bangalore/13-hurt-in-Bangalore-explosion-cops-suspect-bombing/Article1-1045625.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Blast near BJP office – 13 Injured\". Archived from the original on 20 April 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130420055657/http://www.newsbullet.in/india/34-more/41269-bangalore-blast-near-bjp-office-13-injured","url_text":"\"Blast near BJP office – 13 Injured\""},{"url":"http://www.newsbullet.in/india/34-more/41269-bangalore-blast-near-bjp-office-13-injured","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Blast outside Bangalore BJP office leaves 16 injured; probe ordered\". Yahoo News India. 17 April 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://in.news.yahoo.com/blast-outside-bjp-office-in-bangalore--at-least-13-injured-064858732.html","url_text":"\"Blast outside Bangalore BJP office leaves 16 injured; probe ordered\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blast outside BJP office in Bangalore; 16 injured\". Retrieved 6 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://in.reuters.com/article/bangalore-blast-bjp-office-idINDEE93G03K20130417","url_text":"\"Blast outside BJP office in Bangalore; 16 injured\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/2-more-convicted-in-2013-blast-case-in-bengaluru/articleshow/99700948.cms","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bangalore-blast-bjp-terror-attack-home-ministry-sushilkumar-shinde/1/262709.html","external_links_name":"\"Bangalore blast a terror attack, confirms Home Ministry\""},{"Link":"http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/malleswaram-blast-2-from-city-arrested/article8386980.ece","external_links_name":"\"Malleswaram blast: 2 from city arrested - TAMIL NADU - The Hindu\""},{"Link":"http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/04/18/ammonium-nitrate-used-in-bangalore-blast-police-say/","external_links_name":"\"Ammonium Nitrate Used in Bangalore Blast, Police Say\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130420144959/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-17/bangalore/38615034_1_lpg-cylinder-blast-bomb-blast-bjp-office","external_links_name":"\"Bomb blast near BJP office in Bangalore, Centre orders probe\""},{"Link":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-17/bangalore/38615034_1_lpg-cylinder-blast-bomb-blast-bjp-office","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/13-injured-in-bomb-blast-near-bjp-office-113041700120_1.html","external_links_name":"\"Bangalore bomb blast injures 16; Centre joins probe\""},{"Link":"http://news.oneindia.in/2013/04/17/blast-near-bjp-office-in-bangalore-1-killed-1195696.html","external_links_name":"\"MHA confirms Bangalore blast as terror strike\""},{"Link":"http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bomb-blast-near-bjp-office-in-bangalore-several-injured/articleshow/19593602.cms","external_links_name":"\"Bomb blast near BJP office in Bangalore, several injured\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130418075342/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Bangalore/13-hurt-in-Bangalore-explosion-cops-suspect-bombing/Article1-1045625.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Terror strikes Bengaluru again, bike bomb goes off near BJP HQ\""},{"Link":"http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Bangalore/13-hurt-in-Bangalore-explosion-cops-suspect-bombing/Article1-1045625.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130420055657/http://www.newsbullet.in/india/34-more/41269-bangalore-blast-near-bjp-office-13-injured","external_links_name":"\"Blast near BJP office – 13 Injured\""},{"Link":"http://www.newsbullet.in/india/34-more/41269-bangalore-blast-near-bjp-office-13-injured","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://in.news.yahoo.com/blast-outside-bjp-office-in-bangalore--at-least-13-injured-064858732.html","external_links_name":"\"Blast outside Bangalore BJP office leaves 16 injured; probe ordered\""},{"Link":"http://in.reuters.com/article/bangalore-blast-bjp-office-idINDEE93G03K20130417","external_links_name":"\"Blast outside BJP office in Bangalore; 16 injured\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viburnum_%C3%97_burkwoodii
Viburnum × burkwoodii
["1 References"]
Species of flowering plant Viburnum × burkwoodii Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Dipsacales Family: Adoxaceae Genus: Viburnum Species: V. × burkwoodii Binomial name Viburnum × burkwoodiiBurkwood & Skipwith Viburnum × burkwoodii, the Burkwood viburnum, is a hybrid flowering plant in the family Adoxaceae (formerly Caprifoliaceae). It is a cross of garden origin between V. carlesii and V. utile, grown for its early, strongly scented flowers. Growing to 2.5 m (8 ft) tall and broad, V. × burkwoodii is a deciduous shrub with glossy, dark green oval leaves on well-branching, stiff stems. The sweetly scented flowers are pinkish white, borne in spring, and followed later in the season by red fruits ripening to black. The specific epithet burkwoodii refers to the 19th century hybridisers, Arthur and Albert Burkwood. Numerous cultivars have been developed, of which ‘Mohawk’ and 'Park Farm Hybrid' have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. References ^ a b RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 1405332964. ^ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224. ISBN 9781845337315. ^ "RHS Plantfinder - Viburnum × burkwoodii 'Mohawk'". Retrieved 16 February 2019. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Viburnum × burkwoodii 'Park Farm Hybrid'". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021. ^ "AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 107. Retrieved 16 February 2019. Media related to Viburnum × burkwoodii at Wikimedia Commons Taxon identifiersViburnum × burkwoodii Wikidata: Q3502059 Wikispecies: Viburnum × burkwoodii EPPO: VIBBU GBIF: 3857337 GRIN: 41328 iNaturalist: 148099 IPNI: 149591-1 ITIS: 823495 MoBotPF: 279019 Observation.org: 913404 Open Tree of Life: 3892274 PLANTS: VIBU4 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60477483-2 Tropicos: 6001063 This Dipsacales article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)#Hybrid_plants"},{"link_name":"flowering plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Caprifoliaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprifoliaceae"},{"link_name":"V. carlesii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viburnum_carlesii"},{"link_name":"V. utile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viburnum_utile"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RHSAZ-1"},{"link_name":"deciduous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deciduous"},{"link_name":"shrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RHSAZ-1"},{"link_name":"specific epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RHSLG-2"},{"link_name":"cultivars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivars"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Royal Horticultural Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society"},{"link_name":"Award of Garden Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Viburnum × burkwoodii, the Burkwood viburnum, is a hybrid flowering plant in the family Adoxaceae (formerly Caprifoliaceae). It is a cross of garden origin between V. carlesii and V. utile, grown for its early, strongly scented flowers.[1]Growing to 2.5 m (8 ft) tall and broad, V. × burkwoodii is a deciduous shrub with glossy, dark green oval leaves on well-branching, stiff stems. The sweetly scented flowers are pinkish white, borne in spring, and followed later in the season by red fruits ripening to black.[1]The specific epithet burkwoodii refers to the 19th century hybridisers, Arthur and Albert Burkwood.[2]Numerous cultivars have been developed, of which ‘Mohawk’[3] and 'Park Farm Hybrid'[4] have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[5]","title":"Viburnum × burkwoodii"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 1405332964.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1405332964","url_text":"1405332964"}]},{"reference":"Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224. ISBN 9781845337315.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845337315","url_text":"9781845337315"}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plantfinder - Viburnum × burkwoodii 'Mohawk'\". Retrieved 16 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/50996/i-Viburnum-i-%C3%97-i-burkwoodii-i-Mohawk/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plantfinder - Viburnum × burkwoodii 'Mohawk'\""}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plant Selector - Viburnum × burkwoodii 'Park Farm Hybrid'\". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/89151/Viburnum-x-burkwoodii-Park-Farm-Hybrid/Details","url_text":"\"RHS Plant Selector - Viburnum × burkwoodii 'Park Farm Hybrid'\""}]},{"reference":"\"AGM Plants - Ornamental\" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 107. Retrieved 16 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf","url_text":"\"AGM Plants - Ornamental\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/50996/i-Viburnum-i-%C3%97-i-burkwoodii-i-Mohawk/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plantfinder - Viburnum × burkwoodii 'Mohawk'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/89151/Viburnum-x-burkwoodii-Park-Farm-Hybrid/Details","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plant Selector - Viburnum × burkwoodii 'Park Farm Hybrid'\""},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/agm-lists/agm-ornamentals.pdf","external_links_name":"\"AGM Plants - Ornamental\""},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/VIBBU","external_links_name":"VIBBU"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3857337","external_links_name":"3857337"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=41328","external_links_name":"41328"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/148099","external_links_name":"148099"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/149591-1","external_links_name":"149591-1"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=823495","external_links_name":"823495"},{"Link":"https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=279019","external_links_name":"279019"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/913404/","external_links_name":"913404"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3892274","external_links_name":"3892274"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=VIBU4","external_links_name":"VIBU4"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A60477483-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60477483-2"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/6001063","external_links_name":"6001063"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viburnum_%C3%97_burkwoodii&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Malaysian_Open
2016 Malaysian Open
["1 Finals","1.1 Singles","1.2 Doubles","2 Points and prize money distribution","2.1 Points distribution","2.2 Prize money","3 Singles main-draw entrants","3.1 Seeds","3.2 Other entrants","3.3 Withdrawals","4 Doubles main-draw entrants","4.1 Seeds","4.2 Other entrants","5 References","6 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "2016 Malaysian Open" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tennis tournament2016 Malaysian OpenDate29 February – 6 MarchEdition7thCategoryWTA International tournamentsDraw32S / 16DPrize money$250,000SurfaceHardLocationKuala Lumpur, MalaysiaVenueKuala Lumpur Golf & Country Club (KLGCC)ChampionsSingles Elina SvitolinaDoubles Varatchaya Wongteanchai / Yang Zhaoxuan ← 2015 · Malaysian Open · 2017 → The 2016 BMW Malaysian Open was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 7th edition of the Malaysian Open and was an International tournament on the 2016 WTA Tour. The tournament took place from 29 February to 6 March 2016 at the Kuala Lumpur Golf & Country Club (KLGCC). Finals Singles Main article: 2016 Malaysian Open – Singles Elina Svitolina defeated Eugenie Bouchard 6–7(5–7), 6–4, 7–5 Doubles Main article: 2016 Malaysian Open – Doubles Varatchaya Wongteanchai / Yang Zhaoxuan defeated Liang Chen / Wang Yafan 4–6, 6–4, Points and prize money distribution Points distribution Event W F SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Q Q3 Q2 Q1 Singles 280 180 110 60 30 1 18 14 10 1 Doubles 1 — — — — — Prize money Event W F SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Q2 Q1 Singles $43,000 $21,400 $11,500 $6,175 $3,400 $2,100 $1,020 $600 Doubles $12,300 $6,400 $3,435 $1,820 $960 — — — Singles main-draw entrants Seeds Country Player Ranking1 Seeds  ITA Roberta Vinci 10 1  UKR Elina Svitolina 18 2  GER Sabine Lisicki 31 3  GER Annika Beck 40 4  JPN Nao Hibino 60 5  CAN Eugenie Bouchard 61 6  TPE Hsieh Su-wei 65 7  CHN Zheng Saisai 72 8 1 Rankings as of February 22, 2016. Other entrants The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw: Sabine Lisicki Elina Svitolina Roberta Vinci Zhang Ling The following players received entry from the qualifying draw: Miyu Kato Barbora Krejčíková Luksika Kumkhum Risa Ozaki Yang Zhaoxuan Zhu Lin Withdrawals Before the tournament Alison Riske → replaced by Chang Kai-chen Anastasija Sevastova → replaced by Jana Čepelová Ajla Tomljanović → replaced by Wang Yafan Doubles main-draw entrants Seeds Country Player Country Player Rank Seed  CHN Liang Chen  CHN Wang Yafan 87 1  CRO Darija Jurak  USA Nicole Melichar 113 2  TPE Chan Chin-wei  CZE Barbora Krejčíková 143 3  RUS Marina Melnikova  RUS Alexandra Panova 151 4 Rankings as of February 22, 2016. Other entrants The following pair received wildcard into the doubles main draw: Nao Hibino / Zhang Ling Liu Fangzhou / Jawairiah Noordin References ^ "Svitolina wins rain-interrupted Malaysian Open title". Sports Illustrated. March 6, 2016. Retrieved February 11, 2024. External links Official website vteKuala Lumpur tournaments 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 vte2016 WTA Tour « 2015 2017 » Grand Slam events Australian Open (S, D, X) French Open (S, D, X) Wimbledon (S, D, X) US Open (S, D, X) WTA Premier Mandatory tournaments Indian Wells (S, D) Miami (S, D) Madrid (S, D) Beijing (S, D) WTA Premier 5 tournaments Doha (S, D) Rome (S, D) Montreal (S, D) Cincinnati (S, D) Wuhan (S, D) WTA Premier tournaments Brisbane (S, D) Sydney (S, D) St. Petersburg (S, D) Dubai (S, D) Charleston (S, D) Stuttgart (S, D) Birmingham (S, D) Eastbourne (S, D) Stanford (S, D) New Haven (S, D) Tokyo (S, D) Moscow (S, D) WTA International tournaments Auckland (S, D) Shenzhen (S, D) Hobart (S, D) Kaohsiung (S, D) Rio de Janeiro (S, D) Acapulco (S, D) Monterrey (S, D) Kuala Lumpur (S, D) Katowice (S, D) Bogotá (S, D) Istanbul (S, D) Rabat (S, D) Prague (S, D) Strasbourg (S, D) Nuremberg (S, D) Nottingham (S, D) 's-Hertogenbosch (S, D) Mallorca (S, D) Bucharest (S, D) Gstaad (S, D) Båstad (S, D) Washington D.C. (S, D) Florianópolis (S, D) Nanchang (S, D) Quebec City (S, D) Tokyo (S, D) Seoul (S, D) Guangzhou (S, D) Tashkent (S, D) Linz (S, D) Hong Kong (S, D) Tianjin (S, D) Luxembourg City (S, D) Team events Fed Cup World Group I + World Group II WG I play-offs WG II play-offs Americas Asia/Oceania Europe/Africa Summer Olympic Games, Rio de Janeiro (S, D, X) WTA Finals, Singapore (S, D) WTA Elite Trophy, Zhuhai (S, D)
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The tournament took place from 29 February to 6 March 2016 at the Kuala Lumpur Golf & Country Club (KLGCC).","title":"2016 Malaysian Open"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Elina Svitolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elina_Svitolina"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Eugenie Bouchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenie_Bouchard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"Elina Svitolina defeated Eugenie Bouchard 6–7(5–7), 6–4, 7–5[1]","title":"Finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Varatchaya Wongteanchai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varatchaya_Wongteanchai"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Yang Zhaoxuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Zhaoxuan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Liang Chen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liang_Chen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Wang Yafan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Yafan"}],"sub_title":"Doubles","text":"Varatchaya Wongteanchai / Yang Zhaoxuan defeated Liang Chen / Wang Yafan 4–6, 6–4, [10–7]","title":"Finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Points and prize money distribution"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Points distribution","title":"Points and prize money distribution"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Prize money","title":"Points and prize money distribution"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Singles main-draw entrants"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Seeds","text":"1 Rankings as of February 22, 2016.","title":"Singles main-draw entrants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Sabine 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Ozaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risa_Ozaki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Yang Zhaoxuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Zhaoxuan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Zhu Lin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Lin_(tennis)"}],"sub_title":"Other entrants","text":"The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:Sabine Lisicki\n Elina Svitolina\n Roberta Vinci\n Zhang LingThe following players received entry from the qualifying draw:Miyu Kato\n Barbora Krejčíková\n Luksika Kumkhum\n Risa Ozaki\n Yang Zhaoxuan\n Zhu Lin","title":"Singles main-draw entrants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Alison Riske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Riske"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Taipei"},{"link_name":"Chang 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main-draw entrants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Nao Hibino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nao_Hibino"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Zhang Ling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Ling_(tennis)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Liu Fangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Fangzhou"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Jawairiah Noordin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawairiah_Noordin"}],"sub_title":"Other entrants","text":"The following pair received wildcard into the doubles main draw:Nao Hibino / Zhang Ling\n Liu Fangzhou / Jawairiah Noordin","title":"Doubles main-draw entrants"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloris_(bird)
Greenfinch
["1 Extant species","2 Fossil species","3 References"]
Genus of birds For other uses, see Greenfinch (disambiguation). Greenfinch European greenfinch (Chloris chloris); male Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Fringillidae Subfamily: Carduelinae Genus: ChlorisCuvier, 1800 Type species Loxia chlorisLinnaeus, 1758 Species See text Synonyms Chloris Cuvier, 1800 (but see text) Chloris C.L.Brehm, 1856 (non Cuvier, 1800: preoccupied) Chloris A.E.Brehm, 1857 (non Cuvier, 1800: preoccupied) The greenfinches are small passerine birds in the genus Chloris in the subfamily Carduelinae within the Fringillidae. The species have a Eurasian distribution except for the European greenfinch, which also occurs in North Africa. These finches all have large conical bills and yellow patches on the wing feathers. The greenfinches were formerly placed in the genus Carduelis. Molecular phylogenetic studies showed that the greenfinches form a monophyletic group that is not closely related to the species in Carduelis and instead is sister to a clade containing the desert finch (Rhodospiza obsoleta) and the Socotra golden-winged grosbeak (Rhynchostruthus socotranus). The greenfinches were therefore moved to the resurrected genus Chloris which had originally been introduced by the French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1800 with the European greenfinch as the type species. The name is from Ancient Greek khloris, the European greenfinch, from khloros, "green". Extant species The genus contains six species: Image Scientific name Common name Distribution Chloris ambigua Black-headed greenfinch Yunnan, northern Laos, eastern Myanmar and adjacent areas of Vietnam, Thailand and northeastern India Chloris chloris European greenfinch Europe, North Africa and Southwest Asia Chloris sinica Grey-capped greenfinch East Asia Chloris kittlitzi Bonin greenfinch The Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands Chloris monguilloti Vietnamese greenfinch southern Vietnam Chloris spinoides Yellow-breasted greenfinch Northern regions of the Indian subcontinent Fossil species Restoration of the extinct Chloris aurelioi, described September 23, 2010 Trias greenfinch (Chloris triasi) - Holocene of La Palma, the Canary Islands, Spain Slender-billed greenfinch (Chloris aurelioi) - Holocene of Tenerife, the Canary Islands, Spain References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chloris (Fringillidae). ^ "Fringillidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-07-16. ^ Zuccon, Dario; Prŷs-Jones, Robert; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Ericson, Per G.P. (2012). "The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (2): 581–596. Bibcode:2012MolPE..62..581Z. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002. PMID 22023825. ^ Cuvier, Georges (1800). Leçons d'anatomie comparée. Vol. 1. Paris: Baudouin. Table 2. The year on the title page is An VIII. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David (eds.). "Finches, euphonias". World Bird List Version 5.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 5 June 2015. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 102. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. ^ "Species Updates – IOC World Bird List". Retrieved 2021-01-12. ^ Saitoh, Takema; Kawakami, Kazuto; Red'kin, Yaroslav A.; Nishiumi, Isao; Kim, Chang-Hoe; Kryukov, Alexey P. (2020-05-27). "Cryptic Speciation of the Oriental Greenfinch Chloris sinica on Oceanic Islands". Zoological Science. 37 (3): 280–294. doi:10.2108/zs190111. ISSN 0289-0003. PMID 32549542. vteGenera of finches, sparrows and tanagers Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Suborder: Passeri Infraorder: Passerida Superfamily: Passeroidea PasseroideaEstrildidaeAmandavinae Amadina Amandava Ortygospiza Erythrurinae Chloebia Erythrura Estrildinae Brunhilda Coccopygia Cryptospiza Delacourella Estrilda Glaucestrilda Mandingoa Nesocharis Nigrita Parmoptila Lagonostictinae Clytospiza Euschistospiza Granatina Hypargos Lagonosticta Pyrenestes Pytilia Spermophaga Uraeginthus Lonchurinae Euodice Lepidopygia Lonchura Mayrimunia Padda Spermestes Poephilinae Aidemosyne Bathilda Emblema Heteromunia Neochmia Oreostruthus Poephila Stagonopleura Stizoptera Taeniopygia Passeridae Carpospiza Gymnoris Hypocryptadius Montifringilla Onychostruthus Passer Petronia Pyrgilauda Ploceidae Amblyospiza Anaplectes Brachycope Bubalornis Dinemellia Euplectes Foudia Histurgops Malimbus Philetairus Plocepasser Ploceus Pseudonigrita Quelea Sporopipes Prunellidae Prunella Urocynchramidae Urocynchramus Viduidae Anomalospiza Vidua Nine-primaried oscines See below ↓ Nine-primaried oscinesFringillidaeCarduelinae Acanthis Agraphospiza †Aidemedia †Akialoa Bucanetes Callacanthis Carduelis Carpodacus †Chloridops Chloris Chlorodrepanis Chrysocorythus †Ciridops Coccothraustes Crithagra Drepanis †Dysmorodrepanis Eophona Haemorhous Hemignathus Hesperiphona Himatione Leucosticte Linaria Linurgus Loxia Loxioides Loxops Magumma †Melamprosops Mycerobas Oreomystis †Orthiospiza Palmeria Paroreomyza Pinicola Procarduelis Pseudonestor †Psittirostra Pyrrhula Pyrrhoplectes †Rhodacanthis Rhodopechys Rhodospiza Rhynchostruthus Serinus Spinus Telespiza †Vangulifer †Viridonia †Xestospiza Euphoniinae Chlorophonia Euphonia Fringillinae Fringilla Motacillidae Anthus Dendronanthus Macronyx Motacilla Tmetothylacus Peucedramidae Peucedramus Emberizoidea See below ↓ EmberizoideaCalcariidae Calcarius Plectrophenax Rhynchophanes Calyptophilidae Calyptophilus Cardinalidae Amaurospiza Cardinalis Caryothraustes Chlorothraupis Cyanocompsa Cyanoloxia Granatellus Habia Passerina Periporphyrus Pheucticus Piranga Spiza Emberizidae Emberiza Icteridae See below ↓ Icteriidae Icteria Mitrospingidae Lamprospiza Mitrospingus Orthogonys Nesospingidae Nesospingus Parulidae Basileuterus Cardellina Catharopeza Geothlypis Helmitheros Leucopeza Leiothlypis Limnothlypis Mniotilta Myioborus Myiothlypis Oporornis Oreothlypis Parkesia Protonotaria Seiurus Setophaga Vermivora Passerellidae Aimophila Ammodramus Ammospiza Amphispiza Amphispizopsis Arremon Arremonops Artemisiospiza Atlapetes Calamospiza Centronyx Chlorospingus Chondestes Junco Melospiza Melozone Oreothraupis Oriturus Passerculus Passerella †Pedinorhis Peucaea Pezopetes Pipilo Pooecetes Rhynchospiza Spizella Spizelloides Torreornis Xenospiza Zonotrichia Phaenicophilidae Microligea Phaenicophilus Xenoligea Rhodinocichlidae Rhodinocichla Spindalidae Spindalis Teretistridae Teretistris Thraupidae See below ↓ Icteridaeincertae sedis †Cremaster †Pandanaris †Pyelorhamphus Agelaiinae Agelaioides Agelaius Agelasticus Amblyramphus Anumara Chrysomus Curaeus Dives Euphagus Gnorimopsar Gymnomystax Hypopyrrhus Lampropsar Macroagelaius Molothrus Nesopsar Oreopsar Pseudoleistes Ptiloxena Quiscalus Xanthopsar Amblycercinae Amblycercus Cassicinae Cacicus Cassiculus Psarocolius Dolichonychinae Dolichonyx Icterinae Icterus Sturnellinae Leistes Sturnella Xanthocephalinae Xanthocephalus ThraupidaeCatamblyrhynchinae Catamblyrhynchus Charitospizinae Charitospiza Parkerthraustes Coerebinae Asemospiza Camarhynchus Certhidea Coereba Euneornis Geospiza Loxigilla Loxipasser Melanospiza Melopyrrha Phonipara Pinaroloxias Platyspiza Tiaris Dacninae Cyanerpes Dacnis Tersina Diglossinae Acanthidops Catamenia Conirostrum Diglossa Geospizopsis Haplospiza Idiopsar Melanodera Nesospiza Phrygilus Rowettia Sicalis Xenodacnis Emberizoidinae Coryphaspiza Emberizoides Embernagra Hemithraupinae Chrysothlypis Chlorophanes Hemithraupis Heterospingus Iridophanes Nemosiinae Compsothraupis Cyanicterus Nemosia Sericossypha Orchesticinae Orchesticus Poospizinae Castanozoster Cnemoscopus Cypsnagra Donacospiza Kleinothraupis Microspingus Nephelornis Piezorina Poospiza Poospizopsis Pseudospingus Sphenopsis Thlypopsis Urothraupis Xenospingus Porphyrospizinae Incaspiza Rhopospina Saltatorinae Saltator Saltatricula Sporophilinae Sporophila Tachyphoninae Conothraupis Coryphospingus Creurgops Eucometis Heliothraupis Lanio Loriotus Ramphocelus Rhodospingus Tachyphonus Trichothraupis Volatinia Thraupinae Anisognathus Bangsia Buthraupis Calochaetes Chalcothraupis Chlorochrysa Chlorornis Cissopis Cnemathraupis Diuca Dubusia Iridosornis Ixothraupis Lophospingus Neothraupis Paroaria Pipraeidea Poecilostreptus Pseudosaltator Rauenia Schistochlamys Sporathraupis Stephanophorus Stilpnia Tangara Tephrophilus Thraupis Wetmorethraupis Taxon identifiersChloris Wikidata: Q9189957 Wikispecies: Chloris (Cuvier) BOLD: 737209 CoL: 62LWM Fauna Europaea (new): 7b6dfda0-91bd-49a3-9f2f-41f5bdde4746 GBIF: 3241514 ITIS: 997708 NBN: NHMSYS0021002990 NCBI: 1897773 NZOR: 20781d65-f76e-4523-9a04-b904079a6265 Open Tree of Life: 3597427 WoRMS: 558539
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[{"image_text":"Restoration of the extinct Chloris aurelioi, described September 23, 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Carduelis_aurelioi.jpg/170px-Carduelis_aurelioi.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/113th_meridian_west
113th meridian west
["1 From Pole to Pole","2 See also"]
Line of longitude This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "113th meridian west" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 113°class=notpageimage| 113th meridian west Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) The meridian 113° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole. The 113th meridian west forms a great circle with the 67th meridian east. From Pole to Pole Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 113th meridian west passes through: Co-ordinates Country, territory or sea Notes 90°0′N 113°0′W / 90.000°N 113.000°W / 90.000; -113.000 (Arctic Ocean) Arctic Ocean 78°26′N 113°0′W / 78.433°N 113.000°W / 78.433; -113.000 (Canada)  Canada Northwest Territories — Borden Island 78°17′N 113°0′W / 78.283°N 113.000°W / 78.283; -113.000 (Wilkins Strait) Wilkins Strait 77°54′N 113°0′W / 77.900°N 113.000°W / 77.900; -113.000 (Canada)  Canada Northwest Territories — Mackenzie King Island 77°31′N 113°0′W / 77.517°N 113.000°W / 77.517; -113.000 Unnamed waterbody 76°16′N 113°0′W / 76.267°N 113.000°W / 76.267; -113.000 (Canada)  Canada Northwest Territories — Melville Island 75°5′N 113°0′W / 75.083°N 113.000°W / 75.083; -113.000 (Liddon Gulf) Liddon Gulf 74°58′N 113°0′W / 74.967°N 113.000°W / 74.967; -113.000 (Canada)  Canada Northwest Territories — Melville Island 74°24′N 113°0′W / 74.400°N 113.000°W / 74.400; -113.000 (Parry Channel) Parry Channel Viscount Melville Sound 73°0′N 113°0′W / 73.000°N 113.000°W / 73.000; -113.000 (Canada)  Canada Northwest Territories — Victoria Island 70°35′N 113°0′W / 70.583°N 113.000°W / 70.583; -113.000 (Prince Albert Sound) Prince Albert Sound 70°19′N 113°0′W / 70.317°N 113.000°W / 70.317; -113.000 (Canada)  Canada Northwest Territories — Linaluk Island and Victoria Island Nunavut — from 70°0′N 113°0′W / 70.000°N 113.000°W / 70.000; -113.000 (Nunavut) on Victoria Island 68°29′N 113°0′W / 68.483°N 113.000°W / 68.483; -113.000 (Coronation Gulf) Coronation Gulf 67°57′N 113°0′W / 67.950°N 113.000°W / 67.950; -113.000 (Canada)  Canada Nunavut — Lawford Islands 67°55′N 113°0′W / 67.917°N 113.000°W / 67.917; -113.000 (Coronation Gulf) Coronation Gulf 67°40′N 113°0′W / 67.667°N 113.000°W / 67.667; -113.000 (Canada)  Canada Nunavut Northwest Territories — from 65°39′N 113°0′W / 65.650°N 113.000°W / 65.650; -113.000 (Northwest Territories), passing through the Great Slave Lake Alberta — from 60°0′N 113°0′W / 60.000°N 113.000°W / 60.000; -113.000 (Alberta) 49°0′N 113°0′W / 49.000°N 113.000°W / 49.000; -113.000 (United States)  United States Montana Idaho — from 44°26′N 113°0′W / 44.433°N 113.000°W / 44.433; -113.000 (Idaho) Utah — from 42°0′N 113°0′W / 42.000°N 113.000°W / 42.000; -113.000 (Utah), passing through the Great Salt Lake Arizona — from 37°0′N 113°0′W / 37.000°N 113.000°W / 37.000; -113.000 (Arizona) 31°56′N 113°0′W / 31.933°N 113.000°W / 31.933; -113.000 (Mexico)  Mexico Sonora 30°33′N 113°0′W / 30.550°N 113.000°W / 30.550; -113.000 (Gulf of California) Gulf of California 28°27′N 113°0′W / 28.450°N 113.000°W / 28.450; -113.000 (Mexico)  Mexico Baja California Baja California Sur — from 28°0′N 113°0′W / 28.000°N 113.000°W / 28.000; -113.000 (Baja California Sur) 26°33′N 113°0′W / 26.550°N 113.000°W / 26.550; -113.000 (Pacific Ocean) Pacific Ocean 60°0′S 113°0′W / 60.000°S 113.000°W / -60.000; -113.000 (Southern Ocean) Southern Ocean 74°9′S 113°0′W / 74.150°S 113.000°W / -74.150; -113.000 (Antarctica) Antarctica Unclaimed territory See also 112th meridian west 114th meridian west vteCircles of latitude / meridians Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle Equator Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Capricorn Arctic Circle Antarctic Circle W0°E 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 30° 60° 90° 120° 150° 180° 5° 15° 25° 35° 45° 55° 65° 75° 85° 95° 105° 115° 125° 135° 145° 155° 165° 175° 5° 15° 25° 35° 45° 55° 65° 75° 85° 95° 105° 115° 125° 135° 145° 155° 165° 175° 10° 20° 40° 50° 70° 80° 100° 110° 130° 140° 160° 170° 10° 20° 40° 50° 70° 80° 100° 110° 130° 140° 160° 170° 0° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90° 10° 20° 30° 40° 50° 60° 70° 80° 90° 5° N 15° 25° 35° 45° 55° 65° 75° 85° 5° S 15° 25° 35° 45° 55° 65° 75° 85° 45x90 45x90 45x90 45x90
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_location_map_(equirectangular_180).svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_location_map_(equirectangular_180).svg"},{"link_name":"OpenStreetMap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=113th_meridian_west"},{"link_name":"KML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=113th_meridian_west"},{"link_name":"GPX (all coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=113th_meridian_west"},{"link_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=113th_meridian_west"},{"link_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=113th_meridian_west"},{"link_name":"Greenwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Meridian"},{"link_name":"longitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude"},{"link_name":"North Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole"},{"link_name":"Arctic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Southern Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"South Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pole"},{"link_name":"great circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_circle"},{"link_name":"67th meridian east","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/67th_meridian_east"}],"text":"113°class=notpageimage| 113th meridian westMap all coordinates using OpenStreetMap\n\nDownload coordinates as:\n\n\nKML\nGPX (all coordinates)\nGPX (primary coordinates)\nGPX (secondary coordinates)The meridian 113° west of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, North America, the Pacific Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.The 113th meridian west forms a great circle with the 67th meridian east.","title":"113th meridian west"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole"},{"link_name":"South Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pole"},{"link_name":"90°0′N 113°0′W / 90.000°N 113.000°W / 90.000; -113.000 (Arctic Ocean)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=113th_meridian_west&params=90_0_N_113_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Arctic+Ocean"},{"link_name":"Arctic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"78°26′N 113°0′W / 78.433°N 113.000°W / 78.433; -113.000 (Canada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=113th_meridian_west&params=78_26_N_113_0_W_type:country&title=Canada"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Northwest Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"Borden Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borden_Island"},{"link_name":"78°17′N 113°0′W / 78.283°N 113.000°W / 78.283; -113.000 (Wilkins Strait)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=113th_meridian_west&params=78_17_N_113_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Wilkins+Strait"},{"link_name":"Wilkins Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkins_Strait_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"77°54′N 113°0′W / 77.900°N 113.000°W / 77.900; -113.000 (Canada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=113th_meridian_west&params=77_54_N_113_0_W_type:country&title=Canada"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Northwest Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"Mackenzie King Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackenzie_King_Island"},{"link_name":"77°31′N 113°0′W / 77.517°N 113.000°W / 77.517; -113.000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=113th_meridian_west&params=77_31_N_113_0_W_type:waterbody"},{"link_name":"76°16′N 113°0′W / 76.267°N 113.000°W / 76.267; -113.000 (Canada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=113th_meridian_west&params=76_16_N_113_0_W_type:country&title=Canada"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Northwest Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"Melville Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville_Island_(Northwest_Territories_and_Nunavut)"},{"link_name":"75°5′N 113°0′W / 75.083°N 113.000°W / 75.083; -113.000 (Liddon Gulf)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=113th_meridian_west&params=75_5_N_113_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Liddon+Gulf"},{"link_name":"Liddon Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liddon_Gulf"},{"link_name":"74°58′N 113°0′W / 74.967°N 113.000°W / 74.967; -113.000 (Canada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=113th_meridian_west&params=74_58_N_113_0_W_type:country&title=Canada"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Northwest Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"Melville Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville_Island_(Northwest_Territories_and_Nunavut)"},{"link_name":"74°24′N 113°0′W / 74.400°N 113.000°W / 74.400; -113.000 (Parry Channel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=113th_meridian_west&params=74_24_N_113_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Parry+Channel"},{"link_name":"Parry Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parry_Channel"},{"link_name":"Viscount Melville Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscount_Melville_Sound"},{"link_name":"73°0′N 113°0′W / 73.000°N 113.000°W / 73.000; -113.000 (Canada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=113th_meridian_west&params=73_0_N_113_0_W_type:country&title=Canada"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Northwest Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"Victoria Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Island_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"70°35′N 113°0′W / 70.583°N 113.000°W / 70.583; -113.000 (Prince Albert Sound)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=113th_meridian_west&params=70_35_N_113_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Prince+Albert+Sound"},{"link_name":"Prince Albert Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Albert_Sound"},{"link_name":"70°19′N 113°0′W / 70.317°N 113.000°W / 70.317; -113.000 (Canada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=113th_meridian_west&params=70_19_N_113_0_W_type:country&title=Canada"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Northwest Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"Linaluk Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linaluk_Island"},{"link_name":"Victoria Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Island_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Nunavut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavut"},{"link_name":"70°0′N 113°0′W / 70.000°N 113.000°W / 70.000; -113.000 (Nunavut)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=113th_meridian_west&params=70_0_N_113_0_W_type:adm1st&title=Nunavut"},{"link_name":"Victoria Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Island_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"68°29′N 113°0′W / 68.483°N 113.000°W / 68.483; -113.000 (Coronation Gulf)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=113th_meridian_west&params=68_29_N_113_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Coronation+Gulf"},{"link_name":"Coronation Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_Gulf"},{"link_name":"67°57′N 113°0′W / 67.950°N 113.000°W / 67.950; -113.000 (Canada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=113th_meridian_west&params=67_57_N_113_0_W_type:country&title=Canada"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Nunavut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavut"},{"link_name":"Lawford Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawford_Islands"},{"link_name":"67°55′N 113°0′W / 67.917°N 113.000°W / 67.917; -113.000 (Coronation Gulf)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=113th_meridian_west&params=67_55_N_113_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Coronation+Gulf"},{"link_name":"Coronation Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_Gulf"},{"link_name":"67°40′N 113°0′W / 67.667°N 113.000°W / 67.667; -113.000 (Canada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=113th_meridian_west&params=67_40_N_113_0_W_type:country&title=Canada"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Nunavut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavut"},{"link_name":"Northwest Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territories"},{"link_name":"65°39′N 113°0′W / 65.650°N 113.000°W / 65.650; -113.000 (Northwest Territories)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=113th_meridian_west&params=65_39_N_113_0_W_type:adm1st&title=Northwest+Territories"},{"link_name":"Great Slave Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Slave_Lake"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"60°0′N 113°0′W / 60.000°N 113.000°W / 60.000; -113.000 (Alberta)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=113th_meridian_west&params=60_0_N_113_0_W_type:adm1st&title=Alberta"},{"link_name":"49°0′N 113°0′W / 49.000°N 113.000°W / 49.000; -113.000 (United States)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=113th_meridian_west&params=49_0_N_113_0_W_type:country&title=United+States"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idaho"},{"link_name":"44°26′N 113°0′W / 44.433°N 113.000°W / 44.433; -113.000 (Idaho)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=113th_meridian_west&params=44_26_N_113_0_W_type:adm1st&title=Idaho"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"42°0′N 113°0′W / 42.000°N 113.000°W / 42.000; -113.000 (Utah)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=113th_meridian_west&params=42_0_N_113_0_W_type:adm1st&title=Utah"},{"link_name":"Great Salt Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Salt_Lake"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"37°0′N 113°0′W / 37.000°N 113.000°W / 37.000; -113.000 (Arizona)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=113th_meridian_west&params=37_0_N_113_0_W_type:adm1st&title=Arizona"},{"link_name":"31°56′N 113°0′W / 31.933°N 113.000°W / 31.933; -113.000 (Mexico)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=113th_meridian_west&params=31_56_N_113_0_W_type:country&title=Mexico"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Sonora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonora"},{"link_name":"30°33′N 113°0′W / 30.550°N 113.000°W / 30.550; -113.000 (Gulf of California)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=113th_meridian_west&params=30_33_N_113_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Gulf+of+California"},{"link_name":"Gulf of California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_California"},{"link_name":"28°27′N 113°0′W / 28.450°N 113.000°W / 28.450; -113.000 (Mexico)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=113th_meridian_west&params=28_27_N_113_0_W_type:country&title=Mexico"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Baja California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California"},{"link_name":"Baja California Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California_Sur"},{"link_name":"28°0′N 113°0′W / 28.000°N 113.000°W / 28.000; -113.000 (Baja California Sur)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=113th_meridian_west&params=28_0_N_113_0_W_type:adm1st&title=Baja+California+Sur"},{"link_name":"26°33′N 113°0′W / 26.550°N 113.000°W / 26.550; -113.000 (Pacific Ocean)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=113th_meridian_west&params=26_33_N_113_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Pacific+Ocean"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"60°0′S 113°0′W / 60.000°S 113.000°W / -60.000; -113.000 (Southern Ocean)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=113th_meridian_west&params=60_0_S_113_0_W_type:waterbody&title=Southern+Ocean"},{"link_name":"Southern Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean"},{"link_name":"74°9′S 113°0′W / 74.150°S 113.000°W / -74.150; -113.000 (Antarctica)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=113th_meridian_west&params=74_9_S_113_0_W_type:country&title=Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"Unclaimed territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_territorial_claims"}],"text":"Starting at the North Pole and heading south to the South Pole, the 113th meridian west passes through:Co-ordinates\n\nCountry, territory or sea\n\nNotes\n\n\n90°0′N 113°0′W / 90.000°N 113.000°W / 90.000; -113.000 (Arctic Ocean)\n\nArctic Ocean\n\n\n\n\n78°26′N 113°0′W / 78.433°N 113.000°W / 78.433; -113.000 (Canada)\n\n Canada\n\nNorthwest Territories — Borden Island\n\n\n78°17′N 113°0′W / 78.283°N 113.000°W / 78.283; -113.000 (Wilkins Strait)\n\nWilkins Strait\n\n\n\n\n77°54′N 113°0′W / 77.900°N 113.000°W / 77.900; -113.000 (Canada)\n\n Canada\n\nNorthwest Territories — Mackenzie King Island\n\n\n77°31′N 113°0′W / 77.517°N 113.000°W / 77.517; -113.000\n\nUnnamed waterbody\n\n\n\n\n76°16′N 113°0′W / 76.267°N 113.000°W / 76.267; -113.000 (Canada)\n\n Canada\n\nNorthwest Territories — Melville Island\n\n\n75°5′N 113°0′W / 75.083°N 113.000°W / 75.083; -113.000 (Liddon Gulf)\n\nLiddon Gulf\n\n\n\n\n74°58′N 113°0′W / 74.967°N 113.000°W / 74.967; -113.000 (Canada)\n\n Canada\n\nNorthwest Territories — Melville Island\n\n\n74°24′N 113°0′W / 74.400°N 113.000°W / 74.400; -113.000 (Parry Channel)\n\nParry Channel\n\nViscount Melville Sound\n\n\n73°0′N 113°0′W / 73.000°N 113.000°W / 73.000; -113.000 (Canada)\n\n Canada\n\nNorthwest Territories — Victoria Island\n\n\n70°35′N 113°0′W / 70.583°N 113.000°W / 70.583; -113.000 (Prince Albert Sound)\n\nPrince Albert Sound\n\n\n\n\n70°19′N 113°0′W / 70.317°N 113.000°W / 70.317; -113.000 (Canada)\n\n Canada\n\nNorthwest Territories — Linaluk Island and Victoria Island Nunavut — from 70°0′N 113°0′W / 70.000°N 113.000°W / 70.000; -113.000 (Nunavut) on Victoria Island\n\n\n68°29′N 113°0′W / 68.483°N 113.000°W / 68.483; -113.000 (Coronation Gulf)\n\nCoronation Gulf\n\n\n\n\n67°57′N 113°0′W / 67.950°N 113.000°W / 67.950; -113.000 (Canada)\n\n Canada\n\nNunavut — Lawford Islands\n\n\n67°55′N 113°0′W / 67.917°N 113.000°W / 67.917; -113.000 (Coronation Gulf)\n\nCoronation Gulf\n\n\n\n\n67°40′N 113°0′W / 67.667°N 113.000°W / 67.667; -113.000 (Canada)\n\n Canada\n\nNunavut Northwest Territories — from 65°39′N 113°0′W / 65.650°N 113.000°W / 65.650; -113.000 (Northwest Territories), passing through the Great Slave Lake Alberta — from 60°0′N 113°0′W / 60.000°N 113.000°W / 60.000; -113.000 (Alberta)\n\n\n49°0′N 113°0′W / 49.000°N 113.000°W / 49.000; -113.000 (United States)\n\n United States\n\nMontana Idaho — from 44°26′N 113°0′W / 44.433°N 113.000°W / 44.433; -113.000 (Idaho) Utah — from 42°0′N 113°0′W / 42.000°N 113.000°W / 42.000; -113.000 (Utah), passing through the Great Salt Lake Arizona — from 37°0′N 113°0′W / 37.000°N 113.000°W / 37.000; -113.000 (Arizona)\n\n\n31°56′N 113°0′W / 31.933°N 113.000°W / 31.933; -113.000 (Mexico)\n\n Mexico\n\nSonora\n\n\n30°33′N 113°0′W / 30.550°N 113.000°W / 30.550; -113.000 (Gulf of California)\n\nGulf of California\n\n\n\n\n28°27′N 113°0′W / 28.450°N 113.000°W / 28.450; -113.000 (Mexico)\n\n Mexico\n\nBaja California Baja California Sur — from 28°0′N 113°0′W / 28.000°N 113.000°W / 28.000; -113.000 (Baja California Sur)\n\n\n26°33′N 113°0′W / 26.550°N 113.000°W / 26.550; -113.000 (Pacific Ocean)\n\nPacific Ocean\n\n\n\n\n60°0′S 113°0′W / 60.000°S 113.000°W / -60.000; -113.000 (Southern Ocean)\n\nSouthern Ocean\n\n\n\n\n74°9′S 113°0′W / 74.150°S 113.000°W / -74.150; -113.000 (Antarctica)\n\nAntarctica\n\nUnclaimed territory","title":"From Pole to Pole"}]
[]
[{"title":"112th meridian west","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/112th_meridian_west"},{"title":"114th meridian west","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/114th_meridian_west"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Geographical_coordinates"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Geographical_coordinates"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geographical_coordinates"},{"title":"Circles of latitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_latitude"},{"title":"meridians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridian_(geography)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Earthmap720x360_grid.jpg"},{"title":"Equator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator"},{"title":"Tropic of Cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer"},{"title":"Tropic of Capricorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn"},{"title":"Arctic 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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange%27s_formula_(disambiguation)
Lagrange's formula
[]
Lagrange's formula may refer to a number of results named after Joseph Louis Lagrange: Lagrange interpolation formula Lagrange–Bürmann formula Triple product expansion Mean value theorem Euler–Lagrange equation Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists mathematics articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%B1an
Biñan
["1 Etymology","2 History","2.1 Cityhood","3 Geography","3.1 Topography","3.2 Soil properties","3.3 Barangays","3.4 Climate","4 Demographics","4.1 Religion","5 Economy","5.1 Major industries","5.2 Shopping centers","5.3 Investment sites","6 Transportation","7 Government","7.1 Elected officials","7.2 City seal","7.3 The Lone District of Biñan","8 Education","9 Notable personalities","10 Sister cities","11 References","12 External links"]
Coordinates: 14°20′N 121°05′E / 14.33°N 121.08°E / 14.33; 121.08Component city in Laguna, Philippines Component city in Calabarzon, PhilippinesBiñanComponent cityCity of Biñan(From top, left to right: Plaza Rizal · Alonte Sports Arena · City Hall · Southwoods City · Biñan Football Stadium) FlagSealMap of Laguna with Biñan highlightedOpenStreetMapBiñanLocation within the PhilippinesCoordinates: 14°20′N 121°05′E / 14.33°N 121.08°E / 14.33; 121.08CountryPhilippinesRegionCalabarzonProvinceLagunaDistrict Lone districtFoundedFebruary 4, 1747CityhoodFebruary 2, 2010Barangays24 (see Barangays)Government  • TypeSangguniang Panlungsod • MayorWalfredo R. Dimaguila Jr.(Lakas–CMD) • Vice MayorAngelo B. Alonte (Lakas–CMD) • RepresentativeMarlyn B. Alonte-Naguiat(Lakas–CMD) • City Council Members Jonalina R. ReyesLibunero O. AlatiitRommel R. DicdicanFlaviano D. Pecaña Jr.Christopher A. AlbaJayson A. SouzaVictor L. CariñoElmario B. DimarananRafael L. Cardeño Jr.Alvin Z. GarciaElvis L. BediaJose Francisco Ruben P. Yatco  • Electorate223,491 voters (2022)Area • Total43.50 km2 (16.80 sq mi)Elevation68 m (223 ft)Highest elevation343 m (1,125 ft)Lowest elevation2 m (7 ft)Population (2020 census) • Total407,437 • Rank3 out of 30 (in Laguna) • Density9,400/km2 (24,000/sq mi) • Households117,720DemonymBiñanenseEconomy • Income class1st municipal income class • Poverty incidence5.75% (2021) • Revenue₱ 2,698 million (2020) • Assets₱ 8,958 million (2020) • Expenditure₱ 2,572 million (2020) • Liabilities₱ 2,856 million (2020)Service provider • ElectricityManila Electric Company (Meralco)Time zoneUTC+8 (PST)ZIP code4024, 4034 (Laguna Technopark)PSGC043403000IDD : area code +63 (0)49Native languagesTagalogPatron saintIsidore the LaborerWebsitewww.binan.gov.ph Biñan (IPA: ), officially the City of Biñan (Filipino: Lungsod ng Biñan), is a 1st class component city in the province of Laguna, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 407,437 people. Biñan has become both a suburban residential community of Metro Manila and a location for some of the Philippines' largest industrial estates and export processing zones. Prior to its cityhood in 2010, Biñan was the richest municipality in the Philippines with an annual gross income of ₱677 million (US$14.383 million) and net income of ₱250 million (US$5.308 million), as of 2007 by the Commission on Audit. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 407,437, making it the third largest in population in the province of Laguna, after Calamba and Santa Rosa. By virtue of Republic Act No. 10658, signed on March 27, 2015, by President Benigno Aquino III, Biñan has been separated from the first congressional district of Laguna and formed the lone congressional district of Biñan. The first representative, the former mayor of the city, has been elected during the 2016 elections, unopposed. Etymology Where Biñan got its name is a mystery. Some deduced that before Captain Juan de Salcedo proceeded to Cainta and Taytay finally reaching Bay, he landed in Biñan. According to the story, Padres Alfonso de Alvarado and Diego Espinar planted a huge wooden cross on the spot where the present-day San Isidro Labrador parish stands and co-celebrated a Thanksgiving Mass. Curious natives gathered and the two Spanish missionaries took advantage of the situation. They baptized each one of them. From then on, old folks say they called the place “Binyagan,” which means a baptismal place in Tagalog. The place's root word binyag is originally a Brunei Malay word which means “to pour water from above,” according to the dictionary Vocabulario de la lengua tagala. The Spanish tongue's difficulty in pronouncing the local dialect acquired for the once town its name — "Biñan". An 1846 book in French also spelled the town as Viñan. It is also spelled in other references as Biniang, Binyang, Binang, or Biñang. History Alberto Mansion Rizal in Biñan historical marker Captain Juan de Salcedo explored Laguna de Bay and founded Biñan at the end of June 1571, a month after Miguel López de Legazpi established Manila. In 1644, Dominican friars turned the area into a hacienda known as Hacienda de San Isidro Labrador de Biñán, in honor of Saint Isidore the Laborer. When the seat of the provincial government of the Provincia de la Laguna de Bay was transferred from Bay to Pagsanjan in 1688, Biñan separated from Tabuco (now the city of Cabuyao). In the 1600s Biñan had 256 Chinese-Filipino and 1,639 Native Filipino tributes. : 142  In 1747, the Spaniards officially converted Biñan into a pueblo (town). Santa Rosa separated from Biñan in 1791 and was later established as an independent town on January 18, 1792. Historically, Biñan has gained recognition nationwide for being part of the life of José Rizal, one of the country's national hero. In June 1869, when Rizal was a child, he traveled to Biñan with his brother Paciano. They moved into his aunt's home, which would serve as their lodging, near the town proper. Here, he received his first formal education through the tutelage of Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz and, after a year and a half of instruction, recommended the young Rizal to pursue higher education in Manila. The home where José Rizal resided was given a plaque of appreciation in his honor. Biñan's town square now has a monument in the center honoring Biñan's connection to Rizal. In 1903, the adjacent towns of Muntinlupa, then part of Rizal province, and San Pedro Tunasan were consolidated with Biñan. Both towns were later separated when Muntinlupa was returned to Rizal as part of Taguig in 1905 and San Pedro Tunasan regained its independent municipality status effective 1907. Cityhood Main article: Cities of the Philippines On February 2, 2010, by the virtue of the Republic Act No. 9740, Biñan became a component city after its voters accepted the ratification in the plebiscite. It became the 4th city in the province and 139th in the Philippines. Geography Biñan is located 35 kilometers (22 mi) south of Manila and 52 kilometers (32 mi) from Santa Cruz. It is bounded on the north by San Pedro, on the west by General Mariano Alvarez, Carmona, and Silang, on the south by Santa Rosa, while on the east lies Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the country. The city covers a total land area of 43.50 km2 (16.80 sq mi) that represents 2.27 percent of the entire Laguna province. In 2020, Biñan had a total population of 407,437. It is the third most populated in the province (12% of the provincial population), next only to Calamba (16%) and Santa Rosa City (12.3%). Topography Biñan is generally plain with 85.33 percent of its total area having a slope of zero to 2.5 percent. This covers all the 24 barangays except for small portions of Barangay Biñan and San Francisco having a slope ranging from 2.6 to 25 percent, meaning it is gently sloping to strongly sloping. With more than three-fourths of its area generally level to nearly level, this makes Biñan suitable for agricultural and urban development. Soil properties Of the eleven-soil series that compose the land area of Laguna, Carmona and Gingua series covers about two types that can only be seen in Biñan. Carmona series covers about 2,577 hectares (6,370 acres) or 59.24 percent seen in Biñan's land area. Agricultural land in these areas is primarily devoted to rice and sugar production. Gingua series, on other hand, specifically the fine sandy type covers 315 hectares (780 acres) which is one of the most productive soils in Laguna where a variety of crops especially vegetables are grown profitably. The other two basic soil series comprising Biñan are Guadalupe series covering 660 hectares (1,600 acres) and Lipa series with 798 hectares (1,970 acres). Barangays Map of Biñan showing the barangays Biñan is politically subdivided into 24 barangays, all classified as urban. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios. Barangay San Francisco occupies the largest area, which is about 16.83 percent of Biñan, while Barangay Casile has the smallest area with only 12 hectares (30 acres) or 0.27 percent. Biñan Bungahan Santo Tomas (Calabuso) Canlalay Casile De La Paz Ganado San Francisco (Halang) Langkiwa Loma Malaban Malamig Mampalasan (Mamplasan) Platero Poblacion Santo Niño San Antonio San Jose San Vicente Soro-Soro Santo Domingo Timbao Tubigan Zapote Climate The climate of Biñan is characterized by two pronounced seasons: dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year. Maximum rainfall occurs from June to September with an annual average rainfall of 200 mm (7.9 in). Biñan is protected by mountains in the peripheral areas, and thus it is making the area cooler. Climate data for Biñan, Laguna Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29(84) 30(86) 32(90) 34(93) 33(91) 32(90) 30(86) 29(84) 29(84) 30(86) 30(86) 29(84) 31(87) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 21(70) 21(70) 21(70) 23(73) 24(75) 24(75) 24(75) 24(75) 24(75) 23(73) 22(72) 23(73) 23(73) Average precipitation mm (inches) 10(0.4) 10(0.4) 12(0.5) 27(1.1) 94(3.7) 153(6.0) 206(8.1) 190(7.5) 179(7.0) 120(4.7) 54(2.1) 39(1.5) 1,094(43) Average rainy days 5.2 4.5 6.4 9.2 19.7 24.3 26.9 25.7 24.4 21.0 12.9 9.1 189.3 Source: Meteoblue Demographics Population census of BiñanYearPop.±% p.a.1903 9,563—    1918 10,692+0.75%1939 16,238+2.01%1948 20,794+2.79%1960 33,309+4.00%YearPop.±% p.a.1970 58,290+5.75%1975 67,444+2.97%1980 83,684+4.41%1990 134,553+4.86%1995 160,206+3.32%YearPop.±% p.a.2000 201,186+5.00%2007 262,735+3.75%2010 283,396+2.79%2015 333,028+3.12%2020 407,437+4.04%Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Religion Front view of Sto. Niño de Cebu Parish in Southwoods City The majority of the people of Biñan are Roman Catholics. Other religious groups include the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Members Church of God International, Iglesia Ni Cristo (Church of Christ), Evangelical Christians, United Church of Christ in the Philippines, the United Methodist Church, Presbyterian Churches, Baptist and Bible Fundamental churches. Economy Poverty incidence of Biñan 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2006 2.00 2009 1.67 2012 7.92 2015 5.19 2018 1.69 2021 5.75 Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Biñan has been popularly recognized as a trading center area immediately south of Metro Manila. The city has the largest public market in the province of Laguna and in the Calabarzon Region. Retailers from nearby towns often plow the city proper to purchase goods and merchandise intended to be sold elsewhere. Biñan has also been a center of commerce in the region because of the numerous banking institutions across the city, plus the ever-growing number of commercial establishments and emerging shopping centers. A common sight is the preparations and setting up of the wholesalers and the arrival of jeepneys and trucks carrying various items such as fruits, vegetables, dry goods, dairy products, meat, fish, etc. The market activity would be 24 hours with peak reaching the early hours (3:00–7:00 am PHT) as Filipinos are known to work in the early hours of the day trying to prevent exposure to the heating sun. The city is also known for a type of pancake made from rice flour, topped with cheese or butter, called Puto Biñan. There are also slices of savory salted egg on top to contrast the mildly sweet pancake base. The best-known makers of Puto in Biñan are located in barangay San Vicente, and the city is renowned as "The Home of the Famous Puto Biñan in Laguna". Panoramic view of Plaza Rizal Major industries Manufacturing of footwear, headwear, puto and special pasalubong like pinipig and ampaw are some of the major industries of Biñan. Shopping centers Central Mall Biñan Notable malls and shopping centers in the city include the Southwoods Mall (managed by Megaworld), Pavilion Mall (managed by Ayala Malls), Central Mall Biñan, C. Morales Mall, and Umbria Commercial Center. Investment sites Southwoods City Biñan has two industrial parks namely, the Laguna International Industrial Park (LIIP) and the Laguna Technopark Incorporated (LTI). The two industrial parks have created a good image in contributing favorably in Biñan as well as in the Philippine economy in terms of local employment and the generation of foreign exchange. To date, Biñan has benefited a large number of residents being employed in different companies there. To name a few, they are Honda Parts Manufacturing Corporation, Kito Corporation, Nissin Brake, Ryonan Electric, Cirtek Electronics, SunPower, Nidec Corporation, Isuzu Philippines, Atlas Copco, Diageo, Furukawa Electric, Takata, Toshiba Philippines, Optodev, Inc., Transitions Optical Philippines Inc., Hitachi Computer Products Asia, Amkor Technology Philippines, Inc., Integrated Microelectronics, Inc. (IMI), TDK, Gardenia Bakeries Philippines Inc., and several other multi-national companies. As of 2008, Biñan, headed by its Historical, Tourism and Cultural Council has formed "Biñan Business Club", a non-government organization composed of all business establishments of the then-municipality. The Biñan Business Club works to anticipate trends and provide support to help local business enterprises and the community face them head on. The Club commits itself to the essential aspects of economic development and poverty alleviation. It knows that the Biñan community counts on the help of the organization to attract, retain and enhance business through traditional and non-traditional strategies. One Asia Business Center is a 10-hectare (25-acre) development located within the Jubilation New Biñan. This business park will be a major component of an integrated master planned development of Jubilation or what is called the New Biñan City which is composed of residential, commercial, recreational and institutional uses. Inaugurated on July 25, 2012, Southwoods City, located in Barangay San Francisco, situated at Southwoods Exit along the South Luzon Expressway, has been proclaimed by the Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA) as of July 2010 as a Special Economic Zone. It is a 15-hectare (37-acre) project which includes a strip mall, residential condominium towers, an outlet center, a lifestyle park and a Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) center, the existing Splash Island water park, among other facilities. Other upcoming developments in Biñan are Greenfield City Biñan, Meadowcrest (by Federal Land), and Broadfield (by Alveo), all in the southern portion of the city. Transportation Manila South Road in Barangay Santo Domingo The city is accessible to all types of land transportation via South Luzon Expressway through Greenfield City/Unilab (Mamplasan), Southwoods, and Carmona exits. The Cavite–Laguna Expressway starts in the city, specifically at Mamplasan Rotonda, and has an interchange near Laguna Technopark Gate 3 and a toll plaza within the city limits. The Manila South Road (N1) also passes through the city. General Malvar Street, mostly part of N65, connects the city to the province of Cavite. Public transportation within the city, like in most of the urban areas in the Philippines, is facilitated mostly by inexpensive jeepneys and tricycles especially for short distances. The Biñan and Golden City 1 railway stations of the Philippine National Railways (PNR) serve the city. The PNR is slated to be succeeded by the under construction North–South Commuter Railway with one station at Biñan. The old city proper hosts terminals for bus companies that operate routes to and from Metro Manila. List of accredited transport cooperatives as of January 2021: Biñan Driver Operator Transport Cooperative Bringing the Lord Message UV Transport Service Cooperative Heartlink Transport and Multipurpose Cooperative Highway Stars Transport Service Cooperative Pagasa ng Mamayanang Nagkakaisa Transport Service and Multipurpose Cooperative (PAMANA TSC-MPC) Government Biñan City Hall at night The old Biñan Municipal Hall is the previous seat of municipal government. It now houses the Sentrong Pangkultura ng Biñan. See also: Sangguniang Panglungsod Biñan is classified as a component city. The mayor is the chief executive and is assisted by the vice mayor, who presides over a legislative council consisting of 14 members: 12 elected members at-large, the President of the Sangguniang Kabataan (Youth Council) Federation representing the youth sector, and the President of the Association of Barangay Chairmen (ABC) as barangay sectoral representative. The council is in charge of creating the city's policies in the form of Ordinances and Resolutions. The incumbent mayor is Walfredo "Arman" Dimaguila Jr., who previously served as the city's vice mayor. Angelo Alonte is the incumbent vice mayor. It is represented in the Congress by Marlyn Alonte, a former mayor of the city. The new Biñan City Hall in Barangay Zapote currently serves as the seat of city government. It was constructed to reflect its status as a component city. It succeeded the former municipal hall that is located in Barangay Poblacion (old town proper) and is still standing and has been repurposed as the Sentrong Pangkultura ng Biñan (lit. transl. Cultural Center of Binan). This initiative aims to preserve and promote the city's rich cultural and artistic heritage. Elected officials Biñan City Officials (2022-2025) Name Party House of Representatives Marlyn B. Alonte-Naguiat Lakas City Mayor Walfredo R. Dimaguila Jr. Lakas City Vice Mayor Angelo B. Alonte Lakas City Councilors Jonalina A. Reyes Lakas Libunero O. Alatiit Lakas Romel R. Dicdican Lakas Flaviano D. Pecaña Jr. Lakas Christopher A. Alba Lakas Jayson A. Souza Lakas Victor L. Cariño Lakas Elmario B. Dimaranan Lakas Rafael L. Cardeño Jr. PFP Alvin Z. Garcia Lakas Elvis L. Bedia Lakas Jose Francisco Ruben P. Yatco Nacionalista Ex Officio City Council Members ABC President Rodolfo C. Montañez Jr. (Langkiwa) SK President Maria Angelica Querubin A. Alonte (Canlalay) City seal The then-mayor of Biñan, Marlyn Alonte, envisioned the new seal of the city, as Biñan became a city of the province of Laguna. The seal symbolized the following: The Rizal Monument is used to depict the heroism of the National Hero of the Philippines, Dr. José Rizal, who had his first formal education at Biñan under the tutelage of Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz who after a year and a half of tutelage advised the young Rizal to continue his education in Manila. The large mortar and pestle signify subterranean and earth-related resources, thus emblematizing the agricultural activities of the city, the renowned “Puto Biñan” and the “family” represents solidarity and the result of human industry and initiative in the areas of manufacturing and intellectual production. The “2010” represents the year that Republic Act No. 9740 was signed into law creating the City of Biñan and ratified by majority vote of its people during the plebiscite held on February 2, 2010. The book signifies the city's continuous quest for knowledge and its commitment to providing quality free education to its constituents. The industries represent the budding industries located at the Laguna Technopark and the Laguna International Industrial Park. The Heroes Monument symbolizes the bravery, sacrifice and valor of Biñan's ancestors. The pair of slippers had been adapted from the old Municipal Seal which, together with the cap represent the small businesses which originated from Biñan and entrepreneurial skills of its people. The 24 barangays that constitute the demographic profile of the Municipality of Biñan. Their golden color signifies their individual verdant and abundant indigenous resources readily available for conversion into productive and profitable uses. The elements enumerated above are encircled at the outer edge by a golden circle, wherein the words “City of Biñan” are written within. The two golden stars flanking the words “City of Biñan” represent Service and Integrity. The Lone District of Biñan Main article: Legislative districts of Biñan On January 26, 2015, a 15–0 vote from senators approved the House Bill No. 3917 in the third and final reading, amending the charter city of Biñan to a congressional district in Laguna and will be separated from the first district. Republic Act No. 10658, which President Aquino signed into law on March 27, 2015, separated Biñan from the first legislative district of Laguna. Under the law, the incumbent representative of the first district of Laguna will continue to represent the new district until the expiration of his term. The Commission on Elections was tasked to issue the necessary rules and regulations to implement the measure within 30 days after its effectivity. Education The University of Perpetual Help System Laguna Biñan is also considered the educational center of the first legislative district of Laguna, having the greatest number of secondary and tertiary schools in the area. Most barangays in the city also have their own respective public elementary schools. Biñan has 3 universities: the University of Perpetual Help System Laguna, the first university in the city, located at Barangay Santo Niño via the National Highway; the Biñan campus of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines, located at Barangay Zapote; and the Laguna Campus of De La Salle University at Barangays Malamig and Biñan. Some other prominent schools and colleges in the city include: Local educational institutions AMA Biñan Campus Caritas Don Bosco School Colegio San Agustin – Biñan La Consolacion College – Biñan Saint Michael's College of Laguna Alpha Angelicum Academy Ann Arbor Montessori Learning Center – Biñan Campus Biñan Integrated National High School Biñan National High School (Dela Paz Annex) Biñan Secondary School of Applied Academics Biñan City Science and Technology High School Casa Del Niño Montessori School – Biñan Branch Catholic School of Pacita Citi Global College (formerly Don Bosco Global College-Biñan) Colegio San Antonio-Biñan (formerly Saint Anthony School of Biñan) Escuela de Gracia of Binan Inc HeadStarter Workshop Holy Family of Nazareth School Holy Infant Jesus Of Prague School Holy Spirit School Integrated Jubilation Montessori Center of Biñan (Formerly International Jubilation Montessori Center of Biñan) International Electronics And Technical Institute (IETI)-Biñan Jacob Alfred A. Young School – Biñan Jacobo Z. Gonzales Memorial National High School Jacobo Z. Gonzales Memorial School Of Arts And Trades, a technical-vocational school Kidsfirst Integrated School KIDS HAUS-Child Development Center Integrated School Lake Shore Educational Institution Liceo De Santo Tomas De Aquinas Biñan Elementary School Malaban East Elementary School Malaban Elementary School Mamplasan Elementary School Manila Montessori School Montessori Children's Workshop Nereo Joaquin National High School Nereo R. Joaquin National High School Panorama Montessori School Saint-Sebastien Elementary school San Francisco Elementary School San Vicente Elementary School South City Homes Academy St. Francis of Assisi College Santa Catalina College – Biñan Trimex Colleges International schools The Beacon Academy Brent International School Manila Notable personalities Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, lawyer and author of the Declaration of Philippine Independence Fernando Canon, Filipino revolutionary general, poet, inventor, engineer, musician Encarnacion Alzona, National Scientist of the Philippines for Philippine History Dioscoro L. Umali, National Scientist of the Philippines for Agriculture and Rural Development Conrado M. Vasquez, first Ombudsman of the Philippines and an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines. Ronnie Alonte, actor, singer, dancer, It's Showtime, Hashtags member Angeli Gonzales, doctor Ken Chan, Filipino-Chinese actor from Laguna Zephanie Dimaranan, first grand winner of Idol Philippines Barbie Forteza, actress from Laguna, she is best known for her role in Pilyang Kerubin, Stairaway to Heaven, Meant to Be and Inday Will Always Love You Rose Ann Gonzales, multi-awarded former child actress now works for Congresswoman Len Alonte-Naguiat's Congressional Office Led Sobrepeña, singer (The Singing Bee (Philippine game show), actor Precious Lara Quigaman, actress, Miss International 2005 Marco Sison, OPM icon, singer/actor, recording artist, served as former Board Member in the province of Laguna and also a former councilor from Biñan, Laguna Chris Javier, basketball player Maurice Shaw, basketball player Sister cities Local Cabuyao, Laguna Santa Rosa, Laguna References ^  City of Biñan | (DILG) ^ "2015 Census of Population, Report No. 3 – Population, Land Area, and Population Density" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. Quezon City, Philippines. August 2016. ISSN 0117-1453. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021. ^ a b c d Census of Population (2020). "Region IV-A (Calabarzon)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved July 8, 2021. ^ "PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. April 2, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024. ^ "2007 Financial Statements Highlights for Local Government Units" (PDF). Commission On Audit Philippines. