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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitre_bush
|
Nitraria
|
["1 Nitraria in Islam","2 References"]
|
Genus of flowering plants
Nitraria
Nitraria billardierei in St Kilda, South Australia.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Sapindales
Family:
Nitrariaceae
Genus:
NitrariaL.
Species
See text
Nitraria, known as the nitre bushes, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Nitrariaceae, native to Africa, Europe, Asia, Russia and Australia.
There are about 9 species including:
Nitraria billardierei DC., known as nitre bush or dillon bush
Nitraria retusa (Forssk.) Asch.
Nitraria schoberi L.
Nitraria sibirica Pall.
Nitraria in Islam
Nitraria was mentioned in the Noble Prophet's Sunnah as a Jewish tree, it was also named because, as stated in the honorable hadith about Abū Hurayra ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Ṣakhr al-Dawsī al-Zahrānī heard the Messenger of Allah Mohmmed (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said:
The hour does not rise until the Muslims fight the Jews, and the Muslims kill them until the Jew hides behind the stones and the trees, so the stones and the trees say, "O Muslim, O servant of Allah, this is a Jew behind me, so come and kill him", except the Nitraria, for it is from the trees of the Jews.
References
"Genus Nitraria". PlantNET — New South Wales Flora Online. Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust. Retrieved 2007-11-28.
"Nitraria L." Atlas of Living Australia. Archived from the original on 2018-06-26. Retrieved 2017-12-23.
Taxon identifiersNitraria
Wikidata: Q2381847
Wikispecies: Nitraria
APDB: 193019
APNI: 94807
BOLD: 367693
CoL: 64GV
eFloraSA: Nitraria
EPPO: 1NITG
FloraBase: 21635
FoAO2: Nitraria
FoC: 122347
GBIF: 6384813
GRIN: 8250
iNaturalist: 199196
IPNI: 41729-1
IRMNG: 1310678
NCBI: 43874
Open Tree of Life: 461726
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:41729-1
Tropicos: 40028607
VicFlora: 1f27fb39-3b40-49e8-bcf4-875da94be284
WFO: wfo-4000026173
This Sapindales-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flowering plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"Nitrariaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrariaceae"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Nitraria billardierei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitraria_billardierei"},{"link_name":"Nitraria retusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitraria_retusa"},{"link_name":"Nitraria schoberi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitraria_schoberi"},{"link_name":"Nitraria sibirica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitraria_sibirica&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Nitraria, known as the nitre bushes, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Nitrariaceae, native to Africa, Europe, Asia, Russia and Australia.There are about 9 species including:Nitraria billardierei DC., known as nitre bush or dillon bush\nNitraria retusa (Forssk.) Asch.\nNitraria schoberi L.\nNitraria sibirica Pall.","title":"Nitraria"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Nitraria was mentioned in the Noble Prophet's Sunnah as a Jewish tree, it was also named because, as stated in the honorable hadith about Abū Hurayra ʿAbd al-Raḥmān ibn Ṣakhr al-Dawsī al-Zahrānī heard the Messenger of Allah Mohmmed (may Allah's peace and blessings be upon him) said:The hour does not rise until the Muslims fight the Jews, and the Muslims kill them until the Jew hides behind the stones and the trees, so the stones and the trees say, \"O Muslim, O servant of Allah, this is a Jew behind me, so come and kill him\", except the Nitraria, for it is from the trees of the Jews.","title":"Nitraria in Islam"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Genus Nitraria\". PlantNET — New South Wales Flora Online. Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust. Retrieved 2007-11-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=gn&name=Nitraria","url_text":"\"Genus Nitraria\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nitraria L.\" Atlas of Living Australia. Archived from the original on 2018-06-26. Retrieved 2017-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180626082818/https://bie.ala.org.au/species/http://id.biodiversity.org.au/node/apni/7724920","url_text":"\"Nitraria L.\""},{"url":"https://bie.ala.org.au/species/http://id.biodiversity.org.au/node/apni/7724920","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=gn&name=Nitraria","external_links_name":"\"Genus Nitraria\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180626082818/https://bie.ala.org.au/species/http://id.biodiversity.org.au/node/apni/7724920","external_links_name":"\"Nitraria L.\""},{"Link":"https://bie.ala.org.au/species/http://id.biodiversity.org.au/node/apni/7724920","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/193019","external_links_name":"193019"},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/94807","external_links_name":"94807"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=367693","external_links_name":"367693"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/64GV","external_links_name":"64GV"},{"Link":"http://www.flora.sa.gov.au/cgi-bin/speciesfacts_display.cgi?form=speciesfacts&name=Nitraria","external_links_name":"Nitraria"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1NITG","external_links_name":"1NITG"},{"Link":"https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/21635","external_links_name":"21635"},{"Link":"https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Nitraria","external_links_name":"Nitraria"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=122347","external_links_name":"122347"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/6384813","external_links_name":"6384813"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=8250","external_links_name":"8250"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/199196","external_links_name":"199196"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/41729-1","external_links_name":"41729-1"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1310678","external_links_name":"1310678"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=43874","external_links_name":"43874"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=461726","external_links_name":"461726"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A41729-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:41729-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40028607","external_links_name":"40028607"},{"Link":"https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/1f27fb39-3b40-49e8-bcf4-875da94be284","external_links_name":"1f27fb39-3b40-49e8-bcf4-875da94be284"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000026173","external_links_name":"wfo-4000026173"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nitraria&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Hip%C3%B3lito_Mart%C3%ADnez
|
Víctor Hipólito Martínez
|
["1 Life and times","2 References"]
|
Argentine lawyer and politician
Víctor Hipólito MartínezVice President of ArgentinaIn officeDecember 10, 1983 – July 8, 1989PresidentRaúl AlfonsínPreceded byIsabel Martínez de PerónSucceeded byEduardo DuhaldeIntendant of CórdobaIn officeOctober 12, 1963 – June 28, 1966Preceded byVito Remo RoggioSucceeded byEmilio Carlos Casares
Personal detailsBorn(1924-11-21)November 21, 1924Córdoba, ArgentinaDiedNovember 20, 2017(2017-11-20) (aged 92)Villa Allende, CórdobaPolitical partyRadical Civic UnionSpouseFanny Mónica MuntéChildren3Alma materNational University of Córdoba
Víctor Hipólito Martínez (Spanish pronunciation: ⓘ; November 21, 1924 – November 20, 2017) was an Argentine lawyer and politician, best known for his role as vice president during Raúl Alfonsín's 1983–89 tenure.
Life and times
Martínez was born and raised in Córdoba, Argentina. He enrolled in the National University of Córdoba, received a law degree in 1948 and in 1955, he participated in a Southern Methodist University conference on fossil fuel policy. He began teaching land law at his alma mater in 1956 and earning a juris doctor, in 1957. Active in the centrist Radical Civic Union (UCR), Martínez entered politics and was elected to the Provincial Senate, in 1962. He was elected Mayor of Córdoba in 1963 and remained in the post until a coup d'état removed President Arturo Illia (a fellow UCR figure), in 1966.
Martínez returned to academia and edited Los Principios, a local news daily, from 1970 to 1972. During new elections in 1973, he ran unsuccessfully for Governor of Córdoba Province. Continuing to teach at the university, he served on government advisory panels on the local, provincial, and national levels on the subject of land law. He established the Argentine Society of Natural Resource Law and Management and was named Dean of the Land Law Department at the University of Córdoba, in 1979.
Following seven years of a failed military dictatorship, elections were called for October 1983. The UCR, which held its convention in July of that year, nominated a center-left former Congressman and human rights lawyer, Raúl Alfonsín, for president and Martínez (who, as a somewhat more conservative figure, would help balance the ticket) for vice president. Following weeks of tied polling with the Justicialist Party, the UCR won the elections by 12%, and Martínez was elected vice president.
Sworn in on December 10, Martínez's role as President of the Argentine Senate became critical given the Justicialists' advantage of 21 Senators to the UCR's 18. He was unable, however, to prevent their defeat of Alfonsín's Labor Union Reform Law of 1984 or of the proposed, 1987 transfer of the nation's capital to Viedma (both, key issues to the President). Martínez made numerous diplomatic visits abroad as vice president. He was designated Honorary Citizen of California by Governor George Deukmejian, in 1985, and was made an Honorary Member of the Inter-American Bar Association, in 1986. Ultimately, however, a sharp currency crisis and sudden rioting forced Alfonsín to advance the planned, December 1989 inaugural of his successor, Carlos Menem, by five months, and Martínez tendered his resignation on June 30 (effective Alfonsín's July 8 handover).
He resumed his land law practice afterwards and received numerous international awards, including the Grand Cross of the Crown of Italy. He later served as Ambassador to Perú during President Fernando de la Rúa's 1999–2001 administration.
Martínez was given the place of honor during the memorial service to President Raúl Alfonsín, who died on March 31, 2009. A niece of his, Pilar Nores Bodereau, married Alan García (who would twice be elected President of Perú), in 1978.
Martínez died in a Villa Allende, Córdoba, clinic on 20 November 2017, one day short of his 93rd birthday.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Víctor Hipólito Martínez.
^ Síntesis Periodística. Honorable Congreso de la Nación. 1985.
^ a b c Academia Nacional de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales: Víctor Martínez (in Spanish)
^ Todo Argentina: 1983 (in Spanish)
^ Todo Argentina: 1989 (in Spanish)
^ La Hora de Juan Cruz: Entrevista a Víctor Martínez (in Spanish)
^ "Murió Víctor Martínez, el ex vicepresidente de Raúl Alfonsín". La Nación. 20 November 2017.
Political offices
Preceded byIsabel Perón
Vice President of Argentina 1983–1989
Succeeded byEduardo Duhalde
vteCabinet of President Raúl Alfonsín (1983-1989)PresidentRaúl AlfonsínVice PresidentVíctor Hipólito MartínezGeneral Secretary
Germán López (1983–1986)
Carlos Becerra (1986–1989)
Ministry of Interior
Antonio Tróccoli (1983–1987)
Enrique Nosiglia (1987–1989)
Juan Carlos Pugliese (1989)
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Worship
Dante Caputo (1983–1989)
Susana Ruiz Cerutti (1989)
Ministry of Defense
Raúl Borrás (1983–1985)
Roque Carranza (1985–1986)
Germán López (1986)
Horacio Jaunarena (1986–1989)
Ministry of Economy
Bernardo Grinspun (1983–1985)
Juan Vital Sourrouille (1985–1989)
Juan Carlos Pugliese (1989)
Jesús Rodríguez (1989)
Ministry of Education
Carlos Román Santiago Alconada Aramburu (1983–1986)
Julio Raúl Rajneri (1986–1987)
Jorge Federico Sábato (1987–1989)
José Gabriel Dumón (1989)
Minister of Public Works
Roque Carranza (1983–1985)
Roberto Tomassini (1985–1986)
Pedro Trucco (1986–1987)
Rodolfo Terragno (1987–1989)
Roberto Pedro Echarte (1989)
Ministry of Labour
Antonio Mucci (1983–1984)
Juan Manuel Casella (1984)
Hugo Barrionuevo (1984–1987)
Carlos Alderete (1987)
Ideler Tonelli (1987–1989)
Ministry of Health and Social Development
Aldo Neri (1983–1986)
Conrado Storani (1986–1987)
Ricardo Barrios Arrechea (1987–1989)
Enrique Beveraggi (1989)
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Argentina
Germany
United States
|
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He enrolled in the National University of Córdoba, received a law degree in 1948 and in 1955, he participated in a Southern Methodist University conference on fossil fuel policy. He began teaching land law at his alma mater in 1956 and earning a juris doctor, in 1957. Active in the centrist Radical Civic Union (UCR), Martínez entered politics and was elected to the Provincial Senate, in 1962. He was elected Mayor of Córdoba in 1963 and remained in the post until a coup d'état removed President Arturo Illia (a fellow UCR figure), in 1966.[2]Martínez returned to academia and edited Los Principios, a local news daily, from 1970 to 1972. During new elections in 1973, he ran unsuccessfully for Governor of Córdoba Province. Continuing to teach at the university, he served on government advisory panels on the local, provincial, and national levels on the subject of land law. He established the Argentine Society of Natural Resource Law and Management and was named Dean of the Land Law Department at the University of Córdoba, in 1979.[2]Following seven years of a failed military dictatorship, elections were called for October 1983. The UCR, which held its convention in July of that year, nominated a center-left former Congressman and human rights lawyer, Raúl Alfonsín, for president and Martínez (who, as a somewhat more conservative figure, would help balance the ticket) for vice president. Following weeks of tied polling with the Justicialist Party, the UCR won the elections by 12%, and Martínez was elected vice president.[3]Sworn in on December 10, Martínez's role as President of the Argentine Senate became critical given the Justicialists' advantage of 21 Senators to the UCR's 18. He was unable, however, to prevent their defeat of Alfonsín's Labor Union Reform Law of 1984 or of the proposed, 1987 transfer of the nation's capital to Viedma (both, key issues to the President). Martínez made numerous diplomatic visits abroad as vice president. He was designated Honorary Citizen of California by Governor George Deukmejian, in 1985, and was made an Honorary Member of the Inter-American Bar Association, in 1986.[2] Ultimately, however, a sharp currency crisis and sudden rioting forced Alfonsín to advance the planned, December 1989 inaugural of his successor, Carlos Menem, by five months, and Martínez tendered his resignation on June 30 (effective Alfonsín's July 8 handover).[4]He resumed his land law practice afterwards and received numerous international awards, including the Grand Cross of the Crown of Italy. He later served as Ambassador to Perú during President Fernando de la Rúa's 1999–2001 administration.Martínez was given the place of honor during the memorial service to President Raúl Alfonsín, who died on March 31, 2009. A niece of his, Pilar Nores Bodereau, married Alan García (who would twice be elected President of Perú), in 1978.[5]Martínez died in a Villa Allende, Córdoba, clinic on 20 November 2017, one day short of his 93rd birthday.[6]","title":"Life and times"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattnall_Square_Academy
|
Tattnall Square Academy
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["1 History","2 Athletics","3 Academics","4 Notable alumni","5 Accreditation and membership","6 External links","7 References"]
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Coordinates: 32°53′30″N 83°43′17″W / 32.891559°N 83.721434°W / 32.891559; -83.721434This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Tattnall Square Academy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Private school in Macon, Georgia, United StatesTattnall Square AcademyHigh School BuildingAddress111 Trojan TrailMacon, Georgia 31210United StatesCoordinates32°53′30″N 83°43′17″W / 32.891559°N 83.721434°W / 32.891559; -83.721434InformationTypePrivate schoolMotto"Dedicated to Excellence"Religious affiliation(s)BaptistEstablished1969 (55 years ago) (1969)FounderTattnall Square Baptist ChurchCEEB code111962Head of schoolDavid RainesFaculty75GradesK3-12th gradeEnrollment600Student to teacher ratio13:1CampusSuburbanColor(s)Royal blue and gold MascotTroy the TrojanNicknameTattnall or TSAYearbookHorizonsWebsitewww.tattnall.org
Tattnall Square Academy (TSA) is a private Christian school located in Macon, Georgia, United States. It was chartered by Tattnall Square Baptist Church in 1969 and has been described at the time of its founding as a segregation academy.
Tattnall is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and the Southern Association of Independent Schools.
History
The school was founded on February 5, 1969 by Tattnall Square Baptist Church.
Tattnall Square Academy was originally located on the corner of Coleman Avenue and Adams Street, in Macon, Georgia, across from Tattnall Square Park, in the Educational Building of Tattnall Square Baptist Church. It was relocated to its present location off Wesleyan Drive, near the Original end of Lakecrest Drive, on Trojan Trail, in 1972. Originally, at the current location, the campus consisted only of the main building, Trojan Hall (then a gymnasium, currently an auditorium), the baseball, and football fields. In 1988, the school opened its football and track complex, which hosted eleven of the school's state football titles. Since then, a new elementary building, high school building, and athletic complex have been added to the campus. In 2004, the school's original gymnasium was converted to the aptly named "Trojan Hall", a 512-seat auditorium. Also added was a new athletic complex which included a new basketball court, football and basketball locker rooms, and a sports medicine facility. Although once described as a segregation academy, Tattnall maintains a non-discriminatory policy.
Athletics
Tattnall currently competes in the Single-A subdivision of the Georgia High School Association. During the 2014-2015 school year, the school followed numerous other private schools in leaving the Georgia Independent School Association to compete in the Georgia High School Association. Tattnall has won over 40 state and 115 region championships to date, and most recently, Tattnall has won region titles in football (2016), baseball (2014–19), and fast-pitch softball (2017 and 2018), and state championships in baseball (2016, 2018, 2019). Currently, 75% of students compete on an athletic team.
Tattnall Square Academy's baseball team is a consistent contender for the GHSA Single-A state title and maintains top 10 state top 100 national rankings.
Academics
Tattnall Square Academy offers 18 dual enrollment and AP courses through Middle Georgia State University and Central Georgia Technical College. Also offered are 15 honors courses. The school has 14 extra-curricular clubs, including FCA and the Ecology Action Club. For two years each graduating class has achieved 90% HOPE Scholarship retention. The Tattnall Square Academy Math team has built a championship standard amassing, on average, 19 first place trophies annually, winning the GHSA Single-A Private State Championship.
Notable alumni
Deandre Smelter, professional football player, San Francisco 49ers
Durant Brooks, professional football player
Accreditation and membership
Southern Association of Colleges and Schools
Southern Association of Independent Schools
Georgia Accrediting Commission
Georgia High School Association
Georgia Independent School Association
External links
Official website
References
^ a b Manis, Andrew Michael (2004). Macon Black and White: An Unutterable Separation in the American Century. Mercer University Press. p. 312. ISBN 9780865549586.
^ "Stratford, Tattnall Move to GHSA". Macon News. Retrieved 2019-04-20.
vteMiddle Georgia Independent Schools
Central Fellowship Christian Academy
First Presbyterian Day School
John Milledge Academy
Monroe Academy
Mount de Sales Academy
Stratford Academy
Tattnall Square Academy
Trinity Christian School
The Westfield School
Windsor Academy
Governing body: Georgia Independent School Association
vteEducational institutions in Bibb County, Georgia (including Macon)Colleges anduniversities
Central Georgia Technical College
Mercer University
Middle Georgia State University
Wesleyan College
High schoolsPublic(Bibb County PSD)
Central
Howard
Northeast Health Science Magnet
Rutland
Southwest Magnet
Westside
Private
First Presbyterian Day School
Mount de Sales Academy
Stratford Academy
Tattnall Square Academy
Windsor Academy
Charter
Academy for Classical Education
Elementary schoolsPublic
Alexander II Magnet
vteGHSA Class A Division II Region 1
Baconton Blazers
Baker County Bears
Calhoun County Cougars
Pataula Charter Panthers
Early County Bobcats
Miller County Pirates
Mitchell County Eagles
Quitman County Hornets
Randolph-Clay Red Devils
Seminole County Indians
Southwest Georgia STEM Aggies
Stewart County Royal Knights
Terrell County Greenwave
Authority control databases
ISNI
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_school"},{"link_name":"Christian school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_school"},{"link_name":"Macon, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"segregation academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segregation_academy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manis-1"},{"link_name":"Southern Association of Colleges and Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Association_of_Colleges_and_Schools"}],"text":"Private school in Macon, Georgia, United StatesTattnall Square Academy (TSA) is a private Christian school located in Macon, Georgia, United States. It was chartered by Tattnall Square Baptist Church in 1969 and has been described at the time of its founding as a segregation academy.[1]Tattnall is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and the Southern Association of Independent Schools.","title":"Tattnall Square Academy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Manis-1"}],"text":"The school was founded on February 5, 1969 by Tattnall Square Baptist Church.Tattnall Square Academy was originally located on the corner of Coleman Avenue and Adams Street, in Macon, Georgia, across from Tattnall Square Park, in the Educational Building of Tattnall Square Baptist Church. It was relocated to its present location off Wesleyan Drive, near the Original end of Lakecrest Drive, on Trojan Trail, in 1972. Originally, at the current location, the campus consisted only of the main building, Trojan Hall (then a gymnasium, currently an auditorium), the baseball, and football fields. In 1988, the school opened its football and track complex, which hosted eleven of the school's state football titles. Since then, a new elementary building, high school building, and athletic complex have been added to the campus. In 2004, the school's original gymnasium was converted to the aptly named \"Trojan Hall\", a 512-seat auditorium. Also added was a new athletic complex which included a new basketball court, football and basketball locker rooms, and a sports medicine facility. Although once described as a segregation academy,[1] Tattnall maintains a non-discriminatory policy.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Tattnall currently competes in the Single-A subdivision of the Georgia High School Association. During the 2014-2015 school year, the school followed numerous other private schools in leaving the Georgia Independent School Association to compete in the Georgia High School Association.[2] Tattnall has won over 40 state and 115 region championships to date, and most recently, Tattnall has won region titles in football (2016), baseball (2014–19), and fast-pitch softball (2017 and 2018), and state championships in baseball (2016, 2018, 2019). Currently, 75% of students compete on an athletic team.Tattnall Square Academy's baseball team is a consistent contender for the GHSA Single-A state title and maintains top 10 state top 100 national rankings.","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Tattnall Square Academy offers 18 dual enrollment and AP courses through Middle Georgia State University and Central Georgia Technical College. Also offered are 15 honors courses. The school has 14 extra-curricular clubs, including FCA and the Ecology Action Club. For two years each graduating class has achieved 90% HOPE Scholarship retention. The Tattnall Square Academy Math team has built a championship standard amassing, on average, 19 first place trophies annually, winning the GHSA Single-A Private State Championship.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deandre Smelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeAndre_Smelter"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Durant Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durant_Brooks"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Deandre Smelter, professional football player, San Francisco 49ers[citation needed]\nDurant Brooks, professional football player[citation needed]","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southern Association of Colleges and Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Association_of_Colleges_and_Schools"},{"link_name":"Georgia Accrediting Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georgia_Accrediting_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Georgia High School Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_High_School_Association"},{"link_name":"Georgia Independent School Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Independent_School_Association"}],"text":"Southern Association of Colleges and Schools\nSouthern Association of Independent Schools\nGeorgia Accrediting Commission\nGeorgia High School Association\nGeorgia Independent School Association","title":"Accreditation and membership"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_O%27Shanassy
|
John O'Shanassy
|
["1 Biography","2 References"]
|
Australian politician
Sir John O'Shanassy2nd Premier of VictoriaIn office11 March 1857 – 29 April 1857Preceded byWilliam Clark HainesSucceeded byWilliam Clark HainesIn office10 March 1858 – 27 October 1859Preceded byWilliam Clark HainesSucceeded byWilliam NicholsonIn office14 November 1861 – 27 June 1863Preceded byRichard HealesSucceeded byJames McCulloch
Personal detailsBorn(1818-02-18)18 February 1818Ballinahow, Tipperary, IrelandDied5 May 1883(1883-05-05) (aged 65)Boroondara, Victoria, AustraliaNationalityBritishSpouseMargaret McDonnellRelationsMary Marlowe, granddaughter
Sir John O'Shanassy, KCMG (18 February 1818 – 5 May 1883), was an Irish-Australian politician who served as the 2nd Premier of Victoria. O'Shanassy was born near Thurles in County Tipperary, Ireland, the son of a surveyor, and came to the Port Phillip District (later Victoria) in 1839. He went into business in Melbourne as a draper, and by 1846 he was rich enough to be elected to the Melbourne City Council and to become the founding chairman of the Colonial Bank of Australasia. By the 1850s he was a major landowner and one of the wealthiest men in the colony. He also became a recognised leader of the large Irish Catholic community.
Biography
O'Shanassy was elected to the inaugural Victorian Legislative Council for City of Melbourne in 1851. When Victoria gained responsible government in 1856, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly for both Melbourne and Kilmore districts, he decided to represent the latter resulting in a by-election for Melbourne. In 1868 he returned to the council as member for Central Province, then in 1877 he went back to the Assembly as member for Belfast (later known as Port Fairy), which he represented until 1883.
Although he had been regarded as a liberal in his early career, in the colonial Parliament O'Shanassy emerged as the leader of the conservative opposition to the reforming ministry of William Haines, although there was no formal party system in Victoria at this time. His alienation from the liberals was mainly as a result of the tariff issue: most colonial liberals were protectionists, but O'Shanassy was a free trader.
When Haines's ministry fell in March 1857, O'Shanassy succeeded him as Premier, but his government fell in April and Haines returned to office. O'Shanassy was Premier again from March 1858 to October 1859 and his deputy was Charles Gavan Duffy. The combination of these two Irish Catholics heading up the colony's administration was a source of great consternation among the Protestant elite and ensured that sectarian issues emerged in the election of 1859.(G. Serle) However, the Duffy/O'Shanassy link strained, possibly, because O'Shanassy departed Ireland before the turmoil of 1848, while Duffy was involved in the 1848s troubles.(O'Brien) O'Shanassy was Premier again from November 1861. By the 1860s O'Shanassy had become a thorough-going conservative and his government was bitterly opposed by the liberal newspaper The Age and its fiery proprietor, David Syme. In retaliation, O'Shanassy withdrew government advertising from the paper. O'Shanassy's government was finally defeated in June 1863 over the land reform issue, and he never held office again.
O'Shanassy was awarded a papal knighthood in 1859, but news of that award did not reach Victoria until early 1860. The award was pilloried in the Melbourne Punch (19 January 1860, p. 209). Further, he received CMG in 1869 and a KCMG in 1874. He retired from Parliament in February 1883, shortly before his death in Boroondara, Victoria, Australia.
References
^ "Political Condition. The New Parliament". The Argus. Trove. 29 October 1856. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
Geoff Browne, A Biographical Register of the Victorian Parliament, 1900-84, Government Printer, Melbourne, 1985
Don Garden, Victoria: A History, Thomas Nelson, Melbourne, 1984
Elizabeth Malcolm & Dianne Hall, A New History of the Irish in Australia, University of New South Wales Press, Sydney, 2018.
Antony O'Brien, Shenanigans on the Ovens Goldfields: the 1859 election, Artillery Publishing, Hartwell, 2005.
Geoffery Serle,The Golden Age: A History of Colonial Victoria, 1851-1861, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, 1963. (plus numerous reprints)
Kathleen Thompson and Geoffrey Serle, A Biographical Register of the Victorian Parliament, 1856-1900, Australian National University Press, Canberra, 1972
Raymond Wright, A People's Counsel. A History of the Parliament of Victoria, 1856-1990, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 1992
Serle, Percival (1949). "O'Shanassay, John". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Sydney: Angus & Robertson.
Victorian Legislative Council
New seat
Member for City of Melbourne September 1851 – March 1856 With: William Westgarth 1851–53John Smith 1853–56James Johnston 1851–52Augustus Greeves 1853–56John Hodgson 1853–56Henry Langlands 1853,Frederick Sargood 1853–56James Murphy 1853–55,Thomas Rae 1855–56
OriginalCouncilabolished
Victorian Legislative Assembly
New district
Member for Kilmore November 1856 – December 1865
Succeeded byRichard Davies Ireland
Victorian Legislative Council
Preceded byThomas Fellows
Member for Central Province March 1868 – April 1874 With: James Graham 1868–74John Fawkner 1868–69Henry Walsh 1869–71Archibald Michie 1871–73Theodotus Sumner 1873–74George Cole 1868–74Thomas T. à Beckett 1868–74
Succeeded byFrederick T. Sargood
Victorian Legislative Assembly
Preceded byHenry Wrixon
Member for Belfast May 1877 – February 1883
Succeeded byJohn Madden
Political offices
Preceded byWilliam Haines(First Term)
Premier of Victoria March – April 1857(First Term)
Succeeded byWilliam Haines(Second Term)
Preceded byWilliam Haines(Second Term)
Premier of Victoria 1858–1859(Second Term)
Succeeded byWilliam Nicholson
Preceded byRichard Heales
Premier of Victoria 1861–1863(Third Term)
Succeeded byJames McCulloch
vtePremiers of Victoria
Haines
O'Shanassy
Nicholson
Heales
McCulloch
Sladen
MacPherson
Duffy
Francis
Kerferd
Berry
Service
O'Loghlen
Gillies
Munro
Shiels
Patterson
Turner
McLean
Peacock
Irvine
Bent
Murray
Watt
Elmslie
Bowser
Lawson
Prendergast
J. Allan
Hogan
McPherson
Argyle
Dunstan
Cain Sr.
Macfarlan
Hollway
McDonald
Bolte
Hamer
Thompson
Cain Jr.
Kirner
Kennett
Bracks
Brumby
Baillieu
Napthine
Andrews
J. M. Allan
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Australia
People
Australia
Ireland
Trove
Other
SNAC
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KCMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Michael_and_Saint_George"},{"link_name":"Irish-Australian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish-Australian"},{"link_name":"Premier of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Thurles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurles"},{"link_name":"County Tipperary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Tipperary"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Port Phillip District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Phillip_District"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Melbourne City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_City_Council"}],"text":"Sir John O'Shanassy, KCMG (18 February 1818 – 5 May 1883), was an Irish-Australian politician who served as the 2nd Premier of Victoria. O'Shanassy was born near Thurles in County Tipperary, Ireland, the son of a surveyor, and came to the Port Phillip District (later Victoria) in 1839. He went into business in Melbourne as a draper, and by 1846 he was rich enough to be elected to the Melbourne City Council and to become the founding chairman of the Colonial Bank of Australasia. By the 1850s he was a major landowner and one of the wealthiest men in the colony. He also became a recognised leader of the large Irish Catholic community.","title":"John O'Shanassy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victorian Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"City of Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_City_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"responsible government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsible_government"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Kilmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Kilmore"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Central Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Province_(Victoria)"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Belfast"},{"link_name":"Port Fairy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Port_Fairy"},{"link_name":"William Haines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Haines_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"tariff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff"},{"link_name":"protectionists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectionism"},{"link_name":"Charles Gavan Duffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gavan_Duffy"},{"link_name":"The Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age"},{"link_name":"David Syme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Syme"},{"link_name":"papal knighthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_Orders_of_Chivalry"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Punch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Punch"},{"link_name":"CMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"KCMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"}],"text":"O'Shanassy was elected to the inaugural Victorian Legislative Council for City of Melbourne in 1851. When Victoria gained responsible government in 1856, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly for both Melbourne and Kilmore districts, he decided to represent the latter resulting in a by-election for Melbourne.[1] In 1868 he returned to the council as member for Central Province, then in 1877 he went back to the Assembly as member for Belfast (later known as Port Fairy), which he represented until 1883.Although he had been regarded as a liberal in his early career, in the colonial Parliament O'Shanassy emerged as the leader of the conservative opposition to the reforming ministry of William Haines, although there was no formal party system in Victoria at this time. His alienation from the liberals was mainly as a result of the tariff issue: most colonial liberals were protectionists, but O'Shanassy was a free trader.When Haines's ministry fell in March 1857, O'Shanassy succeeded him as Premier, but his government fell in April and Haines returned to office. O'Shanassy was Premier again from March 1858 to October 1859 and his deputy was Charles Gavan Duffy. The combination of these two Irish Catholics heading up the colony's administration was a source of great consternation among the Protestant elite and ensured that sectarian issues emerged in the election of 1859.(G. Serle) However, the Duffy/O'Shanassy link strained, possibly, because O'Shanassy departed Ireland before the turmoil of 1848, while Duffy was involved in the 1848s troubles.(O'Brien) O'Shanassy was Premier again from November 1861. By the 1860s O'Shanassy had become a thorough-going conservative and his government was bitterly opposed by the liberal newspaper The Age and its fiery proprietor, David Syme. In retaliation, O'Shanassy withdrew government advertising from the paper. O'Shanassy's government was finally defeated in June 1863 over the land reform issue, and he never held office again.O'Shanassy was awarded a papal knighthood in 1859, but news of that award did not reach Victoria until early 1860. The award was pilloried in the Melbourne Punch (19 January 1860, p. 209). Further, he received CMG in 1869 and a KCMG in 1874. He retired from Parliament in February 1883, shortly before his death in Boroondara, Victoria, Australia.","title":"Biography"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Political Condition. The New Parliament\". The Argus. Trove. 29 October 1856. Retrieved 19 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article7139154","url_text":"\"Political Condition. The New Parliament\""}]},{"reference":"Serle, Percival (1949). \"O'Shanassay, John\". Dictionary of Australian Biography. Sydney: Angus & Robertson.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percival_Serle","url_text":"Serle, Percival"},{"url":"http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks15/1500721h/0-dict-biogN-O.html#o'shanassy1","url_text":"\"O'Shanassay, John\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Australian_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of Australian Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_%26_Robertson","url_text":"Angus & Robertson"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article7139154","external_links_name":"\"Political Condition. The New Parliament\""},{"Link":"http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks15/1500721h/0-dict-biogN-O.html#o'shanassy1","external_links_name":"\"O'Shanassay, John\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000065980397","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/92374020","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35420028","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/oshanassy-sir-john-4347","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.007041.v1","external_links_name":"Ireland"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/946354","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6sz44kd","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_Claxton_Shield
|
1956 Claxton Shield
|
["1 Controversy","2 References"]
|
1956 Claxton Shield1956Tournament informationDate28 July – 4 AugustHost(s) Adelaide, SATeams4Defending champions New South WalesFinal positionsChampion Victoria (5th title)1st runner-up Western Australia2nd runner-up South Australia← 1955
The 1956 Claxton Shield was the 17th annual Claxton Shield, it was held in Adelaide, South Australia. The participants were South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia. The series was won by Victoria in due to a controversial decision in the final game. They claimed their fifth Shield title. The 1956 Olympic Baseball team was selected from the tournament.
Controversy
The final game of the Shield erupted in controversy when South Australia played Victoria. Victoria stood with a 3–0 record, Western Australia with a 2–1 as well as South Australia. If South Australia won against Victoria in the final game, the winner would be determined on run differential.
The game was tied 4–4 at the end and went to extra innings, with South Australia making the break through, going ahead 5–4 going into the bottom of the 12th inning. The South Australian team realised that a one-run win would not be enough to win the series and needed to score more runs, therefore they had to allow Victoria to score so they could chance a bigger win in the 13th inning. With a Victorian runner on third base the pitcher attempted a pickoff, deliberately throwing the ball away. The umpire called a dead ball and sent the runner back to third. The next pitch, the South Australian pitcher deliberately balked, which would have allowed the run to score, but the home plate umpire called the game over and gave the game to Victoria as a 9–0 forfeit on the basis that South Australia brought the game into disrepute.
Appeals by the South Australian team to the Australian Baseball Corporation were denied, so the championship was awarded to Victoria.
References
^ a b c d Clark, Joe (2003). A History of Australian Baseball: Time and Game. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-6440-2.
^ "Selectors Yet To Be Named". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australia. 21 July 1956. p. 15. Retrieved 26 September 2022 – via newspapers.com.
^ "Umpire in 'ball shock". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australia. 5 August 1956. p. 41 Sporting Section. Retrieved 26 September 2022 – via newspapers.com.
vteClaxton Shield (1934–1988, 2003–2010)
List of champions
Series
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Teams
Australia Provincial
New South Wales Patriots
Northern Territory Buffaloes
Perth Heat
Queensland Rams
South Australia
Victoria Aces
Australian Baseball League (1989–1999)
International Baseball League of Australia (1999–2002)
Australian Baseball League (2010–present)
This Australian baseball-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Claxton Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claxton_Shield"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia_state_baseball_team"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_state_baseball_team"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_state_baseball_team"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia_state_baseball_team"},{"link_name":"1956 Olympic Baseball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_at_the_1956_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clark-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The 1956 Claxton Shield was the 17th annual Claxton Shield, it was held in Adelaide, South Australia. The participants were South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria and Western Australia. The series was won by Victoria in due to a controversial decision in the final game. They claimed their fifth Shield title. The 1956 Olympic Baseball team was selected from the tournament.[1][2]","title":"1956 Claxton Shield"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"run differential","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_differential"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clark-1"},{"link_name":"extra innings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_innings"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"pickoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickoff"},{"link_name":"dead ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_ball"},{"link_name":"deliberately balked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_balk"},{"link_name":"plate umpire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umpire_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"forfeit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forfeit_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clark-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clark-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The final game of the Shield erupted in controversy when South Australia played Victoria. Victoria stood with a 3–0 record, Western Australia with a 2–1 as well as South Australia. If South Australia won against Victoria in the final game, the winner would be determined on run differential.[1]The game was tied 4–4 at the end and went to extra innings, with South Australia making the break through, going ahead 5–4 going into the bottom of the 12th inning. The South Australian team realised that a one-run win would not be enough to win the series and needed to score more runs, therefore they had to allow Victoria to score so they could chance a bigger win in the 13th inning. With a Victorian runner on third base the pitcher attempted a pickoff, deliberately throwing the ball away. The umpire called a dead ball and sent the runner back to third. The next pitch, the South Australian pitcher deliberately balked, which would have allowed the run to score, but the home plate umpire called the game over and gave the game to Victoria as a 9–0 forfeit on the basis that South Australia brought the game into disrepute.[1]Appeals by the South Australian team to the Australian Baseball Corporation were denied, so the championship was awarded to Victoria.[1][3]","title":"Controversy"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Clark, Joe (2003). A History of Australian Baseball: Time and Game. University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-6440-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-6440-2","url_text":"0-8032-6440-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Selectors Yet To Be Named\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australia. 21 July 1956. p. 15. Retrieved 26 September 2022 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/110273773/selectors-yet-to-be-named/","url_text":"\"Selectors Yet To Be Named\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Umpire in 'ball shock\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Australia. 5 August 1956. p. 41 Sporting Section. Retrieved 26 September 2022 – via newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/110273591/umpire-in-ball-shock/","url_text":"\"Umpire in 'ball shock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Combat_Maneuvering_Instrumentation
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Air combat maneuvering instrumentation
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["1 Subsystems","2 Autonomous air combat maneuvering instrumentation","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Air combat maneuvering instrumentation" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Skyhawk with an ACMI pod
ACMI pod on an F-16
Air Combat Maneuvering Instrumentation (ACMI) systems record an aircraft's in-flight data.
They are often used by the military for aerial combat training and analysis.
Subsystems
ACMI usually includes 4 major subsystems.
Control and Computation
The Control and Computation Subsystem (CCS) is usually a rack-mounted personal computer running applications that calculate Time-Space-Position-Information (TSPI).
Transmission Instrumentation
The Transmission Instrumentation Subsystem (TIS) is firmware running at or near a communications tower on the range the aircraft are flying around. The TIS will have 1–9 interrogators (remotes) scattered throughout the range. One of these remotes is at the TIS, and is referred to as the "remote at Master". Each remote interrogates an AIS pod (see below) loaded on each aircraft flying on range, and receives the response and relays it to the TIS.
Airborne Instrumentation
Antiquated ACMI systems triangulated each pod's position and relayed that TSPI back to the CCS. Modern ACMI systems no longer triangulate; instead, a GPS unit is installed in each Airborne Instrumentation Subsystem (AIS) pod to calculate its own position, thereby relieving the CCS of the triangulation algorithm. The CCS now gets a complete TSPI message from the AIS pod via the TIS, and forwards this data to a display system.
Advanced Display and Debriefing or Individual Combat Aircrew Display
Advanced Display and Debriefing Subsystems (ADDS) are quickly vanishing and being replaced by Individual Combat Aircrew Display Systems (ICADS) because the ICADS software can run on any compatible personal computer. ICADS is the display software that receives data from the CCS and displays it in a three-dimensional graphical user interface.
Autonomous air combat maneuvering instrumentation
Autonomous air combat maneuvering instrumentation (AACMI) are second-generation GPS-based ACMI systems.
Unlike first-generation ACMI systems, which use ground radars to track and record the position of the aircraft on the range, AACMI systems use aircraft-mounted satellite navigation systems such as the US NAVSTAR GPS system. Recording of aircraft tracks can therefore be independent of ground-based radar, and are sometimes called range-less or autonomous. Radio transmissions from the aircraft report its position in three dimensions to other aircraft on the range and also to ground control. This enables real-time air-to-air exercises to be carried out and also complex ground debriefs (after-action review or AAR) based on data recorded at the time. Such de-briefs involve the use of modern graphics and display techniques that can bring out training and other points to aircrew and ground staff. Newer AACMI systems are hand-held units that can be mounted to the dash of any aircraft, vehicle, vessel, or person, and can perform all the functions of legacy ACMI systems.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Air Combat Maneuvering Instrumentation pods.
Arotech Corporation
Cubic Corporation
Turkish ACMI POD by SDT Space and Defence Technologies Inc.
References
^ a b c d Panarisi, Michael (2001). A Comparative Analysis of Internal and External Solutions to Provide Air Combat Maneuvering Instrumentation Functionality (Report). pp. 19–29. OCLC 831739613.
External links
A Comparative Analysis of Internal and External Solutions to Provide Air Combat Maneuvering Instrumentation (ACMI) Functionality
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[{"title":"Air Combat Maneuvering Instrumentation pods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Air_Combat_Maneuvering_Instrumentation_pods"},{"title":"Arotech Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arotech_Corporation"},{"title":"Cubic Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_Corporation"},{"title":"Turkish ACMI POD by SDT Space and Defence Technologies Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sdt.com.tr/en/products/sdt-acmi-system/"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_circumnavigations
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History of Russian exploration
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["1 Before 1000 CE","2 1000–1500","3 1500–1700","4 1700s","4.1 Mapping expeditions","4.2 America","5 1800s","5.1 Circumnavigation","5.2 Conquest of Central Asia","6 1900s","6.1 Polar exploration","6.2 Space Age","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
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The history of exploration by citizens or subjects of the Russian Federation, the Soviet Union, the Russian Empire, the Tsardom of Russia and other Russian predecessor states forms a significant part of the history of Russia as well as the history of the world. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,850 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of Earth's landmass. In the times of the Soviet Union and the Russian Empire, the country's share in the world's landmass reached 1/6. Most of these territories were first discovered by Russian explorers (if indigenous peoples of inhabited territories are not counted). Contiguous exploration in Eurasia and the building of overseas colonies in Russian America were some of the primary factors in Russian territorial expansion.
Apart from their discoveries in Alaska, Central Asia, Siberia, and the northern areas surrounding the North Pole, Russian explorers have made significant contributions to the exploration of the Antarctic, Arctic, and the Pacific islands, as well as deep-sea and space explorations.
Before 1000 CE
By the tenth century, the northern part of the East European Plain and its Baltic and White Sea coasts were settled by tribes of East Slavic, Baltic, and Finnic peoples. The first historical exploration of the region was conducted by Norse Varangians, who established the principalities of Rus. After the dissolution of that polity, the Grand Duchy of Moscow would eventually collect most of the lands of European Russia starting from the 13th century.
1000–1500
From the 11th century on, a group of Russians which settled the shores of the White Sea and became known as Pomors ("seaside-dwellers") began navigating in the freezing seas of the Arctic Ocean, gradually developing the first icebreaking ships known as kochi. As early as the 11th century Russians from the Novgorod Republic had occasionally penetrated into Siberia. In the 14th century the Novgorodians started exploring the Kara Sea and the West Siberian Ob River. Russians were among those rare medieval Europeans who traveled deep into Central Asia or visited South Asia. Prince Yaroslav II of Vladimir and his sons Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky and Andrey Yaroslavich traveled to Karakorum, the capital of the Mongolian Empire in the 1240s, while Afanasy Nikitin, a merchant from the Principality of Tver, traveled to Persia and India in A Journey Beyond the Three Seas in 1466–1472.
1500–1700
By the beginning of the Age of Discovery, many of the former principalities of Kievan Rus were integrated by the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Proclaimed the Tsardom of Russia, by the end of the 16th century the state had colonized the easternmost territories of Europe by conquering the Khanate of Kazan in 1552 and the Khanate of Astrakhan in 1556, thus gaining full control of the Volga River valley. The road to Asia was opened, and in 1581 Yermak Timofeyevich crossed the Ural Mountains with a band of adventurers, defeated the Siberian Khanate and started the Russian conquest of Siberia.
The rapid exploration of the vast territories of Siberia was led primarily by Cossacks and Pomors hunting for valuable furs, spices and ivory. Explorers such as Pyanda, Pyotr Beketov, Kurbat Ivanov, Ivan Moskvitin, Vasily Poyarkov and Yerofey Khabarov pushed eastward mostly along the Siberian River Routes, and by the mid-17th century there were Russian settlements in Eastern Siberia, on the Chukchi Peninsula, along the Amur River, and on the Pacific coast. In 1648 the Bering Strait between Asia and North America was passed through for the first time by Europeans by Fedot Popov and Semyon Dezhnyov. The journeys of Ivan Petlin and Nicolae Milescu established contacts between Moscow and Ming China. By the early 18th century Russians under Vladimir Atlasov had colonised Kamchatka.
1700s
Mapping expeditions
Peter the Great, who turned the country into the Russian Empire in 1721, ordered the first instrumental mapping of Russia, and conceived the Great Northern Expedition, which was carried out after the Emperor's death with Vitus Bering as the leader and main organizer. With over 3,000 people directly and indirectly involved, the expedition was one of the largest exploration enterprises in history by its geographic scale and results. Preceded by Bering's first voyage through the Bering Strait in 1728–1729 and the European discovery of Alaska by Ivan Fyodorov and Mikhail Gvozdev in 1732, the achievements of the expedition included the discovery of the Aleutian Islands and the Commander Islands by Bering and Alexei Chirikov, the mapping of most of the Russian Arctic coastline and part of the Pacific coast in 1733–1743 by teams led by Stepan Malygin, Dmitry Ovtsyn, Fyodor Minin, Semyon Chelyuskin, Vasily Pronchischev, Khariton Laptev and Dmitry Laptev. The Academic Squad of the expedition, composed of the early members of the young Russian Academy of Sciences such as Gerhard Friedrich Müller, Johann Georg Gmelin and Stepan Krasheninnikov, inaugurated the first ethnographic, historic, and scientific research into Siberia and Kamchatka.
America
The Russian Empire at its peak in 1866. This territory largely corresponds to the extent of contiguous exploration by Russians.
The Russian colonization of the Americas followed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, through the joint efforts of the state and private enterprises such as the Russian-American Company, led by Grigory Shelikhov, Nikolay Rezanov, Alexander Baranov and others. Russians mapped most of the Alaskan coasts and nearby islands, explored the inner areas of the peninsula, and went as far south as Fort Ross in California.
1800s
Circumnavigation
In 1803–06 the first Russian circumnavigation was led by Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yury Lisyansky, partly with the aim of establishing direct marine communications between Saint Petersburg and Russian America. More Russian circumnavigations followed, notably those led by Otto Kotzebue, Ferdinand Wrangel, Vasily Golovnin, and Fyodor Litke. These voyages brought multiple discoveries in Alaska and the Pacific. In 1820–1821 a round-the-world expedition led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on sloops Vostok and Mirny discovered the continent of Antarctica.
In the 19th century, the scientific exploration of the inner areas of Siberia intensified. The complex orographic systems of Central and Eastern Siberia were established by such scientists as Alexander Middendorf, Ivan Chersky and Vladimir Obruchev. In the middle of the century, around the time of the Amur Annexation, the Russian government put much effort into exploration and colonization of the Amur River valley, Primorsky Krai and Sakhalin.
Conquest of Central Asia
Main article: Russian conquest of Central Asia
The Russian conquest of Central Asia was accompanied by the penetration of many explorers into the depths of Eurasia, including Mongolia, Jungaria and Tibet. Notable explorers in this direction included Chokan Valikhanov, Pyotr Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky, Pyotr Chikhachyov, Nikolay Przhevalsky, Grigory Grum-Grshimailo, Bronislav Grombchevsky and Pyotr Kozlov. Gombojab Tsybikov was the first European explorer in Lhasa, but he travelled by the customary road of Buryat pilgrims.
1900s
Polar exploration
The late 19th century and the early 20th century was marked by a renewed interest in Arctic exploration. Many expeditions of that era met a tragic fate, like the voyages of Eduard Toll, Georgy Brusilov, Vladimir Rusanov and Georgy Sedov, yet brought some valuable geographic results. Modern era polar icebreakers, dating from Stepan Makarov's Yermak, made Arctic voyages safer and led to new attempts to explore the Northern Sea Route. The last major unknown archipelago on Earth, Severnaya Zemlya, was discovered by Boris Vilkitsky during his 1913 expedition on the icebreakers Taymyr and Vaygach and later explored and mapped in 1931 by Nikolay Urvantsev and Georgy Ushakov. The Soviet Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route under Otto Shmidt completed the exploration of the Russian Arctic and established regular marine communications alongside Russia's northern shores in the 1930s. North Pole-1, the drifting ice station populated by the team led by Ivan Papanin, became the first expedition of its kind in 1937–38, and inaugurated a succession of drifting polar research stations which continues to this day.
During the International Geophysical Year in 1957–1958 the Soviet Union established its presence in the Antarctic, starting a series of Soviet Antarctic Expeditions. The first expeditions, led by Mikhail Somov, Aleksei Treshnikov and Yevgeny Tolstikov, made multiple discoveries in the inner areas of Antarctica and reached the Southern Pole of inaccessibility and the Southern Pole of Cold. At the latter location, on the site of the Vostok Station, the subglacial Lake Vostok, one of the last major geographical discoveries on Earth, was detected deep below the Antarctic ice shield.
Space Age
Main article: Space Age
In 1957 the Soviet Union opened the Space Age by launching the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite, Sputnik 1. Many other Soviet and Russian space exploration records ensued: the first human spaceflight performed by Yury Gagarin on Vostok 1 in 1961; the first woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova, in 1963; the first spacewalk by Alexei Leonov in 1965; the first space exploration rover, Lunokhod-1, on the Moon in 1970, and the first space station, Salyut 1, launched in 1971.
The most recent exploration activities by Russians include expeditions on MIR submersibles, notably the investigations of the RMS Titanic and the planting of a Russian flag on the seabed under the North Pole, reached for the first time by the Arktika 2007 expedition led by Artur Chilingarov.
See also
Russia portalSiberia portalBiography portal
1966 Soviet submarine global circumnavigation
Arctic policy of Russia
Category:Russian explorers
First Russian circumnavigation
Geography of Russia
Great Northern Expedition
List of cosmonauts
List of explorers
Northern Sea Route
Russian Geographical Society
Siberian River Routes
Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
Soviet space program
References
^ The Novgorodian Karamzin Annal. The Full Collection of the Russian Annals. Vol.22. St. Petersburg. 2002.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Viewed 2011-12-24.
^ Александр Невский (in Russian). pereslavl.info. Retrieved 2011-12-14.
^ Dr. Jyotsna Kamat. "Nikitin – The first Russian traveler to India". Kamat's Potpourri. Retrieved 2011-12-17.
^ "Yermak. The Conquest of Siberia" (in Russian). Кольцо Сибири. Archived from the original on 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2011-04-05.
^ Mancall, Mark (1971). Russia and China: Their Diplomatic Relations to 1728. Viewed 2011-12-24.
^ Ursul, D.T. (1980). Nikolai Gavrilovich Milescu-Spathari. Moscow: Mysl. Viewed 2011-12-24.
^ Hintzsche; Nickol. Die Große Nordische Expedition (in German). p. 200. Viewed 2011-12-24.
^ "Gvozdev biography at the Kamchatka Krai site" (in Russian). Retrieved 2011-12-24.
^ "Russian Northern Expeditions (18th-19th centuries)". Beaufort Gyre Exploration Project. Retrieved 2011-07-27.
^ Chevigny, Hector (1951). Lord of Alaska – Baranov and the Russian Adventure. Portland, Oregon: Binfords & Mort. 2331138. Viewed 2011-12-23.
^ Daum, Andreas (2019). "German Naturalists in the Pacific around 1800: Entanglement, Autonomy, and a Transnational Culture of Expertise". In Berghoff, Hartmut (ed.). Explorations and Entanglements: Germans in Pacific Worlds from the Early Modern Period to World War I. Berghahn Books. pp. 79–102.
^ "Bellingshausen's biography" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2012-01-18. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
^ Биографический указатель. hrono.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2011-04-06.
^ "G.A.Ushakov's biography". skypole.ru. Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 2011-04-06.
^ Шмидт Отто Юльевич (in Russian). Retrieved 2011-12-14.
^ "Appeal to the Duma on Lake Vostok, Antarctica" (PDF). Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition. April 14, 2008. Retrieved 2011-02-10.
^ "Chilingarov at Heroes of the Country" (in Russian). Retrieved 2011-12-23.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Explorers from Russia.
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Austrian expedition to Brazil
Challenger expedition
Dana expeditions
Norwegian Scientific Expedition to Tristan Da Cunha 1937-1938
Operation Sunshine (USS Nautilus)
Whitney South Sea Expedition
Lists ofexplorersBy country of origin
French
Italian
Portuguese
Spanish
Romanian
Russian
By environment
Circumnavigators
Climbers
Polar explorers
Underwater explorers
Seafarers
Space travelers
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"northern areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_North_(Russia)"},{"link_name":"North Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole"},{"link_name":"explorers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_explorers"},{"link_name":"Antarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic"},{"link_name":"Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic"},{"link_name":"Pacific islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"deep-sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep-sea_exploration"},{"link_name":"space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_exploration"}],"text":"Apart from their discoveries in Alaska, Central Asia, Siberia, and the northern areas surrounding the North Pole, Russian explorers have made significant contributions to the exploration of the Antarctic, Arctic, and the Pacific islands, as well as deep-sea and space explorations.","title":"History of Russian exploration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East European Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_European_Plain"},{"link_name":"East Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Baltic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balts"},{"link_name":"Finnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Finnic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Varangians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangians"},{"link_name":"Rus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow"},{"link_name":"European Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Russia"}],"text":"By the tenth century, the northern part of the East European Plain and its Baltic and White Sea coasts were settled by tribes of East Slavic, Baltic, and Finnic peoples. The first historical exploration of the region was conducted by Norse Varangians, who established the principalities of Rus. After the dissolution of that polity, the Grand Duchy of Moscow would eventually collect most of the lands of European Russia starting from the 13th century.","title":"Before 1000 CE"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"White Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Sea"},{"link_name":"Pomors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomors"},{"link_name":"Arctic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"icebreaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icebreaker"},{"link_name":"kochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koch_(boat)"},{"link_name":"Novgorod Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod_Republic"},{"link_name":"Kara Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Sea"},{"link_name":"Ob River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ob_(river)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"Yaroslav II of Vladimir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaroslav_II_of_Vladimir"},{"link_name":"Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Yaroslavich_Nevsky"},{"link_name":"Andrey Yaroslavich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey_Yaroslavich"},{"link_name":"Karakorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakorum"},{"link_name":"Mongolian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nevsky-2"},{"link_name":"Afanasy Nikitin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afanasy_Nikitin"},{"link_name":"Principality of Tver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Tver"},{"link_name":"Persia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia"},{"link_name":"A Journey Beyond the Three Seas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Journey_Beyond_the_Three_Seas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nikitin-3"}],"text":"From the 11th century on, a group of Russians which settled the shores of the White Sea and became known as Pomors (\"seaside-dwellers\") began navigating in the freezing seas of the Arctic Ocean, gradually developing the first icebreaking ships known as kochi. As early as the 11th century Russians from the Novgorod Republic had occasionally penetrated into Siberia. In the 14th century the Novgorodians started exploring the Kara Sea and the West Siberian Ob River.[1] Russians were among those rare medieval Europeans who traveled deep into Central Asia or visited South Asia. Prince Yaroslav II of Vladimir and his sons Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky and Andrey Yaroslavich traveled to Karakorum, the capital of the Mongolian Empire in the 1240s,[2] while Afanasy Nikitin, a merchant from the Principality of Tver, traveled to Persia and India in A Journey Beyond the Three Seas in 1466–1472.[3]","title":"1000–1500"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Age of Discovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Discovery"},{"link_name":"Kievan Rus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kievan_Rus"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Tsardom of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Khanate of Kazan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanate_of_Kazan"},{"link_name":"Khanate of Astrakhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khanate_of_Astrakhan"},{"link_name":"Volga River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volga_River"},{"link_name":"Yermak Timofeyevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yermak_Timofeyevich"},{"link_name":"Ural Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_Mountains"},{"link_name":"defeated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Khanate_of_Siberia"},{"link_name":"Siberian Khanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Khanate"},{"link_name":"Russian conquest of Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yermak-4"},{"link_name":"exploration of the vast territories of Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Siberia"},{"link_name":"Cossacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cossacks"},{"link_name":"furs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furs"},{"link_name":"spices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spices"},{"link_name":"ivory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory"},{"link_name":"Pyotr Beketov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Beketov"},{"link_name":"Kurbat Ivanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurbat_Ivanov"},{"link_name":"Ivan Moskvitin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Moskvitin"},{"link_name":"Vasily Poyarkov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Poyarkov"},{"link_name":"Yerofey Khabarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerofey_Khabarov"},{"link_name":"Siberian River Routes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_River_Routes"},{"link_name":"Chukchi Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukchi_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Amur River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amur_River"},{"link_name":"Bering Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bering_Strait"},{"link_name":"Fedot Popov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedot_Popov"},{"link_name":"Semyon Dezhnyov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semyon_Dezhnyov"},{"link_name":"Ivan Petlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Petlin"},{"link_name":"Nicolae Milescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Milescu"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Ming China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_China"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-petlin-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-milescu-6"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Atlasov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Atlasov"},{"link_name":"Kamchatka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamchatka"}],"text":"By the beginning of the Age of Discovery, many of the former principalities of Kievan Rus were integrated by the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Proclaimed the Tsardom of Russia, by the end of the 16th century the state had colonized the easternmost territories of Europe by conquering the Khanate of Kazan in 1552 and the Khanate of Astrakhan in 1556, thus gaining full control of the Volga River valley. The road to Asia was opened, and in 1581 Yermak Timofeyevich crossed the Ural Mountains with a band of adventurers, defeated the Siberian Khanate and started the Russian conquest of Siberia.[4]The rapid exploration of the vast territories of Siberia was led primarily by Cossacks and Pomors hunting for valuable furs, spices and ivory. Explorers such as Pyanda, Pyotr Beketov, Kurbat Ivanov, Ivan Moskvitin, Vasily Poyarkov and Yerofey Khabarov pushed eastward mostly along the Siberian River Routes, and by the mid-17th century there were Russian settlements in Eastern Siberia, on the Chukchi Peninsula, along the Amur River, and on the Pacific coast. In 1648 the Bering Strait between Asia and North America was passed through for the first time by Europeans by Fedot Popov and Semyon Dezhnyov. The journeys of Ivan Petlin and Nicolae Milescu established contacts between Moscow and Ming China.[5][6] By the early 18th century Russians under Vladimir Atlasov had colonised Kamchatka.","title":"1500–1700"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1700s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Great Northern Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Vitus Bering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitus_Bering"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ivan Fyodorov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Fyodorov_(navigator)"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Gvozdev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Gvozdev"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gvozdev-8"},{"link_name":"Aleutian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutian_Islands"},{"link_name":"Commander Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_Islands"},{"link_name":"Alexei Chirikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Chirikov"},{"link_name":"Stepan Malygin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepan_Malygin"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Ovtsyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Ovtsyn"},{"link_name":"Fyodor Minin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Minin"},{"link_name":"Semyon Chelyuskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semyon_Chelyuskin"},{"link_name":"Vasily Pronchischev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Pronchischev"},{"link_name":"Khariton Laptev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khariton_Laptev"},{"link_name":"Dmitry Laptev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitry_Laptev"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Russian Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Gerhard Friedrich Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Friedrich_M%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"Johann Georg Gmelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_Gmelin"},{"link_name":"Stepan Krasheninnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepan_Krasheninnikov"}],"sub_title":"Mapping expeditions","text":"Peter the Great, who turned the country into the Russian Empire in 1721, ordered the first instrumental mapping of Russia, and conceived the Great Northern Expedition, which was carried out after the Emperor's death with Vitus Bering as the leader and main organizer. With over 3,000 people directly and indirectly involved, the expedition was one of the largest exploration enterprises in history by its geographic scale and results.[7] Preceded by Bering's first voyage through the Bering Strait in 1728–1729 and the European discovery of Alaska by Ivan Fyodorov and Mikhail Gvozdev in 1732,[8] the achievements of the expedition included the discovery of the Aleutian Islands and the Commander Islands by Bering and Alexei Chirikov, the mapping of most of the Russian Arctic coastline and part of the Pacific coast in 1733–1743 by teams led by Stepan Malygin, Dmitry Ovtsyn, Fyodor Minin, Semyon Chelyuskin, Vasily Pronchischev, Khariton Laptev and Dmitry Laptev.[9] The Academic Squad of the expedition, composed of the early members of the young Russian Academy of Sciences such as Gerhard Friedrich Müller, Johann Georg Gmelin and Stepan Krasheninnikov, inaugurated the first ethnographic, historic, and scientific research into Siberia and Kamchatka.","title":"1700s"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Russian_Empire_(1867).svg"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Russian colonization of the Americas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_the_Americas"},{"link_name":"Russian-American Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian-American_Company"},{"link_name":"Grigory Shelikhov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Shelikhov"},{"link_name":"Nikolay Rezanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Rezanov"},{"link_name":"Alexander Baranov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._A._Baranov"},{"link_name":"Fort Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Ross"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baranov-10"}],"sub_title":"America","text":"The Russian Empire at its peak in 1866. This territory largely corresponds to the extent of contiguous exploration by Russians.The Russian colonization of the Americas followed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, through the joint efforts of the state and private enterprises such as the Russian-American Company, led by Grigory Shelikhov, Nikolay Rezanov, Alexander Baranov and others. Russians mapped most of the Alaskan coasts and nearby islands, explored the inner areas of the peninsula, and went as far south as Fort Ross in California.[10]","title":"1700s"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1800s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first Russian circumnavigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Russian_circumnavigation"},{"link_name":"Ivan Kruzenshtern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Kruzenshtern"},{"link_name":"Yury Lisyansky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yury_Lisyansky"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Otto Kotzebue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Kotzebue"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Wrangel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Wrangel"},{"link_name":"Vasily Golovnin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Golovnin"},{"link_name":"Fyodor Litke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Litke"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Lazarev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Lazarev"},{"link_name":"Vostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_(sloop-of-war)"},{"link_name":"Mirny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirny_(sloop-of-war)"},{"link_name":"Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bellingshausen-12"},{"link_name":"orographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orographic"},{"link_name":"Alexander Middendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Middendorf"},{"link_name":"Ivan Chersky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Chersky"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Obruchev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Obruchev"},{"link_name":"Amur Annexation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amur_Annexation"},{"link_name":"Amur River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amur_River"},{"link_name":"Primorsky Krai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primorsky_Krai"},{"link_name":"Sakhalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakhalin"}],"sub_title":"Circumnavigation","text":"In 1803–06 the first Russian circumnavigation was led by Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yury Lisyansky, partly with the aim of establishing direct marine communications between Saint Petersburg and Russian America. More Russian circumnavigations followed, notably those led by Otto Kotzebue, Ferdinand Wrangel, Vasily Golovnin, and Fyodor Litke.[11] These voyages brought multiple discoveries in Alaska and the Pacific. In 1820–1821 a round-the-world expedition led by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on sloops Vostok and Mirny discovered the continent of Antarctica.[12]In the 19th century, the scientific exploration of the inner areas of Siberia intensified. The complex orographic systems of Central and Eastern Siberia were established by such scientists as Alexander Middendorf, Ivan Chersky and Vladimir Obruchev. In the middle of the century, around the time of the Amur Annexation, the Russian government put much effort into exploration and colonization of the Amur River valley, Primorsky Krai and Sakhalin.","title":"1800s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Jungaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungaria"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"Chokan Valikhanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chokan_Valikhanov"},{"link_name":"Pyotr Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky"},{"link_name":"Pyotr Chikhachyov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Chikhachyov"},{"link_name":"Nikolay Przhevalsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Przhevalsky"},{"link_name":"Grigory Grum-Grshimailo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Grum-Grshimailo"},{"link_name":"Bronislav Grombchevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronislav_Grombchevsky"},{"link_name":"Pyotr Kozlov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Kozlov"},{"link_name":"Gombojab Tsybikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gombojab_Tsybikov"},{"link_name":"Lhasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lhasa"},{"link_name":"Buryat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buryats"},{"link_name":"pilgrims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrims"}],"sub_title":"Conquest of Central Asia","text":"The Russian conquest of Central Asia was accompanied by the penetration of many explorers into the depths of Eurasia, including Mongolia, Jungaria and Tibet. Notable explorers in this direction included Chokan Valikhanov, Pyotr Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky, Pyotr Chikhachyov, Nikolay Przhevalsky, Grigory Grum-Grshimailo, Bronislav Grombchevsky and Pyotr Kozlov. Gombojab Tsybikov was the first European explorer in Lhasa, but he travelled by the customary road of Buryat pilgrims.","title":"1800s"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1900s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eduard Toll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Toll"},{"link_name":"Georgy Brusilov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Brusilov"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Rusanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Rusanov"},{"link_name":"Georgy Sedov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Sedov"},{"link_name":"Stepan Makarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepan_Makarov"},{"link_name":"Yermak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icebreaker_Yermak"},{"link_name":"Northern Sea Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route"},{"link_name":"Severnaya Zemlya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severnaya_Zemlya"},{"link_name":"Boris Vilkitsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Vilkitsky"},{"link_name":"Taymyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icebreaker_Taymyr"},{"link_name":"Vaygach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icebreaker_Vaygach"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vilkitsky-13"},{"link_name":"Nikolay Urvantsev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay_Urvantsev"},{"link_name":"Georgy Ushakov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgy_Ushakov"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ushakov-14"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Directorate_of_the_Northern_Sea_Route"},{"link_name":"Otto Shmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Shmidt"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shmidt-15"},{"link_name":"North Pole-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole-1"},{"link_name":"drifting ice station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drifting_ice_station"},{"link_name":"Ivan Papanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Papanin"},{"link_name":"International Geophysical Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Geophysical_Year"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Antarctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic"},{"link_name":"a series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Soviet_Antarctic_expeditions"},{"link_name":"Soviet Antarctic Expeditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Antarctic_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Mikhail Somov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Somov"},{"link_name":"Aleksei Treshnikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksei_Treshnikov"},{"link_name":"Yevgeny Tolstikov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevgeny_Tolstikov"},{"link_name":"Pole of inaccessibility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_of_inaccessibility"},{"link_name":"Pole of Cold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_of_Cold"},{"link_name":"Vostok Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_Station"},{"link_name":"subglacial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subglacial_lake"},{"link_name":"Lake Vostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Vostok"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-appeal-16"}],"sub_title":"Polar exploration","text":"The late 19th century and the early 20th century was marked by a renewed interest in Arctic exploration. Many expeditions of that era met a tragic fate, like the voyages of Eduard Toll, Georgy Brusilov, Vladimir Rusanov and Georgy Sedov, yet brought some valuable geographic results. Modern era polar icebreakers, dating from Stepan Makarov's Yermak, made Arctic voyages safer and led to new attempts to explore the Northern Sea Route. The last major unknown archipelago on Earth, Severnaya Zemlya, was discovered by Boris Vilkitsky during his 1913 expedition on the icebreakers Taymyr and Vaygach[13] and later explored and mapped in 1931 by Nikolay Urvantsev and Georgy Ushakov.[14] The Soviet Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route under Otto Shmidt completed the exploration of the Russian Arctic and established regular marine communications alongside Russia's northern shores in the 1930s.[15] North Pole-1, the drifting ice station populated by the team led by Ivan Papanin, became the first expedition of its kind in 1937–38, and inaugurated a succession of drifting polar research stations which continues to this day.During the International Geophysical Year in 1957–1958 the Soviet Union established its presence in the Antarctic, starting a series of Soviet Antarctic Expeditions. The first expeditions, led by Mikhail Somov, Aleksei Treshnikov and Yevgeny Tolstikov, made multiple discoveries in the inner areas of Antarctica and reached the Southern Pole of inaccessibility and the Southern Pole of Cold. At the latter location, on the site of the Vostok Station, the subglacial Lake Vostok, one of the last major geographical discoveries on Earth, was detected deep below the Antarctic ice shield.[16]","title":"1900s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Space Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Age"},{"link_name":"satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite"},{"link_name":"Sputnik 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sputnik_1"},{"link_name":"space exploration records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_exploration_records"},{"link_name":"human spaceflight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_spaceflight"},{"link_name":"Yury Gagarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yury_Gagarin"},{"link_name":"Vostok 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_1"},{"link_name":"Valentina Tereshkova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentina_Tereshkova"},{"link_name":"spacewalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacewalk"},{"link_name":"Alexei Leonov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Leonov"},{"link_name":"space exploration rover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_exploration_rover"},{"link_name":"Lunokhod-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunokhod-1"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"space station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_station"},{"link_name":"Salyut 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salyut_1"},{"link_name":"MIR submersibles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIR_submersible"},{"link_name":"RMS Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Titanic"},{"link_name":"Russian flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_flag"},{"link_name":"North Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pole"},{"link_name":"Arktika 2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arktika_2007"},{"link_name":"Artur Chilingarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Chilingarov"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chilingarov-17"}],"sub_title":"Space Age","text":"In 1957 the Soviet Union opened the Space Age by launching the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite, Sputnik 1. Many other Soviet and Russian space exploration records ensued: the first human spaceflight performed by Yury Gagarin on Vostok 1 in 1961; the first woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova, in 1963; the first spacewalk by Alexei Leonov in 1965; the first space exploration rover, Lunokhod-1, on the Moon in 1970, and the first space station, Salyut 1, launched in 1971.The most recent exploration activities by Russians include expeditions on MIR submersibles, notably the investigations of the RMS Titanic and the planting of a Russian flag on the seabed under the North Pole, reached for the first time by the Arktika 2007 expedition led by Artur Chilingarov.[17]","title":"1900s"}]
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[{"reference":"The Novgorodian Karamzin Annal. The Full Collection of the Russian Annals. Vol.22. St. Petersburg. 2002.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Александр Невский [Alexander Nevsky] (in Russian). pereslavl.info. Retrieved 2011-12-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pereslavl.info/page-id-8.html","url_text":"Александр Невский"}]},{"reference":"Dr. Jyotsna Kamat. \"Nikitin – The first Russian traveler to India\". Kamat's Potpourri. Retrieved 2011-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/itihas/nikitin.htm","url_text":"\"Nikitin – The first Russian traveler to India\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yermak. The Conquest of Siberia\" (in Russian). Кольцо Сибири. Archived from the original on 2011-08-26. Retrieved 2011-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110826055156/http://ring-siberia.ru/ermak","url_text":"\"Yermak. The Conquest of Siberia\""},{"url":"http://ring-siberia.ru/ermak","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mancall, Mark (1971). Russia and China: Their Diplomatic Relations to 1728.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ursul, D.T. (1980). Nikolai Gavrilovich Milescu-Spathari. Moscow: Mysl.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hintzsche; Nickol. Die Große Nordische Expedition (in German). p. 200.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Gvozdev biography at the Kamchatka Krai site\" (in Russian). Retrieved 2011-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kamchatsky-krai.ru/lichnosti/biografii/gvozdev.htm","url_text":"\"Gvozdev biography at the Kamchatka Krai site\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russian Northern Expeditions (18th-19th centuries)\". Beaufort Gyre Exploration Project. Retrieved 2011-07-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.whoi.edu/beaufortgyre/history/history_russian1819.html","url_text":"\"Russian Northern Expeditions (18th-19th centuries)\""}]},{"reference":"Chevigny, Hector (1951). Lord of Alaska – Baranov and the Russian Adventure. Portland, Oregon: Binfords & Mort. 2331138.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Daum, Andreas (2019). \"German Naturalists in the Pacific around 1800: Entanglement, Autonomy, and a Transnational Culture of Expertise\". In Berghoff, Hartmut (ed.). Explorations and Entanglements: Germans in Pacific Worlds from the Early Modern Period to World War I. Berghahn Books. pp. 79–102.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Daum","url_text":"Daum, Andreas"}]},{"reference":"\"Bellingshausen's biography\" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2012-01-18. Retrieved 2011-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120118213614/http://www.aari.nw.ru/projects/Antarctic/persons/bell/bell_ru.html","url_text":"\"Bellingshausen's biography\""},{"url":"http://www.aari.nw.ru/projects/Antarctic/persons/bell/bell_ru.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Биографический указатель. hrono.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2011-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_we/vilkicky.html","url_text":"Биографический указатель"}]},{"reference":"\"G.A.Ushakov's biography\". skypole.ru. Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 2011-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725172917/http://www.skypole.ru/ushakov/biogr_e.htm","url_text":"\"G.A.Ushakov's biography\""},{"url":"http://www.skypole.ru/ushakov/biogr_e.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Шмидт Отто Юльевич [Otto Yulyevich Schmidt] (in Russian). Retrieved 2011-12-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=806","url_text":"Шмидт Отто Юльевич"}]},{"reference":"\"Appeal to the Duma on Lake Vostok, Antarctica\" (PDF). Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition. April 14, 2008. Retrieved 2011-02-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asoc.org/storage/documents/Other_publications/asoc_vostok_statement041408.pdf","url_text":"\"Appeal to the Duma on Lake Vostok, Antarctica\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chilingarov at Heroes of the Country\" (in Russian). Retrieved 2011-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=8452","url_text":"\"Chilingarov at Heroes of the Country\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Palace_of_San_L%C3%A1zaro
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Legislative Palace of San Lázaro
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["1 History","2 Architecture and restoration","2.1 Session room","2.2 Wall of Honor","2.3 Tribune","3 See also","4 References"]
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Building in Mexico City, MexicoLegislative Palace of San LázaroPalacio Legislativo de San LázaroLegislative Palace of San LázaroGeneral informationArchitectural styleMinimalist, Modern architectureAddressAvenida Congreso de la Unión No. 66, Colonia El Parque, Delegación Venustiano Carranza C.P. 15960Town or cityMexico CityCountryMexicoCoordinates19°25′49″N 99°07′03″W / 19.43028°N 99.11750°W / 19.43028; -99.11750Construction startedSeptember 1979Completed1981ClientPresident José López PortilloDesign and constructionArchitect(s)Pedro Ramírez Vázquez, Jorge Campuzano, David Suárez; Restoration Architect: Manuel de Santiago-de Borbón González Bravo.
The Legislative Palace of San Lázaro (Spanish: Palacio Legislativo de San Lázaro) is the main seat of the legislative power of the Mexican government, being the permanent meeting place of the Chamber of Deputies, as well as the seat of the whole Congress of the Union, when the Chamber of Deputies convenes in conjunction with the Senate of the Republic. Built in the late 20th century after a 1977 political reform, the complex is located in Mexico City about a mile east of the Zócalo central square, in the Venustiano Carranza borough or district, next to the Palace of Federal Justice. The complex draws its name from its location, as the San Lázaro Railway Station was the former occupant of the grounds where the palace was built.
History
Works of the palace, 1981.
After the Mexican political reform of 1977, the number of deputies of the Chamber passed from 186 to 400, and thus, it was impossible for them to convene in the former meeting place, then known as the Legislative Palace of Donceles, which is now occupied by the Legislative Assembly of the Federal District. Thereupon, construction on a new seat of the Legislative began as a part of a plan of urban restructuring of the sector where the San Lázaro Station was located, on the limit of the Venustiano Carranza and Cuauhtémoc boroughs. Also on the property was built a new Palace of Federal Justice for the functions of the Judiciary branch of the government.
The project, which was promoted by former president José López Portillo, was a faction of a massive development and public works program of the government, resulting from a Mexican petroleum boom. Construction began in September 1979, following the plans of architects Pedro Ramírez Vázquez (who at the time served as Secretary of Settlement and Public Works), Jorge Campuzano, and David Suárez.
The grounds were formally inaugurated on 1 September 1981 as a part of the 5th Government Report (the equivalent of the State of the Union Address in Mexico) of López Portillo, and officially at the installation of the deputies and senators of the LI Legislature of the Congress of the Union.
The building was severely damaged after a fire in 1989, and President of Mexico Carlos Salinas de Gortari had it restored by Mexican architect Manuel de Santiago-de Borbón González Bravo, a renowned member of the International Council on Monuments and Sites.
On October 10, 2001, two Israelis, one of them a dual citizen of Mexico, were arrested after reportedly acting in a strange manner and failing to properly identify themselves when requested. They were later found to be carrying false Pakistani passports, firearms, as well as explosives, and identified as former members of the Israeli Special Forces. The men were then released after mediation from Israeli authorities.