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 20, 2009. Retrieved August 26, 2012. ^ Mallat De Bassilan, Jean-Baptiste (1846). Les Philippines: histoire, géographie, moeurs (in French). Paris: A. Bertrand. Retrieved March 13, 2024. ^ Santiago, Luciano P.R. (1997). "The Roots of Pila, Laguna: A Secular and Spiritual History of the Town (900 Ad to the Present)". Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. 25 (3/4). University of San Carlos Publications: 125–155. JSTOR 29792218. Retrieved March 13, 2024. ^ a b Alas, Pepe (February 4, 2022). "The evolution of Biñan from pueblo to city". Manila Standard. Retrieved March 13, 2024. ^ Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines By Linda A. Newson) ^ Duran, Peter Paul (February 4, 2022). "Araw ng Biñan '22 celebrates history, culture, progress". Manila Standard. Retrieved March 13, 2024. ^ Veloso, James; Go, Catherine (January 30, 2023). "Araw ng Biñan 2023: PROMOTING 'VALUES REGENERATION'". OpinYon News. Retrieved March 13, 2024. ^ "Historical Timeline". Santa Rosa. Retrieved March 13, 2024. ^ "History". Biñan City Official Website. Retrieved March 13, 2024. ^ Act No. 939 (October 12, 1903), An Act reducing the thirty municipalities of the Province of La Laguna to nineteen, retrieved June 15, 2023 ^ Act No. 1008 (November 25, 1903), An Act Amending Act Numbered Nine hundred and thirty-nine, entitled "An Act reducing the thirty municipalities of the Province of La Laguna to nineteen," and Act Numbered Nine hundred and forty-two, entitled "An Act reducing the thirty - two municipalities of the Province of Rizal to fifteen," and providing that the boundary line between the Provinces of La Laguna and Rizal be changed so as to include in La Laguna the municipality of Muntinlupa now a part of Rizal., retrieved April 24, 2022 ^ Act No. 1308 (March 22, 1905), An Act providing for the return of the former municipality of Muntinlupa from the Province of La Laguna to the Province of Rizal, repealing paragraph (e) of section one and sections two and three of Act Numbered One thousand and eight, and changing the name of the municipality of Pateros, of the Province of Rizal, to Taguig., retrieved April 24, 2022 ^ Act No. 1553 (October 29, 1906), An Act Increasing the Number of Municipalities in the Province Of La Laguna from Twenty to Twenty-one, by Separating From Biñan the Former Municipality of San Pedro Tunasan, Reconstituting the Latter as a Municipality, and Giving to Each the Territory Which It Comprised Prior to the Passage of Act Numbered Nine Hundred and Thirty-nine., retrieved June 16, 2023 ^ "Bay: Average Temperatures and Rainfall". Meteoblue. Retrieved May 11, 2020. ^ Census of Population (2015). "Region IV-A (Calabarzon)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved June 20, 2016. ^ Census of Population and Housing (2010). "Region IV-A (Calabarzon)" (PDF). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. National Statistics Office. Retrieved June 29, 2016. ^ Censuses of Population (1903–2007). "Region IV-A (Calabarzon)". Table 1. Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007. National Statistics Office.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Province of Laguna". Municipality Population Data. Local Water Utilities Administration Research Division. Retrieved December 17, 2016. ^ "Poverty incidence (PI):". Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved December 28, 2020. ^ "Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. November 29, 2005. ^ "2003 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. March 23, 2009. ^ "City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates; 2006 and 2009" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. August 3, 2012. ^ "2012 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. May 31, 2016. ^ "Municipal and City Level Small Area Poverty Estimates; 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. July 10, 2019. ^ "PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. December 15, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2022. ^ "PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. April 2, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024. ^ "One Asia Business Center". earthandstyle.com. Retrieved August 26, 2012. ^ "Southwoods Center to become to P2.5B BPO Center and IT Park". SunStar Manila. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved August 6, 2012. ^ "Future Development". Greenfield Development Corporation. Retrieved March 28, 2024. ^ "Meadowcrest". Meadowcrest. Retrieved March 28, 2024. ^ "Broadfield". Alveo by Ayala Land. Retrieved March 28, 2024. ^ "Accredited Transport Cooperatives as of January 2021" (PDF). Office of Transportation Cooperatives. January 2021. ^ "Biñan City now a congressional district". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on November 26, 2015. ^ "Biñan now a congressional district". The Philippine Star. April 2, 2015. ^ "A BRAVE NEW WORLD The De La Salle University Science and Technology Campus". Archived from the original on February 3, 2014. ^ Bardinas, Mary Ann (July 25, 2019). "How the young, delicate Zephanie Dimaranan's past rejections turn her into a fierce contender on Idol Philippines". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved July 28, 2019. ^ "Zephanie Dimaranan named 'Idol Philippines' grand winner". ABS-CBN News. July 28, 2019. Retrieved July 28, 2019. External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Biñan. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Biñan. Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Binan". Philippine Standard Geographic Code Philippine Census Information Local Governance Performance Management System Places adjacent to Biñan San Pedro Laguna de Bay General Mariano Alvarez, CaviteCarmona, Cavite Biñan Silang, Cavite Santa Rosa Articles Related to Biñan vteProvince of LagunaSanta Cruz (capital) Calamba (largest city)Municipalities Alaminos Bay Calauan Cavinti Famy Kalayaan Liliw Los Baños Luisiana Lumban Mabitac Magdalena Majayjay Nagcarlan Paete Pagsanjan Pakil Pangil Pila Rizal Santa Cruz Santa Maria Siniloan Victoria Component Cities Biñan Cabuyao Calamba San Pablo San Pedro Santa Rosa BarangaysSee: List of barangays in Laguna (province) vteList of cities in the PhilippinesHighly urbanizedcities Angeles City Bacolod Baguio Butuan Cagayan de Oro Caloocan Cebu City Davao City General Santos Iligan Iloilo City Lapu-Lapu City Las Piñas Lucena Makati Malabon Mandaluyong Mandaue Manila Marikina Muntinlupa Navotas Olongapo Parañaque Pasay Pasig Puerto Princesa Quezon City San Juan Tacloban Taguig Valenzuela Zamboanga City Independentcomponent cities Cotabato City Dagupan Naga, Camarines Sur Ormoc Santiago Component cities Alaminos Antipolo Bacoor Bago Bais Balanga Baliwag Batac Batangas City Bayawan Baybay Bayugan Biñan Bislig Bogo Borongan Cabadbaran Cabanatuan Cabuyao Cadiz Calaca Calamba Calapan Calbayog Candon Canlaon Carcar Carmona Catbalogan Cauayan Cavite City Danao Dapitan Dasmariñas Digos Dipolog Dumaguete El Salvador Escalante Gapan General Trias Gingoog Guihulngan Himamaylan Ilagan Imus Iriga Isabela Kabankalan Kidapawan Koronadal La Carlota Lamitan Laoag Legazpi Ligao Lipa Maasin Mabalacat Malaybalay Malolos Marawi Masbate City Mati Meycauayan Muñoz Naga, Cebu Oroquieta Ozamiz Pagadian Palayan Panabo Passi Roxas Sagay Samal San Carlos, Negros Occidental San Carlos, Pangasinan San Fernando, La Union San Fernando, Pampanga San Jose San Jose del Monte San Pablo San Pedro Santa Rosa Santo Tomas Silay Sipalay Sorsogon City Surigao City Tabaco Tabuk Tacurong Tagaytay Tagbilaran Tagum Talisay, Cebu Talisay, Negros Occidental Tanauan Tandag Tangub Tanjay Tarlac City Tayabas Toledo Trece Martires Tuguegarao Urdaneta Valencia Victorias Vigan vteCalabarzon (Region IV-A)CAvite, LAguna, BAtangas, Rizal, QueZONRegional center Calamba Provinces Batangas Cavite Laguna Quezon Rizal Highly urbanized cities Lucena Component cities Antipolo Bacoor Batangas City Biñan Cabuyao Calamba Calaca Carmona Cavite City Dasmariñas General Trias Imus Lipa San Pablo San Pedro Santa Rosa Santo Tomas Tagaytay Tanauan Tayabas Trece Martires Provincial capitals Antipolo Batangas City Imus (de jure) Lucena Santa Cruz Trece Martires (de facto) Municipalities Agdangan Agoncillo Alabat Alaminos Alfonso Alitagtag Amadeo Angono Atimonan Balayan Balete Baras Bauan Bay Binangonan Buenavista Burdeos Cainta Calatagan Calauag Calauan Candelaria Cardona Catanauan Cavinti Cuenca Dolores Famy General Emilio Aguinaldo General Luna General Mariano Alvarez General Nakar Guinayangan Gumaca Ibaan Indang Infanta Jalajala Jomalig Kalayaan Kawit Laurel Lemery Lian Liliw Lobo Lopez Los Baños Lucban Luisiana Lumban Mabini Mabitac Macalelon Magallanes Magdalena Majayjay Malvar Maragondon Mataasnakahoy Mauban Mendez Morong Mulanay Nagcarlan Naic Nasugbu Noveleta Padre Burgos Padre Garcia Paete Pagbilao Pagsanjan Pakil Pangil Panukulan Patnanungan Perez Pila Pililla Pitogo Plaridel Polillo Quezon Real Rizal Rodriguez Rosario (Batangas) Rosario (Cavite) Sampaloc San Andres San Antonio San Francisco San Jose San Juan San Luis San Mateo San Narciso San Nicolas San Pascual Santa Cruz Santa Maria Santa Teresita Sariaya Silang Siniloan Taal Tagkawayan Talisay Tanay Tanza Taysan Taytay Teresa Ternate Tiaong Tingloy Tuy Unisan Victoria Barangays Batangas (List) Cavite (List) Laguna (List) Quezon (List) Rizal (List) Luzon, Republic of the Philippines vte Philippines cities with a 100,000+ population2,000,000 and more Quezon City (2,960,048) 1,000,000–1,999,999 Manila (1,846,513) Davao City (1,776,949) Caloocan (1,661,584) Taguig (1,223,597) 500,000–999,999 Zamboanga City (977,234) Cebu City (964,169) Antipolo (887,399) Pasig (803,159) Cagayan de Oro (728,402) Valenzuela (714,978) Dasmariñas (703,141) General Santos (697,315) Parañaque (689,992) Bacoor (664,625) San Jose del Monte (651,813) Las Piñas (606,293) Bacolod (600,783) Muntinlupa (543,445) Calamba (539,671) 200,000–499,999 Lapu-Lapu City (497,604) Imus (496,794) Angeles City (462,928) Iloilo City (457,626) Marikina (456,059) General Trias (450,583) Pasay (440,656) Mandaluyong (425,758) Santa Rosa (414,812) Biñan (407,437) Tarlac City (385,398) Malabon (380,522) Lipa (372,931) Butuan (372,910) Baguio (366,358) Mandaue (364,116) Iligan (363,115) Cabuyao (355,330) San Fernando (Pampanga) (354,666) Batangas City (351,647) Cabanatuan (327,325) San Pedro (326,001) Cotabato City (325,079) Puerto Princesa (307,079) Tagum (296,202) Mabalacat (293,244) Makati (292,743) San Pablo (285,348) Lucena (278,924) Talisay (Cebu) (263,048) Malolos (261,189) Olongapo (260,317) Tacloban (251,881) Navotas (247,543) Ormoc (230,998) Meycauayan (225,673) Santo Tomas (218,500) Valencia (Bukidnon) (216,546) Trece Martires (210,503) Pagadian (210,542) Legazpi (209,533) Panabo (209,230) Naga (Camarines Sur) (209,170) Toledo (207,314) Marawi (207,010) San Carlos (Pangasinan) (205,424) Kabankalan (200,198) 100,000–199,999 Koronadal (195,398) Bago (191,210) Malaybalay (190,712) Digos (188,376) Calbayog (186,960) Sorsogon City (182,237) Roxas City (179,292) Dagupan (174,302) Surigao City (171,107) Baliwag (168,470) Tuguegarao (166,334) Kidapawan (160,791) Cadiz (158,544) Ilagan (158,258) Danao (156,321) San Jose (Nueva Ecija) (150,917) Sagay (148,894) Santiago (148,580) Mati (147,547) Urdaneta (144,577) Cauayan (143,403) Calapan (145,786) Tabaco (140,961) Ozamis (140,443) Dipolog (138,141) Gingoog (136,698) Carcar (136,453) Dumaguete (134,103) Naga (Cebu) (133,184) San Carlos (Negros Occidental) (132,650) Silay (130,478) Isabela (Basilan) (130,379) San Juan (Metro Manila) (126,347) San Fernando (La Union) (125,640) Gapan (122,968) Bayawan (122,747) Tabuk (121,033) Ligao (118,096) Samal (Davao del Norte) (116,771) Himamaylan (116,240) Iriga (114,457) Tayabas (112,658) Baybay (111,848) Laoag (111,651) Tacurong (109,319) Talisay (Negros Occidental) (108,909) Catbalogan (106,440) Carmona (106,256) Tagbilaran (104,976) Masbate City (104,522) Balanga (104,173) Guihulngan (102,656) Cavite City (100,674) Lamitan (100,150)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[biˈɲan]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA"},{"link_name":"Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_language"},{"link_name":"component city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines#Legal_classification"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Laguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_(province)"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSA20%E2%80%9304-3"},{"link_name":"Metro Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila"},{"link_name":"industrial estates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_estates"},{"link_name":"export processing zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Export_processing_zones"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"₱","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_peso"},{"link_name":"US$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_dollar"},{"link_name":"Commission on Audit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Audit_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Calamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamba,_Laguna"},{"link_name":"Santa Rosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_Laguna"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSA20%E2%80%9304-3"},{"link_name":"President Benigno Aquino III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III"},{"link_name":"first congressional district of Laguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"lone congressional district of Biñan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_district_of_Bi%C3%B1an"},{"link_name":"2016 elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Philippine_general_election"}],"text":"Component city in Laguna, PhilippinesComponent city in Calabarzon, PhilippinesBiñan (IPA: [biˈɲan]), officially the City of Biñan (Filipino: Lungsod ng Biñan), is a 1st class component city in the province of Laguna, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 407,437 people.[3]Biñan has become both a suburban residential community of Metro Manila and a location for some of the Philippines' largest industrial estates and export processing zones. Prior to its cityhood in 2010, Biñan was the richest municipality in the Philippines with an annual gross income of ₱677 million (US$14.383 million) and net income of ₱250 million (US$5.308 million), as of 2007 by the Commission on Audit.[5] According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 407,437, making it the third largest in population in the province of Laguna, after Calamba and Santa Rosa.[3]By virtue of Republic Act No. 10658, signed on March 27, 2015, by President Benigno Aquino III, Biñan has been separated from the first congressional district of Laguna and formed the lone congressional district of Biñan. The first representative, the former mayor of the city, has been elected during the 2016 elections, unopposed.","title":"Biñan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Captain Juan de Salcedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Salcedo"},{"link_name":"Cainta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cainta"},{"link_name":"Taytay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taytay,_Rizal"},{"link_name":"Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay,_Laguna"},{"link_name":"Thanksgiving Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving"},{"link_name":"Tagalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language"},{"link_name":"binyag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/binyag"},{"link_name":"Brunei Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei_Malay"},{"link_name":"Vocabulario de la lengua tagala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocabulario_de_la_lengua_tagala"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Where Biñan got its name is a mystery. Some deduced that before Captain Juan de Salcedo proceeded to Cainta and Taytay finally reaching Bay, he landed in Biñan. According to the story, Padres Alfonso de Alvarado and Diego Espinar planted a huge wooden cross on the spot where the present-day San Isidro Labrador parish stands and co-celebrated a Thanksgiving Mass. Curious natives gathered and the two Spanish missionaries took advantage of the situation. They baptized each one of them. From then on, old folks say they called the place “Binyagan,” which means a baptismal place in Tagalog. The place's root word binyag is originally a Brunei Malay word which means “to pour water from above,” according to the dictionary Vocabulario de la lengua tagala. The Spanish tongue's difficulty in pronouncing the local dialect acquired for the once town its name — \"Biñan\".An 1846 book in French also spelled the town as Viñan.[6] It is also spelled in other references as Biniang, Binyang, Binang, or Biñang.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alberto_Mansion_Bi%C3%B1an_City,_Laguna.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alberto Mansion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Mansion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rizal_in_Bi%C3%B1an_1948_PHC_historical_marker.jpg"},{"link_name":"Juan de Salcedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Salcedo"},{"link_name":"Laguna de Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_de_Bay"},{"link_name":"Miguel López de Legazpi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"Dominican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"Isidore the Laborer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidore_the_Laborer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pueblo-8"},{"link_name":"Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay,_Laguna"},{"link_name":"Pagsanjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsanjan"},{"link_name":"Cabuyao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabuyao"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ConquestandPestilence-9"},{"link_name":"pueblo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pueblo-8"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Santa Rosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_Laguna"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-santarosa-12"},{"link_name":"José Rizal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal"},{"link_name":"country's national hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_hero_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Paciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paciano_Rizal"},{"link_name":"first formal education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Dr._Jose_P._Rizal_Site_and_Museum"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Muntinlupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muntinlupa"},{"link_name":"Rizal province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_(province)"},{"link_name":"San Pedro Tunasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro,_Laguna"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Taguig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taguig"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Alberto MansionRizal in Biñan historical markerCaptain Juan de Salcedo explored Laguna de Bay and founded Biñan at the end of June 1571, a month after Miguel López de Legazpi established Manila. In 1644, Dominican friars turned the area into a hacienda known as Hacienda de San Isidro Labrador de Biñán, in honor of Saint Isidore the Laborer.[7][8] When the seat of the provincial government of the Provincia de la Laguna de Bay was transferred from Bay to Pagsanjan in 1688, Biñan separated from Tabuco (now the city of Cabuyao). In the 1600s Biñan had 256 Chinese-Filipino and 1,639 Native Filipino tributes. [9]: 142In 1747, the Spaniards officially converted Biñan into a pueblo (town).[8][10][11] Santa Rosa separated from Biñan in 1791 and was later established as an independent town on January 18, 1792.[12]Historically, Biñan has gained recognition nationwide for being part of the life of José Rizal, one of the country's national hero. In June 1869, when Rizal was a child, he traveled to Biñan with his brother Paciano. They moved into his aunt's home, which would serve as their lodging, near the town proper. Here, he received his first formal education through the tutelage of Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz and, after a year and a half of instruction, recommended the young Rizal to pursue higher education in Manila. The home where José Rizal resided was given a plaque of appreciation in his honor. Biñan's town square now has a monument in the center honoring Biñan's connection to Rizal.[13]In 1903, the adjacent towns of Muntinlupa, then part of Rizal province, and San Pedro Tunasan were consolidated with Biñan.[14][15] Both towns were later separated when Muntinlupa was returned to Rizal as part of Taguig in 1905 and San Pedro Tunasan regained its independent municipality status effective 1907.[16][17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"}],"sub_title":"Cityhood","text":"On February 2, 2010, by the virtue of the Republic Act No. 9740, Biñan became a component city after its voters accepted the ratification in the plebiscite. It became the 4th city in the province and 139th in the Philippines.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"Santa Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_Laguna"},{"link_name":"San Pedro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro,_Laguna"},{"link_name":"General Mariano Alvarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Mariano_Alvarez"},{"link_name":"Carmona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmona,_Cavite"},{"link_name":"Silang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silang,_Cavite"},{"link_name":"Santa Rosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_Laguna"},{"link_name":"Laguna de Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_de_Bay"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSA20%E2%80%9304-3"}],"text":"Biñan is located 35 kilometers (22 mi) south of Manila and 52 kilometers (32 mi) from Santa Cruz. It is bounded on the north by San Pedro, on the west by General Mariano Alvarez, Carmona, and Silang, on the south by Santa Rosa, while on the east lies Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the country.The city covers a total land area of 43.50 km2 (16.80 sq mi) that represents 2.27 percent of the entire Laguna province. In 2020, Biñan had a total population of 407,437.[3] It is the third most populated in the province (12% of the provincial population), next only to Calamba (16%) and Santa Rosa City (12.3%).","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Topography","text":"Biñan is generally plain with 85.33 percent of its total area having a slope of zero to 2.5 percent. This covers all the 24 barangays except for small portions of Barangay Biñan and San Francisco having a slope ranging from 2.6 to 25 percent, meaning it is gently sloping to strongly sloping. With more than three-fourths of its area generally level to nearly level, this makes Biñan suitable for agricultural and urban development.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Soil properties","text":"Of the eleven-soil series that compose the land area of Laguna, Carmona and Gingua series covers about two types that can only be seen in Biñan. Carmona series covers about 2,577 hectares (6,370 acres) or 59.24 percent seen in Biñan's land area. Agricultural land in these areas is primarily devoted to rice and sugar production. Gingua series, on other hand, specifically the fine sandy type covers 315 hectares (780 acres) which is one of the most productive soils in Laguna where a variety of crops especially vegetables are grown profitably. The other two basic soil series comprising Biñan are Guadalupe series covering 660 hectares (1,600 acres) and Lipa series with 798 hectares (1,970 acres).","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:City_of_Bi%C3%B1an_Barangay_Map_Official.jpg"},{"link_name":"puroks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purok"},{"link_name":"sitios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitios"}],"sub_title":"Barangays","text":"Map of Biñan showing the barangaysBiñan is politically subdivided into 24 barangays, all classified as urban. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.Barangay San Francisco occupies the largest area, which is about 16.83 percent of Biñan, while Barangay Casile has the smallest area with only 12 hectares (30 acres) or 0.27 percent.Biñan\nBungahan\nSanto Tomas (Calabuso)\nCanlalay\nCasile\nDe La Paz\nGanado\nSan Francisco (Halang)\nLangkiwa\nLoma\nMalaban\nMalamig\nMampalasan (Mamplasan)\nPlatero\nPoblacion\nSanto Niño\nSan Antonio\nSan Jose\nSan Vicente\nSoro-Soro\nSanto Domingo\nTimbao\nTubigan\nZapote","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-met_norms-18"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"The climate of Biñan is characterized by two pronounced seasons: dry from November to April and wet during the rest of the year. Maximum rainfall occurs from June to September with an annual average rainfall of 200 mm (7.9 in). Biñan is protected by mountains in the peripheral areas, and thus it is making the area cooler.Climate data for Biñan, Laguna\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n29(84)\n\n30(86)\n\n32(90)\n\n34(93)\n\n33(91)\n\n32(90)\n\n30(86)\n\n29(84)\n\n29(84)\n\n30(86)\n\n30(86)\n\n29(84)\n\n31(87)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n21(70)\n\n21(70)\n\n21(70)\n\n23(73)\n\n24(75)\n\n24(75)\n\n24(75)\n\n24(75)\n\n24(75)\n\n23(73)\n\n22(72)\n\n23(73)\n\n23(73)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n10(0.4)\n\n10(0.4)\n\n12(0.5)\n\n27(1.1)\n\n94(3.7)\n\n153(6.0)\n\n206(8.1)\n\n190(7.5)\n\n179(7.0)\n\n120(4.7)\n\n54(2.1)\n\n39(1.5)\n\n1,094(43)\n\n\nAverage rainy days\n\n5.2\n\n4.5\n\n6.4\n\n9.2\n\n19.7\n\n24.3\n\n26.9\n\n25.7\n\n24.4\n\n21.0\n\n12.9\n\n9.1\n\n189.3\n\n\nSource: Meteoblue[18]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:130Bi%C3%B1an_City_Roads_Laguna_Roads_Landmarks_34.jpg"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"},{"link_name":"Members Church of God International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International"},{"link_name":"Iglesia Ni Cristo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_Ni_Cristo"},{"link_name":"Evangelical Christians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_Christianity"},{"link_name":"United Church of Christ in the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"United Methodist Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Methodist_Church"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterianism"},{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptists"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Front view of Sto. Niño de Cebu Parish in Southwoods CityThe majority of the people of Biñan are Roman Catholics. Other religious groups include the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Members Church of God International, Iglesia Ni Cristo (Church of Christ), Evangelical Christians, United Church of Christ in the Philippines, the United Methodist Church, Presbyterian Churches, Baptist and Bible Fundamental churches.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philippine Statistics Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"public market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palengke"},{"link_name":"Calabarzon Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabarzon"},{"link_name":"jeepneys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeepney"},{"link_name":"PHT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"Filipinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_people"},{"link_name":"pancake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancake"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bi%C3%B1an_Plaza_panorama.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bi%C3%B1an_Plaza_panorama.jpg"}],"text":"Poverty incidence of Biñan\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n2\n\n3\n\n4\n\n5\n\n6\n\n7\n\n8\n\n\n\n2006 2.00\n\n2009 1.67\n\n2012 7.92\n\n2015 5.19\n\n2018 1.69\n\n2021 5.75\n\n\n\n\n\nSource: Philippine Statistics Authority[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]Biñan has been popularly recognized as a trading center area immediately south of Metro Manila. The city has the largest public market in the province of Laguna and in the Calabarzon Region. Retailers from nearby towns often plow the city proper to purchase goods and merchandise intended to be sold elsewhere. Biñan has also been a center of commerce in the region because of the numerous banking institutions across the city, plus the ever-growing number of commercial establishments and emerging shopping centers.A common sight is the preparations and setting up of the wholesalers and the arrival of jeepneys and trucks carrying various items such as fruits, vegetables, dry goods, dairy products, meat, fish, etc. The market activity would be 24 hours with peak reaching the early hours (3:00–7:00 am PHT) as Filipinos are known to work in the early hours of the day trying to prevent exposure to the heating sun.The city is also known for a type of pancake made from rice flour, topped with cheese or butter, called Puto Biñan. There are also slices of savory salted egg on top to contrast the mildly sweet pancake base. The best-known makers of Puto in Biñan are located in barangay San Vicente, and the city is renowned as \"The Home of the Famous Puto Biñan in Laguna\".Panoramic view of Plaza Rizal","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"puto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puto_(food)"},{"link_name":"pasalubong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasalubong"}],"sub_title":"Major industries","text":"Manufacturing of footwear, headwear, puto and special pasalubong like pinipig and ampaw are some of the major industries of Biñan.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:9562National_Highway,_Carmona_Bi%C3%B1an_City,_Laguna_24.jpg"},{"link_name":"Southwoods Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwoods_Mall"},{"link_name":"Megaworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaworld_Lifestyle_Malls"},{"link_name":"Pavilion Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavilion_Mall"},{"link_name":"Ayala Malls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayala_Malls"}],"sub_title":"Shopping centers","text":"Central Mall BiñanNotable malls and shopping centers in the city include the Southwoods Mall (managed by Megaworld), Pavilion Mall (managed by Ayala Malls), Central Mall Biñan, C. Morales Mall, and Umbria Commercial Center.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:384Bi%C3%B1an_City_Roads_Laguna_Roads_Landmarks_48.jpg"},{"link_name":"industrial parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_park"},{"link_name":"Philippine economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Honda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda"},{"link_name":"SunPower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SunPower"},{"link_name":"Nidec Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidec_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Furukawa Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furukawa_Group"},{"link_name":"Takata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takata_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Transitions Optical Philippines Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitions_Optical"},{"link_name":"Hitachi Computer Products Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitachi"},{"link_name":"Amkor Technology Philippines, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amkor"},{"link_name":"Integrated Microelectronics, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Microelectronics,_Inc."},{"link_name":"TDK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDK"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Special Economic Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Economic_Zone"},{"link_name":"Business Process Outsourcing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Process_Outsourcing"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Alveo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayala_Land"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Investment sites","text":"Southwoods CityBiñan has two industrial parks namely, the Laguna International Industrial Park (LIIP) and the Laguna Technopark Incorporated (LTI). The two industrial parks have created a good image in contributing favorably in Biñan as well as in the Philippine economy in terms of local employment and the generation of foreign exchange. To date, Biñan has benefited a large number of residents being employed in different companies there. To name a few, they are Honda Parts Manufacturing Corporation, Kito Corporation, Nissin Brake, Ryonan Electric, Cirtek Electronics, SunPower, Nidec Corporation, Isuzu Philippines, Atlas Copco, Diageo, Furukawa Electric, Takata, Toshiba Philippines, Optodev, Inc., Transitions Optical Philippines Inc., Hitachi Computer Products Asia, Amkor Technology Philippines, Inc., Integrated Microelectronics, Inc. (IMI), TDK, Gardenia Bakeries Philippines Inc., and several other multi-national companies.As of 2008, Biñan, headed by its Historical, Tourism and Cultural Council has formed \"Biñan Business Club\", a non-government organization composed of all business establishments of the then-municipality. The Biñan Business Club works to anticipate trends and provide support to help local business enterprises and the community face them head on. The Club commits itself to the essential aspects of economic development and poverty alleviation. It knows that the Biñan community counts on the help of the organization to attract, retain and enhance business through traditional and non-traditional strategies.One Asia Business Center is a 10-hectare (25-acre) development located within the Jubilation New Biñan. This business park will be a major component of an integrated master planned development of Jubilation or what is called the New Biñan City which is composed of residential, commercial, recreational and institutional uses.[31]Inaugurated on July 25, 2012, Southwoods City, located in Barangay San Francisco, situated at Southwoods Exit along the South Luzon Expressway, has been proclaimed by the Philippine Economic Zone Authority (PEZA) as of July 2010 as a Special Economic Zone. It is a 15-hectare (37-acre) project which includes a strip mall, residential condominium towers, an outlet center, a lifestyle park and a Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) center, the existing Splash Island water park, among other facilities.[32]Other upcoming developments in Biñan are Greenfield City Biñan,[33] Meadowcrest (by Federal Land),[34] and Broadfield (by Alveo), all in the southern portion of the city.[35]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manila_South_Road,_Bi%C3%B1an_Santo_Domingo_(Gen._Malvar,_Bi%C3%B1an,_Laguna;_06-28-2023).jpg"},{"link_name":"South Luzon Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Luzon_Expressway"},{"link_name":"Cavite–Laguna Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavite%E2%80%93Laguna_Expressway"},{"link_name":"N1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N1_highway_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"N65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N65_highway"},{"link_name":"jeepneys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeepney"},{"link_name":"tricycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorized_tricycle_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"Biñan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C3%B1an_station"},{"link_name":"Golden City 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_City_1_station"},{"link_name":"Philippine National Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_National_Railways"},{"link_name":"North–South Commuter Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Commuter_Railway"},{"link_name":"Metro Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Manila South Road in Barangay Santo DomingoThe city is accessible to all types of land transportation via South Luzon Expressway through Greenfield City/Unilab (Mamplasan), Southwoods, and Carmona exits. The Cavite–Laguna Expressway starts in the city, specifically at Mamplasan Rotonda, and has an interchange near Laguna Technopark Gate 3 and a toll plaza within the city limits. The Manila South Road (N1) also passes through the city. General Malvar Street, mostly part of N65, connects the city to the province of Cavite.Public transportation within the city, like in most of the urban areas in the Philippines, is facilitated mostly by inexpensive jeepneys and tricycles especially for short distances. The Biñan and Golden City 1 railway stations of the Philippine National Railways (PNR) serve the city. The PNR is slated to be succeeded by the under construction North–South Commuter Railway with one station at Biñan. The old city proper hosts terminals for bus companies that operate routes to and from Metro Manila.List of accredited transport cooperatives as of January 2021:[36]Biñan Driver Operator Transport Cooperative\nBringing the Lord Message UV Transport Service Cooperative\nHeartlink Transport and Multipurpose Cooperative\nHighway Stars Transport Service Cooperative\nPagasa ng Mamayanang Nagkakaisa Transport Service and Multipurpose Cooperative (PAMANA TSC-MPC)","title":"Transportation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bi%C3%B1an_City_Hall.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sentrong_Pangkultura_ng_Bi%C3%B1an,_Laguna,_February_2023.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sangguniang Panglungsod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangguniang_Panglungsod"},{"link_name":"Marlyn Alonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlyn_Alonte"}],"text":"Biñan City Hall at nightThe old Biñan Municipal Hall is the previous seat of municipal government. It now houses the Sentrong Pangkultura ng Biñan.See also: Sangguniang PanglungsodBiñan is classified as a component city. The mayor is the chief executive and is assisted by the vice mayor, who presides over a legislative council consisting of 14 members: 12 elected members at-large, the President of the Sangguniang Kabataan (Youth Council) Federation representing the youth sector, and the President of the Association of Barangay Chairmen (ABC) as barangay sectoral representative. The council is in charge of creating the city's policies in the form of Ordinances and Resolutions.The incumbent mayor is Walfredo \"Arman\" Dimaguila Jr., who previously served as the city's vice mayor. Angelo Alonte is the incumbent vice mayor. It is represented in the Congress by Marlyn Alonte, a former mayor of the city.The new Biñan City Hall in Barangay Zapote currently serves as the seat of city government. It was constructed to reflect its status as a component city. It succeeded the former municipal hall that is located in Barangay Poblacion (old town proper) and is still standing and has been repurposed as the Sentrong Pangkultura ng Biñan (lit. transl. Cultural Center of Binan). This initiative aims to preserve and promote the city's rich cultural and artistic heritage.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elected officials","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marlyn Alonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlyn_Alonte"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Binan_City_Seal.png"},{"link_name":"Dr. José Rizal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal"},{"link_name":"mortar and pestle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle"},{"link_name":"Republic Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_Act"},{"link_name":"plebiscite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebiscite"},{"link_name":"free education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_education"},{"link_name":"24 barangays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Barangays"}],"sub_title":"City seal","text":"The then-mayor of Biñan, Marlyn Alonte, envisioned the new seal of the city, as Biñan became a city of the province of Laguna. The seal symbolized the following:The Rizal Monument is used to depict the heroism of the National Hero of the Philippines, Dr. José Rizal, who had his first formal education at Biñan under the tutelage of Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz who after a year and a half of tutelage advised the young Rizal to continue his education in Manila.\nThe large mortar and pestle signify subterranean and earth-related resources, thus emblematizing the agricultural activities of the city, the renowned “Puto Biñan” and the “family” represents solidarity and the result of human industry and initiative in the areas of manufacturing and intellectual production.\nThe “2010” represents the year that Republic Act No. 9740 was signed into law creating the City of Biñan and ratified by majority vote of its people during the plebiscite held on February 2, 2010.\nThe book signifies the city's continuous quest for knowledge and its commitment to providing quality free education to its constituents.\nThe industries represent the budding industries located at the Laguna Technopark and the Laguna International Industrial Park.\nThe Heroes Monument symbolizes the bravery, sacrifice and valor of Biñan's ancestors.\nThe pair of slippers had been adapted from the old Municipal Seal which, together with the cap represent the small businesses which originated from Biñan and entrepreneurial skills of its people.\nThe 24 barangays that constitute the demographic profile of the Municipality of Biñan.\nTheir golden color signifies their individual verdant and abundant indigenous resources readily available for conversion into productive and profitable uses.\nThe elements enumerated above are encircled at the outer edge by a golden circle, wherein the words “City of Biñan” are written within.\nThe two golden stars flanking the words “City of Biñan” represent Service and Integrity.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"President Aquino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III"},{"link_name":"first legislative district of Laguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Commission on Elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"The Lone District of Biñan","text":"On January 26, 2015, a 15–0 vote from senators approved the House Bill No. 3917 in the third and final reading, amending the charter city of Biñan to a congressional district in Laguna and will be separated from the first district.[37] Republic Act No. 10658, which President Aquino signed into law on March 27, 2015, separated Biñan from the first legislative district of Laguna. Under the law, the incumbent representative of the first district of Laguna will continue to represent the new district until the expiration of his term. The Commission on Elections was tasked to issue the necessary rules and regulations to implement the measure within 30 days after its effectivity.[38]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:University_Of_Perpetual_Help_System_Laguna.(2010).jpg"},{"link_name":"University of Perpetual Help System Laguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Perpetual_Help_System_Laguna"},{"link_name":"university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_state_schools,_colleges_and_universities_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Polytechnic University of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"De La Salle University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Salle_University"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"AMA Biñan Campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMA_Computer_University"},{"link_name":"Caritas Don Bosco School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caritas_Don_Bosco_School"},{"link_name":"Colegio San Agustin – Biñan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colegio_San_Agustin_%E2%80%93_Bi%C3%B1an"},{"link_name":"La Consolacion College – Biñan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Consolacion_College_%E2%80%93_Bi%C3%B1an"},{"link_name":"Saint Michael's College of Laguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Michael%27s_College_of_Laguna"},{"link_name":"technical-vocational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TESDA"},{"link_name":"The Beacon Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beacon_Academy"},{"link_name":"Brent International School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_International_School"}],"text":"The University of Perpetual Help System LagunaBiñan is also considered the educational center of the first legislative district of Laguna, having the greatest number of secondary and tertiary schools in the area. Most barangays in the city also have their own respective public elementary schools.Biñan has 3 universities: the University of Perpetual Help System Laguna, the first university in the city, located at Barangay Santo Niño via the National Highway; the Biñan campus of the Polytechnic University of the Philippines, located at Barangay Zapote; and the Laguna Campus of De La Salle University[39] at Barangays Malamig and Biñan.Some other prominent schools and colleges in the city include:Local educational institutions\nAMA Biñan Campus\nCaritas Don Bosco School\nColegio San Agustin – Biñan\nLa Consolacion College – Biñan\nSaint Michael's College of Laguna\nAlpha Angelicum Academy\nAnn Arbor Montessori Learning Center – Biñan Campus\nBiñan Integrated National High School\nBiñan National High School (Dela Paz Annex)\nBiñan Secondary School of Applied Academics\nBiñan City Science and Technology High School\nCasa Del Niño Montessori School – Biñan Branch\nCatholic School of Pacita\nCiti Global College (formerly Don Bosco Global College-Biñan)\nColegio San Antonio-Biñan (formerly Saint Anthony School of Biñan)\nEscuela de Gracia of Binan Inc\nHeadStarter Workshop\nHoly Family of Nazareth School\nHoly Infant Jesus Of Prague School\nHoly Spirit School\nIntegrated Jubilation Montessori Center of Biñan (Formerly International Jubilation Montessori Center of Biñan)\nInternational Electronics And Technical Institute (IETI)-Biñan\nJacob Alfred A. Young School – Biñan\nJacobo Z. Gonzales Memorial National High School\nJacobo Z. Gonzales Memorial School Of Arts And Trades, a technical-vocational school\nKidsfirst Integrated School\nKIDS HAUS-Child Development Center Integrated School\nLake Shore Educational Institution\nLiceo De Santo Tomas De Aquinas\nBiñan Elementary School\nMalaban East Elementary School\nMalaban Elementary School\nMamplasan Elementary School\nManila Montessori School\nMontessori Children's Workshop\nNereo Joaquin National High School\nNereo R. Joaquin National High School\nPanorama Montessori School\nSaint-Sebastien Elementary school\nSan Francisco Elementary School\nSan Vicente Elementary School\nSouth City Homes Academy\nSt. Francis of Assisi College\nSanta Catalina College – Biñan\nTrimex CollegesInternational schoolsThe Beacon Academy\nBrent International School Manila","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosio_Rianzares_Bautista"},{"link_name":"Declaration of Philippine Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Philippine_Independence"},{"link_name":"Fernando Canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Canon"},{"link_name":"Encarnacion Alzona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encarnacion_Alzona"},{"link_name":"National Scientist of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Scientist_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Dioscoro L. Umali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioscoro_L._Umali"},{"link_name":"National Scientist of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Scientist_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Conrado M. Vasquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrado_M._Vasquez"},{"link_name":"Ombudsman of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Ombudsman"},{"link_name":"Associate Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Alonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Alonte"},{"link_name":"It's Showtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Showtime_(Philippine_TV_program)"},{"link_name":"Angeli Gonzales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angeli_Gonzales"},{"link_name":"Ken Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Chan_(Filipino_actor)"},{"link_name":"Zephanie Dimaranan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephanie_Dimaranan"},{"link_name":"Idol Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idol_Philippines"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABS-CBN-Zephanie-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABS-CBNNews-Zephanie-41"},{"link_name":"Barbie Forteza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbie_Forteza"},{"link_name":"Pilyang Kerubin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilyang_Kerubin"},{"link_name":"Stairaway to Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stairway_to_Heaven_(Philippine_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Meant to Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meant_to_Be_(Philippine_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Inday Will Always Love You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inday_Will_Always_Love_You"},{"link_name":"Rose Ann Gonzales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Ann_Gonzales"},{"link_name":"The Singing Bee (Philippine game show)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Singing_Bee_(Philippine_game_show)"},{"link_name":"Precious Lara Quigaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precious_Lara_Quigaman"},{"link_name":"Miss International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_International"},{"link_name":"Marco Sison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Sison"},{"link_name":"Chris Javier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Javier"},{"link_name":"Maurice Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Shaw"}],"text":"Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, lawyer and author of the Declaration of Philippine Independence\nFernando Canon, Filipino revolutionary general, poet, inventor, engineer, musician\nEncarnacion Alzona, National Scientist of the Philippines for Philippine History\nDioscoro L. Umali, National Scientist of the Philippines for Agriculture and Rural Development\nConrado M. Vasquez, first Ombudsman of the Philippines and an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines.\nRonnie Alonte, actor, singer, dancer, It's Showtime, Hashtags member\nAngeli Gonzales, doctor\nKen Chan, Filipino-Chinese actor from Laguna\nZephanie Dimaranan, first grand winner of Idol Philippines[40][41]\nBarbie Forteza, actress from Laguna, she is best known for her role in Pilyang Kerubin, Stairaway to Heaven, Meant to Be and Inday Will Always Love You\nRose Ann Gonzales, multi-awarded former child actress now works for Congresswoman Len Alonte-Naguiat's Congressional Office\nLed Sobrepeña, singer (The Singing Bee (Philippine game show), actor\nPrecious Lara Quigaman, actress, Miss International 2005\nMarco Sison, OPM icon, singer/actor, recording artist, served as former Board Member in the province of Laguna and also a former councilor from Biñan, Laguna\nChris Javier, basketball player\nMaurice Shaw, basketball player","title":"Notable personalities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cabuyao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabuyao,_Laguna"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Santa Rosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Rosa,_Laguna"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"LocalCabuyao, Laguna[citation needed]\nSanta Rosa, Laguna[citation needed]","title":"Sister cities"}]
[{"image_text":"Alberto Mansion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Alberto_Mansion_Bi%C3%B1an_City%2C_Laguna.jpg/220px-Alberto_Mansion_Bi%C3%B1an_City%2C_Laguna.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rizal in Biñan historical marker","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Rizal_in_Bi%C3%B1an_1948_PHC_historical_marker.jpg/220px-Rizal_in_Bi%C3%B1an_1948_PHC_historical_marker.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Biñan showing the barangays","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/City_of_Bi%C3%B1an_Barangay_Map_Official.jpg/220px-City_of_Bi%C3%B1an_Barangay_Map_Official.jpg"},{"image_text":"Front view of Sto. Niño de Cebu Parish in Southwoods City","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/130Bi%C3%B1an_City_Roads_Laguna_Roads_Landmarks_34.jpg/220px-130Bi%C3%B1an_City_Roads_Laguna_Roads_Landmarks_34.jpg"},{"image_text":"Central Mall Biñan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/9562National_Highway%2C_Carmona_Bi%C3%B1an_City%2C_Laguna_24.jpg/220px-9562National_Highway%2C_Carmona_Bi%C3%B1an_City%2C_Laguna_24.jpg"},{"image_text":"Southwoods City","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/384Bi%C3%B1an_City_Roads_Laguna_Roads_Landmarks_48.jpg/220px-384Bi%C3%B1an_City_Roads_Laguna_Roads_Landmarks_48.jpg"},{"image_text":"Manila South Road in Barangay Santo Domingo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Manila_South_Road%2C_Bi%C3%B1an_Santo_Domingo_%28Gen._Malvar%2C_Bi%C3%B1an%2C_Laguna%3B_06-28-2023%29.jpg/220px-Manila_South_Road%2C_Bi%C3%B1an_Santo_Domingo_%28Gen._Malvar%2C_Bi%C3%B1an%2C_Laguna%3B_06-28-2023%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Biñan City Hall at night","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bi%C3%B1an_City_Hall.jpg/220px-Bi%C3%B1an_City_Hall.jpg"},{"image_text":"The old Biñan Municipal Hall is the previous seat of municipal government. It now houses the Sentrong Pangkultura ng Biñan.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Sentrong_Pangkultura_ng_Bi%C3%B1an%2C_Laguna%2C_February_2023.jpg/220px-Sentrong_Pangkultura_ng_Bi%C3%B1an%2C_Laguna%2C_February_2023.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Binan_City_Seal.png/160px-Binan_City_Seal.png"},{"image_text":"The University of Perpetual Help System Laguna","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/University_Of_Perpetual_Help_System_Laguna.%282010%29.jpg/170px-University_Of_Perpetual_Help_System_Laguna.%282010%29.jpg"}]
null
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Archived from the original on February 3, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140203040309/http://www.dlsu.edu.ph/announcements/default.asp?id=2961","url_text":"\"A BRAVE NEW WORLD The De La Salle University Science and Technology Campus\""},{"url":"http://www.dlsu.edu.ph/announcements/default.asp?id=2961","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bardinas, Mary Ann (July 25, 2019). \"How the young, delicate Zephanie Dimaranan's past rejections turn her into a fierce contender on Idol Philippines\". ABS-CBN News. Retrieved July 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertainment.abs-cbn.com/tv/shows/idolphilippines/show-updates/2019/07/25/06072519-how-zephanie-dimaranans-past-rejections-turn-her-into-a-fierce-idol-ph-contender","url_text":"\"How the young, delicate Zephanie Dimaranan's past rejections turn her into a fierce contender on Idol Philippines\""}]},{"reference":"\"Zephanie Dimaranan named 'Idol Philippines' grand winner\". ABS-CBN News. July 28, 2019. Retrieved July 28, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.abs-cbn.com/entertainment/07/28/19/zephanie-dimaranan-named-idol-philippines-grand-winner","url_text":"\"Zephanie Dimaranan named 'Idol Philippines' grand winner\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Herzog
Kurt Herzog
[]
German general (1889–1948) Kurt HerzogBorn27 March 1889Quedlinburg, Saxony-Anhalt, German EmpireDied8 May 1948(1948-05-08) (aged 59)Vorkuta, Russian SFSR, Soviet UnionAllegiance German Empire (1907–1918) Weimar Republic (1918–1933) Nazi Germany (1933-1945)Service/branchArmy (Wehrmacht)RankGeneral of the ArtilleryCommands heldXXXVIII Army CorpsBattles/warsWorld War I World War IIAwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves Kurt Herzog (27 March 1889, Quedlinburg – 8 May 1948) was a German general during World War II. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves. A war criminal, Herzog surrendered to the Soviet troops in May 1945 and died in captivity on 8 May 1948. Awards and decorations Iron Cross (1914) 2nd Class (26 October 1914) & 1st Class (6 November 1916) Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 2nd Class (10 September 1939) & 1st Class (29 September 1939) Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves Knight's Cross on 18 October 1941 as Generalleutnant and commander of 291. Infanterie-Division Oak Leaves on 12 January 1945 as General der Artillerie and commander of XXXVIII.Armeekorps References Citations ^ a b Thomas 1997, p. 277. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 186. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 79. Bibliography Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) . Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6. Thomas, Franz (1997). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1: A–K (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2299-6. Military offices Preceded byNone Commander of 291. Infanterie-Division 7 February 1940 - 10 June 1942 Succeeded byGeneralleutnant Werner Goeritz Preceded byGeneral der Infanterie Siegfried Haenicke Commander of XXXVIII. Armeekorps 29 June 1942 - 8 January 1945 Succeeded byRenamed XXXVIII Panzerkorps Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross recipients of the 291st Infantry Division Helmut Bechler Werner Goeritz Paul Gurran Kurt Herzog (Oak Leaves) Portal: Biography This biographical article related to the German Army is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walther-Peer_Fellgiebel&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7909-0284-6","url_text":"978-3-7909-0284-6"}]},{"reference":"Thomas, Franz (1997). Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 1: A–K [The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 1: A–K] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2299-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7648-2299-6","url_text":"978-3-7648-2299-6"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Herzog&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Christmas_(film)
Mary Christmas (film)
["1 Plot","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mary Christmas" film – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2002 American TV series or program Mary ChristmasGenreDramaChristmasFamilyWritten byStanley M. BrooksBetty G. BirneyDirected byJohn SchneiderStarringJohn SchneiderCynthia GibbJenna BoydTom BosleyMusic byJoey NewmanCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishProductionExecutive producersStanley M. BrooksDaniel GrodnikMichael Greenfield (co-executive producer)ProducersTimothy J. WarenzKandice Stroh (associate producer)CinematographyPaul MaibaumEditorWarren BowmanRunning time120 min.Production companiesHeartland EntertainmentOnce Upon a Time FilmsPaxson Communications CorporationOriginal releaseNetworkPAX TVReleaseNovember 29, 2002 (2002-11-29) Mary Christmas is a 2002 American Christmas movie written by Stanley M. Brooks and Betty G. Birney. It was directed by and stars John Schneider. PAX TV (WPXP Channel 67) achieved its highest rated movie ever with the world premiere of "Mary Christmas" on November 29, 2002 Plot Joel Wallace (Schneider), is a widower raising a daughter, Felice (Jenna Boyd). In her Christmas letter to Santa Claus, Felice wishes for a new mother for Christmas. The letter is intercepted by a local news producer who cancels reporter Mary Maloney's vacation and sends her to investigate the Wallace family as a human interest story. Most of the movie deals with Joel's searching for a new wife that will be Felice's mother. Felice is searching for a mother, and Mary Maloney's is wishing for her daughter to be happy, the baby that she gave up nine years earlier; the real Santa Claus poses as a governor who has both letter's to Santa, and grants all of their wishes; The real daughter and mother are reunited as the father is given his old ball mint he always loved! See also List of Christmas films References ^ Betcher, Bob. Press Journal Vero Beach, Florida. Sunday, December 15, 2002 Page 134 ^ The Programming Section Desert Sun. Palm Springs, California · Sunday, December 08, 2002 External links Mary Christmas at IMDb This article related to a made-for-TV Christmas film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"List of Christmas films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christmas_films"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattatuck_Museum_Arts_and_History_Center
Mattatuck Museum
["1 Collection","2 The remains of Fortune","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°33′26″N 73°02′35″W / 41.5572°N 73.0431°W / 41.5572; -73.0431Art museum, history museum in Waterbury, CTMattatuck MuseumEstablished1877 as The Mattatuck Historical SocietyLocation144 West Main Street, Waterbury, CT 06702TypeArt museum, history museumWebsitewww.mattatuckmuseum.org The Mattatuck Museum is a cultural institution based in Waterbury, Connecticut, USA. The museum's displays include the history, industries and culture of Waterbury and the Central Naugatuck Valley area, and art, including works about the state's history, people and scenery, and works of artists from Connecticut. The museum also features a collection of 15,000 buttons from around the world. Collection The Mattatuck Museum focuses on the work of painters and sculptors who were born and/or based in Connecticut. Its collection spans the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, and the artists represented in the museum's collection include Paolo Abbate, Abe Ajay, Alexander Calder, Frederic Church, Erastus Salisbury Field, Arshile Gorky, John Frederick Kensett, Peter Poskas, Kay Sage, Yves Tanguy and John Trumbull. The museum also highlights the commercial and cultural achievements related to the city of Waterbury. This includes a collection of 15,000 buttons, which was donated to the museum by the now-defunct Button Museum operated by the Waterbury Button Company. In 2008, the museum began offering self-guided tours of downtown Waterbury that highlight the city’s distinctive architectural achievements. The museum also features a regional history exhibit that uses interactive displays, oral histories and historic movie clips to trace the past and present of Waterbury and the surrounding areas in New Haven County, Connecticut. The museum supports ongoing artistic achievement with its Connecticut Biennial, a competition that is open to artists who maintain a residence or a studio within the state. The biennial competition awards include products and gift certificates from local businesses. The remains of Fortune In 1999, the museum received national attention regarding one of its collection items: the skeleton of a man. The skeleton was believed to date from the late 18th century and was named "Larry," as that name was written on its skull. Fortune's bones were donated by the McGlannon family in the 1930s who had ancestral ties to the slave owner Dr. Preserved Porter. Fortune was on display in a glass case until 1970, when he was removed from public viewing. During the time of his display at the museum there was no information regarding who he truly was - his remains were seen as a teaching tool. An investigation in the late 1990s by the African-American History Project Committee determined that he was an enslaved black man named Fortune who died in 1798. The museum created a special exhibit in honor of Fortune that detailed the lives of African-American slaves in Waterbury during the early part of the 19th century. Fortune was buried in Riverside Cemetery (Waterbury, Connecticut) on September 13, 2013. References ^ a b “Mattatuck Museum receives tourism grant,” Town Times, September 11, 2008 Archived June 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ “More Than a Sewing Fancy,” New York Times, May 27, 2001 ^ ""Be a tourist in your own city," Waterbury Republican-American, August 9, 2008 (subscription access required)". Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2008. ^ “ART: When Artists Face Juries of Peers,” New York Times, November 26, 2000 ^ "Fortune's Story". www.fortunestory.org. Retrieved 2022-03-08. ^ a b “Hidden Museum Treasures: Fortune's Bones 18th-Century Slave Gets New Life, New Recognition,” National Public Radio’s All Things Considered, September 16, 2003 ^ Ofgang, Erik (15 January 2018). "After 215 Years, the Man Fortune Was Finally Laid to Rest". Connecticut Magazine. Retrieved 2022-03-08. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mattatuck Museum. Official website 41°33′26″N 73°02′35″W / 41.5572°N 73.0431°W / 41.5572; -73.0431 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States
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The museum also features a collection of 15,000 buttons from around the world.","title":"Mattatuck Museum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Paolo Abbate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo_Abbate"},{"link_name":"Abe Ajay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe_Ajay"},{"link_name":"Alexander Calder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Calder"},{"link_name":"Frederic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Church"},{"link_name":"Erastus Salisbury Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erastus_Salisbury_Field"},{"link_name":"Arshile Gorky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arshile_Gorky"},{"link_name":"John Frederick Kensett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Frederick_Kensett"},{"link_name":"Kay Sage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Sage"},{"link_name":"Yves Tanguy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Tanguy"},{"link_name":"John Trumbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Trumbull"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TT-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"New Haven County, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven_County,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TT-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Mattatuck Museum focuses on the work of painters and sculptors who were born and/or based in Connecticut. Its collection spans the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries, and the artists represented in the museum's collection include Paolo Abbate, Abe Ajay, Alexander Calder, Frederic Church, Erastus Salisbury Field, Arshile Gorky, John Frederick Kensett, Peter Poskas, Kay Sage, Yves Tanguy and John Trumbull.[1]The museum also highlights the commercial and cultural achievements related to the city of Waterbury. This includes a collection of 15,000 buttons, which was donated to the museum by the now-defunct Button Museum operated by the Waterbury Button Company.[2]In 2008, the museum began offering self-guided tours of downtown Waterbury that highlight the city’s distinctive architectural achievements.[3] The museum also features a regional history exhibit that uses interactive displays, oral histories and historic movie clips to trace the past and present of Waterbury and the surrounding areas in New Haven County, Connecticut.[1]The museum supports ongoing artistic achievement with its Connecticut Biennial, a competition that is open to artists who maintain a residence or a studio within the state. The biennial competition awards include products and gift certificates from local businesses.[4]","title":"Collection"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-6"},{"link_name":"Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_(American_slave)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-6"},{"link_name":"Riverside Cemetery (Waterbury, Connecticut)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_Cemetery_(Waterbury,_Connecticut)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 1999, the museum received national attention regarding one of its collection items: the skeleton of a man. The skeleton was believed to date from the late 18th century and was named \"Larry,\" as that name was written on its skull. Fortune's bones were donated by the McGlannon family in the 1930s who had ancestral ties to the slave owner Dr. Preserved Porter.[5] Fortune was on display in a glass case until 1970, when he was removed from public viewing. During the time of his display at the museum there was no information regarding who he truly was - his remains were seen as a teaching tool.[6] An investigation in the late 1990s by the African-American History Project Committee determined that he was an enslaved black man named Fortune who died in 1798. The museum created a special exhibit in honor of Fortune that detailed the lives of African-American slaves in Waterbury during the early part of the 19th century.[6] Fortune was buried in Riverside Cemetery (Waterbury, Connecticut) on September 13, 2013.[7]","title":"The remains of Fortune"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"\"Be a tourist in your own city,\" Waterbury Republican-American, August 9, 2008 (subscription access required)\". Archived from the original on September 28, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110928084945/http://www.rep-am.com/articles/2008/08/09/lifestyle/358695.txt?taToken=955f5cd538f3fe00d44d64a65b718122","url_text":"\"\"Be a tourist in your own city,\" Waterbury Republican-American, August 9, 2008 (subscription access required)\""},{"url":"http://www.rep-am.com/articles/2008/08/09/lifestyle/358695.txt?taToken=955f5cd538f3fe00d44d64a65b718122","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fortune's Story\". www.fortunestory.org. Retrieved 2022-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fortunestory.org/","url_text":"\"Fortune's Story\""}]},{"reference":"Ofgang, Erik (15 January 2018). \"After 215 Years, the Man Fortune Was Finally Laid to Rest\". Connecticut Magazine. Retrieved 2022-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.connecticutmag.com/the-connecticut-story/after-215-years-the-man-fortune-was-finally-laid-to-rest/article_09659e12-f57f-11e7-a844-5380c2241fa1.html","url_text":"\"After 215 Years, the Man Fortune Was Finally Laid to Rest\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalene_Schauss-Flake
Magdalene Schauss-Flake
["1 Biography","2 Chamber","3 Vocal","4 References","5 External links"]
Magdalene Schauss-Flake (25 July 1921 – 24 September 2008) was a German composer and organist who gave recitals throughout the United States and Europe. Biography Schauss-Flake was born in Essen, where she studied church music at the Folkwang School while working as a jazz musician in bars. Her teachers included Hans Chemin-Petit, Siegfried Reda, and Ludwig Weber. She married a minister named Schauss and they had three children. Schauss-Flake taught at a music academy in Szczecin, Poland, and worked as a church musician in Germany in Anklam, Essen-Altendorf, and Essen-Kupferdreh. She gave organ recitals throughout the United States and Europe. She is buried in Burgsponheim, Germany. Schauss-Flake’s works have been recorded commercially on LPs by Capella 3 (today known as Cantate); Carus-Verlag; Lauda; and MDG (Musikproduktion Dabringhaus Und Grimm). Her compositions are published by Carus-Verlag, Presto Music, Strube Musikverlag, and Tezak Verlag. Her works include: Chamber Serenade (4 trombones) Suite in G (brass and woodwinds) Variationen ueber das Lied ‘es ist ein Schnitter (trombone and narrator) Variationen ueber ein Thema von Anton Dvorak (trumpet and trombone) Vocal “Befiehl dem Herrn deine Wege” Der Morgensternn ist aufgedrungen (soprano, choir, and 6 wind instruments; text by Daniel Rumpius) “Du meine Seele singe” “Jauchzet dem Herrn, alle Welt” (Psalm 100) “Jauchzet, ihr Himmel” “Nun lasst uns Gott, dem Herren” Ohren gabst du mir (choir; text by Paul Ernst Ruppel) References ^ a b c d e f g h i j Cohen, Aaron I. (1987). International encyclopedia of women composers (Second edition, revised and enlarged ed.). New York: Books & Music USA Inc. p. 620. ISBN 0-9617485-2-4. OCLC 16714846. ^ a b "Magdalene Schauß-Flake". Discogs. Retrieved 2023-03-15. ^ a b Freitag, Helmut (2017). Komponisten der Naheregion Gerhard Fischer-Münster - Fridel Grenz - Magdalene Schauss-Flake - Dieter Wellmann : Studien zur regionalen Kirchenmusik unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Werke für Orgel. Tectum Verlag ( ed.). Marburg. ISBN 978-3-8288-3979-3. OCLC 1001340560.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Music, Books on Music, and Sound Recordings. Library of Congress. 1984. ^ Boenke, H. Alais (1988). Flute Music by Women Composers: An Annotated Catalog. ABC-CLIO. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-313-26019-3. ^ Stewart-Green, Miriam (1980). Women composers : a checklist of works for the solo voice. Boston, Mass.: G.K. Hall. p. 64. ISBN 0-8161-8498-4. OCLC 6815939. External links Hear music by Magdalene Schauss-Flake Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States People Deutsche Biographie
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Magdalene Schauss-Flake"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Essen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essen"},{"link_name":"Folkwang School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkwang_School"},{"link_name":"Hans Chemin-Petit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Chemin-Petit"},{"link_name":"Siegfried Reda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Reda"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Weber"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Carus-Verlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carus-Verlag"},{"link_name":"Musikproduktion Dabringhaus Und Grimm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikproduktion_Dabringhaus_und_Grimm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"Schauss-Flake was born in Essen, where she studied church music at the Folkwang School while working as a jazz musician in bars. Her teachers included Hans Chemin-Petit, Siegfried Reda, and Ludwig Weber. She married a minister named Schauss and they had three children. Schauss-Flake taught at a music academy in Szczecin, Poland, and worked as a church musician in Germany in Anklam, Essen-Altendorf, and Essen-Kupferdreh. She gave organ recitals throughout the United States and Europe. She is buried in Burgsponheim, Germany.[3]Schauss-Flake’s works have been recorded commercially on LPs by Capella 3 (today known as Cantate); Carus-Verlag; Lauda; and MDG (Musikproduktion Dabringhaus Und Grimm).[1][2] Her compositions are published by Carus-Verlag, Presto Music, Strube Musikverlag, and Tezak Verlag. Her works include:","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Anton Dvorak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Serenade (4 trombones)[4]\nSuite in G (brass and woodwinds)[5]\nVariationen ueber das Lied ‘es ist ein Schnitter (trombone and narrator)[1]\nVariationen ueber ein Thema von Anton Dvorak (trumpet and trombone)[1]","title":"Chamber"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Daniel Rumpius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Rumpius"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Psalm 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalm_100"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"“Befiehl dem Herrn deine Wege”[1]\nDer Morgensternn ist aufgedrungen (soprano, choir, and 6 wind instruments; text by Daniel Rumpius) [1]\n“Du meine Seele singe”[1]\n“Jauchzet dem Herrn, alle Welt” (Psalm 100)[6]\n“Jauchzet, ihr Himmel”[1]\n“Nun lasst uns Gott, dem Herren”[1]\nOhren gabst du mir (choir; text by Paul Ernst Ruppel)[1]","title":"Vocal"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_%26_Hickman
Buck & Hickman
["1 References","2 External links"]
Buck & HickmanIndustryBusiness-to-business distribution of equipment, maintenance and health & personal protective equipmentFounded1830HeadquartersManchester, EnglandNumber of employees600ParentRubixWebsitewww.buckandhickman.com Buck & Hickman is a distributor of tools, maintenance and health & safety products. Established in 1840, the company has also produced tools under the Roebuck brand. Since 2018, Buck & Hickman is part of Rubix. References ^ "Company Profile". Archived from the original on 2012-04-01. Retrieved 2012-04-10. ^ "Buck and Hickman - Timber (Coggeshall rule)". Sliderules.info. Retrieved 2011-10-17. ^ "Roebuck-Tools". Archived from the original on 2012-04-07. Retrieved 2012-04-10. ^ "'Problem-solving' IPH-Brammer rebrands as RUBIX". Retrieved 2018-10-10. External links www.buckandhickman.com
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Trilogy
The Lunar Trilogy
["1 Summary","1.1 Volume 1: Na Srebrnym Globie (On the Silver Globe) [first edition—Lwów, 1903]","1.2 Volume 2: Zwycięzca (The Conqueror) [first edition—Warsaw, 1910]","1.3 Volume 3: Stara Ziemia (The Old Earth) [first edition—Warsaw, 1911]","2 Interpretations","3 Adaptation","4 References","5 External links"]
Science fiction novel series by Jerzy Żuławski The Lunar Trilogy Cover of the first volume, On the Silver Globe, 1903AuthorJerzy ŻuławskiOriginal titleTrylogia księżycowaLanguagePolishGenrescience fictionPublisherTowarzystwo Wydawnicze S. SadowskiPublication date1903Publication placeAustria-Hungary Trylogia Księżycowa (The Lunar Trilogy or The Moon Trilogy) is a trilogy of science fiction novels by the Polish writer Jerzy Żuławski, written between 1901 and 1911. It has been translated into Russian, Czech, German, English and Hungarian, and has been reprinted several times in Poland. They are his best-known works. Summary The first volume, Na Srebrnym Globie (On the Silver Globe; first book edition: Lwów, 1903) describes, in the form of a diary, the story of a marooned expedition of Earth astronauts who find themselves stranded on the Moon and founded a colony there. After several generations, they lose most of their knowledge and are ruled by a religious cult. The second volume, Zwycięzca (The Conqueror or The Victor; first book edition: Warsaw, 1910), focuses upon the colonists' anticipated Messiah, another traveler from Earth. After initial success, he fails to meet their expectations and is killed in an allegory to the death of Jesus Christ. The third volume, Stara Ziemia (The Old Earth; first book edition: Warsaw, 1911). describes the visit of two Lunar colonists to 27th-century Earth. Volume 1: Na Srebrnym Globie (On the Silver Globe) Map of the northern hemisphere of the Moon, from Na Srebrnym Globie On the Silver Globe is the initial book of the trilogy, setting forth in first-person narrative the odyssey and subsequent tribulations of a disastrously miscalculated expedition to the Moon with four men and one woman. As part of the same mission, a second rocketship with two French voyagers, the brothers Remogner, is propelled towards the silver globe immediately afterwards. They, too, are lost, presumably after crashing upon the lunar surface. The reader, however, is only privy to the circumstances surrounding the voyage of the first rocketship. At the very beginning of the narrative, the project's creator and leader, Irish astronomer O'Tamor, whom the readers of this chronicle never come to know, is dead as a result of the landing impact. Another member, English physician Tomasz (Thomas) Woodbell, succumbs to his injuries soon thereafter, leaving his fiancée Marta (Martha), a secret substitute for a German participant who backed out at the last minute, with the two remaining men, one of whom is Jan Korecki , the Polish narrator. The other voyager, and Korecki's rival for Marta, is the Brazilian-Portuguese engineer Piotr (Peter) Varadol. There is no hope of return or rescue, but there is the possibility of survival on the other, Earth-like, though rugged and desolate, side of the Moon which has limited oxygen and water. After the first two chapters, Korecki's narrative focuses on the tormented relationship of Marta and Varadol as they produce the first generation of physically stunted children, with the narrator as the heartbroken, increasingly isolated observer and chronicler. The descendants of these space pioneers, whose initial generations are all the product of brother-sister incest, eventually populate the livable part of the planet, calling themselves Selenites. They create a religion based around the coming of a savior who will enable them to fulfill their destiny of someday returning to the planet of their ancestors, Earth. Nearly half a century after his arrival, with Marta and Varadol long gone, the aged, dying Korecki struggles towards the original landing site and, with his final effort, dispatches the chronicle we have just read towards his home planet via the single message missile that was attached to the original rocketship for just such a purpose. A brief "prologue" by an unnamed Earth observer, written as part of the plot, opens On the Silver Globe by reminiscing about the expedition fifty years after its departure, discussing the reaction of Earth's inhabitants to the presumed loss of the voyagers and then describing how Korecki's missile, aimed towards K... observatory, is recovered by an assistant employed there. The charred pages contained within the missile are painstakingly transcribed by the assistant and subsequently presented for consideration by us, the readership of future Earth. Volume 2: Zwycięzca (The Conqueror) The Conqueror, the longest and most complex of the three volumes, takes place centuries after the original voyage. It begins with the landing on the Moon of a rocketship, the first arrival from Earth since the two initial expeditions. The new space vehicle, built by scientist Jacek as a much-improved prototype for a projected but abandoned second series of lunar expeditions, bears a single, unauthorized passenger—Jacek's friend Marek (Mark), an adventurous young space technology planner, whom the physically and spiritually dwarfed Selenite humans hail as their long-awaited Savior. (Marek, knowing nothing of the Selenites' existence, had merely intended to investigate what happened to the original expedition, then return to Earth.) The desperate Selenites, who have developed a crudely organized and unequal but nevertheless functional agricultural society, are on the verge of losing their generations-long struggle against enslavement by the original ruler-inhabitants of the Moon, the telepathic, black-winged, devil-like Szerns (Sherns) who rise up from the hellish bowels of the Moon's bottomless caverns. Death and suffering abound. Extremely intelligent and ruthless, and with organs able to produce electric discharges much like an electric eel, the Szerns rule the Selenites with an iron hand and extract from them a tribute in produce, services and offspring. The Szerns also rape Selenite women to breed human-Szern hybrids: when the soft white tentacles of a Szern, hidden beneath its wings, grip and electrically shock a female Selenite, she conceives and bears a diminished, intellectually stunted hybrid being known as a Deathling (mortes). Unwaveringly faithful slaves to the Szerns, the Deathlings are treated little better than dogs and are trained to hate and persecute the Selenites. The Selenites hate the Deathlings even more than the Szerns, and any Selenite woman impregnated by a Szern is stoned to death. Based on scraps of Christian teaching and stories passed down orally, the Selenites have developed their own belief system, the Religion of the Coming, centered around the hope that someone will come from Earth to rescue them from their fate. To this end, a religious order maintains a ceaseless vigil at the landing site of the original expedition. When Marek's ship touches down (Jacek had programmed the ship to arrive at the original landing site), he is clamorously received by an overjoyed crowd who are convinced that Marek is their Savior and will deliver them from the domination of the Szerns. Marek is brought to the Selenite capital to be received by the Head Priest, Malahuda. Rather than being overjoyed at Marek's arrival, the wise Malahuda is instead troubled, as he recognizes the potential for societal turmoil and realizes that the religion may not survive if its central founding prophecy is fulfilled. Faced with a choice of declaring Marek to be the messiah or declaring him to be a false messiah, Malahuda instead resigns his position, casts off his robes and enters into retirement. Malahuda's granddaughter falls in love with Marek, while also being terrified by the sacrilegious nature of her feelings toward him. In turn, Marek - treated by the Selenites as a living god - merely considers her affections amusing and pays her little attention, treating her almost as a child. Fuelled by a wave of religious fervour, the Selenites storm the Szern stronghold that rules their territory (which Zulawski based on Warsaw Citadel, built in the 19th century to bolster imperial Russian control of occupied Poland). The Szern and Deathling forces are put to the sword, and only the mind-controlling, Lucifer-incarnate head Szern, Awij , escapes. The injured Awij hides in the Selenite temple but is captured by Malahuda's granddaughter. Marek resists the popular clamour for Awij's execution and instead imprisons him in the Temple's sacred crypt, hoping to return to Earth with him as proof of extraterrestrial life once his travails on the Moon are complete. Spurred on by their success in conquering the Szern fortress, the Selenites mobilize a large armed force and, headed by Marek, stealthily cross a lunar sea by night to attack the Szern homeland. The Szerns are taken by surprise and are killed in their thousands, but strike back. As the war rumbles on and becomes more complex, religious unrest develops in the Selenite capital, with a leading member of the religious order publicly doubting Marek's status as the messiah and plotting to dethrone him in his absence. The new Head Priest, Sewin, becomes aware of this and decides to tolerate it so that if Marek fails or the public turns against him, there will be a reserve leader ready to take his place. Doubt and resentment grow further when Marek attempts to reorganize Selenite society along socialist lines, and when he proves unable to bring back to life those who have fallen in the conflict (Selenite religious teachings hold that their savior would be able to raise the dead). Still imprisoned the temple crypt, Awij uses his cunning and telepathy to convince Malahuda's granddaughter to release him. During his escape, he fatally electrocutes several Selenites, including Malahuda. But as the war is continuing to go well overall and the news from the front is good, the Selenites are largely indifferent to his escape. Marek's forces are gradually thinning, and ammunition for the war with the Szerns is beginning to run short. As the Selenite forces advance into the depths of the Szern homeland, they encounter massive resistance and only take the capital with great difficulty. Awij (who has returned to the Szern capital) again evades capture, seemingly escaping through doors that are locked and barred, defying all reason. The city has unusual properties, and the Selenites are forced to abandon it again. Ultimately, after undergoing unspeakable psychological torment, Marek wins the battle of wills and temptation with Awij, thus ending the Szerns' evil reign. For Marek, however, it is a pyrrhic victory. As the only one who had the ability to conclusively defeat the Szerns, he is the hero of the lengthy war but, for the first time in the Selenites' memory, there is no new threat and he is now expected to fulfill his role as the Messiah. Having originally flown away to the Moon in the aftermath of an unhappy love affair, and having undergone another tragic romance with a Selenite woman, Marek is exhausted, both emotionally and psychologically. Marek hears word of the discontent in the Selenite homeland and returns there alone, leaving his second-in-command in charge of the troops. When Marek reaches the Selenite homeland, he finds the population in open revolt at his attempted reforms, spurred on by the manipulative Sewin. Marek is also accused of having made a compact with the Szerns, and he is disavowed by a leading religious order who deny the Selenites' terrestrial origin and believe that they are native to the Moon. Facing overthrow, Marek decides to return to Earth in the ship, but finds it has gone. In the capital, he is forced to face the mounting wrath of the people. After all the sacrifices of the conflict, his hopes for a new society, based upon noble principles, are shattered by disunion in the ranks of the Selenites and their misplaced mystical faith in his status as the Savior. Unable to be the hoped-for Messiah in the crestfallen Selenites' ultimate desired destiny of Earth-quest, and failing to bring spiritual salvation, Marek achieves unintended messianic status when, in a fulfillment of Awij's dire predictions, he is sacrificed in a manner echoing the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. Volume 3: Stara Ziemia (The Old Earth) The final installment, The Old Earth, opens in the period immediately following Marek's martyrdom, as the various Selenite factions, lacking the unifying locus of the struggle against the Szerns, turn upon each other, initiating a reign of chaos foreboding the end of society. Seeking refuge, two major subsidiary Selenite characters who provided philosophical commentary upon the events taking place in The Conqueror hide in Marek's still-usable spacecraft. They are subsequently able to auto-pilot it on its originally intended return voyage towards the now-27th century Earth, where they tour much of the world, finding themselves at the center of mysterious plots and machinations aimed at controlling the fate of humanity. After a turbulent journey through space, the two Selenites land in the Sahara Desert in Egypt. They are both members of the Selenite religious order that believes their race is not descended from humans but originated on the Moon, and are referred to as the Master (the leader of the breakaway order) and the Disciple. Finding no evidence of human activity, they assume the Earth must be uninhabited (in line with their belief system), but after coming across a high-speed rail line (which links Egypt to Europe) then a sphinx, they become frightened and shelter overnight in a rock crevice. They are found the next day by a passing Arab trader, who cages them and brings them to Cairo, where he sells them to Mr. Benedictus, a wealthy elderly man who is following a singer, Aza, on her world tour. Benedictus dresses the two Selenites in children's clothing and puts them on a leash, and takes them to Aza's luxury hotel room to present them to her as a novelty gift. Fortunately for the Selenites, they are recognized by Aza's friend Jacek, the scientist who designed Marek's spaceship, who has also come to Cairo for the concert. Upon seeing them, Jacek guesses their lunar origin and is able to communicate with them in Polish. After the concert (where the audience is much more enamored by Aza's looks and sexual attributes than her musicality), he and the two Selenites fly back to Warsaw - a city in the communist United States of Europe (U.S.E.), where Jacek is now the chief scientist in charge of telecommunications. When Jacek asks the two Selenites how they came to be in possession of Marek's ship, the Master lies and tells Jacek that Marek sent them to Earth in his ship to get help. The Disciple disapproves of this but does not contradict him. Far from achieving its stated goals of equality, communism in the U.S.E. has resulted in the establishment of a rigid class hierarchy in which a small managerial elite enjoys great privilege while the general working population is poorly paid and kept down by the repressive machinery of the state. A liberal revolution is fomenting, and Jacek has discovered a technology that causes individual atoms to explode, releasing vast amounts of destructive energy. Both the communist government and the liberal revolutionaries want to acquire the technology. Although Jacek is part of the wealthy elite, his sympathies are with the revolutionaries - but the authoritarian Master steals the technology and gives it to the communist government. The government issues a communiqué stating that if revolution breaks out, it will activate the weapon and destroy the entire continent rather than relinquish power. The putative revolution collapses, and the government bans all scientific research and abolishes the teaching of science. Back on the Moon, the Szern leadership has similarly abolished all scientific research and tuition among the Szerns, and has even gone one step further by prohibiting the writing of books. The Grand Szern alone has the right to place his thoughts on record. Thus the trilogy ends with anti-intellectual authoritarian regimes consolidating their hold on power both on Earth (in the United States of Europe) and on the Moon (in the Szern homeland). Interpretations Żuławski has been likely influenced by H. G. Wells and Jules Verne. His work is seen as a major milestone in the development of science fiction and fantasy in Poland, gaining great popularity and having been well received by critics since. Atkinson has called the trilogy second most famous work of Eastern European sci-fi after the works of Stanisław Lem. Jasińska-Wojtkowska and Dybciak note that it was the first well developed Polish work of science-fiction, and would not be surpassed till the works of Lem few decades later. It has been described as Żuławski's take on the philosophy of history and interpreted as a critique of a socialist, egalitarian utopia. Żuławski's story shows the unpredictability of human nature as victorious over the concepts of utilitarianism and social regulation. He is critical of religion, arguing that they are a social construct that can have destructive influence on humanity. He is also concerned with the political uses of scientific knowledge, and is critical of the pursuit of "pure science", and is also critical of the notion of technological progress, which Żuławski sees as leading to greater conflict and inequality. Instead, Żuławski argues, the humanity should focus on the moral progress. The work has been described as "poetic and tragic", combining "scientific fantasy with skeptical reflection", and an anti-utopian vision of humanity's future. It has been classified as a social utopia-type science fiction or simply a dystopia. Adaptation Director Andrzej Żuławski, who is Jerzy Żuławski's great-nephew, attempted to adapt the trilogy into a film in the late 1970s. After about three-quarters of the movie had been completed, Poland's Ministry of Culture shut down the production, ordering that the unedited film and all related materials be destroyed. They were preserved in spite of this directive, and when the Communist government's power began to decline in the late 1980s, Żuławski was persuaded to edit the existing footage into movie form. He did shoot some new footage, but solely in order to provide a bridge between the scenes that had been filmed previously. He did not intend that the film be shown commercially. On the Silver Globe premiered at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival. Despite its title, the film adapts the whole trilogy. References ^ a b Andrew Milner (2012). Locating Science Fiction. Liverpool University Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-84631-842-9. Retrieved May 6, 2013. ^ a b c Michael Atkinson (2008). Exile cinema: filmmakers at work beyond Hollywood. SUNY Press. pp. 82–83. ISBN 978-0-7914-7861-5. Retrieved May 10, 2013. ^ Łukasz Ronduda; Barbara Piwowarska (2008). Polish New Wave: the history of a phenomenon that never existed. Centre for Contemporary Art Ujazdowski Castle. p. 75. ISBN 9788361156123. Retrieved May 10, 2013. ^ a b c d e f g Artur Hutnikiewicz; Andrzej Lam (2000). Literatura polska 20. wieku. Wydawn. Nauk. PWN. p. 447. ISBN 978-83-01-13028-2. Retrieved May 10, 2013., see also mirror ^ Zulawski, Jerzy (19 January 2021). The Lunar Trilogy. Winged Hussar. ISBN 9781950423163. Retrieved December 30, 2020. ^ Polish Perspectives. 1969. p. 31. Retrieved May 10, 2013. ^ Donald Sassoon (2006). Culture of the Europeans: From 1800 to the Present. HarperPress. p. 686. ISBN 978-0-00-255879-2. Retrieved May 10, 2013. ^ Marek Adamiec (August 9, 1915). "Jerzy Żuławski". Literat.ug.edu.pl. Retrieved 2013-05-10. ^ Maria Jasińska-Wojtkowska; Krzysztof Dybciak (1993). Proza polska w kręgu religijnych inspiracji. TN KUL. p. 274. ISBN 978-83-85291-48-0. Retrieved May 10, 2013. ^ Rocznik. Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. 1988. p. 83. Retrieved May 10, 2013. ^ a b c d Andrzej Niewiadowski (1992). Literatura fantastycznonaukowa. Wydawn. Naukowe PWN. pp. 43–44. ISBN 9788301101220. Retrieved May 10, 2013. ^ HALINA LERSKI (January 30, 1996). Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945. ABC-CLIO. p. 696. ISBN 978-0-313-03456-5. Retrieved May 10, 2013. ^ University of Melbourne. School of Languages (1997). Literature in times of crisis: conference. University of Melbourne. p. 33. Retrieved May 10, 2013. ^ Uniwersytet Jagielloński (1986). Prace historycznoliterackie. Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. p. 70. ISBN 9788301066154. Retrieved May 10, 2013. ^ "NA SREBRNYM GLOBIE". Festival de Cannes. Retrieved May 14, 2013. External links The Origins of Polish Sci-Fi & The Legacy of Jerzy Żuławski, feature article on Culture.pl about the inspirations behind the Lunar Trilogy and its later influence, including photos from the Żuławski family's private archives (in Polish) Ebooks of the trilogy (public domain) Elżbieta Banulska, Jerzy Żuławski’s "Trylogia Księżycowa" and Andrzej Żuławski's "Na srebrnym globie" - different arts, different views, common message (master thesis) (in Polish) Łukasz Szatkowski, Opowieści zakurzone – „Na srebrnym globie”, QFant, November 29, 2012 (in Polish) Book entries in the Encyklopedia Fantastyki, including cover galleries: , ,
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After several generations, they lose most of their knowledge and are ruled by a religious cult. The second volume, Zwycięzca (The Conqueror or The Victor; first book edition: Warsaw, 1910), focuses upon the colonists' anticipated Messiah, another traveler from Earth. After initial success, he fails to meet their expectations and is killed in an allegory to the death of Jesus Christ.[4] The third volume, Stara Ziemia (The Old Earth; first book edition: Warsaw, 1911).[7] describes the visit of two Lunar colonists to 27th-century Earth.[4]","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Na_srebrnym_globie_mapa.jpg"},{"link_name":"On the Silver Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Silver_Globe_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"narrative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative"},{"link_name":"incest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest"},{"link_name":"religion based around the coming of a savior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messianism"},{"link_name":"prologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prologue"}],"sub_title":"Volume 1: Na Srebrnym Globie (On the Silver Globe) [first edition—Lwów, 1903]","text":"Map of the northern hemisphere of the Moon, from Na Srebrnym GlobieOn the Silver Globe is the initial book of the trilogy, setting forth in first-person narrative the odyssey and subsequent tribulations of a disastrously miscalculated expedition to the Moon with four men and one woman. As part of the same mission, a second rocketship with two French voyagers, the brothers Remogner, is propelled towards the silver globe immediately afterwards. They, too, are lost, presumably after crashing upon the lunar surface.The reader, however, is only privy to the circumstances surrounding the voyage of the first rocketship. At the very beginning of the narrative, the project's creator and leader, Irish astronomer O'Tamor, whom the readers of this chronicle never come to know, is dead as a result of the landing impact. Another member, English physician Tomasz (Thomas) Woodbell, succumbs to his injuries soon thereafter, leaving his fiancée Marta (Martha), a secret substitute for a German participant who backed out at the last minute, with the two remaining men, one of whom is Jan Korecki [yahn koh-RETZ-kee], the Polish narrator. The other voyager, and Korecki's rival for Marta, is the Brazilian-Portuguese engineer Piotr (Peter) Varadol.There is no hope of return or rescue, but there is the possibility of survival on the other, Earth-like, though rugged and desolate, side of the Moon which has limited oxygen and water. After the first two chapters, Korecki's narrative focuses on the tormented relationship of Marta and Varadol as they produce the first generation of physically stunted children, with the narrator as the heartbroken, increasingly isolated observer and chronicler. The descendants of these space pioneers, whose initial generations are all the product of brother-sister incest, eventually populate the livable part of the planet, calling themselves Selenites. They create a religion based around the coming of a savior who will enable them to fulfill their destiny of someday returning to the planet of their ancestors, Earth.Nearly half a century after his arrival, with Marta and Varadol long gone, the aged, dying Korecki struggles towards the original landing site and, with his final effort, dispatches the chronicle we have just read towards his home planet via the single message missile that was attached to the original rocketship for just such a purpose.A brief \"prologue\" by an unnamed Earth observer, written as part of the plot, opens On the Silver Globe by reminiscing about the expedition fifty years after its departure, discussing the reaction of Earth's inhabitants to the presumed loss of the voyagers and then describing how Korecki's missile, aimed towards K... [likely meant to represent Kraków, where the story was written] observatory, is recovered by an assistant employed there. The charred pages contained within the missile are painstakingly transcribed by the assistant and subsequently presented for consideration by us, the readership of future Earth.","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electric eel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_eel"},{"link_name":"human-Szern hybrids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-alien_hybrid"},{"link_name":"stoned to death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_by_stoning"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Citadel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Citadel"},{"link_name":"Lucifer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucifer"},{"link_name":"along socialist lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"pyrrhic victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrrhic_victory"},{"link_name":"Messiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messiah"},{"link_name":"faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith"},{"link_name":"crestfallen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crestfallen"},{"link_name":"crucifixion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ"}],"sub_title":"Volume 2: Zwycięzca (The Conqueror) [first edition—Warsaw, 1910]","text":"The Conqueror, the longest and most complex of the three volumes, takes place centuries after the original voyage. It begins with the landing on the Moon of a rocketship, the first arrival from Earth since the two initial expeditions. The new space vehicle, built by scientist Jacek as a much-improved prototype for a projected but abandoned second series of lunar expeditions, bears a single, unauthorized passenger—Jacek's friend Marek (Mark), an adventurous young space technology planner, whom the physically and spiritually dwarfed Selenite humans hail as their long-awaited Savior. (Marek, knowing nothing of the Selenites' existence, had merely intended to investigate what happened to the original expedition, then return to Earth.)The desperate Selenites, who have developed a crudely organized and unequal but nevertheless functional agricultural society, are on the verge of losing their generations-long struggle against enslavement by the original ruler-inhabitants of the Moon, the telepathic, black-winged, devil-like Szerns (Sherns) who rise up from the hellish bowels of the Moon's bottomless caverns. Death and suffering abound. Extremely intelligent and ruthless, and with organs able to produce electric discharges much like an electric eel, the Szerns rule the Selenites with an iron hand and extract from them a tribute in produce, services and offspring. The Szerns also rape Selenite women to breed human-Szern hybrids: when the soft white tentacles of a Szern, hidden beneath its wings, grip and electrically shock a female Selenite, she conceives and bears a diminished, intellectually stunted hybrid being known as a Deathling (mortes). Unwaveringly faithful slaves to the Szerns, the Deathlings are treated little better than dogs and are trained to hate and persecute the Selenites. The Selenites hate the Deathlings even more than the Szerns, and any Selenite woman impregnated by a Szern is stoned to death.Based on scraps of Christian teaching and stories passed down orally, the Selenites have developed their own belief system, the Religion of the Coming, centered around the hope that someone will come from Earth to rescue them from their fate. To this end, a religious order maintains a ceaseless vigil at the landing site of the original expedition. When Marek's ship touches down (Jacek had programmed the ship to arrive at the original landing site), he is clamorously received by an overjoyed crowd who are convinced that Marek is their Savior and will deliver them from the domination of the Szerns. Marek is brought to the Selenite capital to be received by the Head Priest, Malahuda. Rather than being overjoyed at Marek's arrival, the wise Malahuda is instead troubled, as he recognizes the potential for societal turmoil and realizes that the religion may not survive if its central founding prophecy is fulfilled. Faced with a choice of declaring Marek to be the messiah or declaring him to be a false messiah, Malahuda instead resigns his position, casts off his robes and enters into retirement.Malahuda's granddaughter falls in love with Marek, while also being terrified by the sacrilegious nature of her feelings toward him. In turn, Marek - treated by the Selenites as a living god - merely considers her affections amusing and pays her little attention, treating her almost as a child. Fuelled by a wave of religious fervour, the Selenites storm the Szern stronghold that rules their territory (which Zulawski based on Warsaw Citadel, built in the 19th century to bolster imperial Russian control of occupied Poland). The Szern and Deathling forces are put to the sword, and only the mind-controlling, Lucifer-incarnate head Szern, Awij [AH-veey], escapes. The injured Awij hides in the Selenite temple but is captured by Malahuda's granddaughter. Marek resists the popular clamour for Awij's execution and instead imprisons him in the Temple's sacred crypt, hoping to return to Earth with him as proof of extraterrestrial life once his travails on the Moon are complete.Spurred on by their success in conquering the Szern fortress, the Selenites mobilize a large armed force and, headed by Marek, stealthily cross a lunar sea by night to attack the Szern homeland. The Szerns are taken by surprise and are killed in their thousands, but strike back. As the war rumbles on and becomes more complex, religious unrest develops in the Selenite capital, with a leading member of the religious order publicly doubting Marek's status as the messiah and plotting to dethrone him in his absence. The new Head Priest, Sewin, becomes aware of this and decides to tolerate it so that if Marek fails or the public turns against him, there will be a reserve leader ready to take his place. Doubt and resentment grow further when Marek attempts to reorganize Selenite society along socialist lines, and when he proves unable to bring back to life those who have fallen in the conflict (Selenite religious teachings hold that their savior would be able to raise the dead). Still imprisoned the temple crypt, Awij uses his cunning and telepathy to convince Malahuda's granddaughter to release him. During his escape, he fatally electrocutes several Selenites, including Malahuda. But as the war is continuing to go well overall and the news from the front is good, the Selenites are largely indifferent to his escape.Marek's forces are gradually thinning, and ammunition for the war with the Szerns is beginning to run short. As the Selenite forces advance into the depths of the Szern homeland, they encounter massive resistance and only take the capital with great difficulty. Awij (who has returned to the Szern capital) again evades capture, seemingly escaping through doors that are locked and barred, defying all reason. The city has unusual properties, and the Selenites are forced to abandon it again. Ultimately, after undergoing unspeakable psychological torment, Marek wins the battle of wills and temptation with Awij, thus ending the Szerns' evil reign. For Marek, however, it is a pyrrhic victory. As the only one who had the ability to conclusively defeat the Szerns, he is the hero of the lengthy war but, for the first time in the Selenites' memory, there is no new threat and he is now expected to fulfill his role as the Messiah. Having originally flown away to the Moon in the aftermath of an unhappy love affair, and having undergone another tragic romance with a Selenite woman, Marek is exhausted, both emotionally and psychologically.Marek hears word of the discontent in the Selenite homeland and returns there alone, leaving his second-in-command in charge of the troops. When Marek reaches the Selenite homeland, he finds the population in open revolt at his attempted reforms, spurred on by the manipulative Sewin. Marek is also accused of having made a compact with the Szerns, and he is disavowed by a leading religious order who deny the Selenites' terrestrial origin and believe that they are native to the Moon. Facing overthrow, Marek decides to return to Earth in the ship, but finds it has gone. In the capital, he is forced to face the mounting wrath of the people. After all the sacrifices of the conflict, his hopes for a new society, based upon noble principles, are shattered by disunion in the ranks of the Selenites and their misplaced mystical faith in his status as the Savior. Unable to be the hoped-for Messiah in the crestfallen Selenites' ultimate desired destiny of Earth-quest, and failing to bring spiritual salvation, Marek achieves unintended messianic status when, in a fulfillment of Awij's dire predictions, he is sacrificed in a manner echoing the crucifixion of Jesus Christ.","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"locus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Locus"},{"link_name":"27th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_century"},{"link_name":"sphinx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphinx"},{"link_name":"United States of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Federation"},{"link_name":"managerial elite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Managerialism"},{"link_name":"individual atoms to explode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission"},{"link_name":"abolishes the teaching of science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-science"}],"sub_title":"Volume 3: Stara Ziemia (The Old Earth) [first edition—Warsaw, 1911]","text":"The final installment, The Old Earth, opens in the period immediately following Marek's martyrdom, as the various Selenite factions, lacking the unifying locus of the struggle against the Szerns, turn upon each other, initiating a reign of chaos foreboding the end of society. Seeking refuge, two major subsidiary Selenite characters who provided philosophical commentary upon the events taking place in The Conqueror hide in Marek's still-usable spacecraft. They are subsequently able to auto-pilot it on its originally intended return voyage towards the now-27th century Earth, where they tour much of the world, finding themselves at the center of mysterious plots and machinations aimed at controlling the fate of humanity.After a turbulent journey through space, the two Selenites land in the Sahara Desert in Egypt. They are both members of the Selenite religious order that believes their race is not descended from humans but originated on the Moon, and are referred to as the Master (the leader of the breakaway order) and the Disciple. Finding no evidence of human activity, they assume the Earth must be uninhabited (in line with their belief system), but after coming across a high-speed rail line (which links Egypt to Europe) then a sphinx, they become frightened and shelter overnight in a rock crevice. They are found the next day by a passing Arab trader, who cages them and brings them to Cairo, where he sells them to Mr. Benedictus, a wealthy elderly man who is following a singer, Aza, on her world tour. Benedictus dresses the two Selenites in children's clothing and puts them on a leash, and takes them to Aza's luxury hotel room to present them to her as a novelty gift. Fortunately for the Selenites, they are recognized by Aza's friend Jacek, the scientist who designed Marek's spaceship, who has also come to Cairo for the concert. Upon seeing them, Jacek guesses their lunar origin and is able to communicate with them in Polish. After the concert (where the audience is much more enamored by Aza's looks and sexual attributes than her musicality), he and the two Selenites fly back to Warsaw - a city in the communist United States of Europe (U.S.E.), where Jacek is now the chief scientist in charge of telecommunications. When Jacek asks the two Selenites how they came to be in possession of Marek's ship, the Master lies and tells Jacek that Marek sent them to Earth in his ship to get help. The Disciple disapproves of this but does not contradict him.Far from achieving its stated goals of equality, communism in the U.S.E. has resulted in the establishment of a rigid class hierarchy in which a small managerial elite enjoys great privilege while the general working population is poorly paid and kept down by the repressive machinery of the state. A liberal revolution is fomenting, and Jacek has discovered a technology that causes individual atoms to explode, releasing vast amounts of destructive energy. Both the communist government and the liberal revolutionaries want to acquire the technology. Although Jacek is part of the wealthy elite, his sympathies are with the revolutionaries - but the authoritarian Master steals the technology and gives it to the communist government. The government issues a communiqué stating that if revolution breaks out, it will activate the weapon and destroy the entire continent rather than relinquish power. The putative revolution collapses, and the government bans all scientific research and abolishes the teaching of science.Back on the Moon, the Szern leadership has similarly abolished all scientific research and tuition among the Szerns, and has even gone one step further by prohibiting the writing of books. The Grand Szern alone has the right to place his thoughts on record. Thus the trilogy ends with anti-intellectual authoritarian regimes consolidating their hold on power both on Earth (in the United States of Europe) and on the Moon (in the Szern homeland).","title":"Summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H. G. Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells"},{"link_name":"Jules Verne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Verne"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Milner2012-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HutnikiewiczLam2000-4"},{"link_name":"science fiction and fantasy in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction_and_fantasy_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HutnikiewiczLam2000-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Eastern European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Lem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atkinson2008-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jasi%C5%84ska-WojtkowskaDybciak1993-9"},{"link_name":"philosophy of history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_history"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist"},{"link_name":"egalitarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egalitarianism"},{"link_name":"utopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utopia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niewiadowski1992-11"},{"link_name":"utilitarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilitarianism"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niewiadowski1992-11"},{"link_name":"social construct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_constructionism"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niewiadowski1992-11"},{"link_name":"pure science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_science"},{"link_name":"technological progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_progress"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Niewiadowski1992-11"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HutnikiewiczLam2000-4"},{"link_name":"anti-utopian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-utopia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LERSKI1996-12"},{"link_name":"social utopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_utopia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Languages1997-13"},{"link_name":"dystopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dystopia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jagiello%C5%84ski1986-14"}],"text":"Żuławski has been likely influenced by H. G. Wells and Jules Verne.[1][4] His work is seen as a major milestone in the development of science fiction and fantasy in Poland, gaining great popularity and having been well received by critics since.[4][8] Atkinson has called the trilogy second most famous work of Eastern European sci-fi after the works of Stanisław Lem.[2] Jasińska-Wojtkowska and Dybciak note that it was the first well developed Polish work of science-fiction, and would not be surpassed till the works of Lem few decades later.[9]It has been described as Żuławski's take on the philosophy of history[10] and interpreted as a critique of a socialist, egalitarian utopia.[11] Żuławski's story shows the unpredictability of human nature as victorious over the concepts of utilitarianism and social regulation.[11] He is critical of religion, arguing that they are a social construct that can have destructive influence on humanity.[11] He is also concerned with the political uses of scientific knowledge, and is critical of the pursuit of \"pure science\", and is also critical of the notion of technological progress, which Żuławski sees as leading to greater conflict and inequality.[11] Instead, Żuławski argues, the humanity should focus on the moral progress.[4] The work has been described as \"poetic and tragic\", combining \"scientific fantasy with skeptical reflection\", and an anti-utopian vision of humanity's future.[12] It has been classified as a social utopia-type science fiction[13] or simply a dystopia.[14]","title":"Interpretations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrzej Żuławski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_%C5%BBu%C5%82awski"},{"link_name":"On the Silver Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Silver_Globe_(film)"},{"link_name":"Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atkinson2008-2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Director Andrzej Żuławski, who is Jerzy Żuławski's great-nephew, attempted to adapt the trilogy into a film in the late 1970s. After about three-quarters of the movie had been completed, Poland's Ministry of Culture shut down the production, ordering that the unedited film and all related materials be destroyed. They were preserved in spite of this directive, and when the Communist government's power began to decline in the late 1980s, Żuławski was persuaded to edit the existing footage into movie form. He did shoot some new footage, but solely in order to provide a bridge between the scenes that had been filmed previously. He did not intend that the film be shown commercially. On the Silver Globe premiered at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival.[2][15]\nDespite its title, the film adapts the whole trilogy.","title":"Adaptation"}]
[{"image_text":"Map of the northern hemisphere of the Moon, from Na Srebrnym Globie","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Na_srebrnym_globie_mapa.jpg/220px-Na_srebrnym_globie_mapa.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Andrew Milner (2012). Locating Science Fiction. Liverpool University Press. p. 167. ISBN 978-1-84631-842-9. Retrieved May 6, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1zKO8HaUI9IC&pg=PA167","url_text":"Locating Science Fiction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_University_Press","url_text":"Liverpool University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-842-9","url_text":"978-1-84631-842-9"}]},{"reference":"Michael Atkinson (2008). Exile cinema: filmmakers at work beyond Hollywood. SUNY Press. pp. 82–83. ISBN 978-0-7914-7861-5. Retrieved May 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WfJSv3fsLqcC&pg=PA83","url_text":"Exile cinema: filmmakers at work beyond Hollywood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUNY_Press","url_text":"SUNY Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7861-5","url_text":"978-0-7914-7861-5"}]},{"reference":"Łukasz Ronduda; Barbara Piwowarska (2008). Polish New Wave: the history of a phenomenon that never existed. Centre for Contemporary Art Ujazdowski Castle. p. 75. ISBN 9788361156123. Retrieved May 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=drgaAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Polish New Wave: the history of a phenomenon that never existed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788361156123","url_text":"9788361156123"}]},{"reference":"Artur Hutnikiewicz; Andrzej Lam (2000). Literatura polska 20. wieku. Wydawn. Nauk. PWN. p. 447. ISBN 978-83-01-13028-2. Retrieved May 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=erJKAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Literatura polska 20. wieku"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-01-13028-2","url_text":"978-83-01-13028-2"}]},{"reference":"Zulawski, Jerzy (19 January 2021). The Lunar Trilogy. Winged Hussar. ISBN 9781950423163. Retrieved December 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/The-Lunar-Trilogy/Jerzy-Zulawski/9781950423163","url_text":"The Lunar Trilogy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781950423163","url_text":"9781950423163"}]},{"reference":"Polish Perspectives. 1969. p. 31. Retrieved May 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eH7iAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Polish Perspectives"}]},{"reference":"Donald Sassoon (2006). Culture of the Europeans: From 1800 to the Present. HarperPress. p. 686. ISBN 978-0-00-255879-2. Retrieved May 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zKsYAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Culture of the Europeans: From 1800 to the Present"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255879-2","url_text":"978-0-00-255879-2"}]},{"reference":"Marek Adamiec (August 9, 1915). \"Jerzy Żuławski\". Literat.ug.edu.pl. Retrieved 2013-05-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://literat.ug.edu.pl/autors/zulaw.htm","url_text":"\"Jerzy Żuławski\""}]},{"reference":"Maria Jasińska-Wojtkowska; Krzysztof Dybciak (1993). Proza polska w kręgu religijnych inspiracji. TN KUL. p. 274. ISBN 978-83-85291-48-0. Retrieved May 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=e18FAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Proza polska w kręgu religijnych inspiracji"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-85291-48-0","url_text":"978-83-85291-48-0"}]},{"reference":"Rocznik. Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. 1988. p. 83. Retrieved May 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=X11gAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Rocznik"}]},{"reference":"Andrzej Niewiadowski (1992). Literatura fantastycznonaukowa. Wydawn. Naukowe PWN. pp. 43–44. ISBN 9788301101220. Retrieved May 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ka9hAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Literatura fantastycznonaukowa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788301101220","url_text":"9788301101220"}]},{"reference":"HALINA LERSKI (January 30, 1996). Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945. ABC-CLIO. p. 696. ISBN 978-0-313-03456-5. Retrieved May 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=luRry4Y5NIYC&pg=PA696","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC-CLIO","url_text":"ABC-CLIO"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-03456-5","url_text":"978-0-313-03456-5"}]},{"reference":"University of Melbourne. School of Languages (1997). Literature in times of crisis: conference. University of Melbourne. p. 33. Retrieved May 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fK0ZAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Literature in times of crisis: conference"}]},{"reference":"Uniwersytet Jagielloński (1986). Prace historycznoliterackie. Wydawn. Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego. p. 70. ISBN 9788301066154. Retrieved May 10, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kGENAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Prace historycznoliterackie"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788301066154","url_text":"9788301066154"}]},{"reference":"\"NA SREBRNYM GLOBIE\". Festival de Cannes. Retrieved May 14, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/359/year/1988.html","url_text":"\"NA SREBRNYM GLOBIE\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dali_Chasma
Dali Chasma
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 17°36′S 167°00′E / 17.6°S 167°E / -17.6; 167Chasma on Venus Dali ChasmaPerspective view of Dali Chasma and Latona Corona on Venus.Feature typeChasmaCoordinates17°36′S 167°00′E / 17.6°S 167°E / -17.6; 167Diameter7,400 kmEponymDaliThe Dali and Diana Chasma system consist of deep troughs that extend for 7,400 kilometers (4,600 mi) and are very distinct features on Venus. Those chasma connect the Ovda Regio and Thetis Regio highlands with the large volcanoes at Atla Regio and thus are considered to be the "Scorpion Tail" of Aphrodite Terra. The broad, curving scarp resembles some of Earth's subduction zones where crustal plates are pushed over each other. The radar-bright surface at the highest elevation along the scarp is similar to surfaces in other elevated regions where some metallic mineral such as pyrite (fool's gold) may occur on the surface. These features are named for the Georgian goddess Dali and the Roman goddess Diana, respectively. References ^ Catalog Page for PIA00268 vteVenus Outline of Venus GeographyGeneral Arachnoid Atmosphere Dune fields Features Mapping of Venus RegionsRegio Alpha Regio Asteria Regio Beta Regio Ovda Regio Terrae Aphrodite Terra Ishtar Terra Lada Terra Mountainsandvolcanoes Abeona Mons Akna Montes Anala Mons Artemis Corona Baʽhet Corona Boala Corona Ciuacoatl Mons Fand Mons Fotla Corona Gula Mons Heng-o Corona Iaso Tholus Idunn Mons Irnini Mons Jaszai Patera Maat Mons Maxwell Montes Nightingale Corona Onatah Corona Ozza Mons Pavlova Corona Quetzalpetlatl Corona Pancake dome Renpet Mons Sacajawea Patera Sachs Patera Sapas Mons Scalloped margin dome Siddons Patera Sif Mons Skadi Mons Theia Mons Ushas Mons Zisa Corona List of coronae on Venus Plains and plateaus Guinevere Planitia Lakshmi Planum Sedna Planitia Canyons and valleys Aikhulu Chasma Artemis Chasma Baltis Vallis Dali Chasma Devana Chasma Diana Chasma Ganis Chasma Craters Addams Adivar Agnesi Alcott Ariadne Aurelia Balch Barton Buck Cleopatra Cunitz Danilova De Lalande Dickinson Goeppert-Mayer Golubkina Grimke Gregory Guilbert Isabella Jeanne Maria Celeste Mariko Mead Meitner Merit Ptah Mona Lisa Nanichi Riley Ruth Stefania Wanda Wheatley Yablochkina Other Geodynamics Geology Surface features Venus snow Venusquake AstronomyGeneral Aspects Orbit Phases Transits 1639 1761 1769 1874 1882 2004 2012 Asteroids Venus-crosser asteroids Venus trojans Zoozve ExplorationPast Sputnik programme Sputnik 7 Venera program Venera 1 Sputnik 19 Sputnik 20 Sputnik 21 Kosmos 21 Venera 1964A Kosmos 27 Venera 2 Venera 3 Kosmos 96 Venera 4 Kosmos 167 Venera 5 Venera 6 Venera 7 Venera 8 Kosmos 482 Venera 9 Venera 10 Venera 11 Venera 12 Venera 13 Venera 14 Venera 15 Venera 16 Mariner program Mariner 1 Mariner 2 Mariner 5 Mariner 10 Zond program Zond 1 Pioneer Venus Pioneer Venus Orbiter / Pioneer 12 Pioneer Venus Multiprobe / Pioneer 13 Vega program Vega 1 Vega 2 Magellan Galileo Cassini–Huygens IKAROS MESSENGER Shin'en Venus Express Current Akatsuki BepiColombo Planned DAVINCI EnVision VERITAS Venera-D Venus Life Finder Proposed European Venus Explorer VAMP VISE VISAGE VICI VOX Shukrayaan-1 Proposedcrewed Colonization Inspiration Mars (flyby) Terraforming Other Geological mapping of Venus Artificial objects on Venus Related Cytherean In culture In fiction Hesperus Life Mythology Neith (hypothetical moon) Phosphorus Category Portal This article about an extraterrestrial geological feature is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisted_reproduction_technology
Assisted reproductive technology
["1 Procedures","1.1 General","1.2 Ovulation induction","1.3 In vitro fertilization","1.4 Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis","1.5 Others","2 Risks","3 Usage","4 By country","4.1 United States","4.2 European Union","4.3 United Kingdom","4.4 Canada","4.5 Israel","4.6 Germany","4.7 France","4.8 Cuba","4.9 India","5 Society and culture","5.1 Ethics","5.2 Fictional representation","6 Historical facts","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Methods to achieve pregnancy by artificial or partially artificial means Assisted reproductive technologyIllustration depicting intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), an example of assisted reproductive technologyOther namesARTMeSHD027724 Assisted reproductive technology (ART) includes medical procedures used primarily to address infertility. This subject involves procedures such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), cryopreservation of gametes or embryos, and/or the use of fertility medication. When used to address infertility, ART may also be referred to as fertility treatment. ART mainly belongs to the field of reproductive endocrinology and infertility. Some forms of ART may be used with regard to fertile couples for genetic purpose (see preimplantation genetic diagnosis). ART may also be used in surrogacy arrangements, although not all surrogacy arrangements involve ART. The existence of sterility will not always require ART to be the first option to consider, as there are occasions when its cause is a mild disorder that can be solved with more conventional treatments or with behaviors based on promoting health and reproductive habits. Procedures General With ART, the process of sexual intercourse is bypassed and fertilization of the oocytes occurs in the laboratory environment (i.e., in vitro fertilization). In the US, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines ART to include "all fertility treatments in which both eggs and sperm are handled. In general, ART procedures involve surgically removing eggs from a woman's ovaries, combining them with sperm in the laboratory, and returning them to the woman's body or donating them to another woman." According to CDC, "they do not include treatments in which only sperm are handled (i.e., intrauterine—or artificial—insemination) or procedures in which a woman takes medicine only to stimulate egg production without the intention of having eggs retrieved." In Europe, ART also excludes artificial insemination and includes only procedures where oocytes are handled. The World Health Organization (WHO), also defines ART this way. Ovulation induction Main article: Ovulation induction Ovulation induction is usually used in the sense of stimulation of the development of ovarian follicles by fertility medication to reverse anovulation or oligoovulation. These medications are given by injection for 8 to 14 days. A health care provider closely monitors the development of the eggs using transvaginal ultrasound and blood tests to assess follicle growth and estrogen production by the ovaries. When follicles have reached an adequate size and the eggs are mature enough, an injection of the hormone hCG initiates the ovulation process. Egg retrieval should occur from 34 to 36 hours after the hCG injection. In vitro fertilization Further information: In vitro fertilization Steps of IVF Treatment In vitro fertilization is the technique of letting fertilization of the male and female gametes (sperm and egg) occur outside the female body. Techniques usually used in in vitro fertilization include: Transvaginal ovum retrieval (OVR) is the process whereby a small needle is inserted through the back of the vagina and guided via ultrasound into the ovarian follicles to collect the fluid that contains the eggs. Embryo transfer is the step in the process whereby one or several embryos are placed into the uterus of the female with the intent to establish a pregnancy. Less commonly used techniques in in vitro fertilization are: Assisted zona hatching (AZH) is performed shortly before the embryo is transferred to the uterus. A small opening is made in the outer layer surrounding the egg in order to help the embryo hatch out and aid in the implantation process of the growing embryo. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is beneficial in the case of male factor infertility where sperm counts are very low or failed fertilization occurred with previous IVF attempt(s). The ICSI procedure involves a single sperm carefully injected into the center of an egg using a microneedle. With ICSI, only one sperm per egg is needed. Without ICSI, you need between 50,000 and 100,000. This method is also sometimes employed when donor sperm is used. Autologous endometrial coculture is a possible treatment for patients who have failed previous IVF attempts or who have poor embryo quality. The patient's fertilized eggs are placed on top of a layer of cells from the patient's own uterine lining, creating a more natural environment for embryo development. In zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT), egg cells are removed from the woman's ovaries and fertilized in the laboratory; the resulting zygote is then placed into the fallopian tube. Cytoplasmic transfer is the technique in which the contents of a fertile egg from a donor are injected into the infertile egg of the patient along with the sperm. Egg donors are resources for women with no eggs due to surgery, chemotherapy, or genetic causes; or with poor egg quality, previously unsuccessful IVF cycles or advanced maternal age. In the egg donor process, eggs are retrieved from a donor's ovaries, fertilized in the laboratory with the sperm from the recipient's partner, and the resulting healthy embryos are returned to the recipient's uterus. Sperm donation may provide the source for the sperm used in IVF procedures where the male partner produces no sperm or has an inheritable disease, or where the woman being treated has no male partner. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) involves the use of genetic screening mechanisms such as fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) or comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to help identify genetically abnormal embryos and improve healthy outcomes. Embryo splitting can be used for twinning to increase the number of available embryos. Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis A pre-implantation genetic diagnosis procedure may be conducted on embryos prior to implantation (as a form of embryo profiling), and sometimes even of oocytes prior to fertilization. PGD is considered in a similar fashion to prenatal diagnosis. PGD is an adjunct to ART procedures, and requires in vitro fertilization to obtain oocytes or embryos for evaluation. Embryos are generally obtained through blastomere or blastocyst biopsy. The latter technique has proved to be less deleterious for the embryo, therefore it is advisable to perform the biopsy around day 5 or 6 of development. Sex selection is the attempt to control the sex of offspring to achieve a desired sex in case of X chromosome linked diseases. It can be accomplished in several ways, both pre- and post-implantation of an embryo, as well as at birth. Pre-implantation techniques include PGD, but also sperm sorting. Others Other assisted reproduction techniques include: Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT, sometimes called mitochondrial donation) is the replacement of mitochondria in one or more cells to prevent or ameliorate disease. MRT originated as a special form of IVF in which some or all of the future baby's mitochondrial DNA comes from a third party. This technique is used in cases when mothers carry genes for mitochondrial diseases. The therapy is approved for use in the United Kingdom. In gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), a mixture of sperm and eggs is placed directly into a woman's fallopian tubes using laparoscopy following a transvaginal ovum retrieval. Reproductive surgery, treating e.g. fallopian tube obstruction and vas deferens obstruction, or reversing a vasectomy by a reverse vasectomy. In surgical sperm retrieval (SSR), the reproductive urologist obtains sperm from the vas deferens, epididymis or directly from the testis in a short outpatient procedure. By cryopreservation, eggs, sperm and reproductive tissue can be preserved for later IVF. Risks The majority of IVF-conceived infants do not have birth defects. However, some studies have suggested that assisted reproductive technology is associated with an increased risk of birth defects. Artificial reproductive technology is becoming more available. Early studies suggest that there could be an increased risk for medical complications with both the mother and baby. Some of these include low birth weight, placental insufficiency, chromosomal disorders, preterm deliveries, gestational diabetes, and pre-eclampsia (Aiken and Brockelsby). In the largest U.S. study, which used data from a statewide registry of birth defects, 6.2% of IVF-conceived children had major defects, as compared with 4.4% of naturally conceived children matched for maternal age and other factors (odds ratio, 1.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.00 to 1.67). ART carries with it a risk for heterotopic pregnancy (simultaneous intrauterine and extrauterine pregnancy). The main risks are: Genetic disorders Low birth weight. In IVF and ICSI, a risk factor is the decreased expression of proteins in energy metabolism; Ferritin light chain and ATP5A1. Preterm birth. Low birth weight and preterm birth are strongly associated with many health problems, such as visual impairment and cerebral palsy. Children born after IVF are roughly twice as likely to have cerebral palsy. Sperm donation is an exception, with a birth defect rate of almost a fifth compared to the general population. It may be explained by that sperm banks accept only people with high sperm count. Germ cells of the mouse normally have a frequency of spontaneous point mutations that is 5 to 10-fold lower than that in somatic cells from the same individual. This low frequency in the germline leads to embryos that have a low frequency of point mutations in the next generation. No significant differences were observed in the frequency or spectrum of mutations between naturally conceived fetuses and assisted-conception fetuses. This suggests that with respect to the maintenance of genetic integrity assisted conception is safe. Current data indicate little or no increased risk for postpartum depression among women who use ART. Study results indicate that ART can affect both women and men's sexual health negatively. Usage of assisted reproductive technology including ovarian stimulation and in vitro fertilization have been associated with an increased overall risk of childhood cancer in the offspring, which may be caused by the same original disease or condition that caused the infertility or subfertility in the mother or father. That said, In a landmark paper by Jacques Balayla et al. it was determined that infants born after ART have similar neurodevelopment than infants born after natural conception. ART may also pose risks to the mother. A large US database study compared pregnancy outcomes among 106,000 assisted conception pregnancies with 34 million natural conception pregnancies. It found that assisted conception pregnancies were associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, including acute kidney injury and arrhythmia. Assisted conception pregnancies were also associated with a higher risk of caesarean delivery and premature birth. In theory, ART can solve almost all reproductive problems, except for severe pathology or the absence of a uterus (or womb), using specific gamete or embryo donation techniques. However, this does not mean that all women can be treated with assisted reproductive techniques, or that all women who are treated will achieve pregnancy. Usage As a result of the 1992 Fertility Clinic Success Rate and Certification Act, the CDC is required to publish the annual ART success rates at U.S. fertility clinics. Assisted reproductive technology procedures performed in the U.S. has over than doubled over the last 10 years, with 140,000 procedures in 2006, resulting in 55,000 births. In Australia, 3.1% of births in the late 2000's are a result of ART. The most common reasons for discontinuation of fertility treatment have been estimated to be: postponement of treatment (39%), physical and psychological burden (19%), psychological burden (14%), physical burden (6.32%), relational and personal problems (17%), personal reasons (9%), relational problems (9%), treatment rejection (13%) and organizational (12%) and clinic (8%) problems. By country United States Many Americans do not have insurance coverage for fertility investigations and treatments. Many states are starting to mandate coverage, and the rate of use is 278% higher in states with complete coverage. There are some health insurance companies that cover diagnosis of infertility, but frequently once diagnosed will not cover any treatment costs. Approximate treatment/diagnosis costs in the United States, with inflation, as of 2023 (US$): Initial workup: hysteroscopy, hysterosalpingogram, blood tests ~$3,100 Sonohysterogram (SHG) ~ $940–$1,600 Clomiphene citrate cycle ~ $310–$780 IVF cycle ~ $15,600–$46,800 Use of a surrogate mother to carry the child – dependent on arrangements Another way to look at costs is to determine the expected cost of establishing a pregnancy. Thus, if a clomiphene treatment has a chance to establish a pregnancy in 8% of cycles and costs $780, the expected cost is $9,400 to establish a pregnancy, compared to an IVF cycle (cycle fecundity 40%) with a corresponding expected cost of $46,800 ($18,700 × 40%). For the community as a whole, the cost of IVF on average pays back by 700% by tax from future employment by the conceived human being. European Union Number of assisted reproductive technology cycles in Europe between 1997 and 2014 In Europe, 157,500 children were born using assisted reproductive technology in 2015, according to the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE). But there are major differences in legislation across the Old Continent. A European directive fixes standards concerning the use of human tissue and cells, but all ethical and legal questions on ART remain the prerogative of EU member states. Conditions of assisted reproductive technology in different European countries:   ART authorized for lesbian couples   ART authorized for single women   ART authorized for single women and lesbian couples   ART prohibited for single women and lesbian couples Across Europe, the legal criteria per availability vary somewhat. In 11 countries all women may benefit; in 8 others only heterosexual couples are concerned; in 7 only single women; and in 2 (Austria and Germany) only lesbian couples. Spain was the first European country to open ART to all women, in 1977, the year the first sperm bank was opened there. In France, the right to ART is accorded to all women since 2019. In the last 15 years, legislation has evolved quickly. For example, Portugal made ART available in 2006 with conditions very similar to those in France, before amending the law in 2016 to allow lesbian couples and single women to benefit. Italy clarified its uncertain legal situation in 2004 by adopting Europe's strictest laws: ART is only available to heterosexual couples, married or otherwise, and sperm donation is prohibited. Today, 21 countries provide partial public funding for ART treatment. The seven others, which do not, are Ireland, Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, and Romania. Such subsidies are subject to conditions, however. In Belgium, a fixed payment of €1,073 is made for each full cycle of the IVF process. The woman must be aged under 43 and may not carry out more than six cycles of ART. There is also a limit on the number of transferable embryos, which varies according to age and the number of cycles completed. In France, ART is subsidized in full by national health insurance for women up to age 43, with limits of 4 attempts at IVF and 6 at artificial insemination. Germany tightened its conditions for public funding in 2004, which caused a sharp drop in the number of ART cycles carried out, from more than 102,000 in 2003 to fewer than 57,000 the following year. Since then the figure has remained stable. 17 countries limit access to ART according to the age of the woman. 