On September 13, 2023, a public hearing presided over by prominent Mexican journalist and ufologist Jaime Maussan was held in the palace. During the hearing, what were alleged to be two extraterrestrial corpses from Peru were unveiled, with Maussan claiming support from Mexican authorities and the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). The event generated significant interest; however, the Mexican Congress did not conclusively affirm Maussan's claims. Furthermore, Julieta Fierro, physics researcher at UNAM, also stated that the university never endorsed Maussan's claims about the corpses and that his data "made no sense." UNAM further republished their September 2017 statement specifying that they did not make any conclusion as to the origins of a sample sent to them for Carbon 14 testing and that no other kind of testing was performed by them. Wired reported that "mummies" presented by Maussan are believed to be "an elaborate hoax made of human and animal bones".
Architecture and restoration
The main facade of the building, which is located on Congreso de la Unión Avenue, is made up of three sections: the two ends are lined with red tezontle and the central one with white marble, forming a wide access plaza between them. Above the main door there is a sculptural set in bas-relief, on a green oxidized bronze plate made by artist José Chávez Morado, giving the total of the set the three colors of the Flag of Mexico.
The central motif of the sculptural ensemble is the national coat of arms, surrounded by a series of moving flags symbolizing the plurality of thoughts; faces emerge from the banners that represent the popular movements that Mexico will see. A huge feathered serpent is the symbol of traditional culture; Above it, virgules emerge that when ascending are joined with several hands, and each of these, accompanied by a different allegory, symbolizes the political, economic and social diversity of contemporary Mexico. The set is crowned by a large sun with the inscription Mexican Political Constitution. On each side, as background elements, there are representations of urban and rural cultures.
Session room
From the main door there is a direct entrance to a hall, where there are a series of murals made by muralist Adolfo Mexiac, where he narrates the history of three of the Constitutions that Mexico has had, those of 1824, 1857 and 1917.
From the lobby there is an entrance to the Session Room, where the Chamber or the General Congress meets to meet, with a capacity for two thousand people, taking into account the galleries for special guests. In the session room, the 500 deputies and the 128 senators can meet together and is made up of a wide hemicycle that descends towards the center in a staggered manner.
The side walls of the room are lined with wood, while the front is lined with the same red tezontle as the façade. On this wall, at the opposite end of the entrance to the hall, is the main visual hallmark of the enclosure: the Wall of Honor.
Wall of Honor
The Wall of Honor is a set of surfaces on which the names of national heroes, institutions or individuals recognized for their merits to the country have been inscribed in gilt bronze letters, colloquially called "gold letters", with the aim of rendering them tribute and perpetuate their names in historical memory.
The wall is formed primarily by a quarry surface placed at the upper end of the front wall, next to the ceiling, and in huge gilded bronze letters is a famous phrase of President Benito Juárez:
Among individuals as among nations, the respect to other people's rights is peace
It is accompanied by the following names:
Heroico Colegio Militar
Constituyentes de 1917
A los Defensores de Veracruz de 1914
Heroica Escuela Naval Militar
Antonia Nava
Leona Vicario
Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez
Mariana R. del Toro de Lazarín
Carmen Serdán
Under this phrase, there are five quarry walls, placed just behind the chamber of the Chamber, from where the Board of Directors presides over the sessions, of these walls the central one is wide and the other four are thin, two placed on each side of the center.
Two large national flags are placed on the central wall, one from left to right and the other from right to left, which are linked in the center with a tricolor bow, placed just below the quarry sculptural representation of the national coat of arms. At the top of this wall are the names of the last Aztec emperor, Cuauhtémoc, of the Tetzcocan Tlatoani Nezahualcoyotl and another famous phrase, this time by the insurgent Vicente Guerrero:
My homeland comes first.
It then features a large number of other names, the latest one having been added in 2018, being that of the Mexican Movement of 1968.
Tribune
Under the Wall of Honor is the tribune of the Chamber, a space divided into two levels, at the top of which is the seat from which the Deputy President of the Chamber presides over the sessions of the Chamber or the General Congress, accompanied by the vice presidents of the Board of Directors. In sessions of the General Congress, the President of the Senate of the Republic is also placed in this rostrum and in special sessions also the President of the Republic (outgoing and incoming in case of the ceremony of transmission of the Executive Power) and the President of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation; in addition to foreign heads of state invited on the occasion of a special session.
On the lower level are the Secretaries of the Board of Directors and there is also the platform from which the deputies speak in the sessions.
See also
Congress of the Union
Federal government of Mexico
References
^ "Ubicación - Cámara de Diputados". Cámara de Diputados. 2022-12-06.
^ "Proyectos de Pedro Ramírez Vázquez". Arkin. 2018-11-16.
^ "Imágenes sobre el constitucionalismo de México". Cervantes Virtual.
^ Ramírez Vázquez, Pedro. El Palacio Legislativo de San Lázaro (PDF) (in Spanish). Cámara de Diputados.
^ Villa, Elisa; Colin, Susana (2019-09-22). "Los orígenes del Palacio Legislativo de San Lázaro". El Universal.
^ Beltrán Reyes, María Luisa (2017-10-24). "Con punto de acuerdo, relativo a la construcción de rutas de evacuación inmediata en la sede de esta soberanía". Gaceta Parlamentaria (4892-V).
^ a b "October 10, 2001: Two Israelis Are Detained in Mexican Legislature Building after Behaving Suspiciously and Found To Be Carrying Arms". History Commons. Archived from the original on 2018-01-14. Retrieved 2021-10-08.
^ "Profile: Salvador Gersson Smike". History Commons. Archived from the original on 2011-11-14.
^ "Bomba en San Lázaro". Diario de México. 2001-10-11.
^ "LA PGR INFORMA SOBRE LA SITUACIÓN DE LOS SUJETOS DETENIDOS EN LA CÁMARA DE DIPUTADOS". Procuraduría General de la República. 2001-10-12. Archived from the original on 2001-11-23.
^ "Autoridades mexicanas investigana un israelí". La Prensa. 2001-10-14.
^ "Cuidará la embajada israelí el proceso de Sar Ben Zui". La Crónica de Hoy. Archived from the original on 2002-01-09.
^ "Liberan al israelí detenido en la Cámara de Diputados". La Jornada. 2001-10-14. Archived from the original on 2020-11-01. Retrieved 2021-10-08.
^ Kaur, Anumita. "Self-proclaimed UFO expert shows alleged aliens to Mexico's Congress". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2023-09-14. Retrieved 2023-09-14.
^ "'Alien Corpses' Revealed in Hearing Before Mexican Congress". 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
^ Wrona, Aleksandra (September 13, 2023). "'Alien Corpses' Revealed in Hearing Before Mexican Congress". Snopes. Archived from the original on September 14, 2023. Retrieved September 14, 2023.
^ "Scientists call fraud on supposed extraterrestrials presented to Mexican Congress". Associated Press News. 2023-09-13. Archived from the original on 2023-09-13. Retrieved 2023-09-14.
^ "El Instituto de Física de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) emite hoy, 13 de septiembre de 2023, el comunicado publicado en 2017, derivado de la misma situación que ahora vuelve a ocupar la atención mediática". www.dgcs.unam.mx. Archived from the original on 2023-09-14. Retrieved 2023-09-14.
^ Lagos, Anna. "No, This Is Not an Alien. Here's Why". Wired. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 15 September 2023.
^ a b "EL MURO DE HONOR". Cámara de Diputados. 2006-01-01. Archived from the original on 2010-02-11. Retrieved 2010-02-11.
vteVenustiano Carranza, Mexico CityAreas
Colonia Federal
Colonia Jardín Balbuena
Colonia Valle Gómez
Schools
IEMS
Escuela Preparatoria Venustiano Carranza "José Revueltas Sánchez"
Mexico City Metrostations
Aragón
Balbuena
Boulevard Puerto Aéreo
Canal del Norte
Candelaria
Consulado
Eduardo Molina
Fray Servando
Gómez Farías
Hangares
Jamaica
Merced
Moctezuma
Morelos
Oceanía
Pantitlán
Ricardo Flores Magón
Romero Rubio
San Lázaro
Terminal Aérea
Valle Gómez
Zaragoza
Landmarks
Encuentro Oceanía
La Merced Market
Mexico City International Airport
Palacio de Lecumberri
Palacio Legislativo de San Lázaro
This list is incomplete.
Authority control databases
VIAF
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"legislative power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature"},{"link_name":"Mexican government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Congress of the Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Union"},{"link_name":"Senate of the Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Zócalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%B3calo"},{"link_name":"Venustiano Carranza borough or district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venustiano_Carranza,_D.F."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Legislative Palace of San Lázaro (Spanish: Palacio Legislativo de San Lázaro) is the main seat of the legislative power of the Mexican government, being the permanent meeting place of the Chamber of Deputies, as well as the seat of the whole Congress of the Union, when the Chamber of Deputies convenes in conjunction with the Senate of the Republic.[2][3] Built in the late 20th century after a 1977 political reform, the complex is located in Mexico City about a mile east of the Zócalo central square, in the Venustiano Carranza borough or district, next to the Palace of Federal Justice. The complex draws its name from its location, as the San Lázaro Railway Station was the former occupant of the grounds where the palace was built.[4][5]","title":"Legislative Palace of San Lázaro"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:00023245-001_PALACIO_LEGISLATIVO_AGOSTO_24_1981_(31794623065).jpg"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly of the Federal District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_the_Federal_District"},{"link_name":"Venustiano Carranza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venustiano_Carranza,_D.F."},{"link_name":"Cuauhtémoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuauht%C3%A9moc,_D.F."},{"link_name":"Judiciary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary"},{"link_name":"José López Portillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo"},{"link_name":"architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architects"},{"link_name":"Pedro Ramírez Vázquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Ram%C3%ADrez_V%C3%A1zquez"},{"link_name":"Secretary of Settlement and Public Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_Social_Development"},{"link_name":"State of the Union Address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_the_Union_Address"},{"link_name":"Carlos Salinas de Gortari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari"},{"link_name":"International Council on Monuments and Sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_on_Monuments_and_Sites"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Israelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hc-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Pakistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Israeli Special Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Special_Forces"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hc-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SL-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"public hearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Mexican_Congress_alien_corpses_display"},{"link_name":"ufologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufologist"},{"link_name":"Jaime Maussan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Maussan"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"National Autonomous University of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Mexican Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Congress"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Julieta Fierro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julieta_Norma_Fierro_Gossman"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Wired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lagos-19"}],"text":"Works of the palace, 1981.After the Mexican political reform of 1977, the number of deputies of the Chamber passed from 186 to 400, and thus, it was impossible for them to convene in the former meeting place, then known as the Legislative Palace of Donceles, which is now occupied by the Legislative Assembly of the Federal District. Thereupon, construction on a new seat of the Legislative began as a part of a plan of urban restructuring of the sector where the San Lázaro Station was located, on the limit of the Venustiano Carranza and Cuauhtémoc boroughs. Also on the property was built a new Palace of Federal Justice for the functions of the Judiciary branch of the government.The project, which was promoted by former president José López Portillo, was a faction of a massive development and public works program of the government, resulting from a Mexican petroleum boom. Construction began in September 1979, following the plans of architects Pedro Ramírez Vázquez (who at the time served as Secretary of Settlement and Public Works), Jorge Campuzano, and David Suárez.The grounds were formally inaugurated on 1 September 1981 as a part of the 5th Government Report (the equivalent of the State of the Union Address in Mexico) of López Portillo, and officially at the installation of the deputies and senators of the LI Legislature of the Congress of the Union.The building was severely damaged after a fire in 1989, and President of Mexico Carlos Salinas de Gortari had it restored by Mexican architect Manuel de Santiago-de Borbón González Bravo, a renowned member of the International Council on Monuments and Sites.[6]On October 10, 2001, two Israelis, one of them a dual citizen of Mexico, were arrested after reportedly acting in a strange manner and failing to properly identify themselves when requested.[7][8] They were later found to be carrying false Pakistani passports, firearms, as well as explosives, and identified as former members of the Israeli Special Forces.[7][9][10] The men were then released after mediation from Israeli authorities.[11][12][13]On September 13, 2023, a public hearing presided over by prominent Mexican journalist and ufologist Jaime Maussan was held in the palace.[14] During the hearing, what were alleged to be two extraterrestrial corpses from Peru were unveiled, with Maussan claiming support from Mexican authorities and the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM).[15] The event generated significant interest; however, the Mexican Congress did not conclusively affirm Maussan's claims.[16] Furthermore, Julieta Fierro, physics researcher at UNAM, also stated that the university never endorsed Maussan's claims about the corpses and that his data \"made no sense.\"[17] UNAM further republished their September 2017 statement specifying that they did not make any conclusion as to the origins of a sample sent to them for Carbon 14 testing and that no other kind of testing was performed by them.[18] Wired reported that \"mummies\" presented by Maussan are believed to be \"an elaborate hoax made of human and animal bones\".[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tezontle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tezontle"},{"link_name":"marble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marble"},{"link_name":"José Chávez Morado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ch%C3%A1vez_Morado"},{"link_name":"Flag of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"national coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"traditional culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Mexico"}],"text":"The main facade of the building, which is located on Congreso de la Unión Avenue, is made up of three sections: the two ends are lined with red tezontle and the central one with white marble, forming a wide access plaza between them. Above the main door there is a sculptural set in bas-relief, on a green oxidized bronze plate made by artist José Chávez Morado, giving the total of the set the three colors of the Flag of Mexico.The central motif of the sculptural ensemble is the national coat of arms, surrounded by a series of moving flags symbolizing the plurality of thoughts; faces emerge from the banners that represent the popular movements that Mexico will see. A huge feathered serpent is the symbol of traditional culture; Above it, virgules emerge that when ascending are joined with several hands, and each of these, accompanied by a different allegory, symbolizes the political, economic and social diversity of contemporary Mexico. The set is crowned by a large sun with the inscription Mexican Political Constitution. On each side, as background elements, there are representations of urban and rural cultures.","title":"Architecture and restoration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adolfo Mexiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolfo_Mexiac"},{"link_name":"Constitutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_constitutions_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"1824","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1824_Constitution_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"1857","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Constitution_of_the_United_Mexican_States_of_1857"},{"link_name":"1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"General Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Union"}],"sub_title":"Session room","text":"From the main door there is a direct entrance to a hall, where there are a series of murals made by muralist Adolfo Mexiac, where he narrates the history of three of the Constitutions that Mexico has had, those of 1824, 1857 and 1917.From the lobby there is an entrance to the Session Room, where the Chamber or the General Congress meets to meet, with a capacity for two thousand people, taking into account the galleries for special guests. In the session room, the 500 deputies and the 128 senators can meet together and is made up of a wide hemicycle that descends towards the center in a staggered manner.The side walls of the room are lined with wood, while the front is lined with the same red tezontle as the façade. On this wall, at the opposite end of the entrance to the hall, is the main visual hallmark of the enclosure: the Wall of Honor.","title":"Architecture and restoration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-muro-20"},{"link_name":"Benito Juárez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-muro-20"},{"link_name":"Heroico Colegio Militar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroic_Military_Academy_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Constituyentes de 1917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congreso_Constituyente_de_M%C3%A9xico_de_1917"},{"link_name":"A los Defensores de Veracruz de 1914","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Veracruz"},{"link_name":"Heroica Escuela Naval Militar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroica_Escuela_Naval_Militar"},{"link_name":"Antonia Nava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonia_Nava_de_Catal%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Leona Vicario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leona_Vicario"},{"link_name":"Josefa Ortiz de Domínguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josefa_Ortiz_de_Dom%C3%ADnguez"},{"link_name":"Mariana R. del Toro de Lazarín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Rodr%C3%ADguez_del_Toro"},{"link_name":"Carmen Serdán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Serd%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"national flags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"national coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Cuauhtémoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuauht%C3%A9moc"},{"link_name":"Tetzcocan Tlatoani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetzcoco_(altepetl)"},{"link_name":"Nezahualcoyotl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezahualcoyotl_(tlatoani)"},{"link_name":"Vicente Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Mexican Movement of 1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Movement_of_1968"}],"sub_title":"Wall of Honor","text":"The Wall of Honor is a set of surfaces on which the names of national heroes, institutions or individuals recognized for their merits to the country have been inscribed in gilt bronze letters, colloquially called \"gold letters\", with the aim of rendering them tribute and perpetuate their names in historical memory.[20]The wall is formed primarily by a quarry surface placed at the upper end of the front wall, next to the ceiling, and in huge gilded bronze letters is a famous phrase of President Benito Juárez:Among individuals as among nations, the respect to other people's rights is peaceIt is accompanied by the following names:[20]Heroico Colegio Militar\nConstituyentes de 1917\nA los Defensores de Veracruz de 1914\nHeroica Escuela Naval Militar\nAntonia Nava\nLeona Vicario\nJosefa Ortiz de Domínguez\nMariana R. del Toro de Lazarín\nCarmen SerdánUnder this phrase, there are five quarry walls, placed just behind the chamber of the Chamber, from where the Board of Directors presides over the sessions, of these walls the central one is wide and the other four are thin, two placed on each side of the center.Two large national flags are placed on the central wall, one from left to right and the other from right to left, which are linked in the center with a tricolor bow, placed just below the quarry sculptural representation of the national coat of arms. At the top of this wall are the names of the last Aztec emperor, Cuauhtémoc, of the Tetzcocan Tlatoani Nezahualcoyotl and another famous phrase, this time by the insurgent Vicente Guerrero:My homeland comes first.It then features a large number of other names, the latest one having been added in 2018, being that of the Mexican Movement of 1968.","title":"Architecture and restoration"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Tribune","text":"Under the Wall of Honor is the tribune of the Chamber, a space divided into two levels, at the top of which is the seat from which the Deputy President of the Chamber presides over the sessions of the Chamber or the General Congress, accompanied by the vice presidents of the Board of Directors. In sessions of the General Congress, the President of the Senate of the Republic is also placed in this rostrum and in special sessions also the President of the Republic (outgoing and incoming in case of the ceremony of transmission of the Executive Power) and the President of the Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation; in addition to foreign heads of state invited on the occasion of a special session.On the lower level are the Secretaries of the Board of Directors and there is also the platform from which the deputies speak in the sessions.","title":"Architecture and restoration"}]
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[{"image_text":"Works of the palace, 1981.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/00023245-001_PALACIO_LEGISLATIVO_AGOSTO_24_1981_%2831794623065%29.jpg/220px-00023245-001_PALACIO_LEGISLATIVO_AGOSTO_24_1981_%2831794623065%29.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Congress of the Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Union"},{"title":"Federal government of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_Mexico"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Ubicación - Cámara de Diputados\". Cámara de Diputados. 2022-12-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www3.diputados.gob.mx/camara/007_servicios/09_servicio_social/012_ubicacion","url_text":"\"Ubicación - Cámara de Diputados\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Mexico)","url_text":"Cámara de Diputados"}]},{"reference":"\"Proyectos de Pedro Ramírez Vázquez\". Arkin. 2018-11-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://arkin.mx/proyectos-de-pedro-ramirez-vazquez/","url_text":"\"Proyectos de Pedro Ramírez Vázquez\""}]},{"reference":"\"Imágenes sobre el constitucionalismo de México\". Cervantes Virtual.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cervantesvirtual.com/portales/constituciones_hispanoamericanas/imagenes_mexico/imagen/imagenes_mexico_06-mexico_edificio_del_parlamento/","url_text":"\"Imágenes sobre el constitucionalismo de México\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes_Virtual_Library","url_text":"Cervantes Virtual"}]},{"reference":"Ramírez Vázquez, Pedro. El Palacio Legislativo de San Lázaro (PDF) (in Spanish). Cámara de Diputados.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.diputados.gob.mx/sedia/biblio/virtual/conocer/sanlaz_aniv/06_paleg.pdf","url_text":"El Palacio Legislativo de San Lázaro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Mexico)","url_text":"Cámara de Diputados"}]},{"reference":"Villa, Elisa; Colin, Susana (2019-09-22). \"Los orígenes del Palacio Legislativo de San Lázaro\". El Universal.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/opinion/mochilazo-en-el-tiempo/los-origenes-del-palacio-legislativo-de-san-lazaro","url_text":"\"Los orígenes del Palacio Legislativo de San Lázaro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Universal_(Mexico_City)","url_text":"El Universal"}]},{"reference":"Beltrán Reyes, María Luisa (2017-10-24). \"Con punto de acuerdo, relativo a la construcción de rutas de evacuación inmediata en la sede de esta soberanía\". Gaceta Parlamentaria (4892-V).","urls":[{"url":"http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/Gaceta/63/2017/oct/20171024-V.html#Proposicion20","url_text":"\"Con punto de acuerdo, relativo a la construcción de rutas de evacuación inmediata en la sede de esta soberanía\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Mexico)","url_text":"Gaceta Parlamentaria"}]},{"reference":"\"October 10, 2001: Two Israelis Are Detained in Mexican Legislature Building after Behaving Suspiciously and Found To Be Carrying Arms\". History Commons. Archived from the original on 2018-01-14. Retrieved 2021-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historycommons.org/context.jsp?item=western_support_for_islamic_militancy_2848","url_text":"\"October 10, 2001: Two Israelis Are Detained in Mexican Legislature Building after Behaving Suspiciously and Found To Be Carrying Arms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_Commons","url_text":"History Commons"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180114041735/http://www.historycommons.org/context.jsp?item=western_support_for_islamic_militancy_2848","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Profile: Salvador Gersson Smike\". History Commons. Archived from the original on 2011-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111114015606/http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=salvador_gersson_smike","url_text":"\"Profile: Salvador Gersson Smike\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_Commons","url_text":"History Commons"},{"url":"http://www.historycommons.org/entity.jsp?entity=salvador_gersson_smike","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bomba en San Lázaro\". Diario de México. 2001-10-11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"LA PGR INFORMA SOBRE LA SITUACIÓN DE LOS SUJETOS DETENIDOS EN LA CÁMARA DE DIPUTADOS\". Procuraduría General de la República. 2001-10-12. Archived from the original on 2001-11-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20011123125618/http://www.pgr.gob.mx/cmsocial/bol01/oct/b69701.html","url_text":"\"LA PGR INFORMA SOBRE LA SITUACIÓN DE LOS SUJETOS DETENIDOS EN LA CÁMARA DE DIPUTADOS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Mexico","url_text":"Procuraduría General de la República"},{"url":"http://www.pgr.gob.mx/cmsocial/bol01/oct/b69701.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Autoridades mexicanas investigana [sic] un israelí\". La Prensa. 2001-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://impresa.prensa.com/mundo/Autoridades-mexicanas-investigana-israeli_0_488951138.html","url_text":"\"Autoridades mexicanas investigana [sic] un israelí\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Prensa_(Panama_City)","url_text":"La Prensa"}]},{"reference":"\"Cuidará la embajada israelí el proceso de Sar Ben Zui\". La Crónica de Hoy. Archived from the original on 2002-01-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020109195939/http://www.cronica.com.mx/2001/oct/13/nacional15.html","url_text":"\"Cuidará la embajada israelí el proceso de Sar Ben Zui\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Cr%C3%B3nica_de_Hoy","url_text":"La Crónica de Hoy"},{"url":"http://www.cronica.com.mx/2001/oct/13/nacional15.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Liberan al israelí detenido en la Cámara de Diputados\". La Jornada. 2001-10-14. Archived from the original on 2020-11-01. Retrieved 2021-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101165942/https://www.jornada.com.mx/2001/10/14/028n2pol.html","url_text":"\"Liberan al israelí detenido en la Cámara de Diputados\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Jornada","url_text":"La Jornada"},{"url":"https://www.jornada.com.mx/2001/10/14/028n2pol.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kaur, Anumita. \"Self-proclaimed UFO expert shows alleged aliens to Mexico's Congress\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2023-09-14. Retrieved 2023-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/09/13/aliens-mexico-congress/","url_text":"\"Self-proclaimed UFO expert shows alleged aliens to Mexico's Congress\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230914090754/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/09/13/aliens-mexico-congress/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Alien Corpses' Revealed in Hearing Before Mexican Congress\". 13 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 September 2023. Retrieved 14 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.snopes.com/news/2023/09/13/alien-corpses-mexican-congress/","url_text":"\"'Alien Corpses' Revealed in Hearing Before Mexican Congress\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230914111322/https://www.snopes.com/news/2023/09/13/alien-corpses-mexican-congress/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Wrona, Aleksandra (September 13, 2023). \"'Alien Corpses' Revealed in Hearing Before Mexican Congress\". Snopes. Archived from the original on September 14, 2023. Retrieved September 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.snopes.com/news/2023/09/13/alien-corpses-mexican-congress/","url_text":"\"'Alien Corpses' Revealed in Hearing Before Mexican Congress\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230914111322/https://www.snopes.com/news/2023/09/13/alien-corpses-mexican-congress/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Scientists call fraud on supposed extraterrestrials presented to Mexican Congress\". Associated Press News. 2023-09-13. Archived from the original on 2023-09-13. Retrieved 2023-09-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/extraterrestrials-ufo-mexico-congress-af7d54fabf3278ef83c39d899c457c76","url_text":"\"Scientists call fraud on supposed extraterrestrials presented to Mexican Congress\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230913224355/https://apnews.com/article/extraterrestrials-ufo-mexico-congress-af7d54fabf3278ef83c39d899c457c76","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"El Instituto de Física de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) emite hoy, 13 de septiembre de 2023, el comunicado publicado en 2017, derivado de la misma situación que ahora vuelve a ocupar la atención mediática\". www.dgcs.unam.mx. Archived from the original on 2023-09-14. 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Archived from the original on 2010-02-11. Retrieved 2010-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100211080931/http://www.diputados.gob.mx/cedia/sia/re_muro.htm","url_text":"\"EL MURO DE HONOR\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_the_Union","url_text":"Cámara de Diputados"},{"url":"http://www.diputados.gob.mx/cedia/sia/re_muro.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspirium
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Suspiria (2018 soundtrack)
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["1 Background","2 Writing","3 Music","4 Promotion and release","5 Reception","6 Track listing","7 Personnel","8 Charts","9 References"]
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2018 soundtrack album by Thom Yorke
"Suspirium" redirects here. Not to be confused with Suspiria (disambiguation).
SuspiriaSoundtrack album by Thom YorkeReleased26 October 2018Studio
Memory Has No Holes
AIR Lyndhurst
Length80:15LabelXLProducer
Thom Yorke
Sam Petts-Davies
Thom Yorke chronology
Tomorrow's Modern Boxes(2014)
Suspiria(2018)
Anima(2019)
Singles from Suspiria
"Suspirium"Released: 4 September 2018
"Has Ended"Released: 3 October 2018
"Volk"Released: 10 October 2018
"Open Again"Released: 17 October 2018
"Unmade"Released: 25 October 2018
Suspiria (Music for the Luca Guadagnino Film) is the soundtrack for the 2018 horror film Suspiria, composed by the English musician Thom Yorke and produced by Yorke and Sam Petts-Davies. It was released on 26 October 2018 through XL Recordings.
Suspiria was Yorke's first feature film score, and incorporates instrumental tracks, interludes, and songs. "Suspirium" was nominated for Best Song Written for Visual Media at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards.
Background
Suspiria was Yorke's first feature film soundtrack. He had previously written music for short films produced by the fashion label Rag & Bone and a 2015 production of the play Old Times by the Roundabout Theater Company. He was approached to score the 1999 film Fight Club, but declined as he was recovering from the stress of promoting the 1997 album OK Computer, by his band Radiohead. Yorke initially refused the Suspiria offer, but accepted after months of requests from the director, Luca Guadagnino.
Writing
Suspiria was the first Yorke project since The Bends (1995) not to feature production from his longtime collaborator Nigel Godrich; instead, it was produced by Yorke and Sam Petts-Davies.
Yorke decided it would be pointless to replicate or reference the soundtrack of the original Suspiria (1977) by Goblin. Instead, he cited inspiration from the 1982 Blade Runner soundtrack, musique concrète artists such as Pierre Henry, modern electronic artists such as James Holden, and music from the film's 1977 Berlin setting, including krautrock acts such as Faust and Can.
The soundtrack took about a year and a half to create. It features the London Contemporary Orchestra and Choir, which previously appeared on Radiohead's 2016 album A Moon Shaped Pool. Yorke's teenage son Noah played drums on "Has Ended" and "Volk". Much of the score was completed prior to the film shoot, which allowed Guadagnino to play it on set during filming.
Yorke wrote sketches on piano while reading the script and viewing rushes. He likened his approach to the film composer Ennio Morricone, whom Yorke felt structured melodies similarly to pop songs. He said: "There's a way of repeating in music that can hypnotise. I kept thinking to myself that it's a form of making spells. So when I was working in my studio I was making spells. I know it sounds really stupid, but that's how I was thinking about it." He said he enjoyed working for commission, which motivated him to explore musical ideas he otherwise would not have discovered.
Yorke did not write lyrics that followed the film narrative, but was conscious of the scenes the songs would be used in. He described the lyrics as political, influenced by discourse surrounding Brexit and US president Donald Trump, which "got tied up with" scenes of marching soldiers in the film.
Music
Suspiria comprises instrumental tracks, interludes, and songs, incorporating instruments such as piano, guitar, flute, drums, and modular synthesisers. "Suspirium" is a piano waltz with flute and sparse production. "Has Ended" is a "slow-creeping groove" with droning keyboards, a dub-like bassline, and time-stretched piano. "Volk" is a "tension-filled" instrumental with "buzzy" white noise and "cacophonic" rhythms.
Promotion and release
The Suspiria soundtrack was released on 26 October 2018 by XL Records. It was preceded by five promotional singles: "Suspirium", "Has Ended", "Open Again", "Volk", and "Unmade". XL held free listening events in cities around the world in September; fans could enter a lottery by email. In October, Yorke performed three songs from the soundtrack for BBC 6 Music. A limited vinyl EP of additional tracks, Suspiria Limited Edition Unreleased Material, was released on 22 February 2019.
Reception
Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic82/100Review scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe A.V. ClubB+Consequence of SoundBThe GuardianThe IndependentMojoPitchfork8/10QRolling StoneUncut8/10
The Guardian said the Suspiria soundtrack " in the background to ramp up the emotional cues, and as such is not as satisfying a home listening experience". The review praised the "raw" synthesiser sounds but found them "melodically basic", and found some tracks approached horror cliche. Rolling Stone praised the vocal tracks, describing them as "vintage Yorke, and they make you wish he'd written more of them for Suspiria."The review concluded: "It's an intriguing sideways swerve for Yorke, who's still finding new ways to unsettle and delight listeners after all these years as one of rock's greatest ever late-night spooks." "Suspirium" was shortlisted for the 2019 Academy Award for Best Original Song, though it did not earn a nomination at the 91st Academy Awards. It was also nominated for Best Song Written for Visual Media at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards in 2020.
Track listing
All tracks are written by Thom YorkeDisc oneNo.TitleLength1."A Storm That Took Everything"1:472."The Hooks"3:183."Suspirium"3:214."Belongings Thrown in a River"1:275."Has Ended"4:566."Klemperer Walks"1:387."Open Again"2:498."Sabbath Incantation"3:069."The Inevitable Pull"1:3610."Olga's Destruction (Volk Tape)"2:5811."The Conjuring of Anke"2:1612."A Light Green"1:4813."Unmade"4:2714."The Jumps"2:38Total length:38:05
Disc twoNo.TitleLength1."Volk"6:242."The Universe Is Indifferent"4:483."The Balance of Things"1:084."A Soft Hand Across Your Face"0:445."Suspirium Finale"7:036."A Choir of One"14:017."Synthesizer Speaks"0:588."The Room of Compartments"1:149."An Audition"0:3410."Voiceless Terror"2:3011."The Epilogue"2:46Total length:42:10
Suspiria (Unreleased Material)No.TitleLength1."Unmade Overtones"1:302."Unused Spell"0:513."A Conversation With Just Your Eyes"5:174."The7th7th7th7thSon"1:085."Volk Spin Off V1"2:246."Volk Spin Off V2"0:547."Volk Spin Off V3"1:47Total length:13:50
Personnel
Thom Yorke – words, music, arrangement, production, recording
Sam Petts-Davies – production, recording, mixing, music editing
Hugh Brunt – orchestration, conducting
Noah Yorke – drums
Tom Bailey – engineering (AIR Lyndhurst)
Laurence Anslow – assistance (AIR Lyndhurst)
Alex Ferguson – assistance (AIR Lyndhurst)
Walter Fasano – music editing
London Contemporary Orchestra and Choir – score performance
Giulia Piersanti – hands and eyes used on front cover
Stanley Donwood – design
Doctor Tchock – design
Agnes F – design
Charts
Chart performance for Suspiria
Chart (2018)
Peak position
Australian Albums (ARIA)
65
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)
30
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)
23
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)
44
Canadian Albums (Billboard)
93
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)
40
French Albums (SNEP)
109
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
55
Irish Albums (IRMA)
53
Italian Albums (FIMI)
20
Portuguese Albums (AFP)
33
Scottish Albums (OCC)
10
South Korean International Albums (Circle)
100
Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE)
26
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)
28
UK Albums (OCC)
13
UK Independent Albums (OCC)
2
UK Soundtrack Albums (OCC)
4
US Billboard 200
79
US Independent Albums (Billboard)
2
US Soundtrack Albums (Billboard)
5
US Top Alternative Albums (Billboard)
6
References
^ "Thom Yorke Soundtracks Short Film With New Music: Watch | Pitchfork". pitchfork.com. 2 February 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
^ "Radiohead's Thom Yorke soundtracks Rag & Bone's new short film | Watch". Far Out Magazine. 11 September 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2018.
^ Chow, Andrew R. (12 August 2015). "Thom Yorke Is Set to Compose Music for a Pinter Play on Broadway". Retrieved 12 August 2015.
^ Trendell, Andrew (3 October 2018). "Thom Yorke on how he nearly wrote the soundtrack for Fight Club". NME. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
^ a b c d "Thom Yorke on Why He Was Scared to Tackle the Suspiria Soundtrack -- And Why He'll Never Stop Touring". Billboard. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
^ Kreps, Daniel (13 November 2023). "Radiohead Side Project the Smile Return With New Album 'Wall of Eyes'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
^ a b c d e f g h i j "Thom Yorke on writing the score for Suspiria". BBC 6 Music. 3 October 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
^ Yoo, Noah (3 September 2018). "Thom Yorke Details New Suspiria Soundtrack, Shares New Song: Listen". Pitchfork. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
^ a b Kreps, Daniel (1 September 2018). "Thom Yorke Talks 'Suspiria' Score at Venice Film Festival". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
^ a b Young, Alex (4 September 2018). "Thom Yorke details Suspiria soundtrack, shares "Suspirium": Stream". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
^ Gibsone, Harriet (7 May 2016). "Radiohead's new album to be released on Sunday". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016.
^ Guadagnino, Luca (19 October 2018). "Director Luca Guadagnino Discusses "Suspiria"". AOL Build (Interview). Interviewed by Ricky Camilleri.
^ "Thom Yorke says Tory government are treating UK 'like lemmings running off a cliff' - NME". NME. 3 October 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2018.
^ White, James (9 April 2018). "Hear Thom Yorke's Theme For The New Suspiria". Empire. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
^ a b Legaspi, Althea (11 October 2018). "Watch Thom Yorke's Unsettling New 'Volk' Video". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
^ Murray, Robin (3 October 2018). "Listen: Thom Yorke - 'Has Ended'". Clash Magazine. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
^ Legaspi, Althea (18 October 2018). "Hear Thom Yorke's Mesmerizing New Song 'Open Again'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
^ "Listen to One Last Thom Yorke Suspiria Single Before the Full Score Drops Tomorrow". Paste Magazine. 25 October 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
^ "Thom Yorke Announces Suspiria Soundtrack Listening Parties Next Week | Pitchfork". pitchfork.com. 5 September 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
^ Kaplan, Ilana (28 October 2018). "Watch Thom Yorke Perform Three 'Suspiria' Songs for BBC Radio 6". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
^ "Thom Yorke Announces Suspiria Unreleased Material Vinyl". Pitchfork. 10 January 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
^ "Suspiria by Thom Yorke Reviews and Tracks". Metacritic. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
^ Yeung, Neil Z.. Review of Suspiria at AllMusic. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
^ Purdom, Clayton (26 October 2018). "Thom Yorke summons a dark new sound in Suspiria". The A.V. Club. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
^ Graves, Wren (31 October 2018). "Thom Yorke Scores Scares on the Spinning Suspiria". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
^ a b Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (26 October 2018). "Thom Yorke: Suspiria review – nape-prickling soundtrack sits in the shadows". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
^ Bray, Elisa (25 October 2018). "Thom Yorke, Suspiria album review: Radiohead frontman's first ever soundtrack summons the darkness of horror". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
^ "Thom Yorke". Mojo. No. 301. December 2018. p. 93.
^ Sherburne, Philip (27 October 2018). "Thom Yorke: Suspiria (Music for the Luca Guadagnino Film) Album Review". Pitchfork. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
^ Monroe, Jazz (December 2018). "Terror Visions". Q. p. 106.
^ a b Vozick-Levinson, Simon (25 October 2018). "Review: Thom Yorke Mixes Haunting Instrumentals and Gorgeous Songs on 'Suspiria'". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
^ Bonner, Michael (December 2018). "Thom Yorke - Suspiria (Music For The Luca Guadagnino Film)". Uncut. p. 20.
^ "Oscars' Best Song Shortlist Includes "Shallow," "All The Stars," & More: See The List". Stereogum. 17 December 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2018.
^ "The 91st Academy Awards | 2019". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
^ "2020 Grammy Awards: Complete Nominees List". The Recording Academy. 20 November 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2019.
^ "ARIA Chart Watch #497". auspOp. 3 November 2018. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
^ "Austriancharts.at – Soundtrack / Thom Yorke – Suspiria" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 8 November 2018.
^ "Ultratop.be – Soundtrack / Thom Yorke – Suspiria" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
^ "Ultratop.be – Soundtrack / Thom Yorke – Suspiria" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
^ "Thom Yorke Chart History (Canadian Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Soundtrack / Thom Yorke – Suspiria" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
^ "Lescharts.com – Soundtrack / Thom Yorke – Suspiria". Hung Medien. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Soundtrack / Thom Yorke – Suspiria" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 2 November 2018.
^ "Irish-charts.com – Discography Thom Yorke". Hung Medien. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
^ "Italiancharts.com – Soundtrack / Thom Yorke – Suspiria". Hung Medien. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
^ "Portuguesecharts.com – Soundtrack / Thom Yorke – Suspiria". Hung Medien. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
^ "Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
^ "South Korea Circle International Album Chart". On the page, select "2018.11.04~2018.11.10" to obtain the corresponding chart. Circle Chart Retrieved 4 December 2018.
^ "Spanishcharts.com – Soundtrack / Thom Yorke – Suspiria". Hung Medien. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
^ "Swisscharts.com – Soundtrack / Thom Yorke – Suspiria". Hung Medien. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
^ "Official Independent Albums Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
^ "Official Soundtrack Albums Chart Top 50". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
^ "Thom Yorke Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
^ "Thom Yorke Chart History (Independent Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
^ "Thom Yorke Chart History (Soundtrack Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
^ "Thom Yorke Chart History (Top Alternative Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
vteThom Yorke / Atoms for Peace
Thom Yorke
Flea
Nigel Godrich
Mauro Refosco
Joey Waronker
Studio albumsSolo
The Eraser
Tomorrow's Modern Boxes
Anima
Soundtracks
Suspiria
Confidenza
Atoms for Peace
Amok
Remix albums
The Eraser Rmxs
SinglesSolo
"Harrowdown Hill"
"Analyse"
"FeelingPulledApartbyHorses" / "TheHollowEarth"
Atoms for Peace
"Default"
"Judge, Jury and Executioner"
Other songs
"Rabbit in Your Headlights"
"I've Seen It All"
"Us Placers"
"Náttúra"
"Gazzillion Ear (Thom Yorke Remix)"
Related articles
Solo discography
Radiohead
The Smile
Ultraísta
Stanley Donwood
Dead Children Playing
Dasyomyliobatis thomyorkei
vteThe Three MothersFilms
Suspiria (1977)
Inferno (1980)
Mother of Tears (2007)
Remakes
Suspiria (2018)
Soundtracks
Suspiria (1977)
Inferno (1981)
Suspiria (2018)
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suspiria (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspiria_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Suspiria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspiria_(2018_film)"},{"link_name":"Thom Yorke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thom_Yorke"},{"link_name":"XL Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XL_Recordings"},{"link_name":"Best Song Written for Visual Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Song_Written_for_Visual_Media"},{"link_name":"62nd Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/62nd_Annual_Grammy_Awards"}],"text":"\"Suspirium\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Suspiria (disambiguation).Suspiria (Music for the Luca Guadagnino Film) is the soundtrack for the 2018 horror film Suspiria, composed by the English musician Thom Yorke and produced by Yorke and Sam Petts-Davies. It was released on 26 October 2018 through XL Recordings.Suspiria was Yorke's first feature film score, and incorporates instrumental tracks, interludes, and songs. \"Suspirium\" was nominated for Best Song Written for Visual Media at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards.","title":"Suspiria (2018 soundtrack)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rag & Bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rag_%26_Bone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Old Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Times"},{"link_name":"Roundabout Theater Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundabout_Theater_Company"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Fight Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight_Club"},{"link_name":"OK Computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OK_Computer"},{"link_name":"Radiohead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiohead"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Luca Guadagnino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Guadagnino"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"text":"Suspiria was Yorke's first feature film soundtrack. He had previously written music for short films produced by the fashion label Rag & Bone[1][2] and a 2015 production of the play Old Times by the Roundabout Theater Company.[3] He was approached to score the 1999 film Fight Club, but declined as he was recovering from the stress of promoting the 1997 album OK Computer, by his band Radiohead.[4] Yorke initially refused the Suspiria offer, but accepted after months of requests from the director, Luca Guadagnino.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Bends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bends_(album)"},{"link_name":"Nigel Godrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Godrich"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"the soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspiria_(1977_soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Suspiria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspiria"},{"link_name":"Goblin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblin_(band)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"Blade Runner soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blade_Runner_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"musique concrète","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te"},{"link_name":"Pierre Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Henry"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"James Holden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Holden_(producer)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-9"},{"link_name":"krautrock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krautrock"},{"link_name":"Faust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faust_(band)"},{"link_name":"Can","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can_(band)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"London Contemporary Orchestra and Choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Contemporary_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-10"},{"link_name":"A Moon Shaped Pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Moon_Shaped_Pool"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian_Gibsone-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aol-12"},{"link_name":"rushes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dailies"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"Ennio Morricone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennio_Morricone"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"political","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_and_politics"},{"link_name":"Brexit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brexit"},{"link_name":"US president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_president"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Suspiria was the first Yorke project since The Bends (1995) not to feature production from his longtime collaborator Nigel Godrich; instead, it was produced by Yorke and Sam Petts-Davies.[6]Yorke decided it would be pointless to replicate or reference the soundtrack of the original Suspiria (1977) by Goblin.[7] Instead, he cited inspiration from the 1982 Blade Runner soundtrack,[8] musique concrète artists such as Pierre Henry,[5] modern electronic artists such as James Holden,[5] and music from the film's 1977 Berlin setting,[9] including krautrock acts such as Faust and Can.[7]The soundtrack took about a year and a half to create.[7] It features the London Contemporary Orchestra and Choir,[10] which previously appeared on Radiohead's 2016 album A Moon Shaped Pool.[11] Yorke's teenage son Noah played drums on \"Has Ended\" and \"Volk\".[7] Much of the score was completed prior to the film shoot, which allowed Guadagnino to play it on set during filming.[12]Yorke wrote sketches on piano while reading the script and viewing rushes.[7] He likened his approach to the film composer Ennio Morricone, whom Yorke felt structured melodies similarly to pop songs.[7] He said: \"There's a way of repeating in music that can hypnotise. I kept thinking to myself that it's a form of making spells. So when I was working in my studio I was making spells. I know it sounds really stupid, but that's how I was thinking about it.\"[9] He said he enjoyed working for commission, which motivated him to explore musical ideas he otherwise would not have discovered.[7]Yorke did not write lyrics that followed the film narrative, but was conscious of the scenes the songs would be used in.[7] He described the lyrics as political, influenced by discourse surrounding Brexit and US president Donald Trump, which \"got tied up with\" scenes of marching soldiers in the film.[7][13]","title":"Writing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"instrumental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumental"},{"link_name":"modular synthesisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_synthesizer"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"waltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltz"},{"link_name":"groove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groove_(music)"},{"link_name":"droning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drone_(music)"},{"link_name":"keyboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_instrument"},{"link_name":"dub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dub_music"},{"link_name":"bassline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassline"},{"link_name":"time-stretched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_time_stretching_and_pitch_scaling"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"white noise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_noise"},{"link_name":"cacophonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacophony"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-15"}],"text":"Suspiria comprises instrumental tracks, interludes, and songs, incorporating instruments such as piano, guitar, flute, drums, and modular synthesisers.[14] \"Suspirium\" is a piano waltz with flute and sparse production. \"Has Ended\" is a \"slow-creeping groove\" with droning keyboards, a dub-like bassline, and time-stretched piano.[7] \"Volk\" is a \"tension-filled\" instrumental with \"buzzy\" white noise and \"cacophonic\" rhythms.[15]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"XL Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XL_Recordings"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-10"},{"link_name":"promotional singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promotional_recording"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-15"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"BBC 6 Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_6_Music"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The Suspiria soundtrack was released on 26 October 2018 by XL Records.[10] It was preceded by five promotional singles: \"Suspirium\",[5] \"Has Ended\",[16] \"Open Again\",[17] \"Volk\",[15] and \"Unmade\".[18] XL held free listening events in cities around the world in September; fans could enter a lottery by email.[19] In October, Yorke performed three songs from the soundtrack for BBC 6 Music.[20] A limited vinyl EP of additional tracks, Suspiria Limited Edition Unreleased Material, was released on 22 February 2019.[21]","title":"Promotion and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"synthesiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesiser"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-review-26"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rs-review-31"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Original Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Song"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"91st Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/91st_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Best Song Written for Visual Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Song_Written_for_Visual_Media"},{"link_name":"62nd Annual Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/62nd_Annual_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"The Guardian said the Suspiria soundtrack \"[belonged] in the background to ramp up the emotional cues, and as such is not as satisfying a home listening experience\". The review praised the \"raw\" synthesiser sounds but found them \"melodically basic\", and found some tracks approached horror cliche.[26] Rolling Stone praised the vocal tracks, describing them as \"vintage Yorke, and they make you wish he'd written more of them for Suspiria.\"The review concluded: \"It's an intriguing sideways swerve for Yorke, who's still finding new ways to unsettle and delight listeners after all these years as one of rock's greatest ever late-night spooks.\"[31] \"Suspirium\" was shortlisted for the 2019 Academy Award for Best Original Song,[33] though it did not earn a nomination at the 91st Academy Awards.[34] It was also nominated for Best Song Written for Visual Media at the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards in 2020.[35]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thom Yorke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thom_Yorke"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Thom YorkeDisc oneNo.TitleLength1.\"A Storm That Took Everything\"1:472.\"The Hooks\"3:183.\"Suspirium\"3:214.\"Belongings Thrown in a River\"1:275.\"Has Ended\"4:566.\"Klemperer Walks\"1:387.\"Open Again\"2:498.\"Sabbath Incantation\"3:069.\"The Inevitable Pull\"1:3610.\"Olga's Destruction (Volk Tape)\"2:5811.\"The Conjuring of Anke\"2:1612.\"A Light Green\"1:4813.\"Unmade\"4:2714.\"The Jumps\"2:38Total length:38:05Disc twoNo.TitleLength1.\"Volk\"6:242.\"The Universe Is Indifferent\"4:483.\"The Balance of Things\"1:084.\"A Soft Hand Across Your Face\"0:445.\"Suspirium Finale\"7:036.\"A Choir of One\"14:017.\"Synthesizer Speaks\"0:588.\"The Room of Compartments\"1:149.\"An Audition\"0:3410.\"Voiceless Terror\"2:3011.\"The Epilogue\"2:46Total length:42:10Suspiria (Unreleased Material)No.TitleLength1.\"Unmade Overtones\"1:302.\"Unused Spell\"0:513.\"A Conversation With Just Your Eyes\"5:174.\"The7th7th7th7thSon\"1:085.\"Volk Spin Off V1\"2:246.\"Volk Spin Off V2\"0:547.\"Volk Spin Off V3\"1:47Total length:13:50","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thom Yorke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thom_Yorke"},{"link_name":"Hugh Brunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Brunt"},{"link_name":"Walter Fasano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Fasano"},{"link_name":"London Contemporary Orchestra and Choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Contemporary_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Stanley Donwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Donwood"},{"link_name":"Doctor Tchock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thom_Yorke"}],"text":"Thom Yorke – words, music, arrangement, production, recording\nSam Petts-Davies – production, recording, mixing, music editing\nHugh Brunt – orchestration, conducting\nNoah Yorke – drums\nTom Bailey – engineering (AIR Lyndhurst)\nLaurence Anslow – assistance (AIR Lyndhurst)\nAlex Ferguson – assistance (AIR Lyndhurst)\nWalter Fasano – music editing\nLondon Contemporary Orchestra and Choir – score performance\nGiulia Piersanti – hands and eyes used on front cover\nStanley Donwood – design\nDoctor Tchock – design\nAgnes F – design","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Thom Yorke Soundtracks Short Film With New Music: Watch | Pitchfork\". pitchfork.com. 2 February 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/thom-yorke-soundtracks-short-film-with-new-music-watch/","url_text":"\"Thom Yorke Soundtracks Short Film With New Music: Watch | Pitchfork\""}]},{"reference":"\"Radiohead's Thom Yorke soundtracks Rag & Bone's new short film | Watch\". Far Out Magazine. 11 September 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/radioheads-thom-yorke-soundtracks-rag-bones-new-short-film-watch/","url_text":"\"Radiohead's Thom Yorke soundtracks Rag & Bone's new short film | Watch\""}]},{"reference":"Chow, Andrew R. (12 August 2015). \"Thom Yorke Is Set to Compose Music for a Pinter Play on Broadway\". Retrieved 12 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/08/12/thom-yorke-is-set-to-compose-music-for-a-pinter-play-on-broadway/?smid=nytimesarts&_r=2","url_text":"\"Thom Yorke Is Set to Compose Music for a Pinter Play on Broadway\""}]},{"reference":"Trendell, Andrew (3 October 2018). \"Thom Yorke on how he nearly wrote the soundtrack for Fight Club\". NME. Retrieved 4 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/thom-yorke-nearly-wrote-soundtrack-fight-club-2386137","url_text":"\"Thom Yorke on how he nearly wrote the soundtrack for Fight Club\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"\"Thom Yorke on Why He Was Scared to Tackle the Suspiria Soundtrack -- And Why He'll Never Stop Touring\". Billboard. Retrieved 15 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/movies/8474868/thom-yorke-suspiria-soundtrack-interview","url_text":"\"Thom Yorke on Why He Was Scared to Tackle the Suspiria Soundtrack -- And Why He'll Never Stop Touring\""}]},{"reference":"Kreps, Daniel (13 November 2023). \"Radiohead Side Project the Smile Return With New Album 'Wall of Eyes'\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 14 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/the-smile-new-album-wall-of-eyes-paul-thomas-anderson-video-1234875865/","url_text":"\"Radiohead Side Project the Smile Return With New Album 'Wall of Eyes'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"\"Thom Yorke on writing the score for Suspiria\". BBC 6 Music. 3 October 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio/play/p06mtlwb","url_text":"\"Thom Yorke on writing the score for Suspiria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_6_Music","url_text":"BBC 6 Music"}]},{"reference":"Yoo, Noah (3 September 2018). \"Thom Yorke Details New Suspiria Soundtrack, Shares New Song: Listen\". Pitchfork. Retrieved 3 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/thom-yorke-details-new-suspiria-soundtrack-shares-new-song-listen/","url_text":"\"Thom Yorke Details New Suspiria Soundtrack, Shares New Song: Listen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"Kreps, Daniel (1 September 2018). \"Thom Yorke Talks 'Suspiria' Score at Venice Film Festival\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 3 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/thom-yorke-talks-suspiria-score-at-venice-film-festival-718444/","url_text":"\"Thom Yorke Talks 'Suspiria' Score at Venice Film Festival\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Young, Alex (4 September 2018). \"Thom Yorke details Suspiria soundtrack, shares \"Suspirium\": Stream\". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved 4 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://consequence.net/2018/09/thom-yorke-suspiria-details/","url_text":"\"Thom Yorke details Suspiria soundtrack, shares \"Suspirium\": Stream\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequence_of_Sound","url_text":"Consequence of Sound"}]},{"reference":"Gibsone, Harriet (7 May 2016). \"Radiohead's new album to be released on Sunday\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/may/06/radiohead-confirm-new-album-daydreaming-released-sunday","url_text":"\"Radiohead's new album to be released on Sunday\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160508200237/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/may/06/radiohead-confirm-new-album-daydreaming-released-sunday","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Guadagnino, Luca (19 October 2018). \"Director Luca Guadagnino Discusses \"Suspiria\"\". AOL Build (Interview). Interviewed by Ricky Camilleri.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kJgRPnH43XU","url_text":"\"Director Luca Guadagnino Discusses \"Suspiria\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL","url_text":"AOL Build"}]},{"reference":"\"Thom Yorke says Tory government are treating UK 'like lemmings running off a cliff' - NME\". NME. 3 October 2018. Retrieved 5 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/news/music/thom-yorke-says-tory-government-treating-uk-like-lemmings-running-off-cliff-2386203","url_text":"\"Thom Yorke says Tory government are treating UK 'like lemmings running off a cliff' - NME\""}]},{"reference":"White, James (9 April 2018). \"Hear Thom Yorke's Theme For The New Suspiria\". Empire. Retrieved 11 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.empireonline.com/movies/suspiria-2018/hear-thom-yorke-theme-new-suspiria/","url_text":"\"Hear Thom Yorke's Theme For The New Suspiria\""}]},{"reference":"Legaspi, Althea (11 October 2018). \"Watch Thom Yorke's Unsettling New 'Volk' Video\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 11 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/thom-yorke-volk-video-suspiria-735921/","url_text":"\"Watch Thom Yorke's Unsettling New 'Volk' Video\""}]},{"reference":"Murray, Robin (3 October 2018). \"Listen: Thom Yorke - 'Has Ended'\". Clash Magazine. Retrieved 3 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.clashmusic.com/news/listen-thom-yorke-has-ended","url_text":"\"Listen: Thom Yorke - 'Has Ended'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clash_Magazine","url_text":"Clash Magazine"}]},{"reference":"Legaspi, Althea (18 October 2018). \"Hear Thom Yorke's Mesmerizing New Song 'Open Again'\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 19 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/thom-yorke-new-song-video-open-again-suspiria-739460/","url_text":"\"Hear Thom Yorke's Mesmerizing New Song 'Open Again'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Listen to One Last Thom Yorke Suspiria Single Before the Full Score Drops Tomorrow\". Paste Magazine. 25 October 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2018/10/listen-to-one-last-thom-yorke-suspiria-single-befo.html","url_text":"\"Listen to One Last Thom Yorke Suspiria Single Before the Full Score Drops Tomorrow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thom Yorke Announces Suspiria Soundtrack Listening Parties Next Week | Pitchfork\". pitchfork.com. 5 September 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/thom-yorke-announces-suspiria-soundtrack-listening-parties-next-week/","url_text":"\"Thom Yorke Announces Suspiria Soundtrack Listening Parties Next Week | Pitchfork\""}]},{"reference":"Kaplan, Ilana (28 October 2018). \"Watch Thom Yorke Perform Three 'Suspiria' Songs for BBC Radio 6\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 29 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/thom-yorke-perform-suspiria-songs-bbc-radio-6-748252/","url_text":"\"Watch Thom Yorke Perform Three 'Suspiria' Songs for BBC Radio 6\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thom Yorke Announces Suspiria Unreleased Material Vinyl\". Pitchfork. 10 January 2019. Retrieved 10 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/news/thom-yorke-announces-suspiria-unreleased-material-vinyl/","url_text":"\"Thom Yorke Announces Suspiria Unreleased Material Vinyl\""}]},{"reference":"\"Suspiria [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack] by Thom Yorke Reviews and Tracks\". Metacritic. 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Retrieved 1 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://consequence.net/2018/10/album-review-thom-yorke-scores-scares-on-the-spinning-suspiria/","url_text":"\"Thom Yorke Scores Scares on the Spinning Suspiria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consequence_of_Sound","url_text":"Consequence of Sound"}]},{"reference":"Beaumont-Thomas, Ben (26 October 2018). \"Thom Yorke: Suspiria review – nape-prickling soundtrack sits in the shadows\". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/oct/26/thom-yorke-suspiria-soundtrack-review","url_text":"\"Thom Yorke: Suspiria review – nape-prickling soundtrack sits in the shadows\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Bray, Elisa (25 October 2018). \"Thom Yorke, Suspiria album review: Radiohead frontman's first ever soundtrack summons the darkness of horror\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/thom-yorke-suspiria-soundtrack-review-album-horror-film-a8601091.html","url_text":"\"Thom Yorke, Suspiria album review: Radiohead frontman's first ever soundtrack summons the darkness of horror\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/thom-yorke-suspiria-soundtrack-review-album-horror-film-a8601091.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Thom Yorke\". Mojo. No. 301. December 2018. p. 93.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)","url_text":"Mojo"}]},{"reference":"Sherburne, Philip (27 October 2018). \"Thom Yorke: Suspiria (Music for the Luca Guadagnino Film) Album Review\". Pitchfork. Retrieved 28 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/thom-yorke-suspiria-music-for-the-luca-guadagnino-film/","url_text":"\"Thom Yorke: Suspiria (Music for the Luca Guadagnino Film) Album Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"}]},{"reference":"Monroe, Jazz (December 2018). \"Terror Visions\". Q. p. 106.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(magazine)","url_text":"Q"}]},{"reference":"Vozick-Levinson, Simon (25 October 2018). \"Review: Thom Yorke Mixes Haunting Instrumentals and Gorgeous Songs on 'Suspiria'\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 26 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/thom-yorke-suspiria-soundtrack-review-746730/","url_text":"\"Review: Thom Yorke Mixes Haunting Instrumentals and Gorgeous Songs on 'Suspiria'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"Bonner, Michael (December 2018). \"Thom Yorke - Suspiria (Music For The Luca Guadagnino Film)\". Uncut. p. 20.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncut_(magazine)","url_text":"Uncut"}]},{"reference":"\"Oscars' Best Song Shortlist Includes \"Shallow,\" \"All The Stars,\" & More: See The List\". Stereogum. 17 December 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stereogum.com/2026566/thom-yorke-sampha-the-coup-more-make-oscars-best-original-song-shortlist/news/","url_text":"\"Oscars' Best Song Shortlist Includes \"Shallow,\" \"All The Stars,\" & More: See The List\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 91st Academy Awards | 2019\". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 23 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/2019","url_text":"\"The 91st Academy Awards | 2019\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences","url_text":"Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences"}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Grammy Awards: Complete Nominees List\". The Recording Academy. 20 November 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/news/2020-grammy-awards-complete-nominees-list","url_text":"\"2020 Grammy Awards: Complete Nominees List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Recording_Academy","url_text":"The Recording Academy"}]},{"reference":"\"ARIA Chart Watch #497\". auspOp. 3 November 2018. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 3 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190331231750/https://www.auspop.com.au/2018/11/aria-chart-watch-497/","url_text":"\"ARIA Chart Watch #497\""},{"url":"https://www.auspop.com.au/2018/11/aria-chart-watch-497/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Burr_Osborne_(chemist)
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Thomas Burr Osborne (chemist)
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["1 Biography","2 Career","2.1 Vitamin A discovery","3 Works","4 References"]
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Thomas Burr OsborneBorn(1859-08-05)August 5, 1859New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.Died(1929-01-29)January 29, 1929 (aged 69)New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.EducationYale CollegeOccupationBiochemistSpouse
Elizabeth Annah Johnson
(m. 1886)
Thomas Burr Osborne (August 5, 1859 – January 29, 1929) was an American biochemist who, with Lafayette Mendel, independently discovered Vitamin A, though Elmer McCollum and Marguerite Davis were ultimately given credit, as they had submitted their paper first by three weeks. He is known for his work isolating and characterizing seed proteins, and for determining protein nutritional requirements. His career was spent at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station.
Biography
Thomas Burr Osborne was born in New Haven, Connecticut on August 5, 1859. He was the son of lawyer Arthur Dimon Osborne and the grandson of US Representative Thomas Burr Osborne. He earned an undergraduate degree from Yale College in 1881, and a PhD in chemistry there in 1885.
He married Elizabeth Annah Johnson on June 23, 1886, and they had one son.
Osborne died at his home in New Haven on January 29, 1929.
Career
His life exhibited "a single purpose, the understanding of the relationships of proteins to each other and the animal world. He began his researches upon vegetable proteins in 1888,..." He published his findings in The Vegetable Proteins in 1909.
Osborne realized the polypeptide structure of proteins: "The nature of proteins in seeds was greatly elucidated in the opening years of the 20th century by T.B. Osborne, who developed methods for their isolation and purification, by means of which he discovered the chemical differences in proteins of various plants. His work revealed an imposing number of vegetable proteins. Osborne considered that the amino acids are for the most part united in the protein molecule in polypeptide union; that is, by the union of the NH2 of one amino acid with the carboxyl group of another."
The American chemist Thomas B. Osborne was (viewed retropectively) head and shoulders above most of his contemporaries: compulsive attention to meticulous purification, reproducibility, error analysis, etc. shine through all his work. Although most of his work was carried out on seed proteins ... his results had far-reaching significance.
Osborne wrote over 100 papers with longtime collaborator Lafayette Mendel. Both were appointees of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. In their early work, they studied the deadly poison ricin which is classified as a type 2 ribosome inactivating protein (RIP) from castor beans.
In 1909, Osborne and Mendel's work found what amino acids are necessary for the survival of the laboratory rat. At the Connecticut experimental station they developed a lab with about 200 rats whose dietary intake was carefully controlled. Their studies on rats revealed the necessary elements in a healthy diet. The program was described by J.R. Lindsey and H.J. Baker:
The striking differences in amino acid composition of plant proteins, which had been documented by Osborne, suggested that possible differences might exist in their biological value. The nutritive values of various purified proteins from cereal grains and other plant sources were compared for growth and maintenance in rats. This led to supplementation of "incomplete proteins" with those amino acids limiting each foodstuff's "biological quality" (e.g. Tryptophan and lysine). Casein was found to be a "complete protein", thus paving the way for the use of this protein in modern rat diets. Within a few years it was possible to list the "essential" and "nonessential" amino acids.
The science of nutrition thus evolved beyond the caloric energy of food, turning to the structural issue of essential amino acids.
Osborne was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1910, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1914, and the American Philosophical Society in 1921.
Vitamin A discovery
Osborne and Mendel discovered Vitamin A in 1913 in butter fat – independently discovered by Elmer McCollum and Marguerite Davis, who submitted their publication first, with both papers appearing in the same issue of the Journal of Biological Chemistry. Osborne and Mendel showed, for example, that a lack of Vitamin A in the diet led to xerophthalmia.
They also established the importance of lysine and tryptophan in a healthy diet.
"Water-soluble vitamin B" found in "protein-free milk" was also shown to be an essential nutrient.
Works
1894: "The Proteids of the Kidney Bean", Journal of the American Chemical Society 16(10): 703–712, doi:10.1021/ja02108a012
1902: "Sulfur in protein bodies", Journal of the American Chemical Society 25: 323 to 53
1907: The Proteins of the Wheat Kernel, Carnegie Institution of Washington via archive.org
1909: The Vegetable Proteins from archive.org
1916: (with L. B. Mendel) "The Growth of Rats upon Diets of Isolated Food Substances", Biochemical Journal 10:534–8 .
1917: (with L. B. Mendel) "The Relative Value of Certain Proteins and Protein Content Supplements to Corn Gluten", Journal of Biological Chemistry 29:69–92.
1924: The Vegetable Proteins, second edition via Internet Archive
References
^ Rosenfeld, Louis (April 1997). "Vitamine—vitamin. The early years of discovery". Clinical Chemistry. 43 (4). American Association for Clinical Chemistry: 680–685. doi:10.1093/clinchem/43.4.680. PMID 9105273. Retrieved June 10, 2016.
^ a b c The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography. Vol. XV. James T. White & Company. 1916. p. 334. Retrieved December 25, 2020 – via Google Books.
^ "Obituary: Thomas Burr Osborne" (PDF).
^ Chittenden, R. H. (1933). "Thomas Burr Osborne (1859-1929)". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 68 (13): 651–654. JSTOR 20023001.
^ Vickery, H. B. (1929). "Thomas Burr Osborne". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 1 (4): 187.b1–191. PMC 2606178. PMID 21433424.
^ Vickery, H. B.; Mendel, L. B. (1929). "The Work of Thomas Burr Osborne (1859-1929)". Science. 69 (1789): 385–389. Bibcode:1929Sci....69..385V. doi:10.1126/science.69.1789.385. PMID 17839302.
^ a b "Dr. Thomas B. Osborne, Research Chemist, Dies At Home in New Haven". Hartford Courant. New Haven. January 30, 1929. p. 1. Retrieved December 25, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Bradford Vickery, Hubert (1931). "Thomas Burr Osborne (1859 — 1929)" (PDF). Biographical Memoirs. 14. National Academy of Sciences: 8.
^ Howard S. Reed (1942) A Short History of Plant Sciences, page 238, Chronica Publishing
^ Charles Tanford & Jacqueline Reynolds (2001) Nature’s Robots, page 52, Oxford University Press ISBN 019 850466 7
^ Edna Louise Ferry (1919) "Nutrition experiments with rats: a description of methods and technique", Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 8: 735 to 45
^ J. Russell Lindsey & Henry J. Baker, Chapter one: Historical Foundations of The Laboratory Rat by Mark A. Suckow, Steven H. Weisbroth, and Craig L. Franklin (2005) ISBN 0080454321
^ "Thomas B. Osborne". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
^ "Thomas Burr Osborne". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. February 9, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved September 13, 2023.
^ Rosenfeld, Louis (April 1997). "Vitamine—vitamin. The early years of discovery". Clinical Chemistry. 43 (4). American Association for Clinical Chemistry: 680–685. doi:10.1093/clinchem/43.4.680. PMID 9105273. Retrieved June 10, 2016.
^ "Lafayette Benedict Mendel" in "Dictionary of American Biography, Supplements 1-2: To 1940. American Council of Learned Societies, 1944-1958. Reproduced at Biography Resource Center, Farmington Hills, Michigan: Thomson Gale. 2007.
^ L.B. Mendel from Encyclopedia.com
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biochemist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemist"},{"link_name":"Lafayette Mendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette_Mendel"},{"link_name":"Vitamin A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Elmer McCollum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_McCollum"},{"link_name":"Marguerite Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_Davis"},{"link_name":"Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Agricultural_Experiment_Station"}],"text":"Thomas Burr Osborne (August 5, 1859 – January 29, 1929) was an American biochemist who, with Lafayette Mendel, independently discovered Vitamin A,[1] though Elmer McCollum and Marguerite Davis were ultimately given credit, as they had submitted their paper first by three weeks. He is known for his work isolating and characterizing seed proteins, and for determining protein nutritional requirements. His career was spent at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station.","title":"Thomas Burr Osborne (chemist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Haven, Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cyclopaedia-2"},{"link_name":"Thomas Burr Osborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Burr_Osborne_(US_representative)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Yale College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cyclopaedia-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cyclopaedia-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dies-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dies-7"}],"text":"Thomas Burr Osborne was born in New Haven, Connecticut on August 5, 1859.[2] He was the son of lawyer Arthur Dimon Osborne and the grandson of US Representative Thomas Burr Osborne.[3][4][5][6] He earned an undergraduate degree from Yale College in 1881, and a PhD in chemistry there in 1885.[2]He married Elizabeth Annah Johnson on June 23, 1886, and they had one son.[2][7]Osborne died at his home in New Haven on January 29, 1929.[7]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"polypeptide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypeptide"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Lafayette Mendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafayette_Mendel"},{"link_name":"Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Agricultural_Experiment_Station"},{"link_name":"ricin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricin"},{"link_name":"ribosome inactivating protein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosome_inactivating_protein"},{"link_name":"castor beans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castor_oil_plant"},{"link_name":"amino acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid"},{"link_name":"laboratory rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_rat"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Casein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casein"},{"link_name":"nutrition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition"},{"link_name":"essential amino acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_amino_acid"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"His life exhibited \"a single purpose, the understanding of the relationships of proteins to each other and the animal world. He began his researches upon vegetable proteins in 1888,...\"[8] He published his findings in The Vegetable Proteins in 1909.Osborne realized the polypeptide structure of proteins: \"The nature of proteins in seeds was greatly elucidated in the opening years of the 20th century by T.B. Osborne, who developed methods for their isolation and purification, by means of which he discovered the chemical differences in proteins of various plants. His work revealed an imposing number of vegetable proteins. Osborne considered that the amino acids are for the most part united in the protein molecule in polypeptide union; that is, by the union of the NH2 of one amino acid with the carboxyl group of another.\"[9]The American chemist Thomas B. Osborne was (viewed retropectively) head and shoulders above most of his contemporaries: compulsive attention to meticulous purification, reproducibility, error analysis, etc. shine through all his work. Although most of his work was carried out on seed proteins ... his results had far-reaching significance.[10]Osborne wrote over 100 papers with longtime collaborator Lafayette Mendel. Both were appointees of the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station. In their early work, they studied the deadly poison ricin which is classified as a type 2 ribosome inactivating protein (RIP) from castor beans.In 1909, Osborne and Mendel's work found what amino acids are necessary for the survival of the laboratory rat. At the Connecticut experimental station they developed a lab with about 200 rats whose dietary intake was carefully controlled.[11] Their studies on rats revealed the necessary elements in a healthy diet. The program was described by J.R. Lindsey and H.J. Baker:[12]The striking differences in amino acid composition of plant proteins, which had been documented by Osborne, suggested that possible differences might exist in their biological value. The nutritive values of various purified proteins from cereal grains and other plant sources were compared for growth and maintenance in rats. This led to supplementation of \"incomplete proteins\" with those amino acids limiting each foodstuff's \"biological quality\" (e.g. Tryptophan and lysine). Casein was found to be a \"complete protein\", thus paving the way for the use of this protein in modern rat diets. Within a few years it was possible to list the \"essential\" and \"nonessential\" amino acids.The science of nutrition thus evolved beyond the caloric energy of food, turning to the structural issue of essential amino acids.Osborne was elected to the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1910,[13] the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1914,[14] and the American Philosophical Society in 1921.[15]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vitamin A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A"},{"link_name":"Elmer McCollum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_McCollum"},{"link_name":"Marguerite Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_Davis"},{"link_name":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Biological_Chemistry"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"xerophthalmia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerophthalmia"},{"link_name":"lysine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysine"},{"link_name":"tryptophan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dab-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Vitamin A discovery","text":"Osborne and Mendel discovered Vitamin A in 1913 in butter fat – independently discovered by Elmer McCollum and Marguerite Davis, who submitted their publication first, with both papers appearing in the same issue of the Journal of Biological Chemistry.[16] Osborne and Mendel showed, for example, that a lack of Vitamin A in the diet led to xerophthalmia.They also established the importance of lysine and tryptophan in a healthy diet.[17]\"Water-soluble vitamin B\" found in \"protein-free milk\" was also shown to be an essential nutrient.[18]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Journal of the American Chemical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Chemical_Society"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1021/ja02108a012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1021%2Fja02108a012"},{"link_name":"The Proteins of the Wheat Kernel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/cu31924024559167/page/n3"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Institution of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Institution_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"The Vegetable Proteins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/vegetableprotein00osbouoft"},{"link_name":"archive.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.org"},{"link_name":"Biochemical Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_Journal"},{"link_name":"Journal of Biological Chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Biological_Chemistry"},{"link_name":"The Vegetable Proteins, second edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/b29807670/page/n7/mode/2up"}],"text":"1894: \"The Proteids of the Kidney Bean\", Journal of the American Chemical Society 16(10): 703–712, doi:10.1021/ja02108a012\n1902: \"Sulfur in protein bodies\", Journal of the American Chemical Society 25: 323 to 53\n1907: The Proteins of the Wheat Kernel, Carnegie Institution of Washington via archive.org\n1909: The Vegetable Proteins from archive.org\n1916: (with L. B. Mendel) \"The Growth of Rats upon Diets of Isolated Food Substances\", Biochemical Journal 10:534–8 .\n1917: (with L. B. Mendel) \"The Relative Value of Certain Proteins and Protein Content Supplements to Corn Gluten\", Journal of Biological Chemistry 29:69–92.\n1924: The Vegetable Proteins, second edition via Internet Archive","title":"Works"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Rosenfeld, Louis (April 1997). \"Vitamine—vitamin. The early years of discovery\". Clinical Chemistry. 43 (4). American Association for Clinical Chemistry: 680–685. doi:10.1093/clinchem/43.4.680. PMID 9105273. Retrieved June 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clinchem.org/content/43/4/680.full","url_text":"\"Vitamine—vitamin. The early years of discovery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fclinchem%2F43.4.680","url_text":"10.1093/clinchem/43.4.680"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9105273","url_text":"9105273"}]},{"reference":"The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography. Vol. XV. James T. White & Company. 1916. p. 334. Retrieved December 25, 2020 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3zYOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA333","url_text":"The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography"}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary: Thomas Burr Osborne\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://mssa.library.yale.edu/obituary_record/1925_1952/1928-29.pdf","url_text":"\"Obituary: Thomas Burr Osborne\""}]},{"reference":"Chittenden, R. H. (1933). \"Thomas Burr Osborne (1859-1929)\". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 68 (13): 651–654. JSTOR 20023001.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/20023001","url_text":"20023001"}]},{"reference":"Vickery, H. B. (1929). \"Thomas Burr Osborne\". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 1 (4): 187.b1–191. PMC 2606178. PMID 21433424.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2606178","url_text":"\"Thomas Burr Osborne\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2606178","url_text":"2606178"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21433424","url_text":"21433424"}]},{"reference":"Vickery, H. B.; Mendel, L. B. (1929). \"The Work of Thomas Burr Osborne (1859-1929)\". Science. 69 (1789): 385–389. Bibcode:1929Sci....69..385V. doi:10.1126/science.69.1789.385. PMID 17839302.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1929Sci....69..385V","url_text":"1929Sci....69..385V"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.69.1789.385","url_text":"10.1126/science.69.1789.385"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17839302","url_text":"17839302"}]},{"reference":"\"Dr. Thomas B. Osborne, Research Chemist, Dies At Home in New Haven\". Hartford Courant. New Haven. January 30, 1929. p. 1. Retrieved December 25, 2020 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/65980161/dr-thomas-b-osborne-research/","url_text":"\"Dr. Thomas B. Osborne, Research Chemist, Dies At Home in New Haven\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartford_Courant","url_text":"Hartford Courant"}]},{"reference":"Bradford Vickery, Hubert (1931). \"Thomas Burr Osborne (1859 — 1929)\" (PDF). Biographical Memoirs. 14. National Academy of Sciences: 8.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nap.edu/html/biomems/tosborne.pdf","url_text":"\"Thomas Burr Osborne (1859 — 1929)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences","url_text":"National Academy of Sciences"}]},{"reference":"\"Thomas B. Osborne\". www.nasonline.org. Retrieved September 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20001572.html","url_text":"\"Thomas B. Osborne\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thomas Burr Osborne\". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. February 9, 2023. Retrieved September 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amacad.org/person/thomas-burr-osborne","url_text":"\"Thomas Burr Osborne\""}]},{"reference":"\"APS Member History\". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved September 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Thomas+B.+Osborne&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced","url_text":"\"APS Member History\""}]},{"reference":"Rosenfeld, Louis (April 1997). \"Vitamine—vitamin. The early years of discovery\". Clinical Chemistry. 43 (4). American Association for Clinical Chemistry: 680–685. doi:10.1093/clinchem/43.4.680. PMID 9105273. Retrieved June 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.clinchem.org/content/43/4/680.full","url_text":"\"Vitamine—vitamin. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crasimoff%27s_World
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Crasimoff's World
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["1 Publication history","2 Gameplay","3 Reception","4 Awards","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 External links"]
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Play-by-mail game
Cover of rulebook for American version of Crasimoff's World
Crasimoff's World is a play-by-mail (PBM) game that was first developed by Kevin Cropper in 1980. It is regarded as the first fantasy role-playing PBM game.