10 countries have established an upper age limit, varying from 40 (Finland, Netherlands) to 50 (including Spain, Greece and Estonia). Since 1994, France is one of a number of countries (including Germany, Spain, and the UK) which use the somewhat vague notion of "natural age of procreation". In 2017, the steering council of France's Agency of Biomedicine established an age limit of 43 for women using ART. 10 countries have no age limit for ART. These include Austria, Hungary, Italy and Poland. Most European countries allow donations of gametes by third parties. But the situations vary depending on whether sperm or eggs are concerned. Sperm donations are authorized in 20 EU member states; in 11 of them anonymity is allowed. Egg donations are possible in 17 states, including 8 under anonymous conditions. On 12 April, the Council of Europe adopted a recommendation which encourages an end to anonymity. In the UK, anonymous sperm donations ended in 2005 and children have access to the identity of the donor when they reach adulthood. In France, the principle of anonymous donations of sperm or embryos is maintained in the law of bioethics of 2011, but a new bill under discussion may change the situation. United Kingdom In the United Kingdom, all patients have the right to preliminary testing, provided free of charge by the National Health Service (NHS). However, treatment is not widely available on the NHS and there can be long waiting lists. Many patients therefore pay for immediate treatment within the NHS or seek help from private clinics. In 2013, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) published new guidelines about who should have access to IVF treatment on the NHS in England and Wales. The guidelines say women aged between 40 and 42 should be offered one cycle of IVF on the NHS if they have never had IVF treatment before, have no evidence of low ovarian reserve (this is when eggs in the ovary are low in number, or low in quality), and have been informed of the additional implications of IVF and pregnancy at this age. However, if tests show IVF is the only treatment likely to help them get pregnant, women should be referred for IVF straight away. This policy is often modified by local Clinical Commissioning Groups, in a fairly blatant breach of the NHS Constitution for England which provides that patients have the right to drugs and treatments that have been recommended by NICE for use in the NHS. For example, the Cheshire, Merseyside and West Lancashire Clinical Commissioning Group insists on additional conditions: The person undergoing treatment must have commenced treatment before her 40th birthday; The person undergoing treatment must have a BMI of between 19 and 29; Neither partner must have any living children, from either the current or previous relationships. This includes adopted as well as biological children; and, Sub-fertility must not be the direct result of a sterilisation procedure in either partner (this does not include conditions where sterilisation occurs as a result of another medical problem). Couples who have undertaken a reversal of their sterilisation procedure are not eligible for treatment. Canada See also: Assisted Human Reproduction Act Some treatments are covered by OHIP (public health insurance) in Ontario and others are not. Women with bilaterally blocked fallopian tubes and are under the age of 40 have treatment covered but are still required to pay test fees (around CA$3,000–4,000). Coverage varies in other provinces. Most other patients are required to pay for treatments themselves. Israel Israel's national health insurance, which is mandatory for all Israeli citizens, covers nearly all fertility treatments. IVF costs are fully subsidized up to the birth of two children for all Israeli women, including single women and lesbian couples. Embryo transfers for purposes of gestational surrogacy are also covered. Germany On 27 January 2009, the Federal Constitutional Court ruled that it is unconstitutional, that the health insurance companies have to bear only 50% of the cost for IVF. On 2 March 2012, the Federal Council has approved a draft law of some federal states, which provides that the federal government provides a subsidy of 25% to the cost. Thus, the share of costs borne for the pair would drop to just 25%. Since July 2017, assisted reproductive technology is also allowed for married lesbian couples, as German parliament allowed same-sex marriages in Germany. France In July 2020, the French Parliament allowed assisted reproductive technology also for lesbian couples and single women. Cuba Cuban sources mention that assisted reproduction is completely legal and free in the country. India The Government of India has notified the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act 2021 and the Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Act 2021 to regulate the practice of ART. Prior to that, the National Guidelines for Accreditation, Supervision and Regulation of ART Clinics in India published by the Ministry for Health and Family Welfare, Government of India in the year 2005 was governing the field. Indian law recognises the right of a single woman, who is a major, to have children through ART. Society and culture Ethics For treatment-specific ethical considerations, see In vitro fertilisation § Ethics, Surrogacy § Ethical issues, and Sperm donation § Ethical and legal issues. Some couples may find it difficult to stop treatment despite very bad prognosis, resulting in futile therapies. This has the potential to give ART providers a difficult decision of whether to continue or refuse treatment. Some assisted reproductive technologies have the potential to be harmful to both the mother and child, posing a psychological and/or physical health risk, which may impact the ongoing use of these treatments. In Israel, there is research supporting using ART, including recycled lab materials from the IVF process, to help women work through some of these mixed emotions. Fictional representation Films and other fiction depicting emotional struggles of assisted reproductive technology have had an upswing in the latter part of the 2000s decade, although the techniques have been available for decades. As ART becomes more utilized, the number of people that can relate to it by personal experience in one way or another is growing. For specific examples, refer to the fiction sections in individual subarticles, e.g. surrogacy, sperm donation and fertility clinic. In addition, reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction has been present for many decades. Historical facts 25 July 1978, Louise Brown was born; this was the first successful birth of a child after IVF treatment. The procedure took place at Dr Kershaw's Cottage Hospital (now Dr Kershaw's Hospice) in Royton, Oldham, England. Patrick Steptoe (gynaecologist) and Robert Edwards (physiologist) worked together to develop the IVF technique. Steptoe described a new method of egg extraction and Edwards were carrying out a way to fertilise eggs in the lab. Robert G. Edwards was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2010, but not Steptoe because the Nobel Prize is not awarded posthumously. The first successful birth by ICSI (Intracytoplasmic sperm injection) took place on 14 January 1992. The technique was developed by Gianpiero D. Palermo at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, in the Center for Reproductive Medicine in Brussels. Actually, the discovery was made by a mistake when a spermatozoid was put into the cytoplasm. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Assisted reproductive technology. Artificial uterus Artificial insemination Diethylstilbestrol Embryo Fertility fraud Human cloning Religious response to ART Ova bank Sperm bank Sperm donation Spontaneous conception, the unassisted conception of a subsequent child after prior use of assisted reproductive technology Egg donation Ralph L. Brinster References  This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Text taken from How does assisted reproductive technology work in Europe?​, Orlane Jézéquélou/Alternatives Economiques, EDJNet. ^ "What is Assisted Reproductive Technology? | Reproductive Health | CDC". CDC. November 14, 2014. Archived from the original on November 1, 2017. ^ European IVF-Monitoring Consortium (EIM) for the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology; Calhaz-Jorge, C.; et al. (August 2016). "Assisted reproductive technology in Europe, 2012: results generated from European registers by ESHRE". 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Retrieved 2016-07-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ "In vitro fertilization (IVF): MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2018-11-07. ^ Zhang Y, Zhang YL, Feng C, et al. (September 2008). "Comparative proteomic analysis of human placenta derived from assisted reproductive technology". Proteomics. 8 (20): 4344–56. doi:10.1002/pmic.200800294. PMID 18792929. S2CID 206362532. ^ Hvidtjørn D, Schieve L, Schendel D, Jacobsson B, Sværke C, Thorsen P (2009). "Cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorders, and developmental delay in children born after assisted conception: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 163 (1): 72–83. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2008.507. PMID 19124707. ^ a b c McCarrey JR. Maintenance of genetic integrity during natural and assisted reproduction. Reprod Biomed Online. 2009;18 Suppl 2:51-5. doi: 10.1016/s1472-6483(10)60449-x. PMID 19406032 ^ Ross, L. E.; McQueen, K.; Vigod, S.; Dennis, C.-L. (2010). "Risk for postpartum depression associated with assisted reproductive technologies and multiple births: A systematic review". Human Reproduction Update. 17 (1): 96–106. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmq025. PMID 20605900. ^ Piva, Isabella; Lo Monte, Giuseppe; Graziano, Angela; Marci, Roberto (August 2014). "A literature review on the relationship between infertility and sexual dysfunction: Does fun end with baby making?". The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care. 19 (4): 231–237. doi:10.3109/13625187.2014.919379. ISSN 1362-5187. PMID 24901746. ^ Hargreave, Marie; Jensen, Allan; Toender, Anita; Andersen, Klaus Kaae; Kjaer, Susanne Krüger (2013). "Fertility treatment and childhood cancer risk: A systematic meta-analysis". Fertility and Sterility. 100 (1): 150–61. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.03.017. PMID 23562045. ^ Balayla, Jacques, Odile Sheehy, William D. Fraser, Jean R. Séguin, Jacquetta Trasler, Patricia Monnier, Andrea A. MacLeod, Marie-Noëlle Simard, Gina Muckle, and Anick Bérard. "Neurodevelopmental Outcomes After Assisted Reproductive Technologies." Obstetrics & Gynecology (2017). ^ "Assisted conception is linked to cardiovascular disease and birth complications". NIHR Evidence. 2022-09-20. doi:10.3310/nihrevidence_53388. S2CID 252416365. ^ Wu, Pensée; Sharma, Garima V.; Mehta, Laxmi S.; Chew-Graham, Carolyn A.; Lundberg, Gina P.; Nerenberg, Kara A.; Graham, Michelle M.; Chappell, Lucy C.; Kadam, Umesh T.; Jordan, Kelvin P.; Mamas, Mamas A. (2022-02-22). "In-Hospital Complications in Pregnancies Conceived by Assisted Reproductive Technology". Journal of the American Heart Association. 11 (5): e022658. doi:10.1161/JAHA.121.022658. ISSN 2047-9980. PMC 9075081. PMID 35191320. ^ "Policy Document | Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) | Reproductive Health | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2019-01-31. Retrieved 2019-11-14. ^ a b chicagotribune.com Infertility by the numbers Archived 2009-07-05 at the Wayback Machine Colleen Mastony. June 21, 2009 ^ 'More IVF babies but less multiple births' Archived 2009-09-24 at the Wayback Machine THE AUSTRALIAN. September 24, 2009 ^ Gameiro, S.; Boivin, J.; Peronace, L.; Verhaak, C. M. (2012). "Why do patients discontinue fertility treatment? A systematic review of reasons and predictors of discontinuation in fertility treatment". Human Reproduction Update. 18 (6): 652–69. doi:10.1093/humupd/dms031. PMC 3461967. PMID 22869759. ^ Jain T, Harlow BL, Hornstein MD (August 2002). "Insurance coverage and outcomes of in vitro fertilization". N. Engl. J. Med. 347 (9): 661–6. doi:10.1056/NEJMsa013491. PMID 12200554. ^ Connolly MP, Pollard MS, Hoorens S, Kaplan BR, Oskowitz SP, Silber SJ (September 2008). "Long-term economic benefits attributed to IVF-conceived children: a lifetime tax calculation". Am J Manag Care. 14 (9): 598–604. PMID 18778175. ^ a b c Jézéquélou, Orlane (23 October 2019). "How does assisted reproductive technology work in Europe?". Alternatives Economiques/EDJNet. Retrieved 29 November 2019. ^ De Geyter, Ch.; Calhaz-Jorge, C.; Kupka, M.S.; Wyns, C.; Mocanu, E.; Motrenko, T.; Scaravelli, G.; Smeenk, J.; Vidakovic1, S.; Goossens, V. (September 2018). "ART in Europe, 2014: results generated from European registries by ESHRE: The European IVF-monitoring Consortium (EIM) for the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE)". Human Reproduction. 33 (9): 1586–1601. doi:10.1093/humrep/dey242. hdl:10451/49519. PMID 30032255.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Directive 2004/23/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 31 March 2004 on setting standards of quality and safety for the donation, procurement, testing, processing, preservation, storage and distribution of human tissues and cells". Retrieved 3 December 2019. ^ "Rainbow Map". ILGA-Europe. Retrieved 2019-11-12. ^ "Encadrement juridique international dans les différents domaines de la bioéthique" (PDF) (in French). Agence de la biomédecine. Retrieved 2019-11-04. ^ "Recommendation 2156 (2019) - Anonymous donation of sperm and oocytes: balancing the rights of parents, donors and children". Retrieved 2019-11-12. ^ Céline Mouzon (2019-09-23). "PMA: panique dans la filiation" (in French). Retrieved 2019-11-12. ^ "IVF". NHS Choices. Archived from the original on 20 April 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2014. ^ "Services & how we can help". Liverpool Women's NHS Foundation Trust. Archived from the original on 2014-06-24. Retrieved 19 April 2014. ^ "IVF Canada". Archived from the original on August 8, 2009. ^ Teman, Elly. 2010. Birthing a Mother: the Surrogate Body and the Pregnant Self. Archived 2009-11-21 at the Wayback Machine Berkeley: University of California Press ^ Zuschüsse der Krankenversicherung für eine künstliche Befruchtung Archived 2013-02-08 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2. January 2013. ^ Finanzierung künstlicher Befruchtung Archived 2013-02-19 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 2. January 2013. ^ Queer.de: Frankreich: Künstliche Befruchtung auch für lesbische Paare (german), July 21, 2020 ^ NOZ.de: Beifall im Parlament: Frankreich legalisiert künstliche Befruchtung für alle Frauen (german), July 31, 2020 ^ http://www.ahora.cu/fr/sante/5715-reproduction-assistee-et-droit-du-travail-a-cuba (in French), on Ahora ^ http://www.granma.cu/cuba/2020-01-15/reproduccion-asistida-en-cuba-nuevas-razones-para-la-felicidad (in Spanish), on Granma.cu ^ "Govt notifies laws to regulate surrogacy, assisted reproductive technology". Business Today. 26 January 2022. Retrieved 2022-02-03. ^ "IVF Clinics". pib.gov.in. Retrieved 2022-02-03. ^ A, Aruna (2021-09-14). "Need to understand the rights of a single mother by choice". Legal Bay. Retrieved 2022-02-03. ^ Ethics Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (2009). "Fertility treatment when the prognosis is very poor or futile". Fertility and Sterility. 92 (4): 1194–7. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.07.979. PMID 19726040. ^ Article link: Dr. Katan, Seven news, 14.1.2022, Hebrew See section on Artistic conception הפריה אומנותית. ^ Gilat Kupietzky-Sacks, IVF Embryologist and initiator of the project and Miriam Kupietzky, Art Therapist run a women's workshop using recycled lab material. about workshop ^ Workshop on the Use of Life Cycle Concepts about workshop in the USA and other countries ^ Angela Savage. "Works of ART: on creativity, infertility and Assisted Reproductive Technology." In Art, 25.7.2016. Article on art produced in response to IVF treatment ^ a b "Heartache of infertility shared on stage, screen". chicagotribune.com. Archived 2012-07-03 at archive.today By Colleen Mastony, Tribune reporter. June 21, 2009 ^ "1978: First 'test tube baby' born". July 25, 1978 – via news.bbc.co.uk. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2010". ^ Palermo, G; Joris, H; Devroey, P; Van Steirteghem, AC (1992). "Pregnancies after intracytoplasmic injection of single spermatozoon into an oocyte". Lancet. 340 (8810): 17–8. doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)92425-f. PMID 1351601. S2CID 2916063. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"infertility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infertility"},{"link_name":"in vitro fertilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilization"},{"link_name":"intracytoplasmic sperm injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracytoplasmic_sperm_injection"},{"link_name":"cryopreservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryopreservation"},{"link_name":"fertility medication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_medication"},{"link_name":"reproductive endocrinology and infertility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility"},{"link_name":"preimplantation genetic diagnosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation_genetic_diagnosis"},{"link_name":"surrogacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogacy"}],"text":"Assisted reproductive technology (ART) includes medical procedures used primarily to address infertility. This subject involves procedures such as in vitro fertilization (IVF), intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), cryopreservation of gametes or embryos, and/or the use of fertility medication. When used to address infertility, ART may also be referred to as fertility treatment. ART mainly belongs to the field of reproductive endocrinology and infertility. Some forms of ART may be used with regard to fertile couples for genetic purpose (see preimplantation genetic diagnosis). ART may also be used in surrogacy arrangements, although not all surrogacy arrangements involve ART.\nThe existence of sterility will not always require ART to be the first option to consider, as there are occasions when its cause is a mild disorder that can be solved with more conventional treatments or with behaviors based on promoting health and reproductive habits.","title":"Assisted reproductive technology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Procedures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sexual intercourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_intercourse"},{"link_name":"oocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oocyte"},{"link_name":"in vitro fertilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilization"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"General","text":"With ART, the process of sexual intercourse is bypassed and fertilization of the oocytes occurs in the laboratory environment (i.e., in vitro fertilization).[citation needed]In the US, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines ART to include \"all fertility treatments in which both eggs and sperm are handled. In general, ART procedures involve surgically removing eggs from a woman's ovaries, combining them with sperm in the laboratory, and returning them to the woman's body or donating them to another woman.\" According to CDC, \"they do not include treatments in which only sperm are handled (i.e., intrauterine—or artificial—insemination) or procedures in which a woman takes medicine only to stimulate egg production without the intention of having eggs retrieved.\"[1]In Europe, ART also excludes artificial insemination and includes only procedures where oocytes are handled.[2][3]The World Health Organization (WHO), also defines ART this way.[4]","title":"Procedures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ovulation induction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulation_induction"},{"link_name":"ovarian follicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovarian_follicles"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-advancedfertility-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-flinders-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"fertility medication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_medication"},{"link_name":"anovulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anovulation"},{"link_name":"oligoovulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligoovulation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Ovulation induction","text":"Ovulation induction is usually used in the sense of stimulation of the development of ovarian follicles[5][6][7] by fertility medication to reverse anovulation or oligoovulation. These medications are given by injection for 8 to 14 days. A health care provider closely monitors the development of the eggs using transvaginal ultrasound and blood tests to assess follicle growth and estrogen production by the ovaries. When follicles have reached an adequate size and the eggs are mature enough, an injection of the hormone hCG initiates the ovulation process. Egg retrieval should occur from 34 to 36 hours after the hCG injection.[citation needed]","title":"Procedures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"In vitro fertilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2902_IVF-02.jpg"},{"link_name":"In vitro fertilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilization"},{"link_name":"fertilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_fertilization"},{"link_name":"gametes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gametes"},{"link_name":"Transvaginal ovum retrieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transvaginal_ovum_retrieval"},{"link_name":"Embryo transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo_transfer"},{"link_name":"Assisted zona hatching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisted_zona_hatching"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:In_vitro_fertilization.jpg"},{"link_name":"Intracytoplasmic sperm injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracytoplasmic_sperm_injection"},{"link_name":"Autologous endometrial coculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autologous_endometrial_coculture"},{"link_name":"zygote intrafallopian transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygote_intrafallopian_transfer"},{"link_name":"Cytoplasmic transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoplasmic_transfer"},{"link_name":"Egg donors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_donor"},{"link_name":"advanced maternal age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_maternal_age"},{"link_name":"Sperm donation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_donation"},{"link_name":"Preimplantation genetic diagnosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preimplantation_genetic_diagnosis"},{"link_name":"Embryo splitting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo_splitting_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"In vitro fertilization","text":"Further information: In vitro fertilizationSteps of IVF TreatmentIn vitro fertilization is the technique of letting fertilization of the male and female gametes (sperm and egg) occur outside the female body.Techniques usually used in in vitro fertilization include:Transvaginal ovum retrieval (OVR) is the process whereby a small needle is inserted through the back of the vagina and guided via ultrasound into the ovarian follicles to collect the fluid that contains the eggs.\nEmbryo transfer is the step in the process whereby one or several embryos are placed into the uterus of the female with the intent to establish a pregnancy.Less commonly used techniques in in vitro fertilization are:Assisted zona hatching (AZH) is performed shortly before the embryo is transferred to the uterus. A small opening is made in the outer layer surrounding the egg in order to help the embryo hatch out and aid in the implantation process of the growing embryo.\nIntracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is beneficial in the case of male factor infertility where sperm counts are very low or failed fertilization occurred with previous IVF attempt(s). The ICSI procedure involves a single sperm carefully injected into the center of an egg using a microneedle. With ICSI, only one sperm per egg is needed. Without ICSI, you need between 50,000 and 100,000. This method is also sometimes employed when donor sperm is used.\nAutologous endometrial coculture is a possible treatment for patients who have failed previous IVF attempts or who have poor embryo quality. The patient's fertilized eggs are placed on top of a layer of cells from the patient's own uterine lining, creating a more natural environment for embryo development.\nIn zygote intrafallopian transfer (ZIFT), egg cells are removed from the woman's ovaries and fertilized in the laboratory; the resulting zygote is then placed into the fallopian tube.\nCytoplasmic transfer is the technique in which the contents of a fertile egg from a donor are injected into the infertile egg of the patient along with the sperm.\nEgg donors are resources for women with no eggs due to surgery, chemotherapy, or genetic causes; or with poor egg quality, previously unsuccessful IVF cycles or advanced maternal age. In the egg donor process, eggs are retrieved from a donor's ovaries, fertilized in the laboratory with the sperm from the recipient's partner, and the resulting healthy embryos are returned to the recipient's uterus.\nSperm donation may provide the source for the sperm used in IVF procedures where the male partner produces no sperm or has an inheritable disease, or where the woman being treated has no male partner.\nPreimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) involves the use of genetic screening mechanisms such as fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) or comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to help identify genetically abnormal embryos and improve healthy outcomes.\nEmbryo splitting can be used for twinning to increase the number of available embryos.[8]","title":"Procedures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pre-implantation genetic diagnosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-implantation_genetic_diagnosis"},{"link_name":"embryos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo"},{"link_name":"implantation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Implantation_(human_embryo)"},{"link_name":"embryo profiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo_profiling"},{"link_name":"oocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oocyte"},{"link_name":"fertilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_fertilization"},{"link_name":"prenatal diagnosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_diagnosis"},{"link_name":"oocytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oocytes"},{"link_name":"embryos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sullivan-Pyke2018-9"},{"link_name":"Sex selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_selection"},{"link_name":"sperm sorting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_sorting"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis","text":"A pre-implantation genetic diagnosis procedure may be conducted on embryos prior to implantation (as a form of embryo profiling), and sometimes even of oocytes prior to fertilization. PGD is considered in a similar fashion to prenatal diagnosis. PGD is an adjunct to ART procedures, and requires in vitro fertilization to obtain oocytes or embryos for evaluation. Embryos are generally obtained through blastomere or blastocyst biopsy. The latter technique has proved to be less deleterious for the embryo, therefore it is advisable to perform the biopsy around day 5 or 6 of development.[9] Sex selection is the attempt to control the sex of offspring to achieve a desired sex in case of X chromosome linked diseases. It can be accomplished in several ways, both pre- and post-implantation of an embryo, as well as at birth. Pre-implantation techniques include PGD, but also sperm sorting.[citation needed]","title":"Procedures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mitochondrial replacement therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_replacement_therapy"},{"link_name":"mitochondria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondria"},{"link_name":"mitochondrial DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA"},{"link_name":"mitochondrial diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_diseases"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAS2016ethics-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015CreeRev-12"},{"link_name":"gamete intrafallopian transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamete_intrafallopian_transfer"},{"link_name":"Reproductive surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_surgery"},{"link_name":"fallopian tube obstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fallopian_tube_obstruction"},{"link_name":"vas deferens obstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vas_deferens_obstruction"},{"link_name":"vasectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasectomy"},{"link_name":"reverse vasectomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_vasectomy"},{"link_name":"surgical sperm retrieval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgical_sperm_retrieval"},{"link_name":"cryopreservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryopreservation"}],"sub_title":"Others","text":"Other assisted reproduction techniques include:Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT, sometimes called mitochondrial donation) is the replacement of mitochondria in one or more cells to prevent or ameliorate disease. MRT originated as a special form of IVF in which some or all of the future baby's mitochondrial DNA comes from a third party. This technique is used in cases when mothers carry genes for mitochondrial diseases. The therapy is approved for use in the United Kingdom.[10][11][12]\nIn gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT), a mixture of sperm and eggs is placed directly into a woman's fallopian tubes using laparoscopy following a transvaginal ovum retrieval.\nReproductive surgery, treating e.g. fallopian tube obstruction and vas deferens obstruction, or reversing a vasectomy by a reverse vasectomy. In surgical sperm retrieval (SSR), the reproductive urologist obtains sperm from the vas deferens, epididymis or directly from the testis in a short outpatient procedure.\nBy cryopreservation, eggs, sperm and reproductive tissue can be preserved for later IVF.","title":"Procedures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"birth defects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congenital_disorder"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_Voorhis_2007-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurinczuk_2004-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hansen_2005-15"},{"link_name":"pre-eclampsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-eclampsia"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Olson_2005-17"},{"link_name":"maternal age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_age_effect"},{"link_name":"odds ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odds_ratio"},{"link_name":"confidence interval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_interval"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Van_Voorhis_2007-13"},{"link_name":"heterotopic pregnancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotopic_pregnancy"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Genetic disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_disorder"},{"link_name":"Low birth weight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_birth_weight"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"energy metabolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_metabolism"},{"link_name":"Ferritin light chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferritin_light_chain"},{"link_name":"ATP5A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATP5A1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zhang-20"},{"link_name":"Preterm birth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preterm_birth"},{"link_name":"visual impairment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_impairment"},{"link_name":"cerebral palsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebral_palsy"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Sperm donation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_donation"},{"link_name":"Germ cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_cell"},{"link_name":"mutations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation"},{"link_name":"somatic cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_cell"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCarrey2009-22"},{"link_name":"germline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germline"},{"link_name":"embryos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCarrey2009-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McCarrey2009-22"},{"link_name":"postpartum depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum_depression"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"ovarian stimulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulation_induction"},{"link_name":"in vitro fertilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilization"},{"link_name":"childhood cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childhood_cancer"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"cardiovascular diseases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease"},{"link_name":"acute kidney injury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_kidney_injury"},{"link_name":"arrhythmia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhythmia"},{"link_name":"caesarean delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarean_section"},{"link_name":"premature birth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preterm_birth"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"The majority of IVF-conceived infants do not have birth defects.[13]\nHowever, some studies have suggested that assisted reproductive technology is associated with an increased risk of birth defects.[14][15]\nArtificial reproductive technology is becoming more available. Early studies suggest that there could be an increased risk for medical complications with both the mother and baby. Some of these include low birth weight, placental insufficiency, chromosomal disorders, preterm deliveries, gestational diabetes, and pre-eclampsia (Aiken and Brockelsby).[16]In the largest U.S. study, which used data from a statewide registry of birth defects,[17]\n6.2% of IVF-conceived children had major defects, as compared with 4.4% of naturally conceived children matched for maternal age and other factors (odds ratio, 1.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.00 to 1.67).[13] ART carries with it a risk for heterotopic pregnancy (simultaneous intrauterine and extrauterine pregnancy).[18]\nThe main risks are:Genetic disorders\nLow birth weight.[19] In IVF and ICSI, a risk factor is the decreased expression of proteins in energy metabolism; Ferritin light chain and ATP5A1.[20]\nPreterm birth. Low birth weight and preterm birth are strongly associated with many health problems, such as visual impairment and cerebral palsy. Children born after IVF are roughly twice as likely to have cerebral palsy.[21]Sperm donation is an exception, with a birth defect rate of almost a fifth compared to the general population. It may be explained by that sperm banks accept only people with high sperm count.Germ cells of the mouse normally have a frequency of spontaneous point mutations that is 5 to 10-fold lower than that in somatic cells from the same individual.[22] This low frequency in the germline leads to embryos that have a low frequency of point mutations in the next generation. No significant differences were observed in the frequency or spectrum of mutations between naturally conceived fetuses and assisted-conception fetuses.[22] This suggests that with respect to the maintenance of genetic integrity assisted conception is safe.[22]Current data indicate little or no increased risk for postpartum depression among women who use ART.[23]Study results indicate that ART can affect both women and men's sexual health negatively.[24]Usage of assisted reproductive technology including ovarian stimulation and in vitro fertilization have been associated with an increased overall risk of childhood cancer in the offspring, which may be caused by the same original disease or condition that caused the infertility or subfertility in the mother or father.[25]That said, In a landmark paper by Jacques Balayla et al. it was determined that infants born after ART have similar neurodevelopment than infants born after natural conception.[26]ART may also pose risks to the mother. A large US database study compared pregnancy outcomes among 106,000 assisted conception pregnancies with 34 million natural conception pregnancies. It found that assisted conception pregnancies were associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, including acute kidney injury and arrhythmia. Assisted conception pregnancies were also associated with a higher risk of caesarean delivery and premature birth.[27][28]In theory, ART can solve almost all reproductive problems, except for severe pathology or the absence of a uterus (or womb), using specific gamete or embryo donation techniques. However, this does not mean that all women can be treated with assisted reproductive techniques, or that all women who are treated will achieve pregnancy.","title":"Risks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chicagoART-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chicagoART-30"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"As a result of the 1992 Fertility Clinic Success Rate and Certification Act, the CDC is required to publish the annual ART success rates at U.S. fertility clinics.[29] Assisted reproductive technology procedures performed in the U.S. has over than doubled over the last 10 years, with 140,000 procedures in 2006,[30] resulting in 55,000 births.[30]In Australia, 3.1% of births in the late 2000's are a result of ART.[31]The most common reasons for discontinuation of fertility treatment have been estimated to be: postponement of treatment (39%), physical and psychological burden (19%), psychological burden (14%), physical burden (6.32%), relational and personal problems (17%), personal reasons (9%), relational problems (9%), treatment rejection (13%) and organizational (12%) and clinic (8%) problems.[32]","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_insurance"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"hysteroscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteroscopy"},{"link_name":"hysterosalpingogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysterosalpingogram"},{"link_name":"blood tests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_test"},{"link_name":"surrogate mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogate_mother"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"Many Americans do not have insurance coverage for fertility investigations and treatments. Many states are starting to mandate coverage, and the rate of use is 278% higher in states with complete coverage.[33]There are some health insurance companies that cover diagnosis of infertility, but frequently once diagnosed will not cover any treatment costs.[citation needed]Approximate treatment/diagnosis costs in the United States, with inflation, as of 2023 (US$):Initial workup: hysteroscopy, hysterosalpingogram, blood tests ~$3,100\nSonohysterogram (SHG) ~ $940–$1,600\nClomiphene citrate cycle ~ $310–$780\nIVF cycle ~ $15,600–$46,800\nUse of a surrogate mother to carry the child – dependent on arrangementsAnother way to look at costs is to determine the expected cost of establishing a pregnancy. Thus, if a clomiphene treatment has a chance to establish a pregnancy in 8% of cycles and costs $780, the expected cost is $9,400 to establish a pregnancy, compared to an IVF cycle (cycle fecundity 40%) with a corresponding expected cost of $46,800 ($18,700 × 40%).For the community as a whole, the cost of IVF on average pays back by 700% by tax from future employment by the conceived human being.[34]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Europe_and_assisted_reproductive_technology.svg"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edjnet-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Society_of_Human_Reproduction_and_Embryology"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edjnet-35"},{"link_name":"European directive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directive_(European_Union)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"EU member states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_state_of_the_European_Union"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Assisted_reproductive_technology_across_Europe.svg"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edjnet-35"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malta"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Council of Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"European Union","text":"Number of assisted reproductive technology cycles in Europe between 1997 and 2014[35][36]In Europe, 157,500 children were born using assisted reproductive technology in 2015, according to the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE).[35] But there are major differences in legislation across the Old Continent.\nA European directive fixes standards concerning the use of human tissue and cells,[37] but all ethical and legal questions on ART remain the prerogative of EU member states.Conditions of assisted reproductive technology in different European countries:[35][38]   ART authorized for lesbian couples   ART authorized for single women   ART authorized for single women and lesbian couples   ART prohibited for single women and lesbian couplesAcross Europe, the legal criteria per availability vary somewhat.[39] In 11 countries all women may benefit; in 8 others only heterosexual couples are concerned; in 7 only single women; and in 2 (Austria and Germany) only lesbian couples.\nSpain was the first European country to open ART to all women, in 1977, the year the first sperm bank was opened there. In France, the right to ART is accorded to all women since 2019. In the last 15 years, legislation has evolved quickly. For example, Portugal made ART available in 2006 with conditions very similar to those in France, before amending the law in 2016 to allow lesbian couples and single women to benefit. Italy clarified its uncertain legal situation in 2004 by adopting Europe's strictest laws: ART is only available to heterosexual couples, married or otherwise, and sperm donation is prohibited.Today, 21 countries provide partial public funding for ART treatment. The seven others, which do not, are Ireland, Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia, Luxembourg, Malta, and Romania.\nSuch subsidies are subject to conditions, however. In Belgium, a fixed payment of €1,073 is made for each full cycle of the IVF process. The woman must be aged under 43 and may not carry out more than six cycles of ART. There is also a limit on the number of transferable embryos, which varies according to age and the number of cycles completed.\nIn France, ART is subsidized in full by national health insurance for women up to age 43, with limits of 4 attempts at IVF and 6 at artificial insemination.\nGermany tightened its conditions for public funding in 2004, which caused a sharp drop in the number of ART cycles carried out, from more than 102,000 in 2003 to fewer than 57,000 the following year. Since then the figure has remained stable.17 countries limit access to ART according to the age of the woman. 10 countries have established an upper age limit, varying from 40 (Finland, Netherlands) to 50 (including Spain, Greece and Estonia).\nSince 1994, France is one of a number of countries (including Germany, Spain, and the UK) which use the somewhat vague notion of \"natural age of procreation\". In 2017, the steering council of France's Agency of Biomedicine established an age limit of 43 for women using ART.\n10 countries have no age limit for ART. These include Austria, Hungary, Italy and Poland.Most European countries allow donations of gametes by third parties. But the situations vary depending on whether sperm or eggs are concerned. Sperm donations are authorized in 20 EU member states; in 11 of them anonymity is allowed. Egg donations are possible in 17 states, including 8 under anonymous conditions.\nOn 12 April, the Council of Europe adopted a recommendation which encourages an end to anonymity.[40] In the UK, anonymous sperm donations ended in 2005 and children have access to the identity of the donor when they reach adulthood.\nIn France, the principle of anonymous donations of sperm or embryos is maintained in the law of bioethics of 2011, but a new bill under discussion may change the situation.[41]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Health Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service"},{"link_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_for_Health_and_Care_Excellence"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Clinical Commissioning Groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_commissioning_group"},{"link_name":"NHS Constitution for England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NHS_Constitution_for_England"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"In the United Kingdom, all patients have the right to preliminary testing, provided free of charge by the National Health Service (NHS). However, treatment is not widely available on the NHS and there can be long waiting lists. Many patients therefore pay for immediate treatment within the NHS or seek help from private clinics.In 2013, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) published new guidelines about who should have access to IVF treatment on the NHS in England and Wales.[42]The guidelines say women aged between 40 and 42 should be offered one cycle of IVF on the NHS if they have never had IVF treatment before, have no evidence of low ovarian reserve (this is when eggs in the ovary are low in number, or low in quality), and have been informed of the additional implications of IVF and pregnancy at this age. However, if tests show IVF is the only treatment likely to help them get pregnant, women should be referred for IVF straight away.This policy is often modified by local Clinical Commissioning Groups, in a fairly blatant breach of the NHS Constitution for England which provides that patients have the right to drugs and treatments that have been recommended by NICE for use in the NHS. For example, the Cheshire, Merseyside and West Lancashire Clinical Commissioning Group insists on additional conditions:[43]The person undergoing treatment must have commenced treatment before her 40th birthday;\nThe person undergoing treatment must have a BMI of between 19 and 29;\nNeither partner must have any living children, from either the current or previous relationships. This includes adopted as well as biological children; and,\nSub-fertility must not be the direct result of a sterilisation procedure in either partner (this does not include conditions where sterilisation occurs as a result of another medical problem). Couples who have undertaken a reversal of their sterilisation procedure are not eligible for treatment.","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Assisted Human Reproduction Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisted_Human_Reproduction_Act"},{"link_name":"OHIP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OHIP"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"Canada","text":"See also: Assisted Human Reproduction ActSome treatments are covered by OHIP (public health insurance) in Ontario and others are not. Women with bilaterally blocked fallopian tubes and are under the age of 40 have treatment covered but are still required to pay test fees (around CA$3,000–4,000). Coverage varies in other provinces. Most other patients are required to pay for treatments themselves.[44]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Israel","text":"Israel's national health insurance, which is mandatory for all Israeli citizens, covers nearly all fertility treatments. IVF costs are fully subsidized up to the birth of two children for all Israeli women, including single women and lesbian couples. Embryo transfers for purposes of gestational surrogacy are also covered.[45]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Constitutional Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Federal Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Council_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"same-sex marriages in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Germany"}],"sub_title":"Germany","text":"On 27 January 2009, the Federal Constitutional Court ruled that it is unconstitutional, that the health insurance companies have to bear only 50% of the cost for IVF.[46] On 2 March 2012, the Federal Council has approved a draft law of some federal states, which provides that the federal government provides a subsidy of 25% to the cost. Thus, the share of costs borne for the pair would drop to just 25%.[47] Since July 2017, assisted reproductive technology is also allowed for married lesbian couples, as German parliament allowed same-sex marriages in Germany.","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"France","text":"In July 2020, the French Parliament allowed assisted reproductive technology also for lesbian couples and single women.[48][49]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Cuba","text":"Cuban sources mention that assisted reproduction is completely legal and free in the country.[50][51]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"India","text":"The Government of India has notified the Surrogacy (Regulation) Act 2021 and the Assisted Reproductive Technology (Regulation) Act 2021[52] to regulate the practice of ART. Prior to that, the National Guidelines for Accreditation, Supervision and Regulation of ART Clinics in India published by the Ministry for Health and Family Welfare, Government of India in the year 2005 was governing the field.[53] Indian law recognises the right of a single woman, who is a major, to have children through ART.[54]","title":"By country"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Society and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"In vitro fertilisation § Ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_vitro_fertilisation#Ethics"},{"link_name":"Surrogacy § Ethical issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogacy#Ethical_issues"},{"link_name":"Sperm donation § Ethical and legal issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_donation#Ethical_and_legal_issues"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"sub_title":"Ethics","text":"For treatment-specific ethical considerations, see In vitro fertilisation § Ethics, Surrogacy § Ethical issues, and Sperm donation § Ethical and legal issues.Some couples may find it difficult to stop treatment despite very bad prognosis, resulting in futile therapies. This has the potential to give ART providers a difficult decision of whether to continue or refuse treatment.[55]Some assisted reproductive technologies have the potential to be harmful to both the mother and child, posing a psychological and/or physical health risk, which may impact the ongoing use of these treatments.In Israel, there is research supporting using ART, including recycled lab materials from the IVF process, to help women work through some of these mixed emotions.[56][57][58][59]","title":"Society and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chicagotribune-60"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chicagotribune-60"},{"link_name":"surrogacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrogacy#Judaism"},{"link_name":"sperm donation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_donor#Fictional_representation"},{"link_name":"fertility clinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_clinic"},{"link_name":"reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproduction_and_pregnancy_in_speculative_fiction"}],"sub_title":"Fictional representation","text":"Films and other fiction depicting emotional struggles of assisted reproductive technology have had an upswing in the latter part of the 2000s decade, although the techniques have been available for decades.[60] As ART becomes more utilized, the number of people that can relate to it by personal experience in one way or another is growing.[60]For specific examples, refer to the fiction sections in individual subarticles, e.g. surrogacy, sperm donation and fertility clinic.In addition, reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction has been present for many decades.","title":"Society and culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louise Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Brown"},{"link_name":"IVF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IVF"},{"link_name":"Patrick Steptoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Steptoe"},{"link_name":"Robert Edwards (physiologist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Edwards_(physiologist)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Intracytoplasmic sperm injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracytoplasmic_sperm_injection"},{"link_name":"Gianpiero D. Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianpiero_D._Palermo"},{"link_name":"Vrije Universiteit Brussel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Brussel"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"25 July 1978, Louise Brown was born; this was the first successful birth of a child after IVF treatment. The procedure took place at Dr Kershaw's Cottage Hospital (now Dr Kershaw's Hospice) in Royton, Oldham, England. Patrick Steptoe (gynaecologist) and Robert Edwards (physiologist) worked together to develop the IVF technique.[61] Steptoe described a new method of egg extraction and Edwards were carrying out a way to fertilise eggs in the lab. Robert G. Edwards was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2010, but not Steptoe because the Nobel Prize is not awarded posthumously.[62]The first successful birth by ICSI (Intracytoplasmic sperm injection) took place on 14 January 1992. The technique was developed by Gianpiero D. Palermo at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel, in the Center for Reproductive Medicine in Brussels. Actually, the discovery was made by a mistake when a spermatozoid was put into the cytoplasm.[63]","title":"Historical facts"}]
[{"image_text":"Steps of IVF Treatment","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/2902_IVF-02.jpg/215px-2902_IVF-02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/In_vitro_fertilization.jpg/250px-In_vitro_fertilization.jpg"},{"image_text":"Number of assisted reproductive technology cycles in Europe between 1997 and 2014[35][36]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Europe_and_assisted_reproductive_technology.svg/220px-Europe_and_assisted_reproductive_technology.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Conditions of assisted reproductive technology in different European countries:[35][38]   ART authorized for lesbian couples   ART authorized for single women   ART authorized for single women and lesbian couples   ART prohibited for single women and lesbian couples","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Assisted_reproductive_technology_across_Europe.svg/220px-Assisted_reproductive_technology_across_Europe.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Assisted reproductive technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Assisted_reproductive_technology"},{"title":"Artificial uterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_uterus"},{"title":"Artificial insemination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_insemination"},{"title":"Diethylstilbestrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol"},{"title":"Embryo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryo"},{"title":"Fertility fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertility_fraud"},{"title":"Human cloning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_cloning"},{"title":"Religious response to ART","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_response_to_ART"},{"title":"Ova bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ova_bank"},{"title":"Sperm bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_bank"},{"title":"Sperm donation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_donation"},{"title":"Spontaneous conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spontaneous_conception"},{"title":"Egg donation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_donation"},{"title":"Ralph L. Brinster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_L._Brinster"}]
[{"reference":"\"What is Assisted Reproductive Technology? | Reproductive Health | CDC\". CDC. November 14, 2014. Archived from the original on November 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cdc.gov/art/whatis.html","url_text":"\"What is Assisted Reproductive Technology? | Reproductive Health | CDC\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171101183209/https://www.cdc.gov/art/whatis.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"European IVF-Monitoring Consortium (EIM) for the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology; Calhaz-Jorge, C.; et al. (August 2016). \"Assisted reproductive technology in Europe, 2012: results generated from European registers by ESHRE\". Human Reproduction (Oxford, England). 31 (8): 1638–52. doi:10.1093/humrep/dew151. 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Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/80371/EuroObserver8_4.pdf?ua=1","url_text":"\"ART in the European Union\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161129022850/http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/80371/EuroObserver8_4.pdf?ua=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Zegers-Hochschild, F; for the International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology and the World Health Organization; et al. (November 2009). \"International Committee for Monitoring Assisted Reproductive Technology (ICMART) and the World Health Organization (WHO) revised glossary of ART terminology, 2009\" (PDF). Fertility and Sterility. 92 (5): 1520–4. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.09.009. PMID 19828144. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Secretariat_metro_station
Central Secretariat metro station
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 28°36′54.0″N 77°12′42.5″E / 28.615000°N 77.211806°E / 28.615000; 77.211806Metro station in Delhi, India Central Secretariat Delhi Metro stationCentral Secretariat station entranceGeneral informationLocationIndiaCoordinates28°36′54.0″N 77°12′42.5″E / 28.615000°N 77.211806°E / 28.615000; 77.211806Owned byDelhi MetroLine(s)Yellow Line Violet LinePlatformsSide platformPlatform-1 → HUDA City CentrePlatform-2 → Samaypur BadliPlatform-3 → Raja Nahar SinghPlatform-4 → Kashmere GateTracks4ConstructionStructure typeUndergroundPlatform levels2AccessibleYes Other informationStation codeCTSTHistoryOpened3 July 2005; 18 years ago (2005-07-03) (Yellow Line)3 October 2010; 13 years ago (2010-10-03) (Violet Line)Electrified25 kV 50 Hz AC through overhead catenaryServices Preceding station Delhi Metro Following station Patel Chowktowards Samaypur Badli Yellow Line Udyog Bhawantowards HUDA City Centre Janpathtowards Kashmere Gate Violet Line Khan Markettowards Raja Nahar Singh Route map Legend Samaypur Badli Depot Samaypur Badli Rohini Sector 18, 19 Outer Ring Road Haiderpur Badli Mor Indian Railways Jahangirpuri Adarsh Nagar Ring Road Azadpur Pink Line Model Town GTB Nagar Vishwavidyalaya Timarpur - Kyber Pass Depot Vidhan Sabha Civil Lines ISBT Road Kashmere Gate Red Line Violet Line Grand Trunk Road Chandni Chowk Chawri Bazar New Delhi Airport Express service tunnel to Blue line Rajiv Chowk Blue Line Patel Chowk Central Secretariat Violet Line Rajpath Udyog Bhawan Lok Kalyan Marg Jor Bagh Ring railway Dilli Haat - INA Pink Line Ring Road AIIMS Green Park Hauz Khas Magenta Line Outer Ring Road Malviya Nagar Saket Mehrauli Badarpur Road Qutab Minar Chhatarpur Golden Line Sultanpur Sultanpur Depot Ghitorni Arjan Garh DelhiHaryana border Guru Dronacharya Sikanderpur  Rapid Metro Gurgaon  MG Road IFFCO Chowk Millennium City Centre Gurugram Location The Central Secretariat (often abbreviated Central Sectt on platforms and trains) is a Delhi Metro station in Delhi, on the Yellow Line. The Violet Line links it with Badarpur Border. The station provides a same-level interchange between the two lines. It was the southern terminus of the Yellow Line from 3 July 2005 to 3 September 2010, and the northern terminus of the Violet Line from 3 October 2010 to 26 June 2014. Nearby landmarks include Krishi Bhavan, and the Parliament House and Secretariat Building. Many DTC buses terminate outside the nearby Kendriya Terminal, including the 7 (Kewal Park), 185 (Nathul Pura), 190 (Burari), 260 (Harsh Vihar), 270 (Karawal Nagar), 271 (Jagat Pur Temple) and 581 (Deoli). See also List of Delhi Metro stations Transport in Delhi References ^ "Central Secretariat – Sarita Vihar Corridor Opens for Commuter Operations Tommorow ". www.delhimetrorail.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2010. ^ "Station Information". Archived from the original on 19 June 2010. Retrieved 2010-06-26. ^ "Violet Line Extension". Retrieved 28 September 2014. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Delhi Metro. Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (Official site) Delhi Metro Annual Reports "Station Information". Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd. (DMRC). Archived from the original on 19 June 2010. vteDelhi MetroLinesRed Line 1 Shaheed Sthal Rithala Yellow Line 2 Samaypur Badli HUDA City Centre Blue Line 3/4Main Line 3 Noida Electronic City Dwarka Sector 21 Branch Line 4 Yamuna Bank Vaishali Green Line 5Main Line Inderlok Brigadier Hoshiyar Singh Branch Line Ashok Park Main Kirti Nagar Violet Line 6 Kashmere Gate Raja Nahar Singh Airport Express New Delhi IGI Airport Dwarka Sector 21 Pink Line 7 Majlis Park Shiv Vihar Magenta line 8 Janakpuri West Botanical Garden Grey line 9 Dhansa Bus Stand Dwarka vteDelhi Metro stationsYellow Line Samaypur Badli Rohini Sector 18, 19 Haiderpur Badli Mor Jahangirpuri Adarsh Nagar Azadpur ■ Model Town GTB Nagar Vishwa Vidyalaya Vidhan Sabha Civil Lines Kashmere Gate ■ ■ Chandni Chowk Chawri Bazar New Delhi ■ Rajiv Chowk ■ Patel Chowk Central Secretariat ■ Udyog Bhawan Lok Kalyan Marg Jor Bagh Dilli Haat - INA ■ AIIMS Green Park Hauz Khas ■ Malviya Nagar Saket Qutab Minar Chhatarpur Sultanpur Ghitorni Arjan Garh Guru Dronacharya Sikanderpur MG Road IFFCO Chowk Millennium City Centre Gurugram Violet Line Kashmere Gate ■ ■ Lal Qila Jama Masjid Delhi Gate ITO Mandi House ■ Janpath Central Secretariat ■ Khan Market Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium Jangpura Lajpat Nagar ■ Moolchand Kailash Colony Nehru Place Kalkaji Mandir ■ Govindpuri Harkesh Nagar Okhla Jasola Apollo Sarita Vihar Mohan Estate Tughlakabad Station Badarpur Border Sarai NHPC Chowk Mewla Maharajpur Sector 28 Badkhal Mor Old Faridabad Neelam Chowk Ajronda Bata Chowk Escorts Mujesar Sant Surdas (Sihi) Raja Nahar Singh (Ballabhgarh) Depot(s) ■ Siraspur, Khyber Pass & Sultanpur ■ Sarita Vihar & Neelam Chowk Ajronda This article related to the Delhi Metro is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a railway station in the Indian union territory of Delhi is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"List of Delhi Metro stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Delhi_Metro_stations"},{"title":"Transport in Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_in_Delhi"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracaena_masoniana
Dracaena masoniana
["1 References"]
Species of flowering plant Dracaena masoniana Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Order: Asparagales Family: Asparagaceae Subfamily: Nolinoideae Genus: Dracaena Species: D. masoniana Binomial name Dracaena masoniana(Chahin.) Byng & Christenh. Synonyms Sansevieria masoniana Chahin. Dracaena masoniana, synonym Sansevieria masoniana, is a species of Dracaena native to Africa and originally collected in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was initially known in cultivation under the cultivar name 'Mason Congo'. Commonly grown as a houseplant for its striking foliage, it can survive in bright filtered light or shade and with infrequent watering. Often grown as a single large, stiff leaf in pots, the plant's other common names include "whale fin" or "shark's fin". References ^ a b c "Dracaena masoniana (Cornu ex Gérôme & Labroy) Byng & Christenh". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2020-02-20. ^ "Sansevieria masoniana Chahinian". African Plant Database. ^ "Sansevieria masoniana Chahin., Cact. Succ. J. (Los Angeles) 72: 31 (2000)". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). ^ "Dracaenaceae Sansevieria masoniana Chahin". The International Plant Names Index. ^ "Sansevieria masoniana". www.llifle.com. ^ "Sansevieria masoniana (Whale Fin Snake Plant)". HousePlantOnline. Retrieved 2018-06-20. Taxon identifiersDracaena masoniana Wikidata: Q85689460 CoL: 8WTVM GBIF: 10956312 IPNI: 77183391-1 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77183391-1 WFO: wfo-0001424808 Sansevieria masoniana Wikidata: Q2222584 Wikispecies: Sansevieria masoniana APDB: 14246 CoL: 6XJ88 EoL: 1082348 GBIF: 2770594 iNaturalist: 550200 IPNI: 1013417-1 MoBotPF: 299048 NCBI: 2029326 Open Tree of Life: 3995452 Plant List: kew-287744 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:1013417-1 Tropicos: 50162697 WFO: wfo-0000739023 This Asparagaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modiolus_modiolus
Modiolus modiolus
["1 Description","2 Distribution","3 Ecology","4 References"]
Species of bivalve Modiolus modiolus Right valve of a Modiolus modiolus Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Mollusca Class: Bivalvia Order: Mytilida Family: Mytilidae Genus: Modiolus Species: M. modiolus Binomial name Modiolus modiolus(Linnaeus, 1758) Modiolus modiolus, common name northern horsemussel (Scottish Gaelic: clabaidh-dubh, Scots: clabbydoo), is a species of marine bivalve mollusk in the family Mytilidae. Modiolus modiolus at stamp of Faroe Islands by Postverk Føroya. Description Modiolus modiolus is a large mussel growing to 22 cm (9ins) long though 10 cm (4ins) is a more typical size. The shell is purplish or dark blue and robust, with horny protuberances when young. The two valves are roughly triangular or bluntly oblong with rounded umbones near the anterior end. The annual growth lines are clear and there is a fine sculpturing of concentric grooves and ridges. The interior of the shell is white with a broad pallial line, large anterior adductor muscle scar and smaller posterior adductor muscle scar. The body is deep orange and the mantle is unfrilled. The shell is firmly attached to the substrate by byssus threads. In Scottish Gaelic, the species is called 'clabaidh-dubha' ('clabby doos'), meaning 'big black mouths'. More recently in Scotland the species is commonly known and referred to as 'clappy-doo'. In the Shetland dialect, they are known as "yoags". Right and left valve of the same specimen: Right valve Left valve Distribution M. modiolus can be found along the Atlantic coast of North America, from the Arctic Ocean to Florida, and along the Pacific coast, from the Arctic Ocean to California. It is also found on the European seaboard of the Atlantic Ocean from the United Kingdom northwards. It is found from low tide mark to depths of 50 metres in British waters and 80 metres off the coast of Nova Scotia. The largest horse mussel bed in Scotland is near Noss Head in Caithness. While it is also found in the Baltic Sea, it has become a vulnerable species there. Ecology M. modiolus is found growing on hard substrates including shells and stones and the byssus threads of other mussels. Survival rates of young individuals are low but by the time they reach about 4 cm long, at an age of 4 years, individuals are too large and tough to be predated upon by starfish such as Asterias rubens, the whelk Buccinum undatum and crabs. Juveniles growing on byssus threads are more likely to survive than free living individuals and this results in the formation of cold-water reefs of mussels. These mostly occur in locations with fairly strong currents. The species is tolerant of low levels of oxygen and of a diminished quantity of the phytoplankton on which they feed. The boring sponge Cliona celata sometimes damages the shells of older individuals. References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Modiolus modiolus. ^ a b Horse mussel - Modiolus modiolus Marine Life Information Network. Retrieved 2011-11-01. ^ "Horsemussel beds - Scottish Natural Heritage". Snh.gov.uk. 2015-12-07. Retrieved 2015-12-23. ^ "Definition of "clappy-doo"". Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 2015-12-23. ^ Abbott, R.T. & Morris, P.A. A Field Guide to Shells: Atlantic and Gulf Coasts and the West Indies. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1995. 15. ^ Schweinitz, E.H. & Lutz, R.A. 1976. ^ "Marine surveys record 'brainless fish' off Orkney - BBC News". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2015-12-23. ^ Larval development of the northern horse mussel Modiolus modiolus (L.), including a comparison with the larvae of Mytilus edulis L. as an aid in planktonic identification, Biological Bulletin, 150, 348-360. ^ HELCOM (2013). "HELCOM Red List of Baltic Sea species in danger of becoming extinct" (PDF). Baltic Sea Environmental Proceedings (140): 66. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-07. Retrieved 2014-08-03. ^ a b Modiolus modiolus UK Marine SAC's Project. Retrieved 2011-11-01. ^ Comely, C.A., (1978). Modiolus modiolus (L.) from the Scottish West coast. I. Biology. Ophelia, 17, 167-193. Taxon identifiersModiolus modiolus Wikidata: Q686276 ADW: Modiolus_modiolus BOLD: 211199 CoL: 43TSC EUNIS: 60467 GBIF: 2285656 iNaturalist: 123772 IRMNG: 10861682 ITIS: 79501 NatureServe: 2.1133530 NBN: NBNSYS0000188548 NCBI: 40256 Observation.org: 16699 OBIS: 140467 Open Tree of Life: 887487 Paleobiology Database: 169115 SeaLifeBase: 47658 WoRMS: 140467 Authority control databases: National Israel
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The shell is purplish or dark blue and robust, with horny protuberances when young. The two valves are roughly triangular or bluntly oblong with rounded umbones near the anterior end. The annual growth lines are clear and there is a fine sculpturing of concentric grooves and ridges. The interior of the shell is white with a broad pallial line, large anterior adductor muscle scar and smaller posterior adductor muscle scar. The body is deep orange and the mantle is unfrilled. The shell is firmly attached to the substrate by byssus threads.[1] In Scottish Gaelic, the species is called 'clabaidh-dubha' ('clabby doos'), meaning 'big black mouths'.[2] More recently in Scotland the species is commonly known and referred to as 'clappy-doo'.[3] In the Shetland dialect, they are known as \"yoags\".Right and left valve of the same specimen:\n\n\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRight valve\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLeft valve","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arctic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarLIN-1"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"vulnerable species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_species"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"M. modiolus can be found along the Atlantic coast of North America, from the Arctic Ocean to Florida, and along the Pacific coast, from the Arctic Ocean to California.[4] It is also found on the European seaboard of the Atlantic Ocean from the United Kingdom northwards.[1] It is found from low tide mark to depths of 50 metres in British waters and 80 metres off the coast of Nova Scotia.[5] The largest horse mussel bed in Scotland is near Noss Head in Caithness.[6][7] While it is also found in the Baltic Sea, it has become a vulnerable species there.[8]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"predated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predation"},{"link_name":"starfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfish"},{"link_name":"Asterias rubens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asterias_rubens"},{"link_name":"Buccinum undatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buccinum_undatum"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biogenic-9"},{"link_name":"phytoplankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplankton"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biogenic-9"},{"link_name":"Cliona celata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliona_celata"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"M. modiolus is found growing on hard substrates including shells and stones and the byssus threads of other mussels. Survival rates of young individuals are low but by the time they reach about 4 cm long, at an age of 4 years, individuals are too large and tough to be predated upon by starfish such as Asterias rubens, the whelk Buccinum undatum and crabs. Juveniles growing on byssus threads are more likely to survive than free living individuals and this results in the formation of cold-water reefs of mussels.[9] These mostly occur in locations with fairly strong currents. The species is tolerant of low levels of oxygen and of a diminished quantity of the phytoplankton on which they feed.[9] The boring sponge Cliona celata sometimes damages the shells of older individuals.[10]","title":"Ecology"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haselbach_(Pulsnitz)
Haselbach (Pulsnitz)
["1 See also"]
Coordinates: 51°15′05″N 13°58′20″E / 51.2514°N 13.9723°E / 51.2514; 13.9723River in Germany This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Haselbach" Pulsnitz – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German. (October 2011) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the German article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|de|Haselbach (Pulsnitz)}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. HaselbachLocationCountryGermanyStatesSaxonyPhysical characteristicsMouth  • locationPulsnitz • coordinates51°15′05″N 13°58′20″E / 51.2514°N 13.9723°E / 51.2514; 13.9723Basin featuresProgressionPulsnitz→ Black Elster→ Elbe→ North Sea The Haselbach is a river of Saxony, Germany. It is a right tributary of the Pulsnitz, which it joins near Reichenau. See also List of rivers of Saxony This article related to a river in Saxony is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Campbell_(casting_scientist)
John Campbell (casting scientist)
["1 References"]
British engineer For other people named John Campbell, see John Campbell (disambiguation). John Campbell OBE (born 1938) is a British engineer and one of the world's leading experts in the casting industry with approximately 150 papers, and 20 patents. Campbell holds two Master's degrees from University of Cambridge and University of Sheffield, as well as two doctorates from University of Birmingham. He is a fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, and he was appointed to the chair of casting technology at University of Birmingham. The Institute of Cast Metals Engineers has named the "John Campbell Medal" after him. References ^ Jade Davenport. "CME Foundry". Engineeringnews.co.za. Retrieved 14 August 2011. ^ Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Processings, Iran University of Science and Technology. Retrieved August 2011 ^ a b "Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Volume 37, Number 6". Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. 37. SpringerLink: 855. doi:10.1007/BF02735005. S2CID 137338522. ^ "Chairs". Times Higher Education. 20 March 1998. Retrieved 14 August 2011. ^ "Institute of Cast Metals Engineers | ICME Awards". Icme.org.uk. Retrieved 14 August 2011.