Publication history
In the 1970s, play by mail had become a popular method in the U.K. for games like chess and Diplomacy. In 1980, Kevin Cropper took his long-running Dungeons & Dragons campaign, "Crasimoff's World", and redesigned it as a postal game; he envisioned moderating his creation by replying to each player's actions with a hand-written response. He then advertised Crasimoff's World in White Dwarf and subsequently received so many replies that he eventually left his job in order to spend all his time running the campaign. Cropper founded KJC Games as the parent company of the game.
In her dissertation Playing with Power: The Authorial Consequence of Roleplaying Games, Michelle Nephew identifies Crasimoff's World as the first fantasy role-playing PBM game.: 109
By 1984, Cropper had 450 regular players, beyond his ability to moderate on his own. Wanting to concentrate on managing a games stores in Cleveleys, he hired two full-time gamemasters, Nigel Mitchell and Andy Smith. With continued growth another full-time gamemaster was employed in June 1985, Andy Hume. In addition to providing hand-written responses to players' turns, Mitchell, Smith and Hume also published a regular newsletter for players. For a time the game was popular enough that Cropper also hired a part-time staff member just to deal with new players' start-ups. From time to time, KJC Games also hosted "Crasimeets", conventions where players could meet face to face with gamemasters Mitchell, Smith and Hume for more traditional pencil-and-paper role-playing game sessions. It was at the first of these that the GMs got God nicknames (Mitchell - L'Denon, Smith - F'Nor, Hume - T'Gellen).
KJC Games licensed the U.S. rights to Jack Everitt of Adventures by Mail, who developed an American version of the game.
In 1987, KJC Games licensed Crasimoff's World to one of the gamemasters, Andy Smith, who created the company Crasiworld. A few years later, Crasiworld converted Crasimoff's World to a computer-moderated game, using the Quest PBM engine.
Bolstered by several other PBM games, Crasiworld kept Crasimoff's World in operation until 2004.
Gameplay
In the original version of the game moderated by Kevin Cropper, players paid £2.50 for the rulebook, selected a cast of nine characters who were either priests, fighters or mages, and gave the group a name. Cropper would then place the new band of adventurers somewhere in his campaign world, and send the new player a letter that described their starting location, as well as campaign news, recent events in the new group's locality, and some rumours. The player would then respond with what they wanted their party to do, including which direction the party was travelling, trades or purchases, possible actions if encountered by hostiles, and any special instructions or requests. Cropper would then send further information and updates, and the player would respond with their next turn. Each turn cost £1.25.
If one player's party wandered into an area already inhabited by another player's party, Cropper would give each player the other's contact information so the players could confer directly to share information.
When Crasiworld changed moderation from human to computer, the number of starting party members was reduced from nine to six, but the new player could now choose from four professions as well as four races (humans, dwarves, elves and half-breeds) for each member of the party.
Reception
In the January 1983 edition of White Dwarf (Issue #37), Trevor Graver was impressed, saying, "the effort the gamemaster puts into each turn never ceases to amaze me. Most players find themselves offered a different scenario each turn, or find that a new twist has happened to an existing adventure." He concluded with a recommendation to give it a try, commenting, "It's easy to play, and reflects the amount of effort you are prepared to put into your moves."
Brian Creese reviewed Crasimoff's World for Imagine magazine, and stated that "One nice feature of this game is that I have already made contact with another player after only a few moves."
In the September 1984 edition of Imagine (Issue 18), Brian Creese called Crasimoff's World "a highly worthy game", and mentioned the hand-written responses from moderators as an indicator of "the immense amount of effort put in by the GM." He also thought that "with its regular newsletter, Crasimoff's World is a friendly, efficient and relatively cheap game to play." Although Creese didn't find a PBM fantasy game as engaging as its face-to-face counterpart, he concluded, "If you wish to try a commercial pbm game with a distinctly D&D game-ish flavour, I would unhesitatingly recommend it."
Awards
At the 1985 Origins Awards, Crasimoff's World was a finalist for "Best Play-By-Mail Game of 1984", losing to Starweb.
References
^ "Crasimoff's World". Paper Mayhem. No. 7. July–August 1984. inside cover.
^ a b c Nephew, Michelle (2003). Playing with Power: The Authorial Consequence of Roleplaying Games (Thesis). University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
^ Croft, Martin. "Discover Crasimoff". Micro Adventurer. Sunshine Books, Scot Press Ltd. p. 10.
^ a b c Graver, Trevor (January 1983). "Open Box". White Dwarf (37). Games Workshop: 15.
^ Creese, Brian (May 1984). "Chain Mail". Imagine (review) (14). TSR Hobbies (UK), Ltd.: 39.
^ Creese, Brian (February 1976). "Chaimmail: The Commercial PBM Games". Imagine. No. 18. TSR UK. p. 54.
^ "1984 Origins Awards". Space Gamer. No. 75. Steve Jackson Games. July–August 1985. p. 47.
Bibliography
Editors. "Gods of Crasimoff: F'Nor, God of Darkness". 1st Class: The Play By Mail Games Magazine. No. 5. KJC Games. p. 22.
Editors. "Gods of Crasimoff: T'Gellen, God of Fire". 1st Class: The Play By Mail Games Magazine. No. 6. KJC Games. p. 25.
Kay, Roy (Winter 1983). "Worlds of Bled and Crasimoff". Flagship. No. 1. pp. 18–19.
Priestland, John (Spring 1985). "Gods and Alliances in Crasimoff's World". Flagship. No. 6. pp. 9–10.
External links
Review in Computer Gamer
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It's a Crime
Wargames
Balance of Power
Battle Plan
Centurion
Company Commander
Crisis
Dawn of the Ancients
Diplomacy
Empires for Rent
The Final Campaign
Horizon's End!
Nuclear Destruction
Realpolitik
Sirius Command
State of War
Strategic Conflict
Victory! The Battle for Europe
Warlord
World Campaigns
World Conquest
Fantasy
Alamaze
Atlantrix
Battle Cry
Domination
DungeonWorld
Earthwood
Epic
EverMoor
Fall of Rome
Forgotten Realms
Hyborian War
Kings & Things
Kings of Karadon
Krahlizek
The Land of Karrus
Legends
Lizards
Loot the Castle
Lords of the Earth
Middle Earth PBM
Odyssey
Quest of the Great Jewels
Realms of Fantasy
Swords of the Gods
Talwaithe
Trolls Bottom
War of the Dark God
Venom
Historical
Adventurer Kings
Aegyptus
Austerlitz
Conquest
Conquest of Insula II
Feudal Lords
The Glory of Kings
LandLords
Midgard
Moneylender
Renaissance
Strategic Imperial Conquest
Terra II
Thunder at Sea
Political/Intrigue
Illuminati
Power
SpyKor
Railroad
Continental Rails
Roleplaying
Catacombs of Chaos
Crack of Doom
Crasimoff's World
Crystal Island
Darkworld
Delenda est Carthago
Dukes of Hell
En Garde!
Firebreather
Heroic Fantasy
Kings
Lands of Elvaria
Logan's Run
Lords of Valetia
Midhir
Monster Island
Quest
Realms of Sword and Thunder
Saturnalia
Silverdawn
Trajan's Treacherous Trap
TribeNet
Wofan
Western
Stand and Deliver
Westworld
Science fiction
Absolute Power
Alien Conflict
The Assassin's Quest
Battle of the Gods
Cosmic Crusaders
Cyborg
Fleet Maneuvers
Galactic Prisoners
The Keys of Bled
Out Time Days
Portinium
Raumkrieg
Space Battle
Space Combat
Starship Command
Survival Challenge
Tactical Assault Group
The Tribes of Crane
Vorcon Wars
Warboid World
Warp Force Empires
Space Operas
Ad Astra
Belter
Beyond the Quadra Zone
Beyond the Stellar Empire
Capitol
Cluster Lords
Continuum
Eclipse
Empyrean Challenge
Galac-Tac
Galactic Conflict
Galactic Empires
Galactic Power
Galaxy: Alpha
Infinite Conflict
Lords of Destiny
Mobius I
New Order
Pellic Quest
Rimworlds
Smuggler's Run
Space 101
Star Cluster One
Spiral Arm
Star Empires
Star Fleet Warlord
Starglobe
Star Trek: The Correspondence Game
Starlord
Starmaster
Star Saga
Stars of the Dark Well
Star Venture
Starweb
Supernova II
Takamo
The Next Empire
The Orion Nebula
Universe II
The Weapon
Zorphwar
Magazines
Flagship
Gaming Universal
Paper Mayhem
The Nuts & Bolts of PBM
Companies
Adventures by Mail
Agents of Gaming
Flying Buffalo, Inc.
Harlequin Games
KJC Games
Reality Simulations, Inc.
Schubel & Son
Other
List of play-by-mail games
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cover_of_rulebook_for_Crasimoffs_World.jpg"},{"link_name":"play-by-mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play-by-mail"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Cover of rulebook for American version of Crasimoff's WorldCrasimoff's World is a play-by-mail (PBM) game[1] that was first developed by Kevin Cropper in 1980. It is regarded as the first fantasy role-playing PBM game.","title":"Crasimoff's World"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess"},{"link_name":"Diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy_(game)"},{"link_name":"Dungeons & Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons"},{"link_name":"White Dwarf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Dwarf_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nephew-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nephew-2"},{"link_name":"Cleveleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveleys"},{"link_name":"gamemasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamemasters"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ma-3"}],"text":"In the 1970s, play by mail had become a popular method in the U.K. for games like chess and Diplomacy. In 1980, Kevin Cropper took his long-running Dungeons & Dragons campaign, \"Crasimoff's World\", and redesigned it as a postal game; he envisioned moderating his creation by replying to each player's actions with a hand-written response. He then advertised Crasimoff's World in White Dwarf and subsequently received so many replies that he eventually left his job in order to spend all his time running the campaign.[2] Cropper founded KJC Games as the parent company of the game.In her dissertation Playing with Power: The Authorial Consequence of Roleplaying Games, Michelle Nephew identifies Crasimoff's World as the first fantasy role-playing PBM game.[2]: 109By 1984, Cropper had 450 regular players, beyond his ability to moderate on his own. Wanting to concentrate on managing a games stores in Cleveleys, he hired two full-time gamemasters, Nigel Mitchell and Andy Smith. With continued growth another full-time gamemaster was employed in June 1985, Andy Hume. In addition to providing hand-written responses to players' turns, Mitchell, Smith and Hume also published a regular newsletter for players. For a time the game was popular enough that Cropper also hired a part-time staff member just to deal with new players' start-ups.[3] From time to time, KJC Games also hosted \"Crasimeets\", conventions where players could meet face to face with gamemasters Mitchell, Smith and Hume for more traditional pencil-and-paper role-playing game sessions. It was at the first of these that the GMs got God nicknames (Mitchell - L'Denon, Smith - F'Nor, Hume - T'Gellen).KJC Games licensed the U.S. rights to Jack Everitt of Adventures by Mail, who developed an American version of the game.In 1987, KJC Games licensed Crasimoff's World to one of the gamemasters, Andy Smith, who created the company Crasiworld. A few years later, Crasiworld converted Crasimoff's World to a computer-moderated game, using the Quest PBM engine.Bolstered by several other PBM games, Crasiworld kept Crasimoff's World in operation until 2004.","title":"Publication history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WD37-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WD37-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nephew-2"}],"text":"In the original version of the game moderated by Kevin Cropper, players paid £2.50 for the rulebook, selected a cast of nine characters who were either priests, fighters or mages, and gave the group a name.[4] Cropper would then place the new band of adventurers somewhere in his campaign world, and send the new player a letter that described their starting location, as well as campaign news, recent events in the new group's locality, and some rumours. The player would then respond with what they wanted their party to do, including which direction the party was travelling, trades or purchases, possible actions if encountered by hostiles, and any special instructions or requests. Cropper would then send further information and updates, and the player would respond with their next turn.[4] Each turn cost £1.25.If one player's party wandered into an area already inhabited by another player's party, Cropper would give each player the other's contact information so the players could confer directly to share information.[2]When Crasiworld changed moderation from human to computer, the number of starting party members was reduced from nine to six, but the new player could now choose from four professions as well as four races (humans, dwarves, elves and half-breeds) for each member of the party.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"White Dwarf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Dwarf_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WD37-4"},{"link_name":"Imagine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_(AD%26D_magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Imagine14-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imag-6"}],"text":"In the January 1983 edition of White Dwarf (Issue #37), Trevor Graver was impressed, saying, \"the effort the gamemaster puts into each turn never ceases to amaze me. Most players find themselves offered a different scenario each turn, or find that a new twist has happened to an existing adventure.\" He concluded with a recommendation to give it a try, commenting, \"It's easy to play, and reflects the amount of effort you are prepared to put into your moves.\"[4]Brian Creese reviewed Crasimoff's World for Imagine magazine, and stated that \"One nice feature of this game is that I have already made contact with another player after only a few moves.\"[5]In the September 1984 edition of Imagine (Issue 18), Brian Creese called Crasimoff's World \"a highly worthy game\", and mentioned the hand-written responses from moderators as an indicator of \"the immense amount of effort put in by the GM.\" He also thought that \"with its regular newsletter, Crasimoff's World is a friendly, efficient and relatively cheap game to play.\" Although Creese didn't find a PBM fantasy game as engaging as its face-to-face counterpart, he concluded, \"If you wish to try a commercial pbm game with a distinctly D&D game-ish flavour, I would unhesitatingly recommend it.\"[6]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Origins Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_Awards"},{"link_name":"Starweb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starweb"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"At the 1985 Origins Awards, Crasimoff's World was a finalist for \"Best Play-By-Mail Game of 1984\", losing to Starweb.[7]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_(magazine)"}],"text":"Editors. \"Gods of Crasimoff: F'Nor, God of Darkness\". 1st Class: The Play By Mail Games Magazine. No. 5. KJC Games. p. 22.\nEditors. \"Gods of Crasimoff: T'Gellen, God of Fire\". 1st Class: The Play By Mail Games Magazine. No. 6. KJC Games. p. 25.\nKay, Roy (Winter 1983). \"Worlds of Bled and Crasimoff\". Flagship. No. 1. pp. 18–19.\nPriestland, John (Spring 1985). \"Gods and Alliances in Crasimoff's World\". Flagship. No. 6. pp. 9–10.","title":"Bibliography"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Cover of rulebook for American version of Crasimoff's World","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/26/Cover_of_rulebook_for_Crasimoffs_World.jpg/220px-Cover_of_rulebook_for_Crasimoffs_World.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Crasimoff's World\". Paper Mayhem. No. 7. July–August 1984. inside cover.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Mayhem","url_text":"Paper Mayhem"}]},{"reference":"Nephew, Michelle (2003). Playing with Power: The Authorial Consequence of Roleplaying Games (Thesis). University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Croft, Martin. \"Discover Crasimoff\". Micro Adventurer. Sunshine Books, Scot Press Ltd. p. 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Graver, Trevor (January 1983). \"Open Box\". White Dwarf (37). Games Workshop: 15.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Dwarf_(magazine)","url_text":"White Dwarf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_Workshop","url_text":"Games Workshop"}]},{"reference":"Creese, Brian (May 1984). \"Chain Mail\". Imagine (review) (14). TSR Hobbies (UK), Ltd.: 39.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagine_(game_magazine)","url_text":"Imagine"}]},{"reference":"Creese, Brian (February 1976). \"Chaimmail: The Commercial PBM Games\". Imagine. No. 18. TSR UK. p. 54.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"1984 Origins Awards\". Space Gamer. No. 75. Steve Jackson Games. July–August 1985. p. 47.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Editors. \"Gods of Crasimoff: F'Nor, God of Darkness\". 1st Class: The Play By Mail Games Magazine. No. 5. KJC Games. p. 22.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Editors. \"Gods of Crasimoff: T'Gellen, God of Fire\". 1st Class: The Play By Mail Games Magazine. No. 6. KJC Games. p. 25.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kay, Roy (Winter 1983). \"Worlds of Bled and Crasimoff\". Flagship. No. 1. pp. 18–19.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_(magazine)","url_text":"Flagship"}]},{"reference":"Priestland, John (Spring 1985). \"Gods and Alliances in Crasimoff's World\". Flagship. No. 6. pp. 9–10.","urls":[]}]
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[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/Computer_Gamer_Issue_03_1985-06_Argus_Press_GB/page/n41/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Review"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buq_Aqable_District
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Buq Aqable District
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["1 References"]
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District in Hiran, SomaliaBuq Aqable DistrictDistrictCountry SomaliaRegionHiranTime zoneUTC+3 (EAT)
Buq Aqable District is a district in the central Hiran region of Somalia.
References
^ "Ciidamada Itoobiya ee AMISOM oo isaga baxay Deegaanka Buq-aqable ee Gobolka Hiiraan". Hiiraan Online. hiiraan. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
^ "TFG Forces capture Beledweyne". Somalia Report. Retrieved 28 January 2018.
vte Administrative divisions of SomaliaAwdal Region
Dilla District
Baki District
Borama District
Lughaya District
Zeila District
Bakool Region
Hudur District
Rabdhure District
Tiyeglow District
Wajid District
Yed District
El Barde District
Banaadir Region
Abdiaziz District
Bondhere District
Daynile District
Dharkenley District
Hamar Jajab District
Hamar Weyne District
Hodan District
Hawle Wadag District
Huriwa District
Karan District
Shibis District
Shangani District
Waberi District
Wadajir District
Warta Nabada District
Yaqshid District
Bari Region
Bayla District
Bosaso District
Alula District
Iskushuban District
Qandala District
Qardho District
Bargal District
Bareeda District
Balidhidhin District
Armo District
Bay Region
Baidoa District
Burhakaba District
Dinsor District
Qasahdhere District
Galguduud Region
Abudwak District
Adado District
El Buur District
El Dher District
Dusmareb District
Guriel District
Gedo Region
Bardhere District
Beled Hawo District
Burdhubo District
El Wak District
Dolow District
Garbaharey District
Luuq District
Hiran Region
Beledweyne District
Buloburde District
Buq Aqable District
Jalalaqsi District
Mataban District
Middle Juba Region
Bu'ale District
Jilib District
Sakow District
Lower Juba Region
Afmadow District
Badhadhe District
Jamame District
Kismayo District
Mudug Region
Galkayo District
Galdogob District
Harardhere District
Hobyo District
Jariban District
Nugal Region
Burtinle District
Dangorayo District
Eyl District
Garowe District
Sanaag Region
Badhan District
El Afweyn District
Erigavo District
Dhahar District
Hingalol District
Middle Shabelle Region
Adan Yabal District
Balad District
Adale District
Jowhar District
Warsheikh District
Mahaday Weyn District
Lower Shabelle Region
Afgooye District
Barawa District
Kurtunwarey District
Merca District
Qoriyoley District
Sablale District
Wanlaweyn District
Sool Region
Aynaba District
Las Anod District
Taleh District
Hudun District
Togdheer Region
Burao District
Buhoodle District
Odweyne District
Sheikh District
Maroodi Jeex Region
Berbera District
Hargeisa District
Gabiley District
Salahlay District
This Somalia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Hiran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiran,_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:h-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:pr-2"}],"text":"Buq Aqable District is a district in the central Hiran region of Somalia.[1][2]","title":"Buq Aqable District"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Ciidamada Itoobiya ee AMISOM oo isaga baxay Deegaanka Buq-aqable ee Gobolka Hiiraan\". Hiiraan Online. hiiraan. Retrieved 28 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hiiraan.com/news/2015/sept/wararka_maanta6-92928.htm","url_text":"\"Ciidamada Itoobiya ee AMISOM oo isaga baxay Deegaanka Buq-aqable ee Gobolka Hiiraan\""}]},{"reference":"\"TFG Forces capture Beledweyne\". Somalia Report. Retrieved 28 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://piracyreport.com/index.php/post/2423/TFG_Forces_Capture_Beledweyne","url_text":"\"TFG Forces capture Beledweyne\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.hiiraan.com/news/2015/sept/wararka_maanta6-92928.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ciidamada Itoobiya ee AMISOM oo isaga baxay Deegaanka Buq-aqable ee Gobolka Hiiraan\""},{"Link":"http://piracyreport.com/index.php/post/2423/TFG_Forces_Capture_Beledweyne","external_links_name":"\"TFG Forces capture Beledweyne\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buq_Aqable_District&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Company
|
Fast Company
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["1 History","2 Website","3 Franchises","4 References","5 External links"]
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American business magazine
For other uses, see Fast Company (disambiguation).
Fast CompanyNovember 2023 cover, featuring Marques BrownleeEditorBrendan VaughanCategoriesBusiness magazineFrequency6 times per yearPublisherFast Company, IncTotal circulation(June 2012)757,858First issueNovember 1995CompanyMansueto VenturesCountryUSALanguageEnglishWebsitewww.fastcompany.com ISSN1085-9241
Fast Company is a monthly American business magazine published in print and online that focuses on technology, business, and design. It publishes six print issues per year.
History
Fast Company was launched in November 1995 by Alan Webber and Bill Taylor, two former Harvard Business Review editors, and publisher Mortimer Zuckerman. The publication's early competitors included Red Herring, Business 2.0 and The Industry Standard.
In 1997, Fast Company created an online social network, the "Company of Friends" which spawned a number of groups that began meeting. At one point the Company of Friends had over 40,000 members in 120 cities, although by 2003 that number had declined to 8,000.
In 2000, Zuckerman sold Fast Company to Gruner + Jahr, majority owned by media giant Bertelsmann, for $550 million. Just as the sale was completed, the dot-com bubble burst, leading to significant losses and a decline in circulation. Webber and Taylor left the magazine two years later in 2002, and John A. Byrne, previously a senior writer and former management editor with BusinessWeek, was brought in as the new editor. Under Byrne, the magazine won its first Gerald Loeb Award, the most prestigious honor in business journalism. But the magazine could not reverse its financial decline in the wake of the dot-com bust. Although the magazine was not specifically about Internet commerce, advertising pages continued to drop until they were one-third the 2000 numbers.
In 2005, Gruner + Jahr put the magazine, as well as Inc. magazine, up for sale. Byrne contacted entrepreneur Joe Mansueto and helped guide him through the sale. A bidding war ultimately ensued, pitting The Economist against Mansueto's company Mansueto Ventures. Mansueto, the only bidder who promised to keep Fast Company alive, ultimately won the contest, buying both magazine titles for $35 million.
Under former editor-in-chief Robert Safian, Fast Company was named by the American Society of Magazine Editors as the magazine of the year in 2014.
Stephanie Mehta was named editor-in-chief in February 2018, having previously worked at Vanity Fair, Bloomberg, Fortune, and The Wall Street Journal. Fast Company is owned by Mansueto Ventures and is headquartered in Manhattan.
In September 2022 the Fast Company website, fastcompany.com, fell victim to an attack and racist messages were sent. The site was compromised and access to the site was used to send push notifications that the company identified as "obscene and racist." The site was taken offline for eight days as a result.
Website
Launched in 1995, FastCompany.com covers leadership and innovation in business, environmental and social issues, entertainment and marketing, and, through its Co.Design site, the intersection of business and design, from architecture to electronics, consumer products to fashion. Fast Company also previously operated sites called Co.Labs, Co.Exist, and Co.Create. Co.Exist and Co.Create were rebranded as Ideas and Entertainment sections in 2017. Co.Labs was shut down in early 2015.
Franchises
Fast Company operates several franchises, such as "Most Innovative Companies", "World Changing Ideas", "Innovation By Design", and "Most Creative People". For its Most Innovative Companies feature, Fast Company assesses thousands of businesses to create a list of 50 companies it considers the most innovative. The Most Creative People in Business is a list of 100 people from different industries.
References
^ "eCirc for Consumer Magazines". Alliance for Audited Media. June 30, 2012. Archived from the original on January 23, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
^ Vanderbilt, Tom (March 5, 2000). "The capitalist cell". The New York Times.
^ Alex French. "The Very First Issues of 19 Famous Magazines". Mental Floss. Retrieved August 10, 2015.
^ "A Brief History of Our Time". Fast Company. March 1, 2006. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
^ "About Us". Fast Company. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
^ Bercovici, Jeff (February 2001). "Business 2.0 is put up for sale". Media Life Magazine. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
^ Alex Kuczynski (December 14, 1998). "Cultivating A Cult Audience; Fast Company Magazine Takes 'Community of Readers' Idea To New Extremes". The New York Times. Retrieved June 5, 2009.
^ a b Carr, David (August 11, 2003). "Fast Company's New Life in the Slow Lane". The New York Times. Retrieved November 25, 2014.
^ Johnston, David Cay (May 2005). "Bertelsmann to Exit U.S. Magazine Market". The New York Times. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
^ Friedman, Jon. "Fast Company finally gets some 'help'". MarketWatch.
^ Seelye, Katherine Q. (June 21, 2005). "Gruner + Jahr sells 2 U.S. magazines". The New York Times.
^ Fox, Rebecca (January 2007). "Breaking: Bob Safian Named Editor/Managing Director of Fast Company". Adweek. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
^ "National Magazine Awards 2014 Winners Announced". American Society of Magazine Editors. New York. May 1, 2014. Archived from the original on July 19, 2015. Retrieved August 4, 2015.
^ Dool, Greg (February 2018). "Breaking: Fast Company Names Stephanie Mehta Editor-in-Chief". Folio. Retrieved April 11, 2018.
^ "Media company hacked, racist push notifications sent to Apple iPhones". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved October 5, 2022.
^ "Fast Company shuts website after hack sends 'obscene' Apple News notifications". Reuters. September 2022. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
^ "Fast Company returns after attack that saw obscene Apple News alerts pushed to readers". Engadget. October 6, 2022. Retrieved October 21, 2022.
^ "ICANN WhoIs fastcompany.com". Retrieved July 7, 2017.
^ Clendaniel, Morgan (June 2, 1995). "Some News From Your Friends At Co.Exist". ICANN WhoIs. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
^ Alt, Eric (March 22, 2017). "A Message To Our Readers". fastcompany.com. New York. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
^ Robischon, Noah (March 24, 2015). "What's Next For Co.Labs?". Fast Company. Retrieved January 11, 2016.
^ "Most Innovative Companies: Top 10 by Industry". Fast Company website. February 18, 2010. Archived from the original on June 4, 2012. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
^ "The Most Creative People in Business 2012". Fast Company. 2012.
External links
Official website
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fast Company (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Company_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"business magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_magazine"}],"text":"For other uses, see Fast Company (disambiguation).Fast Company is a monthly American business magazine published in print and online that focuses on technology, business, and design. It publishes six print issues per year.","title":"Fast Company"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Alan Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Webber"},{"link_name":"Bill Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Taylor_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"Harvard Business Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review"},{"link_name":"Mortimer Zuckerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortimer_Zuckerman"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Red Herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Herring_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Business 2.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_2.0"},{"link_name":"The Industry Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Industry_Standard"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slow-lane-8"},{"link_name":"Gruner + Jahr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruner_%2B_Jahr"},{"link_name":"Bertelsmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"dot-com bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot-com_bubble"},{"link_name":"BusinessWeek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BusinessWeek"},{"link_name":"Gerald Loeb Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Loeb_Award"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slow-lane-8"},{"link_name":"Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inc._(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Joe Mansueto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Mansueto"},{"link_name":"The Economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"American Society of Magazine Editors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Magazine_Editors"},{"link_name":"magazine of the year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Magazine_Awards"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Vanity Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Bloomberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P."},{"link_name":"Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"Mansueto Ventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansueto_Ventures"},{"link_name":"Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Fast Company was launched in November 1995[2][3] by Alan Webber and Bill Taylor, two former Harvard Business Review editors, and publisher Mortimer Zuckerman.[4][5] The publication's early competitors included Red Herring, Business 2.0 and The Industry Standard.[6]In 1997, Fast Company created an online social network, the \"Company of Friends\" which spawned a number of groups that began meeting.[7] At one point the Company of Friends had over 40,000 members in 120 cities, although by 2003 that number had declined to 8,000.[8]In 2000, Zuckerman sold Fast Company to Gruner + Jahr, majority owned by media giant Bertelsmann, for $550 million.[9] Just as the sale was completed, the dot-com bubble burst, leading to significant losses and a decline in circulation. Webber and Taylor left the magazine two years later in 2002, and John A. Byrne, previously a senior writer and former management editor with BusinessWeek, was brought in as the new editor. Under Byrne, the magazine won its first Gerald Loeb Award, the most prestigious honor in business journalism.[10] But the magazine could not reverse its financial decline in the wake of the dot-com bust. Although the magazine was not specifically about Internet commerce, advertising pages continued to drop until they were one-third the 2000 numbers.[8]In 2005, Gruner + Jahr put the magazine, as well as Inc. magazine, up for sale. Byrne contacted entrepreneur Joe Mansueto and helped guide him through the sale. A bidding war ultimately ensued, pitting The Economist against Mansueto's company Mansueto Ventures. Mansueto, the only bidder who promised to keep Fast Company alive, ultimately won the contest, buying both magazine titles for $35 million.[11]Under former editor-in-chief Robert Safian,[12] Fast Company was named by the American Society of Magazine Editors as the magazine of the year in 2014.[13]Stephanie Mehta was named editor-in-chief in February 2018,[14] having previously worked at Vanity Fair, Bloomberg, Fortune, and The Wall Street Journal. Fast Company is owned by Mansueto Ventures and is headquartered in Manhattan.In September 2022 the Fast Company website, fastcompany.com, fell victim to an attack and racist messages were sent.[15] The site was compromised and access to the site was used to send push notifications that the company identified as \"obscene and racist.\" The site was taken offline for eight days as a result.[16][17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Launched in 1995,[18] FastCompany.com covers leadership and innovation in business, environmental and social issues, entertainment and marketing, and, through its Co.Design site, the intersection of business and design, from architecture to electronics, consumer products to fashion. Fast Company also previously operated sites called Co.Labs, Co.Exist, and Co.Create. Co.Exist and Co.Create were rebranded as Ideas and Entertainment sections in 2017.[19][20] Co.Labs was shut down in early 2015.[21]","title":"Website"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Fast Company operates several franchises, such as \"Most Innovative Companies\", \"World Changing Ideas\", \"Innovation By Design\", and \"Most Creative People\". For its Most Innovative Companies feature, Fast Company assesses thousands of businesses to create a list of 50 companies it considers the most innovative.[22] The Most Creative People in Business is a list of 100 people from different industries.[23]","title":"Franchises"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"eCirc for Consumer Magazines\". Alliance for Audited Media. June 30, 2012. Archived from the original on January 23, 2017. Retrieved December 2, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20170123200306/http://abcas3.auditedmedia.com/ecirc/magtitlesearch.asp","url_text":"\"eCirc for Consumer Magazines\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_Audited_Media","url_text":"Alliance for Audited Media"},{"url":"http://abcas3.auditedmedia.com/ecirc/magtitlesearch.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Vanderbilt, Tom (March 5, 2000). \"The capitalist cell\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/05/magazine/the-capitalist-cell.html","url_text":"\"The capitalist cell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Alex French. \"The Very First Issues of 19 Famous Magazines\". Mental Floss. Retrieved August 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://mentalfloss.com/article/50299/very-first-issues-19-famous-magazines","url_text":"\"The Very First Issues of 19 Famous Magazines\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Brief History of Our Time\". Fast Company. March 1, 2006. Archived from the original on April 4, 2012. Retrieved October 27, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120404190540/http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/103/history.html","url_text":"\"A Brief History of Our Time\""},{"url":"http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/103/history.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bercovici, Jeff (February 2001). \"Business 2.0 is put up for sale\". Media Life Magazine. Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved November 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151208080600/http://www.medialifemagazine.com:8080/news2001/feb01/feb19/2_tues/news1tuesday.html","url_text":"\"Business 2.0 is put up for sale\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Life_Magazine","url_text":"Media Life Magazine"},{"url":"http://www.medialifemagazine.com:8080/news2001/feb01/feb19/2_tues/news1tuesday.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Alex Kuczynski (December 14, 1998). \"Cultivating A Cult Audience; Fast Company Magazine Takes 'Community of Readers' Idea To New Extremes\". The New York Times. Retrieved June 5, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/14/business/cultivating-cult-audience-fast-company-magazine-takes-community-readers-idea-new.html","url_text":"\"Cultivating A Cult Audience; Fast Company Magazine Takes 'Community of Readers' Idea To New Extremes\""}]},{"reference":"Carr, David (August 11, 2003). \"Fast Company's New Life in the Slow Lane\". The New York Times. Retrieved November 25, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/11/business/the-media-business-advertising-fast-company-s-new-life-in-the-slow-lane.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"Fast Company's New Life in the Slow Lane\""}]},{"reference":"Johnston, David Cay (May 2005). \"Bertelsmann to Exit U.S. Magazine Market\". The New York Times. Retrieved July 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/25/business/media/bertelsmann-to-exit-us-magazine-market.html","url_text":"\"Bertelsmann to Exit U.S. Magazine Market\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Jon. \"Fast Company finally gets some 'help'\". MarketWatch.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marketwatch.com/story/fast-company-gets-the-help-it-needed","url_text":"\"Fast Company finally gets some 'help'\""}]},{"reference":"Fox, Rebecca (January 2007). \"Breaking: Bob Safian Named Editor/Managing Director of Fast Company\". Adweek. Retrieved July 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adweek.com/digital/breaking-bob-safian-named-editormanaging-director-of-fast-company/","url_text":"\"Breaking: Bob Safian Named Editor/Managing Director of Fast Company\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adweek","url_text":"Adweek"}]},{"reference":"\"National Magazine Awards 2014 Winners Announced\". American Society of Magazine Editors. New York. May 1, 2014. Archived from the original on July 19, 2015. Retrieved August 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150719142738/http://www.magazine.org/industry-news/press-releases/asme-press-releases/asme/national-magazine-awards-2014-winners","url_text":"\"National Magazine Awards 2014 Winners Announced\""},{"url":"http://www.magazine.org/industry-news/press-releases/asme-press-releases/asme/national-magazine-awards-2014-winners","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dool, Greg (February 2018). \"Breaking: Fast Company Names Stephanie Mehta Editor-in-Chief\". Folio. Retrieved April 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foliomag.com/fast-company-names-stephanie-mehta-editor-in-chief/","url_text":"\"Breaking: Fast Company Names Stephanie Mehta Editor-in-Chief\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folio_(magazine)","url_text":"Folio"}]},{"reference":"\"Media company hacked, racist push notifications sent to Apple iPhones\". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved October 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/09/27/fast-company-hack-apple-news/","url_text":"\"Media company hacked, racist push notifications sent to Apple iPhones\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]},{"reference":"\"Fast Company shuts website after hack sends 'obscene' Apple News notifications\". Reuters. September 2022. Retrieved September 30, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/technology/fast-companys-website-shuts-after-apple-news-feed-hacked-2022-09-28/","url_text":"\"Fast Company shuts website after hack sends 'obscene' Apple News notifications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"\"Fast Company returns after attack that saw obscene Apple News alerts pushed to readers\". Engadget. October 6, 2022. Retrieved October 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.engadget.com/fast-company-back-after-obscene-apple-news-alerts-hack-085808021.html","url_text":"\"Fast Company returns after attack that saw obscene Apple News alerts pushed to readers\""}]},{"reference":"\"ICANN WhoIs fastcompany.com\". Retrieved July 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://whois.icann.org/en/lookup?name=","url_text":"\"ICANN WhoIs fastcompany.com\""}]},{"reference":"Clendaniel, Morgan (June 2, 1995). \"Some News From Your Friends At Co.Exist\". ICANN WhoIs. Retrieved July 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fastcompany.com/4069073/some-news-from-your-friends-at-coexist","url_text":"\"Some News From Your Friends At Co.Exist\""}]},{"reference":"Alt, Eric (March 22, 2017). \"A Message To Our Readers\". fastcompany.com. New York. Retrieved July 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fastcompany.com/3069134/a-message-to-our-readers","url_text":"\"A Message To Our Readers\""}]},{"reference":"Robischon, Noah (March 24, 2015). \"What's Next For Co.Labs?\". Fast Company. Retrieved January 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fastcolabs.com/3040498/whats-next-for-colabs","url_text":"\"What's Next For Co.Labs?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Most Innovative Companies: Top 10 by Industry\". Fast Company website. February 18, 2010. Archived from the original on June 4, 2012. Retrieved April 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120604081944/http://www.fastcompany.com/mic/2010/industry/list","url_text":"\"Most Innovative Companies: Top 10 by Industry\""},{"url":"http://www.fastcompany.com/mic/2010/industry/list","url_text":"the original"}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopoldo_Zunini
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Leopoldo Zunini
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["1 References"]
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Italian diplomat
Leopoldo Zunini (20 December 1868, Savona – June 1944, Sassello) was an Italian diplomat.
Zunini joined the consular service in 1896. As early as 1898, Zunini was already serving as the Vice-Consul in Tunis. He was appointed to Marseilles, Bern, Tunis, Montevideo and Lima, before becoming Vice-Consul of Western Australia in 1902. In 1906 he wrote L'Australia attuale (published in 1910), translated in English in 1999 as Western Australia As It Is Today (ISBN 1875560971).
Later he was the Italian Consul General of Chicago from 18 May 1922 until 1 June 1928 when he was promoted to the rank of Minister plenipotentiary by Benito Mussolini.
References
^ 13 Dec 1898, Record No. 137, Death of Domenico Puxeddu in Tunis. "Avanti di me Leopoldo Zunini Vice Console di Sua Majestà il Re d'Italia". "Italia, Cagliari, Cagliari, Stato Civile (Tribunale), 1866-1929," database with images, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L9QH-FT5R?cc=2043426&wc=MC5N-YM9%3A392226901%2C392446601%2C392458901 : 20 May 2014), Cagliari > Cagliari > Morti 1899-1908 > image 151 of 2869; Tribunale di Cagliari (Cagliari Court), Italy.
Portals: Biography Italy
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
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This Italian diplomat-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Savona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savona"},{"link_name":"Sassello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassello"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Marseilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseilles"},{"link_name":"Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1875560971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1875560971"},{"link_name":"Consul General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul_General"},{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"}],"text":"Leopoldo Zunini (20 December 1868, Savona – June 1944, Sassello) was an Italian diplomat.Zunini joined the consular service in 1896. As early as 1898, Zunini was already serving as the Vice-Consul in Tunis.[1] He was appointed to Marseilles, Bern, Tunis, Montevideo and Lima, before becoming Vice-Consul of Western Australia in 1902. In 1906 he wrote L'Australia attuale (published in 1910), translated in English in 1999 as Western Australia As It Is Today (ISBN 1875560971).\nLater he was the Italian Consul General of Chicago from 18 May 1922 until 1 June 1928 when he was promoted to the rank of Minister plenipotentiary by Benito Mussolini.","title":"Leopoldo Zunini"}]
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepias_amplexicaulis
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Asclepias amplexicaulis
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["1 Description","2 References","3 External links"]
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Species of flowering plant
Asclepias amplexicaulis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Asterids
Order:
Gentianales
Family:
Apocynaceae
Genus:
Asclepias
Species:
A. amplexicaulis
Binomial name
Asclepias amplexicaulisSm.
Asclepias amplexicaulis, the blunt-leaved milkweed, clasping milkweed, or sand milkweed, is a species of flowering plant in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae). It is endemic to the United States, where it is mostly found east of the Great Plains. It grows in dry prairies, savannas, open woods, and fallow fields, usually in sandy soil.
Description
It grows 1–3 ft (0.30–0.91 m) high and produces flowers in the summer.
This plant was eaten as food historically. However, it contains a poison dangerous to humans and livestock, so caution must be used if ingesting this plant.
In flower at Nachusa Grasslands in Illinois
Line drawing
References
^ USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Asclepias amplexicaulis". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team.
^ a b Wilhelm, Gerould; Rericha, Laura (2017). Flora of the Chicago Region: A Floristic and Ecological Synthesis. Indiana Academy of Sciences.
^ "Asclepias amplexicaulis". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
^ a b "Asclepias amplexicaulis". Connecticut Plants. Connecticut Botanical Society. 2015.
^ Haddock, Mike (2018). "Blunt-leaf milkweed". Kansas Wildflowers and Grasses. Retrieved July 20, 2018.
^ "Asclepias amplexicaulis". Illinois Prairie. MuseumLink Illinois, Illinois State Museum Society. 2000.
External links
Media related to Asclepias amplexicaulis at Wikimedia Commons
Taxon identifiersAsclepias amplexicaulis
Wikidata: Q956556
Wikispecies: Asclepias amplexicaulis
AoFP: 674
APA: 458
BioLib: 133686
CoL: H68P
EoL: 585628
FNA: 242416105
GBIF: 3170332
GRIN: 449944
iNaturalist: 47910
IPNI: 60445583-2
IRMNG: 10207078
ITIS: 30244
MichiganFlora: 154
NatureServe: 2.130864
NCBI: 659936
Open Tree of Life: 972819
Plant List: kew-2654578
PLANTS: ASAM
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60445583-2
Tropicos: 2602949
WisFlora: 2635
WFO: wfo-0000551096
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"flowering plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"Asclepiadoideae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepiadoideae"},{"link_name":"Apocynaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apocynaceae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usda-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fotcr2017-2"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"Great Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bonap-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fotcr2017-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ks-5"}],"text":"Asclepias amplexicaulis, the blunt-leaved milkweed, clasping milkweed, or sand milkweed, is a species of flowering plant in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae).[1][2] It is endemic to the United States, where it is mostly found east of the Great Plains.[3] It grows in dry prairies, savannas, open woods, and fallow fields, usually in sandy soil.[2][4][5]","title":"Asclepias amplexicaulis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ct-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isms-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asclepias_amplexicaulis.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nachusa Grasslands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachusa_Grasslands"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Asclepias_amplexicaulis.png"}],"text":"It grows 1–3 ft (0.30–0.91 m) high and produces flowers in the summer.[4]This plant was eaten as food historically. However, it contains a poison dangerous to humans and livestock, so caution must be used if ingesting this plant.[6]In flower at Nachusa Grasslands in Illinois\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLine drawing","title":"Description"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"USDA, NRCS (n.d.). \"Asclepias amplexicaulis\". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service","url_text":"USDA, NRCS"},{"url":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=ASAM","url_text":"\"Asclepias amplexicaulis\""}]},{"reference":"Wilhelm, Gerould; Rericha, Laura (2017). Flora of the Chicago Region: A Floristic and Ecological Synthesis. Indiana Academy of Sciences.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Asclepias amplexicaulis\". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Asclepias%20amplexicaulis.png","url_text":"\"Asclepias amplexicaulis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Asclepias amplexicaulis\". Connecticut Plants. Connecticut Botanical Society. 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/plants/view/57","url_text":"\"Asclepias amplexicaulis\""}]},{"reference":"Haddock, Mike (2018). \"Blunt-leaf milkweed\". Kansas Wildflowers and Grasses. Retrieved July 20, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kswildflower.org/flower_details.php?flowerID=113","url_text":"\"Blunt-leaf milkweed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Asclepias amplexicaulis\". Illinois Prairie. MuseumLink Illinois, Illinois State Museum Society. 2000.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/prairie/htmls/plants/A-amplexicaulis.html","url_text":"\"Asclepias amplexicaulis\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=ASAM","external_links_name":"\"Asclepias amplexicaulis\""},{"Link":"http://bonap.net/MapGallery/County/Asclepias%20amplexicaulis.png","external_links_name":"\"Asclepias amplexicaulis\""},{"Link":"http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/plants/view/57","external_links_name":"\"Asclepias amplexicaulis\""},{"Link":"http://www.kswildflower.org/flower_details.php?flowerID=113","external_links_name":"\"Blunt-leaf milkweed\""},{"Link":"http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/prairie/htmls/plants/A-amplexicaulis.html","external_links_name":"\"Asclepias amplexicaulis\""},{"Link":"https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=674","external_links_name":"674"},{"Link":"http://floraofalabama.org/Plant.aspx?id=458","external_links_name":"458"},{"Link":"https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id133686","external_links_name":"133686"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/H68P","external_links_name":"H68P"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/585628","external_links_name":"585628"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242416105","external_links_name":"242416105"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/3170332","external_links_name":"3170332"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=449944","external_links_name":"449944"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47910","external_links_name":"47910"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/60445583-2","external_links_name":"60445583-2"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10207078","external_links_name":"10207078"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=30244","external_links_name":"30244"},{"Link":"https://michiganflora.net/species.aspx?id=154","external_links_name":"154"},{"Link":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.130864/","external_links_name":"2.130864"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=659936","external_links_name":"659936"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=972819","external_links_name":"972819"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2654578","external_links_name":"kew-2654578"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=ASAM","external_links_name":"ASAM"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A60445583-2","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60445583-2"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/2602949","external_links_name":"2602949"},{"Link":"https://wisflora.herbarium.wisc.edu/taxa/index.php?taxon=2635","external_links_name":"2635"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000551096","external_links_name":"wfo-0000551096"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_letterman
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Letterman (sports)
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["1 Overview","2 Letter jacket","2.1 Appearance and style","2.2 Decorations","2.3 History","2.4 Traditions","3 See also","4 References"]
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Classification of high school or college athlete in the United States
See also: Varsity letter
In sports or activities in the United States, a letterman is a high school or college student who has met a specified level of participation or performance on a varsity team.
Overview
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Letterman" sports – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Traditional block letter with embroidered mascot
The term comes from the practice of awarding each such participant a cloth "letter", which is usually the school's initial or initials, for placement on a "letter sweater" or "letter jacket" intended for the display of such an award. In some instances, the sweater or jacket itself may also be awarded, especially for the initial award to a given individual. Today, in order to distinguish "lettermen" from other team participants, schools often establish a minimum level of participation in a team's events or a minimum level of performance in order for a letter to be awarded. A common threshold in American football and basketball is participation in a set level, often half, of all quarters in a season. In individual sports such as tennis and golf, the threshold for lettering is generally participation in one half or sometimes two-thirds of all matches contested. Frequently, other members of the team who fail to meet requirements for a letter are awarded a certificate of participation or other award considered to be of lesser value than a letter.
Some schools continue to base the awarding of letters according to performance, in team sports requiring a certain number of touchdowns, catches, scores, steals, baskets or tackles, according to position and sport. In individual sports letters are often determined according to qualification for state meets or tournaments. Other schools award letters on a more subjective basis, with the head coach, usually with the input of other coaches and sometimes student team leaders who have already lettered, awarding letters for substantial improvement as well as significant performance on or off the field. This places much more emphasis on character, commitment and teamwork as well as, and often in place of, simply playing enough or meeting some other time or performance requirement. Sometimes in high schools academic performance in classes can also be an element. This philosophy gives more focus to developing and rewarding a well-rounded and balanced player, where other methods focus strictly on athletic performance and on the field victories. This term is not gender-specific; a qualifying participant in women's basketball or other women's sports is properly referred to as a letterman, as would be a qualifying female participant on a co-educational sports team. An athlete who is awarded a letter (or letters in multiple sports) is said to have "lettered" when they receive their letter.
In recent years, some schools have expanded the concept of letterman beyond sports, providing letters for performance in performing arts, academics, or other school activities.
Letter jacket
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Letterman" sports – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
A student wearing a wool baseball jacket with embroidered letter "W" and award medals.
A letter jacket is a baseball-styled jacket traditionally worn by high school and college students in the United States to represent school and team pride as well as to display personal awards earned in athletics, academics or activities. Letter jackets are also known as "letterman jackets", "varsity jackets" and "baseball jackets" in reference to their American origins.
Appearance and style
The body (i.e., torso) is usually of boiled wool and the sleeves of leather with banded wrists and waistband. Letter jackets are usually produced in the school colors, with the body of the jacket in the school's primary color and sleeves in the secondary color, although sometimes, the colors of the jacket may be customized to a certain extent by the student. There could be cases where a student could change the color so much that it doesn't differentiate too much from school colors.
They usually feature a banded collar for men or a top-buttoned hood (that unbuttons into an expanded collar) for women.
Decorations
The letter jacket derives its name from the varsity letter chenille patch on its left breast, which is almost always the first letter or initials of the high school or college the jacket came from. The letter itself can also be custom fitted to the particular sport or activity (e.g. cross country—a symbol or sign in the middle of the letter).
The name of the owner usually appears either in chenille (matching the letter) or embroidered on the jacket itself. The owner's graduation year typically appears in matching chenille. Placement of the name and year of graduation depends on school traditions. The year is most often sewn on the right sleeve or just above the right pocket. The school logo and symbols representing the student's activities may also be ironed onto the jacket.
Lettermen who play on a championship team often receive a large patch commemorating their championship that is worn on the back of the jacket.
Lettermen who participate in a sport in which medals are awarded often sew the medals onto their jackets to display their accomplishments.
History
Varsity jackets trace their origins to letter sweaters, first introduced by the Harvard University baseball team in 1865. The letter was usually quite large and centered (if the sweater was a pullover); stripes on one sleeve designated the number of letters won, with a star indicating a team captain.
Traditions
Letter jackets are almost never purchased before a student has earned a letter. In schools where only varsity letters are awarded this is usually the practice in a student's junior or senior year. Recently, many student-athletes have been awarded letters during their sophomore and sometimes freshman year, leading to the need for a jacket much sooner. Still, the actual jacket is not usually purchased until the sophomore year. In schools where junior varsity letters are awarded, the jacket may be purchased by junior varsity letter recipients, though the letter is placed just above the left pocket, leaving space for a future varsity letter.
Some schools may award letter jackets to letter winners at an award ceremony, but more often, the school only provides the letter. Some schools will have fundraising activities or other programs to provide jackets to students who cannot afford them.
While it is commonly done, removing one's letter from the letter jacket upon graduation is not firmly held as protocol. Many graduates keep the letter on the jacket after graduation as a symbol of accomplishment and school pride and commitment, especially with college lettermen.
See also
Sporting colours
Blue (university sport)
References
^ Gallagher, Jake. "Dropping Knowledge: The Varsity Jacket". GQ. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
vteGridiron football conceptsCodes
American
Glossary
History
Early
Modern
Rules
Arena
Canadian
American–Canadian comparison
Burnside rules
Glossary
9-man
8-man
7-man
6-man
Flag
Touch
Street/Backyard
Powderpuff
Wheelchair
Rules of gridiron football codes
Levels of play
Youth/midget
Pop Warner
AYF
High school
Varsity
Junior varsity
College
Club
Sprint
Semi-pro
Professional
Women's
International
FieldLines
Yard lines
Hash marks
End line
Goal line
Sidelines
Line of scrimmage
Field goal range
Spaces
End zone
Red zone
Dead zone
Neutral zone
Coffin corner
Flat
Gap
Hole
Pocket
Scoring
Touchdown
One-point conversion
Two-point conversion
Field goal
Safety
Single (rouge)
Ball handling
Snap
Forward pass
Lateral
Incomplete pass
Drop-back pass
Hail Mary pass
Hand-off
Rush
Punt
Touchback
Drop kick
Kickoff
Onside kick
Turnovers
Fumble
Interception
Muffed punt
"Peanut Punch"
Turnover on downs
Downs
First down
Three-and-out
Fourth down conversion
Dead ball
Play clock
Timeout
Kneel
Spike
Time warnings
3 min.
2 min.
1 min.
Clock management
Running out the clock
Untimed play
Garbage time
Statistics
Carry
Completion
Rushing yards
Passing yards
Passer rating
Total quarterback rating
Reception
Receiving yards
Pass deflected
Sack
Return yards
Total offense
Yards after catch
Yards from scrimmage
All-purpose yardage
Touchdown pass
Practice
Practice squad
Two-a-days
Oklahoma drill
Three-cone drill
Film session
Officiating
Official (American, Canadian)
Chain crew
Penalty
Penalty flag
Instant replay
Related
Ball
Blocking
Coaching tree
Concussions
Equipment
Football IQ
Formations
List
Letterman
Gatorade shower
Overtime
Plays
Positions
Running up the score
Strategy
Touchdown celebration
Tuck rule
Trading card
Twelfth man
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In some instances, the sweater or jacket itself may also be awarded, especially for the initial award to a given individual. Today, in order to distinguish \"lettermen\" from other team participants, schools often establish a minimum level of participation in a team's events or a minimum level of performance in order for a letter to be awarded. A common threshold in American football and basketball is participation in a set level, often half, of all quarters in a season. In individual sports such as tennis and golf, the threshold for lettering is generally participation in one half or sometimes two-thirds of all matches contested. Frequently, other members of the team who fail to meet requirements for a letter are awarded a certificate of participation or other award considered to be of lesser value than a letter.Some schools continue to base the awarding of letters according to performance, in team sports requiring a certain number of touchdowns, catches, scores, steals, baskets or tackles, according to position and sport. In individual sports letters are often determined according to qualification for state meets or tournaments. Other schools award letters on a more subjective basis, with the head coach, usually with the input of other coaches and sometimes student team leaders who have already lettered, awarding letters for substantial improvement as well as significant performance on or off the field. This places much more emphasis on character, commitment and teamwork as well as, and often in place of, simply playing enough or meeting some other time or performance requirement. Sometimes in high schools academic performance in classes can also be an element. This philosophy gives more focus to developing and rewarding a well-rounded and balanced player, where other methods focus strictly on athletic performance and on the field victories. This term is not gender-specific; a qualifying participant in women's basketball or other women's sports is properly referred to as a letterman, as would be a qualifying female participant on a co-educational sports team. An athlete who is awarded a letter (or letters in multiple sports) is said to have \"lettered\" when they receive their letter.In recent years, some schools have expanded the concept of letterman beyond sports, providing letters for performance in performing arts, academics, or other school activities.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Letterman_jacket.jpg"},{"link_name":"baseball-styled jacket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_jacket#The_letterman_jacket"}],"text":"A student wearing a wool baseball jacket with embroidered letter \"W\" and award medals.A letter jacket is a baseball-styled jacket traditionally worn by high school and college students in the United States to represent school and team pride as well as to display personal awards earned in athletics, academics or activities. Letter jackets are also known as \"letterman jackets\", \"varsity jackets\" and \"baseball jackets\" in reference to their American origins.","title":"Letter jacket"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"boiled wool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiled_wool"}],"sub_title":"Appearance and style","text":"The body (i.e., torso) is usually of boiled wool and the sleeves of leather with banded wrists and waistband. Letter jackets are usually produced in the school colors, with the body of the jacket in the school's primary color and sleeves in the secondary color, although sometimes, the colors of the jacket may be customized to a certain extent by the student. There could be cases where a student could change the color so much that it doesn't differentiate too much from school colors. \nThey usually feature a banded collar for men or a top-buttoned hood (that unbuttons into an expanded collar) for women.","title":"Letter jacket"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"varsity letter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsity_letter"},{"link_name":"chenille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenille_fabric"}],"sub_title":"Decorations","text":"The letter jacket derives its name from the varsity letter chenille patch on its left breast, which is almost always the first letter or initials of the high school or college the jacket came from. The letter itself can also be custom fitted to the particular sport or activity (e.g. cross country—a symbol or sign in the middle of the letter).The name of the owner usually appears either in chenille (matching the letter) or embroidered on the jacket itself. The owner's graduation year typically appears in matching chenille. Placement of the name and year of graduation depends on school traditions. The year is most often sewn on the right sleeve or just above the right pocket. The school logo and symbols representing the student's activities may also be ironed onto the jacket.Lettermen who play on a championship team often receive a large patch commemorating their championship that is worn on the back of the jacket.Lettermen who participate in a sport in which medals are awarded often sew the medals onto their jackets to display their accomplishments.","title":"Letter jacket"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harvard University baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Crimson_baseball"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"sweater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweater"}],"sub_title":"History","text":"Varsity jackets trace their origins to letter sweaters, first introduced by the Harvard University baseball team in 1865.[1] The letter was usually quite large and centered (if the sweater was a pullover); stripes on one sleeve designated the number of letters won, with a star indicating a team captain.","title":"Letter jacket"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"varsity letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsity_letters"}],"sub_title":"Traditions","text":"Letter jackets are almost never purchased before a student has earned a letter. In schools where only varsity letters are awarded this is usually the practice in a student's junior or senior year. Recently, many student-athletes have been awarded letters during their sophomore and sometimes freshman year, leading to the need for a jacket much sooner. Still, the actual jacket is not usually purchased until the sophomore year. In schools where junior varsity letters are awarded, the jacket may be purchased by junior varsity letter recipients, though the letter is placed just above the left pocket, leaving space for a future varsity letter.Some schools may award letter jackets to letter winners at an award ceremony, but more often, the school only provides the letter. Some schools will have fundraising activities or other programs to provide jackets to students who cannot afford them.While it is commonly done, removing one's letter from the letter jacket upon graduation is not firmly held as protocol. Many graduates keep the letter on the jacket after graduation as a symbol of accomplishment and school pride and commitment, especially with college lettermen.","title":"Letter jacket"}]
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[{"image_text":"Traditional block letter with embroidered mascot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Traditional_Block_Letter_R_with_Embroidered_Mascot.gif/150px-Traditional_Block_Letter_R_with_Embroidered_Mascot.gif"},{"image_text":"A student wearing a wool baseball jacket with embroidered letter \"W\" and award medals.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Letterman_jacket.jpg/220px-Letterman_jacket.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Sporting colours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporting_colours"},{"title":"Blue (university sport)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_(university_sport)"}]
|
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_and_the_International_Criminal_Court
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European Union and the International Criminal Court
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["1 Positions and agreements","2 Financial backing","3 Diplomatic backing","4 References"]
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This article is part of a series onPolitics of the European Union
Member states (27) Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden
Candidate countries
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Georgia
Moldova
Montenegro
North Macedonia
Serbia
Ukraine
Accession negotiations suspended countries
Turkey
Applicant countries
Kosovo
Special territories
Belgium–Germany relations
France–Germany relations
Germany–Netherlands relations
EU 3
Withdrawal from the European Union
Treaties and Declarations
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vte
Due to its status, the European Union (EU) is not party to the International Criminal Court (ICC), but all the EU's member states are signatories and the EU has been one of the ICC's strongest supporters. The EU has given political, financial and technical support to the court, which is also based in its territory (The Hague, the Netherlands).
Positions and agreements
In 2001 the EU agreed a common position, that is it has an EU-wide agreed foreign policy on the matter, strongly supporting the ICC. That position was updated in 2003 and combined with an action plan.
A 2006 co-operation agreement between the EU and ICC also obliges the EU and its members to assist the ICC, particularly by handing over classified information to the court. Examples of this cooperation already include supporting the ICC in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Darfur, the latter including the EU Satellite Centre providing imagery and reports.
The Cotonou Agreement which the EU has with the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States includes a binding article signalling support of those states for the ICC and that they should "take steps towards ratifying and implementing the Rome Statute and related instruments". The EU has been inserting similar clauses in its association agreements and trade agreements around the world.
Financial backing
All its member states have signed and ratified the Rome Statute (which established the court, having come into force in 2002) and hence, due to the lack of other major powers being members, the EU is now the largest financial contributor to the court (before the accession of Japan in 2007, this was 75.6%. Afterwards, still 57.4%). The EU also funds organisations promoting the court.
Diplomatic backing
The EU has been the strongest supporter of the ICC and has supported it in nearly every instance. In ways it has operated as a public relations branch of the ICC and encouraged states around the world to adopt the Rome Statute (including putting it in trade agreements, as mentioned above). Due to the difficulty of the court's work, and opposition from major powers such as the US, this support has been indispensable and, likewise, the EU has been using the ICC as a tool to make its presence felt.
References
^ a b c d "European Union (EU) and the International Criminal Court & the fight against impunity". Archived from the original on 2013-05-23. Retrieved 2010-03-18.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-01-23. Retrieved 2010-03-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2010-03-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-03-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ a b c "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-20. Retrieved 2010-03-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ a b "The EU and the ICC: Wedding bells? - the Euros". Archived from the original on 2012-02-29. Retrieved 2010-03-18.
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_(Led_Zeppelin_bootleg_recording)
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Destroyer (Led Zeppelin bootleg recording)
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["1 Set list","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
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This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Destroyer" Led Zeppelin bootleg recording – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
One of the photos bootleggers have used for this album's cover. Due to the nature of bootlegging, there is usually no consensus on covers.
Another common album cover
Destroyer is a bootleg recording from the English rock group Led Zeppelin’s performance at Richfield Coliseum, Cleveland, Ohio, on 27 April 1977. The soundboard recording is from the first show of two nights at the venue, which were part of the band’s 1977 North American Tour. The album is technically titled simply Destroyer.
Initial vinyl pressings of the bootleg incorrectly credited Seattle, Washington, as the location of this show. A limited edition of the four-LP set came in a plastic film reel carrying case bearing the legend "recorded June 24 'LED ZEPPELIN DESTROYER Unique Permanent Zeppelin Storage Case.'" The liner notes thanked John Bonham for letting the bootleg producers use the tape, and some songs were marred by the random splicing into them of segments from other songs.
The later three-CD sets fixed these errors, and eventually versions remastered from lower-generation source tapes surfaced. The exceptional sound quality throughout the performance is described by some sources as "almost perfect". It was the first, and for many years the only, professionally recorded mixing desk tape to escape from the band's possession.
The bootleg should not be confused with an audience recording from the following night in Cleveland, sometimes entitled The Destroyer. Though marred by poorer sound quality, and incomplete as a result of using 60-minute (instead of the longer 90-minute) cassette tapes for the recording, many critics consider this second performance better than the more famous first Destroyer gig.
Set list
‘‘The Song Remains the Same’ – (3:40) (fades in)
‘‘The Rover’(Intro)/‘Sick Again’ – (6:44)
‘Nobody's Fault But Mine’ – (6:29)
‘In My Time of Dying’/ ‘You Shook Me’ – (11:38)
‘Since I've Been Loving You’ – (8:23)
‘No Quarter’ – (19:46) (cut)
‘Ten Years Gone’ – (9:14)
‘The Battle Of Evermore’ – (6:22)
‘Going To California’ – (5:48)
‘Black Country Woman’
‘‘Bron-Yr-Aur Stomp’ – (5:11)
‘White Summer’/‘Black Mountain Side’ (cut) *
‘‘Kashmir’ – (8:32)
‘‘Out on the Tiles’ (intro)/‘Over The Top (not a song title) ‘Moby Dick’
‘Guitar Solo’ – (9:45) (cut)
‘Bowed Electric Guitar Solo and Theremin Solo’
‘Star Spangled Banner’
‘Guitar’
‘Cello Bow Solo’
‘Effects Solo’
‘Achilles Last Stand’ – (9:40)
‘Stairway To Heaven’ – (10:10)
‘‘Rock And Roll’ – (3:26) (fades in)
‘Trampled Under Foot’
Black Mountain Side is on two CD tracks on several CD issues (because of the cut in the original tape). There is loss off about one second in the middle.
See also
Led Zeppelin bootleg recordings
References
^ a b c Lewis, Dave and Pallett, Simon (1997) Led Zeppelin: The Concert File, London: Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-7119-5307-4.
^ Luis Rey (1997) Led Zeppelin Live: An Illustrated Exploration of Underground Tapes, Ontario: The Hot Wacks Press, pp. 375–377.
External links
Review: Allmusic
vteLed Zeppelin
John Bonham
John Paul Jones
Jimmy Page
Robert Plant
Studio albums
Led Zeppelin
Led Zeppelin II
Led Zeppelin III
Untitled (Led Zeppelin IV)
Houses of the Holy
Physical Graffiti
Presence
In Through the Out Door
Live albums
The Song Remains the Same
BBC Sessions
How the West Was Won
Celebration Day
Compilations
Coda
BBC Sessions
The Best of Led Zeppelin
Mothership
Led Zeppelin Deluxe Edition
Box sets
Boxed Set
Remasters
Boxed Set 2
The Complete Studio Recordings
Definitive Collection
Singles1960s
"Good Times Bad Times" / "Communication Breakdown"
"Whole Lotta Love" / "Living Loving Maid (She's Just a Woman)"
1970s
"Immigrant Song" / "Hey, Hey, What Can I Do"
"Black Dog" / "Misty Mountain Hop"
"Rock and Roll" / "Four Sticks"
"Over the Hills and Far Away" / "Dancing Days"
"D'yer Mak'er" / "The Crunge"
"The Ocean" / "Over the Hills and Far Away" / "Dancing Days"
"Trampled Under Foot" / "Black Country Woman"
"Candy Store Rock" / "Royal Orleans"
"Fool in the Rain" / "Hot Dog"
Post-breakup
"Travelling Riverside Blues"
"Baby Come On Home"
"Whole Lotta Love"
"The Girl I Love She Got Long Black Wavy Hair"
"Kashmir"
"Rock and Roll" (Sunset Sound Mix) / "Friends" (Olympic Studio Mix)
Films
The Song Remains the Same
Led Zeppelin DVD
Celebration Day
Becoming Led Zeppelin
Tours1960s
Scandinavia 1968
U.K. 1968
North America 1968–1969
North America Spring 1969
U.K. Summer 1969
North America Summer 1969
1970s
U.K. 1970
Europe 1970
North America Spring 1970
Iceland, Bath & Germany 1970
North America Summer 1970
U.K. & Ireland Spring 1971
Europe 1971
North America 1971
Japan 1971
U.K. Winter 1971
North America 1972
Japan 1972
Europe 1973
North America 1973
North America 1975
Earls Court 1975
North America 1977
Knebworth 1979
1980s
Over Europe 1980
The 1980s, Part One (cancelled)
Reunions
Live Aid (1985)
Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary (1988)
Ahmet Ertegun Tribute Concert (2007)
Bootlegs
Live on Blueberry Hill
Destroyer
Listen to This, Eddie
For Badgeholders Only
Burn Like a Candle
Lists
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Songs
Awards and nominations
Cover versions by others
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RelatedArticles
Swan Song Records
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Bron-Yr-Aur
The Starship
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Led Zeppelin Played Here
Out Through the In Door
Bands
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Books
Hammer of the Gods: The Led Zeppelin Saga
Stairway to Heaven: Led Zeppelin Uncensored
When Giants Walked the Earth
Led Zeppelin: The Biography
People
Jason Bonham
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Richard Cole
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
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Due to the nature of bootlegging, there is usually no consensus on covers.Another common album coverDestroyer is a bootleg recording from the English rock group Led Zeppelin’s performance at Richfield Coliseum, Cleveland, Ohio, on 27 April 1977. The soundboard recording is from the first show of two nights at the venue, which were part of the band’s 1977 North American Tour. The album is technically titled simply Destroyer.Initial vinyl pressings of the bootleg incorrectly credited Seattle, Washington, as the location of this show.[1] A limited edition of the four-LP set came in a plastic film reel carrying case bearing the legend \"recorded June 24 'LED ZEPPELIN DESTROYER Unique Permanent Zeppelin Storage Case.'\" The liner notes thanked John Bonham for letting the bootleg producers use the tape, and some songs were marred by the random splicing into them of segments from other songs.The later three-CD sets fixed these errors, and eventually versions remastered from lower-generation source tapes surfaced. The exceptional sound quality[clarification needed] throughout the performance is described by some sources as \"almost perfect\".[2] It was the first, and for many years the only, professionally recorded mixing desk tape to escape from the band's possession.[1]The bootleg should not be confused with an audience recording from the following night in Cleveland, sometimes entitled The Destroyer. Though marred by poorer sound quality, and incomplete as a result of using 60-minute (instead of the longer 90-minute) cassette tapes for the recording, many critics consider this second performance better than the more famous first Destroyer gig.[1]","title":"Destroyer (Led Zeppelin bootleg recording)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"‘The Song Remains the Same","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Song_Remains_the_Same_(song)"},{"link_name":"‘The Rover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rover_(Led_Zeppelin_song)"},{"link_name":"Sick Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sick_Again"},{"link_name":"Nobody's Fault But Mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobody%27s_Fault_But_Mine"},{"link_name":"In My Time of Dying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_My_Time_of_Dying#Led_Zeppelin_version"},{"link_name":"You Shook Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Shook_Me"},{"link_name":"Since I've Been Loving You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Since_I%27ve_Been_Loving_You"},{"link_name":"No Quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Quarter_(song)"},{"link_name":"Ten Years Gone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Years_Gone"},{"link_name":"The Battle Of Evermore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_Of_Evermore"},{"link_name":"Going To California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Going_To_California"},{"link_name":"Black Country Woman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Country_Woman"},{"link_name":"‘Bron-Yr-Aur Stomp’","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bron-Y-Aur_Stomp"},{"link_name":"White Summer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Summer"},{"link_name":"Black Mountain Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mountain_Side"},{"link_name":"‘Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmir_(song)"},{"link_name":"‘Out on the Tiles’ (intro)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_On_The_Tiles"},{"link_name":"Over The Top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moby_Dick_(instrumental)"},{"link_name":"Moby Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moby_Dick_(instrumental)"},{"link_name":"Star Spangled Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Spangled_Banner"},{"link_name":"Guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar"},{"link_name":"Achilles Last Stand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_Last_Stand"},{"link_name":"Stairway To Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stairway_To_Heaven"},{"link_name":"‘Rock And Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_(Led_Zeppelin_song)"},{"link_name":"Trampled Under Foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trampled_Under_Foot"}],"text":"‘‘The Song Remains the Same’ – (3:40) (fades in)\n‘‘The Rover’(Intro)/‘Sick Again’ – (6:44)\n‘Nobody's Fault But Mine’ – (6:29)\n‘In My Time of Dying’/ ‘You Shook Me’ – (11:38)\n‘Since I've Been Loving You’ – (8:23)\n‘No Quarter’ – (19:46) (cut)\n‘Ten Years Gone’ – (9:14)\n‘The Battle Of Evermore’ – (6:22)\n‘Going To California’ – (5:48)\n‘Black Country Woman’\n‘‘Bron-Yr-Aur Stomp’ – (5:11)\n‘White Summer’/‘Black Mountain Side’ (cut) *\n‘‘Kashmir’ – (8:32)\n‘‘Out on the Tiles’ (intro)/‘Over The Top (not a song title) ‘Moby Dick’\n‘Guitar Solo’ – (9:45) (cut)\n‘Bowed Electric Guitar Solo and Theremin Solo’\n‘Star Spangled Banner’\n‘Guitar’\n‘Cello Bow Solo’\n‘Effects Solo’\n‘Achilles Last Stand’ – (9:40)\n‘Stairway To Heaven’ – (10:10)\n‘‘Rock And Roll’ – (3:26) (fades in)\n‘Trampled Under Foot’Black Mountain Side is on two CD tracks on several CD issues (because of the cut in the original tape). There is loss off about one second in the middle.","title":"Set list"}]
|
[{"image_text":"One of the photos bootleggers have used for this album's cover. Due to the nature of bootlegging, there is usually no consensus on covers.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2b/Led_Zeppelin_-_The_Destroyer.jpg/250px-Led_Zeppelin_-_The_Destroyer.jpg"},{"image_text":"Another common album cover","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/73/Led-Zeppelin-Destroyer.jpg/250px-Led-Zeppelin-Destroyer.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Led Zeppelin bootleg recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin_bootleg_recordings"}]
|
[]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swag_(Gilby_Clarke_album)
|
Swag (Gilby Clarke album)
|
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"]
|
2001 studio album by Gilby ClarkeSwagStudio album by Gilby ClarkeReleased2001GenreRockLength37:55LabelSpitfireProducerGilby ClarkeGilby Clarke chronology
99 Live(1999)
Swag(2001)
Gilby Clarke(2007)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic link
Swag is the fourth solo album by former Guns N' Roses guitarist Gilby Clarke, released in 2001. It would be his last studio album until his 2021 album The Gospel Truth.
Track listing
All music is composed by Gilby Clarke, except where notedNo.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Alien" 3:242."Under The Gun" 2:433."Crocodile Tears" 4:024."Broken Down Car" 2:495."Margarita" 3:016."I'm Nobody" 2:517."Judgement Day" 3:528."Beware of the Dog" 3:309."Heart of Chrome" 3:5010."Warm Country Sun" 3:0411."Diamond Dogs"David Bowie4:54
Personnel
Gilby Clarke - guitar, vocals
Johnny Griparic, Stefan Adika - bass
Brian Tichy - drums
Kyle Vincent, Tim Karr - backing vocals
with:
Tracii Guns - lead guitar on "Alien" and "Under the Gun"
Derek Sherinian - synthesizer on "Alien"
Teddy Andreadis - harmonica on "Broken Down Car" and "Warm Country Sun"
David Raven - drums on "Margarita"
Clem Burke - drums on "I'm Nobody" and "Judgement Day"
Eric Singer - drums on "Heart of Chrome" and "Diamond Dogs"
Brent Fitz - drums on "Warm Country Sun"
Michael Lohr - front cover photography
References
vteGilby ClarkeStudio albums
Pawnshop Guitars
The Hangover
Rubber
Swag
Live albums
99 Live
Extended plays
Blooze
Compilation albums
Gilby Clarke
Related
Guns N' Roses
Slash's Snakepit
Rock Star Supernova
Candy
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
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|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r567084","external_links_name":"link"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/7fb8ac2a-b53e-3fd4-942b-e482746f4bc4","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._Kuppuswami_Naidu
|
G. Kuppuswami Naidu
|
["1 References"]
|
G. Kuppuswamy Naidu (1884-1942) was an entrepreneur and businessman from Coimbatore, India. In 1910, he established Lakshmi Mills, a major textile yarn and cloth manufacturer in Coimbatore. Lakshmi Mills owns multiple textile units, machine tools company and other educational institutions and hospitals in Coimbatore. Sundaram Karivardhan, Indian auto racer was the grandson of Kuppuswami.
References
^ "Our Growth story". GKNM Hospital. Retrieved 23 March 2023.
^ "History of Lakshmi Mills". Lakshmi Mills. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
^ "Remembering Sundaram Karivardhan". Overdrive. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
This Indian business-related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"G. Kuppuswami Naidu"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Our Growth story\". GKNM Hospital. Retrieved 23 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gknmhospital.org/our-growth-story/","url_text":"\"Our Growth story\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of Lakshmi Mills\". Lakshmi Mills. Retrieved 26 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lakshmimills.com/","url_text":"\"History of Lakshmi Mills\""}]},{"reference":"\"Remembering Sundaram Karivardhan\". Overdrive. Retrieved 12 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/opinions/remembering-sundaram-karivardhan/","url_text":"\"Remembering Sundaram Karivardhan\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.gknmhospital.org/our-growth-story/","external_links_name":"\"Our Growth story\""},{"Link":"https://www.lakshmimills.com/","external_links_name":"\"History of Lakshmi Mills\""},{"Link":"https://www.overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/opinions/remembering-sundaram-karivardhan/","external_links_name":"\"Remembering Sundaram Karivardhan\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G._Kuppuswami_Naidu&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Foreign_Ministry_Spokespersons_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China
|
List of spokespersons of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China
|
["1 List of Spokespersons","2 References"]
|
Politics of China
Leadership
Leadership generations
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Director: Zhong Shaojun
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Chief: Liu Zhenli
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vte
This article lists the 32 Spokespersons of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China since 1976.
List of Spokespersons
Name
Image
Lifespan
In office
Public experiences afterwards
1
Qian Qichen
5 January 1928 - 9 May 2017 (aged 89)
1982
Foreign Minister (1988-1993)Vice Premier (1993-2003)
2
Qi Huaiyuan
January 1930 (age 94)
1983-1984
Vice Foreign Minister (1986-1991)Director of the Foreign Affairs Office of the State Council (1991-1994) President and Party Secretary of the Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries (1994-2000)
3
Yu Zhizhong
1984-1985
Deputy Permanent Representative at the Permanent Mission of the People's Republic of China to the United Nations at Geneva and Other International Organizations in Switzerland (1987-1989)Minister, Embassy of China in the United Kingdom
4
Wang Zhenyu
1984-1985
Consul General to Nagasaki, Japan (1985-1988)Director of the Taiwan Affairs OfficeDirector of the Taiwan Affairs Office of Xinhua News Agency in Hong Kong
5
Ma Yuzhen
1934 (age 89–90)
1984-1988
Ambassador to the United Kingdom (1991-1995)Commissioner in Hong Kong
6
Li Zhaoxing
(1940-10-20) 20 October 1940 (age 83)
1985-1990
Foreign Minister (2003-2007)
7
Li Jinhua
September 1932 (age 91)
1987-1991
Ambassador to New Zealand
8
Jin Guihua
(1935-01-14) 14 January 1935 (age 89)
1988-1991
Ambassador to Malaysia & Brunei (1991-1993)Ambassador to Thailand (1994-1997)
9
Duan Jin
1990-1993
Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (1997-2001)
10
Wu Jianmin
30 March 1939 - 18 June 2016 (aged 77)
1990-1994
Ambassador to Netherlands (1994-1995)Permanent Representative to the United Nations Office at Geneva (1996-1998)Ambassador to France (1998-2003)
11
Fan Huijuan
1935 (age 88–89)
1990-1993
Ambassador to Ireland (1993-1997)
12
Li Jianying
1946 (age 77–78)
1991-1993
Ambassador to Suriname (1997-2001)Consul General to Cape Town, South Africa (2004-2005)Ambassador to Qatar (2005-2007)
13
Chen Jian
1942 (age 81–82)
1994-1996
14
Shen Guofang
1952 (age 71–72)
1996-1998
Assistant Foreign Minister (2003-2005)
15
Cui Tiankai
October 1952 (age 71)
1996-1997
Ambassador to Japan (2007-2009)Vice Foreign Minister (2009-2013)Ambassador to the United States (2013–2021)
16
Tang Guoqiang
June 1951 (age 72–73)
1996-1998
Ambassador to Czech Republic (2002-2006)Permanent Representative to the United Nations Office at Vienna (2006-2009)Ambassador to Norway (2009-2012)
17
Zhu Bangzao
1952 (age 71–72)
1998-2001
Ambassador to Tunisia & Palestine (2001-2003)Ambassador to Switzerland (2004-2008)Ambassador to Spain & Andorra (2009-2014)
18
Sun Yuxi
October 1951 (age 72)
1998-2002
Ambassador to Afghanistan (2002-2004)Ambassador to India (2005-2007)Ambassador to Italy (2008-2010)Ambassador to Poland (2010-2012)
19
Zhang Qiyue
October 1959 (age 64)
1998-2004
Ambassador to Belgium (2005-2008)Ambassador to Indonesia (2008-2011)Consul General to New York City, United States (2014–present)
20
Kong Quan
November 1955 (age 68)
2001-2006
Ambassador to France & Monaco (2008-2013)Administrative Deputy Director of the Central Foreign Affairs Office of the Chinese Communist Party (2015–present)
21
Liu Jianchao
February 1964 (age 60)
2001-2009
Ambassador to Philippine (2009-2011)Ambassador to Indonesia (2011-2013)Deputy Director of National Bureau of Corruption Prevention (2015-2017)Secretary of the Commission for Discipline Inspection of Zhejiang (2017–present)
22
Qin Gang
March 1966 (age 58)
2005–2010;2011-2014
Director of Foreign Ministry Protocol Department (2015–2018)Assistant Foreign Minister (2018–2021)Ambassador to the United States (2021-2022)Foreign Minister (2022–2023)State Councillor (2023)
23
Jiang Yu
1964 (age 59–60)
2006-2012
Ambassador to Albania (2015–present)
24
Ma Zhaoxu
September 1963 (age 60)
2009-2012
Ambassador to Australia (2013-2016)Permanent Representative to the United Nations Office at Geneva (2016–present)
25
Hong Lei
August 1969 (age 54)
2010-2016
Consul General to Chicago, United States (2016–present)
26
Liu Weimin
August 1968 (age 55)
2011-2012
Minister Counsellor to the United States (2012–present)
27
Hua Chunying
April 1970 (age 54)
2012–present
Director of the Information Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2019–present)
Assistant Minister of Foreign Affairs (2021–present)
28
Lu Kang
May 1968 (age 56)
2015-2019
Director of the Department of North American and Oceanian Affairs (2019–present)
29
Geng Shuang
April 1973 (age 51)
2016-2020
Deputy Permanent Representative to the United Nations (2020–present)
30
Zhao Lijian
November 1972 (age 51)
2020–2023
Deputy Director of the Information Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2019–2023)
31
Wang Wenbin
April 1971 (age 53)
2020–2024
Deputy Director of the Information Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2020–2024)Ambassador to Cambodia (2024-present)
32
Mao Ning
December 1972 (age 51)
2022–present
Deputy Director of the Information Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2022–present)
33
Lin Jian
May 1977
2024–present
Deputy Director of the Information Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2024–present)
References
^ "钱其琛". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (in Chinese). Retrieved 2024-03-30.
^ "逝者：中国外交教父钱其琛与他的港澳台". BBC (in Chinese). 2017-05-11. Retrieved 2024-03-30.
^ a b "齐怀远同志逝世". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (in Chinese). Retrieved 2024-03-30.
^ a b "盘点：历任外交部新闻发言人都去哪了？". scio.gov.cn. Archived from the original on October 21, 2022. Retrieved 2024-03-30.
^ "盘点：从履历看外交部历任新闻发言人去向". Sohu. 2015-06-15. Retrieved 2024-03-31.
^ "China's 'wolf warrior' diplomat to take up post in Cambodia". Radio Free Asia. 2024-06-06. Retrieved 2024-06-07.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauline_Pfeiffer
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Pauline Pfeiffer
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["1 Early life","2 Marriage to Hemingway","3 Later life and death","4 References","4.1 Sources","5 External links"]
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American journalist, second wife of Ernest Hemingway
Pauline PfeifferErnest and Pauline Hemingway in Paris, 1927BornPauline Marie Pfeiffer(1895-07-22)July 22, 1895Parkersburg, Iowa, U.S.DiedOctober 1, 1951(1951-10-01) (aged 56)Hollywood, California, U.S.EducationVisitation Academy of St. LouisUniversity of Missouri School of Journalism (1918)OccupationJournalistSpouse
Ernest Hemingway
(m. 1927; div. 1940)ChildrenPatrick HemingwayGregory Hemingway
Pauline Marie Pfeiffer (July 22, 1895 – October 1, 1951) was an American journalist and the second wife of writer Ernest Hemingway.
Early life
Pfeiffer was born in Parkersburg, Iowa to Paul Pfeiffer, a real estate agent, and Mary Alice Downey, on July 22, 1895, moving to St. Louis in 1901, where she went to school at Visitation Academy of St. Louis. Although her family later moved to Piggott, Arkansas, Pfeiffer stayed in Missouri to study at the University of Missouri School of Journalism, graduating in 1918. After working at newspapers in Cleveland and New York, Pfeiffer switched to magazines, working for Vanity Fair and Vogue. A move to Paris for Vogue led to her meeting Hemingway and his first wife, Hadley Richardson, in 1926.
Marriage to Hemingway
In the spring of 1926, Hadley Richardson, the first wife of Ernest Hemingway, became aware of Hemingway's affair with Pauline, and in July, Pauline joined the couple for their annual trip to Pamplona. Upon their return to Paris, Hadley and Hemingway decided to separate, and in November, Hadley formally requested a divorce. They were divorced in January 1927.
Hemingway married Pauline in May 1927, and they went to Le Grau-du-Roi on a honeymoon. Pauline's family was wealthy and Catholic; before the marriage, Hemingway converted to Catholicism. By the end of the year Pauline, who was pregnant, wanted to move back to America. John Dos Passos recommended Key West, and they left Paris in March 1928.
They had two children, Patrick and Gloria (born Gregory). Hemingway drew upon Pfeiffer's difficult labor with one child as the basis for his character Catherine's death in A Farewell to Arms. Pfeiffer's devout Roman Catholic beliefs led to her support of the Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War while Hemingway backed the Republicans.
In 1937, on a trip to Spain, Hemingway began an affair with Martha Gellhorn. Pfeiffer and he were divorced on November 4, 1940, and he married Gellhorn three weeks later.
Later life and death
Pfeiffer lived in Key West, with frequent visits to California, until her death on October 1, 1951, at age 56. Her death was attributed to an acute state of shock related to Gregory's arrest and a subsequent phone call from Ernest. Gregory, later known as Gloria, who had experienced gender identity issues for most of her life, had been arrested for entering the women's restroom in a movie theater.
Years later, after becoming a medical doctor, Gloria interpreted her mother's autopsy report as indicating that she had died due to a pheochromocytoma tumor on one of her adrenal glands. Her theory was that the phone call from Ernest had caused the tumor to secrete excessive adrenaline and then stop, resulting in a change in blood pressure that caused her mother to go into acute shock and led to her death.
References
^ Harris, Peggy (Associated Press) (30 July 2000). Ernest Hemingway Museum Popular in Quiet Farm Town, The Tuscaloosa News. Retrieved November 4, 2010
^ 1900 United States Federal Census
^ a b c d e f Kert, Bernice, The Hemingway Women: Those Who Loved Him – the Wives and Others, W.W. Norton & Co., New York, 1983.
^ Baker (1972), 43
^ Mellow (1992), 333
^ Mellow (1992), 338–340
^ Meyers (1985), 172
^ Mellow (1992), 348–353
^ Mellow (1992, 294
^ Meyers (1985), 204}
^ Miami Herald: Carol Rabin Miller, "Gender of Hemingway's son at center of feud," September 22, 2003. Retrieved June 27, 2011
^ "Gloria Hemingway (1931–2001) writer, doctor".
Sources
Baker, Carlos. Ernest Hemingway: A Life Story. Charles Scribner's Sons (1969). New York. ISBN 978-0-02-001690-8
Mellow, James R. Hemingway: A Life Without Consequences. Houghton Mifflin (1992). New York. ISBN 0-395-37777-3
Meyers, Jeffrey. Hemingway: A Biography. Macmillan (1985). London. ISBN 0-333-42126-4
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pauline Pfeiffer.
Hemingway-Pfeiffer timeline
Official biography, Hemingway-Pfeiffer Museum & Educational Center Website.
Unbelievable Happiness and Final Sorrow: The Hemingway-Pfeiffer Marriage
vteErnest HemingwayBibliographyNovels
The Torrents of Spring (1926)
The Sun Also Rises (1926)
A Farewell to Arms (1929)
To Have and Have Not (1937)
For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940)
Across the River and into the Trees (1950)
The Old Man and the Sea (1952)
Nonfiction
Death in the Afternoon (1932)
Green Hills of Africa (1935)
Posthumous
A Moveable Feast (1964)
Islands in the Stream (1970)
The Dangerous Summer (1985)
The Garden of Eden (1986)
True at First Light (1999)
Under Kilimanjaro (2005)
Short stories
"Up In Michigan" (1921)
"Indian Camp" (1924)
"The Doctor and the Doctor's Wife" (1925)
"The End of Something" (1925)
"The Three-Day Blow" (1925)
"The Battler" (1925)
"A Very Short Story" (1925)
"Soldier's Home" (1925)
"The Revolutionist" (1925)
"Mr. and Mrs. Elliot" (1925)
"Cat in the Rain" (1925)
"Out of Season" (1925)
"Cross Country Snow" (1925)
"My Old Man" (1925)
"Big Two-Hearted River" (1925)
"Banal Story" (1926)
"Today is Friday" (1926)
"A Canary for One" (1927)
"Fifty Grand" (1927)
"Hills Like White Elephants" (1927)
"The Killers" (1927)
"The Undefeated" (1927)
"Che Ti Dice La Patria?" (1927)
"In Another Country" (1927)
"Now I Lay Me" (1927)
"A Simple Enquiry" (1927)
"Ten Indians" (1927)
"An Alpine Idyll" (1927)
"A Pursuit Race" (1927)
"On the Quai at Smyrna" (1930)
"Fathers and Sons" (1932)
"A Natural History of the Dead" (1932)
"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place" (1933)
"A Day's Wait" (1933)
"The Gambler, the Nun, and the Radio" (1933)
"A Way You'll Never Be" (1933)
"The Snows of Kilimanjaro" (1936)
"The Capital of the World" (1936)
"The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber" (1936)
"Old Man at the Bridge" (1938)
Short story collections
Three Stories and Ten Poems (1923)
In Our Time (1925)
Men Without Women (1927)
Winner Take Nothing (1933)
The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories (1938)
The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1961)
The Fifth Column and Four Stories of the Spanish Civil War (1969)
The Nick Adams Stories (1972)
The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway (1987)
Ernest Hemingway: The Collected Stories (1995)
Story fragments
"On Writing"
Poetry
88 Poems (1979)
Complete Poems
Plays
Today is Friday (1926)
The Fifth Column (1938)
Screenplays
The Spanish Earth (1937 film)
Letters andjournalism
By-Line: Ernest Hemingway (1967)
Ernest Hemingway: Selected Letters, 1917–1961 (1981)
Dateline: Toronto (1985)
The Cambridge Edition of the Letters of Ernest Hemingway (2011)
AdaptationsThe Sun Also Rises
1957 film
1984 film
Opera
The Select (The Sun Also Rises)
Ballet
"The Killers"
1946 film
1956 film
1964 film
Bukowski short story
A Farewell to Arms
1932 film
1957 film
1966 TV series
To Have and Have Not
1944 film
The Breaking Point (1950)
The Gun Runners (1958)
Captain Khorshid (1987)
For Whom the Bell Tolls
1943 film
1959 TV play
1965 TV series
1984 song
The Old Man and the Sea
1958 film
1990 film
1999 animated film
Other film adaptations
The Macomber Affair (1947)
Under My Skin (1950)
The Snows of Kilimanjaro (1952)
Hemingway's Adventures of a Young Man (1962)
Islands in the Stream (1977)
Soldier's Home (1977)
My Old Man (1979)
After the Storm (2001)
The Garden of Eden (2008)
Across the River and into the Trees (2022)
Homes
Birthplace and boyhood home
Michigan cottage
Hemingway-Pfeiffer House
Key West home
Hotel Ambos Mundos, Havana home
Finca Vigía, Cuba home
Idaho home
Depictions
Bacall to Arms (1946 cartoon)
Hemingway: On the Edge (1987 play)
In Love and War (1996 film)
Midnight in Paris (2011 film)
Hemingway & Gellhorn (2012 film)
Cooper & Hemingway: The True Gen (2013 documentary)
Papa: Hemingway in Cuba (2015 film)
Genius (2016 film)
Hemingway (2021 documentary series)
Related
Nick Adams
Floridita
Pilar (boat)
Iceberg theory
Ernest Hemingway International Billfishing Tournament
International Imitation Hemingway Competition
Maxwell Perkins
Adriana Ivancich
Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award
Premio Hemingway
Hello Hemingway (1990 film)
Hemingway: A Portrait (1999 documentary)
Michael Palin's Hemingway Adventure (1999 documentary)
Hemingway crater
Kennedy Library Hemingway collection
Family
Elizabeth Hadley Richardson (first wife)
Jack Hemingway (son)
Pauline Pfeiffer (second wife)
Patrick Hemingway (son)
Gloria Hemingway (daughter)
Martha Gellhorn (third wife)
Mary Welsh Hemingway (fourth wife)
Lorian Hemingway (granddaughter)
Margaux Hemingway (granddaughter)
John Hemingway (grandson)
Mariel Hemingway (granddaughter)
Grace Hall Hemingway (mother)
Leicester Hemingway (brother)
Authority control databases International
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3
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"journalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalist"},{"link_name":"Ernest Hemingway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ark-1"}],"text":"Pauline Marie Pfeiffer (July 22, 1895 – October 1, 1951) was an American journalist and the second wife of writer Ernest Hemingway.[1]","title":"Pauline Pfeiffer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parkersburg, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkersburg,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Visitation Academy of St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitation_Academy_of_St._Louis"},{"link_name":"Piggott, Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piggott,_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"University of Missouri School of Journalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri_School_of_Journalism"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Vanity Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hadley Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadley_Richardson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kert1-3"}],"text":"Pfeiffer was born in Parkersburg, Iowa to Paul Pfeiffer, a real estate agent, and Mary Alice Downey,[2] on July 22, 1895, moving to St. Louis in 1901, where she went to school at Visitation Academy of St. Louis. Although her family later moved to Piggott, Arkansas, Pfeiffer stayed in Missouri to study at the University of Missouri School of Journalism, graduating in 1918. After working at newspapers in Cleveland and New York, Pfeiffer switched to magazines, working for Vanity Fair and Vogue. A move to Paris for Vogue led to her meeting Hemingway and his first wife, Hadley Richardson, in 1926.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hadley Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadley_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Ernest Hemingway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baker_p43-4"},{"link_name":"Pamplona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamplona"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kert1-3"},{"link_name":"Le Grau-du-Roi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Grau-du-Roi"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyers_p172-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mellow_p294-9"},{"link_name":"John Dos Passos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dos_Passos"},{"link_name":"Key West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_West"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meyers_p204-10"},{"link_name":"Patrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Hemingway"},{"link_name":"Gloria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Hemingway"},{"link_name":"A Farewell to Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Farewell_to_Arms"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Nationalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War#Nationalists"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War#Republicans"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kert1-3"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Martha Gellhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_Gellhorn"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kert1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kert1-3"}],"text":"In the spring of 1926, Hadley Richardson, the first wife of Ernest Hemingway, became aware of Hemingway's affair with Pauline,[4] and in July, Pauline joined the couple for their annual trip to Pamplona.[5] Upon their return to Paris, Hadley and Hemingway decided to separate, and in November, Hadley formally requested a divorce.[6] They were divorced in January 1927.[3]Hemingway married Pauline in May 1927, and they went to Le Grau-du-Roi on a honeymoon.[7][8] Pauline's family was wealthy and Catholic; before the marriage, Hemingway converted to Catholicism.[9] By the end of the year Pauline, who was pregnant, wanted to move back to America. John Dos Passos recommended Key West, and they left Paris in March 1928.[10]They had two children, Patrick and Gloria (born Gregory). Hemingway drew upon Pfeiffer's difficult labor with one child as the basis for his character Catherine's death in A Farewell to Arms. Pfeiffer's devout Roman Catholic beliefs led to her support of the Nationalists during the Spanish Civil War while Hemingway backed the Republicans.[3]In 1937, on a trip to Spain, Hemingway began an affair with Martha Gellhorn.[3] Pfeiffer and he were divorced on November 4, 1940, and he married Gellhorn three weeks later.[3]","title":"Marriage to Hemingway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Key West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_West"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kert1-3"},{"link_name":"acute state of shock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)"},{"link_name":"Gregory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Hemingway"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-miami-11"},{"link_name":"pheochromocytoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheochromocytoma"},{"link_name":"adrenal glands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_glands"},{"link_name":"adrenaline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenaline"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Pfeiffer lived in Key West, with frequent visits to California, until her death on October 1, 1951, at age 56.[3] Her death was attributed to an acute state of shock related to Gregory's arrest and a subsequent phone call from Ernest. Gregory, later known as Gloria, who had experienced gender identity issues for most of her life,[11] had been arrested for entering the women's restroom in a movie theater.Years later, after becoming a medical doctor, Gloria interpreted her mother's autopsy report as indicating that she had died due to a pheochromocytoma tumor on one of her adrenal glands. Her theory was that the phone call from Ernest had caused the tumor to secrete excessive adrenaline and then stop, resulting in a change in blood pressure that caused her mother to go into acute shock and led to her death.[12]","title":"Later life and death"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Gloria Hemingway (1931–2001) writer, doctor\".","urls":[{"url":"http://zagria.blogspot.com/2011/11/gloria-hemingway-1931-2001-writer.html","url_text":"\"Gloria Hemingway (1931–2001) writer, doctor\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=akogAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IqYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3676,5332198&dq=","external_links_name":"Ernest Hemingway Museum Popular in Quiet Farm Town"},{"Link":"http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TS/GregoryHemingway.html","external_links_name":"Carol Rabin Miller, \"Gender of Hemingway's son at center of feud,\" September 22, 2003"},{"Link":"http://zagria.blogspot.com/2011/11/gloria-hemingway-1931-2001-writer.html","external_links_name":"\"Gloria Hemingway (1931–2001) writer, doctor\""},{"Link":"http://hemingway.astate.edu/history/timeline/","external_links_name":"Hemingway-Pfeiffer timeline"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080506092148/http://hemingway.astate.edu/pauline.html","external_links_name":"Official biography, Hemingway-Pfeiffer Museum & Educational Center Website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120216090255/http://www.uapress.com/titles/sp12/hawkins.html","external_links_name":"Unbelievable Happiness and Final Sorrow: The Hemingway-Pfeiffer Marriage"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1916173/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000459635211","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/263393123","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/42148933441554300880","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjDgwRXCpYpkypfYcFp96q","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfcRvvD3kFwKM3pXqp773","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17051675z","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17051675z","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1025668723","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007382733405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2012008767","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0185008&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62g4zzx","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6qz430r","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tb4k8v","external_links_name":"3"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_isotopes
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Radionuclide
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["1 Origin","1.1 Natural","1.2 Nuclear fission","1.3 Synthetic","2 Uses","3 Examples","3.1 Household smoke detectors","4 Impacts on organisms","5 Summary table for classes of nuclides, stable and radioactive","6 List of commercially available radionuclides","6.1 Gamma emission only","6.2 Beta emission only","6.3 Alpha emission only","6.4 Multiple radiation emitters","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"]
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Atom that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable
Not to be confused with radionucleotide.
A radionuclide (radioactive nuclide, radioisotope or radioactive isotope) is a nuclide that has excess numbers of either neutrons or protons, giving it excess nuclear energy, and making it unstable. This excess energy can be used in one of three ways: emitted from the nucleus as gamma radiation; transferred to one of its electrons to release it as a conversion electron; or used to create and emit a new particle (alpha particle or beta particle) from the nucleus. During those processes, the radionuclide is said to undergo radioactive decay. These emissions are considered ionizing radiation because they are energetic enough to liberate an electron from another atom. The radioactive decay can produce a stable nuclide or will sometimes produce a new unstable radionuclide which may undergo further decay. Radioactive decay is a random process at the level of single atoms: it is impossible to predict when one particular atom will decay. However, for a collection of atoms of a single nuclide the decay rate, and thus the half-life (t1/2) for that collection, can be calculated from their measured decay constants. The range of the half-lives of radioactive atoms has no known limits and spans a time range of over 55 orders of magnitude.
Radionuclides occur naturally or are artificially produced in nuclear reactors, cyclotrons, particle accelerators or radionuclide generators. There are about 730 radionuclides with half-lives longer than 60 minutes (see list of nuclides). Thirty-two of those are primordial radionuclides that were created before the Earth was formed. At least another 60 radionuclides are detectable in nature, either as daughters of primordial radionuclides or as radionuclides produced through natural production on Earth by cosmic radiation. More than 2400 radionuclides have half-lives less than 60 minutes. Most of those are only produced artificially, and have very short half-lives. For comparison, there are about 251 stable nuclides.
All chemical elements can exist as radionuclides. Even the lightest element, hydrogen, has a well-known radionuclide, tritium. Elements heavier than lead, and the elements technetium and promethium, exist only as radionuclides.
Unplanned exposure to radionuclides generally has a harmful effect on living organisms including humans, although low levels of exposure occur naturally without harm. The degree of harm will depend on the nature and extent of the radiation produced, the amount and nature of exposure (close contact, inhalation or ingestion), and the biochemical properties of the element; with increased risk of cancer the most usual consequence. However, radionuclides with suitable properties are used in nuclear medicine for both diagnosis and treatment. An imaging tracer made with radionuclides is called a radioactive tracer. A pharmaceutical drug made with radionuclides is called a radiopharmaceutical.
Origin
Natural
On Earth, naturally occurring radionuclides fall into three categories: primordial radionuclides, secondary radionuclides, and cosmogenic radionuclides.
Radionuclides are produced in stellar nucleosynthesis and supernova explosions along with stable nuclides. Most decay quickly but can still be observed astronomically and can play a part in understanding astronomic processes. Primordial radionuclides, such as uranium and thorium, exist in the present time because their half-lives are so long (>100 million years) that they have not yet completely decayed. Some radionuclides have half-lives so long (many times the age of the universe) that decay has only recently been detected, and for most practical purposes they can be considered stable, most notably bismuth-209: detection of this decay meant that bismuth was no longer considered stable. It is possible decay may be observed in other nuclides, adding to this list of primordial radionuclides.
Secondary radionuclides are radiogenic isotopes derived from the decay of primordial radionuclides. They have shorter half-lives than primordial radionuclides. They arise in the decay chain of the primordial isotopes thorium-232, uranium-238, and uranium-235. Examples include the natural isotopes of polonium and radium.
Cosmogenic isotopes, such as carbon-14, are present because they are continually being formed in the atmosphere due to cosmic rays.
Many of these radionuclides exist only in trace amounts in nature, including all cosmogenic nuclides. Secondary radionuclides will occur in proportion to their half-lives, so short-lived ones will be very rare. For example, polonium can be found in uranium ores at about 0.1 mg per metric ton (1 part in 1010). Further radionuclides may occur in nature in virtually undetectable amounts as a result of rare events such as spontaneous fission or uncommon cosmic ray interactions.
Nuclear fission
Radionuclides are produced as an unavoidable result of nuclear fission and thermonuclear explosions. The process of nuclear fission creates a wide range of fission products, most of which are radionuclides. Further radionuclides can be created from irradiation of the nuclear fuel (creating a range of actinides) and of the surrounding structures, yielding activation products. This complex mixture of radionuclides with different chemistries and radioactivity makes handling nuclear waste and dealing with nuclear fallout particularly problematic.
Synthetic
Artificial nuclide americium-241 emitting alpha particles inserted into a cloud chamber for visualisation
Synthetic radionuclides are deliberately synthesised using nuclear reactors, particle accelerators or radionuclide generators:
As well as being extracted from nuclear waste, radioisotopes can be produced deliberately with nuclear reactors, exploiting the high flux of neutrons present. These neutrons activate elements placed within the reactor. A typical product from a nuclear reactor is iridium-192. The elements that have a large propensity to take up the neutrons in the reactor are said to have a high neutron cross-section.
Particle accelerators such as cyclotrons accelerate particles to bombard a target to produce radionuclides. Cyclotrons accelerate protons at a target to produce positron-emitting radionuclides, e.g. fluorine-18.
Radionuclide generators contain a parent radionuclide that decays to produce a radioactive daughter. The parent is usually produced in a nuclear reactor. A typical example is the technetium-99m generator used in nuclear medicine. The parent produced in the reactor is molybdenum-99.
Uses
Radionuclides are used in two major ways: either for their radiation alone (irradiation, nuclear batteries) or for the combination of chemical properties and their radiation (tracers, biopharmaceuticals).
In biology, radionuclides of carbon can serve as radioactive tracers because they are chemically very similar to the nonradioactive nuclides, so most chemical, biological, and ecological processes treat them in a nearly identical way. One can then examine the result with a radiation detector, such as a Geiger counter, to determine where the provided atoms were incorporated. For example, one might culture plants in an environment in which the carbon dioxide contained radioactive carbon; then the parts of the plant that incorporate atmospheric carbon would be radioactive. Radionuclides can be used to monitor processes such as DNA replication or amino acid transport.
in physics and biology radionuclide X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is used to determine chemical composition of the compound. Radiation from a radionuclide source hits the sample and excites characteristic X-rays in the sample. This radiation is registered and the chemical composition of the sample can be determined from the analysis of the measured spectrum. By measuring the energy of the characteristic radiation lines, it is possible to determine the proton number of the chemical element that emits the radiation, and by measuring the number of emitted photons, it is possible to determine the concentration of individual chemical elements.
In nuclear medicine, radioisotopes are used for diagnosis, treatment, and research. Radioactive chemical tracers emitting gamma rays or positrons can provide diagnostic information about internal anatomy and the functioning of specific organs, including the human brain. This is used in some forms of tomography: single-photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography (PET) scanning and Cherenkov luminescence imaging. Radioisotopes are also a method of treatment in hemopoietic forms of tumors; the success for treatment of solid tumors has been limited. More powerful gamma sources sterilise syringes and other medical equipment.
In food preservation, radiation is used to stop the sprouting of root crops after harvesting, to kill parasites and pests, and to control the ripening of stored fruit and vegetables. Food irradiation usually uses beta-decaying nuclides with strong gamma emissions like cobalt-60 or caesium-137.
In industry, and in mining, radionuclides are used to examine welds, to detect leaks, to study the rate of wear, erosion and corrosion of metals, and for on-stream analysis of a wide range of minerals and fuels.
In spacecraft, radionuclides are used to provide power and heat, notably through radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) and radioisotope heater units (RHUs).
In astronomy and cosmology, radionuclides play a role in understanding stellar and planetary process.
In particle physics, radionuclides help discover new physics (physics beyond the Standard Model) by measuring the energy and momentum of their beta decay products (for example, neutrinoless double beta decay and the search for weakly interacting massive particles).
In ecology, radionuclides are used to trace and analyze pollutants, to study the movement of surface water, and to measure water runoffs from rain and snow, as well as the flow rates of streams and rivers.
In geology, archaeology, and paleontology, natural radionuclides are used to measure ages of rocks, minerals, and fossil materials.
Examples
The following table lists properties of selected radionuclides illustrating the range of properties and uses.
Isotope
Z
N
half-life
DM
DE keV
Mode of formation
Comments
Tritium (3H)
1
2
12.3 y
β−
19
Cosmogenic
lightest radionuclide, used in artificial nuclear fusion, also used for radioluminescence and as oceanic transient tracer. Synthesized from neutron bombardment of lithium-6 or deuterium
Beryllium-10
4
6
1,387,000 y
β−
556
Cosmogenic
used to examine soil erosion, soil formation from regolith, and the age of ice cores
Carbon-14
6
8
5,700 y
β−
156
Cosmogenic
used for radiocarbon dating
Fluorine-18
9
9
110 min
β+, EC
633/1655
Cosmogenic
positron source, synthesised for use as a medical radiotracer in PET scans.
Aluminium-26
13
13
717,000 y
β+, EC
4004
Cosmogenic
exposure dating of rocks, sediment
Chlorine-36
17
19
301,000 y
β−, EC
709
Cosmogenic
exposure dating of rocks, groundwater tracer
Potassium-40
19
21
1.24×109 y
β−, EC
1330 /1505
Primordial
used for potassium-argon dating, source of atmospheric argon, source of radiogenic heat, largest source of natural radioactivity
Calcium-41
20
21
99,400 y
EC
Cosmogenic
exposure dating of carbonate rocks
Cobalt-60
27
33
5.3 y
β−
2824
Synthetic
produces high energy gamma rays, used for radiotherapy, equipment sterilisation, food irradiation
Krypton-81
36
45
229,000 y
β+
Cosmogenic
groundwater dating
Strontium-90
38
52
28.8 y
β−
546
Fission product
medium-lived fission product; probably most dangerous component of nuclear fallout
Technetium-99
43
56
210,000 y
β−
294
Fission product
most common isotope of the lightest unstable element, most significant of long-lived fission products
Technetium-99m
43
56
6 hr
γ,IC
141
Synthetic
most commonly used medical radioisotope, used as a radioactive tracer
Iodine-129
53
76
15,700,000 y
β−
194
Cosmogenic
longest lived fission product; groundwater tracer
Iodine-131
53
78
8 d
β−
971
Fission product
most significant short-term health hazard from nuclear fission, used in nuclear medicine, industrial tracer
Xenon-135
54
81
9.1 h
β−
1160
Fission product
strongest known "nuclear poison" (neutron-absorber), with a major effect on nuclear reactor operation.
Caesium-137
55
82
30.2 y
β−
1176
Fission product
other major medium-lived fission product of concern
Gadolinium-153
64
89
240 d
EC
Synthetic
Calibrating nuclear equipment, bone density screening
Bismuth-209
83
126
2.01×1019y
α
3137
Primordial
long considered stable, decay only detected in 2003
Polonium-210
84
126
138 d
α
5307
Decay product
Highly toxic, used in poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko
Radon-222
86
136
3.8 d
α
5590
Decay product
gas, responsible for the majority of public exposure to ionizing radiation, second most frequent cause of lung cancer
Thorium-232
90
142
1.4×1010 y
α
4083
Primordial
basis of thorium fuel cycle
Uranium-235
92
143
7×108y
α
4679
Primordial
fissile, main nuclear fuel
Uranium-238
92
146
4.5×109 y
α
4267
Primordial
Main Uranium isotope
Plutonium-238
94
144
87.7 y
α
5593
Synthetic
used in radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) and radioisotope heater units as an energy source for spacecraft
Plutonium-239
94
145
24,110 y
α
5245
Synthetic
used for most modern nuclear weapons
Americium-241
95
146
432 y
α
5486
Synthetic
used in household smoke detectors as an ionising agent
Californium-252
98
154
2.64 y
α/SF
6217
Synthetic
undergoes spontaneous fission (3% of decays), making it a powerful neutron source, used as a reactor initiator and for detection devices
Key: Z = atomic number; N = neutron number; DM = decay mode; DE = decay energy; EC = electron capture
Household smoke detectors
Americium-241 container in a smoke detector.
Americium-241 capsule as found in smoke detector. The circle of darker metal in the center is americium-241; the surrounding casing is aluminium.
Radionuclides are present in many homes as they are used inside the most common household smoke detectors. The radionuclide used is americium-241, which is created by bombarding plutonium with neutrons in a nuclear reactor. It decays by emitting alpha particles and gamma radiation to become neptunium-237. Smoke detectors use a very small quantity of 241Am (about 0.29 micrograms per smoke detector) in the form of americium dioxide. 241Am is used as it emits alpha particles which ionize the air in the detector's ionization chamber. A small electric voltage is applied to the ionized air which gives rise to a small electric current. In the presence of smoke, some of the ions are neutralized, thereby decreasing the current, which activates the detector's alarm.
Impacts on organisms
Radionuclides that find their way into the environment may cause harmful effects as radioactive contamination. They can also cause damage if they are excessively used during treatment or in other ways exposed to living beings, by radiation poisoning. Potential health damage from exposure to radionuclides depends on a number of factors, and "can damage the functions of healthy tissue/organs. Radiation exposure can produce effects ranging from skin redness and hair loss, to radiation burns and acute radiation syndrome. Prolonged exposure can lead to cells being damaged and in turn lead to cancer. Signs of cancerous cells might not show up until years, or even decades, after exposure."
Summary table for classes of nuclides, stable and radioactive
Following is a summary table for the list of 989 nuclides with half-lives greater than one hour. A total of 251 nuclides have never been observed to decay, and are classically considered stable. Of these, 90 are believed to be absolutely stable except to proton decay (which has never been observed), while the rest are "observationally stable" and theoretically can undergo radioactive decay with extremely long half-lives.
The remaining tabulated radionuclides have half-lives longer than 1 hour, and are well-characterized (see list of nuclides for a complete tabulation). They include 30 nuclides with measured half-lives longer than the estimated age of the universe (13.8 billion years), and another four nuclides with half-lives long enough (> 100 million years) that they are radioactive primordial nuclides, and may be detected on Earth, having survived from their presence in interstellar dust since before the formation of the Solar System, about 4.6 billion years ago. Another 60+ short-lived nuclides can be detected naturally as daughters of longer-lived nuclides or cosmic-ray products. The remaining known nuclides are known solely from artificial nuclear transmutation.
Numbers are not exact, and may change slightly in the future, as "stable nuclides" are observed to be radioactive with very long half-lives.
This is a summary table for the 989 nuclides with half-lives longer than one hour (including those that are stable), given in list of nuclides.
Stability class
Number of nuclides
Running total
Notes on running total
Theoretically stable to all but proton decay
90
90
Includes first 40 elements. Proton decay yet to be observed.
Theoretically stable to alpha decay, beta decay, isomeric transition, and double beta decay but not spontaneous fission, which is possible for "stable" nuclides ≥ niobium-93
56
146
All nuclides that are possibly completely stable (spontaneous fission has never been observed for nuclides with mass number < 232).
Energetically unstable to one or more known decay modes, but no decay yet seen. All considered "stable" until decay detected.
105
251
Total of classically stable nuclides.
Radioactive primordial nuclides.
35
286
Total primordial elements include uranium, thorium, bismuth, rubidium-87, potassium-40, tellurium-128 plus all stable nuclides.
Radioactive nonprimordial, but naturally occurring on Earth.
61
347
Carbon-14 (and other isotopes generated by cosmic rays) and daughters of radioactive primordial elements, such as radium, polonium, etc. 41 of these have a half life of greater than one hour.
Radioactive synthetic half-life ≥ 1.0 hour). Includes most useful radiotracers.
662
989
These 989 nuclides are listed in the article List of nuclides.
Radioactive synthetic (half-life < 1.0 hour).
>2400
>3300
Includes all well-characterized synthetic nuclides.
List of commercially available radionuclides
See also: List of nuclides and Table of nuclides
This list covers common isotopes, most of which are available in very small quantities to the general public in most countries. Others that are not publicly accessible are traded commercially in industrial, medical, and scientific fields and are subject to government regulation.
Gamma emission only
Isotope
Activity
Half-life
Energies (keV)
Barium-133
9694 TBq/kg (262 Ci/g)
10.7 years
81.0, 356.0
Cadmium-109
96200 TBq/kg (2600 Ci/g)
453 days
88.0
Cobalt-57
312280 TBq/kg (8440 Ci/g)
270 days
122.1
Cobalt-60
40700 TBq/kg (1100 Ci/g)
5.27 years
1173.2, 1332.5
Europium-152
6660 TBq/kg (180 Ci/g)
13.5 years
121.8, 344.3, 1408.0
Manganese-54
287120 TBq/kg (7760 Ci/g)
312 days
834.8
Sodium-22
237540 Tbq/kg (6240 Ci/g)
2.6 years
511.0, 1274.5
Zinc-65
304510 TBq/kg (8230 Ci/g)
244 days
511.0, 1115.5
Technetium-99m
1.95×107 TBq/kg (5.27 × 105 Ci/g)
6 hours
140
Beta emission only
Isotope
Activity
Half-life
Energies (keV)
Strontium-90
5180 TBq/kg (140 Ci/g)
28.5 years
546.0
Thallium-204
17057 TBq/kg (461 Ci/g)
3.78 years
763.4
Carbon-14
166.5 TBq/kg (4.5 Ci/g)
5730 years
49.5 (average)
Tritium (Hydrogen-3)
357050 TBq/kg (9650 Ci/g)
12.32 years
5.7 (average)
Alpha emission only
Isotope
Activity
Half-life
Energies (keV)
Polonium-210
166500 TBq/kg (4500 Ci/g)
138.376 days
5304.5
Uranium-238
12580 kBq/kg (0.00000034 Ci/g)
4.468 billion years
4267
Multiple radiation emitters
Isotope
Activity
Half-life
Radiation types
Energies (keV)
Caesium-137
3256 TBq/kg (88 Ci/g)
30.1 years
Gamma & beta
G: 32, 661.6 B: 511.6, 1173.2
Americium-241
129.5 TBq/kg (3.5 Ci/g)
432.2 years
Gamma & alpha
G: 59.5, 26.3, 13.9 A: 5485, 5443
See also
List of nuclides shows all radionuclides with half-life > 1 hour
Hyperaccumulators table – 3
Radioactivity in biology
Radiometric dating
Radionuclide cisternogram
Uses of radioactivity in oil and gas wells
Notes
^ Petrucci, R. H.; Harwood, W. S.; Herring, F. G. (2002). General Chemistry (8th ed.). Prentice-Hall. pp. 1025–26. ISBN 0-13-014329-4.
^ "Decay and Half Life". Retrieved 2009-12-14.
^ Stabin, Michael G. (2007). "3". In Stabin, Michael G (ed.). Radiation Protection and Dosimetry: An Introduction to Health Physics (Submitted manuscript). Springer. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-49983-3. ISBN 978-0387499826.
^ Best, Lara; Rodrigues, George; Velker, Vikram (2013). "1.3". Radiation Oncology Primer and Review. Demos Medical Publishing. ISBN 978-1620700044.
^ Loveland, W.; Morrissey, D.; Seaborg, G.T. (2006). Modern Nuclear Chemistry. Wiley-Interscience. p. 57. Bibcode:2005mnc..book.....L. ISBN 978-0-471-11532-8.
^ Eisenbud, Merril; Gesell, Thomas F (1997-02-25). Environmental Radioactivity: From Natural, Industrial, and Military Sources. Elsevier. p. 134. ISBN 9780122351549.
^ Bagnall, K. W. (1962). "The Chemistry of Polonium". Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry 4. New York: Academic Press. pp. 197–226. doi:10.1016/S0065-2792(08)60268-X. ISBN 0-12-023604-4. Retrieved June 14, 2012., p. 746
^ Bagnall, K. W. (1962). "The Chemistry of Polonium". Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry 4. New York: Academic Press., p. 198
^ "Radioisotopes". www.iaea.org. 2016-07-15. Retrieved 2023-06-25.
^ Ingvar, David H. ; Lassen, Niels A. (1961). "Quantitative determination of regional cerebral blood-flow in man". The Lancet. 278 (7206): 806–807. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(61)91092-3.
^ Ingvar, David H. ; Franzén, Göran (1974). "Distribution of cerebral activity in chronic schizophrenia". The Lancet. 304 (7895): 1484–1486. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(74)90221-9. PMID 4140398.
^ Lassen, Niels A.; Ingvar, David H. ; Skinhøj, Erik (October 1978). "Brain Function and Blood Flow". Scientific American. 239 (4): 62–71. Bibcode:1978SciAm.239d..62L. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1078-62. PMID 705327.
^ Severijns, Nathal; Beck, Marcus; Naviliat-Cuncic, Oscar (2006). "Tests of the standard electroweak model in nuclear beta decay". Reviews of Modern Physics. 78 (3): 991–1040. arXiv:nucl-ex/0605029. Bibcode:2006RvMP...78..991S. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.78.991. S2CID 18494258.
^ "Smoke Detectors and Americium". world-nuclear.org. Archived from the original on 2010-11-12.
^ Office of Radiation Protection – Am 241 Fact Sheet – Washington State Department of Health Archived 2011-03-18 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Ionizing radiation, health effects and protective measures". World Health Organization. November 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2014.
^ "Cosmic Detectives". The European Space Agency (ESA). 2013-04-02. Retrieved 2013-04-15.
^ Table data is derived by counting members of the list; see WP:CALC. References for the list data itself are given below in the reference section in list of nuclides
References
Carlsson, J.; Forssell Aronsson, E; Hietala, SO; Stigbrand, T; Tennvall, J; et al. (2003). "Tumour therapy with radionuclides: assessment of progress and problems". Radiotherapy and Oncology. 66 (2): 107–117. doi:10.1016/S0167-8140(02)00374-2. PMID 12648782.
"Radioisotopes in Industry". World Nuclear Association. Archived from the original on 2013-02-27. Retrieved 2008-05-02.
Martin, James (2006). Physics for Radiation Protection: A Handbook. John Wiley & Sons. p. 130. ISBN 978-3527406111.
Further reading
Luig, H.; Kellerer, A. M.; Griebel, J. R. (2011). "Radionuclides, 1. Introduction". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a22_499.pub2. ISBN 978-3527306732.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Radionuclides.
EPA – Radionuclides – EPA's Radiation Protection Program: Information.
FDA – Radionuclides – FDA's Radiation Protection Program: Information.
Interactive Chart of Nuclides – A chart of all nuclides
National Isotope Development Center – U.S. Government source of radionuclides – production, research, development, distribution, and information
The Live Chart of Nuclides – IAEA
Radionuclides production simulator – IAEA
vteRadiation (physics and health)Main articlesNon-ionizing radiation
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1996 Costa Rica accident
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1990 Zaragoza accident
Related articles
Half-life
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Havana syndrome
See also the categories Radiation effects, Radioactivity, Radiobiology, and Radiation protection
vteDiagnostic radiopharmaceuticals (V09)Central nervous system
99mTc (Exametazime, Pentetic acid)
123I (Ioflupane (123I)
Iofetamine (123I)
Iolopride (123I)
Iomazenil)
18F (Florbetapir (18F), Flutemetamol (18F))
Skeletal system
99mTc (Medronic acid)
Renal
123I (Sodium iodohippurate)
64Cu
ETS2
99mTc (Mertiatide, Pentetic acid)
Gastrointestinal/Hepatic
75Se (SeHCAT)
Respiratory system
133Xe
81mKr
99mTc (99mTc-MAA, Pentetic acid)
Cardiovascular system
99mTc (Sestamibi
Tetrofosmin)
111In (Imciromab)
82Rb (Rubidium chloride)
125I (Iodinated human albumin)
Inflammation/infection
99mTc (Exametazime
Sulesomab
Tilmanocept)
111In
67Ga
Tumor
99mTc
Arcitumomab
Votumumab
Hynic-octreotide
111In
Capromab pendetide
Satumomab pendetide
125I (Minretumomab)
123I (Iobenguane (123I))
131I (Iobenguane (131I))
18F
Fluciclovine
Fluorodeoxyglucose
Fluoroethyltyrosine
Sodium fluoride
64Cu
Dotatate
Piflufolastat F-18
Adrenal cortex
123I
125I / 131I (Iodocholesterol)
Radionuclides(including tracers)positron (PET list)
11C (ME@HAPTHI)
25B-NBOMe (Cimbi-36)
Acetate
Choline
Carfentanil
DASB
DTBZ
Flumazenil
Methionine
N-Methylspiperone
Pittsburgh compound B
Raclopride
Verapamil)
13N
Ammonia
64Cu
Desmethoxyfallypride
Fallypride
Florbetaben (18F)
Florbetapir (18F)
Flortaucipir (18F)
Flotufolastat F-18
Flubatine
Fluciclovine
Fludeoxyglucose (18F) (FDG)-glucose analogue
Flumazenil
18F (Altanserin)
Fluorocholine
Fluorodeoxysorbitol (FDS)
Fluorodopa
Fluoroestradiol F-18
Fluorothymidine F-18
Fluspidine
Flutemetamol
FMISO
Gallium (68Ga) gozetotide
68Ga
Mefway
MPPF
N-Methylspiperone
Nifene
FET
15O (Water)
Piflufolastat F-18
82Rb (Rubidium chloride)
Setoperone)
gamma ray/photon (SPECT/scintigraphy)
51Cr
57Co
67Ga
111In
123I
125I
131I
81mKr
153Sm
75Se
99mTc
201Tl
133Xe
Isotopes used:
carbon-11
chromium-51
cobalt-57
copper-64
fluorine-18
gallium-67
gallium-68
indium-111
iodine-123
iodine-125
iodine-131
krypton-81m
nitrogen-13
oxygen-15
rubidium-82
samarium-153
selenium-75
technetium-99m
thallium-201
xenon-133
See also: Therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals (V10)
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radionucleotide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionucleotide_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"nuclide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclide"},{"link_name":"neutrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron"},{"link_name":"protons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton"},{"link_name":"gamma radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_radiation"},{"link_name":"electrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron"},{"link_name":"conversion electron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_conversion"},{"link_name":"particle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle"},{"link_name":"alpha particle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_particle"},{"link_name":"beta particle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_particle"},{"link_name":"radioactive decay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decay"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"ionizing radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-not-predict-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IntroductionToHealthPhysics-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RadiationOncologyPrimer-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"half-life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-life"},{"link_name":"decay constants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decay_constant"},{"link_name":"nuclear reactors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactor"},{"link_name":"cyclotrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclotron"},{"link_name":"particle accelerators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_accelerator"},{"link_name":"radionuclide generators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclide_generator"},{"link_name":"list of nuclides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclides"},{"link_name":"primordial radionuclides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_radionuclide"},{"link_name":"stable nuclides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable_nuclide"},{"link_name":"chemical elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element"},{"link_name":"hydrogen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen"},{"link_name":"tritium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritium"},{"link_name":"lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead"},{"link_name":"technetium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium"},{"link_name":"promethium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promethium"},{"link_name":"nuclear medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_medicine"},{"link_name":"radioactive tracer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_tracer"},{"link_name":"pharmaceutical drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug"},{"link_name":"radiopharmaceutical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiopharmaceutical"}],"text":"Not to be confused with radionucleotide.A radionuclide (radioactive nuclide, radioisotope or radioactive isotope) is a nuclide that has excess numbers of either neutrons or protons, giving it excess nuclear energy, and making it unstable. This excess energy can be used in one of three ways: emitted from the nucleus as gamma radiation; transferred to one of its electrons to release it as a conversion electron; or used to create and emit a new particle (alpha particle or beta particle) from the nucleus. During those processes, the radionuclide is said to undergo radioactive decay.[1] These emissions are considered ionizing radiation because they are energetic enough to liberate an electron from another atom. The radioactive decay can produce a stable nuclide or will sometimes produce a new unstable radionuclide which may undergo further decay. Radioactive decay is a random process at the level of single atoms: it is impossible to predict when one particular atom will decay.[2][3][4][5] However, for a collection of atoms of a single nuclide the decay rate, and thus the half-life (t1/2) for that collection, can be calculated from their measured decay constants. The range of the half-lives of radioactive atoms has no known limits and spans a time range of over 55 orders of magnitude.Radionuclides occur naturally or are artificially produced in nuclear reactors, cyclotrons, particle accelerators or radionuclide generators. There are about 730 radionuclides with half-lives longer than 60 minutes (see list of nuclides). Thirty-two of those are primordial radionuclides that were created before the Earth was formed. At least another 60 radionuclides are detectable in nature, either as daughters of primordial radionuclides or as radionuclides produced through natural production on Earth by cosmic radiation. More than 2400 radionuclides have half-lives less than 60 minutes. Most of those are only produced artificially, and have very short half-lives. For comparison, there are about 251 stable nuclides.All chemical elements can exist as radionuclides. Even the lightest element, hydrogen, has a well-known radionuclide, tritium. Elements heavier than lead, and the elements technetium and promethium, exist only as radionuclides.Unplanned exposure to radionuclides generally has a harmful effect on living organisms including humans, although low levels of exposure occur naturally without harm. The degree of harm will depend on the nature and extent of the radiation produced, the amount and nature of exposure (close contact, inhalation or ingestion), and the biochemical properties of the element; with increased risk of cancer the most usual consequence. However, radionuclides with suitable properties are used in nuclear medicine for both diagnosis and treatment. An imaging tracer made with radionuclides is called a radioactive tracer. A pharmaceutical drug made with radionuclides is called a radiopharmaceutical.","title":"Radionuclide"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cosmogenic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmogenic"},{"link_name":"stellar nucleosynthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis"},{"link_name":"supernova explosions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova_explosions"},{"link_name":"uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium"},{"link_name":"thorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium"},{"link_name":"half-lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-life"},{"link_name":"bismuth-209","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth-209"},{"link_name":"bismuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth"},{"link_name":"decay chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decay_chain"},{"link_name":"thorium-232","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium-232"},{"link_name":"uranium-238","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-238"},{"link_name":"uranium-235","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235"},{"link_name":"polonium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium"},{"link_name":"radium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radium"},{"link_name":"Cosmogenic isotopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmogenic_isotopes"},{"link_name":"carbon-14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-14"},{"link_name":"cosmic rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_ray"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"uranium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium"},{"link_name":"metric ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_ton"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Natural","text":"On Earth, naturally occurring radionuclides fall into three categories: primordial radionuclides, secondary radionuclides, and cosmogenic radionuclides.Radionuclides are produced in stellar nucleosynthesis and supernova explosions along with stable nuclides. Most decay quickly but can still be observed astronomically and can play a part in understanding astronomic processes. Primordial radionuclides, such as uranium and thorium, exist in the present time because their half-lives are so long (>100 million years) that they have not yet completely decayed. Some radionuclides have half-lives so long (many times the age of the universe) that decay has only recently been detected, and for most practical purposes they can be considered stable, most notably bismuth-209: detection of this decay meant that bismuth was no longer considered stable. It is possible decay may be observed in other nuclides, adding to this list of primordial radionuclides.\nSecondary radionuclides are radiogenic isotopes derived from the decay of primordial radionuclides. They have shorter half-lives than primordial radionuclides. They arise in the decay chain of the primordial isotopes thorium-232, uranium-238, and uranium-235. Examples include the natural isotopes of polonium and radium.\nCosmogenic isotopes, such as carbon-14, are present because they are continually being formed in the atmosphere due to cosmic rays.[6]Many of these radionuclides exist only in trace amounts in nature, including all cosmogenic nuclides. Secondary radionuclides will occur in proportion to their half-lives, so short-lived ones will be very rare. For example, polonium can be found in uranium ores at about 0.1 mg per metric ton (1 part in 1010).[7][8] Further radionuclides may occur in nature in virtually undetectable amounts as a result of rare events such as spontaneous fission or uncommon cosmic ray interactions.","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nuclear fission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission"},{"link_name":"thermonuclear explosions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermonuclear_device"},{"link_name":"fission products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fission_products"},{"link_name":"actinides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinides"},{"link_name":"activation products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activation_products"},{"link_name":"nuclear waste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_waste"},{"link_name":"nuclear fallout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fallout"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Nuclear fission","text":"Radionuclides are produced as an unavoidable result of nuclear fission and thermonuclear explosions. The process of nuclear fission creates a wide range of fission products, most of which are radionuclides. Further radionuclides can be created from irradiation of the nuclear fuel (creating a range of actinides) and of the surrounding structures, yielding activation products. This complex mixture of radionuclides with different chemistries and radioactivity makes handling nuclear waste and dealing with nuclear fallout particularly problematic.[citation needed]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Artificial_nuclide_americium-241_emitting_alpha_particles_inserted_into_a_cloud_chamber_for_visualisation.jpg"},{"link_name":"Artificial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial"},{"link_name":"nuclide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclide"},{"link_name":"americium-241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americium-241"},{"link_name":"alpha particles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_particle"},{"link_name":"cloud chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_chamber"},{"link_name":"Synthetic radionuclides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_radionuclide"},{"link_name":"nuclear reactors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactor"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"neutrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron"},{"link_name":"iridium-192","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium-192"},{"link_name":"neutron cross-section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_cross-section"},{"link_name":"cyclotrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclotron"},{"link_name":"fluorine-18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine-18"},{"link_name":"technetium-99m generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technetium-99m_generator"},{"link_name":"nuclear medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_medicine"},{"link_name":"molybdenum-99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenum-99"}],"sub_title":"Synthetic","text":"Artificial nuclide americium-241 emitting alpha particles inserted into a cloud chamber for visualisationSynthetic radionuclides are deliberately synthesised using nuclear reactors, particle accelerators or radionuclide generators:[9]As well as being extracted from nuclear waste, radioisotopes can be produced deliberately with nuclear reactors, exploiting the high flux of neutrons present. These neutrons activate elements placed within the reactor. A typical product from a nuclear reactor is iridium-192. The elements that have a large propensity to take up the neutrons in the reactor are said to have a high neutron cross-section.\nParticle accelerators such as cyclotrons accelerate particles to bombard a target to produce radionuclides. Cyclotrons accelerate protons at a target to produce positron-emitting radionuclides, e.g. fluorine-18.\nRadionuclide generators contain a parent radionuclide that decays to produce a radioactive daughter. The parent is usually produced in a nuclear reactor. A typical example is the technetium-99m generator used in nuclear medicine. The parent produced in the reactor is molybdenum-99.","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"irradiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiation"},{"link_name":"nuclear batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_battery"},{"link_name":"biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"carbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon"},{"link_name":"radioactive tracers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_tracer"},{"link_name":"Geiger counter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger_counter"},{"link_name":"carbon dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"DNA replication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_replication"},{"link_name":"amino acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid"},{"link_name":"physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics"},{"link_name":"biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"chemical composition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_composition"},{"link_name":"compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compound"},{"link_name":"Radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray"},{"link_name":"proton number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_number"},{"link_name":"chemical element","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element"},{"link_name":"photons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon"},{"link_name":"concentration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration"},{"link_name":"nuclear medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_medicine"},{"link_name":"human brain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_brain"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"single-photon emission computed tomography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-photon_emission_computed_tomography"},{"link_name":"positron emission tomography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography"},{"link_name":"Cherenkov luminescence imaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherenkov_luminescence_imaging"},{"link_name":"hemopoietic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemopoietic"},{"link_name":"sterilise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)"},{"link_name":"food preservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_preservation"},{"link_name":"Food irradiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_irradiation"},{"link_name":"cobalt-60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt-60"},{"link_name":"caesium-137","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium-137"},{"link_name":"industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_sector"},{"link_name":"mining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining"},{"link_name":"spacecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft"},{"link_name":"radioisotope thermoelectric generators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator"},{"link_name":"radioisotope heater units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope_heater_unit"},{"link_name":"astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy"},{"link_name":"cosmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_cosmology"},{"link_name":"particle physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_physics"},{"link_name":"physics beyond the Standard Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_beyond_the_Standard_Model"},{"link_name":"neutrinoless double beta decay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrinoless_double_beta_decay"},{"link_name":"weakly interacting massive particles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particles"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology"},{"link_name":"geology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology"},{"link_name":"archaeology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"paleontology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology"}],"text":"Radionuclides are used in two major ways: either for their radiation alone (irradiation, nuclear batteries) or for the combination of chemical properties and their radiation (tracers, biopharmaceuticals).In biology, radionuclides of carbon can serve as radioactive tracers because they are chemically very similar to the nonradioactive nuclides, so most chemical, biological, and ecological processes treat them in a nearly identical way. One can then examine the result with a radiation detector, such as a Geiger counter, to determine where the provided atoms were incorporated. For example, one might culture plants in an environment in which the carbon dioxide contained radioactive carbon; then the parts of the plant that incorporate atmospheric carbon would be radioactive. Radionuclides can be used to monitor processes such as DNA replication or amino acid transport.\nin physics and biology radionuclide X-ray fluorescence spectrometry is used to determine chemical composition of the compound. Radiation from a radionuclide source hits the sample and excites characteristic X-rays in the sample. This radiation is registered and the chemical composition of the sample can be determined from the analysis of the measured spectrum. By measuring the energy of the characteristic radiation lines, it is possible to determine the proton number of the chemical element that emits the radiation, and by measuring the number of emitted photons, it is possible to determine the concentration of individual chemical elements.\nIn nuclear medicine, radioisotopes are used for diagnosis, treatment, and research. Radioactive chemical tracers emitting gamma rays or positrons can provide diagnostic information about internal anatomy and the functioning of specific organs, including the human brain.[10][11][12] This is used in some forms of tomography: single-photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography (PET) scanning and Cherenkov luminescence imaging. Radioisotopes are also a method of treatment in hemopoietic forms of tumors; the success for treatment of solid tumors has been limited. More powerful gamma sources sterilise syringes and other medical equipment.\nIn food preservation, radiation is used to stop the sprouting of root crops after harvesting, to kill parasites and pests, and to control the ripening of stored fruit and vegetables. Food irradiation usually uses beta-decaying nuclides with strong gamma emissions like cobalt-60 or caesium-137.\nIn industry, and in mining, radionuclides are used to examine welds, to detect leaks, to study the rate of wear, erosion and corrosion of metals, and for on-stream analysis of a wide range of minerals and fuels.\nIn spacecraft, radionuclides are used to provide power and heat, notably through radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) and radioisotope heater units (RHUs).\nIn astronomy and cosmology, radionuclides play a role in understanding stellar and planetary process.\nIn particle physics, radionuclides help discover new physics (physics beyond the Standard Model) by measuring the energy and momentum of their beta decay products (for example, neutrinoless double beta decay and the search for weakly interacting massive particles).[13]\nIn ecology, radionuclides are used to trace and analyze pollutants, to study the movement of surface water, and to measure water runoffs from rain and snow, as well as the flow rates of streams and rivers.\nIn geology, archaeology, and paleontology, natural radionuclides are used to measure ages of rocks, minerals, and fossil materials.","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"atomic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_number"},{"link_name":"neutron number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_number"},{"link_name":"electron capture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_capture"}],"text":"The following table lists properties of selected radionuclides illustrating the range of properties and uses.Key: Z = atomic number; N = neutron number; DM = decay mode; DE = decay energy; EC = electron capture","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Americium-241.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Americium-241_Sample_from_Smoke_Detector.JPG"},{"link_name":"smoke detectors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_detector"},{"link_name":"americium-241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americium-241"},{"link_name":"alpha particles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_particle"},{"link_name":"gamma radiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_radiation"},{"link_name":"neptunium-237","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neptunium-237"},{"link_name":"americium dioxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americium_dioxide"},{"link_name":"ionization chamber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionization_chamber"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Household smoke detectors","text":"Americium-241 container in a smoke detector.Americium-241 capsule as found in smoke detector. The circle of darker metal in the center is americium-241; the surrounding casing is aluminium.Radionuclides are present in many homes as they are used inside the most common household smoke detectors. The radionuclide used is americium-241, which is created by bombarding plutonium with neutrons in a nuclear reactor. It decays by emitting alpha particles and gamma radiation to become neptunium-237. Smoke detectors use a very small quantity of 241Am (about 0.29 micrograms per smoke detector) in the form of americium dioxide. 241Am is used as it emits alpha particles which ionize the air in the detector's ionization chamber. A small electric voltage is applied to the ionized air which gives rise to a small electric current. In the presence of smoke, some of the ions are neutralized, thereby decreasing the current, which activates the detector's alarm.[14][15]","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"radioactive contamination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_contamination"},{"link_name":"radiation poisoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_poisoning"},{"link_name":"radiation burns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiation_burn"},{"link_name":"acute radiation syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_radiation_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fact_sheet_N%C2%B0371-16"}],"text":"Radionuclides that find their way into the environment may cause harmful effects as radioactive contamination. They can also cause damage if they are excessively used during treatment or in other ways exposed to living beings, by radiation poisoning. Potential health damage from exposure to radionuclides depends on a number of factors, and \"can damage the functions of healthy tissue/organs. Radiation exposure can produce effects ranging from skin redness and hair loss, to radiation burns and acute radiation syndrome. Prolonged exposure can lead to cells being damaged and in turn lead to cancer. Signs of cancerous cells might not show up until years, or even decades, after exposure.\"[16]","title":"Impacts on organisms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"list of 989 nuclides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclides"},{"link_name":"proton decay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_decay"},{"link_name":"observationally stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observationally_stable"},{"link_name":"list of nuclides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclides"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"primordial nuclides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_nuclide"},{"link_name":"Solar System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_System"},{"link_name":"nuclear transmutation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"list of nuclides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclides"}],"text":"Following is a summary table for the list of 989 nuclides with half-lives greater than one hour. A total of 251 nuclides have never been observed to decay, and are classically considered stable. Of these, 90 are believed to be absolutely stable except to proton decay (which has never been observed), while the rest are \"observationally stable\" and theoretically can undergo radioactive decay with extremely long half-lives.The remaining tabulated radionuclides have half-lives longer than 1 hour, and are well-characterized (see list of nuclides for a complete tabulation). They include 30 nuclides with measured half-lives longer than the estimated age of the universe (13.8 billion years[17]), and another four nuclides with half-lives long enough (> 100 million years) that they are radioactive primordial nuclides, and may be detected on Earth, having survived from their presence in interstellar dust since before the formation of the Solar System, about 4.6 billion years ago. Another 60+ short-lived nuclides can be detected naturally as daughters of longer-lived nuclides or cosmic-ray products. The remaining known nuclides are known solely from artificial nuclear transmutation.Numbers are not exact, and may change slightly in the future, as \"stable nuclides\" are observed to be radioactive with very long half-lives.This is a summary table[18] for the 989 nuclides with half-lives longer than one hour (including those that are stable), given in list of nuclides.","title":"Summary table for classes of nuclides, stable and radioactive"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of nuclides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclides"},{"link_name":"Table of nuclides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_nuclides"}],"text":"See also: List of nuclides and Table of nuclidesThis list covers common isotopes, most of which are available in very small quantities to the general public in most countries. Others that are not publicly accessible are traded commercially in industrial, medical, and scientific fields and are subject to government regulation.","title":"List of commercially available radionuclides"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Gamma emission only","title":"List of commercially available radionuclides"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Beta emission only","title":"List of commercially available radionuclides"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Alpha emission only","title":"List of commercially available radionuclides"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Multiple radiation emitters","title":"List of commercially available radionuclides"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-13-014329-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-014329-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-not-predict_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Decay and Half Life\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.iem-inc.com/prhlfr.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-IntroductionToHealthPhysics_3-0"},{"link_name":"Radiation Protection and Dosimetry: An Introduction to Health 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G.T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2005mnc..book.....L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005mnc..book.....L"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-471-11532-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-11532-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Environmental Radioactivity: From Natural, Industrial, and Military Sources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=RqEhyic9VJMC&pg=PA134"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780122351549","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780122351549"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-12-023604-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-023604-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Radioisotopes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.iaea.org/topics/nuclear-science/isotopes/radioisotopes"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Ingvar, David H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_H._Ingvar"},{"link_name":"Lassen, Niels A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_A._Lassen"},{"link_name":"\"Quantitative determination of regional cerebral blood-flow in man\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2861%2991092-3/fulltext"},{"link_name":"The Lancet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/s0140-6736(61)91092-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2861%2991092-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Ingvar, David H.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_H._Ingvar"},{"link_name":"\"Distribution of cerebral activity in chronic schizophrenia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2874%2990221-9/abstract"},{"link_name":"The 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American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1978SciAm.239d..62L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978SciAm.239d..62L"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1038/scientificamerican1078-62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican1078-62"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"705327","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/705327"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"arXiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"nucl-ex/0605029","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//arxiv.org/abs/nucl-ex/0605029"},{"link_name":"Bibcode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2006RvMP...78..991S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006RvMP...78..991S"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1103/RevModPhys.78.991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.78.991"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"18494258","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18494258"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Smoke Detectors and Americium\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101112082137/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf57.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf57.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Office of Radiation Protection – Am 241 Fact Sheet – Washington State Department of Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/rp/factsheets/factsheets-htm/fs23am241.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110318173013/http://www.doh.wa.gov/ehp/rp/factsheets/factsheets-htm/fs23am241.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fact_sheet_N%C2%B0371_16-0"},{"link_name":"\"Ionizing radiation, health effects and protective measures\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs371/en/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Cosmic Detectives\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Cosmic_detectives"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"WP:CALC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:CALC"},{"link_name":"list of nuclides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclides"}],"text":"^ Petrucci, R. H.; Harwood, W. S.; Herring, F. G. (2002). General Chemistry (8th ed.). Prentice-Hall. pp. 1025–26. ISBN 0-13-014329-4.\n\n^ \"Decay and Half Life\". Retrieved 2009-12-14.\n\n^ Stabin, Michael G. (2007). \"3\". In Stabin, Michael G (ed.). Radiation Protection and Dosimetry: An Introduction to Health Physics (Submitted manuscript). Springer. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-49983-3. ISBN 978-0387499826.\n\n^ Best, Lara; Rodrigues, George; Velker, Vikram (2013). \"1.3\". Radiation Oncology Primer and Review. Demos Medical Publishing. ISBN 978-1620700044.\n\n^ Loveland, W.; Morrissey, D.; Seaborg, G.T. (2006). Modern Nuclear Chemistry. Wiley-Interscience. p. 57. Bibcode:2005mnc..book.....L. ISBN 978-0-471-11532-8.\n\n^ Eisenbud, Merril; Gesell, Thomas F (1997-02-25). Environmental Radioactivity: From Natural, Industrial, and Military Sources. Elsevier. p. 134. ISBN 9780122351549.\n\n^ Bagnall, K. W. (1962). \"The Chemistry of Polonium\". Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry 4. New York: Academic Press. pp. 197–226. doi:10.1016/S0065-2792(08)60268-X. ISBN 0-12-023604-4. Retrieved June 14, 2012., p. 746\n\n^ Bagnall, K. W. (1962). \"The Chemistry of Polonium\". Advances in Inorganic Chemistry and Radiochemistry 4. New York: Academic Press., p. 198\n\n^ \"Radioisotopes\". www.iaea.org. 2016-07-15. Retrieved 2023-06-25.\n\n^ Ingvar, David H. [in Swedish]; Lassen, Niels A. (1961). \"Quantitative determination of regional cerebral blood-flow in man\". The Lancet. 278 (7206): 806–807. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(61)91092-3.\n\n^ Ingvar, David H. [in Swedish]; Franzén, Göran (1974). \"Distribution of cerebral activity in chronic schizophrenia\". The Lancet. 304 (7895): 1484–1486. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(74)90221-9. PMID 4140398.\n\n^ Lassen, Niels A.; Ingvar, David H. [in Swedish]; Skinhøj, Erik [in Danish] (October 1978). \"Brain Function and Blood Flow\". Scientific American. 239 (4): 62–71. Bibcode:1978SciAm.239d..62L. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1078-62. PMID 705327.\n\n^ Severijns, Nathal; Beck, Marcus; Naviliat-Cuncic, Oscar (2006). \"Tests of the standard electroweak model in nuclear beta decay\". Reviews of Modern Physics. 78 (3): 991–1040. arXiv:nucl-ex/0605029. Bibcode:2006RvMP...78..991S. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.78.991. S2CID 18494258.\n\n^ \"Smoke Detectors and Americium\". world-nuclear.org. Archived from the original on 2010-11-12.\n\n^ Office of Radiation Protection – Am 241 Fact Sheet – Washington State Department of Health Archived 2011-03-18 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ \"Ionizing radiation, health effects and protective measures\". World Health Organization. November 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2014.\n\n^ \"Cosmic Detectives\". The European Space Agency (ESA). 2013-04-02. Retrieved 2013-04-15.\n\n^ Table data is derived by counting members of the list; see WP:CALC. References for the list data itself are given below in the reference section in list of nuclides","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1002/14356007.a22_499.pub2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a22_499.pub2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3527306732","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732"}],"text":"Luig, H.; Kellerer, A. M.; Griebel, J. R. (2011). \"Radionuclides, 1. Introduction\". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a22_499.pub2. ISBN 978-3527306732.","title":"Further reading"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Artificial nuclide americium-241 emitting alpha particles inserted into a cloud chamber for visualisation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Artificial_nuclide_americium-241_emitting_alpha_particles_inserted_into_a_cloud_chamber_for_visualisation.jpg/220px-Artificial_nuclide_americium-241_emitting_alpha_particles_inserted_into_a_cloud_chamber_for_visualisation.jpg"},{"image_text":"Americium-241 container in a smoke detector.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Americium-241.jpg/220px-Americium-241.jpg"},{"image_text":"Americium-241 capsule as found in smoke detector. The circle of darker metal in the center is americium-241; the surrounding casing is aluminium.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Americium-241_Sample_from_Smoke_Detector.JPG/220px-Americium-241_Sample_from_Smoke_Detector.JPG"}]
|
[{"title":"List of nuclides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nuclides"},{"title":"Hyperaccumulators table – 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperaccumulators_table_%E2%80%93_3"},{"title":"Radioactivity in biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivity_in_biology"},{"title":"Radiometric dating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiometric_dating"},{"title":"Radionuclide cisternogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclide_cisternogram"},{"title":"Uses of radioactivity in oil and gas wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uses_of_radioactivity_in_oil_and_gas_wells"}]
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[{"reference":"Petrucci, R. H.; Harwood, W. S.; Herring, F. G. (2002). General Chemistry (8th ed.). Prentice-Hall. pp. 1025–26. ISBN 0-13-014329-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-014329-4","url_text":"0-13-014329-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Decay and Half Life\". Retrieved 2009-12-14.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iem-inc.com/prhlfr.html","url_text":"\"Decay and Half Life\""}]},{"reference":"Stabin, Michael G. (2007). \"3\". In Stabin, Michael G (ed.). Radiation Protection and Dosimetry: An Introduction to Health Physics (Submitted manuscript). Springer. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-49983-3. 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ISBN 978-1620700044.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demos_Medical_Publishing","url_text":"Demos Medical Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1620700044","url_text":"978-1620700044"}]},{"reference":"Loveland, W.; Morrissey, D.; Seaborg, G.T. (2006). Modern Nuclear Chemistry. Wiley-Interscience. p. 57. Bibcode:2005mnc..book.....L. ISBN 978-0-471-11532-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg","url_text":"Seaborg, G.T."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005mnc..book.....L","url_text":"2005mnc..book.....L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-11532-8","url_text":"978-0-471-11532-8"}]},{"reference":"Eisenbud, Merril; Gesell, Thomas F (1997-02-25). Environmental Radioactivity: From Natural, Industrial, and Military Sources. Elsevier. p. 134. ISBN 9780122351549.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RqEhyic9VJMC&pg=PA134","url_text":"Environmental Radioactivity: From Natural, Industrial, and Military Sources"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780122351549","url_text":"9780122351549"}]},{"reference":"\"Radioisotopes\". www.iaea.org. 2016-07-15. Retrieved 2023-06-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iaea.org/topics/nuclear-science/isotopes/radioisotopes","url_text":"\"Radioisotopes\""}]},{"reference":"Ingvar, David H. [in Swedish]; Lassen, Niels A. (1961). \"Quantitative determination of regional cerebral blood-flow in man\". The Lancet. 278 (7206): 806–807. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(61)91092-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_H._Ingvar","url_text":"Ingvar, David H."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_A._Lassen","url_text":"Lassen, Niels A."},{"url":"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2861%2991092-3/fulltext","url_text":"\"Quantitative determination of regional cerebral blood-flow in man\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet","url_text":"The Lancet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2861%2991092-3","url_text":"10.1016/s0140-6736(61)91092-3"}]},{"reference":"Ingvar, David H. [in Swedish]; Franzén, Göran (1974). \"Distribution of cerebral activity in chronic schizophrenia\". The Lancet. 304 (7895): 1484–1486. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(74)90221-9. PMID 4140398.","urls":[{"url":"https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_H._Ingvar","url_text":"Ingvar, David H."},{"url":"http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2874%2990221-9/abstract","url_text":"\"Distribution of cerebral activity in chronic schizophrenia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lancet","url_text":"The Lancet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2874%2990221-9","url_text":"10.1016/s0140-6736(74)90221-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4140398","url_text":"4140398"}]},{"reference":"Lassen, Niels A.; Ingvar, David H. [in Swedish]; Skinhøj, Erik [in Danish] (October 1978). \"Brain Function and Blood Flow\". Scientific American. 239 (4): 62–71. Bibcode:1978SciAm.239d..62L. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican1078-62. PMID 705327.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_A._Lassen","url_text":"Lassen, Niels A."},{"url":"https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_H._Ingvar","url_text":"Ingvar, David H."},{"url":"https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Skinh%C3%B8j","url_text":"Skinhøj, Erik"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American","url_text":"Scientific American"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978SciAm.239d..62L","url_text":"1978SciAm.239d..62L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican1078-62","url_text":"10.1038/scientificamerican1078-62"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/705327","url_text":"705327"}]},{"reference":"Severijns, Nathal; Beck, Marcus; Naviliat-Cuncic, Oscar (2006). \"Tests of the standard electroweak model in nuclear beta decay\". Reviews of Modern Physics. 78 (3): 991–1040. arXiv:nucl-ex/0605029. Bibcode:2006RvMP...78..991S. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.78.991. S2CID 18494258.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/nucl-ex/0605029","url_text":"nucl-ex/0605029"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006RvMP...78..991S","url_text":"2006RvMP...78..991S"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.78.991","url_text":"10.1103/RevModPhys.78.991"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18494258","url_text":"18494258"}]},{"reference":"\"Smoke Detectors and Americium\". world-nuclear.org. Archived from the original on 2010-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101112082137/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf57.html","url_text":"\"Smoke Detectors and Americium\""},{"url":"http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf57.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ionizing radiation, health effects and protective measures\". World Health Organization. November 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs371/en/","url_text":"\"Ionizing radiation, health effects and protective measures\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cosmic Detectives\". The European Space Agency (ESA). 2013-04-02. Retrieved 2013-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Cosmic_detectives","url_text":"\"Cosmic Detectives\""}]},{"reference":"Carlsson, J.; Forssell Aronsson, E; Hietala, SO; Stigbrand, T; Tennvall, J; et al. (2003). \"Tumour therapy with radionuclides: assessment of progress and problems\". Radiotherapy and Oncology. 66 (2): 107–117. doi:10.1016/S0167-8140(02)00374-2. PMID 12648782.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0167-8140%2802%2900374-2","url_text":"10.1016/S0167-8140(02)00374-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12648782","url_text":"12648782"}]},{"reference":"\"Radioisotopes in Industry\". World Nuclear Association. Archived from the original on 2013-02-27. Retrieved 2008-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130227084034/http://world-nuclear.org/info/inf56.html","url_text":"\"Radioisotopes in Industry\""},{"url":"http://world-nuclear.org/info/inf56.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Martin, James (2006). Physics for Radiation Protection: A Handbook. John Wiley & Sons. p. 130. ISBN 978-3527406111.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527406111","url_text":"978-3527406111"}]},{"reference":"Luig, H.; Kellerer, A. M.; Griebel, J. R. (2011). \"Radionuclides, 1. Introduction\". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. doi:10.1002/14356007.a22_499.pub2. ISBN 978-3527306732.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a22_499.pub2","url_text":"10.1002/14356007.a22_499.pub2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732","url_text":"978-3527306732"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1755_in_music
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1755 in music
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["1 Events","2 Published popular music","3 Classical music","4 Opera","5 Methods and theory writings","6 Births","7 Deaths","8 References"]
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Overview of the events of 1755 in music
List of years in music
(table)
… 1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765 …
Art
Archaeology
Architecture
Literature
Music
Philosophy
Science
+...