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit
2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit
["1 Background","2 Objectives","3 See also","4 References"]
Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit November 11, 2023 (2023-11-11) Host country Saudi ArabiaVenue(s)King Abdul Aziz International Conference Center, RiyadhCitiesRiyadh The 2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit was organized between the Arab League and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation on 11 November 2023, in Riyadh, the capital of Saudi Arabia, chaired by Crown Prince and Prime Minister Mohammed bin Salman. The urgent meeting was prompted by the Israel–Hamas war. The summit was widely criticized for its substandard outcomes and for repeating the same speeches and statements as previous summits. Algeria boycotted the meeting because its proposals were not adopted and sent a low-level delegation. Background Main article: Israel–Hamas war On 7 October 2023, the paramilitary wing of Hamas led a series of attacks on Israel, resulting in significant loss of life. Israel responded to these attacks with heavy strikes on the Gaza Strip. Objectives The stated primary goal of this meeting was to tackle the ongoing crisis in Gaza and its neighboring regions, paying specific attention to the worsening conditions that endanger civilian lives and regional stability. The summit condemned "Israeli aggression on the Gaza Strip, war crimes and barbaric and inhumane massacres by the occupation government" and called for ending the blockade of Gaza, allowing humanitarian aid and halting arms exports to Israel. See also 2023 Arab League summit Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference International reactions to the 2023 Israel–Hamas war 2023 Gaza humanitarian crisis References ^ "Saudi Arabia decides to hold a joint Arab Islamic extraordinary summit instead of two separate summits". Wafa. 10 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023. ^ "Gaza: Arab and Muslim countries fail to come up with joint post-war initiative". Le Monde.fr. 12 November 2023. ^ "Saudi sponsored Arab-Islamic summit failed to halt Israeli genocide in Gaza". 12 November 2023. ^ Yaakoubi, Aziz El; Abdallah, Nayera (12 November 2023). "Arab and Muslim leaders demand immediate end to Gaza war". Reuters. ^ "Diplomacy in Action: OIC Convenes Amidst Gaza Conflict". October 16, 2023. Archived from the original on October 17, 2023. Retrieved October 18, 2023. ^ a b "OIC convenes 'extraordinary meeting' on Gaza crisis". The Express Tribune. October 14, 2023. Archived from the original on October 14, 2023. Retrieved October 18, 2023. ^ "Arab-Islamic summit rejects justifying Gaza war as Israeli self-defence". Al Jazeera. 11 November 2023. vteOrganisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation: Hissein Brahim Taha Member statesMembers Afghanistan Albania Algeria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Benin Burkina Faso Brunei Cameroon Chad Comoros Djibouti Egypt Gabon Gambia Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Indonesia Iran Iraq Ivory Coast Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lebanon Libya Malaysia Maldives Mali Mauritania Morocco Mozambique Niger Nigeria Oman Pakistan Pakistan-OIC relations Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia Senegal Sierra Leone Somalia Sudan Suriname Tajikistan Togo Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Uganda Uzbekistan United Arab Emirates Yemen Suspended Syria ObserversCountriesand territories Bosnia and Herzegovina Central African Republic Northern Cyprus1 Russia Thailand Muslimcommunities Moro National Liberation Front Internationalorganizations Economic Cooperation Organization African Union Arab League Non-Aligned Movement United Nations HistoryDeclarations Abuja Declaration (1989) Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam (1990) OIC Resolution 10/11 (2008) OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37 (2010) SessionsExtraordinary First Second Third Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Arab–Islamic (2023) Demographics Economy GDP GDP per capita Exports Imports Population Largest cities Education 1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State". vteIsrael–Hamas war Timeline Outline Engage-mentsHamas-ledattack on IsraelAttacks on civilians Netiv HaAsara Alumim Be'eri Elhanan Team Holit Kfar Aza Kissufim Nir Oz Nir Yitzhak Nahal Oz Nirim Nova music festival Psyduck music festival Battles Re'im Sderot Sufa Zikim Israeli female tank crew fight General topics Allegations of genocide Allegations of involvement of UNRWA employees Denial Sexual and gender-based violence Screams Before Silence Israeli invasionof Gaza Beit Hanoun Gaza City Khan Yunis Rafah Background Attacks on refugee camps Jabalia 31 October Al-Shati Al-Maghazi Tel al-Sultan massacre Al-Mawasi Nuseirat refugee camp massacre Attacks on schools Al-Fakhoora Al-Falah Shadia Abu Ghazala School Al-Sardi Attacks on health facilities Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion Al-Shifa Hospital siege alleged military use ambulance airstrike Gaza Strip mass graves Kamal Adwan Hospital siege Killing of health workers Nasser Hospital siege Nasser Hospital mass graves Other attacks Airstrikes on municipal services in Gaza Church of Saint Porphyrius Engineer's Building airstrike Super Bowl massacre Flour massacre Palestinians evacuating Gaza City World Central Kitchen aid convoy attack General topics AI-assisted targeting Bombing of the Gaza Strip Destruction of cultural heritage during the 2023 Israeli invasion of Gaza Environmental damage caused by the Israel–Hamas war Gaza genocide allegations Torture Other theaters Israel–Lebanon border clashes Attacks on journalists Israeli incursions in the West Bank Killing of Benjamin Achimeir April 2024 Israeli settler rampages Givat Shaul shooting Tower 22 drone attack Iran–Israel conflict Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus Iranian strikes in Israel Israeli strikes on Iran Red Sea crisis Operation Prosperity Guardian Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou 2024 missile strikes in Yemen Marlin Luanda missile strike Hostagecrisis 2023 hostage–prisoner exchange Kidnapped from Israel Hostages and Missing Families Forum Hostages Square Hostages Bibas family Alex Dancyg Oded Lifshitz Hersh Goldberg-Polin Naama Levy Rescued hostages Operation Golden Hand Ori Megidish Nuseirat operation Noa Argamani Released hostages Rachel Edry Yarden Roman-Gat Mia Schem Deceased hostages Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka Generaltopics 2023 Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip Ceasefire COGAT Effect on children in Gaza Humanitarian aid International recognition of the State of Palestine Israeli interrogations Women Wikipedia Historical context Arab–Israeli conflict Blockade of the Gaza Strip Palestinian freedom of movement Israel and apartheid Children Gaza–Israel conflict Casualties of Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip Human shields Israeli settlement Israeli outpost Israeli settler violence Israeli disengagement from Gaza Palestinian rocket attacks Palestinian tunnel warfare anti-tunnel barrier Women Effects Calls for the destruction of Israel Israeli government response Israeli war cabinet Mass detentions Economic impact Environment impact in Gaza Evacuations Gaza Strip evacuations Humanitarian crisis Gaza floating pier Healthcare collapse Premature baby crisis Famine Media coverage Violence against journalists Misinformation Pallywood Palestinian genocide accusation Accusations of United States complicity in Israeli war crimes in the Israel–Hamas war Sexual violence against Palestinians War crimes Hamas Israeli Cemetery destruction and necroviolence Israeli torture in the occupied territories Proposed Israeli resettlement of Gaza Reactions International reactions Calls for a ceasefire Three-phase proposal Diplomatic impact University donors European Union US support for Israel UK support for Israel Islamic Summit Conference Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit Hurmat-e-Masjid Aqsa Conference Cancellation of the 2023 MTV EMA Proposed Israeli resettlement of the Gaza Strip Discrimination Antisemitism Riots in the North Caucasus Anti-Palestinianism Islamophobia Violent incidents 2023 Nicosia Israeli embassy bombing Killing of Wadea al-Fayoume Death of Paul Kessler Vermont student shooting Zürich stabbing attack University of Texas at Austin stabbing Protests University campuses Columbia Sciences Po UCLA France March for the Republic and Against Antisemitism Indonesia 2023 Bitung clashes Israel United Kingdom United States Artists4Ceasefire DNC protests March on Washington for Gaza March for Israel National March on Washington: Free Palestine Protest votes Self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell Pakistan D-Chowk Dharna UN resolutions A/RES/ES-10/21 S/RES/2712 A/RES/ES-10/22 S/RES/2720 S/RES/2728 S/RES/2735 UN inquiry Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory Global courts South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention) Nicaragua v. Germany Legal Consequences of Israeli Policies and Practices Arrest warrants Courts Defense for Children International-Palestine v. Biden CasualtiesIsraelSecurityforces Alim Abdallah Yitzhak Ben-Bashat Jayar Davidov Eli Ginsberg Salman Habaka Asaf Hamami Yitzhar Hofman Roi Levy Izhar Peled Yonatan Steinberg Civilians Lior Asulin Yuval Castleman Hayim Katsman Ofir Libstein Shani Louk Aner Shapira Vivian Silver Yahav Winner PalestineHamas Saleh al-Arouri Abdul Fatah Dukhan Mohammed Dababish Wissam Farhat Ahmed Ghandour Marwan Issa Fursan Khalifa Osama Mazini Ayman Nofal Jamila al-Shanti Ali Al Qadi Alaa Shreiteh  Faiq Al-Mabhouh Othermilitants Fouad Abu Butihan Jihad Shehadeh Civilians Tawfic Abdel Jabbar Refaat Alareer Hammam Alloh Nahida and Samar Anton Yazan al-Kafarneh Ibrahim al-Astal Ahmad Bahar Mohammed Barakat Rashid Dabour Mohamed al-Dalou Awni El-Dous Omar Ferwana Hiba Abu Nada Ibrahim Qusaya Hind Rajab Mohammed Shabir Omar Abu Shawish Sufian Tayeh Wael Al Zard Sidra Hassouna Spillover Saleh al-Arouri Ali Hussein Barji Razi Mousavi Wissam al-Tawil Sadegh Omidzadeh Mushtaq Talib Al-Saeedi Mohammad Reza Zahedi Journalists Issam Abdallah Samer Abu Daqqa Roee Edan Belal Jadallah General topics Friendly fire RelatedpeopleIsraelis Nimrod Aloni Rachel Goldberg-Polin Eitan Okun Yagel Oshri Inbal Rabin-Lieberman Amir Tibon Palestinians Wael Al-Dahdouh Plestia Alaqad Motaz Azaiza Bisan Owda Mustafa Moien Ayyash Othertopics Al-Saqqa House Al Qarara Cultural Museum Attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq, Jordan, and Syria during the Israel–Hamas war Central Archives of Gaza City Bearing Witness From the river to the sea Gaza Daily "Harbu Darbu" "Hind's Hall" Israeli demolition of Palestinian property "Options for a policy regarding Gaza's civilian population" Project Nimbus "Rajieen" Blockout 2024 Ahmed Abdel Khalek All Eyes on Rafah Category
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[]
[{"title":"2023 Arab League summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Arab_League_summit"},{"title":"Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference"},{"title":"International reactions to the 2023 Israel–Hamas war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war"},{"title":"2023 Gaza humanitarian crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Gaza_humanitarian_crisis"}]
[{"reference":"\"Saudi Arabia decides to hold a joint Arab Islamic extraordinary summit instead of two separate summits\". Wafa. 10 November 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/139183","url_text":"\"Saudi Arabia decides to hold a joint Arab Islamic extraordinary summit instead of two separate summits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafa","url_text":"Wafa"}]},{"reference":"\"Gaza: Arab and Muslim countries fail to come up with joint post-war initiative\". Le Monde.fr. 12 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/11/12/arab-and-muslim-countries-united-to-call-for-gaza-ceasefire_6248650_4.html","url_text":"\"Gaza: Arab and Muslim countries fail to come up with joint post-war initiative\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saudi sponsored Arab-Islamic summit failed to halt Israeli genocide in Gaza\". 12 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://muslimmirror.com/eng/saudi-sponsored-arab-islamic-summit-failed-to-halt-israeli-genocide-in-gaza/","url_text":"\"Saudi sponsored Arab-Islamic summit failed to halt Israeli genocide in Gaza\""}]},{"reference":"Yaakoubi, Aziz El; Abdallah, Nayera (12 November 2023). \"Arab and Muslim leaders demand immediate end to Gaza war\". Reuters.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-host-extraordinary-joint-islamic-arab-summit-riyadh-saturday-2023-11-10/","url_text":"\"Arab and Muslim leaders demand immediate end to Gaza war\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diplomacy in Action: OIC Convenes Amidst Gaza Conflict\". October 16, 2023. Archived from the original on October 17, 2023. Retrieved October 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-diplomacy-in-action-oic-convenes-amidst-gaza-conflict-3273731/","url_text":"\"Diplomacy in Action: OIC Convenes Amidst Gaza Conflict\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231017023803/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-diplomacy-in-action-oic-convenes-amidst-gaza-conflict-3273731/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"OIC convenes 'extraordinary meeting' on Gaza crisis\". The Express Tribune. October 14, 2023. Archived from the original on October 14, 2023. Retrieved October 18, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://tribune.com.pk/story/2441096/gaza-crisis-oic-convenes-extraordinary-meeting-on-oct-18-in-jeddah","url_text":"\"OIC convenes 'extraordinary meeting' on Gaza crisis\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231014141528/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2441096/gaza-crisis-oic-convenes-extraordinary-meeting-on-oct-18-in-jeddah","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Arab-Islamic summit rejects justifying Gaza war as Israeli self-defence\". Al Jazeera. 11 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/11/saudi-arabia-to-host-arab-islamic-summit-to-unify-efforts-on-gaza","url_text":"\"Arab-Islamic summit rejects justifying Gaza war as Israeli self-defence\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachemys_ornata
Ornate slider
["1 Subspecies","2 References"]
Species of turtle Ornate slider Juvenile ornate slider illustrated by James de Carle Sowerby Conservation status Vulnerable  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Testudines Suborder: Cryptodira Superfamily: Testudinoidea Family: Emydidae Genus: Trachemys Species: T. ornata Binomial name Trachemys ornata(Gray, 1830) Synonyms Emys ornata Gray, 1831 Clemmys (Clemmys) ornata Fitzinger, 1835 Callichelys ornata Gray, 1863 Pseudemys ornata Cope, 1876 Chrysemys ornata Boulenger, 1889 Chrysemys ornata Siebenrock, 1909 Pseudemys ornata ornata Mertens, Müller & Rust, 1934 Pseudemys scripta ornata Carr, 1938 Pseudomys scripta ornata Malkin, 1956 Chrysemys scripta ornata Smith & Taylor, 1966 Trachemys scripta ornata Iverson, 1985 Trachemys ornata King & Burke, 1989 Trachemys ornata ornata Walls, 1996 The ornate slider (Trachemys ornata) is turtle belonging to the genus Trachemys of the family Emydidae. It is found in Guerrero, Jalisco, Nayarit and Sinaloa in western Mexico. Subspecies No subspecies References Wikispecies has information related to Trachemys ornata. ^ Frost, D.; Hammerson, G. & Gadsden, H. (2016) . "Trachemys ornata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007: e.T63661A97430544. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T63661A12704799.en. Retrieved 28 October 2022. ^ a b c d Rhodin 2010, p. 000.103 ^ Fritz Uwe; Peter Havaš (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World". Vertebrate Zoology. 57 (2): 206. doi:10.3897/vz.57.e30895. S2CID 87809001. ^ Trachemys ornata, Reptile Database Bibliography Rhodin, Anders G.J.; van Dijk, Peter Paul; Inverson, John B.; Shaffer, H. Bradley (2010-12-14). "Turtles of the World 2010 Update: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution and Conservation Status" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2010-12-15. vteEmydidae family Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Testudines Suborder: Cryptodira Superfamily: Testudinoidea Family: Emydidae GeneraSpecies of the Emydidae familyChrysemys Painted turtle Clemmys Spotted turtle Deirochelys Chicken turtle Actinemys Western pond turtle Southwestern pond turtle Emys European pond turtle Sicilian pond turtle Emydoidea Blanding's turtle Glyptemys Bog turtle Wood turtle Graptemys Alabama map turtle Barbour's map turtle Black-knobbed map turtle Cagle's map turtle Escambia map turtle False map turtle Mississippi map turtle Northern map turtle Ouachita map turtle Pascagoula map turtle Pearl River map turtle Ringed map turtle Texas map turtle Yellow-blotched map turtle Malaclemys Diamondback terrapin Pseudemys Alabama red-bellied cooter Northern red-bellied cooter Florida red-bellied cooter Peninsula cooter Rio Grande cooter River cooter (subspecies Eastern river cooter Coastal plain cooter Suwannee cooter) Texas river cooter Terrapene Coahuilan box turtle Common box turtle Ornate box turtle Spotted box turtle Trachemys Atrato slider Big Bend slider Baja California slider Central Antillean slider Colombian slider Cuatro Cienegas slider Cuban slider D'Orbigny's slider Hispaniolan slider Jamaican slider Maranhão slider Meso-American slider Nicaraguan slider Ornate slider Pond slider Yaqui slider †Wilburemys †Wilburemys yakimensis Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on turtles of the world 2017 update: Annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status. Key: †=extinct.vteTestudines Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Clade: Diapsida Order: Testudines SuborderSuperfamilyFamilyGenusCryptodiraChelonioidea(Sea turtles)Cheloniidae †Allopleuron Caretta †Carolinochelys Chelonia †Eochelone Eretmochelys †Gigantatypus †Glarichelys †Itilochelys Lepidochelys †Mexichelys †Miocaretta Natator †Pacifichelys †Syllomus †Tasbacka Dermochelyidae †Arabemys †Corsochelys †Cosmochelys Dermochelys †Eosphargis †Mesodermochelys †Psephophorus   †Euclastes †Peritresius †Procolpochelys †Protosphargis †Puppigerus KinosternoideaDermatemydidae Dermatemys Kinosternidae Claudius †Hoplochelys Kinosternon Staurotypus Sternotherus TestudinoideaEmydidae †Acherontemys Chrysemys Clemmys Deirochelys Emys Actinemys Emydoidea Glyptemys Graptemys Malaclemys Pseudemys Terrapene Trachemys †Wilburemys Geoemydidae Batagur †Banhxeochelys Cuora Cyclemys Geoclemys Geoemyda Hardella Heosemys Leucocephalon Malayemys Mauremys Melanochelys Morenia Notochelys Orlitia Pangshura Rhinoclemmys Sacalia Siebenrockiella Vijayachelys  Platysternidae Platysternon Testudinidae Aldabrachelys Astrochelys Centrochelys Chelonoidis Chersina Cylindraspis †Cymatholcus †Floridemys Geochelone Gopherus †Hadrianus †Hesperotestudo Homopus Indotestudo Kinixys Malacochersus Manouria †Megalochelys †Oligopherus Psammobates Pyxis †Solitudo Stigmochelys †Stylemys Testudo TrionychiaCarettochelyidae †Allaeochelys †Anosteira Carettochelys Trionychidae Amyda Apalone †Axestemys Chitra Cyclanorbis Cycloderma †Drazinderetes Dogania †Gilmoremys †Hutchemys †Khunnuchelys Lissemys Nilssonia Palea †Palaeoamyda Pelochelys Pelodiscus Rafetus Trionyx   †Basilochelys †Sinaspideretes  Chelydridae Chelydra †Chelydrops †Chelydropsis †Emarginachelys †Macrocephalochelys Macrochelys †Planiplastron †Protochelydra †Nanhsiungchelyidae †Anomalochelys †Basilemys †Jiangxichelys †Protostegidae †Alienochelys †Archelon †Atlantochelys †Bouliachelys †Calcarichelys †Cratochelone †Desmatochelys †Iserosaurus †Notochelone †Ocepechelon †Pneumatoarthrus †Protostega †Rhinochelys †Santanachelys †Terlinguachelys   †Adocus †Argillochelys †Bashuchelys †Ctenochelys †Prionochelys †Toxochelys Pleurodira †Araripemydidae †Araripemys †Bothremydidae †Araiochelys †Arenila †Azabbaremys †Bothremys †Cearachelys †Chedighaii †Chupacabrachelys †Eotaphrosphys †Foxemys †Galianemys †Ilatardia †Inaechelys †Itapecuruemys †Jainemys †Kinkonychelys †Kurmademys †Labrostochelys †Nigeremys †Phosphatochelys †Polysternon †Puentemys †Rosasia †Rhothonemys †Sankuchemys †Taphrosphys †Ummulisani †Zolhafah Chelidae Acanthochelys Chelodina Chelus Elseya Elusor Emydura Hydromedusa †Lomalatachelys Mesoclemmys Myuchelys Phrynops Platemys †Prochelidella Pseudemydura Rheodytes Rhinemys †Yaminuechelys Pelomedusidae Pelomedusa Pelusios Podocnemididae †Albertwoodemys †Bauruemys †Brontochelys †Caninemys †Carbonemys †Cerrejonemys †Cordichelys Erymnochelys †Lapparentemys †Latentemys Peltocephalus Podocnemis †Stupendemys †Sahonachelyidae †Sahonachelys †Sokatra     †Caribemys †Caririemys †Tacuarembemys Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on Turtles of the World 2017 Update: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status. † = extinct. See also List of Testudines families Taxon identifiersTrachemys ornata Wikidata: Q2313758 Wikispecies: Trachemys ornata ARKive: trachemys-ornata BOLD: 279939 CoL: 57P8L GBIF: 8572726 iNaturalist: 73974 IRMNG: 10651109 ITIS: 949139 IUCN: 63661 NCBI: 904224 Observation.org: 152948 Open Tree of Life: 996201 RD: ornata This article about a turtle is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineer_boot
Engineer boot
["1 Description","2 History","2.1 Origins","2.2 Widespread use","3 See also","4 Citations","5 References"]
Leather work-boots Knee-high, low-heel engineer boot Engineer boots, also known as engineer's boots or engineering boots, are an American type of traditional leather work-boots. Their lace-less, rugged construction made them popular among motorcycle riders. Originally developed in the 1930s for firemen working on steam locomotives, the boots gained substantial popularity in the post–World War II era during a growing motorcycling culture. They became popular symbols of teenage rebellion in the 1950s and a common component of greaser wear. They were later adopted by skinheads and punks in the 1970s. By the 2010s, engineer boots were being popularly worn for fashion purposes, especially by non-traditional customers such as women, young urban professionals, and hipsters. Description Engineer boots are typically made from thick, stiff, full-grain bull hide. The leather is often oiled to add durability and flexibility, and may be brown or black in color. The double-layered shafts may be anywhere between 7 inches to 17 inches in height, and are gusseted at the top and relatively loose, though they can be tightened by a steel-buckled strap. Another steel-buckled strap is placed at the instep of each boot. As per their rugged construction, the footwear is relatively heavy. Original engineer boots were almost always black in color. The toes were bulbous and the soles were made of thick leather. The heels were about one-and-three-quarter inches in height with a slight forward slant, with the edges being concave. Some were customized with studded straps or with cleats. Modern engineer boots vary in toe shape, heel height, sole material, or in the use of steel reinforcements. History Origins During the 1930s, the Chippewa Shoe Manufacturing Company developed a pair of boots with stovepipe shafts based on the style of English horse-riding boots. The West Coast Shoe Company (Wesco) began manufacturing their "engineer boots" in 1939. Engineer boots were originally meant as protective gear for firemen working on steam railway engines (i.e. "engineers"), as their minimal stitching and pull-on design made them ideal for working in conditions with hot coals, embers, and sharp edges. This is a probable source of the name. Wesco's boots were immediately popular with welders in Portland, Oregon-area shipyards, who needed looser fitting shoes that could be quickly removed if embers landed in the shafts. Engineer boots were overtaken in the shoe market during World War II by the production of lace-up combat boots and demand dramatically decreased. Widespread use James Dean (top) in Rebel Without a Cause wearing engineer boots Both Chippewa and Wesco heavily increased sales of engineer boots in the late 1940s. There was a post-war production boom for the boots, with high demand coming from returning veterans and bikers. The latter adopted engineer boots because the laceless design would not interfere with motorcycle drive belts, the shafts were well insulated from heat, and they provided full lower leg protection in case of an accident. The footwear's popularity was furthered by its use by celebrities such as Marlon Brando and James Dean in their respective films The Wild One (1953) and Rebel Without a Cause (1955). The boots would become heavily associated with the American greasers and bikers who wore them in the 1950s. Overall, they contributed to the "rebellious" look of many teenagers of the era. This aesthetic was utilised in the 1961 crime drama The Young Savages, with this footwear being worn by the antagonists, three young urban gang members. From the 1950s through the 1970s engineer boots were frequently advertised in retail mail order catalogs. By the late 1960s, engineer boots were being frequently worn by hustlers and members of the gay leather subculture for fetishistic purposes. In the 1970s, they were adopted by skinheads. From there, they became a part of punk fashion, where they were used to express power and an industrial style. By the 2010s, engineer boots, along with other industrial footwear, were worn popularly for fashion purposes, especially by non-traditional customers such as women, young urban professionals, and hipsters. See also Perfecto motorcycle jacket Citations ^ a b c d e f Boyer 2015, Chapter 2: Boots. ^ a b c d e f g h MacRae, Michael (August 2015). "Engineers Get the Boot". American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Retrieved 14 November 2016. ^ "ENGINEER STYLE NO. 2991". Red Wing Shoes. Red Wing Brands of America, Inc. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2016. ^ a b c d Old, Forrest (16 March 2015). "The History of Engineer Boots with John Lofgren". Heddels. Retrieved 12 July 2016. ^ Blanco F. 2015, p. 137. ^ Stanfield 2015, Chapter 3: Got-to-see : Teenpix and the Social Problem Picture. ^ Cole 2000, p. 111. ^ White 2014, p. 46. ^ Wolf 2007, p. 125. ^ Sklar 2013, Shoes and Boots. ^ Wolf 2007, pp. 125, 127, 293, 328. References Blanco F., José (23 November 2015). Clothing and Fashion: American Fashion from Head to Toe (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781610693103. Boyer, G. (8 September 2015). True Style: The History and Principles of Classic Menswear. Basic Books. ISBN 9780465061594. Cole, Shaun (2000). 'Don We Now Our Gay Apparel: Gay Men's Dress in the Twentieth Century (illustrated ed.). Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781859734155. Sklar, Monica (2013). Punk Style. Subcultural Style. A&C Black. ISBN 9780857853059. Stanfield, Peter (2015). The Cool and the Crazy: Pop Fifties Cinema. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813573007. White, Edmund (2014). States of Desire Revisited: Travels in Gay America (reprint ed.). University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299302641. Wolf, Mary Montgomery (2007). "We Accept You, One of Us?": Punk Rock, Community, and Individualism in an Uncertain Era, 1974-1985 (Thesis). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. vteFootwear Abandoned footwear Shoe Shoemaking Shoe size Dress shoes Blucher Brogues Brothel creepers Derby Monks Oxfords Spectator shoes (Co-respondent shoes) Winklepickers Wholecuts Slip-on shoes Court shoes Prince Albert slippers Loafers Venetian-style shoes Women's Ballet flats High-heeled footwear Mary Janes Mojari Mules Peep-toe shoes Saddle shoes Slingbacks Other shoes Driving moccasins Flip-flops Galoshes Platform shoes Sandals Self-tying shoes Slides Slippers (Uwabaki) Tiger-head shoes Veldskoens Zōri Wooden footwear Bakya British clogs Cantabrian albarcas Clogs Geta Klompen Namaksin Okobo Padukas Pattens Sabot Träskor BootsMilitary Ammunition boots Bunny boots Combat boots Jackboots Jump boots Jungle boots Tanker boots Trench boots Munson Last Work Australian work boots Cowboy boots Engineer boots Hip boots Jika-tabi Rigger boots Steel-toe boots Waders Fashion boots Chelsea boots (Beatle boots) Chukka boots Go-go boots Knee-high boots Over-the-knee boots Platform boots Thigh-high boots Ugg boots Other Jodhpur boots Wellington boots Ballet boots Sport-related footwear Athletic shoes Ballet shoes Boat shoes Climbing shoes Cross country running shoes Cycling shoes Football boots Ghillies Hiking boots Ice skates Inline skates Kung fu shoes Minimalist shoes Motorcycle boots Mountaineering boots Plimsolls Racing flats Racing shoes Riding boots Roller shoes Roller skates Sabatons Safari boots Skate shoes Ski boots Sneakers Swimfins Water shoes Wrestling shoes Folk footwear Abacas Abarkas Alpargatas Avarcas Balghas Bast shoes Ciocie Clogs Espadrilles Furlane Galesh Geta Giveh Haferlschuh Hnyat-phanats Huarache Hwa Jipsin Jorabs Kamiks Kolhapuri chappals Moccasins Mojaris Mukluks Nalins Okobo Opanci Peshawari chappals Snowshoes Tsarouchi Takunya Upanah Valenkis Waraji Zōri Historical footwear Areni-1 shoes Buskins Calcei Caligae Carbatina Cavalier boots Chinese styles Chopines Duckbill shoes Flowerpot shoes Hessians Lotus shoes Pampooties Pigaches Poulaines Socci Turnshoes Shoe construction Bespoke shoes Blake construction Goodyear welt Shoe buckle Shoelaces Toe box High heels Clear heels Kitten heels Spool heels Stiletto heels Wedges Hosiery Anklets Bobby socks Dress socks Footwraps Knee highs Pantyhose Sock Stocking Tights Toe socks Tabi List of shoe styles
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Engineer_boot.jpg"},{"link_name":"boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot"},{"link_name":"motorcycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle"},{"link_name":"firemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireman_(steam_engine)"},{"link_name":"steam locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotive"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"greaser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)"},{"link_name":"skinheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinhead"},{"link_name":"punks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_(subculture)"},{"link_name":"young urban professionals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuppie"},{"link_name":"hipsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)"}],"text":"Leather work-bootsKnee-high, low-heel engineer bootEngineer boots, also known as engineer's boots or engineering boots, are an American type of traditional leather work-boots. Their lace-less, rugged construction made them popular among motorcycle riders. Originally developed in the 1930s for firemen working on steam locomotives, the boots gained substantial popularity in the post–World War II era during a growing motorcycling culture. They became popular symbols of teenage rebellion in the 1950s and a common component of greaser wear. They were later adopted by skinheads and punks in the 1970s. By the 2010s, engineer boots were being popularly worn for fashion purposes, especially by non-traditional customers such as women, young urban professionals, and hipsters.","title":"Engineer boot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bull hide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowhide"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyer2015Chapter_2:_Boots-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacRae-2"},{"link_name":"gusseted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gusset"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyer2015Chapter_2:_Boots-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacRae-2"},{"link_name":"cleats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleat_(shoe)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyer2015Chapter_2:_Boots-1"},{"link_name":"steel reinforcements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_toe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacRae-2"}],"text":"Engineer boots are typically made from thick, stiff, full-grain bull hide.[1] The leather is often oiled to add durability and flexibility, and may be brown or black in color.[2] The double-layered shafts may be anywhere between 7 inches to 17 inches in height, and are gusseted at the top and relatively loose, though they can be tightened by a steel-buckled strap. Another steel-buckled strap is placed at the instep of each boot. As per their rugged construction, the footwear is relatively heavy.[1][2]Original engineer boots were almost always black in color. The toes were bulbous and the soles were made of thick leather. The heels were about one-and-three-quarter inches in height with a slight forward slant, with the edges being concave. Some were customized with studded straps or with cleats.[1] Modern engineer boots vary in toe shape, heel height, sole material, or in the use of steel reinforcements.[2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chippewa Shoe Manufacturing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chippewa_Boots"},{"link_name":"riding boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riding_boot"},{"link_name":"West Coast Shoe Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Shoe_Company"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacRae-2"},{"link_name":"firemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireman_(steam_engine)"},{"link_name":"steam railway engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_locomotive"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Old-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyer2015Chapter_2:_Boots-1"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"embers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ember"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacRae-2"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"combat boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_boots"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Old-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacRae-2"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"During the 1930s, the Chippewa Shoe Manufacturing Company developed a pair of boots with stovepipe shafts based on the style of English horse-riding boots. The West Coast Shoe Company (Wesco) began manufacturing their \"engineer boots\" in 1939.[2] Engineer boots were originally meant as protective gear for firemen working on steam railway engines (i.e. \"engineers\"), as their minimal stitching and pull-on design made them ideal for working in conditions with hot coals, embers, and sharp edges.[3][4] This is a probable source of the name.[1] Wesco's boots were immediately popular with welders in Portland, Oregon-area shipyards, who needed looser fitting shoes that could be quickly removed if embers landed in the shafts.[2] Engineer boots were overtaken in the shoe market during World War II by the production of lace-up combat boots[4] and demand dramatically decreased.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Dean_grabbing_Jim_Backus.jpg"},{"link_name":"bikers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Old-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacRae-2"},{"link_name":"Marlon Brando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlon_Brando"},{"link_name":"James Dean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dean"},{"link_name":"The Wild One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wild_One"},{"link_name":"Rebel Without a Cause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebel_Without_a_Cause"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyer2015Chapter_2:_Boots-1"},{"link_name":"greasers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greaser_(subculture)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlanco_F.2015137-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyer2015Chapter_2:_Boots-1"},{"link_name":"crime drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_drama"},{"link_name":"The Young Savages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_Savages"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanfield2015Chapter_3:_Got-to-see_:_Teenpix_and_the_Social_Problem_Picture-6"},{"link_name":"mail order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_order"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Old-4"},{"link_name":"hustlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_prostitution"},{"link_name":"leather subculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather_subculture"},{"link_name":"fetishistic purposes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boot_fetishism"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECole2000111-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201446-8"},{"link_name":"skinheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skinheads"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf2007125-9"},{"link_name":"punk fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_fashion"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESklar2013Shoes_and_Boots-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf2007125,_127,_293,_328-11"},{"link_name":"young urban professionals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuppie"},{"link_name":"hipsters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipster_(contemporary_subculture)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MacRae-2"}],"sub_title":"Widespread use","text":"James Dean (top) in Rebel Without a Cause wearing engineer bootsBoth Chippewa and Wesco heavily increased sales of engineer boots in the late 1940s. There was a post-war production boom for the boots, with high demand coming from returning veterans and bikers.[4] The latter adopted engineer boots because the laceless design would not interfere with motorcycle drive belts, the shafts were well insulated from heat, and they provided full lower leg protection in case of an accident.[2] The footwear's popularity was furthered by its use by celebrities such as Marlon Brando and James Dean in their respective films The Wild One (1953) and Rebel Without a Cause (1955).[1]The boots would become heavily associated with the American greasers and bikers who wore them in the 1950s.[5] Overall, they contributed to the \"rebellious\" look of many teenagers of the era.[1] This aesthetic was utilised in the 1961 crime drama The Young Savages, with this footwear being worn by the antagonists, three young urban gang members.[6] From the 1950s through the 1970s engineer boots were frequently advertised in retail mail order catalogs.[4] By the late 1960s, engineer boots were being frequently worn by hustlers and members of the gay leather subculture for fetishistic purposes.[7][8] In the 1970s, they were adopted by skinheads.[9] From there, they became a part of punk fashion, where they were used to express power and an industrial style.[10][11] By the 2010s, engineer boots, along with other industrial footwear, were worn popularly for fashion purposes, especially by non-traditional customers such as women, young urban professionals, and hipsters.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyer2015Chapter_2:_Boots_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyer2015Chapter_2:_Boots_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyer2015Chapter_2:_Boots_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyer2015Chapter_2:_Boots_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyer2015Chapter_2:_Boots_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyer2015Chapter_2:_Boots_1-5"},{"link_name":"Boyer 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBoyer2015"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MacRae_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MacRae_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MacRae_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MacRae_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MacRae_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MacRae_2-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MacRae_2-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MacRae_2-7"},{"link_name":"\"Engineers Get the Boot\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.asme.org/engineering-topics/articles/technology-and-society/engineers-get-the-boot"},{"link_name":"American Society of Mechanical Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"ENGINEER STYLE NO. 2991\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160820165517/http://www.redwingheritage.com/us/USD/product/footwear/8-inch-boots/engineer-amber-harness-2991-02991"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.redwingheritage.com/us/USD/product/footwear/8-inch-boots/engineer-amber-harness-2991-02991"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Old_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Old_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Old_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Old_4-3"},{"link_name":"\"The History of Engineer Boots with John Lofgren\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.heddels.com/2015/03/history-engineer-boots-john-lofgren/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlanco_F.2015137_5-0"},{"link_name":"Blanco F. 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBlanco_F.2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanfield2015Chapter_3:_Got-to-see_:_Teenpix_and_the_Social_Problem_Picture_6-0"},{"link_name":"Stanfield 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFStanfield2015"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECole2000111_7-0"},{"link_name":"Cole 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCole2000"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201446_8-0"},{"link_name":"White 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWhite2014"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf2007125_9-0"},{"link_name":"Wolf 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWolf2007"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESklar2013Shoes_and_Boots_10-0"},{"link_name":"Sklar 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSklar2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf2007125,_127,_293,_328_11-0"},{"link_name":"Wolf 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFWolf2007"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f Boyer 2015, Chapter 2: Boots.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h MacRae, Michael (August 2015). \"Engineers Get the Boot\". American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Retrieved 14 November 2016.\n\n^ \"ENGINEER STYLE NO. 2991\". Red Wing Shoes. Red Wing Brands of America, Inc. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2016.\n\n^ a b c d Old, Forrest (16 March 2015). \"The History of Engineer Boots with John Lofgren\". Heddels. Retrieved 12 July 2016.\n\n^ Blanco F. 2015, p. 137.\n\n^ Stanfield 2015, Chapter 3: Got-to-see : Teenpix and the Social Problem Picture.\n\n^ Cole 2000, p. 111.\n\n^ White 2014, p. 46.\n\n^ Wolf 2007, p. 125.\n\n^ Sklar 2013, Shoes and Boots.\n\n^ Wolf 2007, pp. 125, 127, 293, 328.","title":"Citations"}]
[{"image_text":"Knee-high, low-heel engineer boot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Engineer_boot.jpg/220px-Engineer_boot.jpg"},{"image_text":"James Dean (top) in Rebel Without a Cause wearing engineer boots","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/James_Dean_grabbing_Jim_Backus.jpg/220px-James_Dean_grabbing_Jim_Backus.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Perfecto motorcycle jacket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfecto_motorcycle_jacket"}]
[{"reference":"MacRae, Michael (August 2015). \"Engineers Get the Boot\". American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Retrieved 14 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.asme.org/engineering-topics/articles/technology-and-society/engineers-get-the-boot","url_text":"\"Engineers Get the Boot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineers","url_text":"American Society of Mechanical Engineers"}]},{"reference":"\"ENGINEER STYLE NO. 2991\". Red Wing Shoes. Red Wing Brands of America, Inc. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 30 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160820165517/http://www.redwingheritage.com/us/USD/product/footwear/8-inch-boots/engineer-amber-harness-2991-02991","url_text":"\"ENGINEER STYLE NO. 2991\""},{"url":"http://www.redwingheritage.com/us/USD/product/footwear/8-inch-boots/engineer-amber-harness-2991-02991","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Old, Forrest (16 March 2015). \"The History of Engineer Boots with John Lofgren\". Heddels. Retrieved 12 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heddels.com/2015/03/history-engineer-boots-john-lofgren/","url_text":"\"The History of Engineer Boots with John Lofgren\""}]},{"reference":"Blanco F., José (23 November 2015). Clothing and Fashion: American Fashion from Head to Toe (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781610693103.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hDkVCwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Clothing and Fashion: American Fashion from Head to Toe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610693103","url_text":"9781610693103"}]},{"reference":"Boyer, G. (8 September 2015). True Style: The History and Principles of Classic Menswear. Basic Books. ISBN 9780465061594.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T_cqCgAAQBAJ","url_text":"True Style: The History and Principles of Classic Menswear"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465061594","url_text":"9780465061594"}]},{"reference":"Cole, Shaun (2000). 'Don We Now Our Gay Apparel: Gay Men's Dress in the Twentieth Century (illustrated ed.). Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781859734155.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fEGGAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"'Don We Now Our Gay Apparel: Gay Men's Dress in the Twentieth Century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859734155","url_text":"9781859734155"}]},{"reference":"Sklar, Monica (2013). Punk Style. Subcultural Style. A&C Black. ISBN 9780857853059.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UR7wAAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Punk Style"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857853059","url_text":"9780857853059"}]},{"reference":"Stanfield, Peter (2015). The Cool and the Crazy: Pop Fifties Cinema. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9780813573007.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TVURCgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Cool and the Crazy: Pop Fifties Cinema"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813573007","url_text":"9780813573007"}]},{"reference":"White, Edmund (2014). States of Desire Revisited: Travels in Gay America (reprint ed.). University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299302641.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=H9IRBAAAQBAJ","url_text":"States of Desire Revisited: Travels in Gay America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299302641","url_text":"9780299302641"}]},{"reference":"Wolf, Mary Montgomery (2007). \"We Accept You, One of Us?\": Punk Rock, Community, and Individualism in an Uncertain Era, 1974-1985 (Thesis). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdr.lib.unc.edu/indexablecontent/uuid:9da5d840-fe83-4988-82ac-5f78a9e73c84","url_text":"\"We Accept You, One of Us?\": Punk Rock, Community, and Individualism in an Uncertain Era, 1974-1985"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill","url_text":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Hager
Matthew Hager
["1 References","2 Sources"]
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Matthew Hager is a multiplatinum American record producer, musician and songwriter. Originally from Houston, Texas, Hager now lives in Los Angeles. Before moving to Los Angeles, Hager studied at the prestigious Berklee College of Music. Since then, he has written and produced several number one hit singles as well as several critically acclaimed albums and has worked with many major recording artists. He has achieved unusual success crossing many genres from hard rock to jazz to teen pop. In the late '90s, he was introduced to Mandy Moore and soon became Moore's musical director. He went on to write and produced her song "When I Talk To You" which is featured on Mandy Moore's multi-platinum album Mandy Moore along with her song "Split Chick" that he also produced. In addition, he produced several acoustic versions of her chart topping hits including "Walk Me Home" and "I Wanna Be With You" and arranged all live versions of her biggest hits for her U.S. and international television performances and touring for her albums So Real, I Wanna Be With You, Mandy Moore, and A Walk to Remember: Music From the Motion Picture. After his years with Mandy Moore, Hager became a sought after songwriter in Los Angeles and wrote and produced the #1 hit song "Lucy's", which was the longest running #1 single for any debut artist in history on the Contemporary Jazz R&R chart, as well as the #1 singles "True Blue" and "Bloom". He also wrote and produced the Hot AC hit "Stars" for #1 Billboard artist Mindi Abair as well as her top 5 hits "Come As You Are", "Flirt" and "Smile". He also wrote and produced her song "Every Time" which was featured in the movie "License To Wed" and "I Can Remember" was featured in the popular Spelling Television series "Summerland". He wrote and produced the holiday smash "I Can't Wait For Christmas" with Mindi Abair that has sold nearly a million copies to date. Her chart topping and critically acclaimed albums "It Just Happens That Way", "Come As You Are", "Life Less Ordinary" and "Stars" Hager produced in their entirety. Hager recorded "Cry Baby Cry" produced by Timbaland and "Falling Down" produced by Justin Timberlake for Duran Duran's album Red Carpet Massacre. He wrote and produced the international hit "6000 Miles" with John Taylor from Duran Duran and produced and wrote a majority of his solo album "Techno For Two". He produced the U.S. hit "Perfect Love" for Simply Red. He wrote and produced the top 20 hit "How Does It Feel" for Columbia recording artist Peter White and also performed his own song "Enough" under his name in the hit movie A Walk to Remember. He wrote and produced the Radio Disney hit "Make History" by Alyson Stoner. "Make History" is also the opening song being performed on the Jonas Brothers, Demi Lovato, Camp Rock world tour. He also wrote and produced the single "Strange Life" for the rock band Tickle Me Pink. According to John Taylor, Matthew is working on tracks for the February 2011 release "All You Need Is Now" from the band Duran Duran. In addition to producing and writing, Hager is also a multi-instrumentalist who has appeared on many albums playing guitar, bass, piano, drums, percussion, string arrangements and singing. He also has appeared on and arranged several songs with Scott Weiland, the lead singer of Stone Temple Pilots and Velvet Revolver. He has written many songs for TV and Film and most recently composed and produced the theme song for the CW Show Remodled and Style Network hit shows Big Rich Texas and Wicked Fit. He also scored the Playdom/Disney video game Kogamu. An EP of his solo material including the song "Enough" from the movie A Walk To Remember entitled "Peace Love And Animosity" was released June 2, 2009. In 2010, Hager expanded his company 76 Steps Music to the full service entertainment company 76 Steps Entertainment which began managing actors including Lauran Irion, who plays Laura Vaughn on the ABC show GCB and has guest starred on Disney's I'm In The Band and ABC Family's Melissa And Joey. He was the co-founder, producer, songwriter and bass player in Allison Iraheta's critically acclaimed band, Halo Circus. He also eloped with Iraheta in 2013. The band released two albums: Bunny in 2016, and Robots and Wranglers in 2018. Between 2016 and 2018, the band toured small clubs in the US. On September 25, 2019, after an 8-month silence on social media, Iraheta announced on Facebook that Halo Circus would be disbanding due to her parting ways with Hager both professionally and personally. References ^ John Taylor (January 13, 2011). "In the studio today with Matt Hager.. Bassin' bonus Duran tracks" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-06-06. Retrieved 2009-05-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Idol Allison Iraheta Marries Halo Circus Bandmate Matthew Hager". ^ "Halo Circus Tour Dates". Bandsintown. Retrieved 29 August 2016. ^ "Halo Circus on Facebook". Facebook. Archived from the original on 2022-04-30. Sources https://web.archive.org/web/20090531154807/http://billboard.prweb.com/releases/new_rock_pop/album_Matthew_Hager/prweb2456954.htm http://jazzmonthly.com/artist_hp/hager_matthew/interviews/hager_index.html https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_ss_m?url=search-alias%3Dpopular&field-keywords=mindi+abair&x=0&y=0
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Before moving to Los Angeles, Hager studied at the prestigious Berklee College of Music. Since then, he has written and produced several number one hit singles as well as several critically acclaimed albums and has worked with many major recording artists. He has achieved unusual success crossing many genres from hard rock to jazz to teen pop.In the late '90s, he was introduced to Mandy Moore and soon became Moore's musical director. He went on to write and produced her song \"When I Talk To You\" which is featured on Mandy Moore's multi-platinum album Mandy Moore along with her song \"Split Chick\" that he also produced. In addition, he produced several acoustic versions of her chart topping hits including \"Walk Me Home\" and \"I Wanna Be With You\" and arranged all live versions of her biggest hits for her U.S. and international television performances and touring for her albums So Real, I Wanna Be With You, Mandy Moore, and A Walk to Remember: Music From the Motion Picture.After his years with Mandy Moore, Hager became a sought after songwriter in Los Angeles and wrote and produced the #1 hit song \"Lucy's\", which was the longest running #1 single for any debut artist in history on the Contemporary Jazz R&R chart, as well as the #1 singles \"True Blue\" and \"Bloom\". He also wrote and produced the Hot AC hit \"Stars\" for #1 Billboard artist Mindi Abair as well as her top 5 hits \"Come As You Are\", \"Flirt\" and \"Smile\". He also wrote and produced her song \"Every Time\" which was featured in the movie \"License To Wed\" and \"I Can Remember\" was featured in the popular Spelling Television series \"Summerland\". He wrote and produced the holiday smash \"I Can't Wait For Christmas\" with Mindi Abair that has sold nearly a million copies to date. Her chart topping and critically acclaimed albums \"It Just Happens That Way\", \"Come As You Are\", \"Life Less Ordinary\" and \"Stars\" Hager produced in their entirety.Hager recorded \"Cry Baby Cry\" produced by Timbaland and \"Falling Down\" produced by Justin Timberlake for Duran Duran's album Red Carpet Massacre. He wrote and produced the international hit \"6000 Miles\" with John Taylor from Duran Duran and produced and wrote a majority of his solo album \"Techno For Two\". He produced the U.S. hit \"Perfect Love\" for Simply Red. He wrote and produced the top 20 hit \"How Does It Feel\" for Columbia recording artist Peter White and also performed his own song \"Enough\" under his name in the hit movie A Walk to Remember.He wrote and produced the Radio Disney hit \"Make History\" by Alyson Stoner. \"Make History\" is also the opening song being performed on the Jonas Brothers, Demi Lovato, Camp Rock world tour. He also wrote and produced the single \"Strange Life\" for the rock band Tickle Me Pink.According to John Taylor, Matthew is working on tracks for the February 2011 release \"All You Need Is Now\" from the band Duran Duran.[1]In addition to producing and writing, Hager is also a multi-instrumentalist who has appeared on many albums playing guitar, bass, piano, drums, percussion, string arrangements and singing. He also has appeared on and arranged several songs with Scott Weiland, the lead singer of Stone Temple Pilots and Velvet Revolver. He has written many songs for TV and Film and most recently composed and produced the theme song for the CW Show Remodled and Style Network hit shows Big Rich Texas and Wicked Fit. He also scored the Playdom/Disney video game Kogamu.An EP of his solo material including the song \"Enough\" from the movie A Walk To Remember entitled \"Peace Love And Animosity\" was released June 2, 2009.[2]In 2010, Hager expanded his company 76 Steps Music to the full service entertainment company 76 Steps Entertainment which began managing actors including Lauran Irion, who plays Laura Vaughn on the ABC show GCB and has guest starred on Disney's I'm In The Band and ABC Family's Melissa And Joey.He was the co-founder, producer, songwriter and bass player in Allison Iraheta's critically acclaimed band, Halo Circus. He also eloped with Iraheta in 2013.[3] The band released two albums: Bunny in 2016, and Robots and Wranglers in 2018. Between 2016 and 2018, the band toured small clubs in the US.[4] On September 25, 2019, after an 8-month silence on social media, Iraheta announced on Facebook that Halo Circus would be disbanding due to her parting ways with Hager both professionally and personally.[5]","title":"Matthew Hager"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090531154807/http://billboard.prweb.com/releases/new_rock_pop/album_Matthew_Hager/prweb2456954.htm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090531154807/http://billboard.prweb.com/releases/new_rock_pop/album_Matthew_Hager/prweb2456954.htm"},{"link_name":"http://jazzmonthly.com/artist_hp/hager_matthew/interviews/hager_index.html","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//jazzmonthly.com/artist_hp/hager_matthew/interviews/hager_index.html"},{"link_name":"https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_ss_m?url=search-alias%3Dpopular&field-keywords=mindi+abair&x=0&y=0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_ss_m?url=search-alias%3Dpopular&field-keywords=mindi+abair&x=0&y=0"}],"text":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090531154807/http://billboard.prweb.com/releases/new_rock_pop/album_Matthew_Hager/prweb2456954.htm\nhttp://jazzmonthly.com/artist_hp/hager_matthew/interviews/hager_index.html\nhttps://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_ss_m?url=search-alias%3Dpopular&field-keywords=mindi+abair&x=0&y=0","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldic_Achievement
Achievement (heraldry)
["1 Coat of arms","2 Hatchment","3 References","4 External links"]