Events
In Britain, William Boyce is appointed Master of the King's Musick.
After a tour of Ireland fraught with disagreements, Thomas Arne and his wife, the soprano Cecilia Young, agree to separate.
Ferdinando Bertoni becomes choirmaster at the Ospedale dei Mendicanti in Venice.
Published popular music
James Oswald – Airs for the Spring/Summer/Autumn/Winter, for violin or flute and basso continuo (London)
Mme Papavoine – Nous voici donc au jour de l'an. Étrennes (Paris)
Classical music
Charles Avison – Eight Concertos, Op. 4 (London)
Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach
Harpsichord Concerto in F major, H.443 Wq. 33
Keyboard Concerto in G major, H.444 Wq. 34
Flute Concerto in G major, H.445 Wq. 169
Trio Sonata in B-flat major, H.587 Wq. 159
Symphony in D major, H.651 Wq. 176
Gaspard Fritz – 6 Violin Sonatas (published in Paris as Sei sonate, Op. 3, in 1756)
Francesco Geminiani – Six Concertos, Op. 2, second edition, corrected and enlarged, with some new movements, by the author, and now published in score (London: John Johnson); originally published 1732
Carl Heinrich Graun – Der Tod Jesu
Leopold Mozart – Divertimento in F major "Musical Sleigh Ride"
John Christopher Smith – Six Suits of Lessons for the Harpsichord, Op. 3 (London: John Walsh)
Georg Philipp Telemann – Der Tod Jesu TWV 5:6
Opera
Johann Friedrich Agricola – Il tempio d'amore
Pierre Montan Berton – Deucalion et Pyrrha
Egidio Duni – L'Olimpiade
Baldassare Galuppi
La diavolessa
Le nozze di Dorina (premiered Nov. in Venice)
Carl Heinrich Graun – Montezuma (libretto by King Frederick the Great, composed 1754 first performed Jan. 6, 1755)
Johann Adolph Hasse – Ezio (Final version premiered Jan. 20 in Dresden)
Niccolò Jommelli – Pelope
Antonio Mazzoni – Antigono (Was not performed because of the Lisbon Earthquake, premiered in 2011)
John Christopher Smith – The Fairies
Methods and theory writings
Touissant Bordet – Méthode raisonnée pour apprendre la musique
Marianus Königsperger – Der wohl-unterwiesene Clavier-Schüler
Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg – Anleitung zum Clavierspielen
Christoph Nichelmann – Die Melodie
Johann Joachim Quantz – Autobiography
Jean-Philippe Rameau – Erreurs sur la musique dans l'Encyclopédie
Georg Andreas Sorge – Ausweichungs-Tabellen
Births
January 16 – Maria Theresia Ahlefeldt, composer (died 1810)
February 5 – Caroline Müller, operatic mezzo-soprano, actress and dancer (died 1826)
March 2 – Antoine-Frédéric Gresnick, opera composer (died 1799)
April 16 – Louise-Élisabeth Vigée-Le Brun, copyist and painter (died 1842)
May 12 – Giovanni Battista Viotti (died 1824)
June 1 – Federigo Fiorillo, arranger and composer (died 1823)
June 18 – Louise-Rosalie Lefebvre, operatic mezzo-soprano, actress and dancer (died 1821)
August 1 – Antonio Capuzzi, composer and violinist (died 1818)
November 8 – Edmond de Favières, French librettist (died 1837)
November 10 – Franz Anton Ries, violinist (died 1846)
November 30 – Agnieszka Truskolaska, opera singer (died 1831)
date unknown – John Christopher Moller, early American composer (died 1803)
Deaths
January 11 – Joseph-Nicolas-Pancrace Royer, harpsichordist and composer (born c.1705)
January 15 – Azzolino Bernardino Della Ciaja, Italian composer (born 1671)
January 19 – Jean-Pierre Christin, scientist and musician (born 1683)
April – Anastasia Robinson, operatic soprano (born c.1692)
April 30 – Jean-Baptiste Oudry, composer and painter (born 1686)
June 21 – Giovanni Porta, opera composer (born c.1675)
July 4 – John Cennick, hymn-writer (born 1718)
July 6 – Pietro Paolo Bencini, Italian composer and Kapellmeister (born c.1670)
July 9 – Johann Gottlob Harrer, German composer and choir leader (born 1703)
September 30 – Francesco Durante, composer (born 1684)
October 4 – Sir John Clerk, 2nd Baronet, of Penycuik, composer (born 1676)
October 28 – Joseph Bodin de Boismortier (born 1689)
November 25 – Johann Georg Pisendel, composer (born 1687)
December 1 – Maurice Greene, organist and composer (born 1696)
December 8 – Jean-Baptiste Stuck, cellist and composer (born 1680)
date unknown
José Elías, composer and organist (born c. 1678)
Alexander Gordon, antiquary and singer (born c.1692)
Manuel de Zumaya, Mexican composer (born c.1678)
References
^ Bartlett, Ian (2011). William Boyce: A Tercentenary Sourcebook and Compendium. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 116, 117. ISBN 978-1-4438-2721-8.
^ Swain, Joseph P. (2016). Historical Dictionary of Sacred Music. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 80. ISBN 9781442264632.
|
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Overview of the events of 1755 in music","title":"1755 in music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Boyce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Boyce_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Master of the King's Musick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_the_King%27s_Musick"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Arne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Arne"},{"link_name":"Ferdinando Bertoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando_Bertoni"},{"link_name":"Ospedale dei Mendicanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Lazzaro_dei_Mendicanti"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"}],"text":"In Britain, William Boyce is appointed Master of the King's Musick.[1]\nAfter a tour of Ireland fraught with disagreements, Thomas Arne and his wife, the soprano Cecilia Young, agree to separate.\nFerdinando Bertoni becomes choirmaster at the Ospedale dei Mendicanti in Venice.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Oswald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Oswald_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Mme Papavoine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mme_Papavoine"}],"text":"James Oswald – [48] Airs for the Spring/Summer/Autumn/Winter, for violin or flute and basso continuo (London)\nMme Papavoine – Nous voici donc au jour de l'an. Étrennes (Paris)","title":"Published popular music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Avison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Avison"},{"link_name":"Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Philipp_Emanuel_Bach"},{"link_name":"Gaspard Fritz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_Fritz"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Francesco Geminiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Geminiani"},{"link_name":"Carl Heinrich Graun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Heinrich_Graun"},{"link_name":"Der Tod Jesu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Tod_Jesu"},{"link_name":"Leopold Mozart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Mozart"},{"link_name":"John Christopher Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Christopher_Smith"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"Georg Philipp Telemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Philipp_Telemann"}],"text":"Charles Avison – Eight Concertos, Op. 4 (London)\nCarl Philipp Emanuel Bach\nHarpsichord Concerto in F major, H.443 Wq. 33\nKeyboard Concerto in G major, H.444 Wq. 34\nFlute Concerto in G major, H.445 Wq. 169\nTrio Sonata in B-flat major, H.587 Wq. 159\nSymphony in D major, H.651 Wq. 176\nGaspard Fritz – 6 Violin Sonatas[citation needed] (published in Paris as Sei sonate, Op. 3, in 1756)\nFrancesco Geminiani – Six Concertos, Op. 2, second edition, corrected and enlarged, with some new movements, by the author, and now published in score (London: John Johnson); originally published 1732\nCarl Heinrich Graun – Der Tod Jesu\nLeopold Mozart – Divertimento in F major \"Musical Sleigh Ride\"\nJohn Christopher Smith – Six Suits [sic] of Lessons for the Harpsichord, Op. 3 (London: John Walsh)\nGeorg Philipp Telemann – Der Tod Jesu TWV 5:6","title":"Classical music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johann Friedrich Agricola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Agricola"},{"link_name":"Pierre Montan Berton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Montan_Berton"},{"link_name":"Egidio Duni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egidio_Duni"},{"link_name":"Baldassare Galuppi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldassare_Galuppi"},{"link_name":"La diavolessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_diavolessa"},{"link_name":"Carl Heinrich Graun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Heinrich_Graun"},{"link_name":"Montezuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montezuma_(Graun)"},{"link_name":"Frederick the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Johann Adolph Hasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Adolf_Hasse"},{"link_name":"Niccolò Jommelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Jommelli"},{"link_name":"Antonio Mazzoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Maria_Mazzoni"},{"link_name":"Antigono","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigono_(Mazzoni)"},{"link_name":"Lisbon Earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake"},{"link_name":"John Christopher Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Christopher_Smith"}],"text":"Johann Friedrich Agricola – Il tempio d'amore\nPierre Montan Berton – Deucalion et Pyrrha\nEgidio Duni – L'Olimpiade\nBaldassare Galuppi\nLa diavolessa\nLe nozze di Dorina (premiered Nov. in Venice)\nCarl Heinrich Graun – Montezuma (libretto by King Frederick the Great, composed 1754 first performed Jan. 6, 1755)\nJohann Adolph Hasse – Ezio (Final version premiered Jan. 20 in Dresden)\nNiccolò Jommelli – Pelope\nAntonio Mazzoni – Antigono (Was not performed because of the Lisbon Earthquake, premiered in 2011)\nJohn Christopher Smith – The Fairies","title":"Opera"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Touissant Bordet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Touissant_Bordet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Marianus Königsperger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianus_K%C3%B6nigsperger"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Marpurg"},{"link_name":"Christoph Nichelmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christoph_Nichelmann"},{"link_name":"Johann Joachim Quantz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Joachim_Quantz"},{"link_name":"Jean-Philippe Rameau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Philippe_Rameau"},{"link_name":"Georg Andreas Sorge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Andreas_Sorge"}],"text":"Touissant Bordet – Méthode raisonnée pour apprendre la musique\nMarianus Königsperger – Der wohl-unterwiesene Clavier-Schüler\nFriedrich Wilhelm Marpurg – Anleitung zum Clavierspielen\nChristoph Nichelmann – Die Melodie\nJohann Joachim Quantz – Autobiography\nJean-Philippe Rameau – Erreurs sur la musique dans l'Encyclopédie\nGeorg Andreas Sorge – Ausweichungs-Tabellen","title":"Methods and theory writings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"January 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_16"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresia Ahlefeldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresia_Ahlefeldt"},{"link_name":"February 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_5"},{"link_name":"Caroline Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_M%C3%BCller_(mezzo-soprano)"},{"link_name":"March 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_2"},{"link_name":"Antoine-Frédéric Gresnick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine-Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Gresnick"},{"link_name":"April 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_16"},{"link_name":"Louise-Élisabeth Vigée-Le Brun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Vig%C3%A9e_Le_Brun"},{"link_name":"May 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_12"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Battista Viotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Viotti"},{"link_name":"June 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_1"},{"link_name":"Federigo Fiorillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federigo_Fiorillo"},{"link_name":"June 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_18"},{"link_name":"Louise-Rosalie Lefebvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise-Rosalie_Lefebvre"},{"link_name":"August 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_1"},{"link_name":"Antonio Capuzzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Capuzzi"},{"link_name":"November 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_8"},{"link_name":"Edmond de Favières","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_de_Favi%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"November 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_10"},{"link_name":"Franz Anton Ries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Anton_Ries"},{"link_name":"November 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_30"},{"link_name":"Agnieszka Truskolaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnieszka_Truskolaska"},{"link_name":"John Christopher Moller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Christopher_Moller"}],"text":"January 16 – Maria Theresia Ahlefeldt, composer (died 1810)\nFebruary 5 – Caroline Müller, operatic mezzo-soprano, actress and dancer (died 1826)\nMarch 2 – Antoine-Frédéric Gresnick, opera composer (died 1799)\nApril 16 – Louise-Élisabeth Vigée-Le Brun, copyist and painter (died 1842)\nMay 12 – Giovanni Battista Viotti (died 1824)\nJune 1 – Federigo Fiorillo, arranger and composer (died 1823)\nJune 18 – Louise-Rosalie Lefebvre, operatic mezzo-soprano, actress and dancer (died 1821)\nAugust 1 – Antonio Capuzzi, composer and violinist (died 1818)\nNovember 8 – Edmond de Favières, French librettist (died 1837)\nNovember 10 – Franz Anton Ries, violinist (died 1846)\nNovember 30 – Agnieszka Truskolaska, opera singer (died 1831)\ndate unknown – John Christopher Moller, early American composer (died 1803)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"January 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_11"},{"link_name":"Joseph-Nicolas-Pancrace Royer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Nicolas-Pancrace_Royer"},{"link_name":"January 15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_15"},{"link_name":"Azzolino Bernardino Della Ciaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azzolino_Bernardino_della_Ciaja"},{"link_name":"January 19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_19"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Christin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Christin"},{"link_name":"Anastasia Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_Robinson"},{"link_name":"April 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_30"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Oudry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Oudry"},{"link_name":"June 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_21"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Porta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Porta"},{"link_name":"July 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_4"},{"link_name":"John Cennick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cennick"},{"link_name":"July 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_6"},{"link_name":"Pietro Paolo Bencini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Paolo_Bencini"},{"link_name":"July 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_9"},{"link_name":"Johann Gottlob Harrer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottlob_Harrer"},{"link_name":"September 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_30"},{"link_name":"Francesco Durante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Durante"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"October 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_4"},{"link_name":"Sir John Clerk, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Clerk,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"October 28","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_28"},{"link_name":"Joseph Bodin de Boismortier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bodin_de_Boismortier"},{"link_name":"November 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_25"},{"link_name":"Johann Georg Pisendel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_Pisendel"},{"link_name":"December 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_1"},{"link_name":"Maurice Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Greene_(composer)"},{"link_name":"December 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_8"},{"link_name":"Jean-Baptiste Stuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Stuck"},{"link_name":"José Elías","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_El%C3%ADas"},{"link_name":"Alexander Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Gordon_(antiquary)"},{"link_name":"Manuel de Zumaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_de_Zumaya"}],"text":"January 11 – Joseph-Nicolas-Pancrace Royer, harpsichordist and composer (born c.1705)\nJanuary 15 – Azzolino Bernardino Della Ciaja, Italian composer (born 1671)\nJanuary 19 – Jean-Pierre Christin, scientist and musician (born 1683)\nApril – Anastasia Robinson, operatic soprano (born c.1692)\nApril 30 – Jean-Baptiste Oudry, composer and painter (born 1686)\nJune 21 – Giovanni Porta, opera composer (born c.1675)\nJuly 4 – John Cennick, hymn-writer (born 1718)\nJuly 6 – Pietro Paolo Bencini, Italian composer and Kapellmeister (born c.1670)\nJuly 9 – Johann Gottlob Harrer, German composer and choir leader (born 1703)\nSeptember 30 – Francesco Durante, composer (born 1684)[2]\nOctober 4 – Sir John Clerk, 2nd Baronet, of Penycuik, composer (born 1676)\nOctober 28 – Joseph Bodin de Boismortier (born 1689)\nNovember 25 – Johann Georg Pisendel, composer (born 1687)\nDecember 1 – Maurice Greene, organist and composer (born 1696)\nDecember 8 – Jean-Baptiste Stuck, cellist and composer (born 1680)\ndate unknown\nJosé Elías, composer and organist (born c. 1678)\nAlexander Gordon, antiquary and singer (born c.1692)\nManuel de Zumaya, Mexican composer (born c.1678)","title":"Deaths"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Bartlett, Ian (2011). William Boyce: A Tercentenary Sourcebook and Compendium. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 116, 117. ISBN 978-1-4438-2721-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2721-8","url_text":"978-1-4438-2721-8"}]},{"reference":"Swain, Joseph P. (2016). Historical Dictionary of Sacred Music. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 80. ISBN 9781442264632.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ad7dDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA80","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Sacred Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442264632","url_text":"9781442264632"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ad7dDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA80","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Sacred Music"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-variation
|
p-variation
|
["1 Link with Hölder norm","2 Application to Riemann–Stieltjes integration","3 Differential equations driven by signals of finite p-variation, p < 2","4 Differential equations driven by signals of finite p-variation, p ≥ 2","5 For Brownian motion","6 Computation of p-variation for discrete time series","7 References","8 External links"]
|
In mathematical analysis, p-variation is a collection of seminorms on functions from an ordered set to a metric space, indexed by a real number
p
≥
1
{\displaystyle p\geq 1}
. p-variation is a measure of the regularity or smoothness of a function. Specifically, if
f
:
I
→
(
M
,
d
)
{\displaystyle f:I\to (M,d)}
, where
(
M
,
d
)
{\displaystyle (M,d)}
is a metric space and I a totally ordered set, its p-variation is
‖
f
‖
p
-var
=
(
sup
D
∑
t
k
∈
D
d
(
f
(
t
k
)
,
f
(
t
k
−
1
)
)
p
)
1
/
p
{\displaystyle \|f\|_{p{\text{-var}}}=\left(\sup _{D}\sum _{t_{k}\in D}d(f(t_{k}),f(t_{k-1}))^{p}\right)^{1/p}}
where D ranges over all finite partitions of the interval I.
The p variation of a function decreases with p. If f has finite p-variation and g is an α-Hölder continuous function, then
g
∘
f
{\displaystyle g\circ f}
has finite
p
α
{\displaystyle {\frac {p}{\alpha }}}
-variation.
The case when p is one is called total variation, and functions with a finite 1-variation are called bounded variation functions.
Link with Hölder norm
One can interpret the p-variation as a parameter-independent version of the Hölder norm, which also extends to discontinuous functions.
If f is α–Hölder continuous (i.e. its α–Hölder norm is finite) then its
1
α
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{\alpha }}}
-variation is finite. Specifically, on an interval ,
‖
f
‖
1
α
-var
≤
‖
f
‖
α
(
b
−
a
)
α
{\displaystyle \|f\|_{{\frac {1}{\alpha }}{\text{-var}}}\leq \|f\|_{\alpha }(b-a)^{\alpha }}
.
Conversely, if f is continuous and has finite p-variation, there exists a reparameterisation,
τ
{\displaystyle \tau }
, such that
f
∘
τ
{\displaystyle f\circ \tau }
is
1
/
p
−
{\displaystyle 1/p-}
Hölder continuous.
If p is less than q then the space of functions of finite p-variation on a compact set is continuously embedded with norm 1 into those of finite q-variation. I.e.
‖
f
‖
q
-var
≤
‖
f
‖
p
-var
{\displaystyle \|f\|_{q{\text{-var}}}\leq \|f\|_{p{\text{-var}}}}
. However unlike the analogous situation with Hölder spaces the embedding is not compact. For example, consider the real functions on given by
f
n
(
x
)
=
x
n
{\displaystyle f_{n}(x)=x^{n}}
. They are uniformly bounded in 1-variation and converge pointwise to a discontinuous function f but this not only is not a convergence in p-variation for any p but also is not uniform convergence.
Application to Riemann–Stieltjes integration
If f and g are functions from to
R
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }
with no common discontinuities and with f having finite p-variation and g having finite q-variation, with
1
p
+
1
q
>
1
{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{p}}+{\frac {1}{q}}>1}
then the Riemann–Stieltjes Integral
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
g
(
x
)
:=
lim
|
D
|
→
0
∑
t
k
∈
D
f
(
t
k
)
[
g
(
t
k
+
1
)
−
g
(
t
k
)
]
{\displaystyle \int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,dg(x):=\lim _{|D|\to 0}\sum _{t_{k}\in D}f(t_{k})}
is well-defined. This integral is known as the Young integral because it comes from Young (1936). The value of this definite integral is bounded by the Young-Loève estimate as follows
|
∫
a
b
f
(
x
)
d
g
(
x
)
−
f
(
ξ
)
[
g
(
b
)
−
g
(
a
)
]
|
≤
C
‖
f
‖
p
-var
‖
g
‖
q
-var
{\displaystyle \left|\int _{a}^{b}f(x)\,dg(x)-f(\xi )\right|\leq C\,\|f\|_{p{\text{-var}}}\|\,g\|_{q{\text{-var}}}}
where C is a constant which only depends on p and q and ξ is any number between a and b.
If f and g are continuous, the indefinite integral
F
(
w
)
=
∫
a
w
f
(
x
)
d
g
(
x
)
{\displaystyle F(w)=\int _{a}^{w}f(x)\,dg(x)}
is a continuous function with finite q-variation: If a ≤ s ≤ t ≤ b then
‖
F
‖
q
-var
;
[
s
,
t
]
{\displaystyle \|F\|_{q{\text{-var}};}}
, its q-variation on , is bounded by
C
‖
g
‖
q
-var
;
[
s
,
t
]
(
‖
f
‖
p
-var
;
[
s
,
t
]
+
‖
f
‖
∞
;
[
s
,
t
]
)
≤
2
C
‖
g
‖
q
-var
;
[
s
,
t
]
(
‖
f
‖
p
-var
;
[
a
,
b
]
+
f
(
a
)
)
{\displaystyle C\|g\|_{q{\text{-var}};}(\|f\|_{p{\text{-var}};}+\|f\|_{\infty ;})\leq 2C\|g\|_{q{\text{-var}};}(\|f\|_{p{\text{-var}};}+f(a))}
where C is a constant which only depends on p and q.
Differential equations driven by signals of finite p-variation, p < 2
A function from
R
d
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{d}}
to e × d real matrices is called an
R
e
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{e}}
-valued one-form on
R
d
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{d}}
.
If f is a Lipschitz continuous
R
e
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{e}}
-valued one-form on
R
d
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{d}}
, and X is a continuous function from the interval to
R
d
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{d}}
with finite p-variation with p less than 2, then the integral of f on X,
∫
a
b
f
(
X
(
t
)
)
d
X
(
t
)
{\displaystyle \int _{a}^{b}f(X(t))\,dX(t)}
, can be calculated because each component of f(X(t)) will be a path of finite p-variation and the integral is a sum of finitely many Young integrals. It provides the solution to the equation
d
Y
=
f
(
X
)
d
X
{\displaystyle dY=f(X)\,dX}
driven by the path X.
More significantly, if f is a Lipschitz continuous
R
e
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{e}}
-valued one-form on
R
e
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{e}}
, and X is a continuous function from the interval to
R
d
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{d}}
with finite p-variation with p less than 2, then Young integration is enough to establish the solution of the equation
d
Y
=
f
(
Y
)
d
X
{\displaystyle dY=f(Y)\,dX}
driven by the path X.
Differential equations driven by signals of finite p-variation, p ≥ 2
The theory of rough paths generalises the Young integral and Young differential equations and makes heavy use of the concept of p-variation.
For Brownian motion
p-variation should be contrasted with the quadratic variation which is used in stochastic analysis, which takes one stochastic process to another. In particular the definition of quadratic variation looks a bit like the definition of p-variation, when p has the value 2. Quadratic variation is defined as a limit as the partition gets finer, whereas p-variation is a supremum over all partitions. Thus the quadratic variation of a process could be smaller than its 2-variation. If Wt is a standard Brownian motion on , then with probability one its p-variation is infinite for
p
≤
2
{\displaystyle p\leq 2}
and finite otherwise. The quadratic variation of W is
[
W
]
T
=
T
{\displaystyle _{T}=T}
.
Computation of p-variation for discrete time series
For a discrete time series of observations X0,...,XN it is straightforward to compute its p-variation with complexity of O(N2). Here is an example C++ code using dynamic programming:
double p_var(const std::vector<double>& X, double p) {
if (X.size() == 0)
return 0.0;
std::vector<double> cum_p_var(X.size(), 0.0); // cumulative p-variation
for (size_t n = 1; n < X.size(); n++) {
for (size_t k = 0; k < n; k++) {
cum_p_var = std::max(cum_p_var, cum_p_var + std::pow(std::abs(X - X), p));
}
}
return std::pow(cum_p_var.back(), 1./p);
}
There exist much more efficient, but also more complicated, algorithms for
R
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }
-valued processes
and for processes in arbitrary metric spaces.
References
^ Ullrich, David C. (27 Feb 2018). "real analysis - Link between p-variation and Hölder norm". Mathematics Stack Exchange. Retrieved 2021-07-02.
^ "Lecture 7. Young's integral". 25 December 2012.
^ Friz, Peter K.; Victoir, Nicolas (2010). Multidimensional Stochastic Processes as Rough Paths: Theory and Applications (Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics ed.). Cambridge University Press.
^ Lyons, Terry; Caruana, Michael; Levy, Thierry (2007). Differential equations driven by rough paths, vol. 1908 of Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Springer.
^ "Lecture 8. Young's differential equations". 26 December 2012.
^
Butkus, V.; Norvaiša, R. (2018). "Computation of p-variation". Lithuanian Mathematical Journal. 58 (4): 360–378. doi:10.1007/s10986-018-9414-3. S2CID 126246235.
^ a b "P-var". GitHub. 8 May 2020.
Young, L.C. (1936), "An inequality of the Hölder type, connected with Stieltjes integration", Acta Mathematica, 67 (1): 251–282, doi:10.1007/bf02401743.
External links
Continuous Paths with bounded p-variation Fabrice Baudoin
On the Young integral, truncated variation and rough paths Rafał M. Łochowski
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"partitions of the interval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_an_interval"},{"link_name":"total variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_variation"},{"link_name":"bounded variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounded_variation"}],"text":"‖\n f\n \n ‖\n \n p\n \n -var\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n (\n \n \n sup\n \n D\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n \n t\n \n k\n \n \n ∈\n D\n \n \n d\n (\n f\n (\n \n t\n \n k\n \n \n )\n ,\n f\n (\n \n t\n \n k\n −\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n )\n \n p\n \n \n \n )\n \n \n 1\n \n /\n \n p\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|f\\|_{p{\\text{-var}}}=\\left(\\sup _{D}\\sum _{t_{k}\\in D}d(f(t_{k}),f(t_{k-1}))^{p}\\right)^{1/p}}where D ranges over all finite partitions of the interval I.The p variation of a function decreases with p. If f has finite p-variation and g is an α-Hölder continuous function, then \n \n \n \n g\n ∘\n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g\\circ f}\n \n has finite \n \n \n \n \n \n p\n α\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {p}{\\alpha }}}\n \n-variation.The case when p is one is called total variation, and functions with a finite 1-variation are called bounded variation functions.","title":"p-variation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hölder continuous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6lder_continuous"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"One can interpret the p-variation as a parameter-independent version of the Hölder norm, which also extends to discontinuous functions.If f is α–Hölder continuous (i.e. its α–Hölder norm is finite) then its \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n α\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {1}{\\alpha }}}\n \n-variation is finite. Specifically, on an interval [a,b], \n \n \n \n ‖\n f\n \n ‖\n \n \n \n 1\n α\n \n \n \n -var\n \n \n \n ≤\n ‖\n f\n \n ‖\n \n α\n \n \n (\n b\n −\n a\n \n )\n \n α\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|f\\|_{{\\frac {1}{\\alpha }}{\\text{-var}}}\\leq \\|f\\|_{\\alpha }(b-a)^{\\alpha }}\n \n.Conversely, if f is continuous and has finite p-variation, there exists a reparameterisation, \n \n \n \n τ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\tau }\n \n, such that \n \n \n \n f\n ∘\n τ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f\\circ \\tau }\n \n is \n \n \n \n 1\n \n /\n \n p\n −\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 1/p-}\n \nHölder continuous.[1]If p is less than q then the space of functions of finite p-variation on a compact set is continuously embedded with norm 1 into those of finite q-variation. I.e. \n\n \n \n \n ‖\n f\n \n ‖\n \n q\n \n -var\n \n \n \n ≤\n ‖\n f\n \n ‖\n \n p\n \n -var\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|f\\|_{q{\\text{-var}}}\\leq \\|f\\|_{p{\\text{-var}}}}\n \n. However unlike the analogous situation with Hölder spaces the embedding is not compact. For example, consider the real functions on [0,1] given by \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n n\n \n \n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{n}(x)=x^{n}}\n \n. They are uniformly bounded in 1-variation and converge pointwise to a discontinuous function f but this not only is not a convergence in p-variation for any p but also is not uniform convergence.","title":"Link with Hölder norm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Riemann–Stieltjes Integral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann%E2%80%93Stieltjes_Integral"},{"link_name":"Young (1936)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFYoung1936"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"If f and g are functions from [a, b] to \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} }\n \n with no common discontinuities and with f having finite p-variation and g having finite q-variation, with \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n p\n \n \n +\n \n \n 1\n q\n \n \n >\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\frac {1}{p}}+{\\frac {1}{q}}>1}\n \n then the Riemann–Stieltjes Integral∫\n \n a\n \n \n b\n \n \n f\n (\n x\n )\n \n d\n g\n (\n x\n )\n :=\n \n lim\n \n \n |\n \n D\n \n |\n \n →\n 0\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n \n t\n \n k\n \n \n ∈\n D\n \n \n f\n (\n \n t\n \n k\n \n \n )\n [\n g\n (\n \n t\n \n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n )\n −\n g\n (\n \n \n t\n \n k\n \n \n \n )\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int _{a}^{b}f(x)\\,dg(x):=\\lim _{|D|\\to 0}\\sum _{t_{k}\\in D}f(t_{k})[g(t_{k+1})-g({t_{k}})]}is well-defined. This integral is known as the Young integral because it comes from Young (1936).[2] The value of this definite integral is bounded by the Young-Loève estimate as follows|\n \n \n ∫\n \n a\n \n \n b\n \n \n f\n (\n x\n )\n \n d\n g\n (\n x\n )\n −\n f\n (\n ξ\n )\n [\n g\n (\n b\n )\n −\n g\n (\n a\n )\n ]\n \n |\n \n ≤\n C\n \n ‖\n f\n \n ‖\n \n p\n \n -var\n \n \n \n ‖\n \n g\n \n ‖\n \n q\n \n -var\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left|\\int _{a}^{b}f(x)\\,dg(x)-f(\\xi )[g(b)-g(a)]\\right|\\leq C\\,\\|f\\|_{p{\\text{-var}}}\\|\\,g\\|_{q{\\text{-var}}}}where C is a constant which only depends on p and q and ξ is any number between a and b.[3]\nIf f and g are continuous, the indefinite integral \n \n \n \n F\n (\n w\n )\n =\n \n ∫\n \n a\n \n \n w\n \n \n f\n (\n x\n )\n \n d\n g\n (\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle F(w)=\\int _{a}^{w}f(x)\\,dg(x)}\n \n is a continuous function with finite q-variation: If a ≤ s ≤ t ≤ b then \n \n \n \n ‖\n F\n \n ‖\n \n q\n \n -var\n \n ;\n [\n s\n ,\n t\n ]\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\|F\\|_{q{\\text{-var}};[s,t]}}\n \n, its q-variation on [s,t], is bounded by \n\n \n \n \n C\n ‖\n g\n \n ‖\n \n q\n \n -var\n \n ;\n [\n s\n ,\n t\n ]\n \n \n (\n ‖\n f\n \n ‖\n \n p\n \n -var\n \n ;\n [\n s\n ,\n t\n ]\n \n \n +\n ‖\n f\n \n ‖\n \n ∞\n ;\n [\n s\n ,\n t\n ]\n \n \n )\n ≤\n 2\n C\n ‖\n g\n \n ‖\n \n q\n \n -var\n \n ;\n [\n s\n ,\n t\n ]\n \n \n (\n ‖\n f\n \n ‖\n \n p\n \n -var\n \n ;\n [\n a\n ,\n b\n ]\n \n \n +\n f\n (\n a\n )\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C\\|g\\|_{q{\\text{-var}};[s,t]}(\\|f\\|_{p{\\text{-var}};[s,t]}+\\|f\\|_{\\infty ;[s,t]})\\leq 2C\\|g\\|_{q{\\text{-var}};[s,t]}(\\|f\\|_{p{\\text{-var}};[a,b]}+f(a))}\n \n\nwhere C is a constant which only depends on p and q.[4]","title":"Application to Riemann–Stieltjes integration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"A function from \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n d\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{d}}\n \n to e × d real matrices is called an \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n e\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{e}}\n \n-valued one-form on \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n d\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{d}}\n \n.If f is a Lipschitz continuous \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n e\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{e}}\n \n-valued one-form on \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n d\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{d}}\n \n, and X is a continuous function from the interval [a, b] to \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n d\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{d}}\n \n with finite p-variation with p less than 2, then the integral of f on X, \n \n \n \n \n ∫\n \n a\n \n \n b\n \n \n f\n (\n X\n (\n t\n )\n )\n \n d\n X\n (\n t\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\int _{a}^{b}f(X(t))\\,dX(t)}\n \n, can be calculated because each component of f(X(t)) will be a path of finite p-variation and the integral is a sum of finitely many Young integrals. It provides the solution to the equation \n \n \n \n d\n Y\n =\n f\n (\n X\n )\n \n d\n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle dY=f(X)\\,dX}\n \n driven by the path X.More significantly, if f is a Lipschitz continuous \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n e\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{e}}\n \n-valued one-form on \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n e\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{e}}\n \n, and X is a continuous function from the interval [a, b] to \n \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n d\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} ^{d}}\n \n with finite p-variation with p less than 2, then Young integration is enough to establish the solution of the equation \n \n \n \n d\n Y\n =\n f\n (\n Y\n )\n \n d\n X\n \n \n {\\displaystyle dY=f(Y)\\,dX}\n \n driven by the path X.[5]","title":"Differential equations driven by signals of finite p-variation, p < 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rough paths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rough_path"}],"text":"The theory of rough paths generalises the Young integral and Young differential equations and makes heavy use of the concept of p-variation.","title":"Differential equations driven by signals of finite p-variation, p ≥ 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"quadratic variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_variation"},{"link_name":"stochastic analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic_analysis"},{"link_name":"Brownian motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_process"}],"text":"p-variation should be contrasted with the quadratic variation which is used in stochastic analysis, which takes one stochastic process to another. In particular the definition of quadratic variation looks a bit like the definition of p-variation, when p has the value 2. Quadratic variation is defined as a limit as the partition gets finer, whereas p-variation is a supremum over all partitions. Thus the quadratic variation of a process could be smaller than its 2-variation. If Wt is a standard Brownian motion on [0, T], then with probability one its p-variation is infinite for \n \n \n \n p\n ≤\n 2\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p\\leq 2}\n \n and finite otherwise. The quadratic variation of W is \n \n \n \n [\n W\n \n ]\n \n T\n \n \n =\n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [W]_{T}=T}\n \n.","title":"For Brownian motion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big-O_notation"},{"link_name":"dynamic programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_programming"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p-var-github-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p-var-github-7"}],"text":"For a discrete time series of observations X0,...,XN it is straightforward to compute its p-variation with complexity of O(N2). Here is an example C++ code using dynamic programming:double p_var(const std::vector<double>& X, double p) {\n\tif (X.size() == 0)\n\t\treturn 0.0;\n\tstd::vector<double> cum_p_var(X.size(), 0.0); // cumulative p-variation\n\tfor (size_t n = 1; n < X.size(); n++) {\n\t\tfor (size_t k = 0; k < n; k++) {\n\t\t\tcum_p_var[n] = std::max(cum_p_var[n], cum_p_var[k] + std::pow(std::abs(X[n] - X[k]), p));\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\treturn std::pow(cum_p_var.back(), 1./p);\n}There exist much more efficient, but also more complicated, algorithms for \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} }\n \n-valued processes[6]\n[7]\nand for processes in arbitrary metric spaces.[7]","title":"Computation of p-variation for discrete time series"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Ullrich, David C. (27 Feb 2018). \"real analysis - Link between p-variation and Hölder norm\". Mathematics Stack Exchange. Retrieved 2021-07-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://math.stackexchange.com/a/2669388/330413","url_text":"\"real analysis - Link between p-variation and Hölder norm\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lecture 7. Young's integral\". 25 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://fabricebaudoin.wordpress.com/2012/12/25/lecture-7-youngs-integral/","url_text":"\"Lecture 7. Young's integral\""}]},{"reference":"Friz, Peter K.; Victoir, Nicolas (2010). Multidimensional Stochastic Processes as Rough Paths: Theory and Applications (Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics ed.). Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Friz","url_text":"Friz, Peter K."}]},{"reference":"Lyons, Terry; Caruana, Michael; Levy, Thierry (2007). Differential equations driven by rough paths, vol. 1908 of Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Springer.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Lecture 8. Young's differential equations\". 26 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://fabricebaudoin.wordpress.com/2012/12/26/lecture-8-youngs-differential-equations/","url_text":"\"Lecture 8. Young's differential equations\""}]},{"reference":"Butkus, V.; Norvaiša, R. (2018). \"Computation of p-variation\". Lithuanian Mathematical Journal. 58 (4): 360–378. doi:10.1007/s10986-018-9414-3. S2CID 126246235.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10986-018-9414-3","url_text":"10.1007/s10986-018-9414-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:126246235","url_text":"126246235"}]},{"reference":"\"P-var\". GitHub. 8 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://github.com/khumarahn/p-var","url_text":"\"P-var\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub","url_text":"GitHub"}]},{"reference":"Young, L.C. (1936), \"An inequality of the Hölder type, connected with Stieltjes integration\", Acta Mathematica, 67 (1): 251–282, doi:10.1007/bf02401743","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02401743","url_text":"10.1007/bf02401743"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://math.stackexchange.com/a/2669388/330413","external_links_name":"\"real analysis - Link between p-variation and Hölder norm\""},{"Link":"https://fabricebaudoin.wordpress.com/2012/12/25/lecture-7-youngs-integral/","external_links_name":"\"Lecture 7. Young's integral\""},{"Link":"https://fabricebaudoin.wordpress.com/2012/12/26/lecture-8-youngs-differential-equations/","external_links_name":"\"Lecture 8. Young's differential equations\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10986-018-9414-3","external_links_name":"10.1007/s10986-018-9414-3"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:126246235","external_links_name":"126246235"},{"Link":"https://github.com/khumarahn/p-var","external_links_name":"\"P-var\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf02401743","external_links_name":"10.1007/bf02401743"},{"Link":"https://fabricebaudoin.wordpress.com/2012/12/24/lecture-6-continuous-paths-with-bounded-p-variation/","external_links_name":"Continuous Paths with bounded p-variation"},{"Link":"http://web.sgh.waw.pl/~rlocho/UCT_talk.pdf","external_links_name":"On the Young integral, truncated variation and rough paths"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Dunne
|
Brian Dunne
|
["1 Project Orion","2 Media appearances","3 References"]
|
Brian DunneBorn(1924-01-08)January 8, 1924Santa Fe, New MexicoDiedNovember 30, 2017(2017-11-30) (aged 93)La Jolla, United StatesOccupationAeronautical EngineerTitleOrion's chief scientist
Brian Boru Dunne II (January 8, 1924 - November 30, 2017) was Project Orion's chief scientist. Dunne worked on explosive model tests in Point Loma, San Diego alongside Jerry Astl and Morris Scharff. He continued to work for General Atomics and later started his own firm called Ship Systems.
Project Orion
Dunne was the chief experimental scientist on Project Orion. He worked on Project Orion as an experimentalist. Dunne and Howard Kratz set up a facility for firing explosive-driven plasma jets as sample pusher-plate targets, after explosive-driven flights were cancelled.
Media appearances
History Undercover: Code Name Project Orion (1999)
To Mars by A-Bomb: The Secret History of Project Orion (BBC, 2003)
References
^ "Brian Dunne". La Jolla Light. Retrieved 31 December 2018.
^ "Brian Boru Dunne II Obituary (1924 - 2017) La Jolla Light". Legacy.com. Retrieved 2022-03-08.
^ "History Undercover: Code Name Project Orion". IMDb.
^ "To Mars by A-Bomb: The Secret History of Project Orion". IMDb.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Project Orion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Orion_(nuclear_propulsion)"},{"link_name":"Point Loma, San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Loma,_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Jerry Astl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Astl"},{"link_name":"Morris Scharff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Scharff"},{"link_name":"General Atomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Atomics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Brian Boru Dunne II (January 8, 1924 - November 30, 2017) was Project Orion's chief scientist. Dunne worked on explosive model tests in Point Loma, San Diego alongside Jerry Astl and Morris Scharff. He continued to work for General Atomics and later started his own firm called Ship Systems.[2]","title":"Brian Dunne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Dunne was the chief experimental scientist on Project Orion. He worked on Project Orion as an experimentalist. Dunne and Howard Kratz set up a facility for firing explosive-driven plasma jets as sample pusher-plate targets, after explosive-driven flights were cancelled.[citation needed]","title":"Project Orion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"To Mars by A-Bomb: The Secret History of Project Orion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To_Mars_By_A-Bomb_(film)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"History Undercover: Code Name Project Orion (1999) [3]\nTo Mars by A-Bomb: The Secret History of Project Orion (BBC, 2003) [4]","title":"Media appearances"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Brian Dunne\". La Jolla Light. Retrieved 31 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/lajollalight/obituary.aspx?page=lifestory&pid=187653864","url_text":"\"Brian Dunne\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brian Boru Dunne II Obituary (1924 - 2017) La Jolla Light\". Legacy.com. Retrieved 2022-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/lajollalight/name/brian-dunne-obituary?id=10095926","url_text":"\"Brian Boru Dunne II Obituary (1924 - 2017) La Jolla Light\""}]},{"reference":"\"History Undercover: Code Name Project Orion\". IMDb.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4375416/","url_text":"\"History Undercover: Code Name Project Orion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"To Mars by A-Bomb: The Secret History of Project Orion\". IMDb.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1039992","url_text":"\"To Mars by A-Bomb: The Secret History of Project Orion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/lajollalight/obituary.aspx?page=lifestory&pid=187653864","external_links_name":"\"Brian Dunne\""},{"Link":"https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/lajollalight/name/brian-dunne-obituary?id=10095926","external_links_name":"\"Brian Boru Dunne II Obituary (1924 - 2017) La Jolla Light\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4375416/","external_links_name":"\"History Undercover: Code Name Project Orion\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1039992","external_links_name":"\"To Mars by A-Bomb: The Secret History of Project Orion\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Bone_(disambiguation)
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T-Bone (disambiguation)
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["1 Music","2 People","3 Fictional characters","4 Other uses"]
|
T-bone is a steak of beef.
T-bone may also refer to:
Music
Trombone (nickname)
T-Bone Concerto, a concerto for trombone and wind orchestra by Johan de Meij
The T-Bones, an American instrumental pop/rock group
"T-Bone", a song from the album Re·ac·tor by Neil Young and Crazy Horse
People
T Bone Burnett (born 1948), American musician, songwriter and producer
T-Bone Slim (1890–1942), pen name for American poet, songwriter and labour activist Matti Valentine Huhta
T-Bone Walker (1910–1975), American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter
T-Bone Wilson, Guyanese-British actor, dramatist and poet
T-Bone (rapper), American Christian rapper
Tony "T-Bone" Bellamy (1946–2009), lead guitarist, pianist and vocalist for the band Redbone
Tom "T-Bone" Stankus, American children's musician
Tom "T-Bone" Wolk (1951–2010), American bassist
Teebone, British UK garage/drum and bass producer and DJ
Fictional characters
Captain T-Bone, from the One Piece manga series
Chance "T-Bone" Furlong, an anthropomorphic feline from the series SWAT Kats: The Radical Squadron
T-Bone, an arsonist and George Bluth's cell-mate in Arrested Development
T-Bone, a canine character in the television series Clifford the Big Red Dog
T-Bone Mendez, in the videogame Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas
Raymond Kenney, also known as T-Bone from Watch Dogs series
T-Bone, a skeleton who is a minor character in Skylanders series
T-Bone, a skeleton who is a villain in the video game Cuphead
T-Bone, a bull villager from the video game series Animal Crossing
T-Bone, a character in the 2017 film Paddington 2
Other uses
T Bone N Weasel, a 1992 television film directed by Lewis Teague
Beechcraft Twin Bonanza, a light twin-engined airplane popularly nicknamed "T-Bone" in the aviation community
Kansas City T-Bones, an Independent Northern League minor league baseball team in Kansas City
T-bone accident, where one vehicle crashes into the side of another vehicle
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title T-Bone.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"T-bone may also refer to:","title":"T-Bone (disambiguation)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trombone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombone"},{"link_name":"T-Bone Concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Bone_Concerto"},{"link_name":"The T-Bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_T-Bones"},{"link_name":"Re·ac·tor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C2%B7ac%C2%B7tor"}],"text":"Trombone (nickname)\nT-Bone Concerto, a concerto for trombone and wind orchestra by Johan de Meij\nThe T-Bones, an American instrumental pop/rock group\n\"T-Bone\", a song from the album Re·ac·tor by Neil Young and Crazy Horse","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"T Bone Burnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_Bone_Burnett"},{"link_name":"T-Bone Slim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Bone_Slim"},{"link_name":"T-Bone Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Bone_Walker"},{"link_name":"T-Bone Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Bone_Wilson"},{"link_name":"T-Bone (rapper)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Bone_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Tony \"T-Bone\" Bellamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Bellamy"},{"link_name":"Tom \"T-Bone\" Stankus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_%22T-Bone%22_Stankus"},{"link_name":"Tom \"T-Bone\" Wolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_%22T-Bone%22_Wolk"},{"link_name":"Teebone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teebone"}],"text":"T Bone Burnett (born 1948), American musician, songwriter and producer\nT-Bone Slim (1890–1942), pen name for American poet, songwriter and labour activist Matti Valentine Huhta\nT-Bone Walker (1910–1975), American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter\nT-Bone Wilson, Guyanese-British actor, dramatist and poet\nT-Bone (rapper), American Christian rapper\nTony \"T-Bone\" Bellamy (1946–2009), lead guitarist, pianist and vocalist for the band Redbone\nTom \"T-Bone\" Stankus, American children's musician\nTom \"T-Bone\" Wolk (1951–2010), American bassist\nTeebone, British UK garage/drum and bass producer and DJ","title":"People"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Captain T-Bone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_T-Bone"},{"link_name":"Chance \"T-Bone\" Furlong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SWAT_Kats_characters"},{"link_name":"Arrested Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrested_Development_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Clifford the Big Red Dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_the_Big_Red_Dog_(2000_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"T-Bone Mendez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Bone_Mendez"},{"link_name":"Watch Dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch_Dogs"},{"link_name":"Skylanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylanders"},{"link_name":"Cuphead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuphead"},{"link_name":"Animal Crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Crossing"},{"link_name":"Paddington 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddington_2"}],"text":"Captain T-Bone, from the One Piece manga series\nChance \"T-Bone\" Furlong, an anthropomorphic feline from the series SWAT Kats: The Radical Squadron\nT-Bone, an arsonist and George Bluth's cell-mate in Arrested Development\nT-Bone, a canine character in the television series Clifford the Big Red Dog\nT-Bone Mendez, in the videogame Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas\nRaymond Kenney, also known as T-Bone from Watch Dogs series\nT-Bone, a skeleton who is a minor character in Skylanders series\nT-Bone, a skeleton who is a villain in the video game Cuphead\nT-Bone, a bull villager from the video game series Animal Crossing\nT-Bone, a character in the 2017 film Paddington 2","title":"Fictional characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"T Bone N Weasel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_Bone_N_Weasel"},{"link_name":"Beechcraft Twin Bonanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_Twin_Bonanza"},{"link_name":"Kansas City T-Bones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_T-Bones"},{"link_name":"T-bone accident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-bone_accident"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/T-Bone_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}],"text":"T Bone N Weasel, a 1992 television film directed by Lewis Teague\nBeechcraft Twin Bonanza, a light twin-engined airplane popularly nicknamed \"T-Bone\" in the aviation community\nKansas City T-Bones, an Independent Northern League minor league baseball team in Kansas City\nT-bone accident, where one vehicle crashes into the side of another vehicleTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title T-Bone.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Other uses"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/T-Bone_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Chosen_Few_(Boot_Camp_Clik_album)
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The Chosen Few (Boot Camp Clik album)
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["1 Track listing","2 Charts","3 References","4 External links"]
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2002 studio album by Boot Camp ClikThe Chosen FewStudio album by Boot Camp ClikReleasedOctober 8, 2002 (2002-10-08)Recorded2001–02StudioAudiology Recording Studio (New York, NY)GenreHip hopLength1:02:24LabelDuck DownProducerBuckshot (exec.)Drew "Dru-Ha" Friedman (also exec.)AlchemistBink!Curt CazalDa BeatminerzDan the ManEric "Coptic" MatlockHi-TekThe Producers Coalition Of America Inc.TY DealsBoot Camp Clik chronology
Basic Training(2000)
The Chosen Few(2002)
The Last Stand(2006)
Singles from The Chosen Few
"And So... / Whoop His Ass"Released: September 10, 2002
"Think Back / That's Tough"Released: November 26, 2002
"Ice Skate"Released: May 6, 2003
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicHipHopDX4/5RapReviews8/10Vibe4/5
The Chosen Few is the second studio album by American hip hop collective Boot Camp Clik. It was released on October 8, 2002 through Duck Down Music, making it the first album released from the group or any affiliate since 1999. Production was handled by Da Beatminerz, Eric "Coptic" Matlock, Curt Cazal, Dan the Man, Drew "Dru-Ha" Friedman, Alchemist, Bink!, Hi-Tek, Producers Coalition of America and TY Deals. The album features contributions from seven of the eight original members with Heltah Skeltah's Rock being the only absent member, as well as guest appearances from Jahdan Blakkamoore, Illa Noyz, Rufus Blaq, Scratch and Supreme.
The effort received very strong reviews, and the singles "And So" and "Think Back" received moderate video play. The Chosen Few was the first Boot Camp album released on an independent label, with sales reaching just over 60,000 copies in the United States.
Track listing
No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1."Intro: YO Boot Camp!" Drew "Dru-Ha" FriedmanDan The Man1:192."And So"Tekomin WilliamsSean PriceKenyatta BlakeDarrell Yates Jr.Dashawn YatesCurtis SmallCurt Cazal3:493."Let's Get Down 2 Bizness"PriceBlakeJack McNairYates Jr.YatesWayne EvansAlan MamanThe Alchemist4:204."Let's Roll"Barret PowellYatesWilliamsMcNairBlakeYates Jr.Paul HendricksBaby Paul4:515."Welcome to Bucktown USA" (featuring Supreme and Scratch)Yates Jr.BlakeWilliamsDemetrio MunizEric MatlockCoptic5:256."That's Tough (Little Bit)"BlakeYates Jr.WilliamsRoosevelt HarrellBink!4:427."Yeah What Eva" (Skit)Yates Jr.PriceDrew "Dru-Ha" FriedmanDan The Man1:168."Had It Up 2 Here" (featuring Illa Noyz)Yates Jr.BlakeWilliamsMcNairYatesPriceEvansWalter DewgardeDa Beatminerz4:439."Whoop His Ass" (featuring Rufus Blaq)BlakeWilliamsYater Jr.Rufus MooreFrancis PalaciosRoss SloaneDarrol DurantRoger MunroeThe Producers Coalition Of America Inc.4:0510."Daddy Wanna"McNairPriceBlakeWilliamsYates Jr.YatesEwart DewgardeDa Beatminerz5:1611."Ice Skate"PriceBlakeYates Jr.YatesTony CottrellHi-Tek4:4112."Just Us"WilliamsBlakePowellYates Jr.YatesT. WalkerTY Deals5:2413."Think Back" (featuring Jahdan Blakkamoore)BlakeYates Jr.WilliamsPriceW. DewgardeDa Beatminerz4:3514."The Chosen Few (Live for This)"McNairPowellPriceWilliamsBlakeYates Jr.MatlockEugene DixonLena ThompsonCoptic5:0915."Outro: Word's From Tek"WilliamsCoptic2:49Total length:1:02:24
Notes
Track 10 features additional vocals by Little Cook WTW2 and Queenia
Track 11 features additional vocals by Danielle Henry
Sample credits
Track 14 contains elements from "Tomorrow I May Not Feel the Same" written by Eugene Dixon and Lena Thompson and performed by Gene Chandler
Charts
Chart (2002)
Peak position
US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard)
34
US Independent Albums (Billboard)
17
References
^ Bush, John. "The Chosen Few - Boot Camp Clik | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
^ Oduro, Mike (November 5, 2002). "Boot Camp Clik - The Chosen Few". HipHopDX. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
^ Juon, Steve 'Flash' (June 3, 2003). "Boot Camp Clik :: The Chosen Few :: Duck Down Music Ltd". www.rapreviews.com. Retrieved October 8, 2020.
^ Kwak, Donnie (November 2002). "Vibe". Vibe Vixen. 10 (11). Vibe Media Group: 158. ISSN 1070-4701.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ "Boot Camp Clik Chart History (Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums)". Billboard.
^ "Boot Camp Clik Chart History (Independent Albums)". Billboard.
External links
Boot Camp Clik – The Chosen Few at Discogs (list of releases)
vteBoot Camp Clik
Buckshot
Smif-N-Wessun (Tek · Steele)
Heltah Skeltah (Rock · Sean Price)
Originoo Gunn Clappaz (Starang Wondah · Top Dog · Louieville Sluggah)
Studio albums
For the People (1997)
The Chosen Few (2002)
The Last Stand (2006)
Casualties of War (2007)
Compilations
Basic Training: Boot Camp Clik's Greatest Hits (2000)
Affiliaties
Black Moon
Da Beatminerz
The Fab 5
Representativz
Related articles
Duck Down Music
Buckshot discography
Sean Price discography
Angels of Death
This 2002 hip hop album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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It was released on October 8, 2002 through Duck Down Music, making it the first album released from the group or any affiliate since 1999. Production was handled by Da Beatminerz, Eric \"Coptic\" Matlock, Curt Cazal, Dan the Man, Drew \"Dru-Ha\" Friedman, Alchemist, Bink!, Hi-Tek, Producers Coalition of America and TY Deals. The album features contributions from seven of the eight original members with Heltah Skeltah's Rock being the only absent member, as well as guest appearances from Jahdan Blakkamoore, Illa Noyz, Rufus Blaq, Scratch and Supreme.The effort received very strong reviews, and the singles \"And So\" and \"Think Back\" received moderate video play. The Chosen Few was the first Boot Camp album released on an independent label, with sales reaching just over 60,000 copies in the United States.","title":"The Chosen Few (Boot Camp Clik album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Drew \"Dru-Ha\" Friedman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drew_%22Dru-Ha%22_Friedman"},{"link_name":"Tekomin Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Sean Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Price"},{"link_name":"Kenyatta Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckshot_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Darrell Yates Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steele_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Dashawn Yates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Dog_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Jack McNair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starang_Wondah"},{"link_name":"Alan Maman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alchemist_(musician)"},{"link_name":"The Alchemist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Alchemist_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Barret Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louieville_Sluggah"},{"link_name":"Paul Hendricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Paul"},{"link_name":"Baby Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_Paul"},{"link_name":"Scratch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scratch_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Roosevelt Harrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bink_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Bink!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bink_(record_producer)"},{"link_name":"Walter Dewgarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Walt"},{"link_name":"Da Beatminerz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Beatminerz"},{"link_name":"Rufus Blaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_Blaq"},{"link_name":"Rufus Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_Blaq"},{"link_name":"Ewart Dewgarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Evil_Dee"},{"link_name":"Tony Cottrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-Tek"},{"link_name":"Hi-Tek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-Tek"},{"link_name":"Eugene Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Chandler"},{"link_name":"Gene Chandler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Chandler"}],"text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Producer(s)Length1.\"Intro: YO Boot Camp!\" Drew \"Dru-Ha\" FriedmanDan The Man1:192.\"And So\"Tekomin WilliamsSean PriceKenyatta BlakeDarrell Yates Jr.Dashawn YatesCurtis SmallCurt Cazal3:493.\"Let's Get Down 2 Bizness\"PriceBlakeJack McNairYates Jr.YatesWayne EvansAlan MamanThe Alchemist4:204.\"Let's Roll\"Barret PowellYatesWilliamsMcNairBlakeYates Jr.Paul HendricksBaby Paul4:515.\"Welcome to Bucktown USA\" (featuring Supreme and Scratch)Yates Jr.BlakeWilliamsDemetrio MunizEric MatlockCoptic5:256.\"That's Tough (Little Bit)\"BlakeYates Jr.WilliamsRoosevelt HarrellBink!4:427.\"Yeah What Eva\" (Skit)Yates Jr.PriceDrew \"Dru-Ha\" FriedmanDan The Man1:168.\"Had It Up 2 Here\" (featuring Illa Noyz)Yates Jr.BlakeWilliamsMcNairYatesPriceEvansWalter DewgardeDa Beatminerz4:439.\"Whoop His Ass\" (featuring Rufus Blaq)BlakeWilliamsYater Jr.Rufus MooreFrancis PalaciosRoss SloaneDarrol DurantRoger MunroeThe Producers Coalition Of America Inc.4:0510.\"Daddy Wanna\"McNairPriceBlakeWilliamsYates Jr.YatesEwart DewgardeDa Beatminerz5:1611.\"Ice Skate\"PriceBlakeYates Jr.YatesTony CottrellHi-Tek4:4112.\"Just Us\"WilliamsBlakePowellYates Jr.YatesT. WalkerTY Deals5:2413.\"Think Back\" (featuring Jahdan Blakkamoore)BlakeYates Jr.WilliamsPriceW. DewgardeDa Beatminerz4:3514.\"The Chosen Few (Live for This)\"McNairPowellPriceWilliamsBlakeYates Jr.MatlockEugene DixonLena ThompsonCoptic5:0915.\"Outro: Word's From Tek\"WilliamsCoptic2:49Total length:1:02:24NotesTrack 10 features additional vocals by Little Cook WTW2 and Queenia\nTrack 11 features additional vocals by Danielle HenrySample creditsTrack 14 contains elements from \"Tomorrow I May Not Feel the Same\" written by Eugene Dixon and Lena Thompson and performed by Gene Chandler","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Bush, John. \"The Chosen Few - Boot Camp Clik | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\". AllMusic. Retrieved October 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-chosen-few-mw0000228970","url_text":"\"The Chosen Few - Boot Camp Clik | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Oduro, Mike (November 5, 2002). \"Boot Camp Clik - The Chosen Few\". HipHopDX. Retrieved October 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://hiphopdx.com/reviews/id.228/title.boot-camp-clik-the-chosen-few","url_text":"\"Boot Camp Clik - The Chosen Few\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HipHopDX","url_text":"HipHopDX"}]},{"reference":"Juon, Steve 'Flash' (June 3, 2003). \"Boot Camp Clik :: The Chosen Few :: Duck Down Music Ltd\". www.rapreviews.com. Retrieved October 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rapreviews.com/archive/2003_06_thechosen.html","url_text":"\"Boot Camp Clik :: The Chosen Few :: Duck Down Music Ltd\""}]},{"reference":"Kwak, Donnie (November 2002). \"Vibe\". Vibe Vixen. 10 (11). Vibe Media Group: 158. ISSN 1070-4701.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uSUEAAAAMBAJ&q=The+Chosen+Few+Boot+Camp+Clik+VIBE","url_text":"\"Vibe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibe_Media_Group","url_text":"Vibe Media Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1070-4701","url_text":"1070-4701"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coto_Makassar
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Coto makassar
|
["1 See also","2 References"]
|
Traditional Indonesian meat soup
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Coto makassar" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Coto MakassarCoto Makassar with KetupatTypeStewPlace of originIndonesiaRegion or stateSouth SulawesiMain ingredientsBeef, broth made from ground peanuts Media: Coto Makassar
Coto Makassar or Coto Mangkasara (Makassarese), is an Indonesian traditional soup originating from Makassar, South Sulawesi. It is a variant of soto, traditionally made with beef, offal stew with seasoned broth made from ground peanuts and spices. The main ingredient of this soup is beef, and it can be mixed with innards, such as intestine, liver, lungs, heart, tripe, or cow brain.
Coto Makassar is usually served with Burasa or Ketupat rice cakes.
See also
Food portalIndonesia portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coto Makassar.
Soto ayam
Sop saudara, spicy Bugis-Makassar beef soup.
Konro, Bugis-Makassar spicy cow's ribs soup, similar or related to ribs soto
Tongseng, Javanese spicy mutton soup also related to soto
Gulai, the Javanese gulai is soupy, similar to mutton or goat soto but slightly different in spices
List of Indonesian soups
List of soups
References
^ Loren Bell; Stuart Butler; Trent Holden; Anna Kaminski; Hugh McNaughtan; Adam Skolnick; Iain Stewart; Ryan Ver Berkmoes (2016). Lonely Planet Indonesia. Lonely Planet. ISBN 9781760341619.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coto Makassar.
vte Indonesian cuisine by ethnicityDishesCommonIndonesiandishes
Abon
Acar
Ayam bakar
Ayam goreng
Ayam kecap
Ayam kodok
Bakmi
Bakpau
Bakso
Bakwan
Bihun goreng
Bubur ayam
Bubur kacang hijau
Bubur ketan hitam
Bubur sumsum
Gado-gado
Gorengan
Gulai
Ikan asin
Ikan bakar
Ikan goreng
Jagung rebus
Kacang rebus
Kari
Kari ayam
Kari domba
Kari kambing
Kari udang
Kuaci
Ketupat
Laksa
Lontong
Macaroni schotel
Martabak
Mi bakso
Mi goreng
Mi kuah
Nasi campur
Nasi goreng
Nasi kari
Nasi kuning
Nasi bakar
Otak-otak
Panekuk
Pastel tutup
Perkedel
Perkedel jagung
Pindang
Rendang
Rijsttafel
Roti bakar
Roti bolen
Roti meses
Rujak
Sambal
Sambal goreng udang
Satay
Sayur bayam
Sayur sop
Semur
Serundeng
Sop buntut
Soto
Soto ayam
Soto mi
Sup ayam
Sup ercis
Sup makaroni
Sup wortel
Tahu
Tahu goreng
Telur asin
Telur pindang
Tempeh
Tumis kangkung
Tumpeng
Acehnese
Meuseukat
Mi aceh
Mi caluk
Nasi gurih
Sate matang
Arab
Asida
Falafel
Hummus
Kofta
Manakish
Katayef
Nasi kabsah
Nasi mandi
Maamoul
Marak
Roti maryam
Roti pita
Saltah
Shawarma
Tabbouleh
Tharid
Balinese
Babi guling
Betutu
Be urutan
Iga babi
Laklak
Lawar
Matah
Nasi bali
Nasi jinggo
Pai susu
Rawon babi
Rujak kuah pindang
Sate babi
Sate lilit
Soto babi
Tipat cantok
Banjarese
Bingka
Laksa banjar
Pekasam
Soto banjar
Batak
Arsik
Babi panggang Karo
Dali ni horbo
Dengke mas na niura
Itak gurgur
Lampet
Manuk napinadar
Mi gomak
Na tinombur
Ombusombus
Pagit-pagit
Pohulpohul
Saksang
Sasagun
Sate kerang
Tipatipa
Tuktuk
Betawi
Asinan betawi
Bubur cha cha
Kerak telor
Ketoprak
Ketupat sayur
Laksa betawi
Lontong sayur
Mi kangkung
Nasi goreng kambing
Nasi kebuli
Nasi uduk
Nasi ulam
Pindang
Roti buaya
Roti gambang
Rujak juhi
Sate taichan
Sayur asem
Semur jengkol
Soto betawi
Soto kaki
Soto tangkar
Sup kambing
Buginese andMakassar
Burasa
Coto makassar
Dangke
Jalangkote
Kaledo
Konro
Mi kering
Pallubasa
Sop saudara
Chinese
Babi hong
Babi kecap
Bak kut teh
Bakkwa
Banmian
Bihun goreng
Cakwe
Cap cai
Chai tow kway
Char kway teow
Cha sio
Fu yung hai
Fish ball
Haisom cah
Ifumi
Kembang tahu
Kepiting saus tiram
Kuaci
Kwetiau ayam
Kwetiau goreng
Kwetiau siram sapi
Lapchiong
Locupan
Lontong cap go meh
Lumpia
Mi ayam
Mi lor
Mi pangsit
Mi tarik
Mun tahu
Nasi ayam hainan
Nasi bebek
Nasi campur
Nasi tim
Ngo hiang
Pangsit
Popiah
Rujak shanghai
Sapo tahu
Sate babi
Sekba
Siomay
Soto
Sup hisit
Sup sarang burung
Swikee
Tahu sumedang
Tauge ayam
Tee long pan
Telur pitan
Telur teh
Tong sui
Yong tau fu
Yusheng
Cirebonese
Empal gentong
Docang
Kue gapit
Mi koclok
Nasi jamblang
Nasi lengko
Tahu gejrot
Gorontalese
Binte biluhuta
Sate Tuna
Ayam iloni
Sagela
Ilahe
Bilentango
Sate Balanga
Ilabulo
Nasi kuning cakalang
Buburu
Bubur sagela
Nasi goreng sagela
Tabu Moitomo
Ikan iloni
Pilitode
Indian
Ayam mentega
Ayam tandori
Chapati
Chutney
Dosa
Idli
Laddu
Kari kambing
Kari kepala ikan
Korma
Modak
Naan
Nasi biryani
Raita
Roti canai
Sambar
Samosa
Satti Sorru
Indo
Ayam kodok
Babi panggang
Bitterballen
Erwtensoep
Hutspot
Makaroni schotel
Oliebol
Ontbijtkoek
Pannenkoek
Poffertjes
Shepherd's pie
Spekkoek
Javanese
Apem
Arem-arem
Ayam bumbu rujak
Ayam geprek
Ayam goreng kalasan
Ayam penyet
Bakso
Bakpia
Bakpia pathok
Botok
Brongkos
Buntil
Gudeg
Iga penyet
Kamir
Kelan antep
Krechek
Kuluban
Lepet
Lontong balap
Lontong dekem
Lontong kupang
Lumpia
Lumpia goreng
Lumpia semarang
Sumpia
Mendoan
Mi bakso
Mi goreng
Mi jawa
Mi rebus
Nasi ambeng
Nasi bebek
Nasi bogana
Nasi empal
Nasi gandul
Nasi goreng
Nasi goreng jawa
Nasi kare
Nasi kucing
Nasi liwet
Nasi megono
Nasi pecel
Nasi tempong
Opor
Opor ayam
Pecel
Pecel ayam
Pecel lele
Rambak petis
Rawon
Roti ganjel rel
Roti konde
Rujak cingur
Rujak soto
Sambal ulek
Sate ambal
Sate blora
Sate kambing
Sate hati
Sate kelinci
Sate kikil
Sate klatak
Sate madura
Sate ponorogo
Sate tegal
Sate udang
Sayur lodeh
Selat solo
Serundeng
Soto babat
Soto ceker
Tahu campur
Telur pindang
Tempe bacem
Tempe goreng
Tempe mendoan
Timlo
Tongseng
Trancam
Tumpeng
Urap
Madurese
Rujak
Rujak cingur
Sate madura
Serundeng
Soto madura
Malay
Amplang
Ayam goreng
Ayam pansuh
Bubur cha cha
Bubur pedas
Cincalok
Epok-epok
Gulai
Ikan bakar
Ikan patin
Kangkung belacan
Kari
Kemplang
Laksa
Mi kari
Mi rebus
Nasi berlauk
Nasi briyani
Nasi dagang
Nasi goreng
Nasi goreng pattaya
Nasi lemak
Nasi minyak
Otak-otak
Pekasam
Pulut
Roti canai
Roti jala
Roti john
Roti tisu
Sayur lodeh
Siput gonggong
Soto
Sup kambing
Tahu goreng
Tempoyak
Ulam
Minahasan
Ayam rica-rica
Brenebon
Cakalang fufu
Dabu-dabu
Klappertaart
Mi cakalang
Nasi kuning
Panada
Paniki
Rica-rica
Rintek wuuk
Tinorangsak
Tinutuan
Woku
Minangkabau
Asam pedas
Ayam pop
Balado
Daun ubi tumbuk
Dendeng
Gulai
Gulai ayam
Gulai kambing
Gulai otak
Kalio
Kepiting saus padang
Keripik sanjai
Lemang
Lontong gulai pakis
Nasi kapau
Nasi kari
Nasi padang
Palai bada
Rendang
Sambal lada muda
Sate padang
Soto padang
Udang balado
Moluccanand Papuan
Asida
Babi bakar
Bibingka
Colo-colo
Papeda
Puding sagu
Sagu
Soto ambon
Palembang
Burgo
Gulai
Kemplang
Laksan
Lakso
Mi celor
Nasi minyak
Otak-otak
Pempek
Pindang
Tekwan
Tempoyak ikan patin
Peranakan
Bubur cha cha
Cincalok
Laksa
Pai ti
Swikee
Sasak
Ayam taliwang
Plecing kangkung
Sate ampet
Sate belut
Sate pusut
Sundanese
Asinan bogor
Batagor
Empal gepuk
Karedok
Kupat tahu
Laksa bogor
Laksa tangerang
Lalab
Mi kocok
Nasi timbel
Nasi tutug oncom
Oncom
Pepes
Rujak tumbuk
Sate bandeng
Sate maranggi
Sayur asem
Seblak
Soto bandung
Tauge goreng
Uli bakar
Timorese
Feijoada
Ikan bakar
Katemak
Pastel de nata
Se'i
SnacksKrupuk
Amplang
Emping
Kemplang
Krupuk
Krupuk ikan
Krupuk kulit
Krupuk udang
Kripik
Kripik sanjai
Rempeyek
Rengginang
Kue
Agar-agar
Apam
Ape
Arem-arem
Asida
Bagea
Bahulu
Bakcang
Bakpau
Bakpia
Bakpia pathok
Bangkit
Bibingka
Bika ambon
Bingka
Bitterballen
Bolen
Bolu gulung
Bolu kukus
Bolu pandan
Bugis
Bulan
Busa
Cakwe
Cilok
Clorot
Cubit
Cucur
Dadar gulung
Dodol
Donat jawa
Donat kentang
Gapit
Geplak
Gethuk
Jalangkote
Jemput-jemput
Kaak
Kaasstengels
Kamir
Karipap
Kembang goyang
Keranjang
Klappertaart
Klepon
Kochi
Kroket
Ku
Kukis jagung
Laddu
Laklak
Lapis
Lapis legit
Leker
Lemper
Lidah kucing
Lumpia
Lumpia goreng
Lumpia semarang
Sumpia
Lupis
Madumongso
Makmur
Martabak
Mangkok
Mochi
Modak
Nagasari
Nastar
Ombusombus
Onde-onde
Pai susu
Pai ti
Panada
Pancong
Pastel
Pastel de nata
Pinyaram
Pisang cokelat
Pisang goreng
Poffertjes
Popiah
Pukis
Putri salju
Putu
Putu mangkok
Putu mayang
Rangi
Rempah udang
Risoles
Samosa
Satu
Semar mendem
Semprit
Semprong
Serabi
Seri muka
Sus
Spekulaas
Stroopwafel
Talam
Tapai
Timphan
Terang bulan
Untir-untir
Wajik
Wingko
BeveragesAlcoholic
Arak
Beer
Brem
Cap tikus
Ciu
Lapen
Saguer
Sopi
Tuak
Non-alcoholic
Adon-adon coro
Angsle
Bajigur
Bandrek
Bir jawa
Bir kocok
Bir pletok
Cendol
Chocolate milk
Cincau
Dadiah
Es asam jawa
Es buah
Es campur
Es doger
Es durian
Es goyobod
Es kelapa muda
Es kopyor
Es selendang mayang
Es tebak
Es tebu
Es teler
Hot chocolate
Jahe telur
Jamu
Java coffee
Kembang tahu
Kopi luwak
Kopi susu
Kopi tarik
Kopi tiam
Kopi tubruk
Lahang
Laksamana mengamuk
Legen
Milo
Moke
Ronde
Sarsi
Badak
Indo saparelle
Sekoteng
Soda gembira
Susu kedelai
Sweet tea
Teh botol
Teh krisan
Teh liang
Teh poci
Teh jahe
Teh tarik
Teh talua
Wedang jahe
Wedang uwuh
BumbuSpices
Adas manis
Andaliman
Asam jawa
Bawang bombai
Bawang merah
Bawang perei
Bawang putih
Bunga lawang
Bunga pala
Cabai rawit
Cabai merah
Cengkih
Daun bawang
Daun jeruk
Daun kari
Daun kemangi
Daun pandan
Daun salam
Jahe
Jeruk purut
Jeruk nipis
Jintan
Kapulaga
Kayu manis
Kecombrang
Kencur
Kemiri
Ketumbar
Keluak
Kunyit
Lengkuas
Lada hitam
Lada putih
Lokio
Pala
Peterseli
Seledri
Serai
Temu kunci
Temu lawak
Seasoningsand condiments
Abon
Acar
Balado
Bawang goreng
Budu
Coconut jam
Cuka
Dabu-dabu
Hagelslag
Kecap asin
Kecap ikan
Kecap inggris
Kecap manis
Kerisik
Lalab
Mayones
Minyak samin
Minyak wijen
Minyak zaitun
Moster
Muisjes
Nata de coco
Peanut sauce
Petis
Petis ikan
Rica-rica
Sambal
Sambal goreng teri
Serundeng
Saus tiram
Saus tomat
Tapai
Tauco
Tempoyak
Terasi
Tongcai
Tuktuk
Vlokken
Influences andoverseas dishes
Achat
Asam pedas
Ayam penyet
Babi pangang
Bami
Bamischijf
Begedil
Biryani
Bobotie
Bobotok
Boeber
Dendeng
Kaassoufflé
Kalu dodol
Koe'sister
Lumpia
Martabak
Mie goreng
Mie rebus
Nasi ambeng
Nasi goreng
Nasi kuning
Nasischijf
Pechal
Pisang goreng
Rawon
Rendang
Rojak
Roti canai
Satay
Sayur lodeh
Serundeng
Sosatie
Soto
Telur pindang
Tempeh
Tomato bredie
List articles
Indonesian beverages
Indonesian condiments
Indonesian desserts
Indonesian dishes
Indonesian noodles
Indonesian snacks
Indonesian soups
Relatedtopics
List of Indonesian dishes
Alcohol in Indonesia
Jamu
Bumbu (seasoning)
Street food of Indonesia
Jajan pasar
Sri Owen
Nunuk Nuraini
Category: Indonesian cuisine
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Makassarese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassarese_language"},{"link_name":"Makassar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makassar"},{"link_name":"South Sulawesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sulawesi"},{"link_name":"soto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_(food)"},{"link_name":"beef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef"},{"link_name":"offal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offal"},{"link_name":"stew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stew"},{"link_name":"peanuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut"},{"link_name":"spices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spices"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"beef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef"},{"link_name":"cow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cow"},{"link_name":"Burasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burasa"},{"link_name":"Ketupat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketupat"}],"text":"Coto Makassar or Coto Mangkasara (Makassarese), is an Indonesian traditional soup originating from Makassar, South Sulawesi. It is a variant of soto, traditionally made with beef, offal stew with seasoned broth made from ground peanuts and spices.[1] The main ingredient of this soup is beef, and it can be mixed with innards, such as intestine, liver, lungs, heart, tripe, or cow brain.Coto Makassar is usually served with Burasa or Ketupat rice cakes.","title":"Coto makassar"}]
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[]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"},{"title":"Indonesia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Indonesia"},{"title":"Coto Makassar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coto_Makassar"},{"title":"Soto ayam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soto_ayam"},{"title":"Sop saudara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sop_saudara"},{"title":"Konro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konro"},{"title":"Tongseng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongseng"},{"title":"Gulai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulai"},{"title":"List of Indonesian soups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_soups"},{"title":"List of soups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_soups"}]
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[{"reference":"Loren Bell; Stuart Butler; Trent Holden; Anna Kaminski; Hugh McNaughtan; Adam Skolnick; Iain Stewart; Ryan Ver Berkmoes (2016). Lonely Planet Indonesia. Lonely Planet. ISBN 9781760341619.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6HCGDAAAQBAJ&q=Coto+Makassar+beef&pg=PT1632","url_text":"Lonely Planet Indonesia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781760341619","url_text":"9781760341619"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Coto+makassar%22","external_links_name":"\"Coto makassar\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Coto+makassar%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Coto+makassar%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Coto+makassar%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Coto+makassar%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Coto+makassar%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6HCGDAAAQBAJ&q=Coto+Makassar+beef&pg=PT1632","external_links_name":"Lonely Planet Indonesia"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saurita_attenuata
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Saurita attenuata
|
["1 References"]
|
Species of moth
Saurita attenuata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Lepidoptera
Family:
Erebidae
Subfamily:
Arctiinae
Genus:
Saurita
Species:
S. attenuata
Binomial name
Saurita attenuataHampson, 1905
Saurita attenuata is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Hampson in 1905. It is found in the Amazon region.
References
^ Beccaloni, G.; Scoble, M.; Kitching, I.; Simonsen, T.; Robinson, G.; Pitkin, B.; Hine, A.; Lyal, C., eds. (2003). "Saurita attenuata". The Global Lepidoptera Names Index. Natural History Museum. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. "Search results Family: Arctiidae". Butterflies and Moths of the World. Natural History Museum, London.
Taxon identifiersSaurita attenuata
Wikidata: Q13529286
GBIF: 1809538
IRMNG: 10322515
LepIndex: 33623
Open Tree of Life: 3180842
This Saurita-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"moth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth"},{"link_name":"Arctiinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctiinae_(moth)"},{"link_name":"George Hampson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hampson"},{"link_name":"Amazon region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_region"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Saurita attenuata is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Hampson in 1905. It is found in the Amazon region.[1]","title":"Saurita attenuata"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Beccaloni, G.; Scoble, M.; Kitching, I.; Simonsen, T.; Robinson, G.; Pitkin, B.; Hine, A.; Lyal, C., eds. (2003). \"Saurita attenuata\". The Global Lepidoptera Names Index. Natural History Museum. Retrieved May 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/lepindex/detail/?taxonno=33623","url_text":"\"Saurita attenuata\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Global_Lepidoptera_Names_Index","url_text":"The Global Lepidoptera Names Index"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London","url_text":"Natural History Museum"}]},{"reference":"Pitkin, Brian & Jenkins, Paul. \"Search results Family: Arctiidae\". Butterflies and Moths of the World. Natural History Museum, London.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/butmoth/search/GenusList3.dsml?&FAMILY=Arctiidae&sort=GENUS","url_text":"\"Search results Family: Arctiidae\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gijang_County
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Gijang County
|
["1 History","2 Geography and demographics","3 Economy","4 Education","5 Tourism","5.1 Haedong Yonggungsa Temple","5.2 Daejeon Port","6 Administrative divisions","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
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Coordinates: 35°15′00″N 129°13′18″E / 35.25000°N 129.22167°E / 35.25000; 129.22167County in Yeongnam, South KoreaGijang
기장군CountyKorean transcription(s) • Hanja機張郡 • Revised RomanizationGijang-gun • McCune-ReischauerKijang-gunHaedong Yonggung Temple
FlagCoat of armsCountrySouth KoreaRegionYeongnamProvincial levelBusanAdministrative divisions3 eup, 2 myeonArea • Total217.9 km2 (84.1 sq mi)Population (2013 Dec 31) • Total146,260 • Density670/km2 (1,700/sq mi) • DialectGyeongsangWebsitewww.gijang.go.kr
Gijang County is a gun, or county, located between Haeundae-gu and Ulsan in northern Busan, South Korea.
History
Gijang first appears under its current name in the annals of the year 757, during the Unified Silla period. At that time it was made the hyeon of Gijang, part of Dongnae-gun. The Samguk Sagi records that it was known as Gaphwayanggok (甲火良谷) previously.
Historical landmarks in the county include the Buddhist temple of Jangansa, said to have been first built by Wonhyo in the 7th century.
Geography and demographics
Gijang is the most rural of Busan's districts, and consists mostly of vacant and agricultural land. Approximately 156.7 of its 217.9 square kilometers are empty and forested, mostly hilly land. The county's population has risen steadily since 1990, when it stood at 56,847. There is a fishing village set along the coastline.
Economy
Due to its location along the coast of the Sea of Japan, Gijang is known as a center for the production of various kinds of seafood. These include anchovies and brown seaweed (miyeok).
Dragon metalwork at Jangangsa temple
Gijang fishing village
Port of Daebyeon
Education
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2017)
Gijang is also the current residence of the new Busan International Foreign School, which the Ministry of Education recently spent 46.9 Billion won.
One elementary school, Daebyun Elementary School, was nicknamed the "poop school" since "Daebyun" meant feces. Its name originated from the village Daebyun-ri, which derived from the Daedonggobyunpo Port. The school opened in 1963, and in August 2017 it had 76 students. That month the school announced it was changing its name effective 2018.
Tourism
Other points of interest in the Gijang area include Toam Pottery Park and Ilgwang Beach, as well as the cliffside Haedong Yonggungsa temple. The fishing village is popular for its fresh seafood and sashimi.
Haedong Yonggungsa Temple
Main article: Haedong Yonggungsa
Haedong Yonggungsa Temple is famous as a famous sunrise spot.
Daejeon Port
Daejeon Port, located 4.1 km north of Haedong Yonggungsa Temple, accounts for 60% of the national anchovy catches and is called an anchovy port.
Around April, when the anchovy season comes, the sight of fishermen armed with raincoats, hats, boots, and rubber gloves opening their nets in a certain rhythm is truly spectacular. At the entrance of Daejeon Port, you can see Daejeon Port at a glance, enter the port, and slowly turn around Daejeon Port. There is a Suhyup building at the end and a small coastal road leads to the end of the road.
Administrative divisions
Administrative divisions
Gijang is divided into five parts:
eup (larger towns):
Jeonggwan-eup
Gijang-eup
Jangan-eup
myeon (rural townships):
Cheolma-myeon
Ilgwang-myeon
See also
Administrative divisions of South Korea
Geography of South Korea
References
"Gijang-gun Statistical Yearbook 2005 (online version)". Archived from the original on February 9, 2006. Retrieved 2006-08-13.
^ Chyung, Eun-ju (2017-08-17). "'Feces Elementary School' to change name after 55 years". The Korea Times. Retrieved 2017-08-18.
External links
Gijang County Office
Profile from Busan City administration
vteDistricts of BusanDistricts
Buk
Busanjin
Dong
Dongnae
Gangseo
Geumjeong
Haeundae
Jung
Nam
Saha
Sasang
Seo
Suyeong
Yeongdo
Yeonje
County
Gijang
Authority control databases: Geographic
MusicBrainz area
35°15′00″N 129°13′18″E / 35.25000°N 129.22167°E / 35.25000; 129.22167
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gun, or county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Haeundae-gu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haeundae-gu"},{"link_name":"Ulsan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulsan"},{"link_name":"Busan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busan"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"}],"text":"County in Yeongnam, South KoreaGijang County is a gun, or county, located between Haeundae-gu and Ulsan in northern Busan, South Korea.","title":"Gijang County"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unified Silla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Silla"},{"link_name":"hyeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyeon"},{"link_name":"Dongnae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dongnae"},{"link_name":"Samguk Sagi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samguk_Sagi"},{"link_name":"Wonhyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonhyo"}],"text":"Gijang first appears under its current name in the annals of the year 757, during the Unified Silla period. At that time it was made the hyeon of Gijang, part of Dongnae-gun. The Samguk Sagi records that it was known as Gaphwayanggok (甲火良谷) previously.Historical landmarks in the county include the Buddhist temple of Jangansa, said to have been first built by Wonhyo in the 7th century.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Gijang is the most rural of Busan's districts, and consists mostly of vacant and agricultural land. Approximately 156.7 of its 217.9 square kilometers are empty and forested, mostly hilly land. The county's population has risen steadily since 1990, when it stood at 56,847. There is a fishing village set along the coastline.","title":"Geography and demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sea of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"miyeok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miyeok"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jangangsa_Dragon,_near_Busan,_Korea.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gijang_Harbor,_near_Busan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daebyeon_Port_3.jpg"}],"text":"Due to its location along the coast of the Sea of Japan, Gijang is known as a center for the production of various kinds of seafood. These include anchovies and brown seaweed (miyeok).Dragon metalwork at Jangangsa templeGijang fishing villagePort of Daebyeon","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Gijang is also the current residence of the new Busan International Foreign School, which the Ministry of Education recently[when?] spent 46.9 Billion won.[citation needed]One elementary school, Daebyun Elementary School, was nicknamed the \"poop school\" since \"Daebyun\" meant feces. Its name originated from the village Daebyun-ri, which derived from the Daedonggobyunpo Port. The school opened in 1963, and in August 2017 it had 76 students. That month the school announced it was changing its name effective 2018.[1]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haedong Yonggungsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haedong_Yonggungsa"},{"link_name":"sashimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sashimi"}],"text":"Other points of interest in the Gijang area include Toam Pottery Park and Ilgwang Beach, as well as the cliffside Haedong Yonggungsa temple. The fishing village is popular for its fresh seafood and sashimi.","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Haedong Yonggungsa Temple","text":"Haedong Yonggungsa Temple is famous as a famous sunrise spot.","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Daejeon Port","text":"Daejeon Port, located 4.1 km north of Haedong Yonggungsa Temple, accounts for 60% of the national anchovy catches and is called an anchovy port.Around April, when the anchovy season comes, the sight of fishermen armed with raincoats, hats, boots, and rubber gloves opening their nets in a certain rhythm is truly spectacular. At the entrance of Daejeon Port, you can see Daejeon Port at a glance, enter the port, and slowly turn around Daejeon Port. There is a Suhyup building at the end and a small coastal road leads to the end of the road.","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:02-16-gijang-en.svg"},{"link_name":"Jeonggwan-eup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeonggwan-eup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gijang-eup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gijang-eup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jangan-eup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jangan-eup&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cheolma-myeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cheolma-myeon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ilgwang-myeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilgwang-myeon&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Administrative divisionsGijang is divided into five parts:eup (larger towns):\nJeonggwan-eup\nGijang-eup\nJangan-eup\nmyeon (rural townships):\nCheolma-myeon\nIlgwang-myeon","title":"Administrative divisions"}]
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[{"image_text":"Dragon metalwork at Jangangsa temple","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Jangangsa_Dragon%2C_near_Busan%2C_Korea.jpg/280px-Jangangsa_Dragon%2C_near_Busan%2C_Korea.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gijang fishing village","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Gijang_Harbor%2C_near_Busan.jpg/280px-Gijang_Harbor%2C_near_Busan.jpg"},{"image_text":"Port of Daebyeon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Daebyeon_Port_3.jpg/220px-Daebyeon_Port_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"Administrative divisions","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/02-16-gijang-en.svg/400px-02-16-gijang-en.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"Administrative divisions of South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_South_Korea"},{"title":"Geography of South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_South_Korea"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Gijang-gun Statistical Yearbook 2005 (online version)\". Archived from the original on February 9, 2006. Retrieved 2006-08-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060209175807/http://gijang.go.kr/gover/data/data2.asp","url_text":"\"Gijang-gun Statistical Yearbook 2005 (online version)\""},{"url":"http://www.gijang.go.kr/gover/data/data2.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chyung, Eun-ju (2017-08-17). \"'Feces Elementary School' to change name after 55 years\". The Korea Times. Retrieved 2017-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2017/08/181_234900.html","url_text":"\"'Feces Elementary School' to change name after 55 years\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Times","url_text":"The Korea Times"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gijang_County¶ms=35_15_00_N_129_13_18_E_region:KR_type:city_source:kolossus-frwiki","external_links_name":"35°15′00″N 129°13′18″E / 35.25000°N 129.22167°E / 35.25000; 129.22167"},{"Link":"http://www.gijang.go.kr/","external_links_name":"www.gijang.go.kr"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gijang_County&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060209175807/http://gijang.go.kr/gover/data/data2.asp","external_links_name":"\"Gijang-gun Statistical Yearbook 2005 (online version)\""},{"Link":"http://www.gijang.go.kr/gover/data/data2.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2017/08/181_234900.html","external_links_name":"\"'Feces Elementary School' to change name after 55 years\""},{"Link":"http://www.gijang.go.kr/eng/index.do","external_links_name":"Gijang County Office"},{"Link":"http://english.busan.go.kr/city_gover/01_05_16.htm","external_links_name":"Profile from Busan City administration"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/area/43d014ba-eed9-455e-a222-1cab2d481999","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz area"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gijang_County¶ms=35_15_00_N_129_13_18_E_region:KR_type:city_source:kolossus-frwiki","external_links_name":"35°15′00″N 129°13′18″E / 35.25000°N 129.22167°E / 35.25000; 129.22167"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stor-Oslo_Lokaltrafikk
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Stor-Oslo Lokaltrafikk
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[]
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Public transport administration for bus and ferry transport in Akershus, Norway
Stor-Oslo Lokaltrafikk ASCompany typeGovernment ownedIndustryBus transportFounded1973Defunct2007FateMerged with Oslo Public Transport Administration into RuterSuccessorRuterHeadquartersOslo, NorwayArea servedAkershusOwnerAkershus county municipalityOslo MunicipalityNorwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications
Stor-Oslo Lokaltrafikk AS or SL was the public transport administration for bus and ferry transport in Akershus, Norway from 1973 to 2007. SL was organised as a limited company owned by the Akershus county municipality, the City of Oslo, and the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications, with a third each. The company planned, marketed and organised the public transport in Akershus but did not operate any buses or ferries. Instead, it issued contracts to operating companies based on public service obligations (OPS).
The company was created in 1973, in part to help coordinate the public transport around Oslo. The metropolitan area of Oslo stretches beyond the city limits into the county of Akershus. This had created problems coordinating public transport between the counties. From 1 January 2008, the new company Ruter takes care of public transport in Oslo and Akershus.
All buses operated on contract for SL were painted green, and SL took care of marketing and customer relations for the bus companies. The companies that operate for SL at the time of the merger was Nettbuss, Norgesbuss, Schau's Buss, Schøyens Bilcentraler, Veolia Transport Norge and UniBuss. In addition ferries were operated by Nesodden-Bundefjord Dampskipsselskap and Sandvika Fjordturer.
vtePublic transport administrators of NorwayEast
Agder Kollektivtrafikk (Agder)
Farte/VKT (Vestfold og Telemark)
Ruter/Brakar/ØKT (Oslo, Viken)
Innlandstrafikk (Innlandet)
West
Kolumbus (Rogaland)
Skyss/Kringom (Vestland)
Fram (Møre og Romsdal)
AtB (Trøndelag)
North
Nordland
Troms fylkestrafikk/Snelandia (Troms og Finnmark)
Historical
Hedmark Trafikk
Opplandstrafikk
Oslo Sporveier
Stor-Oslo Lokaltrafikk (Akershus)
Vestviken Kollektivtrafikk (Buskerud, Telemark, Vestfold)
Authority control databases
VIAF
This article related to bus transport is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Norwegian government-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Norwegian corporation or company article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about transport in Norway is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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obligations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_service_obligation"},{"link_name":"Ruter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruter"},{"link_name":"Nettbuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettbuss"},{"link_name":"Norgesbuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norgesbuss"},{"link_name":"Schau's Buss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schau%27s_Buss"},{"link_name":"Schøyens Bilcentraler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B8yens_Bilcentraler"},{"link_name":"Veolia Transport Norge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veolia_Transport_Norge"},{"link_name":"UniBuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UniBuss"},{"link_name":"Nesodden-Bundefjord Dampskipsselskap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesodden-Bundefjord_Dampskipsselskap"},{"link_name":"Sandvika Fjordturer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandvika_Fjordturer"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Public_transport_administrators_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Public_transport_administrators_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_transport_administrators_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Agder Kollektivtrafikk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agder_Kollektivtrafikk"},{"link_name":"Farte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Farte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"VKT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestfold_Kollektivtrafikk"},{"link_name":"Ruter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruter"},{"link_name":"Brakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brakar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ØKT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98stfold_Kollektivtrafikk"},{"link_name":"Innlandstrafikk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Innlandstrafikk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kolumbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolumbus"},{"link_name":"Skyss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyss"},{"link_name":"Kringom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kringom&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fram_(M%C3%B8re_og_Romsdal)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"AtB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AtB"},{"link_name":"Nordland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordland"},{"link_name":"Troms fylkestrafikk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Troms_fylkestrafikk&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Snelandia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Snelandia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hedmark Trafikk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedmark_Trafikk"},{"link_name":"Opplandstrafikk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opplandstrafikk"},{"link_name":"Oslo Sporveier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_Public_Transport_Administration"},{"link_name":"Stor-Oslo Lokaltrafikk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7619882#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/3813149368839485980002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BSicon_BUS.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stor-Oslo_Lokaltrafikk&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bus-transport-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Bus-transport-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bus-transport-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Norway.svg"},{"link_name":"Norwegian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stor-Oslo_Lokaltrafikk&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Norway-gov-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Norway-gov-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norway-gov-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Factory_NOR.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stor-Oslo_Lokaltrafikk&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Norway-company-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Norway-company-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norway-company-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stor-Oslo_Lokaltrafikk&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Norway-transport-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Norway-transport-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norway-transport-stub"}],"text":"Stor-Oslo Lokaltrafikk AS or SL was the public transport administration for bus and ferry transport in Akershus, Norway from 1973 to 2007. SL was organised as a limited company owned by the Akershus county municipality, the City of Oslo, and the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications, with a third each. The company planned, marketed and organised the public transport in Akershus but did not operate any buses or ferries. Instead, it issued contracts to operating companies based on public service obligations (OPS).The company was created in 1973, in part to help coordinate the public transport around Oslo. The metropolitan area of Oslo stretches beyond the city limits into the county of Akershus. This had created problems coordinating public transport between the counties. From 1 January 2008, the new company Ruter takes care of public transport in Oslo and Akershus.All buses operated on contract for SL were painted green, and SL took care of marketing and customer relations for the bus companies. The companies that operate for SL at the time of the merger was Nettbuss, Norgesbuss, Schau's Buss, Schøyens Bilcentraler, Veolia Transport Norge and UniBuss. In addition ferries were operated by Nesodden-Bundefjord Dampskipsselskap and Sandvika Fjordturer.vtePublic transport administrators of NorwayEast\nAgder Kollektivtrafikk (Agder)\nFarte/VKT (Vestfold og Telemark)\nRuter/Brakar/ØKT (Oslo, Viken)\nInnlandstrafikk (Innlandet)\nWest\nKolumbus (Rogaland)\nSkyss/Kringom (Vestland)\nFram (Møre og Romsdal)\nAtB (Trøndelag)\nNorth\nNordland\nTroms fylkestrafikk/Snelandia (Troms og Finnmark)\nHistorical\nHedmark Trafikk\nOpplandstrafikk\nOslo Sporveier\nStor-Oslo Lokaltrafikk (Akershus)\nVestviken Kollektivtrafikk (Buskerud, Telemark, Vestfold)Authority control databases \nVIAFThis article related to bus transport is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis Norwegian government-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis Norwegian corporation or company article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis article about transport in Norway is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Stor-Oslo Lokaltrafikk"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/3813149368839485980002","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stor-Oslo_Lokaltrafikk&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stor-Oslo_Lokaltrafikk&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stor-Oslo_Lokaltrafikk&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stor-Oslo_Lokaltrafikk&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exercise_Bold_Alligator
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Bold Alligator
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["1 Bold Alligator 2012","2 References","3 External links"]
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American littoral warfare exercise
Bold Alligator is a multinational littoral warfare exercise hosted by the United States. It has been held annually since 2011. In 2012, it involved 14,000 marines, sailors, airmen and soldiers, encompassing more than 25 ships and involving eleven countries, with Canada, Mexico, UK, France, Netherlands, Spain, Italy, New Zealand, Australia, and other allied nations participating at sea, on land, and in the air, at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina and in Virginia.
In 2014 the exercise involved 19 countries:
United Kingdom
Canada
United States
Mexico
Peru
Brazil
Chile
Spain
France
Germany
Belgium
Italy
Netherlands
Denmark
Sweden
Turkey
Japan
Australia
Norway
Bold Alligator 2012
Bold Alligator 2012
Bold Alligator 2012 (BA12) was the second annual joint and multinational amphibious assault exercise sponsored by the U.S. Fleet Forces Command and the U.S. Marine Forces Command. Held from 30 January to 12 February 2012, Bold Alligator 2012 was the largest amphibious assault exercise held on the east coast of the United States since 2002. Its objective was the revitalization of U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps amphibious expeditionary tactics, techniques, and procedures, as well as the reinvigoration of combined Navy and Marine Corps operations from the sea. This live and synthetic, scenario-driven, simulation-supported exercise focused on the six core capabilities set forth in the current U.S. maritime strategy - forward presence, deterrence, sea control, power projection, maritime security, and humanitarian assistance/disaster response.
Bold Alligator 2012 served as a key pre-deployment training exercises for Expeditionary Strike Group Two, the 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade, and Carrier Strike Group Twelve. Additionally, nine countries participated in this exercise, providing maritime, land, and air units or observers from Australia, Canada, France, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Bold Alligator 2012 was held ashore and afloat, in and off the coasts of Virginia, North Carolina, and Florida, and it culminated in three large-scale operations - an amphibious assault at Camp Lejeune; an aerial assault from the sea into Fort Pickett; and an amphibious raid on Joint Expeditionary Base East.
Bold Alligator 2012 served as the Joint Task Force Exercise for Carrier Strike Group Twelve, the final pre-deployment training exercises needed to receive its combat-readiness certification. During this month-long underway period, Carrier Air Wing completed 3,830 flight hours, made 2,052 arrested landings, and received a 96 percent sortie completion rate. This included a single-day total of 107 sorties flown on 6 February 2012 during the amphibious assault phase of Bold Alligator 2012.
References
^ "Navy, Marine Corps Begin Bold Alligator 2011". United States Navy. December 11, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
^ Soley, Joan (February 9, 2012). "Bold Alligator war game preps US allies for new threats". BBC News. Retrieved February 17, 2012.
^ "Bold Alligator Brings Together 19 Nations, U.S. in Camp Lejeune". Dialogo Americas. Retrieved 2019-09-20.
^ a b "Bold Alligator 2012" (PDF). U.S. Navy. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-01. Retrieved 2012-06-03.
^ a b c "Bold Alligator 2012 to Revitalize Amphibious Operations". NNS120125-28. U.S. Fleet Forces Command Public Affairs. January 25, 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-03.
^ a b Tyrone C. Marshall, Jr. (January 31, 2012). "Bold Alligator' Helps to Sustain Amphibious Operations". American Forces Press Service. Archived from the original on June 12, 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-03.
^ a b Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Peter Melkus, USN (February 10, 2012). "Enterprise Completes Successful Monthlong Underway". NNS120210-05. Enterprise Carrier Strike Group Public Affairs. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Kristin L. Grover (February 10, 2012). "CVW-1 Wraps-up Underway, Departs Enterprise". NNS120210-02. Enterprise Carrier Strike Group Public Affairs. Retrieved 2012-06-03.
^ Kristin L. Grover (February 16, 2012). "CVW-1 wraps-up underway, departs Enterprise". Jet Observer. The Flagship / Military Newspapers of Virginia, Norfolk, VA. Retrieved 2012-06-03.
^ "Marines storm U.S. beaches in training exercise". CBS News. February 7, 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-04.
External links
Media related to Bold Alligator at Wikimedia Commons
Bold Alligator 2012 briefing: Admiral John C. Harvey, Commander, US Fleet Forces Command, and LtGen Dennis J. Hejlik, Commander, US Marine Forces Command, 31 January 2012. - Potomac Institute for Policy Studies. Date accessed, 10 April 2012.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"littoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littoral_(military)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Camp Lejeune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Lejeune"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Bold Alligator is a multinational littoral warfare exercise hosted by the United States. It has been held annually since 2011.[1] In 2012, it involved 14,000 marines, sailors, airmen and soldiers, encompassing more than 25 ships and involving eleven countries,[2] with Canada, Mexico, UK, France, Netherlands, Spain, Italy, New Zealand, Australia, and other allied nations participating at sea, on land, and in the air, at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina and in Virginia.In 2014 the exercise involved 19 countries:[3]United Kingdom\nCanada\nUnited States\nMexico\nPeru\nBrazil\nChile\nSpain\nFrance\nGermany\nBelgium\nItaly\nNetherlands\nDenmark\nSweden\nTurkey\nJapan\nAustralia\nNorway","title":"Bold Alligator"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_120126-N-YC845-001_The_official_logo_of_the_amphibious_exercise_Bold_Alligator_2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Fleet Forces Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Fleet_Forces_Command"},{"link_name":"U.S. Marine Forces Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Marine_Forces_Command"},{"link_name":"current U.S. maritime strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Cooperative_Strategy_for_21st_Century_Seapower"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BA12-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NNS120125-28-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DoDBA12-6"},{"link_name":"2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2nd_Marine_Expeditionary_Brigade"},{"link_name":"Carrier Strike Group Twelve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_Strike_Group_Twelve"},{"link_name":"Camp Lejeune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Lejeune"},{"link_name":"Fort Pickett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Pickett"},{"link_name":"Joint Expeditionary Base East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Expeditionary_Base_East"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BA12-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NNS120125-28-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DoDBA12-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NNS120125-28-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NNS120210-05-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NNS120210-05-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Bold Alligator 2012Bold Alligator 2012 (BA12) was the second annual joint and multinational amphibious assault exercise sponsored by the U.S. Fleet Forces Command and the U.S. Marine Forces Command. Held from 30 January to 12 February 2012, Bold Alligator 2012 was the largest amphibious assault exercise held on the east coast of the United States since 2002. Its objective was the revitalization of U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps amphibious expeditionary tactics, techniques, and procedures, as well as the reinvigoration of combined Navy and Marine Corps operations from the sea. This live and synthetic, scenario-driven, simulation-supported exercise focused on the six core capabilities set forth in the current U.S. maritime strategy - forward presence, deterrence, sea control, power projection, maritime security, and humanitarian assistance/disaster response.[4][5][6]Bold Alligator 2012 served as a key pre-deployment training exercises for Expeditionary Strike Group Two, the 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade, and Carrier Strike Group Twelve. Additionally, nine countries participated in this exercise, providing maritime, land, and air units or observers from Australia, Canada, France, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Bold Alligator 2012 was held ashore and afloat, in and off the coasts of Virginia, North Carolina, and Florida, and it culminated in three large-scale operations - an amphibious assault at Camp Lejeune; an aerial assault from the sea into Fort Pickett; and an amphibious raid on Joint Expeditionary Base East.[4][5][6]Bold Alligator 2012 served as the Joint Task Force Exercise for Carrier Strike Group Twelve, the final pre-deployment training exercises needed to receive its combat-readiness certification.[5][7] During this month-long underway period, Carrier Air Wing completed 3,830 flight hours, made 2,052 arrested landings, and received a 96 percent sortie completion rate.[8][9] This included a single-day total of 107 sorties flown on 6 February 2012 during the amphibious assault phase of Bold Alligator 2012.[7][10]","title":"Bold Alligator 2012"}]
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[{"image_text":"Bold Alligator 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US_Navy_120126-N-YC845-001_The_official_logo_of_the_amphibious_exercise_Bold_Alligator_2012.jpg/220px-US_Navy_120126-N-YC845-001_The_official_logo_of_the_amphibious_exercise_Bold_Alligator_2012.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Navy, Marine Corps Begin Bold Alligator 2011\". United States Navy. December 11, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=57692","url_text":"\"Navy, Marine Corps Begin Bold Alligator 2011\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy","url_text":"United States Navy"}]},{"reference":"Soley, Joan (February 9, 2012). \"Bold Alligator war game preps US allies for new threats\". BBC News. Retrieved February 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/16944360","url_text":"\"Bold Alligator war game preps US allies for new threats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Bold Alligator Brings Together 19 Nations, U.S. in Camp Lejeune\". Dialogo Americas. Retrieved 2019-09-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://dialogo-americas.com/en/articles/bold-alligator-brings-together-19-nations-us-camp-lejeune","url_text":"\"Bold Alligator Brings Together 19 Nations, U.S. in Camp Lejeune\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bold Alligator 2012\" (PDF). U.S. Navy. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-01. Retrieved 2012-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120801095557/http://www.public.navy.mil/usff/ba12/Documents/ba12_info.pdf","url_text":"\"Bold Alligator 2012\""},{"url":"http://www.public.navy.mil/usff/ba12/Documents/ba12_info.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bold Alligator 2012 to Revitalize Amphibious Operations\". NNS120125-28. U.S. Fleet Forces Command Public Affairs. January 25, 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=64978","url_text":"\"Bold Alligator 2012 to Revitalize Amphibious Operations\""}]},{"reference":"Tyrone C. Marshall, Jr. (January 31, 2012). \"Bold Alligator' Helps to Sustain Amphibious Operations\". American Forces Press Service. Archived from the original on June 12, 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120612222455/http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=67001","url_text":"\"Bold Alligator' Helps to Sustain Amphibious Operations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Forces_Press_Service","url_text":"American Forces Press Service"},{"url":"http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=67001","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Peter Melkus, USN (February 10, 2012). \"Enterprise Completes Successful Monthlong Underway\". NNS120210-05. Enterprise Carrier Strike Group Public Affairs.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kristin L. Grover (February 10, 2012). \"CVW-1 Wraps-up Underway, Departs Enterprise\". NNS120210-02. Enterprise Carrier Strike Group Public Affairs. Retrieved 2012-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=65270","url_text":"\"CVW-1 Wraps-up Underway, Departs Enterprise\""}]},{"reference":"Kristin L. Grover (February 16, 2012). \"CVW-1 wraps-up underway, departs Enterprise\". Jet Observer. The Flagship / Military Newspapers of Virginia, Norfolk, VA. Retrieved 2012-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.norfolknavyflagship.com/oceana/news/top_stories/article_b413389a-58b6-11e1-b992-0019bb2963f4.html","url_text":"\"CVW-1 wraps-up underway, departs Enterprise\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marines storm U.S. beaches in training exercise\". CBS News. February 7, 2012. Retrieved 2012-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57372575/marines-storm-u.s-beaches-in-training-exercise/","url_text":"\"Marines storm U.S. beaches in training exercise\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News","url_text":"CBS News"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.navy.mil/search/display.asp?story_id=57692","external_links_name":"\"Navy, Marine Corps Begin Bold Alligator 2011\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/16944360","external_links_name":"\"Bold Alligator war game preps US allies for new threats\""},{"Link":"https://dialogo-americas.com/en/articles/bold-alligator-brings-together-19-nations-us-camp-lejeune","external_links_name":"\"Bold Alligator Brings Together 19 Nations, U.S. in Camp Lejeune\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120801095557/http://www.public.navy.mil/usff/ba12/Documents/ba12_info.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Bold Alligator 2012\""},{"Link":"http://www.public.navy.mil/usff/ba12/Documents/ba12_info.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=64978","external_links_name":"\"Bold Alligator 2012 to Revitalize Amphibious Operations\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120612222455/http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=67001","external_links_name":"\"Bold Alligator' Helps to Sustain Amphibious Operations\""},{"Link":"http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=67001","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=65270","external_links_name":"\"CVW-1 Wraps-up Underway, Departs Enterprise\""},{"Link":"http://www.norfolknavyflagship.com/oceana/news/top_stories/article_b413389a-58b6-11e1-b992-0019bb2963f4.html","external_links_name":"\"CVW-1 wraps-up underway, departs Enterprise\""},{"Link":"http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57372575/marines-storm-u.s-beaches-in-training-exercise/","external_links_name":"\"Marines storm U.S. beaches in training exercise\""},{"Link":"http://www.potomacinstitute.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1138:live-webcast-tuesday-january-31-qbold-alligator-2012q-&catid=65:past-events&Itemid=94","external_links_name":"Bold Alligator 2012 briefing: Admiral John C. Harvey, Commander, US Fleet Forces Command, and LtGen Dennis J. Hejlik, Commander, US Marine Forces Command, 31 January 2012."}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corno_Cieco
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Blinnenhorn
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["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
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Coordinates: 46°25′33.4″N 8°18′28.9″E / 46.425944°N 8.308028°E / 46.425944; 8.308028Mountain in Switzerland
BlinnenhornCorno CiecoThe north-east side of the Blinnenhorn with the Gries GlacierHighest pointElevation3,374 m (11,070 ft)Prominence945 m (3,100 ft)Parent peakDammastockIsolation12.8 km (8.0 mi)ListingAlpine mountains above 3000 mCoordinates46°25′33.4″N 8°18′28.9″E / 46.425944°N 8.308028°E / 46.425944; 8.308028GeographyBlinnenhornLocation in the Alps
LocationValais, Switzerland/Piedmont, ItalyParent rangeLepontine AlpsClimbingFirst ascent5 September 1866 by Sedley Taylor, Johann Tännler, and Franz Guntern (or Guntren)
The Blinnenhorn (German) or Corno Cieco (Italian) is a mountain in the Lepontine Alps, located on the border between Italy and Switzerland. On the north-east side lies the Gries Glacier.
See also
List of mountains of Valais
List of most isolated mountains of Switzerland
References
^ Retrieved from the Swisstopo topographic maps. The key col is the Furka Pass (2,429)
^ Retrieved from Google Earth. The nearest point of higher elevation is southeast of the Galmihorn.
^ Summary of new ascents; Lepontine Alps, The Alpine Journal, December 1866
^ F Gardiner, Excursions in the Lepontine Alps, The Alpine Journal, November 1878
External links
Blinnenhorn on Hikr
Authority control databases
VIAF
This article about a mountain, mountain range, or peak located in Valais is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a mountain, mountain range, or peak located in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain"},{"link_name":"Lepontine Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepontine_Alps"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Gries Glacier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gries_Glacier"}],"text":"Mountain in SwitzerlandThe Blinnenhorn (German) or Corno Cieco (Italian) is a mountain in the Lepontine Alps, located on the border between Italy and Switzerland. On the north-east side lies the Gries Glacier.","title":"Blinnenhorn"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"List of mountains of Valais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Valais"},{"title":"List of most isolated mountains of Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_isolated_mountains_of_Switzerland"}]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Blinnenhorn¶ms=46_25_33.4_N_8_18_28.9_E_type:mountain_region:CH_scale:100000","external_links_name":"46°25′33.4″N 8°18′28.9″E / 46.425944°N 8.308028°E / 46.425944; 8.308028"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Blinnenhorn¶ms=46_25_33.4_N_8_18_28.9_E_type:mountain_region:CH_scale:100000","external_links_name":"46°25′33.4″N 8°18′28.9″E / 46.425944°N 8.308028°E / 46.425944; 8.308028"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PYc5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA410","external_links_name":"Summary of new ascents; Lepontine Alps"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N6dJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA57","external_links_name":"Excursions in the Lepontine Alps"},{"Link":"http://www.hikr.org/dir/Blinnenhorn_Corno_Cieco_466/","external_links_name":"Blinnenhorn on Hikr"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/240080246","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blinnenhorn&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blinnenhorn&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood%27s_Bay
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Robin Hood's Bay
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["1 History","1.1 Toponymy","1.2 Early history","1.3 Smuggling","1.4 Fishing, farming and lifeboats","2 Governance","3 Geography","4 Transport","5 Religion","6 Culture","7 Media","8 Notable people","9 Gallery","10 References","11 External links"]
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Coordinates: 54°26′04″N 0°32′04″W / 54.4345°N 0.5344°W / 54.4345; -0.5344Village in North Yorkshire, England
For the bay in Newfoundland, see Robinhood Bay.
Human settlement in EnglandRobin Hood's BayRobin Hood's BayRobin Hood's BayLocation within North YorkshireOS grid referenceNZ950053Civil parishFylingdalesUnitary authorityNorth YorkshireCeremonial countyNorth YorkshireRegionYorkshire and the HumberCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townWhitbyPostcode districtYO22Dialling code01947PoliceNorth YorkshireFireNorth YorkshireAmbulanceYorkshire
UK ParliamentScarborough and Whitby
List of places
UK
England
Yorkshire
54°26′04″N 0°32′04″W / 54.4345°N 0.5344°W / 54.4345; -0.5344
Robin Hood's Bay is a village in North Yorkshire, England. It is 6 miles (10 km) south of Whitby and 15 miles (24 km) north of Scarborough on the Yorkshire Coast.
It is an ancient chapelry of Fylingdales in the wapentake of Whitby Strand. It is on the Cleveland Way national trail and also the end point of Wainwright's Coast to Coast route.
History
"Whitby, Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire, England", c. 1890 – 1900
Toponymy
The origin of the name is uncertain, and it is doubtful that Robin Hood was ever in the vicinity of the village. It is attested to in the early sixteenth century as "Robyn Hoodis Baye" in 1544. The English ballad The Noble Fisherman tells a story of Robin Hood visiting Scarborough, taking a job as a fisherman, defeating French pirates with his archery skills, and using half the looted treasure to build a home for the poor. However, the ballad is only attested to in the 17th century at the earliest. It is considered more likely to be a work original to the 17th century rather than an older medieval popular legend passed down, and very unlikely to be based on any historical incident. However, it is possible the author knew of Robin Hood's Bay, and sought to tie the story they wrote to the Scarborough area to explain and justify the name.
Early history
By about 1000 the neighbouring hamlet of Raw and the village of Thorpe (Fylingthorpe) in Fylingdales had been settled by Norwegians and Danes. After the Norman conquest in 1069 much land in Northern England, including Fylingdales, was laid waste. William the Conqueror gave Fylingdales to Tancred the Fleming who later sold it to the Abbot of Whitby.
In the period 1324–1346 there was an early reference to Robin Hood's Bay. Louis I, Count of Flanders, wrote a letter to King Edward III in which he complained that Flemish fishermen together with their boats and catches were taken by force to Robyn Oeds Bay. The settlements were about a mile inland at Raw but by about 1500 a settlement had grown up on the coast. "Robin Hoode Baye" was mentioned by Leland in 1536 who described it as,
"A fischer tounlet of 20 bootes with Dok or Bosom of a mile yn length."
Fisher folk, Robin Hood's Bay, 1880, by Frank Sutcliffe
Robin Hood's Bay Sculpture
After the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1540, Whitby Abbey and its lands became the property of King Henry VIII with King Street and King's Beck dating from this time.
In the 16th century, Robin Hood's Bay was a more important port than Whitby, it is described by a tiny picture of tall houses and an anchor on old North Sea charts published by Waghenaer in 1586 and now in Rotterdam's Maritime Museum.
Smuggling
The village, which consists of a maze of tiny streets, has a tradition of smuggling, and there is reputed to be a network of subterranean passageways linking the houses. During the late 18th century smuggling was rife on the Yorkshire coast. Vessels from the continent brought contraband which was distributed by contacts on land and the operations were financed by syndicates who made profits without the risks taken by the seamen and the villagers. Tea, gin, rum, brandy and tobacco were among the contraband smuggled into Yorkshire from the Netherlands and France to avoid the duty.
In 1773 two excise cutters, the Mermaid and the Eagle, were outgunned and chased out of the bay by three smuggling vessels, a schooner and two shallops.
A pitched battle between smugglers and excise men took place in the dock over 200 casks of brandy and geneva (gin) and 15 bags of tea in 1779.
Fishing, farming and lifeboats
Robin Hood's Bay beach
Fishing and farming were the original occupations followed by generations of Bay folk. Many houses in the village were built between 1650 and 1750 and whole families were involved in the fishing industry. Many families owned or part-owned cobles. Later some owned ocean-going craft. Fishing reached its peak in the mid 19th century, fishermen used the coble for line fishing in winter and a larger boat for herring fishing. Fish was loaded into panniers and men and women walked or rode over the moorland tracks to Pickering or York.
A plaque in the village records that a brig named "Visiter" ran aground in Robin Hood's Bay on 18 January 1881 during a violent storm. In order to save the crew, the lifeboat from Whitby was pulled 6 miles (9.7 km) overland by 18 horses, with the 7-foot (2.1 m) deep snowdrifts present at the time cleared by 200 men. The road down to the sea through Robin Hood's Bay village was narrow and had awkward bends, and men had to go ahead demolishing garden walls and uprooting bushes to make a way for the lifeboat carriage. It was launched two hours after leaving Whitby, with the crew of the "Visiter" rescued on the second attempt.
The main legitimate activity had always been fishing, but this started to decline in the late 19th century. These days most of its income comes from tourism.
Robin Hood's Bay is also known for the large number of fossils which may be found on its beach. The foreshore rocks on the north side of the bay, in particular, are a well known location for finding ammonites, especially after winter storms.
In 1912, Professor Walter Garstang of Leeds University, in cooperation with Professor Alfred Denny of the University of Sheffield, established the Robin Hood's Bay Marine Laboratory, which continued on the site for the next 71 years, closing in 1983.
Governance
Robin Hood's Bay was part of the chapelry of Fylingdales in the Liberty of Whitby Strand which was a wapentake in the North Riding of Yorkshire. From 1974 to 2023 it was part of the Borough of Scarborough.
Geography
New Road, leading down to the sea shore
Robin Hood's Bay is built in a fissure between two steep cliffs. The village houses were built mostly of sandstone with red-tiled roofs. The main street is New Road, which descends from the cliff top where the manor-house, the newer houses and the church of St Stephen stand. It passes through the village crossing the King's Beck and reaches the beach by a cobbled slipway known as Wayfoot where the beck discharges onto the beach.
The cliffs are composed of Upper Lias shale capped by Dogger and False Bedded Sandstones and shales of the Lower Oolite.
The Wine Haven Profile near Robin Hood's Bay is the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Pliensbachian Epoch (183,0–189,6 mya), one of four chronographic substages of Early Jurassic Epoch.
The headlands at each end of the beach are known as Ness Point or North Cheek (north) and Old Peak or South Cheek (south).
Transport
The village was once served by Robin Hood's Bay railway station on the Scarborough and Whitby Railway line which opened in 1885 and closed in 1965. The track of the old railway is now a footpath and cycleway. The nearest railway station is in Whitby.
The village connects to the A171 allowing access to Whitby and Scarborough. The X93 Arriva bus service between Scarborough and Middlesbrough passes through Robin Hood's Bay every hour, increasing to every 30 minutes or every 20 minutes during the summer. Robin Hood's Bay is the eastern terminus of Wainwright's Coast to Coast Walk. Robin Hood's Bay is also on the coastal section of the Cleveland Way, a long-distance footpath.
Religion
The new St Stephen's Church on Thorpe Lane
Robin Hood's Bay is in the parish of Fylingdales which contains two churches both dedicated to St Stephen. The Old St Stephen's Church, Fylingdales, on the hill side at Raw, above the village, replaced an ancient church which had Saxon origins and was demolished in about 1821 and was a dependent chapel of Whitby Abbey. A new church, also St Stephen's, designed by George Edmund Street, was built in 1870.
Culture
The Bay Hotel
The novel Dracula by Bram Stoker, written in 1897, has scenes set in Robin Hood's Bay. Abraham visited the area recreating the steep steps and the sightings of the red eyes, the ship that ran aground with the immense dog, the dog being none other than Dracula.
Robin Hood's Bay is the setting for the Bramblewick novels (Three Fevers, Phantom Lobster, Foreigners, Sally Lunn, Master Mariner and Sound of the Sea) by Leo Walmsley (1892–1966), who was educated in the schoolroom of the old Wesleyan Chapel, in the lower village. The 1935 film Turn of the Tide, based on Walmsley's Three Fevers, was filmed in the village.
In 1925, the Fylingdales Group of Artists was founded at Denton Hawley's studio in Robin Hood's Bay.
In 1948, LIFE magazine ran a story of an unknown Poison Penman who had been writing spiteful anonymous letters to the inhabitants of Robin Hood's Bay since 1928.
The 2008 film Wild Child contains several scenes filmed at Robin Hood's Bay. The 2017 film Phantom Thread starring Daniel Day-Lewis features a number of Robin Hood's Bay locations, including the classic interior of the Victoria Hotel and the clifftops above the village.
Missing in Time, a novel by Catherine Harriott, is set in Robin Hood's Bay and contains references and descriptions of local history, geography and culture. "Robin Hood's Bay" is a poem by children's poet Michael Rosen.
The Bayfair newspaper contains news and local information on the village. Wireless Internet access is provided for visitors all around the village by the Bay Broadband Co-operative.
Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North East and Cumbria and ITV Tyne Tees. Television signals are received from the local relay transmitter which transmitted via the Bilsdale TV transmitter, the relay transmitter is situated near Ravenscar.
Local radio stations are BBC Radio Tees, BBC Radio York, Greatest Hits Radio Yorkshire Coast, Coast & County Radio and This is The Coast.
The village is served by these local newspapers:
Whitby Gazette
Evening Gazette
Notable people
Eileen Colwell, librarian, born in Robin Hood's Bay
Steve Huison, actor (The Full Monty), has lived in Robin Hood's Bay
Leo Walmsley, lived in the village between 1894 and 1913
Gallery
Robin Hood's Bay by Dame Ethel Walker, Aberdeen Art Gallery
King Street in Robin Hood's Bay
Robin Hood's Bay - view from the sea
Robin Hood's Bay from the Cleveland Way
Morris Dancers in Robin Hood's Bay
References
Notes
^ Dobson, R. B.; Taylor, J. (1997) . Rymes of Robin Hood. Sutton. pp. 179–182, 306. ISBN 0 7509 1661 3.
^ "Robin Hoods Bay". The University of York Outdoor Society. 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
^ Farnill 1966, p. 12
^ "STORM AND COMPANY". freepages.rootsweb.com. Retrieved 13 July 2019.
^ "International Robin Hood Biography".
^ a b c Page, William, ed. (1923). "Parishes: Fylingdales". A History of the County of York North Riding. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
^ Farnill 1966, p. 13
^ Farnill 1966, p. 16
^ Farnill 1966, p. 14
^ a b Farnill 1966, p. 22
^ Farnill 1966, p. 34
^ Farnill 1966, p. 44
^ Farnill 1966, p. 43
^ Ravenscroft, John (2006). "Robin Hood's Bay: Fishing Hamlet, Smuggler's Haven". timetravel-britain.com. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
^ "Whitby Lifeboats". whitby-yorkshire.co.uk. 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
^ Lidster, Robin (April 1998). "Heritage & History of Robin Hood's Bay". Bayfair. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
^ "Robin Hoods Bay". UK Fossil Collecting. 18 March 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
^ Mieszkowska, N.; Sugden, H.; Firth, L. B.; Hawkins, S. J. (28 September 2014). "The role of sustained observations in tracking impacts of environmental change on marine biodiversity and ecosystems". Philosophical Transactions: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 372 (2, 025). London: Royal Society of London.: 4. doi:10.1098/rsta.2013.0339. ISSN 1364-503X. PMC 4150294. PMID 25157190.
^ "GSSP for Pliensbachian Stage". International Commission on Stratigraphy. 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
^ "Disused Stations: Robin Hoods Bay Station". Subterranea Britannica. 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
^ "X93 – Middlesbrough – Whitby – Robin Hoods Bay – Scarborough". Arriva Yorkshire. 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
^ Smith, Jonathan (19 April 2019). "Walks: Take an Easter stroll from Robin Hood's Bay to the fishing port of Whitby". Darlington and Stockton Times. Retrieved 16 August 2019.
^ "Turn of the Tide". IMDb. Retrieved 13 July 2019.
^ "Fylingdales Group". Artist Biographies – British and Irish Artists of the 20th Century. UK. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
^ "Vicar Exorcises a Poison Penman". LIFE. 31 May 1948. pp. 45–46. ISSN 0024-3019.
^ "Wild Child (2008) – Filming Locations". IMDb. 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
^ "TV and Film Locations". North York Moors National Park. Retrieved 21 January 2018.
^ "Remote North Yorkshire UK Village of Robin Hoods Bay Gets Faster Broadband". ISPreview. 21 May 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
^ "Freeview Light on the Ravenscar (North Yorkshire, England) transmitter". UK Free TV. 1 May 2004. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
^ "Yorkshire Radio Stations". Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
^ "Eileen Colwell". The Times. No. 67573. 4 October 2002. p. 34. ISSN 0140-0460.
^ "Yorkshire Life". Yorkshire Life. Yorkshire Life. 8 September 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
^ Gower, E. (1978). Robin Hood's Bay (3 ed.). Clapham (Yorks): Dalesman. p. 33. ISBN 0-85206-462-4.
Bibliography
Farnill, Barrie (1966). Robin Hood's Bay The Story of a Yorkshire Community. Dalesman Publishing Co. Ltd.
Howarth, M. K. (November 2002). "The Lower Lias of Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire, and the work of Leslie Bairstow". Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Geology Series. 58 (2): 81–152. doi:10.1017/S0968046202000037. (abstract)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Robin Hood's Bay.
Local information
Robin Hood's Bay community information
Local Robin Hood's Bay Mini Guide
Lost Brig The brig Elizabeth Jane, launched at Guysborough, Nova Scotia, in 1817, was abandoned off Robin Hood's Bay on 8 July 1854. Her crew were picked up by the Samuel of Grimsby and set down at Bridlington Quay on the morning of 9 July. The vessel washed ashore at Ravenscar and was built into a house at Robin Hood's Bay. Her timbers, including nameboard and port of registration board, were only discovered when a cottage ceiling was removed in 2003.
vtePopulated coastal places in North Yorkshire
AnticlockwiseWhitby
Robin Hood's Bay
ClockwiseRavenscar
Authority control databases National
Israel
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robinhood Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinhood_Bay"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Whitby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitby"},{"link_name":"Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Coast"},{"link_name":"chapelry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapelry"},{"link_name":"Fylingdales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fylingdales"},{"link_name":"wapentake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapentake"},{"link_name":"Whitby Strand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitby_Strand"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Way"},{"link_name":"Coast to Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_to_Coast_Walk"}],"text":"Village in North Yorkshire, EnglandFor the bay in Newfoundland, see Robinhood Bay.Human settlement in EnglandRobin Hood's Bay is a village in North Yorkshire, England. It is 6 miles (10 km) south of Whitby and 15 miles (24 km) north of Scarborough on the Yorkshire Coast.It is an ancient chapelry of Fylingdales in the wapentake of Whitby Strand. It is on the Cleveland Way national trail and also the end point of Wainwright's Coast to Coast route.","title":"Robin Hood's Bay"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(Whitby,_Robin_Hood%27s_Bay,_Yorkshire,_England)_(LOC)_(16180464504).jpg"}],"text":"\"Whitby, Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire, England\", c. 1890 – 1900","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robin Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood"},{"link_name":"The Noble Fisherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Noble_Fisherman"},{"link_name":"pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirate"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rymes-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Toponymy","text":"The origin of the name is uncertain, and it is doubtful that Robin Hood was ever in the vicinity of the village. It is attested to in the early sixteenth century as \"Robyn Hoodis Baye\" in 1544. The English ballad The Noble Fisherman tells a story of Robin Hood visiting Scarborough, taking a job as a fisherman, defeating French pirates with his archery skills, and using half the looted treasure to build a home for the poor. However, the ballad is only attested to in the 17th century at the earliest. It is considered more likely to be a work original to the 17th century rather than an older medieval popular legend passed down, and very unlikely to be based on any historical incident. However, it is possible the author knew of Robin Hood's Bay, and sought to tie the story they wrote to the Scarborough area to explain and justify the name.[1][2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raw,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Norwegians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Danes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)"},{"link_name":"Norman conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England"},{"link_name":"Northern England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_England"},{"link_name":"William the Conqueror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"King Edward III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Leland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Leland_(antiquary)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vch-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fisher_Folk_in_Robin_Hood%27s_Bay_,_1880.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Globe_at_Robin_Hoods_Bay.JPG"},{"link_name":"Dissolution of the Monasteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries"},{"link_name":"Whitby Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitby_Abbey"},{"link_name":"King Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"Waghenaer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Janszoon_Waghenaer"},{"link_name":"Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"By about 1000 the neighbouring hamlet of Raw and the village of Thorpe (Fylingthorpe) in Fylingdales had been settled by Norwegians and Danes. After the Norman conquest in 1069 much land in Northern England, including Fylingdales, was laid waste. William the Conqueror gave Fylingdales to Tancred the Fleming who later sold it to the Abbot of Whitby.[3]In the period 1324–1346 there was an early reference to Robin Hood's Bay. Louis I, Count of Flanders, wrote a letter to King Edward III in which he complained that Flemish fishermen together with their boats and catches were taken by force to Robyn Oeds Bay.[4][5] The settlements were about a mile inland at Raw but by about 1500 a settlement had grown up on the coast. \"Robin Hoode Baye\" was mentioned by Leland in 1536 who described it as,[6]\"A fischer tounlet of 20 bootes with Dok or Bosom of a mile yn length.\"[7]Fisher folk, Robin Hood's Bay, 1880, by Frank SutcliffeRobin Hood's Bay SculptureAfter the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1540, Whitby Abbey and its lands became the property of King Henry VIII with King Street and King's Beck dating from this time.[8]In the 16th century, Robin Hood's Bay was a more important port than Whitby, it is described by a tiny picture of tall houses and an anchor on old North Sea charts published by Waghenaer in 1586 and now in Rotterdam's Maritime Museum.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"smuggling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smuggling"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farnill_1966_22-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farnill_1966_22-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Smuggling","text":"The village, which consists of a maze of tiny streets, has a tradition of smuggling, and there is reputed to be a network of subterranean passageways linking the houses. During the late 18th century smuggling was rife on the Yorkshire coast. Vessels from the continent brought contraband which was distributed by contacts on land and the operations were financed by syndicates who made profits without the risks taken by the seamen and the villagers. Tea, gin, rum, brandy and tobacco were among the contraband smuggled into Yorkshire from the Netherlands and France to avoid the duty.[10]In 1773 two excise cutters, the Mermaid and the Eagle, were outgunned and chased out of the bay by three smuggling vessels, a schooner and two shallops.[10] \nA pitched battle between smugglers and excise men took place in the dock over 200 casks of brandy and geneva (gin) and 15 bags of tea in 1779.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robin_Hoods_Bay_Whitby_North_Yorkshire_Fishing_Beach.jpg"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"coble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coble"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"brig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brig"},{"link_name":"Whitby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitby"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"fossils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"ammonites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonites"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Walter Garstang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Garstang"},{"link_name":"Leeds University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_University"},{"link_name":"University of Sheffield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sheffield"},{"link_name":"Robin Hood's Bay Marine Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood%27s_Bay_Marine_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Fishing, farming and lifeboats","text":"Robin Hood's Bay beachFishing and farming were the original occupations followed by generations of Bay folk. Many houses in the village were built between 1650 and 1750 and whole families were involved in the fishing industry. Many families owned or part-owned cobles. Later some owned ocean-going craft.[12] Fishing reached its peak in the mid 19th century, fishermen used the coble for line fishing in winter and a larger boat for herring fishing. Fish was loaded into panniers and men and women walked or rode over the moorland tracks to Pickering or York.[13]A plaque in the village records that a brig named \"Visiter\" ran aground in Robin Hood's Bay on 18 January 1881 during a violent storm. In order to save the crew, the lifeboat from Whitby was pulled 6 miles (9.7 km) overland by 18 horses, with the 7-foot (2.1 m) deep snowdrifts present at the time cleared by 200 men. The road down to the sea through Robin Hood's Bay village was narrow and had awkward bends, and men had to go ahead demolishing garden walls and uprooting bushes to make a way for the lifeboat carriage. It was launched two hours after leaving Whitby, with the crew of the \"Visiter\" rescued on the second attempt.[14][15]The main legitimate activity had always been fishing, but this started to decline in the late 19th century. These days most of its income comes from tourism.[16]Robin Hood's Bay is also known for the large number of fossils which may be found on its beach. The foreshore rocks on the north side of the bay, in particular, are a well known location for finding ammonites, especially after winter storms.[17]In 1912, Professor Walter Garstang of Leeds University, in cooperation with Professor Alfred Denny of the University of Sheffield, established the Robin Hood's Bay Marine Laboratory, which continued on the site for the next 71 years, closing in 1983.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wapentake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapentake"},{"link_name":"North Riding of Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Borough of Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_of_Scarborough"}],"text":"Robin Hood's Bay was part of the chapelry of Fylingdales in the Liberty of Whitby Strand which was a wapentake in the North Riding of Yorkshire. From 1974 to 2023 it was part of the Borough of Scarborough.","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robin_Hoods_Bay_1_(Nigel_Coates).jpg"},{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream"},{"link_name":"Lias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lias_Group"},{"link_name":"shale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale"},{"link_name":"Oolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oolite"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vch-6"},{"link_name":"GSSP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point"},{"link_name":"Pliensbachian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliensbachian"},{"link_name":"Early Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Jurassic"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"New Road, leading down to the sea shoreRobin Hood's Bay is built in a fissure between two steep cliffs. The village houses were built mostly of sandstone with red-tiled roofs. The main street is New Road, which descends from the cliff top where the manor-house, the newer houses and the church of St Stephen stand. It passes through the village crossing the King's Beck and reaches the beach by a cobbled slipway known as Wayfoot where the beck discharges onto the beach.The cliffs are composed of Upper Lias shale capped by Dogger and False Bedded Sandstones and shales of the Lower Oolite.[6]The Wine Haven Profile near Robin Hood's Bay is the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Pliensbachian Epoch (183,0–189,6 mya), one of four chronographic substages of Early Jurassic Epoch.[19]The headlands at each end of the beach are known as Ness Point or North Cheek (north) and Old Peak or South Cheek (south).","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robin Hood's Bay railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hood%27s_Bay_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Scarborough and Whitby Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough_and_Whitby_Railway"},{"link_name":"Whitby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitby_railway_station"},{"link_name":"A171","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A171_road"},{"link_name":"Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Middlesbrough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesbrough"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Wainwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Wainwright"},{"link_name":"Coast to Coast Walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_to_Coast_Walk"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Way"}],"text":"The village was once served by Robin Hood's Bay railway station[20] on the Scarborough and Whitby Railway line which opened in 1885 and closed in 1965. The track of the old railway is now a footpath and cycleway. The nearest railway station is in Whitby.The village connects to the A171 allowing access to Whitby and Scarborough. The X93 Arriva bus service between Scarborough and Middlesbrough passes through Robin Hood's Bay every hour, increasing to every 30 minutes or every 20 minutes during the summer.[21][22] Robin Hood's Bay is the eastern terminus of Wainwright's Coast to Coast Walk. Robin Hood's Bay is also on the coastal section of the Cleveland Way, a long-distance footpath.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Stephens_Church_Robin_Hoods_Bay_4_(Nigel_Coates).jpg"},{"link_name":"Old St Stephen's Church, Fylingdales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_St_Stephen%27s_Church,_Fylingdales"},{"link_name":"Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon"},{"link_name":"Whitby Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitby_Abbey"},{"link_name":"George Edmund Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Edmund_Street"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vch-6"}],"text":"The new St Stephen's Church on Thorpe LaneRobin Hood's Bay is in the parish of Fylingdales which contains two churches both dedicated to St Stephen. The Old St Stephen's Church, Fylingdales, on the hill side at Raw, above the village, replaced an ancient church which had Saxon origins and was demolished in about 1821 and was a dependent chapel of Whitby Abbey. A new church, also St Stephen's, designed by George Edmund Street, was built in 1870.[6]","title":"Religion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Bay_Hotel,_Robin_Hood%27s_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1474424.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dracula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dracula"},{"link_name":"Bram Stoker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bram_Stoker"},{"link_name":"Leo Walmsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Walmsley"},{"link_name":"old Wesleyan Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Chapel,_Robin_Hood%27s_Bay"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Fylingdales Group of Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fylingdales_Group_of_Artists"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-artbiogs-24"},{"link_name":"LIFE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Poison Penman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_pen_letter"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Wild Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Child_(film)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Phantom Thread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantom_Thread"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Michael Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rosen"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"The Bay HotelThe novel Dracula by Bram Stoker, written in 1897, has scenes set in Robin Hood's Bay. Abraham visited the area recreating the steep steps and the sightings of the red eyes, the ship that ran aground with the immense dog, the dog being none other than Dracula.Robin Hood's Bay is the setting for the Bramblewick novels (Three Fevers, Phantom Lobster, Foreigners, Sally Lunn, Master Mariner and Sound of the Sea) by Leo Walmsley (1892–1966), who was educated in the schoolroom of the old Wesleyan Chapel, in the lower village. The 1935 film Turn of the Tide, based on Walmsley's Three Fevers, was filmed in the village.[23]In 1925, the Fylingdales Group of Artists was founded at Denton Hawley's studio in Robin Hood's Bay.[24]In 1948, LIFE magazine ran a story of an unknown Poison Penman who had been writing spiteful anonymous letters to the inhabitants of Robin Hood's Bay since 1928.[25]The 2008 film Wild Child contains several scenes filmed at Robin Hood's Bay.[26] The 2017 film Phantom Thread starring Daniel Day-Lewis features a number of Robin Hood's Bay locations, including the classic interior of the Victoria Hotel and the clifftops above the village.[27]Missing in Time, a novel by Catherine Harriott, is set in Robin Hood's Bay and contains references and descriptions of local history, geography and culture. \"Robin Hood's Bay\" is a poem by children's poet Michael Rosen.The Bayfair newspaper contains news and local information on the village. Wireless Internet access is provided for visitors all around the village by the Bay Broadband Co-operative.[28]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBC North East and Cumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_North_East_and_Cumbria"},{"link_name":"ITV Tyne Tees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_Tyne_Tees"},{"link_name":"Bilsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilsdale_transmitting_station"},{"link_name":"Ravenscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenscar,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio Tees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_Tees"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_York"},{"link_name":"Greatest Hits Radio Yorkshire Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Coast_Radio"},{"link_name":"Coast & County Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_%26_County_Radio"},{"link_name":"This is The Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_is_The_Coast"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Whitby Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitby_Gazette"},{"link_name":"Evening Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Gazette_(Teesside)"}],"text":"Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North East and Cumbria and ITV Tyne Tees. Television signals are received from the local relay transmitter which transmitted via the Bilsdale TV transmitter, the relay transmitter is situated near Ravenscar.[29]Local radio stations are BBC Radio Tees, BBC Radio York, Greatest Hits Radio Yorkshire Coast, Coast & County Radio and This is The Coast.[30]The village is served by these local newspapers:Whitby Gazette\nEvening Gazette","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eileen Colwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eileen_Colwell"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Steve Huison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Huison"},{"link_name":"The Full Monty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Full_Monty"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Leo Walmsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Walmsley"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Eileen Colwell, librarian, born in Robin Hood's Bay[31]\nSteve Huison, actor (The Full Monty), has lived in Robin Hood's Bay[32]\nLeo Walmsley, lived in the village between 1894 and 1913[33]","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robin_Hood%27s_Bay_-_Dame_Ethel_Walker_-_ABDAG003562.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dame Ethel Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dame_Ethel_Walker"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen_Art_Gallery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RobinHoodsBay.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robin_Hood_Bay.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robin_Hoods_Bay_from_the_Cleveland_Way.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Way"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robin_hoods_bay_2005.jpg"},{"link_name":"Morris Dancers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_Dance"}],"text":"Robin Hood's Bay by Dame Ethel Walker, Aberdeen Art Gallery\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKing Street in Robin Hood's Bay\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRobin Hood's Bay - view from the sea\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRobin Hood's Bay from the Cleveland Way\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMorris Dancers in Robin Hood's Bay","title":"Gallery"}]
|
[{"image_text":"\"Whitby, Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire, England\", c. 1890 – 1900","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/%28Whitby%2C_Robin_Hood%27s_Bay%2C_Yorkshire%2C_England%29_%28LOC%29_%2816180464504%29.jpg/220px-%28Whitby%2C_Robin_Hood%27s_Bay%2C_Yorkshire%2C_England%29_%28LOC%29_%2816180464504%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fisher folk, Robin Hood's Bay, 1880, by Frank Sutcliffe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Fisher_Folk_in_Robin_Hood%27s_Bay_%2C_1880.png/170px-Fisher_Folk_in_Robin_Hood%27s_Bay_%2C_1880.png"},{"image_text":"Robin Hood's Bay Sculpture","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Globe_at_Robin_Hoods_Bay.JPG/220px-Globe_at_Robin_Hoods_Bay.JPG"},{"image_text":"Robin Hood's Bay beach","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Robin_Hoods_Bay_Whitby_North_Yorkshire_Fishing_Beach.jpg/220px-Robin_Hoods_Bay_Whitby_North_Yorkshire_Fishing_Beach.jpg"},{"image_text":"New Road, leading down to the sea shore","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Robin_Hoods_Bay_1_%28Nigel_Coates%29.jpg/220px-Robin_Hoods_Bay_1_%28Nigel_Coates%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The new St Stephen's Church on Thorpe Lane","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/St_Stephens_Church_Robin_Hoods_Bay_4_%28Nigel_Coates%29.jpg/220px-St_Stephens_Church_Robin_Hoods_Bay_4_%28Nigel_Coates%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Bay Hotel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Bay_Hotel%2C_Robin_Hood%27s_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1474424.jpg/220px-The_Bay_Hotel%2C_Robin_Hood%27s_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1474424.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Dobson, R. B.; Taylor, J. (1997) [1976]. Rymes of Robin Hood. Sutton. pp. 179–182, 306. ISBN 0 7509 1661 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0_7509_1661_3","url_text":"0 7509 1661 3"}]},{"reference":"\"Robin Hoods Bay\". The University of York Outdoor Society. 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.outdoorsoc.co.uk/venues.php?id=19","url_text":"\"Robin Hoods Bay\""}]},{"reference":"\"STORM AND COMPANY\". freepages.rootsweb.com. Retrieved 13 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://freepages.rootsweb.com/~stormrhb/genealogy/flanders.htm","url_text":"\"STORM AND COMPANY\""}]},{"reference":"\"International Robin Hood Biography\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irhb.org/wiki/index.php/1324_-_Louis,_count_of_Flanders_-_Letter_to_Edward_II_or_III","url_text":"\"International Robin Hood Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Page, William, ed. (1923). \"Parishes: Fylingdales\". A History of the County of York North Riding. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 9 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=64704","url_text":"\"Parishes: Fylingdales\""}]},{"reference":"Ravenscroft, John (2006). \"Robin Hood's Bay: Fishing Hamlet, Smuggler's Haven\". timetravel-britain.com. Retrieved 9 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timetravel-britain.com/articles/towns/bay.shtml","url_text":"\"Robin Hood's Bay: Fishing Hamlet, Smuggler's Haven\""}]},{"reference":"\"Whitby Lifeboats\". whitby-yorkshire.co.uk. 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.whitby-yorkshire.co.uk/lifeboat/lifeboats.htm","url_text":"\"Whitby Lifeboats\""}]},{"reference":"Lidster, Robin (April 1998). \"Heritage & History of Robin Hood's Bay\". Bayfair. Retrieved 9 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bayfair.co.uk/history.html","url_text":"\"Heritage & History of Robin Hood's Bay\""}]},{"reference":"\"Robin Hoods Bay\". UK Fossil Collecting. 18 March 2007. Retrieved 4 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ukfossils.co.uk/2007/03/18/robin-hoods-bay/","url_text":"\"Robin Hoods Bay\""}]},{"reference":"Mieszkowska, N.; Sugden, H.; Firth, L. B.; Hawkins, S. J. (28 September 2014). \"The role of sustained observations in tracking impacts of environmental change on marine biodiversity and ecosystems\". Philosophical Transactions: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 372 (2, 025). London: Royal Society of London.: 4. doi:10.1098/rsta.2013.0339. ISSN 1364-503X. PMC 4150294. PMID 25157190.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4150294","url_text":"\"The role of sustained observations in tracking impacts of environmental change on marine biodiversity and ecosystems\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.2013.0339","url_text":"10.1098/rsta.2013.0339"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1364-503X","url_text":"1364-503X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4150294","url_text":"4150294"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25157190","url_text":"25157190"}]},{"reference":"\"GSSP for Pliensbachian Stage\". International Commission on Stratigraphy. 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stratigraphy.org/GSSP/Pliensbachian.html","url_text":"\"GSSP for Pliensbachian Stage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Disused Stations: Robin Hoods Bay Station\". Subterranea Britannica. 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.disused-stations.org.uk/r/robin_hoods_bay/index.shtml","url_text":"\"Disused Stations: Robin Hoods Bay Station\""}]},{"reference":"\"X93 – Middlesbrough – Whitby – Robin Hoods Bay – Scarborough\". Arriva Yorkshire. 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.arrivabus.co.uk/ServiceSearchResults.aspx?txt=x93&stype=service®=UK","url_text":"\"X93 – Middlesbrough – Whitby – Robin Hoods Bay – Scarborough\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arriva_Yorkshire","url_text":"Arriva Yorkshire"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Jonathan (19 April 2019). \"Walks: Take an Easter stroll from Robin Hood's Bay to the fishing port of Whitby\". Darlington and Stockton Times. Retrieved 16 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.darlingtonandstocktontimes.co.uk/news/17583358.walks-take-an-easter-stroll-from-robin-hoods-bay-to-the-fishing-port-of-whitby/","url_text":"\"Walks: Take an Easter stroll from Robin Hood's Bay to the fishing port of Whitby\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turn of the Tide\". IMDb. Retrieved 13 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0027140/","url_text":"\"Turn of the Tide\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb","url_text":"IMDb"}]},{"reference":"\"Fylingdales Group\". Artist Biographies – British and Irish Artists of the 20th Century. UK. Retrieved 10 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artbiogs.co.uk/2/societies/fylingdales-group","url_text":"\"Fylingdales Group\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vicar Exorcises a Poison Penman\". LIFE. 31 May 1948. pp. 45–46. ISSN 0024-3019.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WkYEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA45","url_text":"\"Vicar Exorcises a Poison Penman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(magazine)","url_text":"LIFE"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-3019","url_text":"0024-3019"}]},{"reference":"\"Wild Child (2008) – Filming Locations\". IMDb. 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1024255/locations?mode=desktop","url_text":"\"Wild Child (2008) – Filming Locations\""}]},{"reference":"\"TV and Film Locations\". North York Moors National Park. Retrieved 21 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.northyorkmoors.org.uk/visiting/see-and-do/tv-and-film-locations","url_text":"\"TV and Film Locations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_York_Moors_National_Park","url_text":"North York Moors National Park"}]},{"reference":"\"Remote North Yorkshire UK Village of Robin Hoods Bay Gets Faster Broadband\". ISPreview. 21 May 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ispreview.co.uk/index.php/2012/05/remote-north-yorkshire-uk-village-of-robin-hoods-bay-gets-faster-broadband.html","url_text":"\"Remote North Yorkshire UK Village of Robin Hoods Bay Gets Faster Broadband\""}]},{"reference":"\"Freeview Light on the Ravenscar (North Yorkshire, England) transmitter\". UK Free TV. 1 May 2004. Retrieved 9 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://ukfree.tv/transmitters/tv/Ravenscar","url_text":"\"Freeview Light on the Ravenscar (North Yorkshire, England) transmitter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Yorkshire Radio Stations\". Archived from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 9 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://bestradios.co.uk/yorkshire-radio-stations/","url_text":"\"Yorkshire Radio Stations\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240418150746/https://bestradios.co.uk/yorkshire-radio-stations/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Eileen Colwell\". The Times. No. 67573. 4 October 2002. p. 34. ISSN 0140-0460.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0140-0460","url_text":"0140-0460"}]},{"reference":"\"Yorkshire Life\". Yorkshire Life. Yorkshire Life. 8 September 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yorkshirelife.co.uk/out-about/steve_huison_on_living_an_artistic_life_1_4688618","url_text":"\"Yorkshire Life\""}]},{"reference":"Gower, E. (1978). Robin Hood's Bay (3 ed.). Clapham (Yorks): Dalesman. p. 33. ISBN 0-85206-462-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85206-462-4","url_text":"0-85206-462-4"}]},{"reference":"Farnill, Barrie (1966). Robin Hood's Bay The Story of a Yorkshire Community. Dalesman Publishing Co. Ltd.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Howarth, M. K. (November 2002). \"The Lower Lias of Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire, and the work of Leslie Bairstow\". Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Geology Series. 58 (2): 81–152. doi:10.1017/S0968046202000037.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/140861","url_text":"\"The Lower Lias of Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire, and the work of Leslie Bairstow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0968046202000037","url_text":"10.1017/S0968046202000037"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodnature
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Goodnature
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["1 History","1.1 Department of Conservation partnership","2 Goodnature Products","2.1 Technology","2.2 Awards","3 Usage","3.1 Conservation usage","4 References","5 External links"]
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This article contains content that is written like an advertisement. Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links, and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view. (December 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Goodnature LimitedCompany typePrivate, benefit corporationIndustryPest controlFounded2005FoundersRobbie van Dam, Craig BondHeadquartersNewtown, New ZealandProductsPest trapsWebsitegoodnature.co.nz
Goodnature is a New Zealand company founded in 2005 by Robbie van Dam and Craig Bond. The company specialises in the production of traps designed for the control of animal pests such as stoats, rats, mice and possums.
History
Goodnature was founded by friends Robbie van Dam and Craig Bond who met while studying industrial design at Victoria University. Van Dam had a job at the Department of Conservation (DOC) in the Biodiversity Unit building gadgets for pest control when he noticed the methods for killing pest species such as rats, stoats and possums were either inefficient or inhumane. DOC funded the development of some of their early concepts to create the traps manufactured by Goodnature today.
Department of Conservation partnership
Goodnature released the first beta self-resetting trap for rats and stoats during New Zealand Conservation Week in September 2009. The initial technology could self-reset 12 times using compressed CO2. Field testing led to the development of a trap for brushtail possums, and another for rats and stoats. The company also built a lure development facility to test animal attractants as lures.
The traps were put into long-term, large-scale evaluation by DOC from 2010 to 2016. Goodnature's traps are endorsed by the Ministry of Primary Industries (MPI) for their efficiency in killing pests, and by DOC's Science and Technical team which recommends their use for conservation projects to protect New Zealand native plant and bird species.
Goodnature Products
Goodnature A24 trap powered by a CO2 canister
Goodnature produces and sells two pest control devices; one for brushtail possums, and another trap for rats and stoats; it also produces toxin-free lures to target these pests.
Technology
The self-resetting traps are powered by compressed gas and use a target-specific lure to attract animals. The traps work by striking the skull of the animal with a steel-cored, glass-reinforced, polymer piston (described as a captive bolt), killing it almost instantly. This piston is driven by compressed CO2 when the animal triggers the trap. Once the animal has been struck, the piston returns, dropping the animal to the ground and resetting the trap. The traps have achieved the Class A standard for humaneness as set out in the MPI's National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee's guidelines. This is the only possum trap ever to have met this standard. The A24 also meets the United Kingdom's Spring Traps Approval Order.
Awards
In 2016, Goodnature's A24 rat and stoat trap and automatic lure pump won Best Effect at the Design Institute of New Zealand for improving DOC's capability in New Zealand forests. It also received the supreme Purple Pin which is given to work that raises the bar of New Zealand design. Both Goodnature's A24 and A12 traps have won the Non-Consumer, Sustainable Product Design and Best Effect awards at the design institute's Best Awards since 2011.
Usage
Conservation usage
Goodnature's traps have been used in New Zealand in projects by DOC, city and regional councils, community groups, and households.
DOC has used Goodnature traps on Native Island, Southland, at Harts Hill in Fiordland National Park, at Boundary Stream, Hawkes Bay, Te Urewera Mainland Island, and at Abel Tasman National Park In June 2017, 1200 stoat traps were installed on 11,400 hectares of the Haast Kiwi Sanctuary to protect tokoeka kiwi, as part of the department's Battle For Our Birds programme. In the same programme, DOC also increased the number of stoat traps in Arthur's Pass National Park and Lake Sumner Forest Park in an effort to save one of New Zealand's rarest parakeets (orange-fronted parakeet) from extinction. In January 2017, the kiwi sanctuary at Rimutaka Forest Park was doubled in size to 7000 hectares to aid the regeneration of New Zealand's North Island brown kiwi. A total of 1200 Goodnature traps were laid down to reduce the number of stoats at the park that prey on kiwi.
The traps were a key tool behind a rodent control program at Maria Langa Cay, Puerto Rico in 2014 chosen to avoid the use of rodenticide on the island, which is a nesting site for the endangered hawksbill sea turtle and home to the brown pelican.
The traps are also used in conservation projects throughout Hawaii including in Kalaupapa National Historical Park in Oahu, in the Waianae and Ko'olau mountain ranges of Oahu, and on the island of Lanai.
The company has also developed targeted devices for the introduced mongoose in Hawaii, the introduced American mink in Finland and Sweden, and the introduced grey squirrel in the United Kingdom. The company's traps are now used in more than 25 countries including: the United States, Canada, England, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Scotland, Ireland, France, Spain, Italy, Portugal and Australia.
References
^ a b c Goh, Esther. "Goodnature: A cleaner take on pest control". Archived from the original on 8 May 2017.
^ a b "Industrial design background proves Good for Nature". WWF. Archived from the original on 8 April 2017.
^ Edwards, Jessy (30 October 2016). "Killing in the name of: Goodnature's cleverly-designed pest traps aim to save our native critters". Idealog. Archived from the original on 28 September 2017.