Full display of coat of arms Part of a series onHeraldic achievement External devices in addition to the central coat of arms Escutcheon Field Supporter Crest Torse Mantling Helmet Crown Compartment Charge Motto (or slogan) Coat of arms Heraldry portalvte Heraldic achievement forming the Garter stall plate of John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset (d. 1444), KG, St. George's Chapel, Windsor. The earliest garter plate with supporters. It includes the badge of an ostrich feather, here shown as a pair, blazoned: feather argent pen gobonne argent and azure In heraldry, an achievement, armorial achievement or heraldic achievement (historical: hatchment) is a full display or depiction of all the heraldic components to which the bearer of a coat of arms is entitled. An achievement comprises not only the arms displayed on the escutcheon, the central element, but also the following elements surrounding it (from top to bottom): Slogan or war-cry Mantle and pavilion Crest placed atop a: Torse (or cap of maintenance as a special honour) Mantling Helm of appropriate variety; if holder of higher rank than a baronet, issuing from a: Coronet or crown (not used by baronets), of appropriate variety. Console Supporters (if the bearer is entitled to them, generally in modern usage not baronets), which may stand on a compartment Motto, if possessed Order, if possessed Badge, if possessed Coat of arms Sometimes the term "coat of arms" is used to refer to the full achievement, but this usage is incorrect in the strict sense of heraldic terminology, as a coat of arms refers to a garment with the escutcheon or armorial achievement embroidered on it. Hatchment Garter stall plate of John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford (c. 1485–1554/5), installed as a Knight of the Garter 18 May 1539, showing his "achievement", at that time termed "hatchment" The ancient term used in place of "achievement" was "hatchment", deriving (through such historic forms as atcheament, achement, hathement, etc.) from the French achèvement, from the French verb achever, a contraction of à chef venir ("to come to a head"), ultimately from Latin ad caput venire, "to come to a head", thus: "to reach a conclusion, accomplish, achieve". The word "hatchment" in its historical usage is thus identical in meaning and origin to the English heraldic term "achievement". However, in modern heraldry the word "hatchment" has come to be used almost exclusively to denote "funerary hatchment", while "achievement" is now used in place of "hatchment" in a non-funereal context. An example of the historic use of "hatchment" in a non-funerary context to denote what is now termed "achievement" appears in the statute of the Order of the Garter laid down by King Henry VIII (r. 1509–1547) concerning the regulation of Garter stall plates: It is agreed that every knyght within the yere of his stallation shall cause to be made a scauchon of his armes and hachementis in a plate of metall suche as shall please him and that it shall be surely sett upon the back of his stall. References ^ Planche, J. R., Pursuivant of Arms, 1851, p. xx ^ Boutell, Charles & Charles Fox-Davies, Arthur (1914). The handbook to English heraldry. Reeves & Turner. p. 100. Achievement, or Achievement of Arms. Any complete composition of Arms. ^ A. G. Puttock, A Dictionary of Heraldry and Related Subjects, Exeter 1985. Blaketon Hall. ISBN 0907854931. p. 40 ^ Stephen Friar (ed.), A New Dictionary of Heraldry, London 1987. Alphabooks/A&C Black. ISBN 0906670446. p. 96. ^ Collins Dictionary of the English Language, London, 1986. ^ Larousse Dictionnaire de la Langue Française, Paris, 1979: "lat. pop. capum, class. caput. ^ Round, J. Horace, Family Origins and Other Studies, Page, William, (ed.), London, 1930, pp. 174–189, "The Garter Plates and Peerage Styles", p. 174. External links "What is an Achievement?". An Tir College of Heralds. Archived from the original on 20 April 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2011. An 'achievement' is a full formal display of a coat of arms. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hatchment" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 62. vteHeraldry Authorities Grant of arms History Law of arms Officers of arms King of Arms herald pursuivant private Types National dominion civic Ecclesiastical papal Burgher Women Attributed Topics Armiger Augmentation abatement Ancient and modern Alliance courtesy Blazon Cadency distinction Canting Field divisions variations Fraud Marshalling quartering impalement National traditions Societies Achievement Coat of arms Crowns and coronets Crest Compartment Escutcheon Helmet Mantling pavilion Motto slogan Supporter Torse Charges Attitudes Erasure Fimbriation Lines Ordinaries Annulet Bar Bend Bordure Canton Chevron (Łękawica) Componée Cross Crozier head Chief Fess Flaunch Goutte Gyron Hamade Inescutcheon Label Lozenge Orle Pale Pall Pile Roundel Bezant Saltire Beasts Bear Boar Bull/ox Dog/hound Camelopard Hind/stag Kangaroo Leopard Lion Wolf Birds Alerion Black swan Cock Crow Dove Eagle Szaszor Przepaska Martlet Pelican Other Bee Crapaudy Dolphin Emmet Ged Lucy Portcullis Reremouse Scallop Serpent Wolfsangel Legendary Allocamelus Alphyn Amphiptere Basilisk Biscione Chollima Cockatrice Dragon Chinese Enfield Garuda Griffin/Keythong Harpy Hippocampus Hippogriff Lampago Lindworm Manticore Mermaid Musimon Ouroboros Pantheon Panther Pegasus Phoenix Salamander Sea-griffin Sea-lion Tyger Unicorn Winged lion Woodwose Wyvern Yale Plants Fleur-de-lis Laurel wreath Oak Quatrefoil Rose Shamrock Trefoil Thistle Turnip Waterlily/Seeblatt Knots Bourchier Bowen Cavendish/Savoy Dacre Harrington Hastings/Hungerford Heneage Hinckaert Hungerford knot Lacy Ormonde/Wake Savoy Stafford Tristram/Bowen Wake Tinctures Rule of tincture Tricking Hatching Metals    Argent (white)    Or (gold) Colours    Gules (red)    Sable (black)    Azure (blue)    Vert (green)    Purpure (purple)1 Furs Ermine Ermines Erminois Erminites Pean Vair Potent Stains    Murrey (mulberry)    Sanguine (blood red)    Tenné Rare metals1   Copper   Buff (metal in the United States) Rare colours1    Bleu celeste   Brunâtre (brown)   Buff (color in Canada)   Cendrée   Ochre   Orange   Rose Realistic Proper Carnation Applications Bookplate Hatchment Flag banner of arms Badge Roll of arms Illyrian Seal equestrian Tabard Trophy of arms Related Mon Emblem socialist Logotype Phaleristics Vexillology Sigillography 1 Non-traditional, regional, or rarely used (sometimes considered unheraldic) List of oldest heraldry Heraldry portal resources Wikimedia Commons has media related to Armorial achievements.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GarterPlateJohnBeaufort.jpg"},{"link_name":"Garter stall plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garter_stall_plate"},{"link_name":"John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Beaufort,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset"},{"link_name":"KG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_of_the_Garter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badge_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"gobonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compone"},{"link_name":"heraldry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry"},{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"escutcheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"Slogan or war-cry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slogan_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"Mantle and pavilion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_and_pavilion_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"Crest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"Torse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torse"},{"link_name":"cap of maintenance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_of_maintenance"},{"link_name":"Mantling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantling"},{"link_name":"Helm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmet_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baronet"},{"link_name":"Coronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronet"},{"link_name":"crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"Console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Console_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"Supporters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supporters"},{"link_name":"compartment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compartment_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"Motto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motto#Mottos_in_heraldry"},{"link_name":"Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_(distinction)"},{"link_name":"Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badge_(heraldry)"}],"text":"Heraldic achievement forming the Garter stall plate of John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset (d. 1444), KG, St. George's Chapel, Windsor. The earliest garter plate with supporters.[1] It includes the badge of an ostrich feather, here shown as a pair, blazoned: feather argent pen gobonne argent and azureIn heraldry, an achievement, armorial achievement or heraldic achievement (historical: hatchment) is a full display or depiction of all the heraldic components to which the bearer of a coat of arms is entitled.[2] An achievement comprises not only the arms displayed on the escutcheon, the central element, but also the following elements surrounding it (from top to bottom):Slogan or war-cry\nMantle and pavilion\nCrest placed atop a:\nTorse (or cap of maintenance as a special honour)\nMantling\nHelm of appropriate variety; if holder of higher rank than a baronet, issuing from a:\nCoronet or crown (not used by baronets), of appropriate variety.\nConsole\nSupporters (if the bearer is entitled to them, generally in modern usage not baronets), which may stand on a compartment\nMotto, if possessed\nOrder, if possessed\nBadge, if possessed","title":"Achievement (heraldry)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"escutcheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Sometimes the term \"coat of arms\" is used to refer to the full achievement, but this usage is incorrect in the strict sense of heraldic terminology, as a coat of arms refers to a garment with the escutcheon or armorial achievement embroidered on it.[3][4]","title":"Coat of arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GarterPlateJohnRussell1stEarlOfBedford1539.png"},{"link_name":"Garter stall plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garter_stall_plate"},{"link_name":"John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell,_1st_Earl_of_Bedford"},{"link_name":"Knight of the Garter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_of_the_Garter"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"funerary hatchment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funerary_hatchment"},{"link_name":"Order of the Garter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"Garter stall plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garter_stall_plate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"scauchon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)"}],"text":"Garter stall plate of John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford (c. 1485–1554/5), installed as a Knight of the Garter 18 May 1539, showing his \"achievement\", at that time termed \"hatchment\"The ancient term used in place of \"achievement\" was \"hatchment\", deriving (through such historic forms as atcheament, achement, hathement, etc.) from the French achèvement,[5] from the French verb achever, a contraction of à chef venir (\"to come to a head\"), ultimately from Latin ad caput venire, \"to come to a head\",[6] thus: \"to reach a conclusion, accomplish, achieve\". The word \"hatchment\" in its historical usage is thus identical in meaning and origin to the English heraldic term \"achievement\". However, in modern heraldry the word \"hatchment\" has come to be used almost exclusively to denote \"funerary hatchment\", while \"achievement\" is now used in place of \"hatchment\" in a non-funereal context. An example of the historic use of \"hatchment\" in a non-funerary context to denote what is now termed \"achievement\" appears in the statute of the Order of the Garter laid down by King Henry VIII (r. 1509–1547) concerning the regulation of Garter stall plates:[7]It is agreed that every knyght within the yere of his stallation shall cause to be made a scauchon of his armes and hachementis in a plate of metall suche as shall please him and that it shall be surely sett upon the back of his stall.","title":"Hatchment"}]
[{"image_text":"Heraldic achievement forming the Garter stall plate of John Beaufort, 1st Duke of Somerset (d. 1444), KG, St. George's Chapel, Windsor. The earliest garter plate with supporters.[1] It includes the badge of an ostrich feather, here shown as a pair, blazoned: feather argent pen gobonne argent and azure","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/GarterPlateJohnBeaufort.jpg/220px-GarterPlateJohnBeaufort.jpg"},{"image_text":"Garter stall plate of John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford (c. 1485–1554/5), installed as a Knight of the Garter 18 May 1539, showing his \"achievement\", at that time termed \"hatchment\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/GarterPlateJohnRussell1stEarlOfBedford1539.png/200px-GarterPlateJohnRussell1stEarlOfBedford1539.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Boutell, Charles & Charles Fox-Davies, Arthur (1914). The handbook to English heraldry. Reeves & Turner. p. 100. Achievement, or Achievement of Arms. Any complete composition of Arms.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_xdMAAAAMAAJ&q=achievement","url_text":"The handbook to English heraldry"}]},{"reference":"\"What is an Achievement?\". An Tir College of Heralds. Archived from the original on 20 April 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2011. An 'achievement' is a full formal display of a coat of arms.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110420025929/http://antirheralds.org/display/achievements/achievements.html","url_text":"\"What is an Achievement?\""},{"url":"http://www.antirheralds.org/display/achievements/achievements.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Hatchment\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 62.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hatchment","url_text":"\"Hatchment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_xdMAAAAMAAJ&q=achievement","external_links_name":"The handbook to English heraldry"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?hl=nl&id=7KYWAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Family Origins and Other Studies"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110420025929/http://antirheralds.org/display/achievements/achievements.html","external_links_name":"\"What is an Achievement?\""},{"Link":"http://www.antirheralds.org/display/achievements/achievements.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hatchment","external_links_name":"\"Hatchment\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Eisenstein
Bruce Eisenstein
["1 Biography","2 Activities with IEEE","3 Other professional activities","4 Awards and honors","5 Books published","6 References","7 External links"]
American engineering educator Bruce EisensteinNationalityAlma materB.S., MIT, 1963 M.S., Drexel, 1965 Ph.D., Penn, 1970Scientific careerFieldsPattern recognition, estimation theory, decision theory, digital signal processingInstitutionsDrexel University Bruce Eisenstein is an engineering educator serving as the Arthur J. Rowland Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering. He was formerly Interim Dean and Vice Dean of the College of Engineering at Drexel University. He has published nearly 50 papers in the areas of digital signal processing, pattern recognition, deconvolution, along with biomedical engineering. He also served as president of the IEEE in 2000. Biography Eisenstein received a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering in 1963 from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He attended Drexel University as a master's degree student, obtaining his MSEE in 1965. He then attended the University of Pennsylvania where he graduated with a Ph.D. in 1970. Eisenstein then worked as a NASA/ASEE Fellow at Stanford University and the Ames Research Center, then as a Visiting Research Fellow in Electrical Engineering at Princeton University under the sponsorship of the National Science Foundation. He then returned to Drexel University in 1980 and was appointed Professor and Department Head of Electrical and Computer Engineering. He served in that capacity until 1995 at which time he was appointed the Arthur J. Rowland Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, a position that he still holds. During his time at Drexel, he has served as associate dean of the graduate school, member of the Provost’s Blue Ribbon Committee on Priorities, the Faculty Senate Committee on Budget, Priorities and Development, the Provost’s Strategic Task Force on Enriching Undergraduate Education and is currently serving as the co-chair of the Middle States Accreditation Steering Committee. In 2011, following the resignation of the dean of the College of Engineering, Eisenstein took over as interim dean. Activities with IEEE Eisenstein served as 38th president of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers His other IEEE positions have included Chairman of the Philadelphia Section, IEEE Treasurer, Vice President for Technical Activities, Member of the Board of Directors, Director of Division VI: Engineering and the Human Environment and President of the Education Society. Other professional activities Bruce Eisenstein also works as an independent consultant and expert witness in the area of cellular telecommunications tower and antenna siting. He has been utilized as an expert by municipalities and citizen objector groups to review and comment on radio frequency testimony given by wireless service providers. He also works as a consultant and expert witness for intellectual property and product liability cases. He is also a Professional Engineer registered in Pennsylvania. Awards and honors He was the 1976 recipient of the C. Holmes MacDonald Award of Eta Kappa Nu given to the Outstanding Young Electrical Engineering Educator. He is a former president of Eta Kappa Nu (Electrical Engineering honor society), and currently serves as a vice president. He has also served as the president of the national ECE Department Heads’ Association (ECEDHA). Eisenstein is also a member of Tau Beta Pi (Engineering honor society), Sigma Xi (Honor society for researchers), and ASEE. He chaired the National Science Foundation Advisory Committee for the Electrical, Communications, & Systems Engineering Directorate, and currently serves on the ABET Board of Directors. Eisenstein was elected Delaware Valley Engineer of the Year in 2000. In 2012 he received the IEEE Richard M. Emberson Award Books published Practical Engineering Design (with Maja Bystrom) References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Drexel ECE : Bruce Eisteinstein Archived January 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c d Dr. Bruce Eisenstein Named Interim Drexel Engineering Dean Archived August 10, 2012, at the Wayback Machine ^ Presidents of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) - GHN: IEEE Global History Network ^ a b Bruce Eisenstein Consulting Archived February 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ^ Bruce Eisenstein Consulting- Client List Archived January 6, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ Eisenstein, Bruce; Maja Bystrom (2005). Practical engineering design. Boca Raton, Flor.: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-8247-2321-7. External links ECE Department at Drexel University Official IEEE website www.accreditation.org - resource on accreditation of academic programs in Engineering, Engineering Technology, and Computing. Cell Phone Battery Drain And How You Could Prevent It- Bruce Eisenstein is the primary contributor to the story Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Norway Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"College of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drexel_University_College_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Drexel University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drexel_University"},{"link_name":"digital signal processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal_processing"},{"link_name":"pattern recognition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_recognition"},{"link_name":"deconvolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deconvolution"},{"link_name":"biomedical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_engineering"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drexelbio-1"},{"link_name":"IEEE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drexelbio-1"}],"text":"Bruce Eisenstein is an engineering educator serving as the Arthur J. Rowland Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering. He was formerly Interim Dean and Vice Dean of the College of Engineering at Drexel University. He has published nearly 50 papers in the areas of digital signal processing, pattern recognition, deconvolution, along with biomedical engineering.[1] He also served as president of the IEEE in 2000.[1]","title":"Bruce Eisenstein"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Electrical and Electronics Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drexelbio-1"},{"link_name":"Drexel University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drexel_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drexelbio-1"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drexelbio-1"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"National Science Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drexelbio-1"},{"link_name":"Drexel University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drexel_University"},{"link_name":"Arthur J. Rowland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arthur_J._Rowland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drexelbio-1"},{"link_name":"Middle States Accreditation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middle_States_Accreditation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dean-2"},{"link_name":"College of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drexel_University_College_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dean-2"}],"text":"Eisenstein received a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering in 1963 from Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[1] He attended Drexel University as a master's degree student, obtaining his MSEE in 1965.[1] He then attended the University of Pennsylvania where he graduated with a Ph.D. in 1970.[1] Eisenstein then worked as a NASA/ASEE Fellow at Stanford University and the Ames Research Center, then as a Visiting Research Fellow in Electrical Engineering at Princeton University under the sponsorship of the National Science Foundation.[1] He then returned to Drexel University in 1980 and was appointed Professor and Department Head of Electrical and Computer Engineering. He served in that capacity until 1995 at which time he was appointed the Arthur J. Rowland Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, a position that he still holds.[1] During his time at Drexel, he has served as associate dean of the graduate school, member of the Provost’s Blue Ribbon Committee on Priorities, the Faculty Senate Committee on Budget, Priorities and Development, the Provost’s Strategic Task Force on Enriching Undergraduate Education and is currently serving as the co-chair of the Middle States Accreditation Steering Committee.[2] In 2011, following the resignation of the dean of the College of Engineering, Eisenstein took over as interim dean.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drexelbio-1"}],"text":"Eisenstein served as 38th president of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers[3] His other IEEE positions have included Chairman of the Philadelphia Section, IEEE Treasurer, Vice President for Technical Activities, Member of the Board of Directors, Director of Division VI: Engineering and the Human Environment and President of the Education Society.[1]","title":"Activities with IEEE"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-otherwork-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-otherwork-4"},{"link_name":"Professional Engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_Engineer"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"}],"text":"Bruce Eisenstein also works as an independent consultant and expert witness in the area of cellular telecommunications tower and antenna siting.[4] He has been utilized as an expert by municipalities and citizen objector groups to review and comment on radio frequency testimony given by wireless service providers.[5]He also works as a consultant and expert witness for intellectual property and product liability cases.[4] He is also a Professional Engineer registered in Pennsylvania.","title":"Other professional activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eta Kappa Nu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eta_Kappa_Nu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dean-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drexelbio-1"},{"link_name":"ECEDHA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ECEDHA&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dean-2"},{"link_name":"Tau Beta Pi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_Beta_Pi"},{"link_name":"Sigma Xi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Xi"},{"link_name":"ASEE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEE"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drexelbio-1"},{"link_name":"National Science Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation"},{"link_name":"ABET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABET"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drexelbio-1"},{"link_name":"Delaware Valley Engineer of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Delaware_Valley_Engineer_of_the_Year&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drexelbio-1"},{"link_name":"IEEE Richard M. Emberson Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Richard_M._Emberson_Award"}],"text":"He was the 1976 recipient of the C. Holmes MacDonald Award of Eta Kappa Nu given to the Outstanding Young Electrical Engineering Educator. He is a former president of Eta Kappa Nu (Electrical Engineering honor society),[2] and currently serves as a vice president.[1] He has also served as the president of the national ECE Department Heads’ Association (ECEDHA).[2] Eisenstein is also a member of Tau Beta Pi (Engineering honor society), Sigma Xi (Honor society for researchers), and ASEE.[1] He chaired the National Science Foundation Advisory Committee for the Electrical, Communications, & Systems Engineering Directorate, and currently serves on the ABET Board of Directors.[1] Eisenstein was elected Delaware Valley Engineer of the Year in 2000.[1]\nIn 2012 he received the IEEE Richard M. Emberson Award","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Practical Engineering Design (with Maja Bystrom)[6]","title":"Books published"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Eisenstein, Bruce; Maja Bystrom (2005). Practical engineering design. Boca Raton, Flor.: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-8247-2321-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-2321-7","url_text":"978-0-8247-2321-7"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_adhesion
Focal adhesion
["1 Structure and function","2 Morphology","3 Adhesion dynamics with migrating cells","3.1 Actin retrograde flow","3.2 Natural biomechanical sensor","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Immunofluorescence coloration of actin (green) and the focal adhesion protein vinculin (red) in a fibroblast. Focal adhesions are visible as red dots at the end of the green bundles. In cell biology, focal adhesions (also cell–matrix adhesions or FAs) are large macromolecular assemblies through which mechanical force and regulatory signals are transmitted between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and an interacting cell. More precisely, focal adhesions are the sub-cellular structures that mediate the regulatory effects (i.e., signaling events) of a cell in response to ECM adhesion. Focal adhesions serve as the mechanical linkages to the ECM, and as a biochemical signaling hub to concentrate and direct numerous signaling proteins at sites of integrin binding and clustering. Structure and function Focal adhesions are integrin-containing, multi-protein structures that form mechanical links between intracellular actin bundles and the extracellular substrate in many cell types. Focal adhesions are large, dynamic protein complexes through which the cytoskeleton of a cell connects to the ECM. They are limited to clearly defined ranges of the cell, at which the plasma membrane closes to within 15 nm of the ECM substrate. Focal adhesions are in a state of constant flux: proteins associate and disassociate with it continually as signals are transmitted to other parts of the cell, relating to anything from cell motility to cell cycle. Focal adhesions can contain over 100 different proteins, which suggests a considerable functional diversity. More than anchoring the cell, they function as signal carriers (sensors), which inform the cell about the condition of the ECM and thus affect their behavior. In sessile cells, focal adhesions are quite stable under normal conditions, while in moving cells their stability is diminished: this is because in motile cells, focal adhesions are being constantly assembled and disassembled as the cell establishes new contacts at the leading edge, and breaks old contacts at the trailing edge of the cell. One example of their important role is in the immune system, in which white blood cells migrate along the connective endothelium following cellular signals to damaged biological tissue. Morphology Connection between focal adhesions and proteins of the extracellular matrix generally involves integrins. Integrins bind to extra-cellular proteins via short amino acid sequences, such as the RGD motif (found in proteins such as fibronectin, laminin, or vitronectin), or the DGEA and GFOGER motifs found in collagen. Integrins are heterodimers which are formed from one beta and one alpha subunit. These subunits are present in different forms, their corresponding ligands classify these receptors into four groups: RGD receptors, laminin receptors, leukocyte-specific receptors and collagen receptors. Within the cell, the intracellular domain of integrin binds to the cytoskeleton via adapter proteins such as talin, α-actinin, filamin, vinculin and tensin. Many other intracellular signalling proteins, such as focal adhesion kinase, bind to and associate with this integrin-adapter protein–cytoskeleton complex, and this forms the basis of a focal adhesion. Adhesion dynamics with migrating cells The dynamic assembly and disassembly of focal adhesions plays a central role in cell migration. During cell migration, both the composition and the morphology of the focal adhesion change. Initially, small (0.25μm2) focal adhesions called focal complexes (FXs) are formed at the leading edge of the cell in lamellipodia: they consist of integrin, and some of the adapter proteins, such as talin, paxillin and tensin. Many of these focal complexes fail to mature and are disassembled as the lamellipodia withdraw. However, some focal complexes mature into larger and stable focal adhesions, and recruit many more proteins such as zyxin. Recruitment of components to the focal adhesion occurs in an ordered, sequential manner. Once in place, a focal adhesion remains stationary with respect to the extracellular matrix, and the cell uses this as an anchor on which it can push or pull itself over the ECM. As the cell progresses along its chosen path, a given focal adhesion moves closer and closer to the trailing edge of the cell. At the trailing edge of the cell the focal adhesion must be dissolved. The mechanism of this is poorly understood and is probably instigated by a variety of different methods depending on the circumstances of the cell. One possibility is that the calcium-dependent protease calpain is involved: it has been shown that the inhibition of calpain leads to the inhibition of focal adhesion-ECM separation. Focal adhesion components are amongst the known calpain substrates, and it is possible that calpain degrades these components to aid in focal adhesion disassembly Actin retrograde flow The assembly of nascent focal adhesions is highly dependent on the process of retrograde actin flow. This is the phenomenon in a migrating cell where actin filaments polymerize at the leading edge and flow back towards the cell body. This is the source of traction required for migration; the focal adhesion acts as a molecular clutch when it tethers to the ECM and impedes the retrograde movement of actin, thus generating the pulling (traction) force at the site of the adhesion that is necessary for the cell to move forward. This traction can be visualized with traction force microscopy. A common metaphor to explain actin retrograde flow is a large number of people being washed downriver, and as they do so, some of them hang on to rocks and branches along the bank to stop their downriver motion. Thus, a pulling force is generated onto the rock or branch that they are hanging on to. These forces are necessary for the successful assembly, growth, and maturation of focal adhesions. Natural biomechanical sensor Extracellular mechanical forces, which are exerted through focal adhesions, can activate Src kinase and stimulate the growth of the adhesions. This indicates that focal adhesions may function as mechanical sensors, and suggests that force generated from myosin fibers could contribute to maturing the focal complexes. This gains further support from the fact that inhibition of myosin-generated forces leads to slow disassembly of focal adhesions, by changing the turnover kinetics of the focal adhesion proteins. The relationship between forces on focal adhesions and their compositional maturation, however, remains unclear. For instance, preventing focal adhesion maturation by inhibiting myosin activity or stress fiber assembly does not prevent forces sustained by focal adhesions, nor does it prevent cells from migrating. Thus force propagation through focal adhesions may not be sensed directly by cells at all time and force scales. Their role in mechanosensing is important for durotaxis. See also Actin TES (protein) Paxillin References ^ Chen CS, Alonso JL, Ostuni E, Whitesides GM, Ingber DE (July 2003). "Cell shape provides global control of focal adhesion assembly". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 307 (2): 355–361. doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(03)01165-3. PMID 12859964. ^ Zaidel-Bar R, Cohen M, Addadi L, Geiger B (June 2004). "Hierarchical assembly of cell-matrix adhesion complexes". Biochemical Society Transactions. 32 (Pt3): 416–420. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.624.3354. doi:10.1042/bst0320416. PMID 15157150. ^ Zamir E, Geiger B (October 2001). "Molecular complexity and dynamics of cell-matrix adhesions". Journal of Cell Science. 114 (Pt 20): 3583–3590. doi:10.1242/jcs.114.20.3583. PMID 11707510. ^ Riveline D, Zamir E, Balaban NQ, Schwarz US, Ishizaki T, Narumiya S, et al. (June 2001). "Focal contacts as mechanosensors: externally applied local mechanical force induces growth of focal contacts by an mDia1-dependent and ROCK-independent mechanism". The Journal of Cell Biology. 153 (6): 1175–1186. doi:10.1083/jcb.153.6.1175. PMC 2192034. PMID 11402062. ^ Zaidel-Bar R, Cohen M, Addadi L, Geiger B (June 2004). "Hierarchical assembly of cell-matrix adhesion complexes". Biochemical Society Transactions. 32 (Pt3): 416–420. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.624.3354. doi:10.1042/bst0320416. PMID 15157150. ^ Huttenlocher A, Palecek SP, Lu Q, Zhang W, Mellgren RL, Lauffenburger DA, et al. (December 1997). "Regulation of cell migration by the calcium-dependent protease calpain". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (52): 32719–32722. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.52.32719. PMID 9407041. ^ Gardel ML, Sabass B, Ji L, Danuser G, Schwarz US, Waterman CM (December 2008). "Traction stress in focal adhesions correlates biphasically with actin retrograde flow speed". The Journal of Cell Biology. 183 (6): 999–1005. doi:10.1083/jcb.200810060. PMC 2600750. PMID 19075110. ^ Wang Y, Botvinick EL, Zhao Y, Berns MW, Usami S, Tsien RY, Chien S (April 2005). "Visualizing the mechanical activation of Src". Nature. 434 (7036): 1040–1045. Bibcode:2005Natur.434.1040W. doi:10.1038/nature03469. PMID 15846350. S2CID 4429147. ^ Wolfenson H, Bershadsky A, Henis YI, Geiger B (May 2011). "Actomyosin-generated tension controls the molecular kinetics of focal adhesions". Journal of Cell Science. 124 (Pt 9): 1425–1432. doi:10.1242/jcs.077388. PMC 3078811. PMID 21486952. ^ Beningo KA, Dembo M, Kaverina I, Small JV, Wang YL (May 2001). "Nascent focal adhesions are responsible for the generation of strong propulsive forces in migrating fibroblasts". The Journal of Cell Biology. 153 (4): 881–888. doi:10.1083/jcb.153.4.881. PMC 2192381. PMID 11352946. ^ Stricker J, Aratyn-Schaus Y, Oakes PW, Gardel ML (June 2011). "Spatiotemporal constraints on the force-dependent growth of focal adhesions". Biophysical Journal. 100 (12): 2883–2893. Bibcode:2011BpJ...100.2883S. doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2011.05.023. PMC 3123981. PMID 21689521. External links MBInfo - Focal Adhesion MBInfo - Focal Adhesion Assembly MBInfo - Regulation of Focal Adhesion Assembly AdhesomeFAnetwork Archived 2022-07-31 at the Wayback Machine Database with all known focal adhesion proteins and their biochemical interactions Intercellular Connections Zaidel-Bar Cell Adhesion Lab vteProteins of epitheliumLateral/cell–cell Cell adhesion molecules: Adherens junction Cadherin Desmosome Desmoglein Ion channels: Gap junction/Connexon Connexin Cytoskeleton: Desmosome Desmoplakin Plakoglobin Tonofibril other membrane proteins: Tight junction Claudin Occludin MARVELD2 Basal/cell–matrix Basal lamina Hemidesmosome/Tonofibril Focal adhesion Costamere Apical Cilia/Kinocilium Microvilli/Stereocilia (STRC)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cell biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_biology"},{"link_name":"macromolecular assemblies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macromolecular_assemblies"},{"link_name":"extracellular matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_matrix"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"integrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrin"}],"text":"In cell biology, focal adhesions (also cell–matrix adhesions or FAs) are large macromolecular assemblies through which mechanical force and regulatory signals are transmitted between the extracellular matrix (ECM) and an interacting cell. More precisely, focal adhesions are the sub-cellular structures that mediate the regulatory effects (i.e., signaling events) of a cell in response to ECM adhesion.[1]Focal adhesions serve as the mechanical linkages to the ECM, and as a biochemical signaling hub to concentrate and direct numerous signaling proteins at sites of integrin binding and clustering.","title":"Focal adhesion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"protein complexes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_complexes"},{"link_name":"cytoskeleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytoskeleton"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"cell motility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_motility"},{"link_name":"cell cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"sessile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sessile"},{"link_name":"immune system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system"},{"link_name":"white blood cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cells"},{"link_name":"endothelium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endothelium"},{"link_name":"biological tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_tissue"}],"text":"Focal adhesions are integrin-containing, multi-protein structures that form mechanical links between intracellular actin bundles and the extracellular substrate in many cell types. Focal adhesions are large, dynamic protein complexes through which the cytoskeleton of a cell connects to the ECM. They are limited to clearly defined ranges of the cell, at which the plasma membrane closes to within 15 nm of the ECM substrate.[2] Focal adhesions are in a state of constant flux: proteins associate and disassociate with it continually as signals are transmitted to other parts of the cell, relating to anything from cell motility to cell cycle. Focal adhesions can contain over 100 different proteins, which suggests a considerable functional diversity.[3] More than anchoring the cell, they function as signal carriers (sensors), which inform the cell about the condition of the ECM and thus affect their behavior.[4] In sessile cells, focal adhesions are quite stable under normal conditions, while in moving cells their stability is diminished: this is because in motile cells, focal adhesions are being constantly assembled and disassembled as the cell establishes new contacts at the leading edge, and breaks old contacts at the trailing edge of the cell. One example of their important role is in the immune system, in which white blood cells migrate along the connective endothelium following cellular signals to damaged biological tissue.","title":"Structure and function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extracellular matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extracellular_matrix"},{"link_name":"integrins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrins"},{"link_name":"RGD motif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGD_motif"},{"link_name":"fibronectin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibronectin"},{"link_name":"laminin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminin"},{"link_name":"vitronectin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitronectin"},{"link_name":"collagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collagen"},{"link_name":"heterodimers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterodimers"},{"link_name":"talin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talin_(protein)"},{"link_name":"α-actinin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinin,_alpha_1"},{"link_name":"filamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filamin"},{"link_name":"vinculin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinculin"},{"link_name":"tensin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensin"},{"link_name":"focal adhesion kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_adhesion_kinase"}],"text":"Connection between focal adhesions and proteins of the extracellular matrix generally involves integrins. Integrins bind to extra-cellular proteins via short amino acid sequences, such as the RGD motif (found in proteins such as fibronectin, laminin, or vitronectin), or the DGEA and GFOGER motifs found in collagen. Integrins are heterodimers which are formed from one beta and one alpha subunit. These subunits are present in different forms, their corresponding ligands classify these receptors into four groups: RGD receptors, laminin receptors, leukocyte-specific receptors and collagen receptors. Within the cell, the intracellular domain of integrin binds to the cytoskeleton via adapter proteins such as talin, α-actinin, filamin, vinculin and tensin. Many other intracellular signalling proteins, such as focal adhesion kinase, bind to and associate with this integrin-adapter protein–cytoskeleton complex, and this forms the basis of a focal adhesion.","title":"Morphology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cell migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_migration"},{"link_name":"lamellipodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamellipodia"},{"link_name":"talin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talin_protein"},{"link_name":"paxillin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paxillin"},{"link_name":"tensin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensin"},{"link_name":"zyxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zyxin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"calpain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calpain"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The dynamic assembly and disassembly of focal adhesions plays a central role in cell migration. During cell migration, both the composition and the morphology of the focal adhesion change. Initially, small (0.25μm2) focal adhesions called focal complexes (FXs) are formed at the leading edge of the cell in lamellipodia: they consist of integrin, and some of the adapter proteins, such as talin, paxillin and tensin. Many of these focal complexes fail to mature and are disassembled as the lamellipodia withdraw. However, some focal complexes mature into larger and stable focal adhesions, and recruit many more proteins such as zyxin. Recruitment of components to the focal adhesion occurs in an ordered, sequential manner.[5] Once in place, a focal adhesion remains stationary with respect to the extracellular matrix, and the cell uses this as an anchor on which it can push or pull itself over the ECM. As the cell progresses along its chosen path, a given focal adhesion moves closer and closer to the trailing edge of the cell. At the trailing edge of the cell the focal adhesion must be dissolved. The mechanism of this is poorly understood and is probably instigated by a variety of different methods depending on the circumstances of the cell. One possibility is that the calcium-dependent protease calpain is involved: it has been shown that the inhibition of calpain leads to the inhibition of focal adhesion-ECM separation. Focal adhesion components are amongst the known calpain substrates, and it is possible that calpain degrades these components to aid in focal adhesion disassembly[6]","title":"Adhesion dynamics with migrating cells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"traction force microscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_force_microscopy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Actin retrograde flow","text":"The assembly of nascent focal adhesions is highly dependent on the process of retrograde actin flow. This is the phenomenon in a migrating cell where actin filaments polymerize at the leading edge and flow back towards the cell body. This is the source of traction required for migration; the focal adhesion acts as a molecular clutch when it tethers to the ECM and impedes the retrograde movement of actin, thus generating the pulling (traction) force at the site of the adhesion that is necessary for the cell to move forward. This traction can be visualized with traction force microscopy. A common metaphor to explain actin retrograde flow is a large number of people being washed downriver, and as they do so, some of them hang on to rocks and branches along the bank to stop their downriver motion. Thus, a pulling force is generated onto the rock or branch that they are hanging on to. These forces are necessary for the successful assembly, growth, and maturation of focal adhesions.[7]","title":"Adhesion dynamics with migrating cells"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Src kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Src_kinase"},{"link_name":"myosin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myosin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"durotaxis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durotaxis"}],"sub_title":"Natural biomechanical sensor","text":"Extracellular mechanical forces, which are exerted through focal adhesions, can activate Src kinase and stimulate the growth of the adhesions. This indicates that focal adhesions may function as mechanical sensors, and suggests that force generated from myosin fibers could contribute to maturing the focal complexes.[8]\nThis gains further support from the fact that inhibition of myosin-generated forces leads to slow disassembly of focal adhesions, by changing the turnover kinetics of the focal adhesion proteins.[9]The relationship between forces on focal adhesions and their compositional maturation, however, remains unclear. For instance, preventing focal adhesion maturation by inhibiting myosin activity or stress fiber assembly does not prevent forces sustained by focal adhesions, nor does it prevent cells from migrating.[10][11] Thus force propagation through focal adhesions may not be sensed directly by cells at all time and force scales.Their role in mechanosensing is important for durotaxis.","title":"Adhesion dynamics with migrating cells"}]
[{"image_text":"Immunofluorescence coloration of actin (green) and the focal adhesion protein vinculin (red) in a fibroblast. Focal adhesions are visible as red dots at the end of the green bundles.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Focaladhesiondetail.jpg/300px-Focaladhesiondetail.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Actin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actin"},{"title":"TES (protein)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TES_(protein)"},{"title":"Paxillin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paxillin"}]
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Journal of Cell Science. 124 (Pt 9): 1425–1432. doi:10.1242/jcs.077388. PMC 3078811. PMID 21486952.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3078811","url_text":"\"Actomyosin-generated tension controls the molecular kinetics of focal adhesions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjcs.077388","url_text":"10.1242/jcs.077388"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3078811","url_text":"3078811"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21486952","url_text":"21486952"}]},{"reference":"Beningo KA, Dembo M, Kaverina I, Small JV, Wang YL (May 2001). \"Nascent focal adhesions are responsible for the generation of strong propulsive forces in migrating fibroblasts\". The Journal of Cell Biology. 153 (4): 881–888. doi:10.1083/jcb.153.4.881. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die-in
Die-in
["1 Examples","2 See also","3 References"]
Form of protest Die-in at the Queer Liberation March, 2019, in ManhattanDie-in protest against 2003 invasion of Iraq in Sheffield, England, United Kingdom.Die-in by I BIKE Dublin at Dublin City Council, 2019, in Dublin A die-in, sometimes known as a lie-in, is a form of protest in which participants simulate being dead. Die-ins are actions that have been used by a variety of protest groups on topics such as animal rights, anti-war, against traffic violence, human rights, AIDS, gun control, racism, abortion, and environmental issues. Often, protestors occupy an area for a short time instead of being forced to leave by the police. In the simplest form of a die-in, protesters simply lie down on the ground and pretend to be dead, sometimes covering themselves with signs or banners. The point of a die-in is to disrupt the flow of people on a street or sidewalk to grab the attention of passers-by. In more complex forms, fake blood or blood-stained bandages are sometimes used, as well as simulated death throes and writhing from the protesters in an attempt to make the deaths appear more realistic. In other cases, protesters have surrounded the "bodies" in chalk outlines reminiscent of the troped outlines around murder victims. This has been done as an attempt to symbolize that the organization being protested against has "murdered" people. Sometimes, part of the protesting group makes speeches about what is being protested while the rest of the group lies on the ground. Examples On 22 April 2006, thousands of protesters lay in the Francisco de Miranda avenue in Caracas, Venezuela, to protest against crime and insecurity during Hugo Chávez's government in a protest by Movimiento Estudiantil called "Acuéstate por la vida" (Lie Down for Life). On September 15, 2007, several thousand protested the Iraq war at the Capitol at Washington D.C. Hundreds "lay on the ground" on the Capitol lawn at the die-in. Over 190 were arrested, including ten veterans of that war. The "die"-in has been used to protest police brutality in the United States. It has been used by organizers in Ferguson, Missouri to protest the St. Louis Police Department's handling of Michael Brown's fatal shooting case in 2014, in New York City and the San Francisco Bay Area to protest the killing of Eric Garner, and in Chicago to protest the deaths of Alton Sterling and Philando Castile. On December 15, 2018, more than 100 members of the Cambridge division of international social movement Extinction Rebellion did this in the university city centre, to call the county and city authorities to declare a climate emergency. Die-in against ecological collapse by Extinction Rebellion in Natural History Museum, London After the murder of George Floyd in the United States in June 2020, many demonstrations included lie-ins lasting for 8 minutes and 46 seconds, the length of time initial reports said Chauvin knelt on Floyd's neck. On June 5, 2020, a die-in was staged outside Prime Minister Boris Johnson's Chief Adviser house in London to protest the Dominic Cummings scandal, in which former adviser Dominic Cummings made journeys stretching the rules of the UK's national lockdown. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Die-ins. Sit-in Apparent death Teach-in Protest Bed-In References ^ Blythe, Anne. "Former N.C. resident takes a stand against easy gun access". News Observer. The News & Observer Publishing Company. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2013. ^ The DxE Die-In - Killing is no Kindness (raw footage), archived from the original on 2021-12-12, retrieved 2019-10-23 ^ History of Cycling in the Netherlands ^ Donatella Della Porta; Abby Peterson; Herbert Reiter (2006). The Policing of Transnational Protest. Ashgate Publishing. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-7546-2676-3. ^ a b Thomas Vernon Reed (2005). The Art Of Protest: Culture And Activism From The Civil Rights Movement To The Streets Of Seattle. U of Minnesota Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-8166-3770-6. ^ Washington, Jesse. "In gun debate, two sides speak different languages". Associated Press. Retrieved 16 January 2013. ^ Mirzoeff, Nicholas D. (2015-08-10). "#BlackLivesMatter Is Breathing New Life Into the Die-In". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved 2022-02-10. ^ a b Sharon J. Smith (22 February 2011). The Young Activist's Guide to Building a Green Movement and Changing the World. Random House. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-60774-016-2. ^ a b Mark Andersen; Mark Jenkins (2003). Dance of Days: Two Decades of Punk in the Nation's Capital. Akashic Books. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-888451-44-3. ^ ""Acuéstate por la vida"... y se acostaron" (in European Spanish). La República. Retrieved 3 January 2018. ^ More Than 190 Arrested at D.C. Protest, Matthew Barakat, The Associated Press, The Washington Post, September 16, 2007 ^ Dueling Demonstrations As Thousands March to Capitol to Protest Iraq Conflict, 189 Arrested; War Supporters Take on 'Vocal Minority' Michelle Boorstein, V. Dion Haynes and Allison Klein, The Washington Post, Sunday, September 16, 2007; Page A08, Retrieved September 16, 2007 ^ In Ferguson, Tactics Set for Grand Jury Decision in Michael Brown Case, John Eligon, Julie Bosman and Monica Davey, The New York Times, Monday, November 16, 2014; Retrieved November 16, 2014 ^ Oakland, S.F. protesters denounce police killing of Eric Garner, Vivian Ho, Peter Fimrite and Kale Williams, "San Francisco Chronicle", Wednesday, December 3, 2014 ^ Chicago activists stage 'die-in' outside President Obama's South Side home Archived 2017-01-15 at the Wayback Machine, Craig Wall, "Fox 32 Chicago", Friday, July 8, 2016 ^ "Chants and applause as more than 100 protesters stage march and die-in in Cambridge's city centre". Cambridgeshire Live. December 15, 2018. Retrieved December 15, 2018. ^ Wehelie, Benazir; Woodyatt, Amy (June 3, 2020). "'I can't breathe': Hundreds lie down in protest". CNN. Retrieved 2020-06-04. ^ "Coronavirus: 'Die-in' outside Dominic Cummings's house over COVID-19 response". Sky News. 5 June 2020. vteAnti-war and peace movementPeace advocates Anti-nuclear organizations Anti-war movement Anti-war organizations Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions Coalition of Women for Peace Code Pink Conscientious objectors Counterculture Culture of Peace ECOPEACE Party Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp Iraq War resisters in Canada List of pacifist organisations List of peace activists New Socialist Party of Japan Pacifist Socialist Party Peace and conflict studies Peace camp Peace churches Peace commission Peace conference Peace congress Peace education Peace movement Peace psychology Peace treaty Peaceworker React, Include, Recycle Social Democratic Party (Japan) Unity The Women's Peace Crusade War resisters Women's International League for Peace and Freedom Ideologies Ahimsa Anarchism Anarcho-pacifism Anarcho-punks Christian anarchism Anti-imperialism Anti-nuclear movement Antimilitarism Appeasement Christian pacifism Deterrence theory Direct action Finvenkismo Green politics Hippie Isolationism Modern-war pacifism Non-interventionism Nonkilling Nonviolence Pacificism Pacifism Peace Satyagraha Soviet influence on the peace movement Testimony of peace World peace Media and cultural Art Books Concert Yutel for Peace Dances of Universal Peace Festival for Peace Films Imagine Piano Peace Project International Day of Non-Violence International Day of Peace Dialogue Among Civilizations List of peace prizes List of places named Peace Monuments and memorials Mother's Day Proclamation Nobel Peace Prize Concert Museums Peace & Love (festival) Peace journalism Peace News Promoting Enduring Peace Peace One Day Plays Promoting Enduring Peace Show of Peace Concert Songs Symbols The Non-Violence Project University for Peace World Peace Bell Association Japanese Peace Bell Women in Black World March for Peace and Nonviolence Slogans and tactics 1991–1992 anti-war protests in Belgrade Bed-In Central Park be-ins Civil disobedience Conflict resolution Counter-recruitment De-escalation Demilitarisation Department of Peace Desertion Draft evasion Die-in Economic sanctions Flower power Global Day of Action on Military Spending Human Be-In Lesson of Munich "Make love, not war" Non-aggression principle Nonviolent resistance Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention) Peace walk Peacebuilding Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces "Soldiers are murderers" Swords to ploughshares Teach-in "The whole world is watching" Third Party Non-violent Intervention "Turn the other cheek" "Violence begets violence" War tax resisters Opposition to specificwars or their aspects War of 1812 (UK; US) American Civil War Second Boer War World War I World War II Vietnam War list of protests War on Terror Iraq War Criticism Protests Afghanistan War Military action in Iran Sri Lankan Civil War 2011 intervention in Libya Anti-war protests in Russia (2014) 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine in Russia in Russian Far East Landmines Military taxation Nuclear disarmament Countries Canada Costa Rica Germany Israel Japan Netherlands Spain Sudan Switzerland United Kingdom United States Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir Category
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In other cases, protesters have surrounded the \"bodies\" in chalk outlines reminiscent of the troped outlines around murder victims. This has been done as an attempt to symbolize that the organization being protested against has \"murdered\" people.[5] Sometimes, part of the protesting group makes speeches about what is being protested while the rest of the group lies on the ground.[9]","title":"Die-in"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caracas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Hugo Chávez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"On September 15, 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_15,_2007_anti-war_protest"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"police brutality in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_brutality_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Ferguson, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferguson,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Michael Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_of_Michael_Brown"},{"link_name":"Eric Garner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Eric_Garner"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Alton Sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alton_Sterling"},{"link_name":"Philando Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philando_Castile"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Extinction Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"climate emergency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_emergency_declaration"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cambridgeshire-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Die-in.jpg"},{"link_name":"ecological collapse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_collapse"},{"link_name":"Extinction Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Natural History Museum, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London"},{"link_name":"murder of George Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_George_Floyd"},{"link_name":"many demonstrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests"},{"link_name":"8 minutes and 46 seconds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_minutes_and_46_seconds"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Boris Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Dominic Cummings scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Cummings_scandal"},{"link_name":"Dominic Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Cummings"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"On 22 April 2006, thousands of protesters lay in the Francisco de Miranda avenue in Caracas, Venezuela, to protest against crime and insecurity during Hugo Chávez's government in a protest by Movimiento Estudiantil called \"Acuéstate por la vida\" (Lie Down for Life).[10]On September 15, 2007, several thousand protested the Iraq war at the Capitol at Washington D.C. Hundreds \"lay on the ground\" on the Capitol lawn at the die-in. Over 190[11] were arrested, including ten veterans of that war.[12]The \"die\"-in has been used to protest police brutality in the United States. It has been used by organizers in Ferguson, Missouri to protest the St. Louis Police Department's handling of Michael Brown's fatal shooting case in 2014, in New York City and the San Francisco Bay Area to protest the killing of Eric Garner, and in Chicago to protest the deaths of Alton Sterling and Philando Castile.[13][14][15]On December 15, 2018, more than 100 members of the Cambridge division of international social movement Extinction Rebellion did this in the university city centre, to call the county and city authorities to declare a climate emergency.[16]Die-in against ecological collapse by Extinction Rebellion in Natural History Museum, LondonAfter the murder of George Floyd in the United States in June 2020, many demonstrations included lie-ins lasting for 8 minutes and 46 seconds, the length of time initial reports said Chauvin knelt on Floyd's neck.[17]On June 5, 2020, a die-in was staged outside Prime Minister Boris Johnson's Chief Adviser house in London to protest the Dominic Cummings scandal, in which former adviser Dominic Cummings made journeys stretching the rules of the UK's national lockdown.[18]","title":"Examples"}]
[{"image_text":"Die-in at the Queer Liberation March, 2019, in Manhattan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Die-in_at_the_Queer_Liberation_March_01.jpg/220px-Die-in_at_the_Queer_Liberation_March_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Die-in protest against 2003 invasion of Iraq in Sheffield, England, United Kingdom.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Die_In.jpg/220px-Die_In.jpg"},{"image_text":"Die-in by I BIKE Dublin at Dublin City Council, 2019, in Dublin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/IBIKEDublin_DieIn.jpg/220px-IBIKEDublin_DieIn.jpg"},{"image_text":"Die-in against ecological collapse by Extinction Rebellion in Natural History Museum, London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Die-in.jpg/220px-Die-in.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Die-ins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Die-ins"},{"title":"Sit-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sit-in"},{"title":"Apparent death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apparent_death"},{"title":"Teach-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teach-in"},{"title":"Protest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest"},{"title":"Bed-In","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed-In"}]
[{"reference":"Blythe, Anne. \"Former N.C. resident takes a stand against easy gun access\". News Observer. The News & Observer Publishing Company. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 16 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130216125943/http://www.newsobserver.com/2013/01/15/2610066/former-nc-resident-takes-a-stand.html","url_text":"\"Former N.C. resident takes a stand against easy gun access\""},{"url":"http://www.newsobserver.com/2013/01/15/2610066/former-nc-resident-takes-a-stand.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"The DxE Die-In - Killing is no Kindness (raw footage), archived from the original on 2021-12-12, retrieved 2019-10-23","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tIFMZEJ2nQw","url_text":"The DxE Die-In - Killing is no Kindness (raw footage)"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/tIFMZEJ2nQw","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Donatella Della Porta; Abby Peterson; Herbert Reiter (2006). The Policing of Transnational Protest. Ashgate Publishing. p. 92. ISBN 978-0-7546-2676-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatella_della_Porta","url_text":"Donatella Della Porta"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/policingtransnat00port","url_text":"The Policing of Transnational Protest"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/policingtransnat00port/page/n102","url_text":"92"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-2676-3","url_text":"978-0-7546-2676-3"}]},{"reference":"Thomas Vernon Reed (2005). The Art Of Protest: Culture And Activism From The Civil Rights Movement To The Streets Of Seattle. U of Minnesota Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-0-8166-3770-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/artprotestcultur00reed","url_text":"The Art Of Protest: Culture And Activism From The Civil Rights Movement To The Streets Of Seattle"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/artprotestcultur00reed/page/n219","url_text":"195"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-3770-6","url_text":"978-0-8166-3770-6"}]},{"reference":"Washington, Jesse. \"In gun debate, two sides speak different languages\". Associated Press. Retrieved 16 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.yahoo.com/gun-debate-two-sides-speak-different-languages-142421857.html","url_text":"\"In gun debate, two sides speak different languages\""}]},{"reference":"Mirzoeff, Nicholas D. (2015-08-10). \"#BlackLivesMatter Is Breathing New Life Into the Die-In\". The New Republic. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved 2022-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://newrepublic.com/article/122513/blacklivesmatter-breathing-new-life-die","url_text":"\"#BlackLivesMatter Is Breathing New Life Into the Die-In\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-6583","url_text":"0028-6583"}]},{"reference":"Sharon J. Smith (22 February 2011). The Young Activist's Guide to Building a Green Movement and Changing the World. Random House. p. 117. ISBN 978-1-60774-016-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60774-016-2","url_text":"978-1-60774-016-2"}]},{"reference":"Mark Andersen; Mark Jenkins (2003). Dance of Days: Two Decades of Punk in the Nation's Capital. Akashic Books. p. 170. ISBN 978-1-888451-44-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-888451-44-3","url_text":"978-1-888451-44-3"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Acuéstate por la vida\"... y se acostaron\" (in European Spanish). La República. Retrieved 3 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://larepublica.pe/mundo/285289-acuestate-por-la-vida-y-se-acostaron","url_text":"\"\"Acuéstate por la vida\"... y se acostaron\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chants and applause as more than 100 protesters stage march and die-in in Cambridge's city centre\". Cambridgeshire Live. December 15, 2018. Retrieved December 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge-news.co.uk/news/cambridge-news/live-updates-protest-cambridge-grafton-15555155","url_text":"\"Chants and applause as more than 100 protesters stage march and die-in in Cambridge's city centre\""}]},{"reference":"Wehelie, Benazir; Woodyatt, Amy (June 3, 2020). \"'I can't breathe': Hundreds lie down in protest\". CNN. Retrieved 2020-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/03/world/gallery/george-floyd-lie-down-intl-scli/index.html","url_text":"\"'I can't breathe': Hundreds lie down in protest\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coronavirus: 'Die-in' outside Dominic Cummings's house over COVID-19 response\". Sky News. 5 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-die-in-outside-dominic-cummings-house-over-covid-19-response-12000769","url_text":"\"Coronavirus: 'Die-in' outside Dominic Cummings's house over COVID-19 response\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_Shoemaker_Wagstaff
Blanche Shoemaker Wagstaff
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Published works","5 References","6 External links"]
American writer Blanche Shoemaker WagstaffBlanche Wagstaff, from a 1918 publicationBornBlanche LeRoy Shoemaker(1888-07-10)July 10, 1888Larchmont, New York, U.S.DiedDecember 15, 1967(1967-12-15) (aged 79)Virginia Water, Surrey, EnglandSpouses Alfred Wagstaff III ​ ​(m. 1907; div. 1920)​ Donald Carr ​ ​(m. 1921; died 1961)​ ChildrenAlfred Wagstaff IVParent(s)Henry Francis ShoemakerBlanche Quiggle ShoemakerRelativesHenry W. Shoemaker (brother) Blanche Shoemaker Wagstaff (née Shoemaker, later Carr) (July 10, 1888 – December 15, 1967) was an American poet. Early life Blanche was born in Larchmont, New York, on July 10, 1888, but spent much of her life in New York City. She was the only daughter of Henry Francis Shoemaker (1843–1918), a railroad magnate and close confidante of future vice president Charles W. Fairbanks, and Blanche (née Quiggle) Shoemaker (1853–1928). Among her siblings were Henry Wharton Shoemaker and William Brock Shoemaker, who married Ella Morris De Peyster (a daughter of Frederic James De Peyster) in 1905, but died tragically in an elevator accident a few months after his wedding in 1906. Her mother was the sole daughter of railroad magnate and diplomat Col. James W. Quiggle of Philadelphia and Lock Haven, Pennsylvania. She began writing at age 7, and had sold her first poem, to Town & Country, by age 16. In 1905, her portrait was painted by the French artist Théobald Chartran. After she made her debut in New York City, she was presented at the Court of St. James and later had a private interview with Pope Pius. Career Blanche served for a time as the associate editor of The International, a magazine founded by her close friend George Sylvester Viereck, whose sensual, decadent verse mirrored Wagstaff's. She praised his work, although the two had a falling out over Viereck's support of Germany in the first World War, later reconciling in 1924. Her verse often dealt with sensual and classical themes, and twelve of her poems were anthologized in T. R. Smith's 1921 erotic verse collection Poetica Erotica. Her 1944 book for children, The Beloved Son, was a life of Jesus in verse. H. L. Mencken praised Wagstaff's poetic drama Alcestis for its "constant novelty and ingenuity of epithet", though he thought at times she let "her adjectives run riot". Personal life In 1907, she married Alfred Wagstaff III (1881–1930), the eldest son of Alfred Wagstaff Jr. Before their divorce in 1920, they were the parents of: Alfred Wagstaff IV (1908–1982), who married Julia A. C. Frederick, a daughter of William P. Frederick and descendant of Chief Justice John Marshall, in 1949. After their divorce, she married well known real estate broker and amateur golf player Donald Carr on July 30, 1921, at Bide-a-Wee, her country place in Manchester, Vermont. During the ceremony, the officiating clergyman read one of her new poems entitled Marriage. Carr, who owned Cedarcliff in Riverside, Connecticut, was the son of Henry Shaler Carr and Tamzin (née Shaler) Carr (a daughter of Civil War Gen. Alexander Shaler). In 1934, she sold two business buildings, 24 and 26 East 54th Street, adjoining the southwest corner of Madison Avenue, in midtown Manhattan for $400,000. The five-story building at 24 East 54th Street was a wedding gift from her father upon her marriage to Wagstaff. She had acquired the adjoining five-story building at 26 East 54th Street in 1921 and had them renovated for commercial use and leased to single tenants. Carr died in 1961. Blanche died on December 15, 1967, in Virginia Water in the Borough of Runnymede in Surrey, England. She was interred at the Shoemaker Mausoleum in Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx. Published works The Song of Youth (1905) Woven of Dreams (1908) Atys, a Grecian Idyl, and Other Poems (1909) Alcestis: A Poetic Drama (1911) Colonial Plays for the School-room (1912) Eris: a Dramatic Allegory (1914) The Book of Love (1917) Narcissus and Other Poems (1918) Quiet Waters (1921) Bob, the Spaniel: the True Story of a Springer (1927) Mortality and Other Poems (1930) The Beloved Son (1944) After the Flesh (1953) Sonnets to Parsifal (1960) References ^ "A Day's Weddings.; Shoemaker -- De Peyster". The New York Times. 15 December 1905. Retrieved 26 February 2018. ^ Leonard, John William (1907). Men of America: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporaries. L.R. Hamersly. p. 1960. Retrieved 26 February 2018. ^ "BROKER SHOEMAKER KILLED.; Elevator Started as He Was Getting Off and Crushed His Leg". The New York Times. 22 June 1906. Retrieved 26 February 2018. ^ "PA State Archives: Manuscript Group 114 HENRY W. SHOEMAKER COLLECTION 1841-1955". Retrieved 8 December 2011. ^ a b "Blanche Shoemaker Wagstaff". ViereckProject. 2014. Archived from the original on March 13, 2014. Retrieved 2014-03-13. ^ a b c d "Mrs. B.S. Wagstaff Weds Donald Carr – Her New Poem" (PDF). The New York Times. 31 July 1921. Retrieved 18 April 2019. ^ The Lyric Year: One Hundred Poems. Page 314. M. Kennerley, 1912. ^ "From The Book of Love", in T.R. Smith (ed.), Poetica Erotica, Volume 2. New York: Boni and Liveright, 1921, pp. 260-263. ^ "Bacchante", in T.R. Smith (ed.), Poetica Erotica, Volume 2. New York: Boni and Liveright, 1921, p. 281. ^ Office, Library of Congress Copyright (1967). Catalog of Copyright Entries. Third Series: 1964: July-December. Copyright Office, Library of Congress. p. 2172. Retrieved 6 October 2021. ^ Wagstaff, Blanche Shoemaker (1951). The Beloved Son: The Life of Jesus for Children. B. Humphries. Retrieved 6 October 2021. ^ Moore, George S.; Brack, O. M. (1988). George Moore on Parnassus: Letters (1900-1933) to Secretaries, Publishers, Printers, Agents, Literati, Friends, and Acquaintances. University of Delaware Press. ISBN 978-0-87413-152-9. Retrieved 6 October 2021. ^ H. L. Mencken, The Collected Drama of H. L. Mencken: Plays and Criticism, edited by S. T. Joshi (Lanham: The Scarecrow Press, 2012), p. 217. ^ "Alfred Wagstaff Dead – Son of Late Colonel Was Well Known in Social Life of New York" (PDF). The New York Times. 11 December 1930. Retrieved 18 April 2019. ^ "WAGSTAFF BABY CHRISTENED.; Named Alfred Wagstaff, Third -- Receives Great-Grandfather's Tankards". The New York Times. 1 December 1908. p. 6. Retrieved 6 October 2021. ^ "JULIA FREDERICK IS MARRIED HERE; Descendant of John Marshall Wd to Alfred Wagstaff 3d in Chapel of Christ Church". The New York Times. 22 March 1949. Retrieved 6 October 2021. ^ a b "BUSINESS SITES IN $400,000 DEAL; Mrs. Donald Carr Sells Two East 54th St. Buildings to an Investor. ONE WAS HER RESIDENCE Operators Make Quick Turnovers of Apartment Houses They Bought Recently". The New York Times. 28 February 1934. Retrieved 6 October 2021. ^ "DONALD CARR DEAD; SPORTSMAN WAS 74". The New York Times. 5 August 1961. Retrieved 6 October 2021. External links Blanche LeRoy Shoemaker Carr at Find a Grave Entry on Wagstaff at the ViereckProject Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Netherlands Other SNAC
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She was the only daughter of Henry Francis Shoemaker (1843–1918), a railroad magnate and close confidante of future vice president Charles W. Fairbanks, and Blanche (née Quiggle) Shoemaker (1853–1928). Among her siblings were Henry Wharton Shoemaker and William Brock Shoemaker, who married Ella Morris De Peyster (a daughter of Frederic James De Peyster) in 1905,[1] but died tragically in an elevator accident a few months after his wedding in 1906.[2][3] Her mother was the sole daughter of railroad magnate and diplomat Col. James W. Quiggle of Philadelphia and Lock Haven, Pennsylvania.[4]She began writing at age 7, and had sold her first poem, to Town & Country, by age 16.[5] In 1905, her portrait was painted by the French artist Théobald Chartran. After she made her debut in New York City, she was presented at the Court of St. James and later had a private interview with Pope Pius.[6]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"George Sylvester Viereck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sylvester_Viereck"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ViereckProject-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LoC1967-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wagstaff1951-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moore1988-12"},{"link_name":"H. L. 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Mencken praised Wagstaff's poetic drama Alcestis for its \"constant novelty and ingenuity of epithet\", though he thought at times she let \"her adjectives run riot\".[13]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfred Wagstaff Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wagstaff_Jr."},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWObit1930-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1908Birth-15"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"John Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1949Wedding-16"},{"link_name":"Manchester, Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester,_Vermont"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1921Wedding-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1921Wedding-6"},{"link_name":"Riverside, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"née","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Alexander Shaler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Shaler"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1921Wedding-6"},{"link_name":"East 54th Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/54th_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Madison Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Avenue"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1934Sale-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1934Sale-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1961CarrObit-18"},{"link_name":"Virginia Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Water"},{"link_name":"Borough of Runnymede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_of_Runnymede"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Woodlawn Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlawn_Cemetery_(Bronx,_New_York)"}],"text":"In 1907, she married Alfred Wagstaff III (1881–1930), the eldest son of Alfred Wagstaff Jr.[14] Before their divorce in 1920, they were the parents of:[15]Alfred Wagstaff IV (1908–1982), who married Julia A. C. Frederick, a daughter of William P. Frederick and descendant of Chief Justice John Marshall, in 1949.[16]After their divorce, she married well known real estate broker and amateur golf player Donald Carr on July 30, 1921, at Bide-a-Wee, her country place in Manchester, Vermont.[6] During the ceremony, the officiating clergyman read one of her new poems entitled Marriage.[6] Carr, who owned Cedarcliff in Riverside, Connecticut, was the son of Henry Shaler Carr and Tamzin (née Shaler) Carr (a daughter of Civil War Gen. Alexander Shaler).[6]In 1934, she sold two business buildings, 24 and 26 East 54th Street, adjoining the southwest corner of Madison Avenue, in midtown Manhattan for $400,000.[17] The five-story building at 24 East 54th Street was a wedding gift from her father upon her marriage to Wagstaff. She had acquired the adjoining five-story building at 26 East 54th Street in 1921 and had them renovated for commercial use and leased to single tenants.[17]Carr died in 1961.[18] Blanche died on December 15, 1967, in Virginia Water in the Borough of Runnymede in Surrey, England. She was interred at the Shoemaker Mausoleum in Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Song of Youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/songofyouthpoems00wags"},{"link_name":"Woven of Dreams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/wovenofdreamspoe00wags"},{"link_name":"Atys, a Grecian Idyl, and Other Poems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/atysagrecianidyl00wagsiala"},{"link_name":"Alcestis: A Poetic Drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100564314"},{"link_name":"Colonial Plays for the School-room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/colonialplaysfor00wags"},{"link_name":"Eris: a Dramatic Allegory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/erisdramaticalle00wags"},{"link_name":"The Book of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bookoflove00wagsiala"},{"link_name":"Narcissus and Other Poems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/narcissusotherpo00wags"},{"link_name":"Quiet Waters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/quietwaters00wagsrich"}],"text":"The Song of Youth (1905)\nWoven of Dreams (1908)\nAtys, a Grecian Idyl, and Other Poems (1909)\nAlcestis: A Poetic Drama (1911)\nColonial Plays for the School-room (1912)\nEris: a Dramatic Allegory (1914)\nThe Book of Love (1917)\nNarcissus and Other Poems (1918)\nQuiet Waters (1921)\nBob, the Spaniel: the True Story of a Springer (1927)\nMortality and Other Poems (1930)\nThe Beloved Son (1944)\nAfter the Flesh (1953)\nSonnets to Parsifal (1960)","title":"Published works"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"A Day's Weddings.; Shoemaker -- De Peyster\". The New York Times. 15 December 1905. Retrieved 26 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1905/12/15/archives/a-days-weddings-shoemaker-de-peyster.html","url_text":"\"A Day's Weddings.; Shoemaker -- De Peyster\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Leonard, John William (1907). Men of America: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporaries. L.R. Hamersly. p. 1960. Retrieved 26 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nW1bTkMF2UMC&pg=PA1960","url_text":"Men of America: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporaries"}]},{"reference":"\"BROKER SHOEMAKER KILLED.; Elevator Started as He Was Getting Off and Crushed His Leg\". The New York Times. 22 June 1906. Retrieved 26 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1906/06/22/archives/broker-shoemaker-killed-elevator-started-as-he-was-getting-off-and.html","url_text":"\"BROKER SHOEMAKER KILLED.; Elevator Started as He Was Getting Off and Crushed His Leg\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"PA State Archives: Manuscript Group 114 HENRY W. SHOEMAKER COLLECTION 1841-1955\". Retrieved 8 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/dam/mg/mg114.htm","url_text":"\"PA State Archives: Manuscript Group 114 HENRY W. SHOEMAKER COLLECTION 1841-1955\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blanche Shoemaker Wagstaff\". ViereckProject. 2014. Archived from the original on March 13, 2014. Retrieved 2014-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140313023059/http://viereckproject.wikispaces.com/Blanche%2BShoemaker%2BWagstaff","url_text":"\"Blanche Shoemaker Wagstaff\""},{"url":"http://viereckproject.wikispaces.com/Blanche+Shoemaker+Wagstaff","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mrs. B.S. Wagstaff Weds Donald Carr – Her New Poem\" (PDF). The New York Times. 31 July 1921. Retrieved 18 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/07/31/109334570.pdf","url_text":"\"Mrs. B.S. Wagstaff Weds Donald Carr – Her New Poem\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Office, Library of Congress Copyright (1967). Catalog of Copyright Entries. Third Series: 1964: July-December. Copyright Office, Library of Congress. p. 2172. Retrieved 6 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_x0hAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Catalog of Copyright Entries. Third Series: 1964: July-December"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress","url_text":"Library of Congress"}]},{"reference":"Wagstaff, Blanche Shoemaker (1951). The Beloved Son: The Life of Jesus for Children. B. Humphries. Retrieved 6 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RN1TmAEACAAJ","url_text":"The Beloved Son: The Life of Jesus for Children"}]},{"reference":"Moore, George S.; Brack, O. M. (1988). George Moore on Parnassus: Letters (1900-1933) to Secretaries, Publishers, Printers, Agents, Literati, Friends, and Acquaintances. University of Delaware Press. ISBN 978-0-87413-152-9. Retrieved 6 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=leI5kTtaAkgC","url_text":"George Moore on Parnassus: Letters (1900-1933) to Secretaries, Publishers, Printers, Agents, Literati, Friends, and Acquaintances"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Delaware_Press","url_text":"University of Delaware Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87413-152-9","url_text":"978-0-87413-152-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Alfred Wagstaff Dead – Son of Late Colonel Was Well Known in Social Life of New York\" (PDF). The New York Times. 11 December 1930. Retrieved 18 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/12/11/118201212.pdf","url_text":"\"Alfred Wagstaff Dead – Son of Late Colonel Was Well Known in Social Life of New York\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"WAGSTAFF BABY CHRISTENED.; Named Alfred Wagstaff, Third -- Receives Great-Grandfather's Tankards\". The New York Times. 1 December 1908. p. 6. Retrieved 6 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1908/12/01/archives/wagstaff-baby-christened-named-alfred-wagstaff-third-receives.html","url_text":"\"WAGSTAFF BABY CHRISTENED.; Named Alfred Wagstaff, Third -- Receives Great-Grandfather's Tankards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"JULIA FREDERICK IS MARRIED HERE; Descendant of John Marshall Wd to Alfred Wagstaff 3d in Chapel of Christ Church\". The New York Times. 22 March 1949. Retrieved 6 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1949/03/22/archives/julia-frederick-is-married-here-descendant-of-john-marshall-wd-to.html","url_text":"\"JULIA FREDERICK IS MARRIED HERE; Descendant of John Marshall Wd to Alfred Wagstaff 3d in Chapel of Christ Church\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"BUSINESS SITES IN $400,000 DEAL; Mrs. Donald Carr Sells Two East 54th St. Buildings to an Investor. ONE WAS HER RESIDENCE Operators Make Quick Turnovers of Apartment Houses They Bought Recently\". The New York Times. 28 February 1934. Retrieved 6 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1934/02/28/archives/business-sites-in-400000-deal-mrs-donald-carr-sells-two-east-54th.html","url_text":"\"BUSINESS SITES IN $400,000 DEAL; Mrs. Donald Carr Sells Two East 54th St. Buildings to an Investor. ONE WAS HER RESIDENCE Operators Make Quick Turnovers of Apartment Houses They Bought Recently\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"DONALD CARR DEAD; SPORTSMAN WAS 74\". The New York Times. 5 August 1961. Retrieved 6 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1961/08/05/archives/donald-carr-dead-sportsman-was-741.html","url_text":"\"DONALD CARR DEAD; SPORTSMAN WAS 74\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/songofyouthpoems00wags","external_links_name":"The Song of Youth"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/wovenofdreamspoe00wags","external_links_name":"Woven of Dreams"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/atysagrecianidyl00wagsiala","external_links_name":"Atys, a Grecian Idyl, and Other Poems"},{"Link":"https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100564314","external_links_name":"Alcestis: A Poetic Drama"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/colonialplaysfor00wags","external_links_name":"Colonial Plays for the School-room"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/erisdramaticalle00wags","external_links_name":"Eris: a Dramatic Allegory"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/bookoflove00wagsiala","external_links_name":"The Book of Love"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/narcissusotherpo00wags","external_links_name":"Narcissus and Other Poems"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/quietwaters00wagsrich","external_links_name":"Quiet Waters"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1905/12/15/archives/a-days-weddings-shoemaker-de-peyster.html","external_links_name":"\"A Day's Weddings.; Shoemaker -- De Peyster\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nW1bTkMF2UMC&pg=PA1960","external_links_name":"Men of America: A Biographical Dictionary of Contemporaries"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1906/06/22/archives/broker-shoemaker-killed-elevator-started-as-he-was-getting-off-and.html","external_links_name":"\"BROKER SHOEMAKER KILLED.; Elevator Started as He Was Getting Off and Crushed His Leg\""},{"Link":"http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bah/dam/mg/mg114.htm","external_links_name":"\"PA State Archives: Manuscript Group 114 HENRY W. SHOEMAKER COLLECTION 1841-1955\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140313023059/http://viereckproject.wikispaces.com/Blanche%2BShoemaker%2BWagstaff","external_links_name":"\"Blanche Shoemaker Wagstaff\""},{"Link":"http://viereckproject.wikispaces.com/Blanche+Shoemaker+Wagstaff","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/07/31/109334570.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Mrs. B.S. Wagstaff Weds Donald Carr – Her New Poem\""},{"Link":"https://www.bartleby.com/334/562.html","external_links_name":"\"From The Book of Love\""},{"Link":"https://www.bartleby.com/334/581.html","external_links_name":"\"Bacchante\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_x0hAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Catalog of Copyright Entries. Third Series: 1964: July-December"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RN1TmAEACAAJ","external_links_name":"The Beloved Son: The Life of Jesus for Children"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=leI5kTtaAkgC","external_links_name":"George Moore on Parnassus: Letters (1900-1933) to Secretaries, Publishers, Printers, Agents, Literati, Friends, and Acquaintances"},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1930/12/11/118201212.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Alfred Wagstaff Dead – Son of Late Colonel Was Well Known in Social Life of New York\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1908/12/01/archives/wagstaff-baby-christened-named-alfred-wagstaff-third-receives.html","external_links_name":"\"WAGSTAFF BABY CHRISTENED.; Named Alfred Wagstaff, Third -- Receives Great-Grandfather's Tankards\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1949/03/22/archives/julia-frederick-is-married-here-descendant-of-john-marshall-wd-to.html","external_links_name":"\"JULIA FREDERICK IS MARRIED HERE; Descendant of John Marshall Wd to Alfred Wagstaff 3d in Chapel of Christ Church\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1934/02/28/archives/business-sites-in-400000-deal-mrs-donald-carr-sells-two-east-54th.html","external_links_name":"\"BUSINESS SITES IN $400,000 DEAL; Mrs. Donald Carr Sells Two East 54th St. Buildings to an Investor. ONE WAS HER RESIDENCE Operators Make Quick Turnovers of Apartment Houses They Bought Recently\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1961/08/05/archives/donald-carr-dead-sportsman-was-741.html","external_links_name":"\"DONALD CARR DEAD; SPORTSMAN WAS 74\""},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/191501625","external_links_name":"Blanche LeRoy Shoemaker Carr"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140313023059/http://viereckproject.wikispaces.com/Blanche%2BShoemaker%2BWagstaff","external_links_name":"Entry on Wagstaff at the ViereckProject"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1856614/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000036299404","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/58456073","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwhCGvfgHht4GK8yPt9Xd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2003075859","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p260304212","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6766rpd","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abigail_Lawrie
Abigail Lawrie
["1 Early life and work","2 Career","3 Filmography","3.1 Film","3.2 Television","4 Stage","5 Awards and nominations","6 References","7 External links"]
Scottish actress (born 1997) Abigail LawrieBorn1997 (age 26–27)Aberdeen, ScotlandYears active2014–present Abigail Lawrie (born 1997) is a Scottish actress. She won a Scottish BAFTA for her performance in the Sky Atlantic crime drama Tin Star (2017–2020). Lawrie made her screen debut in the BBC miniseries The Casual Vacancy (2015). Early life and work Lawrie was born and raised in Aberdeen, where she attended a local drama club as a child. At the age of 14 she moved with her family to London, where she attended The Harrodian School and became involved with its drama department. With this she performed in plays including a two-week stint at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. Career In 2014, Lawrie was cast as Krystal Weedon, a troubled teenager, in the three-part BBC adaptation of The Casual Vacancy. In the same year Lawrie also appeared on stage in London at the Orange Tree Theatre, where she performed in When We Were Women. In 2017 she portrayed Sophie Lancaster in the TV movie Murdered for Being Different, which is based on the murder of Sophie Lancaster. Lawrie starred in three series of Tin Star in which she played Anna, a member of the Worth family, who are running from their dark past. In 2019, Lawrie played Finnoula in Our Ladies based on the Alan Warner novel The Sopranos. In 2023 she played the role of Lana in No Escape, and Elspeth in Good Omens. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 2016 Crumble Lindsey Short film 2017 The Man with the Iron Heart Libena Fafek Chocolate Pieces Sara Short film 2019 Our Ladies Finnoula 2020 She She / Her Short film 2022 Canyon Del Muerto Ann Axtell Morris Television Year Title Role Notes 2015 The Casual Vacancy Krystal Weedon Miniseries 2017 Murdered for Being Different Sophie Lancaster Television film 2017–2020 Tin Star Anna Worth 25 episodes 2022 Strike Margot Bamborough 3 episodes 2023 No Escape Lana 7 episodes Good Omens Elspeth 1 episode Stage 2015: When We Were Women (Orange Tree Theatre) 2017: This Beautiful Future (The Yard Theatre) Awards and nominations Year Award Category Work Result Ref. 2021 British Academy Scotland Awards Best Actress – Television Tin Star Won References ^ a b David Hutchison: Abigail Lawrie: ‘Ours can be a brutal industry’. The Stage, 2015-09-13 ^ "Abigail Lawrie on her Orange Tree Theatre Debut". The Resident. 9 September 2015. Archived from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2017. ^ Warner, Sam (13 April 2023). "Tin Star and Honour stars in first-look trailer of new thriller No Escape". Digital Spy. Retrieved 10 May 2023. ^ Goldbart, Max (7 March 2022). "Paramount+ Greenlights Fourth UK Original 'The Blue'; Filming To Commence In Thailand Later This Year". Deadline. Retrieved 17 October 2022. External links Abigail Lawrie at IMDb Authority control databases International VIAF National United States
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Abigail Lawrie on her Orange Tree Theatre Debut\". The Resident. 9 September 2015. Archived from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theresident.co.uk/london-culture-events/celeb-interviews/actress-abigail-lawrie/","url_text":"\"Abigail Lawrie on her Orange Tree Theatre Debut\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160328194845/http://www.theresident.co.uk:80/london-culture-events/celeb-interviews/actress-abigail-lawrie/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Warner, Sam (13 April 2023). \"Tin Star and Honour stars in first-look trailer of new thriller No Escape\". Digital Spy. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a43576206/no-escape-trailer-abigail-lawrie-rhianne-barreto/","url_text":"\"Tin Star and Honour stars in first-look trailer of new thriller No Escape\""}]},{"reference":"Goldbart, Max (7 March 2022). \"Paramount+ Greenlights Fourth UK Original 'The Blue'; Filming To Commence In Thailand Later This Year\". Deadline. Retrieved 17 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2022/03/paramount-the-blue-1234970947/","url_text":"\"Paramount+ Greenlights Fourth UK Original 'The Blue'; Filming To Commence In Thailand Later This Year\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VC_CSKA_Sofia
VC CSKA Sofia
["1 Honours","1.1 International competitions","2 VC CSKA in Europe – Total statistics","3 VC CSKA Sofia in European Volleyball","4 Women's VC CSKA Sofia in European Volleyball","5 Season by season","6 Team (Men's)","7 Team (Women's)","8 External links"]
Professional volleyball team based in Sofia, Bulgaria For the parent multisport club, see USC CSKA Sofia. VC CSKA SofiaFull nameVolleyball club "CSKA Sofia"Short nameCSKA SofiaNickname"The Army Men""The Reds"Founded5 May 1948GroundVasil Simov Hall(Capacity: 1000)ChairmanAlexandar PopovManagerAlexandar PopovLeagueBulgarian Volleyball Super League2023/242ndWebsiteClub home pageUniforms Home Away USC CSKA Sofia FootballVolleyballBasketballHockeyWater poloHandballAthleticsGymnasticsChessBoxingWeightliftingCyclingWrestlingJudoRowingShootingSkiBiathlonTennisKickboxingSwimming VC CSKA Sofia, is a professional volleyball team based in Sofia, Bulgaria. It plays in the Bulgaria volley league. On 5 May 1948 establishing a sports club "September at CDV" which incorporates seven club sports, including volleyball. His successor is consistent volleyball teams CDNV, CDNA, CSKA "Cherveno zname", CSKA "Septemvriysko zname" CSKA and again that in the period 1948 – 2022 г. won 29 titles in men and 22 for women and 19 cups Bulgaria in men and 19 in women. Abbreviation Club "CSKA" means "Central Sports Club of the Army". In the year of his championship winning team and laid the foundations of volleyball VC CSKA, Kostadin Shopov (player-coach of the team), Dragomir Stoyanov, Dimitar Dimitrov, Dimitar Elenkov, Konstantin Totev, Ivan Ivanov, Dimitar Dimitrov, Peter Shishkov, Alexander Velev Milko Karaivanov (then coach of the male and female trimmings). For several decades CSKA established itself as a brand name for professional success in the field of volleyball, known both nationally and globally. Proof of that are earned in 1969 and 1976 European Cup and Cup of buying men's team of CSKA. The first European title in CSKA (1969) was actually the first ever medal won by the Bulgarian men's team in team sports. In the history of Bulgarian volleyball, it contributed to popularizing the sport in Bulgaria, and in addition gives a solid dose of confidence to its development in the country. Fact receiving confirmation the following year when Sofia's World Volleyball Championship, which the Bulgarian national team took second place, and the best player of the tournament selected was Dimitar Zlatanov. With this success starts factual affirmation of our national team in the world, and enjoying time with an extremely good reputation in the international field. European awards for women in the period 1979 – 1984 years. (1979 Cup, 1984 Cup Winners' Cup in 1982) raised the prestige of the women's division in the club and start a serious domination of the domestic championship, CSKA in the 1980s. Among other successes CSKA during 1978 – 1980, were the prelude and the European Cup of Bulgaria from the European Championships in Sofia during 1981. From this point you can safely say that the players of CSKA always been the giants of the national teams of Bulgaria. Over the years the club has contributed to the realization of several generations of talented volleyball players that have become legends of the Bulgarian volleyball. These include E. Zlatanov (won eight titles), Ivan Ivanov, D. Karov, Ivan Seferinov, Ivan Nikolov (won eight league titles as a player and five championships as head coach of CSKA Sofia), Borislav Kiossev (won most titles – 9), Lyubo Ganev, N. Ivanov, V. Todorov, Aleksandar Popov, K. Todorov and many others. Women should not be missed unforgettable moments with the red team M. Mineva, M. Stoeva, R. Kaisheva, E. Shahanova, T. Bozhurina, V. Stoyanova, V. Nikolova, P. Natova, E. Pashova, M. Kyoseva, C. Haralampieva, Desislava Nikodimova and Elitsa Nikodimova, A. Zetova, N. Marinova, V. Borisova and others. Are undeniable merits to the development and validation of VC CSKA by coaching staffs. Generations coaches in their work with adolescent athletes and gave reason to talk about School of CSKA and mostly Bulgarian volleyball school. Family Shahanova, Dimitar Dimitrov, Milko Karaivanov, Vasil Simov, Ivan Nikolov, Dimitar Karov, Maria Mineva, Verka Nikolova, Stefan Hristov, Alexandar Popov, Atanas Petrov, Katia Marashlieva and many others. Shahanova created a generation Stoeva, Stoyanova, Kaisheva. Vasil Simov it further developed, laying the groundwork for the development of a new constellation of players like Pashova, Haralampieva, Desislava Nikodimova, Mila Kyoseva, Boneva and others. For men, he found and build volleyball greats Ivan Nikolov, Borislav Kyosev, Stefan Sokolov, Stefan Petrov, Stoyan Gunchev, Petko Petkov and others. Tireless in his last breath Ivan Nikolov teacher consecutive school talent from CSKA – Elitsa Nikodimova, Antonina Zetova, Yulia Ivanova, Neli Marinova, Valya Ivanova, Larisa Simeonova, Petia Popova and others. Honours Men NVL 29 times (record): 1948, 1949, 1957, 1958, 1962, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995, 2008, 2010, 2011 Bulgarian Cup 19 times (record): 1967, 1969, 1970, 1973, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 2002, 2009, 2010, 2011 CEV Champions League Winners: 1969 CEV Champions League "Final Four" Participant: 1963 (1/2 final), 1971 (1/2 final) 1977 (3-rd), 1985 (3-rd) 1987 (4-th), 1988 (4-th), 1990 (4-th) Cup Winner's Cup Winners: 1976 Cup Winner's Cup "Final Four" Participant: 1986 (3-rd) 1981 (4-th) CEV Cup "Final Four" Participant: 2011 (1/2 final) Women NVL 22 times: 1978, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 2000, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Bulgarian Cup 19 times: 1969, 1976, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1993, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013 International competitions CEV Champions League: Winners 2 times: 1979, 1984 CEV Champions League "Final Four" Participant: 1988 (4-th), 1989 (4-th) Cup Winner's Cup Winners 1 time: 1982 Cup Winner's Cup "Final Four" Participant: 1973 (2-nd), 1976 (2-nd), 1991 (2-nd) 1981 (3-rd) 1977 (4-th) VC CSKA in Europe – Total statistics Competition S P W L Best ranking CEV Men's Champions League 22 127 58 69 (1969) Men's CEV Cup 12 50 28 22 (1976) CEV Men's Challenge Cup 6 17 6 11 Group stage (2002, 2003,2007) 1/16 Finals (2013, 2019) CEV Women's Champions League 11 55 29 26 (1979,1984) Women's CEV Cup 6 33 24 9 (1982) CEV Women's Challenge Cup 3 14 8 6 Eighth-finals (1995) Men's 36 194 92 102 5 European trophies Women's 20 102 61 41 Total 56 296 153 143 VC CSKA Sofia in European Volleyball CEV European Champions Cup / CEV Champions League Season Round Club Home Away Aggregate 1962-63 Eighth-finals Rotation Leipzig 3-0 2-3 5-3 Quarter-finals Dosza Ujpest 3-2 2-3 5-5 (129-117) Semi-finals CSKA Moscow 2-3 0-3 2-5 1968-69 Eighth-finals Dinamo Tirana 3-0 3-1 6-1 Quarter-finals AZS AWF Warszawa 3-0 1-3 4-3 Semi-finals SC Leipzig 3-1 3-1 6-2 Final Steaua Bucuresti 3-0 3-2 6-2 1970-71 Eighth-finals Czepel Budapest 3-0 0-3 3-3 (78-63) Quarter-finals CSKA Moscow 3-1 1-3 4-4 (102-97) Semi-finals Zetor Zbrojovka Brno 3-1 1-3 4-4 (87-102) 1971-72 Eighth-finals Ruolainen Kanastus 3-0 3-0 6-0 Group stage (A) Rebels Liers 1-3 4th place Dinamo Tirana 2-3 AMVJ Deltalloyd Amsterdam 1-3 1972-73 Preliminary round GIK Banat Zrenjanin 3-1 3-1 6-2 Eighth-finals Dosza Ujpest 3-0 0-3 3-3 (74-75) 1973-74 Preliminary round Panathinakos Athens 3-0 - 3-0 Eighth-finals Dukla Liberec 3-0 1-3 4-3 Group stage (A) CSKA Moscow 0-3 3rd place SC Leipzig 1-3 Ruini Firenze 3-0 1976-77 Eighth-finals VGA Saint Maure 3-1 3-2 6-3 Quarter-finals AZS Olstyn 3-0 2-3 5-3 Final Four Vardar Skopje 3-2 3rd place Dinamo București 0-3 CSKA Moscow 0-3 1978-79 Preliminary round Olympiakos Piraeus 3-0 1-3 4-3 Eighth-finals Paoletti Catania 3-0 0-3 3-3 (68-67) Quarter-finals Cervena Hviezda Bratislava 0-3 0-3 0-6 1981-82 Eighth-finals Dinamo București 3-0 0-3 3-3 (69-76) 1983-84 Eighth-finals Santal Parma 3-1 1-3 4-4 (97-98) 1984-85 Preliminary round Dinamo Tirana 3-0 3-0 6-0 Eighth-finals Capital City Spikers 3-0 3-0 6-0 Quarter-finals Loimu 79 Turku 3-0 3-0 6-0 Final Four Rudá Hvězda Praha 3-0 3rd place Mladost Zagrzeb 1-3 Santal Parma 2-3 1986-87 Preliminary round FC Porto 3-0 3-0 6-0 Eighth-finals Mladost Zagrzeb 3-0 2-3 5-3 Quarter-finals Rudá Hvězda Praha 3-0 1-3 4-3 Final Four Panini Modena 2-3 4th place Brother Martinus Amstelveen 1-3 CSKA Moscow 0-3 1987-88 Eighth-finals Aero Odolena Voda 3-0 2-3 5-3 Quarter-finals VBC Leysin 3-0 3-1 6-1 Final Four CSKA Moscow Preliminary round 0-3 Panini Modena Semi-finals 2-3 Brother Martinus Amstelveen Third place play-off 0-3/ 4th place 1988-89 Eighth-finals Ulriken Bergen 3-0 3-2 6-2 Group stage (B) Olympiakos Piraeus 3-0 0-3 4th place Vojvodina Novi Sad 3-1 0-3 CSKA Moscow 2-3 0-3 1989-90 Eighth-finals Olympiakos Piraeus 3-1 3-2 6-3 Group stage (B) Rudá Hvězda Praha 3-1 3-1 2nd place Vojvodina Novi Sad 3-1 0-3 CV Palma 3-2 2-3 Semi-finals Philips Modena 0-3 Third place play-off CV Palma 2-3 1990-91 Second round Bayer Leverkusen 2-3 0-3 2-6 1993-94 First round Avtomobilist Saint Petersburg 0-3 0-3 0-6 1994-95 First round Vildoga Muranija Riga 1-3 0-3 1-6 2008–09 Main Phase, Group A Iraklis Thessaloniki 0-3 0-3 4th place Fenerbahçe İstanbul 1-3 2-3 AZS Częstochowa 1-3 0-3 2009–10 League round, Group B Zenit Kazan 3-1 1-3 2nd place Tours VB 3-2 0-3 Unicaja Almeria 3-2 0-3 Playoffs 12 Asseco Resovia 1-3 0-3 1-6 2010–11 League round, Group A Generali Unterhaching 3-2 0-3 3rd place AS Cannes 3-2 2-3 Zenit Kazan 3-2 0-3 2011–12 League round, Group A Arkas Izmir 0-3 1-3 4th place Iraklis Thessaloniki 0-3 1-3 Noliko Maaseik 2-3 1-3 CEV Cup Winners' Cup / CEV Top Teams Cup / CEV Cup Season Round Club Home Away Aggregate 1975-76 Eighth-finals SS Fortuna Bonn 3-0 3-1 6-1 Group stage (B) Sigorta Ankara 3-0 1st place Racing Club de France 3-0 Bouwlust Orawi 3-0 Final Four Cervena Hviezda Bratislava 3-1 1st place Klippan Torino 3-1 Bouwlust Orawi 3-0 1980-81 Preliminary round Vallhermoso 3-0 - 3-0 Eighth-finals Panini Modena 3-0 2-3 5-3 Quarter-finals Ibis Courtrai 3-0 3-0 6-0 Final Four Steaua Bucuresti 0-3 4th place Cervena Hviezda Bratislava 0-3 Avtomobilist Saint Petersburg 0-3 1985-86 Eighth-finals NMKY Pieksamaen 3-0 3-2 6-2 Quarter-finals Bayer Leverkusen 3-0 3-0 6-0 Final Four Panini Modena 3-1 3rd place Steaua Bucuresti 2-3 Dinamo Moscow 0-3 1991-92 Eighth-finals Panathinakos Athens 3-0 0-3 3-3 (74-81) 1992-93 Second round Elcond Zalau 3-0 0-3 3-3 (73-65) Eighth-finals Mediolanum Gonzaga Milano 0-3 2-3 2-5 2000-01 Group stage, group D Izumrud Ekaterinburg 3-0 0-3 2nd place TV Amriswil 3-0 3-1 Mladost Zagreb 3-2 2-3 2001-02 Preliminary round Dinamo Bucuresti 2-3 0-3 2-5 2002-03 Group stage, Group 6 Ozolnieki Poliurs 3-0 2nd place Napredak Odzak 3-0 Rabotnicki Fersped Skopje 1-3 2010–11 Challenge phase Ziraat Bankası Ankara 3-2 0-3 (19-17) 3-5 (19-17) Semi-finals ZAKSA Kędzierzyn-Koźle 3-0 0-3 (12-15) 3-3 (12-15) 2012–13 1/16 Finals Andreoli Latina 0-3 1-3 1-6 2016–17 1/16 Finals Volley Amriswil 3-1 1-3 (8-15) 4-4 (8-15) 2017–18 1/16 Finals Belogorie Belgorod 0-3 0-3 0-6 CEV Challenge Cup (CEV Cup) Season Round Club Home Away Aggregate 2001-02 Preliminary round Maccabi Tel Aviv 3-1 3-0 6-1 Group stage, Group 8 Erdemirspor 2-3 2nd place Holte IF 3-0 OK Sinpos Sarajevo 3-0 2002-03 Group stage, Group 9 Alcom Capelle 3-2 4th place Iskra Odintsovo 0-3 Hefra Gwardia Wrocław 0-3 2006-07 Group stage, Group 9 Crvena Zvezda 3-1 3rd place İstanbul Büyükşehir 0-3 PZU AZS Olstyn 1-3 2012–13 1/16 Finals Dukla Liberec 0-3 0-3 0-6 2014–15 Second round Stroitel Minsk 1-3 0-3 1-6 2018–19 1/16 Finals Volley Haasrode Leuven 1-3 0-3 1-6 Women's VC CSKA Sofia in European Volleyball CEV Champions Cup / CEV Champions League Season Round Club Home Away Aggregate 1978-79 Preliminary round Leixões Porto 3-0 3-0 6-0 Eighth-finals Sollentuna Stockholm 3-0 3-0 6-0 Quarter-finals Czarni Słupsk 3-1 3-1 6-2 Final Four NIM SE Budapest 3-0 1st place SC Dynamo Berlin 1-3 Slávia Bratislava 3-0 1983-84 Eighth-finals DVC Dokkum 3-0 3-1 6-1 Quarter-finals Tirol Innsbruck 3-0 3-0 6-0 Final Four Olimpia Ravenna 3-0 1st place Eczacıbaşı 3-1 SV Lohhof 3-0 1984-85 Eighth-finals Dilbeek-Itterbeek 3-1 3-2 6-3 Quarter-finals ADK Alma-Ata 0-3 1-3 1-6 1985-86 Eighth-finals Olimpia Ravenna 2-3 1-3 3-6 1986-87 Preliminary round Paloma Branik Maribor 3-0 3-1 6-1 Eighth-finals Sollentuna Stockholm - 3-1 3-1 Quarter-finals SC Dynamo Berlin 0-3 0-3 0-6 1987-88 Eighth-finals Mladost Monter Zagreb 3-0 3-0 6-0 Quarter-finals Bayern Lohhof 3-0 0-3 3-3 (66-64) Final Four Olimpia Ravenna Preliminary round 0-3 Uralochka Sverdlovsk Semi-finals 0-3 SC Dynamo Berlin Third place play-off 0-3/ 4th place 1888-89 Eighth-finals Bayern Lohhof 3-0 1-3 4-3 Quarter-finals Sneek Avero OS 3-0 1-3 4-3 Final Four Teodora Olimpia Ravenna Preliminary round 2-3 Uralochka Sverdlovsk Semi-finals 0-3 SC Dynamo Berlin Third place play-off 1-3/ 4th place 1889-90 Eighth-finals Slavia UK Bratislava 3-0 1-3 4-3 Quarter-finals Racing CF Paris 2-3 1-3 3-6 1991-92 Eighth-finals Olimpia Teodora Ravenna 0-3 0-3 0-6 1992-93 Second round Panathinaikos Athens 3-1 3-2 6-3 Eighth-finals Parmalat Matera 0-3 0-3 0-6 1993-94 First round Gunes Sigorta Istanbul 3-0 1-3 4-3 Second round Bonduelle Vught 2-3 0-3 2-6 CEV Cup Winners' Cup / CEV Cup Season Round Club Home Away Aggregate 1972-73 Quarter-finals La Tore Reggio Emilia 3-0 3-0 6-0 Final Four Wisla Krakow 3-0 2nd place CSKA Moscow 0-3 Penicilina Iasi 3-0 1975-76 Quarter-finals Innsbrucker AC - - - Final Four Slavia Bratislava 0-3 2nd place US Medico Munster 3-0 ASU Lyon 3-0 1976-77 Eighth-finals Vasas Budapest 3-1 - 3-1 Quarter-finals Rapid Wien 3-0 3-1 6-1 Final Four Iskra Voroshilovgrad 0-3 4th place SC Dynamo Berlin 1-3 Ujpesti Dozsa 2-3 1980-81 Eighth-finals SC Dynamo Berlin 3-0 3-2 6-2 Quarter-finals Ujpesti Dozsa - - - Final Four Olimpia Teodora Ravenna 3-0 3rd place Vasas Izzo Budapest 0-3 Spartak Leningrad 1-3 1981-82 Eighth-finals Reggio Emilia 3-0 3-1 6-1 Quarter-finals Uni Lausanne 3-0 3-0 6-0 Final Four Slavia Bratislava 3-2 1st place Starlift Voorberg 3-1 Dynamo Moscow 3-1 1990-91 Eighth-finals Wüstenrot Salzburg 3-1 3-1 6-2 Quarter-finals Volley Modena 3-0 1-3 4-3 Final Four Bayern Lohhof Preliminary round 3-1 TTU Leningrad Semi-finals 3-2 ADK Alma-Ata Final 2-3 CEV Challenge Cup (CEV Cup) Season Round Club Home Away Aggregate 1994-95 First round Avtohit Bled 3-0 3-0 6-0 Second round Spartak Omsk 3-0 3-1 6-1 Eighth-finals Orbita Zaporozhye 0-3 2-3 2-6 2008-09 First round Konecranes Hämeenlinna 3-1 3-1 6-2 Second round Kommunalnik Mogilev 2-3 1-3 3-6 2010-11 Second round Trb da Noi AEL Limassol 3-0 3-2 6-2 1/16 Finals Kralovo Pole Brno 2-3 0-3 2-6 Season by season Men's Season Division Pos Cup European competitions 1948 NVL 1st - - 1949 NVL 1st - - 1950 NVL 3rd - - 1951 NVL 5th - - 1952 NVL 5th - - 1953 NVL 4th - - 1954 NVL 2nd - - 1955 NVL 2nd 4th - 1956 NVL 3rd - 1957 NVL 1st - 1958 NVL 1st - - 1959 NVL 4th - 1960 NVL 4th - 1960/61 NVL 3rd - 1961/62 NVL 1st - - 1962/63 NVL 5th - European Cup - Semi-finals 1963/64 NVL 2nd - - 1964/65 NVL 5th - - 1965/66 NVL 4th - 1966/67 NVL 2nd W - 1967/68 NVL 1st - 1968/69 NVL 1st W European Cup - Champions 1969/70 NVL 1st W - 1970/71 NVL 1st European Cup - Semi-finals 1971/72 NVL 1st European Cup - Group stage 1972/73 NVL 1st W European Cup - Eighth-finals 1973/74 NVL 2nd European Cup - Group stage 1974/75 NVL 2nd - 1975/76 NVL 1st Cup Winners' Cup - Champions 1976/77 NVL 1st European Cup - Final Four, 3rd place 1977/78 NVL 1st 2nd - 1978/79 NVL 2nd W European Cup - Quarter-finals 1979/80 NVL 3rd 2nd - 1980/81 NVL 1st W Cup Winners' Cup - Final Four, 4th place 1981/82 NVL 1st W European Cup - Eighth-finals 1982/83 NVL 1st - 1983/84 NVL 1st W European Cup - Group stage 1984/85 NVL 2nd W European Cup - Final Four, 3rd place 1985/86 NVL 1st W Cup Winners' Cup - Final Four, 3rd place 1986/87 NVL 1st 2nd European Cup - Final Four, 4th place 1987/88 NVL 1st W European Cup - Final Four, 4th place 1988/89 NVL 1st European Cup - Group stage 1989/90 NVL 1st W European Cup - Semi-finals, 4th place 1990/91 NVL 2nd W European Cup - Second round 1991/92 NVL 2nd W Cup Winners' Cup - Eighth-finals 1992/93 NVL 1st W Cup Winners' Cup - Eighth-finals 1993/94 NVL 1st European Cup - First round 1994/95 NVL 1st European Cup - First round 1995/96 NVL 2nd - 1996/97 NVL 3rd - 1997/98 NVL - 1998/99 NVL 3rd - 1999/00 NVL 2nd F - 2000/01 NVL 2nd F CEV Top Teams Cup - Group stage 2001/02 NVL 2nd W CEV Top Teams Cup - Preliminary round CEV Cup (Challenge) - Group stage 2002/03 NVL 4th SF CEV Top Teams Cup - Group stage CEV Cup (Challenge) - Group stage 2003/04 NVL 4th - 2004/05 NVL - 2005/06 NVL - 2006/07 NVL CEV Cup (Challenge) - Group stage 2007/08 NVL 1st F - 2008/09 NVL 2nd W Champions League - League round 2009/10 NVL 1st W Champions League - Playoffs 12 2010/11 NVL 1st W Champions League - League round CEV Cup - Semi-final 2011/12 NVL 4th SF Champions League - League round 2012/13 NVL 6th F CEV Cup - 1/16 Final Challenge Cup - 1/16 Final 2013/14 NVL 5th QF - 2014/15 NVL 4th PR Challenge Cup - Second round 2015/16 NVL 7th PR - 2016/17 NVL 2nd SF CEV Cup - 1/16 Final 2017/18 NVL 3rd QF CEV Cup - 1/16 Final 2018/19 NVL 3rd QF Challenge Cup - 1/16 Final 2019/20 NVL 8th 1/8 - 2020/21 NVL 7th QF - 2021/22 NVL 7th QF - 2022/23 NVL 5th QF - 2023/24 NVL 2nd SF - Women's Season Division Pos Cup European competitions 1948 NVL 4th - - 1949 NVL DNQ - - 1950 NVL 5th - - 1951 NVL 4th - - 1952 NVL 5th - - 1953 NVL - - 1954 NVL 4th - 1963/64 NVL 5th - - 1964/65 NVL 5th - - 1965/66 NVL 4th - 1966/67 NVL 5th - 1967/68 NVL 3rd - 1968/69 NVL 3rd W - 1969/70 NVL 4th - 1970/71 NVL 4th - 1971/72 NVL 4th 2nd - 1972/73 NVL 2nd 2nd Cup Winners' Cup - Final Four, 2nd place 1973/74 NVL 3rd - 1974/75 NVL 2nd - 1975/76 NVL 3rd W Cup Winners' Cup - Final Four, 2nd place 1976/77 NVL 2nd Cup Winners' Cup - Final Four, 4th place 1977/78 NVL 1st - 1978/79 NVL 1st W European Cup - Champions 1979/80 NVL 2nd 2nd - 1980/81 NVL 2nd W Cup Winners' Cup - Final Four, 3rd place 1981/82 NVL 1st W Cup Winners' Cup - Champions 1982/83 NVL 1st W - 1983/84 NVL 3rd 6th European Cup - Champions 1984/85 NVL 1st W European Cup - Quarter-finals 1985/86 NVL 1st W European Cup - Eighth-finals 1986/87 NVL 1st European Cup - Quarter-finals 1987/88 NVL 1st W European Cup - Final Four, 4th place 1988/89 NVL 1st W European Cup - Final Four, 4th place 1989/90 NVL 2nd European Cup - Quarter-finals 1990/91 NVL 1st Cup Winners' Cup - Final 1991/92 NVL 1st European Cup - Eighth-finals 1992/93 NVL 1st W European Cup - Eighth-finals 1993/94 NVL 3rd European Cup - Second round 1994/95 NVL 1st W CEV Cup (Challenge) - Eighth-finals 1995/96 NVL 2nd W - 1996/97 NVL 3rd - 1997/98 NVL 3rd - 1998/99 NVL 2nd - 1999/00 NVL 1st W - 2000/01 NVL 2nd 3rd - 2001/02 NVL 2nd F - 2002/03 NVL 2nd F - 2003/04 NVL 1st W - 2004/05 NVL 1st F - 2005/06 NVL 3rd F - 2006/07 NVL 1st SF - 2007/08 NVL 1st W - 2008/09 NVL 3rd F Challenge Cup - Second round 2009/10 NVL 1st W - 2010/11 NVL 1st W Challenge Cup - 1/16 Final 2011/12 NVL 1st SF - 2012/13 NVL 1st W - 2013/14 NVL 2nd F - 2014/15 NVL 3rd SF - 2015/16 NVL 4th SF - 2016/17 NVL 3rd SF - 2017/18 NVL 3rd SF - 2018/19 NVL 5th SF - 2019/20 NVL 3rd QF - 2020/21 NVL 3rd F - 2021/22 NVL 2nd SF - 2022/23 NVL 2nd F - 2023/24 NVL 2nd F - Team (Men's) Team roster – season 2023/2024 No. Name Date of birth Position 1 Stoyko Nenchev (1984-11-25) November 25, 1984 (age 39) Middle blocker 2 Aleksandar Simeonov (1986-01-06) 6 January 1986 (age 38) Wing Spiker 3 Ivan Cholev (1996-02-29) February 29, 1996 (age 28) Opposite 4 Hristiyan Velikov (2003-06-20) June 20, 2003 (age 20) Wing Spiker 5 Delcho Raev (1990-05-11) May 11, 1990 (age 34) Setter 6 Valentin Peychev (2000-01-27) January 27, 2000 (age 24) Libero 7 Lyubomir Zlatkov (2006-05-22) May 22, 2006 (age 18) Wing Spiker 8 Vladimir Stankov (1996-08-09) August 9, 1996 (age 27) Setter 9 Ivaylo Stefanov (1973-07-19) July 19, 1973 (age 50) Wing Spiker 10 Todor Kostov (1996-03-06) March 6, 1996 (age 28) Middle blocker 11 Ivan Kolev (1987-01-02) January 2, 1987 (age 37) Wing Spiker 12 Strahinja Brzakovic (1998-04-28) April 28, 1998 (age 26) Opposite 13 Martin Bozhilov (1988-04-11) April 11, 1988 (age 36) Libero 14 Ivan Mihalj (1990-11-23) 23 November 1990 (age 33) Middle Blocker 15 Krasimir Mitev (2003-07-20) July 20, 2003 (age 20) Middle blocker 16 Todor Valchev (1989-01-18) January 18, 1989 (age 35) Wing Spiker 17 Jorge Garcia (1991-03-31) March 31, 1991 (age 33) Wing Spiker 18 Kristiyan Andreev (2006-04-23) April 23, 2006 (age 18) Wing Spiker 19 Simeon Aleksandrov (1988-02-18) 18 February 1988 (age 36) Wing Spiker 21 Evan Georgiev (2008-07-16) 16 July 2008 (age 15) Middle Blocker Head coach: Alexandar PopovAssistant: Ivaylo Stefanov Team roster - season 2022/2023 No. Name Date of birth Position 1 Metodi Ananiev (1986-02-17)17 February 1986 Wing Spiker 2 Aleksandar Simeonov (1986-01-06)6 January 1986 Wing Spiker 3 Ivan Cholev (1996-02-29)29 February 1996 Opposite 4 Hristiyan Velikov (2003-06-20)20 June 2003 Wing Spiker 5 Delcho Raev (1990-05-11)11 May 1990 Setter 6 Valentin Peychev (2000-01-27)27 January 2000 Libero 7 Andrey Hristov (2001-03-27)27 March 2001 Middle Blocker 8 Vladimir Stankov (1996-08-09)9 August 1996 Setter 9 Ivaylo Stefanov (1973-07-19)19 July 1973 Wing Spiker 10 Todor Kostov (1996-03-06)6 March 1996 Middle Blocker 11 Ivan Kolev (1987-01-02)2 January 1987 Wing Spiker 12 Dobromir Ivanov (1988-02-11)11 February 1988 Libero 13 Dimitar Dimitrov (2000-12-11)11 December 2000 Opposite 14 Ivan Mihalj (1990-11-23)23 November 1990 Middle Blocker 16 Viktor Kadikov (2004-10-21)21 October 2004 Middle Blocker 19 Simeon Aleksandrov (1988-02-18)18 February 1988 Wing Spiker Head coach: Alexandar PopovAssistant: Ivaylo Stefanov Team (Women's) Team roster – season 2023/2024 No. Name Date of birth Position 1 Emileta Racheva (1998-11-26) 26 November 1998 (age 25) Wing Spiker 2 Aleksandra Kostadinova (2003-07-01) 1 July 2003 (age 20) Wing Spiker 3 Boyana Boyanova (2006-12-13) 13 December 2006 (age 17) Setter 4 Monika Todorova (2002-03-23) 23 March 2002 (age 22) Setter 5 Rayna Stoycheva (2005-06-03) 3 June 2005 (age 19) Middle Blocker 7 Kaya Nikolova (2006-10-28) 28 October 2006 (age 17) Middle Blocker 8 Dimana Ivanova (2007-12-01) 1 December 2007 (age 16) Setter 9 Aleksandra Peycheva (2006-01-28) 28 January 2006 (age 18) Wing Spiker 10 Aleksandra Saykova (2003-07-22) 22 July 2003 (age 20) Middle Blocker 11 Ivana Efremova (2004-02-12) 12 February 2004 (age 20) Middle Blocker 12 Viktoriya Dimitrova (2005-07-12) 12 July 2005 (age 18) Opposite 13 Mariya Zlatanova (2006-11-16) 16 November 2006 (age 17) Wing Spiker 14 Ivaila Evlogieva (2004-04-16) 16 April 2004 (age 20) Libero 15 Melissa Varlõgina (1999-04-19) 19 April 1999 (age 25) Setter 18 Eva Kamenska (2006-09-02) 2 September 2006 (age 17) Middle Blocker 19 Raya Evlogieva (2006-09-15) 15 September 2006 (age 17) Opposite 21 Viktoriya Ninova (2007-11-09) 9 November 2007 (age 16) Libero Head coach: Yulia Ivanova-MinchevaAssistant: Antonina Zetova Team roster - season 2022/2023 No. Name Date of birth Position 1 Raina Stoicheva (2005-06-03)3 June 2005 Middle Blocker 2 Aleksandra Kostadinova (2003-07-01)1 July 2003 Wing Spiker 3 Patrisiya Choleva (1991-03-08)8 March 1991 Wing Spiker 4 Monika Todorova (2002-03-23)23 March 2002 Setter 5 Dariya Ivanova (2003-04-02)2 April 2003 Wing Spiker 6 Radoslava Ivanova (2006-09-28)28 September 2006 Middle Blocker 7 Kaya Nikolova (2006-10-28)28 October 2006 Middle Blocker 8 Dimana Ivanova (2007-12-01)1 December 2007 Setter 9 Aleksandra Peycheva (2006-01-28)28 January 2006 Wing Spiker 10 Aleksandra Saykova (2003-07-22)22 July 2003 Middle Blocker 11 Ivana Efremova (2004-02-12)12 February 2004 Middle Blocker 12 Viktoriya Dimitrova (2005-07-12)12 July 2005 Opposite 13 Mariya Zlatanova (2006-11-16)16 November 2006 Wing Spiker 14 Ivaila Evlogieva (2004-04-16)16 April 2004 Libero 15 Yoanna Atanasova (2003-07-24)24 July 2003 Wing Spiker 15 Mariya Buchkova (2004-07-22)22 July 2004 Wing Spiker 17 Sasha Ilcheva (2004-05-18)18 May 2004 Setter 19 Raya Evlogieva (2006-09-15)15 September 2006 Opposite 21 Viktoriya Ninova (2007-11-09)9 November 2007 Libero Head coach: Yulia Ivanova-MinchevaAssistant: Antonina Zetova External links Official website vte2009–10 CEV Champions LeagueFinal Four PGE Skra Bełchatów Trentino BetClic ACH Volley Bled Dynamo Moscow Play-off 6 Olympiacos ASSECO Resovia Rzeszów Hypo Tirol Innsbruck Eliminated in Play-off 12 Knack Randstad Roeselare CSKA Sofia VfB Friedrichshafen Lube Banca Marche Macerata Panathinaikos Zenit Kazan Moved to CEV Cup Tours VB Noliko Maaseik CAI Teruel Copra Nord Meccanica Piacenza Eliminated in Group stage Jihostroj České Budějovice Unicaja Almeria Budvanska Rivijera Budva Radnički Kragujevac Jastrzębski Węgiel İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Paris Volley
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"USC CSKA Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USC_CSKA_Sofia"},{"link_name":"volleyball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volleyball"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria volley league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Volleyball_League"},{"link_name":"Dimitar Zlatanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitar_Zlatanov"},{"link_name":"Atanas Petrov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanas_Petrov"}],"text":"For the parent multisport club, see USC CSKA Sofia.VC CSKA Sofia, is a professional volleyball team based in Sofia, Bulgaria. It plays in the Bulgaria volley league.On 5 May 1948 establishing a sports club \"September at CDV\" which incorporates seven club sports, including volleyball. His successor is consistent volleyball teams CDNV, CDNA, CSKA \"Cherveno zname\", CSKA \"Septemvriysko zname\" CSKA and again that in the period 1948 – 2022 г. won 29 titles in men and 22 for women and 19 cups Bulgaria in men and 19 in women. Abbreviation Club \"CSKA\" means \"Central Sports Club of the Army\".In the year of his championship winning team and laid the foundations of volleyball VC CSKA, Kostadin Shopov (player-coach of the team), Dragomir Stoyanov, Dimitar Dimitrov, Dimitar Elenkov, Konstantin Totev, Ivan Ivanov, Dimitar Dimitrov, Peter Shishkov, Alexander Velev Milko Karaivanov (then coach of the male and female trimmings).For several decades CSKA established itself as a brand name for professional success in the field of volleyball, known both nationally and globally.Proof of that are earned in 1969 and 1976 European Cup and Cup of buying men's team of CSKA. The first European title in CSKA (1969) was actually the first ever medal won by the Bulgarian men's team in team sports. In the history of Bulgarian volleyball, it contributed to popularizing the sport in Bulgaria, and in addition gives a solid dose of confidence to its development in the country. Fact receiving confirmation the following year when Sofia's World Volleyball Championship, which the Bulgarian national team took second place, and the best player of the tournament selected was Dimitar Zlatanov. With this success starts factual affirmation of our national team in the world, and enjoying time with an extremely good reputation in the international field.European awards for women in the period 1979 – 1984 years. (1979 Cup, 1984 Cup Winners' Cup in 1982) raised the prestige of the women's division in the club and start a serious domination of the domestic championship, CSKA in the 1980s. Among other successes CSKA during 1978 – 1980, were the prelude and the European Cup of Bulgaria from the European Championships in Sofia during 1981.From this point you can safely say that the players of CSKA always been the giants of the national teams of Bulgaria. Over the years the club has contributed to the realization of several generations of talented volleyball players that have become legends of the Bulgarian volleyball. These include E. Zlatanov (won eight titles), Ivan Ivanov, D. Karov, Ivan Seferinov, Ivan Nikolov (won eight league titles as a player and five championships as head coach of CSKA Sofia), Borislav Kiossev (won most titles – 9), Lyubo Ganev, N. Ivanov, V. Todorov, Aleksandar Popov, K. Todorov and many others. Women should not be missed unforgettable moments with the red team M. Mineva, M. Stoeva, R. Kaisheva, E. Shahanova, T. Bozhurina, V. Stoyanova, V. Nikolova, P. Natova, E. Pashova, M. Kyoseva, C. Haralampieva, Desislava Nikodimova and Elitsa Nikodimova, A. Zetova, N. Marinova, V. Borisova and others.Are undeniable merits to the development and validation of VC CSKA by coaching staffs. Generations coaches in their work with adolescent athletes and gave reason to talk about School of CSKA and mostly Bulgarian volleyball school. Family Shahanova, Dimitar Dimitrov, Milko Karaivanov, Vasil Simov, Ivan Nikolov, Dimitar Karov, Maria Mineva, Verka Nikolova, Stefan Hristov, Alexandar Popov, Atanas Petrov, Katia Marashlieva and many others. Shahanova created a generation Stoeva, Stoyanova, Kaisheva. Vasil Simov it further developed, laying the groundwork for the development of a new constellation of players like Pashova, Haralampieva, Desislava Nikodimova, Mila Kyoseva, Boneva and others. For men, he found and build volleyball greats Ivan Nikolov, Borislav Kyosev, Stefan Sokolov, Stefan Petrov, Stoyan Gunchev, Petko Petkov and others. Tireless in his last breath Ivan Nikolov teacher consecutive school talent from CSKA – Elitsa Nikodimova, Antonina Zetova, Yulia Ivanova, Neli Marinova, Valya Ivanova, Larisa Simeonova, Petia Popova and others.","title":"VC CSKA Sofia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NVL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Volleyball_League"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shield_of_the_European_Union.svg"},{"link_name":"CEV Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEV_Champions_League"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"CEV Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEV_Champions_League"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_medal_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shield_of_the_European_Union.svg"},{"link_name":"Cup Winner's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEV_Top_Teams_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Cup Winner's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEV_Top_Teams_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_medal_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shield_of_the_European_Union.svg"},{"link_name":"CEV Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEV_Top_Teams_Cup"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_CEV_Cup"},{"link_name":"NVL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Women%27s_Volleyball_League"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Women%27s_Volleyball_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon.svg"}],"text":"MenNVL 29 times (record):\n 1948, 1949, 1957, 1958, 1962, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1994, 1995, 2008, 2010, 2011\nBulgarian Cup 19 times (record):\n 1967, 1969, 1970, 1973, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1984, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 2002, 2009, 2010, 2011\n CEV Champions League Winners:\n 1969\nCEV Champions League \"Final Four\" Participant:\n1963 (1/2 final), 1971 (1/2 final)\n 1977 (3-rd), 1985 (3-rd)\n1987 (4-th), 1988 (4-th), 1990 (4-th)\n Cup Winner's Cup Winners:\n 1976\nCup Winner's Cup \"Final Four\" Participant:\n 1986 (3-rd)\n1981 (4-th)\n CEV Cup \"Final Four\" Participant:\n2011 (1/2 final)WomenNVL 22 times:\n 1978, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 2000, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013\nBulgarian Cup 19 times:\n 1969, 1976, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1993, 1995, 1996, 2000, 2004, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shield_of_the_European_Union.svg"},{"link_name":"CEV Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEV_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"CEV Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEV_Women%27s_Champions_League"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shield_of_the_European_Union.svg"},{"link_name":"Cup Winner's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_CEV_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_icon.svg"},{"link_name":"Cup Winner's Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_CEV_Cup"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver_medal_icon.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bronze_medal_icon.svg"}],"sub_title":"International competitions","text":"CEV Champions League: Winners 2 times:\n 1979, 1984\nCEV Champions League \"Final Four\" Participant:\n1988 (4-th), 1989 (4-th)\n Cup Winner's Cup Winners 1 time:\n 1982\nCup Winner's Cup \"Final Four\" Participant:\n 1973 (2-nd), 1976 (2-nd), 1991 (2-nd)\n 1981 (3-rd)\n1977 (4-th)","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"VC CSKA in Europe – Total statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"VC CSKA Sofia in European Volleyball"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Women's VC CSKA Sofia in European Volleyball"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season by season"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Team roster – season 2023/2024","title":"Team (Men's)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Team roster – season 2023/2024","title":"Team (Women's)"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.cskavolley.org/","external_links_name":"Club home page"},{"Link":"http://www.cskavolley.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maramec_Spring