^ "100 ways to kill a rat". New Zealand Geographic. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017.
^ "DOC and local designers come up with home-grown 'kiwi-saver'". Department of Conservation. Archived from the original on 13 February 2016.
^ a b Niccol, Jared. "Stolen stoat anal gland oil was destined to protect rare kiwi". Stuff.co.nz.
^ "DOC trialling new version of self-set traps". Department of Conservation. Archived from the original on 26 July 2017.
^ a b "New possum traps enter Phase II of DOC testing". Department of Conservation. Archived from the original on 8 November 2015.
^ Ross, Allan. "Further update on Goodnature Ltd A12 and A24 Self-Resetting Traps" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 December 2017.
^ "Goodnature: Long life lures". Goodnature.co.nz. Archived from the original on 2 September 2017.
^ "Pioneering traps and a cuppa: weapons in the frontline battle to save our forests". WWF. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017.
^ "The Spring Traps Approval (Variation) (England) Order 2015" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 December 2017.
^ "Goodnature / Department of Conservation. A24 & Automatic Lure Pump". bestawards.co.nz. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017.
^ a b "Goodnature & DOC win top design prize at Best Awards". Scoop. Archived from the original on 19 May 2017.
^ "Goodnature | Best Awards". bestawards.co.nz. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017.
^ a b "Goodnature A24 self-resetting traps: Successful results from three rat projects" (PDF). sanctuariesnz.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 December 2017.
^ Winter, Chloe. "Traps lure, 'whack', kill rodents to help make NZ 'predator-free' by 2050". Stuff.co.nz.
^ "Return of robins to Abel Tasman mainland". Department of Conservation. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017.
^ "DOC works with Goodnature to protect rare kiwi". Department of Conservation. Archived from the original on 25 June 2017.
^ "Trap upgrade to protect endangered parakeet". Scoop. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017.
^ Weber, Adriana. "Pest-free kiwi sanctuary near Wellington doubles in size". Radio New Zealand. Archived from the original on 30 January 2017.
^ Morton, Jamie. "Kiwi ingenuity saves endangered turtles (+video)". New Zealand Herald.
^ "LA RATA - MARIA LANGA CAY - PUERTO RICO". Vimeo. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017.
^ "Informational report on the use of Goodnature® A24 rat traps in Hawaii" (PDF). University of Hawai'i. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2015.
^ Mendoza, Jim (31 October 2017). "Army to install hundreds of rat traps in Waianae, Koolau mountains". Hawaii News Now.
^ "Goodnature Traps. Geoff and Nick's adventure with Robbie". Halo. Archived from the original on 10 April 2017.
^ "Pest trap takes off". Radio New Zealand. Archived from the original on 22 January 2016.
^ "Island invasives: eradication and management" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 June 2012.
^ Hutching, Gerard. "Pest trap knocking off range of critters". The Dominion Post.
^ "About Us, Goodnature". Goodnature.co.nz.
^ "Automatic Trap Company".
External links
http://www.doc.govt.nz/our-work/battle-for-our-birds/ Battle For Our Birds
https://bestawards.co.nz/ Best Awards
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"stoats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoat"},{"link_name":"rats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat"},{"link_name":"mice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mice"},{"link_name":"possums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Possums_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"}],"text":"Goodnature is a New Zealand company founded in 2005 by Robbie van Dam and Craig Bond. The company specialises in the production of traps designed for the control of animal pests such as stoats, rats, mice and possums.[1]","title":"Goodnature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victoria University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Department of Conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Conservation_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"rats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat"},{"link_name":"stoats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoats_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"possums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_brushtail_possum_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Goodnature was founded by friends Robbie van Dam and Craig Bond who met while studying industrial design at Victoria University. Van Dam had a job at the Department of Conservation (DOC) in the Biodiversity Unit building gadgets for pest control when he noticed the methods for killing pest species such as rats, stoats and possums were either inefficient or inhumane.[2][3] DOC funded the development of some of their early concepts to create the traps manufactured by Goodnature today.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doc.govt.nz-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Primary Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_Primary_Industries_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Department of Conservation partnership","text":"Goodnature released the first beta self-resetting trap for rats and stoats during New Zealand Conservation Week in September 2009.[5] The initial technology could self-reset 12 times using compressed CO2. Field testing led to the development of a trap for brushtail possums,[2] and another for rats and stoats. The company also built a lure development facility to test animal attractants as lures.[6]The traps were put into long-term, large-scale evaluation by DOC from 2010 to 2016.[7][8] Goodnature's traps are endorsed by the Ministry of Primary Industries (MPI) for their efficiency in killing pests,[1] and by DOC's Science and Technical team which recommends their use for conservation projects to protect New Zealand native plant and bird species.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goodnature_A24_trap_dead_rats.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Goodnature A24 trap powered by a CO2 canisterGoodnature produces and sells two pest control devices; one for brushtail possums, and another trap for rats and stoats; it also produces toxin-free lures to target these pests.[6][10]","title":"Goodnature Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"compressed gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide"},{"link_name":"captive bolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captive_bolt_pistol"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Technology","text":"The self-resetting traps are powered by compressed gas and use a target-specific lure to attract animals. The traps work by striking the skull of the animal with a steel-cored, glass-reinforced, polymer piston (described as a captive bolt), killing it almost instantly. This piston is driven by compressed CO2 when the animal triggers the trap. Once the animal has been struck, the piston returns, dropping the animal to the ground and resetting the trap.[1] The traps have achieved the Class A standard for humaneness as set out in the MPI's National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee's guidelines.[8] This is the only possum trap ever to have met this standard.[11] The A24 also meets the United Kingdom's Spring Traps Approval Order.[12]","title":"Goodnature Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Awards","text":"In 2016, Goodnature's A24 rat and stoat trap and automatic lure pump won Best Effect at the Design Institute of New Zealand for improving DOC's capability in New Zealand forests.[13] It also received the supreme Purple Pin which is given to work that raises the bar of New Zealand design.[14] Both Goodnature's A24 and A12 traps have won the Non-Consumer, Sustainable Product Design and Best Effect awards at the design institute's Best Awards since 2011.[15]","title":"Goodnature Products"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-14"},{"link_name":"Native Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Island"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-16"},{"link_name":"Fiordland National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiordland_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Hawkes Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawke%27s_Bay_Region"},{"link_name":"Te Urewera Mainland Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Urewera"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-16"},{"link_name":"Abel Tasman National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abel_Tasman_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"tokoeka kiwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_brown_kiwi"},{"link_name":"Battle For Our Birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.doc.govt.nz/our-work/battle-for-our-birds/"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Arthur's Pass National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%27s_Pass_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Lake Sumner Forest Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Sumner_Forest_Park"},{"link_name":"orange-fronted parakeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malherbe%27s_parakeet"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Rimutaka Forest Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimutaka_Forest_Park"},{"link_name":"North Island brown kiwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Island_brown_kiwi"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"rodenticide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodenticide"},{"link_name":"hawksbill sea turtle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawksbill_sea_turtle"},{"link_name":"brown pelican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_pelican"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Kalaupapa National Historical Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaupapa_National_Historical_Park"},{"link_name":"Oahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oahu"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Waianae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waianae_Range"},{"link_name":"Ko'olau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%CA%BBolau_Range"},{"link_name":"Lanai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanai"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"mongoose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoose"},{"link_name":"American mink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_mink"},{"link_name":"grey squirrel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_gray_squirrel"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Conservation usage","text":"Goodnature's traps have been used in New Zealand in projects by DOC, city and regional councils, community groups, and households.[14]DOC has used Goodnature traps on Native Island, Southland,[16] at Harts Hill in Fiordland National Park,[17] at Boundary Stream, Hawkes Bay, Te Urewera Mainland Island,[16] and at Abel Tasman National Park[18] In June 2017, 1200 stoat traps were installed on 11,400 hectares of the Haast Kiwi Sanctuary to protect tokoeka kiwi, as part of the department's Battle For Our Birds programme.[19] In the same programme, DOC also increased the number of stoat traps in Arthur's Pass National Park and Lake Sumner Forest Park in an effort to save one of New Zealand's rarest parakeets (orange-fronted parakeet) from extinction.[20] In January 2017, the kiwi sanctuary at Rimutaka Forest Park was doubled in size to 7000 hectares to aid the regeneration of New Zealand's North Island brown kiwi. A total of 1200 Goodnature traps were laid down to reduce the number of stoats at the park that prey on kiwi.[21]The traps were a key tool behind a rodent control program at Maria Langa Cay, Puerto Rico in 2014 chosen to avoid the use of rodenticide on the island, which is a nesting site for the endangered hawksbill sea turtle and home to the brown pelican.[22][23]The traps are also used in conservation projects throughout Hawaii including in Kalaupapa National Historical Park in Oahu,[24] in the Waianae and Ko'olau mountain ranges of Oahu, and on the island of Lanai.[25]The company has also developed targeted devices for the introduced mongoose in Hawaii, the introduced American mink in Finland and Sweden, and the introduced grey squirrel in the United Kingdom.[26][27][28][29] The company's traps are now used in more than 25 countries including: the United States, Canada, England, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Scotland, Ireland, France, Spain, Italy, Portugal and Australia.[30][31]","title":"Usage"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Goodnature A24 trap powered by a CO2 canister","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Goodnature_A24_trap_dead_rats.jpg/220px-Goodnature_A24_trap_dead_rats.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Goh, Esther. \"Goodnature: A cleaner take on pest control\". Archived from the original on 8 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://idealog.co.nz/venture/2012/05/good-nature","url_text":"\"Goodnature: A cleaner take on pest control\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170508200453/http://idealog.co.nz/venture/2012/05/good-nature","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Industrial design background proves Good for Nature\". WWF. Archived from the original on 8 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wwf.org.nz/?12241/industrial-design-blog","url_text":"\"Industrial design background proves Good for Nature\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170408234033/http://www.wwf.org.nz/?12241%2Findustrial-design-blog","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Jessy (30 October 2016). \"Killing in the name of: Goodnature's cleverly-designed pest traps aim to save our native critters\". Idealog. Archived from the original on 28 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://idealog.co.nz/design/2016/10/killing-name-goodnatures-cleverly-designed-pest-traps-aim-save-our-native-critters","url_text":"\"Killing in the name of: Goodnature's cleverly-designed pest traps aim to save our native critters\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170928193430/http://idealog.co.nz/design/2016/10/killing-name-goodnatures-cleverly-designed-pest-traps-aim-save-our-native-critters","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"100 ways to kill a rat\". New Zealand Geographic. Archived from the original on 10 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/100-ways-to-kill-a-rat/","url_text":"\"100 ways to kill a rat\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170510111724/https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/100-ways-to-kill-a-rat/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DOC and local designers come up with home-grown 'kiwi-saver'\". Department of Conservation. Archived from the original on 13 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.doc.govt.nz/news/media-releases/2009/doc-and-local-designers-come-up-with-home-grown-kiwi-saver/","url_text":"\"DOC and local designers come up with home-grown 'kiwi-saver'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160213022814/http://doc.govt.nz/news/media-releases/2009/doc-and-local-designers-come-up-with-home-grown-kiwi-saver/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Niccol, Jared. \"Stolen stoat anal gland oil was destined to protect rare kiwi\". Stuff.co.nz.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/83108934/stolen-stoat-anal-gland-oil-was-destined-to-protect-rare-kiwi","url_text":"\"Stolen stoat anal gland oil was destined to protect rare kiwi\""}]},{"reference":"\"DOC trialling new version of self-set traps\". Department of Conservation. Archived from the original on 26 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.doc.govt.nz/news/media-releases/2014/doc-trialling-new-version-of-self-set-traps/","url_text":"\"DOC trialling new version of self-set traps\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170726142906/http://www.doc.govt.nz/news/media-releases/2014/doc-trialling-new-version-of-self-set-traps/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New possum traps enter Phase II of DOC testing\". Department of Conservation. Archived from the original on 8 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.doc.govt.nz/news/media-releases/2011/new-possum-traps-enter-phase-ii-of-doc-testing/","url_text":"\"New possum traps enter Phase II of DOC testing\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151108165703/http://www.doc.govt.nz/news/media-releases/2011/new-possum-traps-enter-phase-ii-of-doc-testing/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ross, Allan. \"Further update on Goodnature Ltd A12 and A24 Self-Resetting Traps\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://j6tf91d0ueo2tdwbl2hqjjle.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/DOC-update-on-self-resetting-traps-A12-and-A24-.pdf","url_text":"\"Further update on Goodnature Ltd A12 and A24 Self-Resetting Traps\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201221820/http://j6tf91d0ueo2tdwbl2hqjjle.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/DOC-update-on-self-resetting-traps-A12-and-A24-.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Goodnature: Long life lures\". Goodnature.co.nz. Archived from the original on 2 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goodnature.co.nz/products/long-life-lures/","url_text":"\"Goodnature: Long life lures\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170902112141/https://www.goodnature.co.nz/products/long-life-lures/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pioneering traps and a cuppa: weapons in the frontline battle to save our forests\". WWF. 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Archived from the original on 1 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://bestawards.co.nz/best-effect-award/goodnature/goodnature-department-of-conservation-a24/","url_text":"\"Goodnature / Department of Conservation. A24 & Automatic Lure Pump\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201221820/https://bestawards.co.nz/best-effect-award/goodnature/goodnature-department-of-conservation-a24/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Goodnature & DOC win top design prize at Best Awards\". Scoop. Archived from the original on 19 May 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/BU1610/S00469/goodnature-doc-win-top-design-prize-at-best-awards.htm","url_text":"\"Goodnature & DOC win top design prize at Best Awards\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170519091935/http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/BU1610/S00469/goodnature-doc-win-top-design-prize-at-best-awards.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Goodnature | Best Awards\". bestawards.co.nz. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://bestawards.co.nz/studios/goodnature/","url_text":"\"Goodnature | Best Awards\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170415011609/https://bestawards.co.nz/studios/goodnature","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Goodnature A24 self-resetting traps: Successful results from three rat projects\" (PDF). sanctuariesnz.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sanctuariesnz.org/meetings/documents/Peters2015.pdf","url_text":"\"Goodnature A24 self-resetting traps: Successful results from three rat projects\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201221820/http://www.sanctuariesnz.org/meetings/documents/Peters2015.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Winter, Chloe. \"Traps lure, 'whack', kill rodents to help make NZ 'predator-free' by 2050\". Stuff.co.nz.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/business/85552226/traps-lure-whack-kill-rodents-to-help-make-nz-predatorfree-by-2050","url_text":"\"Traps lure, 'whack', kill rodents to help make NZ 'predator-free' by 2050\""}]},{"reference":"\"Return of robins to Abel Tasman mainland\". Department of Conservation. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.doc.govt.nz/news/stories/2016/may/return-of-robins-to-abel-tasman-mainland/","url_text":"\"Return of robins to Abel Tasman mainland\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201221820/http://www.doc.govt.nz/news/stories/2016/may/return-of-robins-to-abel-tasman-mainland/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"DOC works with Goodnature to protect rare kiwi\". Department of Conservation. Archived from the original on 25 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.doc.govt.nz/news/media-releases/2017/doc-works-with-goodnature-to-protect-rare-kiwi/","url_text":"\"DOC works with Goodnature to protect rare kiwi\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170625191348/http://www.doc.govt.nz/news/media-releases/2017/doc-works-with-goodnature-to-protect-rare-kiwi/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Trap upgrade to protect endangered parakeet\". Scoop. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA1704/S00322/trap-upgrade-to-protect-endangered-parakeet.htm","url_text":"\"Trap upgrade to protect endangered parakeet\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201221820/http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA1704/S00322/trap-upgrade-to-protect-endangered-parakeet.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Weber, Adriana. \"Pest-free kiwi sanctuary near Wellington doubles in size\". Radio New Zealand. Archived from the original on 30 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/323135/pest-free-kiwi-sanctuary-near-wellington-doubles-in-size","url_text":"\"Pest-free kiwi sanctuary near Wellington doubles in size\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170130041510/http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/323135/pest-free-kiwi-sanctuary-near-wellington-doubles-in-size","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Morton, Jamie. \"Kiwi ingenuity saves endangered turtles (+video)\". New Zealand Herald.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11244277","url_text":"\"Kiwi ingenuity saves endangered turtles (+video)\""}]},{"reference":"\"LA RATA - MARIA LANGA CAY - PUERTO RICO\". Vimeo. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://vimeo.com/77743862","url_text":"\"LA RATA - MARIA LANGA CAY - PUERTO RICO\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171201221820/https://vimeo.com/77743862","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Informational report on the use of Goodnature® A24 rat traps in Hawaii\" (PDF). University of Hawai'i. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://manoa.hawaii.edu/hpicesu/DPW/other/A24.pdf","url_text":"\"Informational report on the use of Goodnature® A24 rat traps in Hawaii\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151026012315/http://manoa.hawaii.edu/hpicesu/DPW/other/A24.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mendoza, Jim (31 October 2017). \"Army to install hundreds of rat traps in Waianae, Koolau mountains\". Hawaii News Now.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/36722907/army-uses-re-setting-rat-traps-to-protect-endangered-species","url_text":"\"Army to install hundreds of rat traps in Waianae, Koolau mountains\""}]},{"reference":"\"Goodnature Traps. Geoff and Nick's adventure with Robbie\". Halo. Archived from the original on 10 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://halo.org.nz/goodnature-geoff-and-nicks-adventure-with-robbie/","url_text":"\"Goodnature Traps. Geoff and Nick's adventure with Robbie\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170410041834/http://halo.org.nz/goodnature-geoff-and-nicks-adventure-with-robbie/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pest trap takes off\". Radio New Zealand. 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Reifer
|
Elvis Reifer
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
West Indian cricketer
Elvis ReiferPersonal informationFull nameElvis Leroy ReiferBorn(1961-03-21)21 March 1961Saint George, BarbadosDied26 August 2011(2011-08-26) (aged 50)Bridgetown, BarbadosBattingLeft-handedBowlingLeft-arm fast-mediumRelationsRaymon Reifer (son)George Reifer (twin-brother)Leslie Reifer (brother)Floyd Reifer (nephew)Domestic team information
YearsTeam1984Hampshire1984/85–1985/86Barbados
Career statistics
Competition
First-class
List A
Matches
21
19
Runs scored
408
97
Batting average
22.66
9.70
100s/50s
–/1
–/–
Top score
51*
24
Balls bowled
3,221
899
Wickets
49
19
Bowling average
36.95
34.26
5 wickets in innings
–
–
10 wickets in match
–
–
Best bowling
4/43
4/46
Catches/stumpings
6/–
3/–Source: Cricinfo, 7 December 2009
Elvis Leroy Reifer (21 March 1961 – 26 August 2011) was a Barbadian cricketer.
Reifer was born in Barbados at Saint George in March 1961, alongside his twin-brother George. He was educated at Saint George Secondary School. Reifer was a key member of the Pickwick Cricket Club in the early 1980s, where as a left-arm fast-medium bowler he opened the bowling alongside Odwin Gilkes. He was signed by Hampshire for the 1984 English season as a replacement for Milton Small, who had been called up to the West Indian team prior to his arrival. He made his debut in first-class cricket for Hampshire against Cambridge University at Fenner's, taking 4 for 43. Reifer made twenty first-class appearances during his one season at Hampshire, taking 49 wickets at an average of 35.93, with his best figures remaining those he took on debut. With the bat, he scored 357 runs at a batting average of 19.83, with a highest score of 47. In addition to playing first-class cricket for Hampshire, Reifer also made his debut in List A one-day cricket for the county against the Combined Universities cricket team in the 1984 Benson & Hedges Cup. He made sixteen one-day appearances for Hampshire, taking 19 wickets at an average of 28.73, with best figures of 4 for 46. Wisden noted that "although bowling well on occasions, he did not make the hoped-for impact", and so was not retained for the 1985 season.
Returning to Barbados, Reifer made a single first-class appearance for Barbados against Trinidad and Tobago in the 1985–86 Shell Shield. Despite going wicketless in the match, he did make an unbeaten half century batting at number ten in the Barbados first innings. He also made three one-day appearances for Barbados in the 1985–86 Geddes Grant/Harrison Line Trophy, but failed to take a wicket in these matches. Reifer died in his sleep on 26 August 2011 at Bridgetown. He was married to Carol Roberts-Reifer, a well known radio and television personality in Barbados, with their son Raymon playing international cricket for the West Indies. Besides his twin-brother, his elder brother, Leslie, also played first-class and one-day cricket for Barbados. His nephew, Floyd Reifer, is a former captain of the West Indies cricket team.
References
^ a b c d e Marshall, Luigi (28 August 2011). "Elvis Reifer dies at 50". Nation News. Fontabelle. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
^ a b "Black History Month: Brief Encounters 1". www.ageasbowl.com. 27 October 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
^ a b c "First-Class Matches played by Elvis Reifer". CricketArchive. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
^ "First-Class Bowling For Each Team by Elvis Reifer". CricketArchive. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
^ "First-Class Batting and Fielding For Each Team by Elvis Reifer". CricketArchive. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
^ a b "List A Matches played by Elvis Reifer". CricketArchive. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
^ a b "List A Bowling For Each Team by Elvis Reifer". CricketArchive. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
^ a b Berry, Scyld; Booth, Lawrence. The Shorter Wisden 2011 - 2015. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 641. ISBN 9781472927330.
^ "Barbados v Trinidad and Tobago, Shell Shield 1985/86". CricketArchive. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
External links
Elvis Reifer at ESPNcricinfo
|
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He was educated at Saint George Secondary School.[1] Reifer was a key member of the Pickwick Cricket Club in the early 1980s, where as a left-arm fast-medium bowler he opened the bowling alongside Odwin Gilkes.[1] He was signed by Hampshire for the 1984 English season as a replacement for Milton Small, who had been called up to the West Indian team prior to his arrival.[2] He made his debut in first-class cricket for Hampshire against Cambridge University at Fenner's,[3] taking 4 for 43.[2] Reifer made twenty first-class appearances during his one season at Hampshire,[3] taking 49 wickets at an average of 35.93, with his best figures remaining those he took on debut.[4] With the bat, he scored 357 runs at a batting average of 19.83, with a highest score of 47.[5] In addition to playing first-class cricket for Hampshire, Reifer also made his debut in List A one-day cricket for the county against the Combined Universities cricket team in the 1984 Benson & Hedges Cup. He made sixteen one-day appearances for Hampshire,[6] taking 19 wickets at an average of 28.73, with best figures of 4 for 46.[7] Wisden noted that \"although bowling well on occasions, he did not make the hoped-for impact\",[8] and so was not retained for the 1985 season.[1]Returning to Barbados, Reifer made a single first-class appearance for Barbados against Trinidad and Tobago in the 1985–86 Shell Shield.[3] Despite going wicketless in the match, he did make an unbeaten half century batting at number ten in the Barbados first innings.[9] He also made three one-day appearances for Barbados in the 1985–86 Geddes Grant/Harrison Line Trophy,[6] but failed to take a wicket in these matches.[7] Reifer died in his sleep on 26 August 2011 at Bridgetown.[1] He was married to Carol Roberts-Reifer, a well known radio and television personality in Barbados,[1] with their son Raymon playing international cricket for the West Indies. Besides his twin-brother, his elder brother, Leslie, also played first-class and one-day cricket for Barbados. His nephew, Floyd Reifer, is a former captain of the West Indies cricket team.[8]","title":"Elvis Reifer"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Marshall, Luigi (28 August 2011). \"Elvis Reifer dies at 50\". Nation News. Fontabelle. Retrieved 19 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationnews.com/2011/08/28/elvis-reifer-dies-at-50/","url_text":"\"Elvis Reifer dies at 50\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Nation_(Barbados)","url_text":"Nation News"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontabelle,_Saint_Michael,_Barbados","url_text":"Fontabelle"}]},{"reference":"\"Black History Month: Brief Encounters 1\". www.ageasbowl.com. 27 October 2022. Retrieved 19 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ageasbowl.com/cricket/news/black-history-month-brief-encounters-1/","url_text":"\"Black History Month: Brief Encounters 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"First-Class Matches played by Elvis Reifer\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 19 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/6/6950/First-Class_Matches.html","url_text":"\"First-Class Matches played by Elvis Reifer\""}]},{"reference":"\"First-Class Bowling For Each Team by Elvis Reifer\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 19 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/6/6950/f_Bowling_by_Team.html","url_text":"\"First-Class Bowling For Each Team by Elvis Reifer\""}]},{"reference":"\"First-Class Batting and Fielding For Each Team by Elvis Reifer\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 19 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/6/6950/f_Batting_by_Team.html","url_text":"\"First-Class Batting and Fielding For Each Team by Elvis Reifer\""}]},{"reference":"\"List A Matches played by Elvis Reifer\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 19 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/6/6950/List_A_Matches.html","url_text":"\"List A Matches played by Elvis Reifer\""}]},{"reference":"\"List A Bowling For Each Team by Elvis Reifer\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 19 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/6/6950/a_Bowling_by_Team.html","url_text":"\"List A Bowling For Each Team by Elvis Reifer\""}]},{"reference":"Berry, Scyld; Booth, Lawrence. The Shorter Wisden 2011 - 2015. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 641. ISBN 9781472927330.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=v7NRCgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Shorter Wisden 2011 - 2015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London","url_text":"London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing","url_text":"Bloomsbury Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472927330","url_text":"9781472927330"}]},{"reference":"\"Barbados v Trinidad and Tobago, Shell Shield 1985/86\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 19 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/46/46775.html","url_text":"\"Barbados v Trinidad and Tobago, Shell Shield 1985/86\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damu_(1996_film)
|
Damu (film)
|
["1 Plot","2 Cast","2.1 Accolades","3 References","4 External links"]
|
1996 Indian filmDamuFilm posterDirected byRaja SenScreenplay byMohit ChatterjeeStory byNarayan GangopadhyayBased onPanchaananer HaatiProduced by
Ashok Bose
Tapas Ghosh
Raja Sen
Starring
Raghuvir Yadav
Tarun Kumar Chatterjee
Sabyasachi Chakrabarty
Rimi Sen
Gyanesh Mukherjee
CinematographyShakti BanerjeeEdited bySnehasish GangulyMusic byJatileshwar MukherjeeRelease date
13 June 1996 (1996-06-13)
Running time2:36:00CountryIndiaLanguageBengali
Damu (Bengali: দামু) is a 1996 Indian Bengali-language drama film directed by Raja Sen and produced by the Government of West Bengal. It is based on Narayan Gangopadhyay's novel Ponchanoner Haati (Bengali: পঞ্চাননের হাতি) and is Sen's directorial debut. The film was released on 26 October 1996 and won National Film Award for Best Children's Film.
Plot
Damu is an innocent orphan who lives in the village with an old man Panchanan. He develops a friendship with Panchanan's granddaughter Runku. One day he carelessly promises her an elephant ride through the village. But it is impossible to manage an elephant in the village, hence Runku is disappointed. To fulfill the promise, Damu sets out in search of an elephant. In his journey, he faces humiliation, taunting, harassment but does not lose hope. Finally, Damu comes across a circus but the manager refuses to meet him. Circumstances arise where Damu saves the circus from a gang of a robbers. Out of gratitude, the circus manager allows Damu to borrow an elephant and Runku gets her elephant ride in the village.
Cast
Raghuvir Yadav as Damu
Sabyasachi Chakraborty as Potai Chor
Manoj Mitra as Daroga
Gyanesh Mukherjee as Owner of Circus
Satya Bandyopadhyay as Panchanan
Tarun Kumar Chatterjee as Jagai Ghosh
Rimi Sen as Runku
Dulal Lahiri as Bhatu
Ajit Bandyopadhyay as Nibaran Chakraborty
Anamika Saha as Badan's wife
Monu Mukherjee as Kalim Sheikh
Smita Sinha as Runku's Grandmother
Dhiman Chakraborty as Badan
Gautam Dey as Nitai, Runku's father
Accolades
List of awards and nominations
Organisation
Date
Category
Recipients and nominees
Result
Ref.(s)
National Film Awards
1996
Best Children's Film
Raja Sen
Won
References
^ "Damu (1996) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director". Cinestaan. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
^ "Damu Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes", The Times of India, retrieved 25 July 2020
^ a b "44th National Film Festival" (PDF). dff.nic.in. New Delhi: Directorate of Film Festivals. 1997. p. 18. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
External links
Damu at IMDb
vteNational Film Award for Best Children's Film1954–1960
No Award (1953)
No Award (1954)
No Award (1955)
No Award (1956)
Hum Panchhi Ek Daal Ke (1957)
No Award (1958)
No Award (1959)
Phool Aur Kaliyan (1960)
Certificate of Merit
Khela Ghar (1953)
No Award (1954)
No Award (1955)
Jaldeep (1956)
Janmatithi (1957)
Virsa and the Magic Doll (1958)
Banyan Deer (1959)
Idd Mubarak and Delhi Ki Kahani (1960)
1961–1980
Hattogol Vijay (1961)
No Award (1962)
No Award (1963)
No Award (1964)
No Award (1965)
No Award (1966)
No Award (1967)
Heerer Prajapati (1968)
No Award (1969)
No Award (1970)
No Award (1971)
No Award (1972)
No Award (1973)
No Award (1974)
No Award (1975)
No Award (1976)
Safed Haathi (1977)
Joi Baba Felunath (1978)
No Award (1979)
No Award (1980)
Certificate of Merit
Savitri and Nanhe Munne Sitare (1961)
Raju Aur Gangaram (1962)
Panch Puthliyan (1963)
No Award (1964)
The Adventure of A Sugar Doll and As You Like It (1965)
Discontinued after 1965
1981–2000
No Award (1981)
No Award (1982)
Bhombal Sardar (1983)
My Dear Kuttichathan (1984)
Aazadi Ki Ore (1985)
No Award (1986)
Swamy (1987)
Manu Uncle (1988)
Ankur Maina Aur Kabootar and Jamboo Savari (1989)
No Award (1990)
Abhayam (1991)
Mujhse Dosti Karoge (1992)
Lavanya Preeti (1993)
Kochaniyan and Abhay (1994)
Halo (1995)
Damu (1996)
Ramayanam (1997)
Kabhi Pass Kabhi Fail (1998)
Goal (1999)
Gharaksharangal (2000)
2001–present
No Award (2001)
Baaja (2002)
Tora (2003)
Chutkan Ki Mahabharat (2004)
The Blue Umbrella (2005)
Care of Footpath (2006)
Photo (2007)
Gubbachigalu (2008)
Putaani Party and Keshu (2009)
Hejjegalu (2010)
Chillar Party (2011)
Dekh Indian Circus (2012)
Kaphal (2013)
Kaaka Muttai and Elizabeth Ekadashi (2014)
Budhia Singh – Born to Run (2015)
Dhanak (2016)
Mhorkya (2017)
Sarkari Hi. Pra. Shaale, Kasaragodu, Koduge: Ramanna Rai (2018)
Kastoori (2019)
Sumi (2022)
Gandhi & Co. (2023)
This article about an Indian Bengali film of the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Bengali-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_(modern_genre)"},{"link_name":"Raja Sen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Sen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Government of West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Narayan Gangopadhyay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayan_Gangopadhyay"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"National Film Award for Best Children's Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Children%27s_Film"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44thNFA-3"}],"text":"1996 Indian filmDamu (Bengali: দামু) is a 1996 Indian Bengali-language drama film directed by Raja Sen[1] and produced by the Government of West Bengal. It is based on Narayan Gangopadhyay's novel Ponchanoner Haati (Bengali: পঞ্চাননের হাতি) and is Sen's directorial debut. The film was released on 26 October 1996[2] and won National Film Award for Best Children's Film.[3]","title":"Damu (film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Damu is an innocent orphan who lives in the village with an old man Panchanan. He develops a friendship with Panchanan's granddaughter Runku. One day he carelessly promises her an elephant ride through the village. But it is impossible to manage an elephant in the village, hence Runku is disappointed. To fulfill the promise, Damu sets out in search of an elephant. In his journey, he faces humiliation, taunting, harassment but does not lose hope. Finally, Damu comes across a circus but the manager refuses to meet him. Circumstances arise where Damu saves the circus from a gang of a robbers. Out of gratitude, the circus manager allows Damu to borrow an elephant and Runku gets her elephant ride in the village.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raghuvir Yadav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghuvir_Yadav"},{"link_name":"Sabyasachi Chakraborty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabyasachi_Chakraborty"},{"link_name":"Manoj Mitra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manoj_Mitra"},{"link_name":"Gyanesh Mukherjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyanesh_Mukherjee"},{"link_name":"Satya Bandyopadhyay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satya_Bandyopadhyay"},{"link_name":"Tarun Kumar Chatterjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarun_Kumar_Chatterjee"},{"link_name":"Rimi Sen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimi_Sen"},{"link_name":"Dulal Lahiri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulal_Lahiri"},{"link_name":"Ajit Bandyopadhyay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajit_Bandyopadhyay_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Anamika Saha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anamika_Saha"},{"link_name":"Monu Mukherjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monu_Mukherjee"}],"text":"Raghuvir Yadav as Damu\nSabyasachi Chakraborty as Potai Chor\nManoj Mitra as Daroga\nGyanesh Mukherjee as Owner of Circus\nSatya Bandyopadhyay as Panchanan\nTarun Kumar Chatterjee as Jagai Ghosh\nRimi Sen as Runku\nDulal Lahiri as Bhatu\nAjit Bandyopadhyay as Nibaran Chakraborty\nAnamika Saha as Badan's wife\nMonu Mukherjee as Kalim Sheikh\nSmita Sinha as Runku's Grandmother\nDhiman Chakraborty as Badan\nGautam Dey as Nitai, Runku's father","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Accolades","title":"Cast"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Damu (1996) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director\". Cinestaan. Archived from the original on 6 January 2022. Retrieved 6 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/damu-34140/cast-crew","url_text":"\"Damu (1996) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220106103910/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/damu-34140/cast-crew","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Damu Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes\", The Times of India, retrieved 25 July 2020","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/damu/movieshow/66376398.cms","url_text":"\"Damu Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes\""}]},{"reference":"\"44th National Film Festival\" (PDF). dff.nic.in. New Delhi: Directorate of Film Festivals. 1997. p. 18. Retrieved 12 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/73_44thNfacatalogue.pdf","url_text":"\"44th National Film Festival\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi","url_text":"New Delhi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directorate_of_Film_Festivals","url_text":"Directorate of Film Festivals"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/damu-34140/cast-crew","external_links_name":"\"Damu (1996) Cast - Actor, Actress, Director, Producer, Music Director\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220106103910/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/damu-34140/cast-crew","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/damu/movieshow/66376398.cms","external_links_name":"\"Damu Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes\""},{"Link":"http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/73_44thNfacatalogue.pdf","external_links_name":"\"44th National Film Festival\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1920888/","external_links_name":"Damu"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damu_(film)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Inter-Provincial_Cup
|
2019 Inter-Provincial Cup
|
["1 Points table","2 Fixtures","2.1 1st match","2.2 2nd match","2.3 3rd match","2.4 4th match","2.5 5th match","2.6 6th match","2.7 7th match","2.8 8th match","2.9 9th match","3 References","4 External links"]
|
Cricket tournament
Cricket tournament
2019 Inter-Provincial CupDates23 April – 26 August 2019Administrator(s)Cricket IrelandCricket formatList ATournament format(s)Round-robinChampionsLeinster Lightning (6th title)Participants3Matches9Most runsAndy Balbirnie (350)Most wicketsHarry Tector (10)Shane Getkate (10)← 20182020 →
The 2019 Inter-Provincial Cup was the seventh edition of the Inter-Provincial Cup, a List A cricket competition for teams from Ireland. It was the third edition of the competition to be played with List A status. Leinster Lightning were the defending champions.
Unlike previous editions of the tournament, an extra round of matches took place outside of the normal domestic calendar, with matches played at the La Manga Club Ground, Spain, in April 2019. The tournament was originally scheduled to start on 22 April 2019, but was postponed by 24 hours due to heavy rain. However, the opening fixture was abandoned without a ball being bowled due to a wet outfield.
Leinster Lightning retained their title, after their match on 22 August 2019 against the North West Warriors was abandoned due to rain.
Points table
The following teams competed:
Team
Pld
W
L
T
NR
Pts
Leinster Lightning
6
3
1
0
2
18
Northern Knights
6
3
3
0
0
14
North West Warriors
6
1
3
0
2
8
Fixtures
1st match
23 April 2019 Scorecard
Leinster Lightning
v
North West Warriors
Match abandoned La Manga Club Ground, Spain Umpires: Paul Reynolds and Roland Black
No toss.
No play was possible due to a wet outfield.
Points: Leinster Lightning 2, North West Warriors 2.
2nd match
24 April 2019 Scorecard
Northern Knights265/6 (36 overs)
v
North West Warriors147 (29.1 overs)
Marc Ellison 87 (91) Stuart Thompson 4/55 (8 overs)
Andrew Britton 36* (33) Harry Tector 5/36 (6.1 overs)
Northern Knights won by 117 runs (DLS method) La Manga Club Ground, Spain Umpires: Roland Black and Alan Neill
North West Warriors won the toss and elected to field.
The match was reduced to 36 overs per side due to a wet outfield.
Andrew Austin (North West Warriors) made his List A debut.
Points: Northern Knights 5, North West Warriors 0.
3rd match
25 April 2019 Scorecard
Northern Knights290/8 (50 overs)
v
Leinster Lightning294/4 (46.5 overs)
Marc Ellison 85 (112) George Dockrell 3/42 (10 overs)
Andy Balbirnie 125 (126) Graeme McCarter 2/33 (10 overs)
Leinster Lightning won by 6 wickets La Manga Club Ground, Spain Umpires: Paul Reynolds and Alan Neill
Northern Knights won the toss and elected to bat.
Points: Leinster Lightning 4, Northern Knights 0.
4th match
23 May 2019 Scorecard
Leinster Lightning271/5 (50 overs)
v
North West Warriors193 (48 overs)
Jack Tector 110 (141) Graham Hume 3/48 (10 overs)
David Rankin 55 (67) George Dockrell 4/41 (8 overs)
Leinster Lightning won by 78 runs Bready Cricket Club Ground, Bready Umpires: Michael Foster and Roland Black
Leinster Lightning won the toss and elected to bat.
Marcus Poskitt (North West Warriors) and Fionn Hand (Leinster Lightning) both made their List A debuts.
Points: Leinster Lightning 5, North West Warriors 0.
Jack Tector (Leinster Lightning) scored his first century in List A cricket.
5th match
27 May 2019 Scorecard
North West Warriors188 (50 overs)
v
Northern Knights107/8 (20 overs)
Aaron Gillespie 54 (97) Shane Getkate 4/28 (7 overs)
Gary Wilson 40 (34) Aaron Gillespie 2/14 (2 overs)
North West Warriors won by 3 runs (DLS method) Stormont, Belfast Umpires: Jareth McCready and Alan Neill
North West Warriors won the toss and elected to bat.
Northern Knights were set a revised target of 111 runs from 20 overs due to rain.
Adam McDaid and Gregory McFaul (North West Warriors) both made their List A debuts.
Points: North West Warriors 4, Northern Knights 0.
6th match
27 June 2019 Scorecard
Leinster Lightning114 (35.3 overs)
v
Northern Knights115/3 (21.5 overs)
Simi Singh 44 (65) Jacob Mulder 3/5 (2.3 overs)
Harry Tector 35* (42) Peter Chase 2/36 (7 overs)
Northern Knights won by 7 wickets Pembroke Cricket Club, Dublin Umpires: Philip Thompson and Alan Neill
Leinster Lightning won the toss and elected to bat.
Points: Northern Knights 5, Leinster Lightning 0.
7th match
20 August 2019 Scorecard
Northern Knights176 (42.2 overs)
v
Leinster Lightning179/3 (32.4 overs)
Mark Adair 40 (39) Tyrone Kane 6/42 (8.2 overs)
Andy Balbirnie 90 (94) Mark Adair 2/41 (8.4 overs)
Leinster Lightning won by 7 wickets Stormont, Belfast Umpires: Mark Hawthorne and Deighton Butler
Leinster Lightning won the toss and elected to field.
Josh Manley and Matthew Foster (Northern Knights) both made their List A debuts.
Points: Leinster Lightning 5, Northern Knights 0.
8th match
22 August 2019 Scorecard
Leinster Lightning
v
North West Warriors
Match abandoned Merrion Cricket Club Ground, Dublin Umpires: Deighton Butler and Mary Waldron
No toss.
No play was possible due to a wet outfield.
Points: Leinster Lightning 2, North West Warriors 2.
9th match
26 August 2019 Scorecard
Northern Knights245/8 (50 overs)
v
North West Warriors243 (49.5 overs)
Ruhan Pretorius 96 (124) Graham Kennedy 3/48 (10 overs)
Stuart Thompson 59 (59) Shane Getkate 3/52 (8.5 overs)
Northern Knights won by 2 runs Woodvale Road, Eglinton Umpires: Roland Black and Deighton Butler
Northern Knights won the toss and elected to bat.
Will Smale (North West Warriors) made his List A debut.
Points: Northern Knights 4, North West Warriors 0.
References
^ "Leinster Lightning win fifth straight Hanley Energy Inter-Provincial Cup". Cricket World. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
^ "Board greenlights national strategy for girl's and women's cricket, Inter-Provincial Series Review". Cricket Ireland. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
^ "Ireland to play quadrangular warm-up series in Oman". BBC Sport. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
^ "Extra round of one-day games gets go-ahead for La Manga". Belfast Telegraph. 15 December 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2018.
^ "PREVIEW: Leinster Lightning v North West Warriors (IP50)". Cricket Ireland. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
^ "PREVIEW: North West Warriors v Northern Knights (IP50)". Cricket Ireland. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
^ "Abandoned game sees Lightning confirm 6th title". Cricket Europe. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
^ "Cricket Ireland Inter-Provincial Limited Over Cup Table - 2019". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
^ "Tector stakes claim for an Irish call with cool century". Belfast Telegraph. 24 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
External links
Series home at ESPN Cricinfo
vteInter-Provincials (Ireland)Competing teams
Leinster Lightning
North West Warriors
Northern Knights
Munster Reds
Inter-Provincial Championship
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Inter-Provincial Cup
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
Inter-Provincial Trophy
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
This article related to an Irish domestic cricket competition is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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It was the third edition of the competition to be played with List A status. Leinster Lightning were the defending champions.[1]Unlike previous editions of the tournament, an extra round of matches took place outside of the normal domestic calendar, with matches played at the La Manga Club Ground, Spain, in April 2019.[2][3][4] The tournament was originally scheduled to start on 22 April 2019, but was postponed by 24 hours due to heavy rain.[5] However, the opening fixture was abandoned without a ball being bowled due to a wet outfield.[6]Leinster Lightning retained their title, after their match on 22 August 2019 against the North West Warriors was abandoned due to rain.[7]","title":"2019 Inter-Provincial Cup"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following teams competed:","title":"Points table"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fixtures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1178129.html"},{"link_name":"Leinster Lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinster_Lightning"},{"link_name":"North West Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_Warriors"},{"link_name":"La Manga Club Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Manga_Club_Ground"},{"link_name":"Paul Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reynolds_(umpire)"},{"link_name":"Roland Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Black"}],"sub_title":"1st match","text":"23 April 2019 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nLeinster Lightning\n\nv\n\nNorth West Warriors\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nMatch abandoned La Manga Club Ground, Spain Umpires: Paul Reynolds and Roland Black \n\n\nNo toss.\nNo play was possible due to a wet outfield.\nPoints: Leinster Lightning 2, North West Warriors 2.","title":"Fixtures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1178130.html"},{"link_name":"Northern Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Knights_(cricket_team)"},{"link_name":"North West Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Marc Ellison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Ellison"},{"link_name":"Stuart Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Andrew Britton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Britton_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"Harry Tector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Tector"},{"link_name":"DLS method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duckworth%E2%80%93Lewis%E2%80%93Stern_method"},{"link_name":"La Manga Club Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Manga_Club_Ground"},{"link_name":"Roland Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Black"},{"link_name":"Alan Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Neill"},{"link_name":"Andrew Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Austin_(cricketer)"}],"sub_title":"2nd match","text":"24 April 2019 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nNorthern Knights265/6 (36 overs)\n\nv\n\nNorth West Warriors147 (29.1 overs)\n\n\nMarc Ellison 87 (91) Stuart Thompson 4/55 (8 overs)\n\n\n\nAndrew Britton 36* (33) Harry Tector 5/36 (6.1 overs)\n\n\n\nNorthern Knights won by 117 runs (DLS method) La Manga Club Ground, Spain Umpires: Roland Black and Alan Neill \n\n\nNorth West Warriors won the toss and elected to field.\nThe match was reduced to 36 overs per side due to a wet outfield.\nAndrew Austin (North West Warriors) made his List A debut.\nPoints: Northern Knights 5, North West Warriors 0.","title":"Fixtures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1178131.html"},{"link_name":"Northern Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Knights_(cricket_team)"},{"link_name":"Leinster Lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinster_Lightning"},{"link_name":"Marc Ellison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Ellison"},{"link_name":"George Dockrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dockrell"},{"link_name":"Andy Balbirnie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Balbirnie"},{"link_name":"Graeme McCarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme_McCarter"},{"link_name":"La Manga Club Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Manga_Club_Ground"},{"link_name":"Paul Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Reynolds_(umpire)"},{"link_name":"Alan Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Neill"}],"sub_title":"3rd match","text":"25 April 2019 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nNorthern Knights290/8 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\nLeinster Lightning294/4 (46.5 overs)\n\n\nMarc Ellison 85 (112) George Dockrell 3/42 (10 overs)\n\n\n\nAndy Balbirnie 125 (126) Graeme McCarter 2/33 (10 overs)\n\n\n\nLeinster Lightning won by 6 wickets La Manga Club Ground, Spain Umpires: Paul Reynolds and Alan Neill \n\n\nNorthern Knights won the toss and elected to bat.\nPoints: Leinster Lightning 4, Northern Knights 0.","title":"Fixtures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1178132.html"},{"link_name":"Leinster Lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinster_Lightning"},{"link_name":"North West Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Jack Tector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Tector"},{"link_name":"Graham Hume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Hume"},{"link_name":"David Rankin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rankin_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"George Dockrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Dockrell"},{"link_name":"Bready Cricket Club Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bready_Cricket_Club_Ground"},{"link_name":"Bready","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bready"},{"link_name":"Roland Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Black"},{"link_name":"Marcus Poskitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Poskitt"},{"link_name":"Fionn Hand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fionn_Hand"},{"link_name":"Jack Tector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Tector"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"4th match","text":"23 May 2019 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nLeinster Lightning271/5 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\nNorth West Warriors193 (48 overs)\n\n\nJack Tector 110 (141) Graham Hume 3/48 (10 overs)\n\n\n\nDavid Rankin 55 (67) George Dockrell 4/41 (8 overs)\n\n\n\nLeinster Lightning won by 78 runs Bready Cricket Club Ground, Bready Umpires: Michael Foster and Roland Black \n\n\nLeinster Lightning won the toss and elected to bat.\nMarcus Poskitt (North West Warriors) and Fionn Hand (Leinster Lightning) both made their List A debuts.\nPoints: Leinster Lightning 5, North West Warriors 0.\nJack Tector (Leinster Lightning) scored his first century in List A cricket.[9]","title":"Fixtures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1178133.html"},{"link_name":"North West Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Northern Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Knights_(cricket_team)"},{"link_name":"Aaron Gillespie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Gillespie_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Shane Getkate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Getkate"},{"link_name":"Gary Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Wilson_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Aaron Gillespie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Gillespie_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"DLS method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duckworth%E2%80%93Lewis%E2%80%93Stern_method"},{"link_name":"Stormont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormont_(cricket_ground)"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"Alan Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Neill"},{"link_name":"Adam McDaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_McDaid"},{"link_name":"Gregory McFaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_McFaul"}],"sub_title":"5th match","text":"27 May 2019 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nNorth West Warriors188 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\nNorthern Knights107/8 (20 overs)\n\n\nAaron Gillespie 54 (97) Shane Getkate 4/28 (7 overs)\n\n\n\nGary Wilson 40 (34) Aaron Gillespie 2/14 (2 overs)\n\n\n\nNorth West Warriors won by 3 runs (DLS method) Stormont, Belfast Umpires: Jareth McCready and Alan Neill \n\n\nNorth West Warriors won the toss and elected to bat.\nNorthern Knights were set a revised target of 111 runs from 20 overs due to rain.\nAdam McDaid and Gregory McFaul (North West Warriors) both made their List A debuts.\nPoints: North West Warriors 4, Northern Knights 0.","title":"Fixtures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1178134.html"},{"link_name":"Leinster Lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinster_Lightning"},{"link_name":"Northern Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Knights_(cricket_team)"},{"link_name":"Simi Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simi_Singh"},{"link_name":"Jacob Mulder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Mulder"},{"link_name":"Harry Tector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Tector"},{"link_name":"*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"Peter Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Chase"},{"link_name":"Pembroke Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembroke_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Alan Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Neill"}],"sub_title":"6th match","text":"27 June 2019 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nLeinster Lightning114 (35.3 overs)\n\nv\n\nNorthern Knights115/3 (21.5 overs)\n\n\nSimi Singh 44 (65) Jacob Mulder 3/5 (2.3 overs)\n\n\n\nHarry Tector 35* (42) Peter Chase 2/36 (7 overs)\n\n\n\nNorthern Knights won by 7 wickets Pembroke Cricket Club, Dublin Umpires: Philip Thompson and Alan Neill \n\n\nLeinster Lightning won the toss and elected to bat.\nPoints: Northern Knights 5, Leinster Lightning 0.","title":"Fixtures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1178135.html"},{"link_name":"Northern Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Knights_(cricket_team)"},{"link_name":"Leinster Lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinster_Lightning"},{"link_name":"Mark Adair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Adair"},{"link_name":"Tyrone Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrone_Kane"},{"link_name":"Andy Balbirnie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Balbirnie"},{"link_name":"Mark Adair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Adair"},{"link_name":"Stormont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormont_(cricket_ground)"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"Mark Hawthorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Hawthorne_(umpire)"},{"link_name":"Deighton Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deighton_Butler"},{"link_name":"Matthew Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Foster"}],"sub_title":"7th match","text":"20 August 2019 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nNorthern Knights176 (42.2 overs)\n\nv\n\nLeinster Lightning179/3 (32.4 overs)\n\n\nMark Adair 40 (39) Tyrone Kane 6/42 (8.2 overs)\n\n\n\nAndy Balbirnie 90 (94) Mark Adair 2/41 (8.4 overs)\n\n\n\nLeinster Lightning won by 7 wickets Stormont, Belfast Umpires: Mark Hawthorne and Deighton Butler \n\n\nLeinster Lightning won the toss and elected to field.\nJosh Manley and Matthew Foster (Northern Knights) both made their List A debuts.\nPoints: Leinster Lightning 5, Northern Knights 0.","title":"Fixtures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1178136.html"},{"link_name":"Leinster Lightning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinster_Lightning"},{"link_name":"North West Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Merrion Cricket Club Ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrion_Cricket_Club_Ground"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Deighton Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deighton_Butler"},{"link_name":"Mary Waldron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Waldron"}],"sub_title":"8th match","text":"22 August 2019 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nLeinster Lightning\n\nv\n\nNorth West Warriors\n\n\n \n\n\n\n \n\n\n\nMatch abandoned Merrion Cricket Club Ground, Dublin Umpires: Deighton Butler and Mary Waldron \n\n\nNo toss.\nNo play was possible due to a wet outfield.\nPoints: Leinster Lightning 2, North West Warriors 2.","title":"Fixtures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1178137.html"},{"link_name":"Northern Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Knights_(cricket_team)"},{"link_name":"North West Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Ruhan Pretorius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhan_Pretorius"},{"link_name":"Graham Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Kennedy_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Stuart Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Shane Getkate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shane_Getkate"},{"link_name":"Woodvale Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodvale_Road"},{"link_name":"Eglinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglinton,_County_Londonderry"},{"link_name":"Roland Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roland_Black"},{"link_name":"Deighton Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deighton_Butler"},{"link_name":"Will Smale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Smale"}],"sub_title":"9th match","text":"26 August 2019 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nNorthern Knights245/8 (50 overs)\n\nv\n\nNorth West Warriors243 (49.5 overs)\n\n\nRuhan Pretorius 96 (124) Graham Kennedy 3/48 (10 overs)\n\n\n\nStuart Thompson 59 (59) Shane Getkate 3/52 (8.5 overs)\n\n\n\nNorthern Knights won by 2 runs Woodvale Road, Eglinton Umpires: Roland Black and Deighton Butler \n\n\nNorthern Knights won the toss and elected to bat.\nWill Smale (North West Warriors) made his List A debut.\nPoints: Northern Knights 4, North West Warriors 0.","title":"Fixtures"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Leinster Lightning win fifth straight Hanley Energy Inter-Provincial Cup\". Cricket World. Retrieved 9 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cricketworld.com/leinster-lightning-win-fifth-straight-hanley-energy-inter-provincial-cup/52707.htm","url_text":"\"Leinster Lightning win fifth straight Hanley Energy Inter-Provincial Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Board greenlights national strategy for girl's and women's cricket, Inter-Provincial Series Review\". Cricket Ireland. Retrieved 15 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cricketireland.ie/news/article/board-greenlights-national-strategy-for-girls-and-womens-cricket-inter-prov","url_text":"\"Board greenlights national strategy for girl's and women's cricket, Inter-Provincial Series Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ireland to play quadrangular warm-up series in Oman\". BBC Sport. Retrieved 15 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/46564408","url_text":"\"Ireland to play quadrangular warm-up series in Oman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Extra round of one-day games gets go-ahead for La Manga\". Belfast Telegraph. 15 December 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/extra-round-of-oneday-games-gets-goahead-for-la-manga-37627919.html","url_text":"\"Extra round of one-day games gets go-ahead for La Manga\""}]},{"reference":"\"PREVIEW: Leinster Lightning v North West Warriors (IP50)\". Cricket Ireland. Retrieved 23 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cricketireland.ie/news/article/preview-leinster-lightning-v-north-west-warriors-ip50","url_text":"\"PREVIEW: Leinster Lightning v North West Warriors (IP50)\""}]},{"reference":"\"PREVIEW: North West Warriors v Northern Knights (IP50)\". Cricket Ireland. Retrieved 24 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cricketireland.ie/news/article/preview-north-west-warriors-v-northern-knights-ip50","url_text":"\"PREVIEW: North West Warriors v Northern Knights (IP50)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abandoned game sees Lightning confirm 6th title\". Cricket Europe. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190822195449/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2019/articles/000013/001312.shtml","url_text":"\"Abandoned game sees Lightning confirm 6th title\""},{"url":"https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2019/articles/000013/001312.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cricket Ireland Inter-Provincial Limited Over Cup Table - 2019\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 26 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/table/series/11083/season/2019/cricket-ireland-inter-provincial-limited-over-cup","url_text":"\"Cricket Ireland Inter-Provincial Limited Over Cup Table - 2019\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tector stakes claim for an Irish call with cool century\". Belfast Telegraph. 24 May 2019. Retrieved 24 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/sport/tector-stakes-claim-for-an-irish-call-with-cool-century-38143047.html","url_text":"\"Tector stakes claim for an Irish call with cool century\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Lehmann
|
Anna Lehmann
|
["1 Biography","2 References","3 External links"]
|
Dutch artist
Anna LehmannBornAnna Elisabeth Frederika Lehmann(1876-07-31)31 July 1876Delft, NetherlandsDied23 March 1956(1956-03-23) (aged 79)The Hague, NetherlandsNationalityDutchOther namesAnna Koppenol-LehmannKnown forPainting, EtchingSpouseCornelis Koppenol
Anna Elisabeth Frederika Lehmann (1876-1956) was a Dutch artist.
Biography
Lehmann was born on 31 July 1876 in Delft. She studied at the Akademie van beeldende kunsten (Den Haag) (Royal Academy of Art, The Hague). She was taught by Johannes Josephus Aarts, Frits Jansen , Bernard Schluit, and Cornelis Koppenol. Lehmann married Koppenol.
Lehmann's work was included in the 1939 exhibition and sale Onze Kunst van Heden (Our Art of Today) at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. She was a member of the Pulchri Studio, the Haagse Kunstkring, and Kunstenaarsvereniging Sint Lucas .
Klaassen died on 23 March 1956 in The Hague.
References
^ a b "Anna Lehmann". RKD (in Dutch). Retrieved 30 January 2021.
^ "Koppenol - Lehmann, Anna Elisabeth Frederika (Anna) - Beeldend BeNeLux Elektronisch (Lexicon)". ArtIndex. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
^ "Lehmann, Anna Elisabeth Frederika". Biografisch Portaal. Retrieved 30 January 2021.
External links
images of Lehmann's work on ArtNet
Authority control databases Artists
RKD Artists
People
Netherlands
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_people"}],"text":"Anna Elisabeth Frederika Lehmann (1876-1956) was a Dutch artist.","title":"Anna Lehmann"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delft"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Art, The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Art,_The_Hague"},{"link_name":"Johannes Josephus Aarts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Josephus_Aarts"},{"link_name":"Frits Jansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frits_Jansen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frits_Jansen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RKD-1"},{"link_name":"Onze Kunst van Heden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onze_Kunst_van_Heden"},{"link_name":"Rijksmuseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijksmuseum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ArtIndex-2"},{"link_name":"Pulchri Studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulchri_Studio"},{"link_name":"Haagse Kunstkring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haagse_Kunstkring"},{"link_name":"Kunstenaarsvereniging Sint Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kunstenaarsvereniging_Sint_Lucas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunstenaarsvereniging_Sint_Lucas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RKD-1"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Biografisch_Portaal-3"}],"text":"Lehmann was born on 31 July 1876 in Delft. She studied at the Akademie van beeldende kunsten (Den Haag) (Royal Academy of Art, The Hague). She was taught by Johannes Josephus Aarts, Frits Jansen [nl], Bernard Schluit, and Cornelis Koppenol. Lehmann married Koppenol.[1]Lehmann's work was included in the 1939 exhibition and sale Onze Kunst van Heden (Our Art of Today) at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.[2] She was a member of the Pulchri Studio, the Haagse Kunstkring, and Kunstenaarsvereniging Sint Lucas [nl].[1]Klaassen died on 23 March 1956 in The Hague.[3]","title":"Biography"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilocorus_similis
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Chilocorus similis
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Species of beetle
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Chilocorus similis" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023)
Chilocorus similis
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Arthropoda
Class:
Insecta
Order:
Coleoptera
Infraorder:
Cucujiformia
Family:
Coccinellidae
Genus:
Chilocorus
Species:
C. similis
Binomial name
Chilocorus similis(Rossi, 1790)
Chilocorus similis is a species of red-spotted lady beetles belonging to the family Coccinellidae, subfamily Chilocorinae.
This beetle is an endemic Italian species, present in Italian mainland. It preys on scale insects living on Euonymus species. The elytra are brown-black, with two reddish round spots. It measures about 3–5 millimetres (1⁄8–3⁄16 in) long. This lady beetle was deliberately introduced to the United States by Marlatt in 1902 to control the San Jose Scale, an early example of biocontrol.
References
^
Sumner, Daniel A.; Buck, Jr., Frank H. (2003). Exotic Pests and Diseases: Biology and Economics for Biosecurity. Ames, Iowa, US: Iowa State Press. pp. 63/ix+265. ISBN 978-0-470-29012-5. OCLC 212121111.Marlatt, Charles Lester (August 1902). "The Discovery of the Native Home of the San Jose Scale in Eastern China and the Importation of its Natural Enemy". Popular Science Monthly (65).
External links
Biolib
Fauna Europaea
Taxon identifiersChilocorus similis
Wikidata: Q5099148
Wikispecies: Chilocorus similis
BioLib: 271835
EPPO: CHICSI
EUNIS: 252559
Fauna Europaea (new): c8aef453-e623-4cb1-82e4-50a63b4a57ab
GBIF: 4452278
iNaturalist: 959523
Open Tree of Life: 3355275
Coccinella similis
Wikidata: Q109603567
Wikispecies: Coccinella similis
GBIF: 9005720
This Coccinellidae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"Sumner, Daniel A.; Buck, Jr., Frank H. (2003). Exotic Pests and Diseases: Biology and Economics for Biosecurity. Ames, Iowa, US: Iowa State Press. pp. 63/ix+265. ISBN 978-0-470-29012-5. OCLC 212121111.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ames,_Iowa","url_text":"Ames, Iowa"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_State_Press","url_text":"Iowa State Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-29012-5","url_text":"978-0-470-29012-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/212121111","url_text":"212121111"}]},{"reference":"Marlatt, Charles Lester (August 1902). \"The Discovery of the Native Home of the San Jose Scale in Eastern China and the Importation of its Natural Enemy\". Popular Science Monthly (65).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lester_Marlatt","url_text":"Marlatt, Charles Lester"},{"url":"https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/IND43637835/PDF","url_text":"\"The Discovery of the Native Home of the San Jose Scale in Eastern China and the Importation of its Natural Enemy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly","url_text":"Popular Science Monthly"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George_Corbet_Gore
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St George Corbet Gore
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["1 References","2 External links"]
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Colonel St George Corbet Gore, CSI (24 February 1849 – 1913) was an English army officer and Surveyor General of India from 1899 to 1904.
Gore was born on 24 February 1849, the son of Rev. William Francis Gore, a male-line descendant of the Gore baronets of Megherabegg, by his wife Elizabeth Carey Baldock. He was educated at Lancing College before being gazetted as lieutenant in the Royal Engineers in 1870.
Gore arrived in British India in November 1872, and from March 1873 served on the great trigonometrical survey of India. Serving with distinction through the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–1880), he was officer in charge of survey during the march of Sir Donald Stewart's column from Kandahar to Kabul, and was mentioned in dispatches following the Battle of Ahmed Khel (19 April 1880). From 1884 he was attached to the Afghan boundary commission, and he was appointed deputy superintendent in 1886, and superintendent of trigonometrical surveys in Dehradun in May 1894.
He was appointed Surveyor General of India in October 1899, and retired in May 1904. For his service, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Star of India in the 1903 New Year Honours.
Gore was married to Elizabeth Julia Mackinnon Bruce, who died in Bombay on 23 October 1902.
Gore is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of Asian snake, Dendrelaphis gorei, which is a junior synonym of Dendrelaphis biloreatus.
References
^ a b India List and India Office List for 1905. Harrison and Sons, London. 1905. p. 530. Retrieved 28 April 2017.
^ "New Year Honours". The Times. No. 36966. London. 1 January 1903. p. 8.
^ "No. 27511". The London Gazette (Supplement). 1 January 1903. pp. 1–4.
^ "Deaths". The Times. No. 36911. London. 29 October 1902. p. 1.
^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Gore, p. 104).
External links
https://archive.org/stream/registerofsnicho00lancuoft#page/78/mode/2up
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v67/n1732/abs/067229a0.html
http://www.thepeerage.com/p18589.htm#i185882
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Other
IdRef
This English biographical article related to the military is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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|
[]
| null |
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n_Bar%C3%BA
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Volcán Barú
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["1 Geography","2 Description","3 National park","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
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Coordinates: 8°48′31.72″N 82°32′32.42″W / 8.8088111°N 82.5423389°W / 8.8088111; -82.5423389You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (December 2019) Click for important translation instructions.
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Highest mountain in Panama
BarúVolcán Barú and the mountain city of BoqueteHighest pointElevation3,474 m (11,398 ft)Prominence1,354 m (4,442 ft) Parent peakCerro Kamuk Isolation73.9 km (45.9 mi) ListingCountry high pointVolcanoes of PanamaCoordinates8°48′31.72″N 82°32′32.42″W / 8.8088111°N 82.5423389°W / 8.8088111; -82.5423389GeographyBarú
CountryPanamaParent rangeTalamanca RangeGeologyMountain typeStratovolcanoLast eruption1550 ± 10 years
The Volcán Barú (also Volcán de Chiriquí) is an active stratovolcano and the tallest mountain in Panama, at 3,474 metres (11,398 ft) high. It lies about 35 km (22 mi) off the border of Costa Rica. It is also the twelfth highest peak in Central America.
Due to its height and the narrowness of the isthmus of Panama, it is possible (though relatively rare) to see both the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea from Volcán Barú's peak on a clear day.
Geography
The small town of Volcán at the base of Volcán Barú sits on the remnants of a huge lahar that appears to have breached the caldera. A small river has eroded the lahar exposing an ancient forest below dated to about 1000 years old.
Volcán Barú is surrounded by a fertile area of cool highlands drained by the Chiriquí Viejo and Caldera Rivers. The towns of Volcán and Cerro Punta can be found on its western side, while Boquete is on the eastern flank.
The occasional fall of hail or ice pellets has been reported on the summit, where the minimum temperature can be below 0 °C (32 °F) and the formation of frost is frequent during the dry season. The peak is host to a large installation of broadcast towers.
Description
De Boer et al. were the first to show that El Barú volcano is active and part of the extension of the Central American Volcanic Arc in Panama. Further detailed work on the geochemistry of the lavas from El Barú and other volcanoes in Panama was completed by Defant et al. They substantiated, based on geochemistry, that the lavas were derived by subduction (calc-alkaline). Radiometric dates also showed that the volcanism falls into two groups that range from 20 million years to recent. They also showed that the youngest volcanism consists primarily of adakites (partial melts from the subducted slab) whereas the older volcanism is normal calc-alkaline lavas.
USGS Volcano-Hazards Assessment Study
In 2006, an earthquake swarm was registered in the Volcán Barú area. This was not the first one; researchers cite at least three other seismic events of the same nature recorded in the recent past (1930, 1965, 1985).
In 2007, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with Panama's Science, Technology and Innovation Secretariat (SENACYT) and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), published a study on different aspects of Volcán Barú. The 33-page report outlined potential hazard areas, rock composition, and areas affected by previous eruptions; there is evidence that during the last eruption, which occurred in the 16th century, the debris avalanche deposits covered a volume of 20 to 30 km3, reaching as far as the Pacific Ocean (the largest documented in Central America and nearly 10 times the area covered by the Mt. St. Helens debris avalanche in 1980).
Data collected at several locations from four previous eruptions which occurred during the last 1600 years indicate that a new eruption would last several years, putting at risk population and costly infrastructure in the areas surrounding the volcano. Typical events during such volcanic episodes include pyroclastic flows, super-heated gas clouds rapidly descending the volcano's east flank, conceivably reaching as far as Boquete, Alto Boquete, and the Caldera River, and fallout of ash and other particles ranging in size from dust to 1-meter blocks, known as tephra, causing fires, roof collapses, water contamination, crop damage and eye and lung irritation, especially among elders and infants. A third type of event, mud and debris flows, known as lahars, create landslides, obstruct rivers courses, and could have long-term effects in the zone. The severity of these events is directly related to the lava flows and their interaction with underground water deposits.
A comprehensive set of maps is included with the study, clearly showing the most likely affected areas in Boquete, Volcán, Bambito and other towns in vicinity of the Volcán Barú. The study recommends local authorities should make the population aware of the potential risks, and create a response system in preparation for the eventual onset of an eruptive episode.
National park
The volcano was declared Volcán Barú National Park in 1976, with an area of 14,325 ha (35,400 acres). It is a part of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor. Fauna include the black guan, black-and-white hawk-eagle, Underwood's water mouse, volcano junco, wrenthrush, and yellow-thighed brushfinch. Over 250 species of birds have been identified within the park, and all five species of big cats live here as well. The national park protects a range of habitat, including humid montane forests, low humid montane forests, and montane rainforests.
The park's most popular hiking trail is the Sendero Los Quetzales (Los Quetzales Trail), which connects Boquete with Cerro Punta and wraps around the side of the volcano. The trail takes around 6 hours to hike. There is another trail to the top of the volcano, but this is long, steep and strenuous. Both the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea can be seen from the summit on a clear day.
Gallery
Volcán Barú on a clear morning; the heart-like shape at the upper right slope is a cattle farm exploitation.
Volcán Barú Summit.
The Caribbean Sea, visible from the summit of Volcán Barú. Taken early in the morning, as clouds usually obstruct the view.
View from the summit of Volcán Barú. This photo shows the antenna and support buildings. Visible in the background are the lights of city of David, Chiriquí.
Taken in front of the Cerro Brujo Cafe, you can just make out the cross on the summit of Volcán Barú.
Shot a few miles away from the Pacific Coast of Panamá, this shows a partially cloudy Volcán Barú.
Volcán Barú at sunset, as seen from Boquete, Chiriquí.
See also
Protected areas of Panama
References
^ a b c "Barú". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2020-08-27.
^ "Topographic map of Barú". opentopomap.org. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
^ Jennings, Ken. "Where to See the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans—At The Same Time". Condé Nast Traveler. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
^ de Boer, J.; Defant, M.J.; Stewart R. H.; Restrepo, J. F.; Clark, L. F.; Ramierez A. H. (1988). "Quaternary calc-alkaline volcanism in western Panama: Regional variation and implication for the plate tectonic framework". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 1 (3): 275–293. doi:10.1016/0895-9811(88)90006-5.
^ Defant, M. J.; Jackson, T. E.; Drummond, M. S.; de Boer, J. Z.; Bellon, H.; Feigenson, M. D.; Maury, R. C.; Stewart, R.H. (1992). "The geochemistry of young volcanism throughout western Panama and southeastern Costa Rica: An overview". Journal of the Geological Society. 149 (4): 569–579. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.149.4.0569.
^ a b c d e f Sherrod, D.R.; Vallance, J.W.; Tapia Espinosa, A.; McGeehin, J.P. (2008). Volcan Barú; eruptive history and volcano-hazards assessment: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1401, 33 (PDF). pp. 1 plate 1.
^ "Volcan Baru/ Panamá". Osatravel. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
^ "Baru Volcano National Park".
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Barú volcano.
Volcan Baru Virtual Tour
USGS Volcano Hazards Program - Volcán Barú: Eruptive History and Volcano-Hazards Assessment
vteNational parks of Panama
Altos de Campana
Barro Colorado Island
Cerro Hoya
Chagres
Coiba
Darién
El Cope
Golfo de Chiriquí
Isla Bastimentos
La Amistad
Las Cruces Trail
Metropolitan
Portobelo
Sarigua
Soberanía
Volcán Barú
Panama portal
Authority control databases: Geographic
Global Volcanism Program
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gvp-1"},{"link_name":"stratovolcano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratovolcano"},{"link_name":"mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Central America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"isthmus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmus"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Caribbean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Sea"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Highest mountain in PanamaThe Volcán Barú (also Volcán de Chiriquí[1]) is an active stratovolcano and the tallest mountain in Panama, at 3,474 metres (11,398 ft) high. It lies about 35 km (22 mi) off the border of Costa Rica. It is also the twelfth highest peak in Central America.[3]Due to its height and the narrowness of the isthmus of Panama, it is possible (though relatively rare) to see both the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea from Volcán Barú's peak on a clear day.[citation needed]","title":"Volcán Barú"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahar"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"highlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_(geographic_feature)"},{"link_name":"Volcán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n,_Panama"},{"link_name":"Cerro Punta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerro_Punta,_Chiriqu%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Boquete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boquete"}],"text":"The small town of Volcán at the base of Volcán Barú sits on the remnants of a huge lahar that appears to have breached the caldera. A small river has eroded the lahar exposing an ancient forest below dated to about 1000 years old.[citation needed]Volcán Barú is surrounded by a fertile area of cool highlands drained by the Chiriquí Viejo and Caldera Rivers. The towns of Volcán and Cerro Punta can be found on its western side, while Boquete is on the eastern flank.The occasional fall of hail or ice pellets has been reported on the summit, where the minimum temperature can be below 0 °C (32 °F) and the formation of frost is frequent during the dry season. The peak is host to a large installation of broadcast towers.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jsaes1988-4"},{"link_name":"Central American Volcanic Arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America_Volcanic_Arc"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jgs1992-5"},{"link_name":"earthquake swarm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_swarm"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sherrod-6"},{"link_name":"USGS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey"},{"link_name":"SENACYT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.senacyt.gob.pa/"},{"link_name":"USAID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAID"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sherrod-6"},{"link_name":"Mt. St. Helens debris avalanche in 1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sherrod-6"},{"link_name":"pyroclastic flows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyroclastic_flows"},{"link_name":"tephra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tephra"},{"link_name":"lahars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahars"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sherrod-6"},{"link_name":"Boquete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boquete"},{"link_name":"Volcán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n,_Panama"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sherrod-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sherrod-6"}],"text":"De Boer et al.[4] were the first to show that El Barú volcano is active and part of the extension of the Central American Volcanic Arc in Panama. Further detailed work on the geochemistry of the lavas from El Barú and other volcanoes in Panama was completed by Defant et al.[5] They substantiated, based on geochemistry, that the lavas were derived by subduction (calc-alkaline). Radiometric dates also showed that the volcanism falls into two groups that range from 20 million years to recent. They also showed that the youngest volcanism consists primarily of adakites (partial melts from the subducted slab) whereas the older volcanism is normal calc-alkaline lavas.USGS Volcano-Hazards Assessment StudyIn 2006, an earthquake swarm was registered in the Volcán Barú area. This was not the first one; researchers cite at least three other seismic events of the same nature recorded in the recent past (1930, 1965, 1985).[6]In 2007, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with Panama's Science, Technology and Innovation Secretariat (SENACYT) and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), published a study on different aspects of Volcán Barú.[6] The 33-page report outlined potential hazard areas, rock composition, and areas affected by previous eruptions; there is evidence that during the last eruption, which occurred in the 16th century, the debris avalanche deposits covered a volume of 20 to 30 km3, reaching as far as the Pacific Ocean (the largest documented in Central America and nearly 10 times the area covered by the Mt. St. Helens debris avalanche in 1980).[6]Data collected at several locations from four previous eruptions which occurred during the last 1600 years indicate that a new eruption would last several years, putting at risk population and costly infrastructure in the areas surrounding the volcano. Typical events during such volcanic episodes include pyroclastic flows, super-heated gas clouds rapidly descending the volcano's east flank, conceivably reaching as far as Boquete, Alto Boquete, and the Caldera River, and fallout of ash and other particles ranging in size from dust to 1-meter blocks, known as tephra, causing fires, roof collapses, water contamination, crop damage and eye and lung irritation, especially among elders and infants. A third type of event, mud and debris flows, known as lahars, create landslides, obstruct rivers courses, and could have long-term effects in the zone. The severity of these events is directly related to the lava flows and their interaction with underground water deposits.[6]A comprehensive set of maps is included with the study, clearly showing the most likely affected areas in Boquete, Volcán, Bambito and other towns in vicinity of the Volcán Barú.[6] The study recommends local authorities should make the population aware of the potential risks, and create a response system in preparation for the eventual onset of an eruptive episode.[6]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mesoamerican Biological Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_Biological_Corridor"},{"link_name":"black guan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_guan"},{"link_name":"black-and-white hawk-eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-and-white_hawk-eagle"},{"link_name":"Underwood's water mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwood%27s_water_mouse"},{"link_name":"volcano junco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano_junco"},{"link_name":"wrenthrush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrenthrush"},{"link_name":"yellow-thighed brushfinch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow-thighed_brushfinch"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The volcano was declared Volcán Barú National Park in 1976, with an area of 14,325 ha (35,400 acres). It is a part of the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor. Fauna include the black guan, black-and-white hawk-eagle, Underwood's water mouse, volcano junco, wrenthrush, and yellow-thighed brushfinch.[7] Over 250 species of birds have been identified within the park, and all five species of big cats live here as well. The national park protects a range of habitat, including humid montane forests, low humid montane forests, and montane rainforests.[8]The park's most popular hiking trail is the Sendero Los Quetzales (Los Quetzales Trail), which connects Boquete with Cerro Punta and wraps around the side of the volcano. The trail takes around 6 hours to hike. There is another trail to the top of the volcano, but this is long, steep and strenuous. Both the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea can be seen from the summit on a clear day.","title":"National park"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volc%C3%A1n_Bar%C3%BA_morning_view.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VolcanBaru_0354.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caribbean_view_visible_from_the_summit_of_Volcan_Baru.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Buildings_on_Volcan_Baru_overlooking_the_city_of_David_at_night..jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telephoto_shot_of_Volcan_Baru_as_seen_from_the_town_of_Volcan.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telephoto_shot_of_Volcan_Baru_as_seen_from_Estero_Rico_on_the_Pacific_Coast.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Volc%C3%A1n_Bar%C3%BA_at_sunset;_seen_from_Boquete,_Chiriqu%C3%AD.jpg"}],"text":"Volcán Barú on a clear morning; the heart-like shape at the upper right slope is a cattle farm exploitation.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVolcán Barú Summit.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Caribbean Sea, visible from the summit of Volcán Barú. Taken early in the morning, as clouds usually obstruct the view.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView from the summit of Volcán Barú. This photo shows the antenna and support buildings. Visible in the background are the lights of city of David, Chiriquí.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTaken in front of the Cerro Brujo Cafe, you can just make out the cross on the summit of Volcán Barú.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tShot a few miles away from the Pacific Coast of Panamá, this shows a partially cloudy Volcán Barú.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVolcán Barú at sunset, as seen from Boquete, Chiriquí.","title":"Gallery"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Protected areas of Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Panama"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Barú\". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2020-08-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=346010","url_text":"\"Barú\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program","url_text":"Global Volcanism Program"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution","url_text":"Smithsonian Institution"}]},{"reference":"\"Topographic map of Barú\". opentopomap.org. Retrieved 2023-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://opentopomap.org/#marker=14/8.808811/-82.542339","url_text":"\"Topographic map of Barú\""}]},{"reference":"Jennings, Ken. \"Where to See the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans—At The Same Time\". Condé Nast Traveler. Retrieved 2018-12-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cntraveler.com/stories/2015-08-24/where-to-spot-the-atlantic-and-the-pacificat-the-same-time","url_text":"\"Where to See the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans—At The Same Time\""}]},{"reference":"de Boer, J.; Defant, M.J.; Stewart R. H.; Restrepo, J. F.; Clark, L. F.; Ramierez A. H. (1988). \"Quaternary calc-alkaline volcanism in western Panama: Regional variation and implication for the plate tectonic framework\". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 1 (3): 275–293. doi:10.1016/0895-9811(88)90006-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_South_American_Earth_Sciences","url_text":"Journal of South American Earth Sciences"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0895-9811%2888%2990006-5","url_text":"10.1016/0895-9811(88)90006-5"}]},{"reference":"Defant, M. J.; Jackson, T. E.; Drummond, M. S.; de Boer, J. Z.; Bellon, H.; Feigenson, M. D.; Maury, R. C.; Stewart, R.H. (1992). \"The geochemistry of young volcanism throughout western Panama and southeastern Costa Rica: An overview\". Journal of the Geological Society. 149 (4): 569–579. doi:10.1144/gsjgs.149.4.0569.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_the_Geological_Society","url_text":"Journal of the Geological Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1144%2Fgsjgs.149.4.0569","url_text":"10.1144/gsjgs.149.4.0569"}]},{"reference":"Sherrod, D.R.; Vallance, J.W.; Tapia Espinosa, A.; McGeehin, J.P. (2008). Volcan Barú; eruptive history and volcano-hazards assessment: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1401, 33 (PDF). pp. 1 plate 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1401/of2007-1401en_text.pdf","url_text":"Volcan Barú; eruptive history and volcano-hazards assessment: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1401, 33"}]},{"reference":"\"Volcan Baru/ Panamá\". Osatravel. Retrieved 8 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.osatravel.com/volcan-Bar%C3%BA-panama.html","url_text":"\"Volcan Baru/ Panamá\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baru Volcano National Park\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anywherepanama.com/attractions/national-park/baru-volcano","url_text":"\"Baru Volcano National Park\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Volc%C3%A1n_Bar%C3%BA¶ms=8_48_31.72_N_82_32_32.42_W_type:mountain_scale:100000","external_links_name":"8°48′31.72″N 82°32′32.42″W / 8.8088111°N 82.5423389°W / 8.8088111; -82.5423389"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBar%C3%BA&sl=fr&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Volc%C3%A1n_Bar%C3%BA¶ms=8_48_31.72_N_82_32_32.42_W_type:mountain_scale:100000","external_links_name":"8°48′31.72″N 82°32′32.42″W / 8.8088111°N 82.5423389°W / 8.8088111; -82.5423389"},{"Link":"http://www.senacyt.gob.pa/","external_links_name":"SENACYT"},{"Link":"https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=346010","external_links_name":"\"Barú\""},{"Link":"https://opentopomap.org/#marker=14/8.808811/-82.542339","external_links_name":"\"Topographic map of Barú\""},{"Link":"https://www.cntraveler.com/stories/2015-08-24/where-to-spot-the-atlantic-and-the-pacificat-the-same-time","external_links_name":"\"Where to See the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans—At The Same Time\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0895-9811%2888%2990006-5","external_links_name":"10.1016/0895-9811(88)90006-5"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1144%2Fgsjgs.149.4.0569","external_links_name":"10.1144/gsjgs.149.4.0569"},{"Link":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1401/of2007-1401en_text.pdf","external_links_name":"Volcan Barú; eruptive history and volcano-hazards assessment: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2007-1401, 33"},{"Link":"http://www.osatravel.com/volcan-Bar%C3%BA-panama.html","external_links_name":"\"Volcan Baru/ Panamá\""},{"Link":"http://www.anywherepanama.com/attractions/national-park/baru-volcano","external_links_name":"\"Baru Volcano National Park\""},{"Link":"http://www.seeit360.com/volcan-baru-virtual-tour","external_links_name":"Volcan Baru Virtual Tour"},{"Link":"https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1401/","external_links_name":"USGS Volcano Hazards Program - Volcán Barú: Eruptive History and Volcano-Hazards Assessment"},{"Link":"https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=346010","external_links_name":"Global Volcanism Program"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_foreign_trade_relations_with_the_European_Union
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Argentina foreign trade relations with the European Union
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["1 Agreements","2 Trade","3 European Union relations Mercosur","4 Argentina Balance of Trade","5 Conflicts between Argentina and the European Union","6 European Union and Latin America Trade Relations","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
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Bilateral relationsForeign trade relations
European Union
Argentina
Argentina has strong cultural and historical links to the European Union (EU) (particularly through immigration from Spain and Italy) and the EU is Argentina's biggest investor.