Maramec Spring
["1 Description","2 Maramec Iron Works","3 Recreational activities","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 37°57′20″N 91°31′57″W / 37.95556°N 91.53250°W / 37.95556; -91.53250 River in Missouri, United StatesMaramec SpringThe spring discharges below an overhanging bluff of Gasconade Dolomite.LocationCountryUnited StatesStateMissouriRegionOzark PlateauCountyPhelpsPhysical characteristicsSourceDry Fork watershed • locationSalem Plateau, Ozark Plateau, Missouri • elevation773.97 ft (235.91 m)USGS MouthMeramec River • locationnear St. James, Phelps County, Ozark Plateau, Missouri • coordinates37°57′20″N 91°31′57″W / 37.95556°N 91.53250°W / 37.95556; -91.53250Length0.87 mi (1.40 km)Discharge  • locationMaramec Spring • average153 cu ft/s (4.3 m3/s) • maximum770 cu ft/s (22 m3/s) Basin featuresU.S. NNLDesignated: 1971 Maramec Iron Works DistrictU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. Historic district The remains of an iron furnace of the Maramec Iron Works which used hydropower from the springNearest citySt. James, MissouriArea0 acres (0 ha)Built1826 (1826)NRHP reference No.69000122Added to NRHPApril 16, 1969 Trout fishing is popular in the branch from Maramec Spring to the river. Maramec Spring is located on the Meramec River near St. James in the east-central Ozarks of Missouri. The fifth largest spring in the state with an average discharge of 153 cubic feet (4.3 m3) of water per second, it is part of a Karst topographical area, with many springs and caves. The spring and 1800 acres (7.28 km²) are owned by the James Foundation, which maintains the area as a public park, donated by Lucy Wortham James. The Missouri Department of Conservation operates a trout hatchery and fishery at the spring. Ruins of the Maramec Iron Works are still visible at the site; its machinery was partly powered by the spring's waterflow. The spring was declared a National Natural Landmark in October 1971. Description The spring's daily discharge averages nearly 100 million gallons (363 million liters). The history of the spring and the iron works is explained in a museum operated by the James Foundation at the site. Another museum in the park features agricultural tools utilized in the area over the years. The park contains a drive that offers a glimpse into the life in the area while the iron works were operating. It includes a scenic overview of the park, a cemetery which serves as the final resting place of some employees of the iron works, the iron pit mine, and locations of a few homesteads. The park hosts several picnic areas, including pavilions suitable for events. Maramec Iron Works Adjacent to the spring are the ruins of the Maramec Iron Works. The first commercially viable iron facility in the US west of the Mississippi, it produced iron from 1827 to 1891. During the US Civil War, it produced iron for cannonballs and James B. Eads' gunships, which were built in St. Louis near the mouth of the river. The iron works used the spring's flow to power its machinery, processing high-grade hematite from a nearby pit. The Maramec Iron Works District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969. The James Foundation hosts an annual Old Iron Works Days on a weekend in October. It features arts, crafts, foods, displays and presentations of life in the area during the era of the iron works. Recreational activities The park is one of four trout parks in Missouri, providing near year-round fishing. Harvesting season runs from March until October, while the catch and release season runs during the winter months. The stream is restocked every day during fishing season from the 100,000 trout produced annually by the hatchery. There are 58 campsites in the park, including ten with electric hook-ups. The park has numerous picnic sites, six reserveable picnic shelters, and multiple playgrounds. See also List of Missouri rivers List of Arkansas rivers List of Ozark springs References ^ a b USGS ^ Missouri Department of Conservation ^ a b USGS 1923-1985 ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "National Natural Landmark summary". National Park Service. February 5, 2004. Retrieved April 26, 2009. ^ Norris, James D., “Frontier Iron: The Story of The Maramec Iron Works: 1826-76," State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1964, James Foundation paperback reprint, 1972. ^ Ludwig, Stephen (1977). "Maramec Iron Works". Bittersweet. 2 (2). Lebanon High School. Retrieved April 26, 2009. ^ Martha L. Kusiak (March 1969). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Maramec Iron Works District" (PDF). Missouri Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved February 1, 2017. ^ "Maramec Spring Fish Hatchery and Trout Park". Missouri Department of Conservation. 2009. Archived from the original on January 13, 2009. Retrieved April 26, 2009. ^ "Camping at Maramec Spring Park along the Meramec River". James Foundation. Archived from the original on March 1, 2010. Retrieved December 15, 2009. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maramec Spring. Official site: MaramecSpringPark.com vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in MissouriListsby county Adair Andrew Atchison Audrain Barry Barton Bates Benton Bollinger Boone Buchanan Butler Caldwell Callaway Camden Cape Girardeau Carroll Carter Cass Cedar Chariton Christian Clark Clay Clinton Cole Cooper Crawford Dade Dallas Daviess DeKalb Dent Douglas Dunklin Franklin Gasconade Gentry Greene Grundy Harrison Henry Hickory Holt Howard Howell Iron Jackson: Downtown Kansas City Jackson: Kansas City other Jackson: Other Jasper Jefferson Johnson Knox Laclede Lafayette Lawrence Lewis Lincoln Linn Livingston Macon Madison Maries Marion McDonald Mercer Miller Mississippi Moniteau Monroe Montgomery Morgan New Madrid Newton Nodaway Oregon Osage Ozark Pemiscot Perry Pettis Phelps Pike Platte Polk Pulaski Putnam Ralls Randolph Ray Reynolds Ripley St. Charles St. Clair St. Francois St. Louis (city): Downtown and Downtown West St. Louis (city): Northwest St. Louis (city): Southwest St. Louis County Ste. Genevieve Saline Schuyler Scotland Scott Shannon Shelby Stoddard Stone Sullivan Taney Texas Vernon Warren Washington Wayne Webster Worth Wright Other lists Bridges National Historic Landmarks Keeper of the Register History of the National Register of Historic Places Property types Historic district Contributing property Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maramec_Spring_fishing_ls.jpg"},{"link_name":"fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing"},{"link_name":"Meramec River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meramec_River"},{"link_name":"St. James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_James,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Ozarks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozarks"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(hydrosphere)"},{"link_name":"Karst topographical area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst_topography"},{"link_name":"James Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lucy Wortham James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Wortham_James"},{"link_name":"Missouri Department of Conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Department_of_Conservation"},{"link_name":"trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trout"},{"link_name":"hatchery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_hatchery"},{"link_name":"National Natural Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Natural_Landmark"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nnl-5"}],"text":"River in Missouri, United StatesTrout fishing is popular in the branch from Maramec Spring to the river.Maramec Spring is located on the Meramec River near St. James in the east-central Ozarks of Missouri. The fifth largest spring in the state with an average discharge of 153 cubic feet (4.3 m3) of water per second, it is part of a Karst topographical area, with many springs and caves. The spring and 1800 acres (7.28 km²) are owned by the James Foundation, which maintains the area as a public park, donated by Lucy Wortham James. The Missouri Department of Conservation operates a trout hatchery and fishery at the spring. Ruins of the Maramec Iron Works are still visible at the site; its machinery was partly powered by the spring's waterflow. The spring was declared a National Natural Landmark in October 1971.[5]","title":"Maramec Spring"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USGS-1"}],"text":"The spring's daily discharge averages nearly 100 million gallons (363 million liters).[1] The history of the spring and the iron works is explained in a museum operated by the James Foundation at the site. Another museum in the park features agricultural tools utilized in the area over the years.The park contains a drive that offers a glimpse into the life in the area while the iron works were operating. It includes a scenic overview of the park, a cemetery which serves as the final resting place of some employees of the iron works, the iron pit mine, and locations of a few homesteads. The park hosts several picnic areas, including pavilions suitable for events.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"US Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"James B. Eads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Eads"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydropower"},{"link_name":"hematite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematite"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Maramec Iron Works District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maramec_Iron_Works_District"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-4"}],"text":"Adjacent to the spring are the ruins of the Maramec Iron Works. The first commercially viable iron facility in the US west of the Mississippi, it produced iron from 1827 to 1891. During the US Civil War, it produced iron for cannonballs and James B. Eads' gunships, which were built in St. Louis near the mouth of the river. The iron works used the spring's flow to power its machinery, processing high-grade hematite from a nearby pit.[6][7][8] The Maramec Iron Works District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.[4]The James Foundation hosts an annual Old Iron Works Days on a weekend in October. It features arts, crafts, foods, displays and presentations of life in the area during the era of the iron works.","title":"Maramec Iron Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The park is one of four trout parks in Missouri, providing near year-round fishing. Harvesting season runs from March until October, while the catch and release season runs during the winter months. The stream is restocked every day during fishing season from the 100,000 trout produced annually by the hatchery.[9]There are 58 campsites in the park, including ten with electric hook-ups. The park has numerous picnic sites, six reserveable picnic shelters, and multiple playgrounds.[10]","title":"Recreational activities"}]
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[{"title":"List of Missouri rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Missouri_rivers"},{"title":"List of Arkansas rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arkansas_rivers"},{"title":"List of Ozark springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ozark_springs"}]
[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Natural Landmark summary\". National Park Service. February 5, 2004. Retrieved April 26, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nature.nps.gov/nnl/site.cfm?Site=MASP-MO","url_text":"\"National Natural Landmark summary\""}]},{"reference":"Ludwig, Stephen (1977). \"Maramec Iron Works\". Bittersweet. 2 (2). Lebanon High School. Retrieved April 26, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://thelibrary.springfield.missouri.org/lochist/periodicals/bittersweet/wi77h.htm","url_text":"\"Maramec Iron Works\""}]},{"reference":"Martha L. Kusiak (March 1969). \"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Maramec Iron Works District\" (PDF). Missouri Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved February 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://dnr.mo.gov/shpo/nps-nr/69000122.pdf","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: Maramec Iron Works District\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maramec Spring Fish Hatchery and Trout Park\". Missouri Department of Conservation. 2009. Archived from the original on January 13, 2009. Retrieved April 26, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090113094942/http://www.mdc.mo.gov/areas/hatchery/maramec/index.htm","url_text":"\"Maramec Spring Fish Hatchery and Trout Park\""},{"url":"http://www.mdc.mo.gov/areas/hatchery/maramec/index.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Camping at Maramec Spring Park along the Meramec River\". James Foundation. Archived from the original on March 1, 2010. Retrieved December 15, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100301043541/http://www.maramecspringpark.com/maramec/camping/index.html","url_text":"\"Camping at Maramec Spring Park along the Meramec River\""},{"url":"http://www.maramecspringpark.com/maramec/camping/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Living_Through_TV
Better Living Through TV
["1 Synopsis","2 Cast","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
Episode of The Honeymooners "Better Living Through TV"The Honeymooners episodeEpisode no.Episode 7Directed byFrank SatensteinWritten by Marvin Marx Walter Stone Produced by Jack Hurdle Jack Philbin Stanley Poss Featured musicDavid RoseCinematography byDoug DownsEditing byLeonard AndersonOriginal air dateNovember 12, 1955 (1955-11-12)Running time30 minutesList of episodes Better Living Through TV is the seventh episode of the TV series The Honeymooners that aired November 12, 1955. The 1950s were considered the golden age of advertising, with many brands sponsoring entire shows. Occasionally, the commercials became plotlines, as is the case in "Better Living Through TV", as Ralph and Norton do a commercial for a kitchen gadget Ralph wants to promote. The episode was ranked #7 in TV Guide's ''Top 100 Episodes of All Time'' 2009 list. Synopsis Ralph presents Norton with a money-making idea to get rich. There’s a box of labor saving devices - "Handy Housewife Helpers" - available from a warehouse. The device opens cans, takes corks out of bottles, cores apples, and many other things. Ralph's plan is to borrow money from their wives to buy the box and pay for a live TV commercial. It's a "sure thing". Alice refuses to loan Ralph the money, so he borrows it elsewhere. Ralph and Norton work out a commercial in which the "chef of the future" shares the wonders of the kitchen gadget that does everything and makes housewives happy. During the rehearsal, everything goes well, but as the show goes live, Ralph develops stage fright and freezes up, while Norton tries to save the commercial. Cast Jackie Gleason as Ralph Kramden Art Carney as Ed Norton Audrey Meadows as Alice Kramden Joyce Randolph as Trixie Norton Eddie Hanley as TV Director (uncredited) Reception The episode was ranked #7 in TV Guide's ''Top 100 Episodes of All Time'' 2009 list. The A.V. Club considers it one of the best episodes of The Honeymooners to watch. References ^ Glenn, Jane K. (2021-11-05). The Joy of Eating: A Guide to Food in Modern Pop Culture. ABC-Clio. p. 152. ISBN 978-1-4408-6210-6. ^ Austerlitz, Saul (2014-03-01). Sitcom: A History in 24 Episodes from I Love Lucy to Community. Chicago Review Press. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-61374-387-4. ^ Halliwell, Martin (2007-03-13). American Culture in the 1950s. Edinburgh University Press. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-7486-2890-2. ^ a b "TV's Top 100 Episodes of All Time: #80-61". TV Guide. Archived from the original on March 14, 2010. Retrieved October 29, 2021. ^ Murray, Noel (2010-03-11). "The Honeymooners, "Better Living Through Television"". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 2023-02-15. ^ Dyes-Nugent, Phil (2012-08-10). "How The Honeymooners invented the domestic sitcom". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 2023-02-15. External links "Better Living Through TV" at IMDb The Honeymooners at TV Guide
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barr_%26_Stroud
Barr and Stroud
["1 History","2 Engines","3 Computers","4 Notes","5 External links"]
Glasgow optical engineering firm Naval range-finding instruments of 1936 Barr & Stroud Limited was a pioneering Glasgow optical engineering firm. They played a leading role in developing modern optics, including rangefinders, for the Royal Navy and other branches of British Armed Forces during the 20th century. There was a non-military arm of the company which made medical equipment, like photocoagulators and electronic filters, some of which were used by the BBC. The company and its intellectual property passed through Pilkington group to Thales Optronics. The Barr and Stroud name was sold to an importer of optical equipment, who used the trademarked name for a line of binoculars and similar instruments. History This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Barr and Stroud" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Archibald Barr and William Stroud had been associated from as early as 1888 when the two men were professors of, respectively, engineering and physics at the Yorkshire College (now the University of Leeds). In 1891, they were approached by the Admiralty to submit a design for a short-base rangefinder for trial. By this time, Barr had returned to Scotland and taken the Regius Professor of Civil Engineering and Mechanics post at the University of Glasgow. Although apart, Barr and Stroud kept in close touch and in 1892 they were awarded with a contract for six of their rangefinders. Barr and Stroud Attack Periscope Type CH74 - RAN Oberon-class submarine In 1895, Barr & Stroud's Patents Ltd was renting workshop space near the university, at 250 Byres Road, Glasgow, but demand for the product soon necessitated a move to larger premises in Ashton Lane, Glasgow. By 1904, 100 men were working for the company in a new purpose-built factory in Anniesland, Glasgow designed by Campbell Douglas. Shortly thereafter, in 1909, Stroud resigned his chair at the University of Leeds and moved to Glasgow to work for the company full-time. Barr, in spite of a distinguished teaching career at Glasgow University, followed his example in 1913. Together they formed Barr & Stroud Ltd. that year. In 1914, they began extensions to the Anniesland works in order to meet the sharp increase in demand for their rangefinders that followed on the outbreak of the First World War. The war years saw the development of other products, including a torpedo depth recorder, a periscope rangefinder, fire-control systems and a dome sight for aircraft. During World War I there was a problem with the supply of binoculars to the armed forces and apart from the British makers, binoculars were bought in from various sources. So it was only natural that the military would be looking to rectify this problem. At the time Zeiss was probably the leading makers and the military thought this may cause a problem in the future. It was c.1919 when the company started producing their first binoculars which were supplied to the British Navy and from then on the company continued to operate independently until c.1977 when they were taken over by the Pilkington Group. In 1992 operations moved from the original factory in Anniesland to a new plant in Linthouse on the site of the former Alexander Stephen and Sons shipyard. In 2000 the company became a subsidiary of the French company, Thales Group, and in 2001 Barr & Stroud Ltd became Thales Optronics Ltd. The Barr and Stroud brand name was then bought by Eastleigh-based Optical Distribution Services Ltd, who re-registered as Barr and Stroud Ltd in 2008. The new company has developed a new range of binoculars and telescopes. The new range of Barr & Stroud binoculars are currently made in China (Nov. 2011) and distributed by Optical Vision Ltd and have no connection whatsoever with Barr & Stroud Ltd of Glasgow. Engines In the 1920s Barr & Stroud Ltd started offering sleeve valve motorcycle engines based on a design by Peter Burt and L.J. McCollum. In a half-page advert in Motor Cycle magazine in 1922 they encouraged readers to contact them at Anniesland, Glasgow, for more information, or contact the manufacturers currently offering their 350cc single cylinder engine, naming Beardmore-Precision, Royal Scot, Edmund and Diamond motorcycles. In 1923 a new motorcycle manufacturer, Grindlay-Peerless offered a 999cc V-twin Barr & Stroud engined motorcycle, later adding a 500cc and 350cc single. They also offered J.A.P. engines, and it appears the racing success of the J.A.P. engines made them the preferred choice, and so the sleeve valve engines were dropped in 1927. Computers Barr and Stroud constructed the first computer to be built in Scotland, the pioneering SOLIDAC minicomputer for the University of Glasgow, assembled between 1958 and 1963 as an attempt to expand into electronics. Notes ^ Dictionary of Scottish Architects: Campbell Douglas ^ Archives of Barr and Stroud Archived 30 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Image of barr and stroud motorcycle engine, 1923. by Science & Society Picture Library". scienceandsociety.co.uk. ^ Motor Cycle, 20 April 1922. ^ RedLeg Interactive Media. "1924 Grindlay-Peerless 1000cc V-Twin - Classic Bike Guide - RealClassic.co.uk". realclassic.co.uk. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2014. ^ Thomas, Paul A. V. (1993). "Solidac: An Early Minicomputer for Teaching Purposes". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 15 (4): 79–83. doi:10.1109/85.238393. ISSN 1058-6180. S2CID 8073169. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barr and Stroud. Short History of Barr and Stroud Post WW1 trials of Barr & Stroud rangefinders Current website Details of their WW1 era rangefinders Details of their WW1 era fire control instruments Authority control databases International VIAF National United States
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They played a leading role in developing modern optics, including rangefinders, for the Royal Navy and other branches of British Armed Forces during the 20th century. There was a non-military arm of the company which made medical equipment, like photocoagulators and electronic filters, some of which were used by the BBC. The company and its intellectual property passed through Pilkington group to Thales Optronics. The Barr and Stroud name was sold to an importer of optical equipment, who used the trademarked name for a line of binoculars and similar instruments.","title":"Barr and Stroud"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archibald Barr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Barr"},{"link_name":"William Stroud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Stroud&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"University of Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Leeds"},{"link_name":"Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Admiralty"},{"link_name":"University of Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Glasgow"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Attack_Periscope_Type_CH74_-_RAN_Oberon_Class_Submarine_1957-99.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oberon-class submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberon-class_submarine"},{"link_name":"Byres Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byres_Road"},{"link_name":"Ashton Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashton_Lane"},{"link_name":"Anniesland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anniesland"},{"link_name":"Campbell Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbell_Douglas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"fire-control systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire-control_system"},{"link_name":"Zeiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Zeiss_AG"},{"link_name":"Pilkington Group.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilkington"},{"link_name":"Linthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linthouse"},{"link_name":"Alexander Stephen and Sons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stephen_and_Sons"},{"link_name":"Thales Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_Group"},{"link_name":"Eastleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastleigh"}],"text":"Archibald Barr and William Stroud had been associated from as early as 1888 when the two men were professors of, respectively, engineering and physics at the Yorkshire College (now the University of Leeds). In 1891, they were approached by the Admiralty to submit a design for a short-base rangefinder for trial. By this time, Barr had returned to Scotland and taken the Regius Professor of Civil Engineering and Mechanics post at the University of Glasgow. Although apart, Barr and Stroud kept in close touch and in 1892 they were awarded with a contract for six of their rangefinders.Barr and Stroud Attack Periscope Type CH74 - RAN Oberon-class submarineIn 1895, Barr & Stroud's Patents Ltd was renting workshop space near the university, at 250 Byres Road, Glasgow, but demand for the product soon necessitated a move to larger premises in Ashton Lane, Glasgow. By 1904, 100 men were working for the company in a new purpose-built factory in Anniesland, Glasgow designed by Campbell Douglas.[1] Shortly thereafter, in 1909, Stroud resigned his chair at the University of Leeds and moved to Glasgow to work for the company full-time. Barr, in spite of a distinguished teaching career at Glasgow University, followed his example in 1913. Together they formed Barr & Stroud Ltd. that year.[2]In 1914, they began extensions to the Anniesland works in order to meet the sharp increase in demand for their rangefinders that followed on the outbreak of the First World War. The war years saw the development of other products, including a torpedo depth recorder, a periscope rangefinder, fire-control systems and a dome sight for aircraft. During World War I there was a problem with the supply of binoculars to the armed forces and apart from the British makers, binoculars were bought in from various sources. So it was only natural that the military would be looking to rectify this problem. At the time Zeiss was probably the leading makers and the military thought this may cause a problem in the future.It was c.1919 when the company started producing their first binoculars which were supplied to the British Navy and from then on the company continued to operate independently until c.1977 when they were taken over by the Pilkington Group. In 1992 operations moved from the original factory in Anniesland to a new plant in Linthouse on the site of the former Alexander Stephen and Sons shipyard. In 2000 the company became a subsidiary of the French company, Thales Group, and in 2001 Barr & Stroud Ltd became Thales Optronics Ltd.The Barr and Stroud brand name was then bought by Eastleigh-based Optical Distribution Services Ltd, who re-registered as Barr and Stroud Ltd in 2008. The new company has developed a new range of binoculars and telescopes. \nThe new range of Barr & Stroud binoculars are currently made in China (Nov. 2011) and distributed by Optical Vision Ltd and have no connection whatsoever with Barr & Stroud Ltd of Glasgow.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sleeve valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeve_valve"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Beardmore-Precision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beardmore_Precision_Motorcycles"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"J.A.P.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JA_Prestwich_Industries"}],"text":"In the 1920s Barr & Stroud Ltd started offering sleeve valve motorcycle engines based on a design by Peter Burt and L.J. McCollum.[3] In a half-page advert in Motor Cycle magazine in 1922[4] they encouraged readers to contact them at Anniesland, Glasgow, for more information, or contact the manufacturers currently offering their 350cc single cylinder engine, naming Beardmore-Precision, Royal Scot, Edmund and Diamond motorcycles. In 1923 a new motorcycle manufacturer, Grindlay-Peerless offered a 999cc V-twin Barr & Stroud engined motorcycle,[5] later adding a 500cc and 350cc single. They also offered J.A.P. engines, and it appears the racing success of the J.A.P. engines made them the preferred choice, and so the sleeve valve engines were dropped in 1927.","title":"Engines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SOLIDAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOLIDAC"},{"link_name":"minicomputer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomputer"},{"link_name":"University of Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Barr and Stroud constructed the first computer to be built in Scotland, the pioneering SOLIDAC minicomputer for the University of Glasgow, assembled between 1958 and 1963 as an attempt to expand into electronics.[6]","title":"Computers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Archives of Barr and Stroud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nahste.ac.uk/cgi-bin/view_isad.pl?id=GB-0248-UGD-295&view=basic"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080330022316/http://www.nahste.ac.uk/cgi-bin/view_isad.pl?id=GB-0248-UGD-295&view=basic"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Image of barr and stroud motorcycle engine, 1923. by Science & Society Picture Library\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10306716"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"1924 Grindlay-Peerless 1000cc V-Twin - Classic Bike Guide - RealClassic.co.uk\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130527134948/http://www.realclassic.co.uk/grindlaypeerless.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.realclassic.co.uk/grindlaypeerless.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1109/85.238393","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1109%2F85.238393"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1058-6180","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1058-6180"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8073169","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8073169"}],"text":"^ Dictionary of Scottish Architects: Campbell Douglas[page needed]\n\n^ Archives of Barr and Stroud Archived 30 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ \"Image of barr and stroud motorcycle engine, 1923. by Science & Society Picture Library\". scienceandsociety.co.uk.\n\n^ Motor Cycle, 20 April 1922.\n\n^ RedLeg Interactive Media. \"1924 Grindlay-Peerless 1000cc V-Twin - Classic Bike Guide - RealClassic.co.uk\". realclassic.co.uk. Archived from the original on 27 May 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2014.\n\n^ Thomas, Paul A. V. (1993). \"Solidac: An Early Minicomputer for Teaching Purposes\". IEEE Annals of the History of Computing. 15 (4): 79–83. doi:10.1109/85.238393. ISSN 1058-6180. S2CID 8073169.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Naval range-finding instruments of 1936","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Range-finding_instruments_%28Warships_To-day%2C_1936%29.jpg/170px-Range-finding_instruments_%28Warships_To-day%2C_1936%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Barr and Stroud Attack Periscope Type CH74 - RAN Oberon-class submarine","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Attack_Periscope_Type_CH74_-_RAN_Oberon_Class_Submarine_1957-99.jpg/170px-Attack_Periscope_Type_CH74_-_RAN_Oberon_Class_Submarine_1957-99.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Egypt
List of earthquakes in Egypt
["1 Seismic hazard","2 Notable earthquakes","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading"]
Seismic hazard for the Eastern Mediterranean from the Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (GSHAP) in terms of peak ground acceleration with a 10% chance of being exceeded (or a 90% chance of not being exceeded) within the next 50 years This is a list of earthquakes in Egypt, including earthquakes that either had their epicenter in Egypt, or caused significant damage in Egypt. Seismic hazard Seismic hazard in Egypt is highest at the southern end of the Gulf of Suez, the northern Red Sea and around the Gulf of Aqaba, the location of the active plate boundaries. The highest risk is the southern end of the Dead Sea Transform. Notable earthquakes Date Time‡ Place Lat Long Fatalities Mag. Comments Sources November 27, 885 Cairo 30.0 31.1 1,000 X March 18, 1068 morning Hejazsee 1068 Near East earthquake 29.5 34.95 ~20,000 ≥7.0 Affected a wide area of Egypt, Sinai, Hejaz. The location given is the macroseismic epicenter, although the earthquake was probably located in the Gulf of Aqaba September 2, 1754 Cairosee 1754 Cairo earthquake 30.8 31.0 40,000 The death toll is questioned, but is not unreasonable for a shallow earthquake in an area of high population density August 7, 1847 Faiyum 29.5 30.5 185 XI October 12, 1856 02:38 or 02:45 Crete, Greece see 1856 Heraklion earthquake 35.5 26.0 10+ 7.7-8.3 Mw  Despite having an epicenter off the Greek islands, the earthquake was so powerful that in Egypt, intensity VIII was experienced. This caused damage to Alexandria, Cairo and the Nile delta with several deaths. September 12, 1955 06:09 Offshore Alexandriasee 1955 Alexandria earthquake 32.2 29.6 18 6.3 Ms 89 injured March 31, 1969 07:15 Red Sea, Sharm El Sheikhsee 1969 Sharm El Sheikh earthquake 27.58 33.9 2 6.6 Mw 15 injured October 12, 1992 13:09 Dahshur, Egyptsee 1992 Cairo earthquake 29.778 31.144 561 5.8 mb 12,392 injured November 22, 1995 04:15 Gulf of Aqabasee 1995 Gulf of Aqaba earthquake 28.826 34.799 9–12 7.3 Mw 30–69 injured See also Geology of Egypt References ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. "Significant Earthquake Information". doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved 21 March 2024. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. "Significant Earthquake Information". doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved 21 March 2024. ^ National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. "Significant Earthquake Information". doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved 21 March 2024. ^ "رئيس الوزراء فى حديث"للاهرام"حول قضايا الساعه:شقه جديده بالمرافق خلال هذا الشهر لكل من انهار مسكنه". Al-Ahram. 1 November 1992. Retrieved 23 November 2022. Further reading Ambraseys, NN; Melville, CP; Adams, RD (2005), The Seismicity of Egypt, Arabia and the Red Sea: A Historical Review, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521020251 vteList of earthquakes in AfricaSovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limitedrecognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies andother territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla  (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) vteList of earthquakes in AsiaSovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States withlimited recognition Abkhazia Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies andother territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau Category Asia portal vteEgypt topicsHistoryChronology Prehistoric Ancient topics Achaemenid 27th Dynasty 31st Dynasty Ptolemaic Battle of Actium Lighthouse of Alexandria Roman Diocese of Egypt Library of Alexandria Christian Sassanid Muslim Rashidun Caliphate Fustat Islamization Tulunid dynasty Ikhshidid dynasty Fatimid Caliphate Crusader invasions Ayyubid dynasty Mamluk Sultanate Mamluk Ottoman Ottoman Egypt Khedivate and Kingdom of Egypt Muhammad Ali dynasty Nahda Khedivate Egyptian–Ethiopian War Urabi revolt Modern French occupation Revolt of Cairo British occupation 1919 revolution World War II Sultanate Kingdom 1948 Arab–Israeli War Republic Nasser era 1952 Egyptian revolution Land reform Suez Crisis United Arab Republic Six-Day War Sadat era Yom Kippur War Egyptian–Libyan War Assassination of Anwar Sadat Mubarak era 2010s Crisis 2011 Egyptian revolution 2013 Rabaa massacre By topic Anarchism Capital Cigarette industry Constitution Copts Genetic Healthcare Jews Muslim Brotherhood 1928–1938 1939–1954 1954–present Parliament Population Postal Saladin Timekeeping devicesBy city Alexandria Cairo Port Said Geography Biota Borders Cities Climate Deserts Earthquakes Environmental issues Fossils Geology Halfaya Pass Islands Lakes Mountains Mount Sinai Nile Delta Northern coast Oases Qattara Depression Red Sea Riviera Rivers Nile Sinai Peninsula Suez Canal Towns and villages Wadis Wildlife Politics Administrative divisions Governorates Civil Code Corruption Conscription Constitution Elections Foreign relations Missions Islamic extremism Judiciary Law enforcement Massacres Military Supreme Council Nationality law Parliament Passport Political parties President list Prime Minister list Proposed new capital Refugees of the Syrian civil war Terrorism Terrorism and tourism Twin towns and sister cities Economy Agriculture Banking National Bank Companies Economic regions Egyptian stock exchange Egyptian pound Energy Entrepreneurship policies Fishing Impact on the environment Lighthouses Military industry Mining Mines Nuclear program Power stations Aswan Dam Role of the Egyptian Armed Forces Tallest buildings Telecommunications Internet Tourism Cultural tourism Transport Airlines Airports Railway stations Water supply and sanitation Water resources management SocietyGeneral Abortion Animal welfare Billionaires Cannabis Capital punishment Censuses Corruption Crime Human trafficking Mass sexual assault Rape Demographics Diaspora Education Academic grading Law schools Medical schools Schools Universities Families Abaza family Feminism Gender inequality Health Healthcare Hospitals Housing Human rights Freedom of religion LGBT rights International rankings Languages Egyptian Arabic Saʽidi Arabic Sign Language Liberalism Literature Prostitution Religion Baháʼí Blasphemy law Christianity Catholic dioceses Coptic Churches Hinduism Identification card controversy Irreligion Islam Ahmadiyya Mosques Niqāb Judaism Synagogues Scientology Smoking Units of measurement Vehicle registration plates Waste management Women Culture Architecture Art (ancient) Art (contemporary) Botanical gardens Castles Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Beer Wine Films Flag list regions Football Football clubs Football stadiums Egyptians Mass media Magazines Newspapers Radio TV Museums Music National anthem Olympics Public holidays World Heritage Sites Category Portal WikiProject Commons
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The highest risk is the southern end of the Dead Sea Transform.","title":"Seismic hazard"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable 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plates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Waste management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Art (ancient)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Art (contemporary)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_art_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Botanical gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanical_gardens_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Castles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_castles,_forts,_fortifications_and_city_walls"},{"link_name":"Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_wine"},{"link_name":"Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_Egyptian_films"},{"link_name":"Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_flags"},{"link_name":"regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_regions_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Football clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Football stadiums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_football_stadiums_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Egyptians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptians"},{"link_name":"Mass media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_magazines_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"National anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilady,_Bilady,_Bilady"},{"link_name":"Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt_at_the_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Public holidays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Egypt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Egypt"},{"link_name":"WikiProject","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Egypt"}],"text":"Ambraseys, NN; Melville, CP; Adams, RD (2005), The Seismicity of Egypt, Arabia and the Red Sea: A Historical Review, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521020251vteList of earthquakes in AfricaSovereign states\nAlgeria\nAngola\nBenin\nBotswana\nBurkina Faso\nBurundi\nCameroon\nCape Verde\nCentral African Republic\nChad\nComoros\nDemocratic Republic of the Congo\nRepublic of the Congo\nDjibouti\nEgypt\nEquatorial Guinea\nEritrea\nEswatini\nEthiopia\nGabon\nThe Gambia\nGhana\nGuinea\nGuinea-Bissau\nIvory Coast\nKenya\nLesotho\nLiberia\nLibya\nMadagascar\nMalawi\nMali\nMauritania\nMauritius\nMorocco\nMozambique\nNamibia\nNiger\nNigeria\nRwanda\nSão Tomé and Príncipe\nSenegal\nSeychelles\nSierra Leone\nSomalia\nSouth Africa\nSouth Sudan\nSudan\nTanzania\nTogo\nTunisia\nUganda\nZambia\nZimbabwe\nStates with limitedrecognition\nSahrawi Arab Democratic Republic\nSomaliland\nDependencies andother territories\nCanary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla  (Spain)\nMadeira (Portugal)\nMayotte / Réunion (France)\nSaint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom)vteList of earthquakes in AsiaSovereign states\nAfghanistan\nArmenia\nAzerbaijan\nBahrain\nBangladesh\nBhutan\nBrunei\nCambodia\nChina\nCyprus\nEast Timor (Timor-Leste)\nEgypt\nGeorgia\nIndia\nIndonesia\nIran\nIraq\nIsrael\nJapan\nJordan\nKazakhstan\nNorth Korea\nSouth Korea\nKuwait\nKyrgyzstan\nLaos\nLebanon\nMalaysia\nMaldives\nMongolia\nMyanmar\nNepal\nOman\nPakistan\nPhilippines\nQatar\nRussia\nSaudi Arabia\nSingapore\nSri Lanka\nSyria\nTajikistan\nThailand\nTurkey\nTurkmenistan\nUnited Arab Emirates\nUzbekistan\nVietnam\nYemen\nStates withlimited recognition\nAbkhazia\nNorthern Cyprus\nPalestine\nSouth Ossetia\nTaiwan\nDependencies andother territories\nBritish Indian Ocean Territory\nChristmas Island\nCocos (Keeling) Islands\nHong Kong\nMacau\n\n Category\n Asia portalvteEgypt topicsHistoryChronology\nPrehistoric\nAncient\ntopics\nAchaemenid\n27th Dynasty\n31st Dynasty\nPtolemaic\nBattle of Actium\nLighthouse of Alexandria\nRoman\nDiocese of Egypt\nLibrary of Alexandria\nChristian\nSassanid\nMuslim\nRashidun Caliphate\nFustat\nIslamization\nTulunid dynasty\nIkhshidid dynasty\nFatimid Caliphate\nCrusader invasions\nAyyubid dynasty\nMamluk Sultanate\nMamluk\nOttoman\nOttoman Egypt\nKhedivate and Kingdom of Egypt\nMuhammad Ali dynasty\nNahda\nKhedivate\nEgyptian–Ethiopian War\nUrabi revolt\nModern\nFrench occupation\nRevolt of Cairo\nBritish occupation\n1919 revolution\nWorld War II\nSultanate\nKingdom\n1948 Arab–Israeli War\nRepublic\nNasser era\n1952 Egyptian revolution\nLand reform\nSuez Crisis\nUnited Arab Republic\nSix-Day War\nSadat era\nYom Kippur War\nEgyptian–Libyan War\nAssassination of Anwar Sadat\nMubarak era\n2010s Crisis\n2011 Egyptian revolution\n2013 Rabaa massacre\nBy topic\nAnarchism\nCapital\nCigarette industry\nConstitution\nCopts\nGenetic\nHealthcare\nJews\nMuslim Brotherhood\n1928–1938\n1939–1954\n1954–present\nParliament\nPopulation\nPostal\nSaladin\nTimekeeping devicesBy city\nAlexandria\nCairo\nPort Said\n\nGeography\nBiota\nBorders\nCities\nClimate\nDeserts\nEarthquakes\nEnvironmental issues\nFossils\nGeology\nHalfaya Pass\nIslands\nLakes\nMountains\nMount Sinai\nNile Delta\nNorthern coast\nOases\nQattara Depression\nRed Sea Riviera\nRivers\nNile\nSinai Peninsula\nSuez Canal\nTowns and villages\nWadis\nWildlife\nPolitics\nAdministrative divisions\nGovernorates\nCivil Code\nCorruption\nConscription\nConstitution\nElections\nForeign relations\nMissions\nIslamic extremism\nJudiciary\nLaw enforcement\nMassacres\nMilitary\nSupreme Council\nNationality law\nParliament\nPassport\nPolitical parties\nPresident\nlist\nPrime Minister\nlist\nProposed new capital\nRefugees of the Syrian civil war\nTerrorism\nTerrorism and tourism\nTwin towns and sister cities\nEconomy\nAgriculture\nBanking\nNational Bank\nCompanies\nEconomic regions\nEgyptian stock exchange\nEgyptian pound\nEnergy\nEntrepreneurship policies\nFishing\nImpact on the environment\nLighthouses\nMilitary industry\nMining\nMines\nNuclear program\nPower stations\nAswan Dam\nRole of the Egyptian Armed Forces\nTallest buildings\nTelecommunications\nInternet\nTourism\nCultural tourism\nTransport\nAirlines\nAirports\nRailway stations\nWater supply and sanitation\nWater resources management\nSocietyGeneral\nAbortion\nAnimal welfare\nBillionaires\nCannabis\nCapital punishment\nCensuses\nCorruption\nCrime\nHuman trafficking\nMass sexual assault\nRape\nDemographics\nDiaspora\nEducation\nAcademic grading\nLaw schools\nMedical schools\nSchools\nUniversities\nFamilies\nAbaza family\nFeminism\nGender inequality\nHealth\nHealthcare\nHospitals\nHousing\nHuman rights\nFreedom of religion\nLGBT rights\nInternational rankings\nLanguages\nEgyptian Arabic\nSaʽidi Arabic\nSign Language\nLiberalism\nLiterature\nProstitution\nReligion\nBaháʼí\nBlasphemy law\nChristianity\nCatholic dioceses\nCoptic Churches\nHinduism\nIdentification card controversy\nIrreligion\nIslam\nAhmadiyya\nMosques\nNiqāb\nJudaism\nSynagogues\nScientology\nSmoking\nUnits of measurement\nVehicle registration plates\nWaste management\nWomen\nCulture\nArchitecture\nArt (ancient)\nArt (contemporary)\nBotanical gardens\nCastles\nCinema\nCoat of arms\nCuisine\nBeer\nWine\nFilms\nFlag\nlist\nregions\nFootball\nFootball clubs\nFootball stadiums\nEgyptians\nMass media\nMagazines\nNewspapers\nRadio\nTV\nMuseums\nMusic\nNational anthem\nOlympics\nPublic holidays\nWorld Heritage Sites\n\n Category\n Portal\n WikiProject\n Commons","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Seismic hazard for the Eastern Mediterranean from the Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Program (GSHAP) in terms of peak ground acceleration with a 10% chance of being exceeded (or a 90% chance of not being exceeded) within the next 50 years","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Turkey_seismic_hazard.jpg/220px-Turkey_seismic_hazard.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Geology of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Egypt"}]
[{"reference":"National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. \"Significant Earthquake Information\". doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved 21 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/261","url_text":"\"Significant Earthquake Information\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7289%2FV5TD9V7K","url_text":"10.7289/V5TD9V7K"}]},{"reference":"National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. \"Significant Earthquake Information\". doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved 21 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/1329","url_text":"\"Significant Earthquake Information\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7289%2FV5TD9V7K","url_text":"10.7289/V5TD9V7K"}]},{"reference":"National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Global Significant Earthquake Database. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. \"Significant Earthquake Information\". doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K. Retrieved 21 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/1889","url_text":"\"Significant Earthquake Information\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7289%2FV5TD9V7K","url_text":"10.7289/V5TD9V7K"}]},{"reference":"\"رئيس الوزراء فى حديث\"للاهرام\"حول قضايا الساعه:شقه جديده بالمرافق خلال هذا الشهر لكل من انهار مسكنه\". Al-Ahram. 1 November 1992. Retrieved 23 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://cedej.bibalex.org/DocumentFrm.aspx?documentID=288774","url_text":"\"رئيس الوزراء فى حديث\"للاهرام\"حول قضايا الساعه:شقه جديده بالمرافق خلال هذا الشهر لكل من انهار مسكنه\""}]},{"reference":"Ambraseys, NN; Melville, CP; Adams, RD (2005), The Seismicity of Egypt, Arabia and the Red Sea: A Historical Review, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521020251","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521020251","url_text":"9780521020251"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_A._Karp
David A. Karp
["1 Book publications","2 External links"]
For other people named David Karp, see David Karp (disambiguation). This biography of a living person relies too much on references to primary sources. Please help by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful.Find sources: "David A. Karp" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) David A. KarpAlma materHarvard UniversityOccupationProfessor of SociologyEmployerBoston CollegeWebsitewww2.bc.edu/~karp David Allen Karp (born 1944) is a Professor of Sociology at Boston College where he has taught since 1971. He received his B.A. degree from Harvard University in 1966 and his Ph.D. in Sociology from New York University in 1971. He has written or co-authored nine books and more than fifty journal articles and book chapters. His work appears in such periodicals as Symbolic Interaction, Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, Journal of Qualitative Health Research, the Gerontologist, and the International Journal of Aging and Human Development. His work has largely clustered in three areas: urban life and culture, aging, and the study of mental health and illness. Professor Karp’s career-long research work is both motivated by and advances “symbolic interaction theory,” sociology’s distinctive version of social psychology. His diverse writings are animated and united by the core “social constructionist” question, “How do people make sense of complicated life circumstances and how are their behaviors, emotions, and attitudes linked to such interpretive processes?” Over the course of more than 40 years he has explored a variety of topics. His doctoral dissertation on the nature of “urban anonymity” involved participant observation in New York’s Times Square area. This initial interest in the social psychology of city life led to the publication of his co-authored and widely respected book entitled Being Urban: A Sociology of City Life. As an assistant professor at Boston College he also co-authored a book on the “sociology of everyday life.” Always using his sociology to reflect on issues of personal significance, Professor Karp later collaborated on Experiencing the Life Cycle: A Social Psychology of Aging. This book challenged deterministic notions of a universal aging process. In the early 1980s Professor Karp wrote a series of path-breaking papers on the social and emotional lives of people in their fifties, at that point a neglected moment in the life course. Among the several articles produced from this study, the most provocative and widely acclaimed was his paper entitled “A Decade of Reminders.” This article (featured in the science section of The New York Times) argues that there is an internal quickening of one’s feelings of growing older in the fifties as those in that decade experience a momentum of social reminders about age (Karp calls them body reminders, generational reminders, contextual reminders, and mortality reminders). The paper is a model for those who wish to understand the intersection of global social factors, the immediate life circumstances of individuals, and how people construct personal identities. Like many of his journal articles, his classic study with William C. Yoels entitled “The College Classroom: Some Observations on the Nature of Student Participation” has been reprinted multiple times. In addition, he has co-authored a series of articles on what happens in upper-middle-class families during the year that a child applies to college. However, for nearly two decades his abiding interest has been to decipher the experiences of mental illness. Professor Karp began his series of books and articles on mental illness in the late 1980s. His exceedingly influential book entitled Speaking of Sadness: Depression, Disconnection, and the Meanings of Illness (Oxford, 1996) is the first in a series of three books on the subject. This book reveals Karp’s status as a methodological craftsperson who artfully combines in-depth interviewing, personal experience, and cogent analysis. This book was very positively reviewed in The New York Times and won the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction’s Charles Horton Cooley Award in 1996. Speaking of Sadness enjoys a wide public audience and is frequently used in basic sociology courses, courses on social psychology, and courses on health and illness, among others. Professor Karp’s second book on mental illness was published in 2000. The Burden of Sympathy: How Families Cope with Mental Illness (Oxford, 2000) is an equally compelling book that makes an enduring contribution to the study of mental illnesses and the emotions that surround them. Based on 60 interviews with the family and friends of persons with depression, manic-depression, or schizophrenia, this book shows how caregivers negotiate enormously complicated boundaries of obligation. As with Speaking of Sadness, this book brings sophisticated sociology to a general public. In 2006 Harvard University Press published Professor Karp’s third book on mental illness. Is It Me or My Meds? Living with Antidepressants focuses on the relationship between pills and person hood. Karp powerfully argues that while all drugs potentially impact our sense of self, psychiatric drugs are unique because they are designed to reshape people’s moods, feelings, behaviors and perceptions. To the extent that these drugs alter people’s emotions they have a profound effect on the essential nature of their identities. Taken together, his writings pose critical challenges to exclusively biological explanations of and treatments for mental illness. His three books on mental illness have received a number of exceptionally favorable academic reviews and are enormously valuable resources for patients and caregivers, mental health practitioners, and fellow sociologists. Book publications The Research Imagination. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. With Paul S Gray., John B. Williamson, John Dalphin, Karen Bettez Halnon, and James Carritte. Is It Me or My Meds? Living with Antidepressants. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006. Sociology in Everyday Life. Third edition. Waveland Publishing Company, 2004. With W. Yoels and B. Vann. The Burden of Sympathy: How Families Cope with Mental Illness. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Speaking of Sadness: Depression, Disconnection, and the Meanings of Illness. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. Experiencing the Life Cycle: A Social Psychology of Aging. Second Edition. Springfield, Illinois: Charles Thomas, 1993. With J. Clair and W. Yoels. Being Urban: A Sociology of City Life. Second edition. New York: Praeger, 1991. With G. Stone and W. Yoels. Third edition in preparation. The Research Craft. Second edition. Boston: Little, Brown, 1992. With J.Williamson, J. Dalphin, and P. Gray. Reprinted by Tech Books. Symbols, Selves and Society: Understanding Interaction. New York: Harper and Row, 1979. With W. Yoels. External links David A. Karp's Homepage Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Netherlands Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Karp (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Karp_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Boston College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_College"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"Sociology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology"},{"link_name":"New York University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_University"},{"link_name":"Ethnography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography"},{"link_name":"symbolic interaction theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_interaction_theory"},{"link_name":"social constructionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_constructionist"},{"link_name":"Times Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_Square"},{"link_name":"Boston College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_College"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"William C. Yoels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_C._Yoels&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Harvard University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press"}],"text":"For other people named David Karp, see David Karp (disambiguation).David Allen Karp (born 1944) is a Professor of Sociology at Boston College where he has taught since 1971. He received his B.A. degree from Harvard University in 1966 and his Ph.D. in Sociology from New York University in 1971. He has written or co-authored nine books and more than fifty journal articles and book chapters. His work appears in such periodicals as Symbolic Interaction, Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, Journal of Qualitative Health Research, the Gerontologist, and the International Journal of Aging and Human Development. His work has largely clustered in three areas: urban life and culture, aging, and the study of mental health and illness.Professor Karp’s career-long research work is both motivated by and advances “symbolic interaction theory,” sociology’s distinctive version of social psychology. His diverse writings are animated and united by the core “social constructionist” question, “How do people make sense of complicated life circumstances and how are their behaviors, emotions, and attitudes linked to such interpretive processes?”Over the course of more than 40 years he has explored a variety of topics. His doctoral dissertation on the nature of “urban anonymity” involved participant observation in New York’s Times Square area. This initial interest in the social psychology of city life led to the publication of his co-authored and widely respected book entitled Being Urban: A Sociology of City Life. As an assistant professor at Boston College he also co-authored a book on the “sociology of everyday life.” Always using his sociology to reflect on issues of personal significance, Professor Karp later collaborated on Experiencing the Life Cycle: A Social Psychology of Aging. This book challenged deterministic notions of a universal aging process.In the early 1980s Professor Karp wrote a series of path-breaking papers on the social and emotional lives of people in their fifties, at that point a neglected moment in the life course. Among the several articles produced from this study, the most provocative and widely acclaimed was his paper entitled “A Decade of Reminders.” This article (featured in the science section of The New York Times) argues that there is an internal quickening of one’s feelings of growing older in the fifties as those in that decade experience a momentum of social reminders about age (Karp calls them body reminders, generational reminders, contextual reminders, and mortality reminders). The paper is a model for those who wish to understand the intersection of global social factors, the immediate life circumstances of individuals, and how people construct personal identities.Like many of his journal articles, his classic study with William C. Yoels entitled “The College Classroom: Some Observations on the Nature of Student Participation” has been reprinted multiple times. In addition, he has co-authored a series of articles on what happens in upper-middle-class families during the year that a child applies to college. However, for nearly two decades his abiding interest has been to decipher the experiences of mental illness.Professor Karp began his series of books and articles on mental illness in the late 1980s. His exceedingly influential book entitled Speaking of Sadness: Depression, Disconnection, and the Meanings of Illness (Oxford, 1996) is the first in a series of three books on the subject. This book reveals Karp’s status as a methodological craftsperson who artfully combines in-depth interviewing, personal experience, and cogent analysis. This book was very positively reviewed in The New York Times and won the Society for the Study of Symbolic Interaction’s Charles Horton Cooley Award in 1996. Speaking of Sadness enjoys a wide public audience and is frequently used in basic sociology courses, courses on social psychology, and courses on health and illness, among others.Professor Karp’s second book on mental illness was published in 2000. The Burden of Sympathy: How Families Cope with Mental Illness (Oxford, 2000) is an equally compelling book that makes an enduring contribution to the study of mental illnesses and the emotions that surround them. Based on 60 interviews with the family and friends of persons with depression, manic-depression, or schizophrenia, this book shows how caregivers negotiate enormously complicated boundaries of obligation. As with Speaking of Sadness, this book brings sophisticated sociology to a general public.In 2006 Harvard University Press published Professor Karp’s third book on mental illness. Is It Me or My Meds? Living with Antidepressants focuses on the relationship between pills and person hood. Karp powerfully argues that while all drugs potentially impact our sense of self, psychiatric drugs are unique because they are designed to reshape people’s moods, feelings, behaviors and perceptions. To the extent that these drugs alter people’s emotions they have a profound effect on the essential nature of their identities. Taken together, his writings pose critical challenges to exclusively biological explanations of and treatments for mental illness. His three books on mental illness have received a number of exceptionally favorable academic reviews and are enormously valuable resources for patients and caregivers, mental health practitioners, and fellow sociologists.","title":"David A. Karp"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Research Imagination. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. With Paul S Gray., John B. Williamson, John Dalphin, Karen Bettez Halnon, and James Carritte.\nIs It Me or My Meds? Living with Antidepressants. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006.\nSociology in Everyday Life. Third edition. Waveland Publishing Company, 2004. With W. Yoels and B. Vann.\nThe Burden of Sympathy: How Families Cope with Mental Illness. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.\nSpeaking of Sadness: Depression, Disconnection, and the Meanings of Illness. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.\nExperiencing the Life Cycle: A Social Psychology of Aging. Second Edition. Springfield, Illinois: Charles Thomas, 1993. With J. Clair and W. Yoels.\nBeing Urban: A Sociology of City Life. Second edition. New York: Praeger, 1991. With G. Stone and W. Yoels. Third edition in preparation.\nThe Research Craft. Second edition. Boston: Little, Brown, 1992. With J.Williamson, J. Dalphin, and P. Gray. Reprinted by Tech Books.\nSymbols, Selves and Society: Understanding Interaction. New York: Harper and Row, 1979. With W. Yoels.","title":"Book publications"}]
[]
null
[]
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