Agreements
Argentina was the first Latin American country to formalise relations with the EU under a 3rd generation cooperation agreement. The Framework Trade and Economic Co-operation Agreement between the EU and Argentina entered into force in 1990 and includes two recurrent principles of their cooperation: the strengthening of democracy and human rights, as well as regional integration. An EU-Argentina Joint Commission has also been established. A number of sectoral agreements were established in the 1990s. The main focuses of cooperation are education and training; economic competitiveness; capacity‑building in the public and academic sectors. Argentina is part of the EU's negotiating with the regional bloc Mercosur for a free trade agreement which will form the back bone of EU-Latin American relations.
Trade
The EU is Argentina's second largest export market (after Brazil). Argentina's exports to the EU are mainly agricultural and other primary goods.
The EU exports less goods to Argentina in return (giving the EU a deficit of €3.4 billion) but has a surplus in services of €0.4 billion. Further, being that the European Union is Argentina's biggest foreign investor, the entity accounts for half of Argentina's foreign direct investment (FDI).
The EU as a whole is Argentina's first partner in cooperation, the first investor and its second largest trading partner, with a trade volume of 18.1 bn.
European Union relations Mercosur
Mercosur was founded in 1991 by Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay with the signature of the Treaty of Asuncion. Venezuela is a full member since July 2012, Bolivia is in the process of becoming a full member since December 2012; while Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru are associated states. Its Secretariat is based in Montevideo and it has a six-month rotating Presidency.
In 1995, the EU and Mercosur signed an Interregional Framework Cooperation Agreement, which entered into force in 1999. A joint declaration annexed to the Agreement provides the basis for the political dialogue between the parties, which takes place regularly at Heads of State, Ministerial and Senior Official levels.
In 2000, the parties opened negotiations for an Association Agreement including three chapters: political dialogue, cooperation and trade. Negotiations were suspended in 2004 over fundamental differences in the trade chapter. Political relations continued, notably with the signature, during the EU-MERCOSUR Summit of Lima in 2008, of an agreement to expand relations to three new areas, science and technology, infrastructure and renewable energy.
After a six-year suspension, negotiations were re-launched in May 2010 at the EU-LAC Summit of Madrid and are ongoing. The objective is to negotiate a comprehensive trade agreement, covering not only trade in industrial and agricultural goods but also services, improvement of rules on government procurement, intellectual property, customs and trade facilitation, technical barriers to trade.
EU is Mercosur first trading partner accounting for 19.8% of Mercosur's total trade with the World and worth €109.895 billion in 2013.
Argentina Balance of Trade
Argentina has been recording trade surpluses since 2001, mostly due to exports of agricultural products. Main exports are: cereals, fats and oils, beef and related products and dairy products (36 percent of total exports), motor vehicles and parts (12 percent); chemicals and related products (7 percent) and crude oil and fuels (5 percent). Main imports are: intermediate goods (29 percent of total imports), parts and accessories for capital goods (20 percent), capital goods (19 percent), fuels and lubricants (13 percent) and motor vehicles (8 percent).
Argentina's main trading partners are: Brazil (21 percent of total exports and 29 percent of imports), China (7 percent of exports and 14 percent of imports) and United States (5 percent of exports and 10 percent of imports). Others minor trading partners include: Chile, Italy and Spain.
In June 2014, exports declined 2.6% over the same month last year (June 2013: +11.4% year-on-year), which followed the sharp 16.3% drop recorded in May 2014. The print, which marked the smallest contraction in seven months, mostly reflected a softer decline in shipments of fuel and energy as well as a healthy expansion in soybean exports as the harvest season reaches its peak.
A month-on-month comparison corroborates the slight improvement suggested by the annual figures. Exports expanded 8.0% on a seasonally adjusted basis in June 2014, which was well above the 2.0% increase recorded in the previous month.
Imports dropped 5.7% annually in June (June 2013: +5.5% yoy), which followed the 17.1% contraction observed in May. As a result, the trade surplus reached USD 1.4 billion, which was slightly up from the USD 1.2 million recorded in June 2013 and represented the largest surplus since May 2013. Moreover, this was higher than the USD 1.3 million surplus recorded in May of this year and exceeded the USD 1.2 billion surplus that market analysts had expected. In the 12 months up to June, the trade balance posted an accumulated USD 6.5 billion surplus (May: USD 6.4 billion).
According to analysts, Argentinean trade has been heavily damaged by tough government import restrictions, weaker demand from Brazil—the country's top trading partner—and high inflation, which is dampening the country's competitiveness. In addition, farmers continue to hoard grains and soybeans to hedge against the weak peso. The country, which has had no access to international capital markets since defaulting in 2001, depends heavily on commodity exports to draw the foreign exchange reserves required to fulfill its debt obligations.
Conflicts between Argentina and the European Union
In the beginning of 2014, Argentina attempted to prevent Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay to negotiate individually a schedule for opening markets with the European Union (EU), within the framework of the free trade agreement with Mercosur. Technicians of the two blocs that gathered in March from 2014 in Brussels did not reach an agreement because of the lack of ambition of the Mercosur proposal, says the Brazilian newspaper Folha de S.Paulo. Brazil and Argentina were in disagreement and Brazilian representative would have mentioned the existence of a B plan, which would consist of different rhythm for opening markets in each country.
However, Argentina would have blocked this option, fearful that their products could be replaced by European ones in the Brazilian market, one of the most important for Argentina. According to the newspaper Folha de S.Paulo, for the President of Argentina, Cristina Kirchner, the proposal would be “incompatible with the deeper integration of the bloc”.
Europeans would be disappointed by the possibility of a “grace period” for some products regarding the reduction of import tariffs. Argentina is insisting on this term, which would take certain products to be subject to the free market only in 15 years. While Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay already included 87% of the products on an offer to the EU, Argentina says that it will not open more than 82% of its market. Mercosur and EU are trying to resume negotiations that were braked since 2003.
European Union and Latin America Trade Relations
EU-Latin America trade relations
Latin America is the first priority for the profound economic, social, cultural and even family ties between the two sides of the Atlantic. The countries of the EU, Latin America and the Caribbean are natural allies, united by strong historical, cultural and economic ties and collaborate very closely at international level, where intense political dialogue at all levels are maintained.
The EU remains the main source of Foreign Direct Investment in the region: more than 40%. Europe invests in Latin America more than it invests in China, India and Russia together, and these investments are also growing progressively. Trade flows have doubled in the last decade to 202 billion Euros. The network of agreements that have been woven throughout the years has substantially contributed to it.
The European Commission aims to support the development of a legal framework that ensures the security and predictability for investments. For this reason the very first "missions for growth" were to Latin America.
EU – Argentina trade in 2008
Direction of trade
Goods
Services
Investment flow
Investment stocks
EU to Argentina
€4.8 billion
€2.4 billion
€4.4 billion
€44.1 billion
Argentina to EU
€8.2 billion
€2.0 billion
€0.3 billion
€1.7 billion
See also
European Union–Mercosur relations
References
^ a b Republic of Argentina, European External Action Service
^ a b c Bilateral relations Argentina, European Commission
^ Castiglioni, Rodrigo. "European Union: Mission for Growth to Argentina - building business links" (Document). Asia News Monitor. ProQuest 1535264290.
^ "EU Relations with Mercosur". European Union External Action. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
^ Ricard Torné (24 July 2014). "Trade balance records largest surplus in over a year in June". FocusEconomics. Argentina National Statistical Institute (INDEC). Retrieved 2 May 2015.
^ Raquel Landim. "Argentina wants to stop negotiating with the European Union". Folha de S.Paulo (in Portuguese). Grupo Folha. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
^ "European Union: Mission for Growth to Argentina - building business links". Asia News Monitor (EU-Latin America trade relations). Thailand: Thai News Service Group. 16 June 2014. ProQuest 1535264290.
External links
EU delegation to Argentina (Spanish)
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vteCommon Security and Defence Policy of the European UnionLeadership
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StructureExternal Action Service
Command structure on the civilian/military strategic and operational levels (Military Planning and Conduct Capability within the Military Staff, Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability, Joint Support Coordination Cell)
Intelligence and Situation Centre (Club de Berne)
Crisis Management and Planning Directorate
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Funding
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Equipment
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Related
Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO)
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vte Foreign relations of ArgentinaAfrica
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Related topics
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EEAS-1"}],"text":"Argentina has strong cultural and historical links to the European Union (EU) (particularly through immigration from Spain and Italy) and the EU is Argentina's biggest investor.[1]","title":"Argentina foreign trade relations with the European Union"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EEAS-1"},{"link_name":"Mercosur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercosur"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trade_stats-2"}],"text":"Argentina was the first Latin American country to formalise relations with the EU under a 3rd generation cooperation agreement. The Framework Trade and Economic Co-operation Agreement between the EU and Argentina entered into force in 1990 and includes two recurrent principles of their cooperation: the strengthening of democracy and human rights, as well as regional integration. An EU-Argentina Joint Commission has also been established. A number of sectoral agreements were established in the 1990s. The main focuses of cooperation are education and training; economic competitiveness; capacity‑building in the public and academic sectors.[1] Argentina is part of the EU's negotiating with the regional bloc Mercosur for a free trade agreement which will form the back bone of EU-Latin American relations.[2]","title":"Agreements"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"foreign direct investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trade_stats-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The EU is Argentina's second largest export market (after Brazil). Argentina's exports to the EU are mainly agricultural and other primary goods.\nThe EU exports less goods to Argentina in return (giving the EU a deficit of €3.4 billion) but has a surplus in services of €0.4 billion. Further, being that the European Union is Argentina's biggest foreign investor, the entity accounts for half of Argentina's foreign direct investment (FDI).[2]\nThe EU as a whole is Argentina's first partner in cooperation, the first investor and its second largest trading partner, with a trade volume of 18.1 bn.[3]","title":"Trade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mercosur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercosur"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Interregional Framework Cooperation Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interregional_Framework_Cooperation_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Mercosur was founded in 1991 by Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay with the signature of the Treaty of Asuncion. Venezuela is a full member since July 2012, Bolivia is in the process of becoming a full member since December 2012; while Chile, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru are associated states. Its Secretariat is based in Montevideo and it has a six-month rotating Presidency.\nIn 1995, the EU and Mercosur signed an Interregional Framework Cooperation Agreement, which entered into force in 1999. A joint declaration annexed to the Agreement provides the basis for the political dialogue between the parties, which takes place regularly at Heads of State, Ministerial and Senior Official levels.In 2000, the parties opened negotiations for an Association Agreement including three chapters: political dialogue, cooperation and trade. Negotiations were suspended in 2004 over fundamental differences in the trade chapter. Political relations continued, notably with the signature, during the EU-MERCOSUR Summit of Lima in 2008, of an agreement to expand relations to three new areas, science and technology, infrastructure and renewable energy.After a six-year suspension, negotiations were re-launched in May 2010 at the EU-LAC Summit of Madrid and are ongoing. The objective is to negotiate a comprehensive trade agreement, covering not only trade in industrial and agricultural goods but also services, improvement of rules on government procurement, intellectual property, customs and trade facilitation, technical barriers to trade.EU is Mercosur first trading partner accounting for 19.8% of Mercosur's total trade with the World and worth €109.895 billion in 2013.[4]","title":"European Union relations Mercosur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Argentina has been recording trade surpluses since 2001, mostly due to exports of agricultural products. Main exports are: cereals, fats and oils, beef and related products and dairy products (36 percent of total exports), motor vehicles and parts (12 percent); chemicals and related products (7 percent) and crude oil and fuels (5 percent). Main imports are: intermediate goods (29 percent of total imports), parts and accessories for capital goods (20 percent), capital goods (19 percent), fuels and lubricants (13 percent) and motor vehicles (8 percent). \nArgentina's main trading partners are: Brazil (21 percent of total exports and 29 percent of imports), China (7 percent of exports and 14 percent of imports) and United States (5 percent of exports and 10 percent of imports). Others minor trading partners include: Chile, Italy and Spain.In June 2014, exports declined 2.6% over the same month last year (June 2013: +11.4% year-on-year), which followed the sharp 16.3% drop recorded in May 2014. The print, which marked the smallest contraction in seven months, mostly reflected a softer decline in shipments of fuel and energy as well as a healthy expansion in soybean exports as the harvest season reaches its peak.A month-on-month comparison corroborates the slight improvement suggested by the annual figures. Exports expanded 8.0% on a seasonally adjusted basis in June 2014, which was well above the 2.0% increase recorded in the previous month.Imports dropped 5.7% annually in June (June 2013: +5.5% yoy), which followed the 17.1% contraction observed in May. As a result, the trade surplus reached USD 1.4 billion, which was slightly up from the USD 1.2 million recorded in June 2013 and represented the largest surplus since May 2013. Moreover, this was higher than the USD 1.3 million surplus recorded in May of this year and exceeded the USD 1.2 billion surplus that market analysts had expected. In the 12 months up to June, the trade balance posted an accumulated USD 6.5 billion surplus (May: USD 6.4 billion).According to analysts, Argentinean trade has been heavily damaged by tough government import restrictions, weaker demand from Brazil—the country's top trading partner—and high inflation, which is dampening the country's competitiveness. In addition, farmers continue to hoard grains and soybeans to hedge against the weak peso. The country, which has had no access to international capital markets since defaulting in 2001, depends heavily on commodity exports to draw the foreign exchange reserves required to fulfill its debt obligations.[5]","title":"Argentina Balance of Trade"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Cristina Kirchner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristina_Kirchner"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In the beginning of 2014, Argentina attempted to prevent Brazil, Uruguay and Paraguay to negotiate individually a schedule for opening markets with the European Union (EU), within the framework of the free trade agreement with Mercosur. Technicians of the two blocs that gathered in March from 2014 in Brussels did not reach an agreement because of the lack of ambition of the Mercosur proposal, says the Brazilian newspaper Folha de S.Paulo. Brazil and Argentina were in disagreement and Brazilian representative would have mentioned the existence of a B plan, which would consist of different rhythm for opening markets in each country.However, Argentina would have blocked this option, fearful that their products could be replaced by European ones in the Brazilian market, one of the most important for Argentina. According to the newspaper Folha de S.Paulo, for the President of Argentina, Cristina Kirchner, the proposal would be “incompatible with the deeper integration of the bloc”.Europeans would be disappointed by the possibility of a “grace period” for some products regarding the reduction of import tariffs. Argentina is insisting on this term, which would take certain products to be subject to the free market only in 15 years. While Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay already included 87% of the products on an offer to the EU, Argentina says that it will not open more than 82% of its market. Mercosur and EU are trying to resume negotiations that were braked since 2003.[6]","title":"Conflicts between Argentina and the European Union"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Latin America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_America"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"EU-Latin America trade relations\nLatin America is the first priority for the profound economic, social, cultural and even family ties between the two sides of the Atlantic. The countries of the EU, Latin America and the Caribbean are natural allies, united by strong historical, cultural and economic ties and collaborate very closely at international level, where intense political dialogue at all levels are maintained.The EU remains the main source of Foreign Direct Investment in the region: more than 40%. Europe invests in Latin America more than it invests in China, India and Russia together, and these investments are also growing progressively. Trade flows have doubled in the last decade to 202 billion Euros. The network of agreements that have been woven throughout the years has substantially contributed to it.The European Commission aims to support the development of a legal framework that ensures the security and predictability for investments. For this reason the very first \"missions for growth\" were to Latin America.[7]","title":"European Union and Latin America Trade Relations"}]
|
[]
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[{"title":"European Union–Mercosur relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Mercosur_relations"}]
|
[{"reference":"Castiglioni, Rodrigo. \"European Union: Mission for Growth to Argentina - building business links\" (Document). Asia News Monitor. ProQuest 1535264290.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1535264290","url_text":"1535264290"}]},{"reference":"\"EU Relations with Mercosur\". European Union External Action. Retrieved 2 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://eeas.europa.eu/mercosur/index_en.htm","url_text":"\"EU Relations with Mercosur\""}]},{"reference":"Ricard Torné (24 July 2014). \"Trade balance records largest surplus in over a year in June\". FocusEconomics. Argentina National Statistical Institute (INDEC). Retrieved 2 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.focus-economics.com/news/argentina/trade/trade-balance-records-largest-surplus-over-year-june","url_text":"\"Trade balance records largest surplus in over a year in June\""}]},{"reference":"Raquel Landim. \"Argentina wants to stop negotiating with the European Union\". Folha de S.Paulo (in Portuguese). Grupo Folha. Retrieved 2 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mercado/2014/06/1464034-argentina-tenta-barrar-negociacao-com-uniao-europeia.shtml","url_text":"\"Argentina wants to stop negotiating with the European Union\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folha_de_S.Paulo","url_text":"Folha de S.Paulo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_Folha","url_text":"Grupo Folha"}]},{"reference":"\"European Union: Mission for Growth to Argentina - building business links\". Asia News Monitor (EU-Latin America trade relations). Thailand: Thai News Service Group. 16 June 2014. ProQuest 1535264290.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1535264290","url_text":"1535264290"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.eeas.europa.eu/argentina/index_en.htm","external_links_name":"Republic of Argentina"},{"Link":"http://ec.europa.eu/trade/creating-opportunities/bilateral-relations/countries/argentina/","external_links_name":"Bilateral relations Argentina"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1535264290","external_links_name":"1535264290"},{"Link":"http://eeas.europa.eu/mercosur/index_en.htm","external_links_name":"\"EU Relations with Mercosur\""},{"Link":"http://www.focus-economics.com/news/argentina/trade/trade-balance-records-largest-surplus-over-year-june","external_links_name":"\"Trade balance records largest surplus in over a year in June\""},{"Link":"http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mercado/2014/06/1464034-argentina-tenta-barrar-negociacao-com-uniao-europeia.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Argentina wants to stop negotiating with the European Union\""},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1535264290","external_links_name":"1535264290"},{"Link":"http://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/argentina/index_es.htm","external_links_name":"EU delegation to Argentina"},{"Link":"http://www.cancilleria.gob.ar/","external_links_name":"Official website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade and Worship"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Arezzo
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Province of Arezzo
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["1 Communes","2 Government","2.1 List of presidents of the province of Arezzo","3 References","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 43°28′24″N 11°52′12″E / 43.47333°N 11.87000°E / 43.47333; 11.87000Province of Italy
Province in Tuscany, ItalyProvince of ArezzoProvinceValmarecchia
FlagCoat of armsMap highlighting the location of the province of Arezzo in ItalyCountry ItalyRegionTuscanyCapital(s)ArezzoComuni36Government • PresidentSilvia Chiassai MartiniArea • Total3,233 km2 (1,248 sq mi)Population (31 August 2017) • Total343,676 • Density110/km2 (280/sq mi)GDP • Total€9.445 billion (2015) • Per capita€27,315 (2015)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal coden/aTelephone prefixn/aVehicle registrationARISTAT051
The province of Arezzo (Italian: provincia di Arezzo) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Arezzo. The province is bordered by the regions of Marche, Emilia-Romagna, Umbria, and the provinces Siena and Florence of Tuscany. It has an area of 3,233 square kilometres (1,248 sq mi), a total population of about 344,000 in 36 comuni (sg.: comune).
The north of the province of Arezzo contains the Pratomagno and Casentino mountain ranges and valleys, and the southern areas of the region contain the fertile Tiber and Chiana valleys. The province capital Arezzo was a major Etruscan urban centre known as Aritim, and a wall was built around the province in this period of rule. In Roman times, the settlement was given the Latinized name Arretium and expanded down from the hills. Arretium assisted Ancient Rome in the Punic Wars against Ancient Carthage. After attacks from barbarians, the settlement mostly disappeared in around 400 AD.
Towards the end of the 11th century, the settlement grew again into a city, despite being located near the powerful nations of Siena and Florence. Its location led to its ownership changing repeatedly; Florence owned the province after the Battle of Campaldino, later lost authority over it, and then annexed it again in 1384. Florence possessed the province until 1859, when Tuscany was annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia during the Risorgimento. The province is in close proximity to Camaldoli, ancestral seat of the Camaldolese monks.
The Romito di Laterina, the bridge in the background of the Mona Lisa, is located in the province of Arezzo, in the municipality of Laterina.
Communes
The main comuni by population are:
Comune
Population
Arezzo
100,734
Montevarchi
24,119
Cortona
23,031
San Giovanni Valdarno
17,190
Sansepolcro
16,391
Castiglion Fiorentino
13,529
Bibbiena
12,735
Terranuova Bracciolini
12,172
Bucine
10,178
Cavriglia
9,282
Foiano della Chiana
9,423
Civitella in Val di Chiana
9,143
Monte San Savino
8,687
Government
List of presidents of the province of Arezzo
President
Term start
Term end
Party
Franco Parigi
1985
1990
Italian Communist Party
Mauro Tarchi
1990
1995
Democratic Party of the LeftDemocrats of the Left
1995
1999
Vincenzo Ceccarelli
1999
2004
Democrats of the LeftDemocratic Party
2004
2009
Roberto Vasai
2009
2014
Democratic Party
2014
2018
Silvia Chiassai Martini
2018
Incumbent
Independent (centre-right)
References
^ Regions and Cities > Regional Statistics > Regional Economy > Regional Gross Domestic Product (Small regions TL3), OECD.Stats. Accessed on 16 November 2018.
^ a b c d e Roy Palmer Domenico (2002). The Regions of Italy: A Reference Guide to History and Culture. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-30733-1.
^ "Province of Arezzo". Comuni-Italiani. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
^ a b "Province of AREZZO". Urbistat. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
^ Giuffrida, Angela (2023-05-03). "Italian historian claims to have identified bridge in Mona Lisa backdrop". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-06-20.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Province of Arezzo.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Arezzo (province).
Official website (in Italian)
vte TuscanyProvinces, metropolitan cities and places
Arezzo
Florence
Grosseto
Livorno
Lucca
Massa-Carrara
Pisa
Pistoia
Prato
Siena
List of communes
History
Etruria
March of Tuscany
Republic of Florence
Duchy of Florence
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Monarchs of Tuscany
Kingdom of Etruria
United Provinces
Politics
Elections in Tuscany
List of presidents of Tuscany
Culture
Language
Music
Wine
Flag
Neoclassical architecture in Tuscany
Categories
vteTuscany · Comuni of the Province of Arezzo
Anghiari
Arezzo
Badia Tedalda
Bibbiena
Bucine
Capolona
Caprese Michelangelo
Castel Focognano
Castel San Niccolò
Castelfranco Piandiscò
Castiglion Fibocchi
Castiglion Fiorentino
Cavriglia
Chitignano
Chiusi della Verna
Civitella in Val di Chiana
Cortona
Foiano della Chiana
Laterina Pergine Valdarno
Loro Ciuffenna
Lucignano
Marciano della Chiana
Monte San Savino
Montemignaio
Monterchi
Montevarchi
Ortignano Raggiolo
Pieve Santo Stefano
Poppi
Pratovecchio Stia
San Giovanni Valdarno
Sansepolcro
Sestino
Subbiano
Talla
Terranuova Bracciolini
43°28′24″N 11°52′12″E / 43.47333°N 11.87000°E / 43.47333; 11.87000
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Geographic
MusicBrainz area
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Arezzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arezzo"},{"link_name":"Marche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marche"},{"link_name":"Emilia-Romagna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilia-Romagna"},{"link_name":"Umbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbria"},{"link_name":"Siena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Siena"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Florence"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Domenico2002-2"},{"link_name":"comuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comuni"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ustat-4"},{"link_name":"Pratomagno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratomagno"},{"link_name":"Casentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casentino"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Domenico2002-2"},{"link_name":"Arezzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arezzo"},{"link_name":"Etruscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_civilization"},{"link_name":"Punic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Ancient Carthage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Carthage"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Domenico2002-2"},{"link_name":"Battle of Campaldino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Campaldino"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Domenico2002-2"},{"link_name":"Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Risorgimento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risorgimento"},{"link_name":"Camaldoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camaldoli"},{"link_name":"Camaldolese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camaldolese"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Domenico2002-2"},{"link_name":"Romito di Laterina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romito_di_Laterina_bridge"},{"link_name":"Mona Lisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Lisa"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality"},{"link_name":"Laterina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laterina"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Province of ItalyProvince in Tuscany, ItalyThe province of Arezzo (Italian: provincia di Arezzo) is a province in the Tuscany region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Arezzo. The province is bordered by the regions of Marche, Emilia-Romagna, Umbria, and the provinces Siena and Florence of Tuscany.[2] It has an area of 3,233 square kilometres (1,248 sq mi), a total population of about 344,000 in 36 comuni (sg.: comune).[3][4]The north of the province of Arezzo contains the Pratomagno and Casentino mountain ranges and valleys, and the southern areas of the region contain the fertile Tiber and Chiana valleys.[2] The province capital Arezzo was a major Etruscan urban centre known as Aritim, and a wall was built around the province in this period of rule. In Roman times, the settlement was given the Latinized name Arretium and expanded down from the hills. Arretium assisted Ancient Rome in the Punic Wars against Ancient Carthage. After attacks from barbarians, the settlement mostly disappeared in around 400 AD.[2]Towards the end of the 11th century, the settlement grew again into a city, despite being located near the powerful nations of Siena and Florence. Its location led to its ownership changing repeatedly; Florence owned the province after the Battle of Campaldino, later lost authority over it, and then annexed it again in 1384.[2] Florence possessed the province until 1859, when Tuscany was annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia during the Risorgimento. The province is in close proximity to Camaldoli, ancestral seat of the Camaldolese monks.[2]The Romito di Laterina, the bridge in the background of the Mona Lisa, is located in the province of Arezzo, in the municipality of Laterina.[5]","title":"Province of Arezzo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ustat-4"}],"text":"The main comuni by population are:[4]","title":"Communes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"List of presidents of the province of Arezzo","title":"Government"}]
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Map_of_region_of_Tuscany%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg/200px-Map_of_region_of_Tuscany%2C_Italy%2C_with_provinces-en.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"Roy Palmer Domenico (2002). The Regions of Italy: A Reference Guide to History and Culture. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-30733-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30733-1","url_text":"978-0-313-30733-1"}]},{"reference":"\"Province of Arezzo\". Comuni-Italiani. Retrieved 1 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.comuni-italiani.it/051/index.html","url_text":"\"Province of Arezzo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Province of AREZZO\". Urbistat. Retrieved 1 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.urbistat.it/AdminStat/en/it/demografia/dati-sintesi/arezzo/51/3","url_text":"\"Province of AREZZO\""}]},{"reference":"Giuffrida, Angela (2023-05-03). \"Italian historian claims to have identified bridge in Mona Lisa backdrop\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2023/may/03/italian-historian-claims-to-have-identified-bridge-in-mona-lisa-backdrop","url_text":"\"Italian historian claims to have identified bridge in Mona Lisa backdrop\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenjo
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Tenjo
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["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Economy","4 Sister cities","5 Born in Tenjo","6 Climate","7 Gallery","8 References"]
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Coordinates: 4°55′N 74°10′W / 4.917°N 74.167°W / 4.917; -74.167Municipality and town in Cundinamarca, ColombiaTenjoMunicipality and townView of Tenjo
FlagSealLocation of the town and municipality of Tenjo in Cundinamarca DepartmentTenjoLocation in ColombiaCoordinates: 4°55′N 74°10′W / 4.917°N 74.167°W / 4.917; -74.167CountryColombiaDepartmentCundinamarcaProvinceCentral Savanna ProvinceFounded8 April 1603Founded byDiego Gómez de MenaGovernment • MayorJuan Gabriel Gómez Campo(2016–2019)Area • Municipality and town108 km2 (42 sq mi) • Urban2 km2 (0.8 sq mi)Elevation2,587 m (8,488 ft)Population (2015) • Municipality and town18,387 • Density170/km2 (440/sq mi) • Urban10,915Time zoneUTC-5 (Colombia Standard Time)WebsiteOfficial website
Tenjo is a municipality and town of Colombia in the Central Savanna Province, part of the department of Cundinamarca. The urban centre is located at an altitude of 2,587 metres (8,488 ft) on the Bogotá savanna. Tenjo is part of the Metropolitan Area of Bogotá and borders Chía, Madrid, Tabio, Funza, Subachoque and Cota.
Etymology
Tenjo in Muisca language literally translates "in the big mouth".
History
The area of Tenjo was inhabited by the Muisca in the times before the Spanish conquest. Tenjo was ruled by the zipa based in Bacatá. Ancient rock art has been discovered in Tenjo.
Modern Tenjo was founded on April 8, 1603, by Diego Gómez de Mena. On the 7 of May, 1637, it was decided that the first church of the town was to be built by Alonso Serrano Hernández after being hired by Juan de Vera, Cristóbal Gómez de Silva, Juan de Orejuela and Juan de Artieda. The church was completed on August 17, 1645. By the year of 1778, there was a population of 1,009 people and 211 families, excluding 983 other native people who inhabited Tenjo.
Economy
Tenjo's economy is mainly based on horticulture and livestock-breeding. Thanks to its relatively close position to Bogotá, Tenjo is starting to become part of its suburbs and with many schools being established here that have collaborated with this effect.
Sister cities
Spain: Las Gabias
Born in Tenjo
Crisanto Luque Sánchez (1889–1959), cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church
Climate
Climate data for Tenjo (Providencia Gja), elevation 2,560 m (8,400 ft), (1981–2010)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
20.1(68.2)
20.3(68.5)
20.0(68.0)
19.7(67.5)
19.3(66.7)
18.9(66.0)
18.6(65.5)
18.7(65.7)
19.2(66.6)
19.3(66.7)
19.3(66.7)
19.7(67.5)
19.4(66.9)
Daily mean °C (°F)
13.3(55.9)
13.7(56.7)
13.9(57.0)
14.2(57.6)
14.2(57.6)
13.9(57.0)
13.6(56.5)
13.6(56.5)
13.6(56.5)
13.7(56.7)
13.8(56.8)
13.5(56.3)
13.7(56.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
4.6(40.3)
5.7(42.3)
6.7(44.1)
8.1(46.6)
8.2(46.8)
7.6(45.7)
6.9(44.4)
6.7(44.1)
6.2(43.2)
7.0(44.6)
7.1(44.8)
5.7(42.3)
6.7(44.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
28.5(1.12)
45.1(1.78)
74.9(2.95)
99.9(3.93)
98.5(3.88)
70.1(2.76)
54.2(2.13)
47.5(1.87)
65.5(2.58)
100.0(3.94)
80.5(3.17)
55.4(2.18)
820.1(32.29)
Average precipitation days
8
10
14
17
18
17
17
16
15
17
16
11
177
Average relative humidity (%)
79
79
81
82
82
80
78
78
79
82
82
81
80
Source: Instituto de Hidrologia Meteorologia y Estudios Ambientales
Gallery
Church of Tenjo
Chapel in Tenjo
City council
Cave in Tenjo
Rock art in Tenjo
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tenjo.
^ a b c (in Spanish) Official website Tenjo
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-12-28.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Promedios Climatológicos 1981–2010" (in Spanish). Instituto de Hidrologia Meteorologia y Estudios Ambientales. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2024.
vteProvinces and Municipalities in Cundinamarca Department Almeidas Province
Chocontá
Machetá
Manta
Sesquilé
Suesca
Tibiritá
Villapinzón
Upper Magdalena Province
Agua de Dios
Girardot
Guataquí
Jerusalén
Nariño
Nilo
Ricaurte
Tocaima
Lower Magdalena Province
Caparrapí
Guaduas
Puerto Salgar
Gualivá Province
Albán
La Peña
La Vega
Nimaima
Nocaima
Quebradanegra
San Francisco
Sasaima
Supatá
Útica
Vergara
Villeta
Guavio Province
Gachalá
Gachetá
Gama
Guasca
Guatavita
Junín
La Calera
Ubalá
Central Magdalena Province
Beltrán
Bituima
Chaguaní
Guayabal de Síquima
Pulí
San Juan de Rioseco
Vianí
Medina Province
Medina
Paratebueno
Eastern Province
Cáqueza
Chipaque
Choachí
Fómeque
Fosca
Guayabetal
Gutiérrez
Quetame
Ubaque
Une
Rionegro Province
El Peñón
La Palma
Pacho
Paime
San Cayetano
Topaipí
Villagómez
Yacopí
Central Savanna Province
Cajicá
Chía
Cogua
Cota
Gachancipá
Nemocón
Sopó
Tabio
Tenjo
Tocancipá
Zipaquirá
Western Savanna Province
Bojacá
El Rosal
Facatativá
Funza
Madrid
Mosquera
Subachoque
Zipacón
Soacha Province
Sibaté
Soacha
Sumapaz Province
Arbeláez
Cabrera
Fusagasugá
Granada
Pandi
Pasca
San Bernardo
Silvania
Tibacuy
Venecia
Tequendama Province
Anapoima
Anolaima
Apulo
Cachipay
El Colegio
La Mesa
Quipile
San Antonio del Tequendama
Tena
Viotá
Ubaté Province
Carmen de Carupa
Cucunubá
Fúquene
Guachetá
Lenguazaque
Simijaca
Susa
Sutatausa
Tausa
Ubaté
Metropolitan Area of Bogotá
Bogotá, Capital District
See also: List of municipalities in Cundinamarca
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Central Savanna Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Savanna_Province"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Cundinamarca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cundinamarca_Department"},{"link_name":"Bogotá savanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1_savanna"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Area of Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Area_of_Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Chía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADa,_Cundinamarca"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid,_Cundinamarca"},{"link_name":"Tabio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabio"},{"link_name":"Funza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funza"},{"link_name":"Subachoque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subachoque"},{"link_name":"Cota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cota,_Cundinamarca"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-websiteTenjo-1"}],"text":"Municipality and town in Cundinamarca, ColombiaTenjo is a municipality and town of Colombia in the Central Savanna Province, part of the department of Cundinamarca. The urban centre is located at an altitude of 2,587 metres (8,488 ft) on the Bogotá savanna. Tenjo is part of the Metropolitan Area of Bogotá and borders Chía, Madrid, Tabio, Funza, Subachoque and Cota.[1]","title":"Tenjo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muisca language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibcha_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-websiteTenjo-1"}],"text":"Tenjo in Muisca language literally translates \"in the big mouth\".[1]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muisca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca_people"},{"link_name":"Spanish conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca"},{"link_name":"ruled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca_rulers"},{"link_name":"zipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipa"},{"link_name":"Bacatá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"rock art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_art"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-websiteTenjo-1"}],"text":"The area of Tenjo was inhabited by the Muisca in the times before the Spanish conquest. Tenjo was ruled by the zipa based in Bacatá. Ancient rock art has been discovered in Tenjo.Modern Tenjo was founded on April 8, 1603, by Diego Gómez de Mena.[1] On the 7 of May, 1637, it was decided that the first church of the town was to be built by Alonso Serrano Hernández after being hired by Juan de Vera, Cristóbal Gómez de Silva, Juan de Orejuela and Juan de Artieda. The church was completed on August 17, 1645. By the year of 1778, there was a population of 1,009 people and 211 families, excluding 983 other native people who inhabited Tenjo.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"horticulture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horticulture"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"}],"text":"Tenjo's economy is mainly based on horticulture and livestock-breeding. Thanks to its relatively close position to Bogotá, Tenjo is starting to become part of its suburbs and with many schools being established here that have collaborated with this effect.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Las Gabias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Gabias"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Spain: Las Gabias[2]","title":"Sister cities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crisanto Luque Sánchez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisanto_Luque_S%C3%A1nchez"},{"link_name":"cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"}],"text":"Crisanto Luque Sánchez (1889–1959), cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church","title":"Born in Tenjo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"Instituto de Hidrologia Meteorologia y Estudios Ambientales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Hydrology,_Meteorology_and_Environmental_Studies_(Colombia)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IDEAM1-3"}],"text":"Climate data for Tenjo (Providencia Gja), elevation 2,560 m (8,400 ft), (1981–2010)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n20.1(68.2)\n\n20.3(68.5)\n\n20.0(68.0)\n\n19.7(67.5)\n\n19.3(66.7)\n\n18.9(66.0)\n\n18.6(65.5)\n\n18.7(65.7)\n\n19.2(66.6)\n\n19.3(66.7)\n\n19.3(66.7)\n\n19.7(67.5)\n\n19.4(66.9)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n13.3(55.9)\n\n13.7(56.7)\n\n13.9(57.0)\n\n14.2(57.6)\n\n14.2(57.6)\n\n13.9(57.0)\n\n13.6(56.5)\n\n13.6(56.5)\n\n13.6(56.5)\n\n13.7(56.7)\n\n13.8(56.8)\n\n13.5(56.3)\n\n13.7(56.7)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n4.6(40.3)\n\n5.7(42.3)\n\n6.7(44.1)\n\n8.1(46.6)\n\n8.2(46.8)\n\n7.6(45.7)\n\n6.9(44.4)\n\n6.7(44.1)\n\n6.2(43.2)\n\n7.0(44.6)\n\n7.1(44.8)\n\n5.7(42.3)\n\n6.7(44.1)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n28.5(1.12)\n\n45.1(1.78)\n\n74.9(2.95)\n\n99.9(3.93)\n\n98.5(3.88)\n\n70.1(2.76)\n\n54.2(2.13)\n\n47.5(1.87)\n\n65.5(2.58)\n\n100.0(3.94)\n\n80.5(3.17)\n\n55.4(2.18)\n\n820.1(32.29)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days\n\n8\n\n10\n\n14\n\n17\n\n18\n\n17\n\n17\n\n16\n\n15\n\n17\n\n16\n\n11\n\n177\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n79\n\n79\n\n81\n\n82\n\n82\n\n80\n\n78\n\n78\n\n79\n\n82\n\n82\n\n81\n\n80\n\n\nSource: Instituto de Hidrologia Meteorologia y Estudios Ambientales[3]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parque_central_Tenjo.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Capilla_Doctrinera_Tenjo.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EdeficioMunicipaldeTenjo.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:25799_Grutas_Tenjo_LFAA.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BICOLORtenjo.jpg"}],"text":"Church of Tenjo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChapel in Tenjo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCity council\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCave in Tenjo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRock art in Tenjo","title":"Gallery"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-12-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081811/http://www.femp.es/files/566-1112-archivo/LISTADO%20DE%20HERMANAMIENTOS%20CON%20LATINOAM%C3%89RICA.pdf/","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.femp.es/files/566-1112-archivo/LISTADO%20DE%20HERMANAMIENTOS%20CON%20LATINOAM%C3%89RICA.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Promedios Climatológicos 1981–2010\" (in Spanish). Instituto de Hidrologia Meteorologia y Estudios Ambientales. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160815025712/http://www.ideam.gov.co/documents/21021/553571/Promedios%2BClimatol%C3%B3gicos%2B%2B1981%2B-%2B2010.xlsx/f28d0b07-1208-4a46-8ccf-bddd70fb4128","url_text":"\"Promedios Climatológicos 1981–2010\""},{"url":"http://www.ideam.gov.co/documents/21021/553571/Promedios+Climatol%C3%B3gicos++1981+-+2010.xlsx/f28d0b07-1208-4a46-8ccf-bddd70fb4128","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tenjo¶ms=4_55_N_74_10_W_region:CO_type:city(18387)","external_links_name":"4°55′N 74°10′W / 4.917°N 74.167°W / 4.917; -74.167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tenjo¶ms=4_55_N_74_10_W_region:CO_type:city(18387)","external_links_name":"4°55′N 74°10′W / 4.917°N 74.167°W / 4.917; -74.167"},{"Link":"http://www.tenjo-cundinamarca.gov.co/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.tenjo-cundinamarca.gov.co/informacion_general.shtml","external_links_name":"Official website Tenjo"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081811/http://www.femp.es/files/566-1112-archivo/LISTADO%20DE%20HERMANAMIENTOS%20CON%20LATINOAM%C3%89RICA.pdf/","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.femp.es/files/566-1112-archivo/LISTADO%20DE%20HERMANAMIENTOS%20CON%20LATINOAM%C3%89RICA.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160815025712/http://www.ideam.gov.co/documents/21021/553571/Promedios%2BClimatol%C3%B3gicos%2B%2B1981%2B-%2B2010.xlsx/f28d0b07-1208-4a46-8ccf-bddd70fb4128","external_links_name":"\"Promedios Climatológicos 1981–2010\""},{"Link":"http://www.ideam.gov.co/documents/21021/553571/Promedios+Climatol%C3%B3gicos++1981+-+2010.xlsx/f28d0b07-1208-4a46-8ccf-bddd70fb4128","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/128239050","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJymGdCQfF9FwdPmtCjwG3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2009091630","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takayutpi
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Takayutpi
|
["1 Brief","2 Legacy","3 References","4 Bibliography"]
|
King of Hanthawaddy
Takayutpi တကာရွတ်ပိKing of HanthawaddyReign1526–1539PredecessorBinnya Ran IISuccessorSmim SawhtutBorn1511PeguDied1539 (aged 27)MaubinConsortMinkhaung MedawIssueကွန်းဗ္လဲ Kaungbalay (daughter) was born from Minkhaung MedawHouseWareruFatherBinnya Ran IIReligionTheravada Buddhism
This article contains Burmese script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Burmese script.
Thushin Takayutpi (သုရှင်တကာရွတ်ပိ, pronounced , or Taka Yut Pi or Taka Rat Pi; 1511–1539) was king of Hanthawaddy Pegu from 1526 to 1539. At his accession, the 15-year-old inherited the most prosperous and powerful kingdom of all post-Pagan kingdoms. But he never had control of his vassals who scarcely acknowledged him. A dozen years later, due to the young king's inexperience and mismanagement, the Mon-speaking kingdom founded in 1287 fell to a smaller Toungoo.
Brief
See also: Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War (1534–41)
Taka Yut Pi was a son of King Binnya Ran II of Hanthawaddy. He was only 15 when he succeeded the throne. He ascended the throne three days after his father's death. The throne was first succeeded by the heir-apparent Prince Yazadipati at mid-morning but he died mysteriously in the same afternoon. Unlike his father, considered one of ablest kings of the coastal kingdom, the young king never took an interest in running the kingdom. He "never looked at a book; he gave himself up for sport in the woods with elephants and horses; he searched for shellfish and crabs; he was like one witless". He was not respected by his vassals. His brother-in-law Saw Binnya ruled the province of Martaban (Mottama) like a sovereign.
Takayutpi's weak leadership gave an opening to Toungoo's ambitious king Tabinshwehti and his deputy Gen. Bayinnaung. Beginning in 1534, Toungoo began annual dry-season raids into Hanthawaddy territory. Saw Binnya did not send any help to Takayutpi. Toungoo could not make headway against Pegu's fortified defenses led by two experienced ministers (Binnya Law and Binnya Kyan) and aided by foreign mercenaries with guns. By 1537, Peguan defenses had successfully repulsed Toungoo's three consecutive annual invasions. Unable to break Peguan defenses, Toungoo finally used a stratagem to create a split in the Hanthawaddy camp. Takayutpi foolishly believed Toungoo's misinformation about the loyalty of the two ministers, who had been his tutors since childhood and were absolutely devoted to him, and executed them.
When Toungoo again invaded in late 1538, Takayutpi, now without his best generals, lost heart and fled Pegu for Prome Kingdom (Pyay) where another brother-in-law of his, Narapati of Prome, was king. (He did not retreat to Martaban, which was nominally still part of Hanthawaddy because he did not trust its governor Saw Binnya.) Toungoo took the capital city of Pegu without firing a shot. On their flight to Prome, his demoralized forces, though far superior in numbers, were defeated by Bayinnaung's smaller but better disciplined forces at the Battle of Naungyo.
Having reached Prome with a decimated force, Takayutpi urged his allies– the king of Prome and the Confederation of Shan States– to restore him to his throne but they refused. Within the year, the king entered the Irrawaddy delta with a small armed band to collect war elephants. At Ingabin near Maubin he suddenly fell ill and died.
Legacy
Takayutpi was the last Hanthawaddy king who had legitimate or nominal claim over the Lower Burma kingdom founded in 1287. After his death, Saw Binnya, who had been de facto independent since 1534, proclaimed himself king at Martaban. He was defeated and killed in 1541. After the death of Tabinshwehti in 1550, Smim Sawhtut and Smim Htaw proclaimed themselves as king. They never controlled any territory of significance, and were driven out by 1552.
References
^ a b Phayre 1967: 94–95
^ Aung-Thwin 2017: 283
^ Harvey 1925: 120
^ Htin Aung 1967: 107
^ Htin Aung 1967: 108
^ Harvey 1925: 154–155
Bibliography
Aung-Thwin, Michael A. (2017). Myanmar in the Fifteenth Century. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-6783-6.
Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
Htin Aung, Maung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press.
Phayre, Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. (1883). History of Burma (1967 ed.). London: Susil Gupta.
Royal Historical Commission of Burma (1832). Hmannan Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2003 ed.). Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar.
Sein Lwin Lay, Kahtika U (1968). Mintaya Shwe Hti and Bayinnaung: Ketumadi Taungoo Yazawin (in Burmese) (2006, 2nd printing ed.). Yangon: Yan Aung Sarpay.
Takayutpi Hanthawaddy DynastyBorn: 1511 Died: 1539
Regnal titles
Preceded byBinnya Ran II
King of Hanthawaddy 1526–1539
Succeeded bySmim Sawhtut
vte Burmese monarchsPagan dynasty849–1297
Pyinbya
Tannet
Sale
Theinhko
Nyaung-u Sawrahan
Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu
Kyiso
Sokkate
Anawrahta
Saw Lu
Kyansittha
Sithu I
Narathu
Naratheinkha
Sithu II
Htilominlo
Naratheinga Uzana1
Kyaswa
Uzana
Narathihapate
Kyawswa2
Myinsaing and Pinya Kingdoms1297–1364
Athinkhaya1, Yazathingyan1 and Thihathu1
Thihathu
Uzana I
Sithu1
Kyawswa I
Kyawswa II
Narathu
Uzana II
Sagaing Kingdom1315–1364
Saw Yun
Tarabya I
Anawrahta I
Kyaswa
Anawrahta II
Tarabya II
Minbyauk Thihapate
Kingdom of Ava1364–1555
Thado Minbya
Swa Saw Ke
Tarabya
Minkhaung I
Thihathu
Min Hla
Kale Kye-Taung Nyo
Mohnyin Thado
Minye Kyawswa I
Narapati I
Thihathura
Minkhaung II and Thihathura II
Narapati II
Sawlon3 and Thohanbwa3
Hkonmaing3
Narapati III3
Narapati IV3
Hanthawaddy Kingdom1287–1539, 1550–1552
Wareru
Hkun Law
Saw O
Saw Zein
Zein Pun
Saw E
Binnya E Law
Binnya U
Maha Dewi1
Razadarit
Binnya Dhammaraza
Binnya Ran I
Binnya Waru
Binnya Kyan
Leik Munhtaw
Shin Sawbu
Dhammazedi
Binnya Ran II
Takayutpi
Smim Sawhtut4
Smim Htaw4
Mrauk U Kingdom1429–1785
Saw Mon
Khayi
Ba Saw Phyu
Dawlya
Ba Saw Nyo
Ran Aung
Salingathu
Raza
Gazapati
Saw O
Thazata
Minkhaung
Min Bin
Dikkha
Saw Hla
Sekkya
Phalaung
Razagyi
Khamaung
Thiri Thudhamma
Sanay
Narapati
Thado
Sanda Thudhamma
Thiri Thuriya
Wara Dhammaraza
Muni Thudhammaraza
Sanda Thuriya I
Nawrahta
Mayuppiya
Kalamandat
Naradipati
Sanda Wimala I
Sanda Thuriya II
Sanda Wizaya
Sanda Thuriya III
Naradipati II
Narapawara
Sanda Wizala
Madarit
Nara Apaya
Thirithu
Sanda Parama
Apaya
Sanda Thumana
Sanda Wimala II
Sanda Thaditha
Maha Thammada
Prome Kingdom1482–1542
Thado Minsaw
Bayin Htwe
Narapati5
Minkhaung5
Toungoo dynasty1510–1752
Mingyi Nyo
Tabinshwehti
Bayinnaung
Nanda
Nyaungyan
Anaukpetlun
Minye Deibba
Thalun
Pindale
Pye
Narawara
Minye Kyawhtin
Sanay Min
Taninganway Min
Mahadhammaraza Dipadi
Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom1740–1757
Smim Htaw Buddhaketi
Binnya Dala
Konbaung dynasty1752–1885
Alaungpaya
Naungdawgyi
Hsinbyushin
Singu
Phaungka
Bodawpaya
Bagyidaw
Tharrawaddy
Pagan
Mindon
Thibaw
1 Regent or Co-Regent
2 Mongol vassal (1297)
3 Confederation of Shan States (1527–55)
4 Brief revival (1550–52)
5 Vassal of the Confederation of Shan States (1532–42)
|
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Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Burmese script.Thushin Takayutpi (သုရှင်တကာရွတ်ပိ, pronounced [θṵʃɪ̀ɰ̃ dəɡàjʊʔpḭ], or Taka Yut Pi or Taka Rat Pi; 1511–1539) was king of Hanthawaddy Pegu from 1526 to 1539. At his accession, the 15-year-old inherited the most prosperous and powerful kingdom of all post-Pagan kingdoms. But he never had control of his vassals who scarcely acknowledged him. A dozen years later, due to the young king's inexperience and mismanagement, the Mon-speaking kingdom founded in 1287 fell to a smaller Toungoo.","title":"Takayutpi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War (1534–41)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toungoo%E2%80%93Hanthawaddy_War_(1534%E2%80%9341)"},{"link_name":"Binnya Ran II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binnya_Ran_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-app-94-95-1"},{"link_name":"Yazadipati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yazadipati&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mat-283-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geh-120-3"},{"link_name":"Saw Binnya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saw_Binnya"},{"link_name":"Martaban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martaban"},{"link_name":"Tabinshwehti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabinshwehti"},{"link_name":"Bayinnaung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayinnaung"},{"link_name":"Binnya Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binnya_Law"},{"link_name":"Binnya Kyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binnya_Kyan_(minister)"},{"link_name":"stratagem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratagem_(deception)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mha-107-4"},{"link_name":"Pegu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegu"},{"link_name":"Prome Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prome_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Narapati of Prome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narapati_of_Prome"},{"link_name":"Battle of Naungyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Naungyo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mha-108-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-geh-154-155-6"},{"link_name":"Confederation of Shan States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_Shan_States"},{"link_name":"Irrawaddy delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrawaddy_delta"},{"link_name":"Maubin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maubin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-app-94-95-1"}],"text":"See also: Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War (1534–41)Taka Yut Pi was a son of King Binnya Ran II of Hanthawaddy. He was only 15 when he succeeded the throne.[1] He ascended the throne three days after his father's death. The throne was first succeeded by the heir-apparent Prince Yazadipati at mid-morning but he died mysteriously in the same afternoon.[2] Unlike his father, considered one of ablest kings of the coastal kingdom, the young king never took an interest in running the kingdom. He \"never looked at a book; he gave himself up for sport in the woods with elephants and horses; he searched for shellfish and crabs; he was like one witless\".[3] He was not respected by his vassals. His brother-in-law Saw Binnya ruled the province of Martaban (Mottama) like a sovereign.Takayutpi's weak leadership gave an opening to Toungoo's ambitious king Tabinshwehti and his deputy Gen. Bayinnaung. Beginning in 1534, Toungoo began annual dry-season raids into Hanthawaddy territory. Saw Binnya did not send any help to Takayutpi. 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II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binnya_Ran_II"},{"link_name":"Takayutpi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Smim Sawhtut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smim_Sawhtut"},{"link_name":"Smim Htaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smim_Htaw"},{"link_name":"Mrauk U Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mrauk_U"},{"link_name":"Saw Mon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Saw_Mon"},{"link_name":"Khayi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Khayi"},{"link_name":"Ba Saw Phyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba_Saw_Phyu"},{"link_name":"Dawlya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Dawlya"},{"link_name":"Ba Saw Nyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba_Saw_Nyo"},{"link_name":"Ran 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Hla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Saw_Hla"},{"link_name":"Sekkya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Sekkya"},{"link_name":"Phalaung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Phalaung"},{"link_name":"Razagyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Razagyi"},{"link_name":"Khamaung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Khamaung"},{"link_name":"Thiri Thudhamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiri_Thudhamma"},{"link_name":"Sanay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_Sanay"},{"link_name":"Narapati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narapati_of_Mrauk-U"},{"link_name":"Thado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thado_of_Mrauk-U"},{"link_name":"Sanda Thudhamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanda_Thudhamma"},{"link_name":"Thiri Thuriya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiri_Thuriya"},{"link_name":"Wara Dhammaraza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wara_Dhammaraza"},{"link_name":"Muni Thudhammaraza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muni_Thudhammaraza"},{"link_name":"Sanda Thuriya I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanda_Thuriya_I"},{"link_name":"Nawrahta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawrahta_of_Mrauk-U"},{"link_name":"Mayuppiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayuppiya"},{"link_name":"Kalamandat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamandat"},{"link_name":"Naradipati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naradipati"},{"link_name":"Sanda Wimala I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanda_Wimala_I"},{"link_name":"Sanda Thuriya II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanda_Thuriya_II"},{"link_name":"Sanda Wizaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanda_Wizaya"},{"link_name":"Sanda Thuriya III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanda_Thuriya_III"},{"link_name":"Naradipati II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naradipati_II"},{"link_name":"Narapawara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narapawara"},{"link_name":"Sanda Wizala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanda_Wizala"},{"link_name":"Madarit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madarit"},{"link_name":"Nara Apaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nara_Apaya"},{"link_name":"Thirithu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirithu"},{"link_name":"Sanda Parama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanda_Parama"},{"link_name":"Apaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apaya"},{"link_name":"Sanda Thumana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanda_Thumana"},{"link_name":"Sanda Wimala II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanda_Wimala_II"},{"link_name":"Sanda Thaditha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanda_Thaditha"},{"link_name":"Maha Thammada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maha_Thammada"},{"link_name":"Prome Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prome_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Thado Minsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thado_Minsaw_of_Prome"},{"link_name":"Bayin Htwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayin_Htwe"},{"link_name":"Narapati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narapati_of_Prome"},{"link_name":"Minkhaung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkhaung_of_Prome"},{"link_name":"Toungoo dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taungoo_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Mingyi Nyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingyi_Nyo"},{"link_name":"Tabinshwehti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabinshwehti"},{"link_name":"Bayinnaung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayinnaung"},{"link_name":"Nanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Bayin"},{"link_name":"Nyaungyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyaungyan_Min"},{"link_name":"Anaukpetlun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaukpetlun"},{"link_name":"Minye Deibba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyedeippa"},{"link_name":"Thalun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalun"},{"link_name":"Pindale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindale_Min"},{"link_name":"Pye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pye_Min"},{"link_name":"Narawara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narawara"},{"link_name":"Minye Kyawhtin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minye_Kyawhtin"},{"link_name":"Sanay Min","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanay_Min"},{"link_name":"Taninganway Min","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taninganway_Min"},{"link_name":"Mahadhammaraza Dipadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahadhammaraza_Dipadi"},{"link_name":"Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restored_Hanthawaddy_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Smim Htaw Buddhaketi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smim_Htaw_Buddhaketi"},{"link_name":"Binnya Dala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binnya_Dala"},{"link_name":"Konbaung dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Alaungpaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaungpaya"},{"link_name":"Naungdawgyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naungdawgyi"},{"link_name":"Hsinbyushin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsinbyushin"},{"link_name":"Singu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singu_Min"},{"link_name":"Phaungka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaungkaza_Maung_Maung"},{"link_name":"Bodawpaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodawpaya"},{"link_name":"Bagyidaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagyidaw"},{"link_name":"Tharrawaddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharrawaddy_Min"},{"link_name":"Pagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan_Min"},{"link_name":"Mindon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindon_Min"},{"link_name":"Thibaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thibaw_Min"},{"link_name":"Confederation of Shan States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation_of_Shan_States"}],"text":"Aung-Thwin, Michael A. (2017). Myanmar in the Fifteenth Century. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-6783-6.\nHarvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.\nHtin Aung, Maung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press.\nPhayre, Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. (1883). History of Burma (1967 ed.). London: Susil Gupta.\nRoyal Historical Commission of Burma (1832). Hmannan Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2003 ed.). Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar.\nSein Lwin Lay, Kahtika U (1968). Mintaya Shwe Hti and Bayinnaung: Ketumadi Taungoo Yazawin (in Burmese) (2006, 2nd printing ed.). Yangon: Yan Aung Sarpay.vte Burmese monarchsPagan dynasty849–1297\nPyinbya\nTannet\nSale\nTheinhko\nNyaung-u Sawrahan\nKunhsaw Kyaunghpyu\nKyiso\nSokkate\nAnawrahta\nSaw Lu\nKyansittha\nSithu I\nNarathu\nNaratheinkha\nSithu II\nHtilominlo\nNaratheinga Uzana1\nKyaswa\nUzana\nNarathihapate\nKyawswa2\nMyinsaing and Pinya Kingdoms1297–1364\nAthinkhaya1, Yazathingyan1 and Thihathu1\nThihathu\nUzana I\nSithu1\nKyawswa I\nKyawswa II\nNarathu\nUzana II\nSagaing Kingdom1315–1364\nSaw Yun\nTarabya I\nAnawrahta I\nKyaswa\nAnawrahta II\nTarabya II\nMinbyauk Thihapate\nKingdom of Ava1364–1555\nThado Minbya\nSwa Saw Ke\nTarabya\nMinkhaung I\nThihathu\nMin Hla\nKale Kye-Taung Nyo\nMohnyin Thado\nMinye Kyawswa I\nNarapati I\nThihathura\nMinkhaung II and Thihathura II\nNarapati II\nSawlon3 and Thohanbwa3\nHkonmaing3\nNarapati III3\nNarapati IV3\nHanthawaddy Kingdom1287–1539, 1550–1552\nWareru\nHkun Law\nSaw O\nSaw Zein\nZein Pun\nSaw E\nBinnya E Law\nBinnya U\nMaha Dewi1\nRazadarit\nBinnya Dhammaraza\nBinnya Ran I\nBinnya Waru\nBinnya Kyan\nLeik Munhtaw\nShin Sawbu\nDhammazedi\nBinnya Ran II\nTakayutpi\nSmim Sawhtut4\nSmim Htaw4\nMrauk U Kingdom1429–1785\nSaw Mon\nKhayi\nBa Saw Phyu\nDawlya\nBa Saw Nyo\nRan Aung\nSalingathu\nRaza\nGazapati\nSaw O\nThazata\nMinkhaung\nMin Bin\nDikkha\nSaw Hla\nSekkya\nPhalaung\nRazagyi\nKhamaung\nThiri Thudhamma\nSanay\nNarapati\nThado\nSanda Thudhamma\nThiri Thuriya\nWara Dhammaraza\nMuni Thudhammaraza\nSanda Thuriya I\nNawrahta\nMayuppiya\nKalamandat\nNaradipati\nSanda Wimala I\nSanda Thuriya II\nSanda Wizaya\nSanda Thuriya III\nNaradipati II\nNarapawara\nSanda Wizala\nMadarit\nNara Apaya\nThirithu\nSanda Parama\nApaya\nSanda Thumana\nSanda Wimala II\nSanda Thaditha\nMaha Thammada\nProme Kingdom1482–1542\nThado Minsaw\nBayin Htwe\nNarapati5\nMinkhaung5\nToungoo dynasty1510–1752\nMingyi Nyo\nTabinshwehti\nBayinnaung\nNanda\nNyaungyan\nAnaukpetlun\nMinye Deibba\nThalun\nPindale\nPye\nNarawara\nMinye Kyawhtin\nSanay Min\nTaninganway Min\nMahadhammaraza Dipadi\nRestored Hanthawaddy Kingdom1740–1757\nSmim Htaw Buddhaketi\nBinnya Dala\nKonbaung dynasty1752–1885\nAlaungpaya\nNaungdawgyi\nHsinbyushin\nSingu\nPhaungka\nBodawpaya\nBagyidaw\nTharrawaddy\nPagan\nMindon\nThibaw\n\n1 Regent or Co-Regent\n2 Mongol vassal (1297)\n3 Confederation of Shan States (1527–55)\n4 Brief revival (1550–52)\n5 Vassal of the Confederation of Shan States (1532–42)","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"reference":"Aung-Thwin, Michael A. (2017). Myanmar in the Fifteenth Century. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-6783-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-6783-6","url_text":"978-0-8248-6783-6"}]},{"reference":"Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Htin Aung, Maung (1967). A History of Burma. New York and London: Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Htin_Aung","url_text":"Htin Aung, Maung"}]},{"reference":"Phayre, Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. (1883). History of Burma (1967 ed.). London: Susil Gupta.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Purves_Phayre","url_text":"Phayre, Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P."}]},{"reference":"Royal Historical Commission of Burma (1832). Hmannan Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2003 ed.). Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Historical_Commission_of_Burma","url_text":"Royal Historical Commission of Burma"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hmannan_Yazawin","url_text":"Hmannan Yazawin"}]},{"reference":"Sein Lwin Lay, Kahtika U (1968). Mintaya Shwe Hti and Bayinnaung: Ketumadi Taungoo Yazawin (in Burmese) (2006, 2nd printing ed.). Yangon: Yan Aung Sarpay.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Air_Transport_Squadron
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20th Airlift Squadron
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["1 History","1.1 World War II","1.2 Strategic airlift","2 Lineage","2.1 Assignments","2.2 Stations","2.3 Aircraft","2.4 Awards and campaigns","3 See also","4 References","4.1 Notes","4.2 Citations","4.3 Bibliography","5 External links"]
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"20th Troop Carrier Squadron, Heavy" redirects here. For the 20th Troop Carrier Squadron (Special), see 20th Reconnaissance Squadron.
20th Airlift Squadron
437th Military Airlift Wing C-141 escorted by F-106s in 1980Active1942–1943; 1954–1997Country United StatesBranch United States Air ForceRoleStrategic airliftPart ofAir Mobility CommandNickname(s)Double X SquadronMotto(s)Firmitas per Mobilitatem Latin Strength Through MobilityEngagementsAmerican Defense (World War II)Southwest Asia ServiceOperation Just CauseDecorationsAir Force Outstanding Unit AwardRepublic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with PalmInsignia20th Airlift Squadron emblem Modified to place on disc as required for squadron emblems)Patch with 20th Air Transport Squadron emblem (Approved 5 December 1956)Military unit
The 20th Airlift Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was to the 60th Operations Group of Air Mobility Command at Travis Air Force Base, California, where it was inactivated on 31 December 1997.
The squadron was first activated in 1942 as the 20th Air Corps Ferrying Squadron and ferried various aircraft on the North Atlantic ferrying route until 1943, when it was replaced by Station 3, North Atlantic Wing, Air Transport Command in a reorganization of Air Transport Command units.
The squadron was activated again in 1952 as the 20th Air Transport Squadron when Military Air Transport Service (MATS) replaced its Major Command controlled (four digit) airlift squadrons with Air Force controlled squadrons. When MATS turned Westover Air Force Base over to Strategic Air Command, the squadron moved to Dover Air Force Base. It upgraded to jet-propelled Lockheed C-141 Starlifters in 1965, and flew them until it was inactivated in 1997.
History
World War II
The squadron was first activated at Houlton Army Air Base, Maine, a departure station for the North Atlantic ferrying route, in March 1942 as the 20th Air Corps Ferrying Squadron. The squadron was initially assigned directly to Air Corps Ferrying Command, but in June, Ferrying Command organized the 23d Army Air Forces Ferrying Wing to manage its units on the North Atlantic route and the squadron was reassigned to it. In March 1943, the squadron became the 20th Transport Squadron.
The squadron flew and managed the ferrying of various aircraft, including Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses and Lockheed P-38 Lightnings and participated in Operation Bolero, the buildup of United States forces in the United Kingdom. On 1 September 1943, the 20th disbanded and combined with support units at Houlton to form Station 3, North Atlantic Wing, Air Transport Command.
Strategic airlift
MATS C-54 Skymaster
In 1952, Military Air Transport Service (MATS) replaced its Major Command controlled (four-digit) air transport squadrons with squadrons that had served during World War II. As part of this conversion, the 20th was reconstituted as the 20th Air Transport Squadron and absorbed the personnel and Douglas C-54 Skymasters of the 1257th Air Transport Squadron at Westover Air Force Base, Massachusetts in July 1952. The squadron's mission was to provide inter-theater and strategic airlift to Europe, North Africa and Canada.
MATS C-124 Globemaster II
The squadron was redesignated the 20th Air Transport Squadron, Heavy, on 18 April 1954, recognizing the squadron's transition into the larger Douglas C-124 Globemaster II. The 20th moved to Dover Air Force Base, Delaware on 15 May 1955 and became part of the 1607th Air Transport Group, located at Dover.
When MATS adopted the dual deputy organization, the 1607th Air Transport Group was discontinued and the squadron was assigned directly to the 1607th Air Transport Wing on 18 January 1963. The unit was briefly redesignated as the 20th Troop Carrier Squadron, Heavy on 1 January 1965. It returned its designation to the 20th Air Transport Squadron, Heavy, on 1 July 1965 as the squadron transitioned to the Lockheed C-141 Starlifter. The Starlifter brought a mission change to that of providing worldwide airlift, which included support of operations in Southeast Asia.
In January 1966, Military Airlift Command replaced MATS. In this reorganization, the 436th Military Airlift Wing replaced the 1607th Air Transport Wing and the squadron was redesignated the 20th Military Airlift Squadron.
The next changes to the 20th would not take place until August 1973, when the squadron moved to Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina and was reassigned to the base's 437th Military Airlift Wing. At Charleston, the squadron provided support for the evacuation of South Vietnam in April 1975. The 20th took a number of contingency operations while located at Charleston, including Operation Urgent Fury, the invasion of Grenada from October through December 1983. In December 1989, the squadron provided airlift support for Operation Just Cause, the replacement of Manuel Noriega as the ruler of Panama. Starting in August 1990, the squadron deployed to support Operation Desert Shield and its support continued through the Gulf War until December 1991.
On 1 October 1991, the squadron was redesignated the 20 Airlift Squadron and reassigned to the 437th Operations Group. Two years later, the 20th relocated to Travis Air Force Base, California, where it was assigned to the 60th Operations Group as Travis's 60th Wing prepared to transition from an airlift to an air mobility wing the following year. The inactivation of the 20th Airlift squadron marked the end of the C-141 Starlifter era at Travis. The last Starlifter left Travis on 16 December 1997 and the squadron was inactivated shortly thereafter.
Lineage
Constituted as the 20th Air Corps Ferrying Squadron on 18 February 1942
Activated on 1 March 1942
Redesignated 20th Transport Squadron on 19 March 1943
Disbanded on 1 September 1943
Reconstituted as the 20th Air Transport Squadron, Medium on 20 June 1952
Activated on 20 July 1952
Redesignated 20th Air Transport Squadron, Heavy on 18 April 1954
Redesignated 20th Troop Carrier Squadron, Heavy on 1 January 1965
Redesignated 20th Air Transport Squadron, Heavy on 1 July 1965
Redesignated 20th Military Airlift Squadron on 15 January 1966
Redesignated 20th Airlift Squadron on 1 October 1991
Inactivated on 31 December 1997
Assignments
Air Corps Ferrying Command, 1 March 1942
23d Army Air Forces Ferrying Wing (later, North Atlantic Wing, Air Transport Command), 19 June 1942
1600th Air Transport Group, 20 July 1952
1607th Air Transport Group, 15 May 1955
1607th Air Transport Wing, 18 January 1963
436th Military Airlift Wing, 8 January 1966
437th Military Airlift Wing 1 August 1973
437th Operations Group 1 October 1991
60th Operations Group 1 October 1993 – 31 December 1997
Stations
Houlton Army Air Base, Maine, 1 March 1942 – 1 September 1943
Westover Air Force Base, Massachusetts, 20 July 1952
Dover Air Force Base, Delaware, 15 May 1955
Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina, 1 August 1973
Travis Air Force Base, California, 1 October 1993 – 31 December 1997
Aircraft
Various aircraft being ferried across the North Atlantic, 1942–1943
Douglas C-54 Skymaster, 1952–1954
Douglas C-124 Globemaster II, 1954–1965
Lockheed C-141 Starlifter, 1965–1997
Awards and campaigns
Award streamer
Award
Dates
Notes
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
13 November 1967 – 18 December 1967
20th Military Airlift Squadron
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
1 January 1968 – 31 December 1969
20th Military Airlift Squadron
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
1 September 1971 – 30 June 1972
20th Military Airlift Squadron
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
1 July 1982 – 30 June 1984
20th Military Airlift Squadron
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
1 July 1984 – 30 June 1986
20th Military Airlift Squadron
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
1 July 1988 – 30 June 1989
20th Military Airlift Squadron
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
1 July 1989 – 30 June 1990
20th Military Airlift Squadron
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
21 September 1989 –31 October 1989
20th Military Airlift Squadron
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
1 November 1993 – 31 July 1995
20th Airlift Squadron
Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
1 August 1995 – 30 July 1997
20th Airlift Squadron
Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm
1 April 1966 – 28 January 1973
20th Military Airlift Squadron
Campaign Streamer
Campaign
Dates
Notes
American Theater without inscription
1 March 1942 – 1 September 1943
20th Ferrying Squadron (later 20th Transport Squadron)
Just Cause
20 December 1989 – 31 January 1990
20th Military Airlift Squadron, Panama
Defense of Saudi Arabia
2 August 1990 – 16 January 1991
20th Military Airlift Squadron
Liberation and Defense of Kuwait
17 January 1991 – 11 April 1991
20th Military Airlift Squadron
See also
List of United States Air Force airlift squadrons
References
Notes
^ The squadron is not related to the 20th Air Transport Squadron organized at Wheelus Air Base on 1 June 1948 and redesignated 1261st Air Transport Squadron on 1 October 1948. "Abstract, History Wheelus Air Base June 1948". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
^ Aircraft is Douglas C-124A-DL Globemaster II serial 50-1256
Citations
^ a b c d e "History of the "Double X" Squadron". XX Alumini Association. 2007. Archived from the original on 16 January 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Endicott (unpaginated)
^ "Abstract, Presque Isle and Houlton Miscellaneous Communications, August 1942". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
^ See "Abstract, Report of the Committee Appointed to Take Necessary Action, May 1942". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 4 May 2016. (title of Abstract incomplete, participation of Houlton and Presque Isle Ferrying Stations)
^ See "Abstract, Summary of Base History, Station Number 3, Houlton ME Jul 1941 – Jul 1944". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 4 May 2016. (establishment of Station 3 at Houlton)
^ "Abstract, History 20 Air Transport Squadron Jul–Sep 1952". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
^ "Abstract, History 20 Air Transport Squadron Jan–Jul 1954". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
^ "Abstract, Chronology of Events 436 Military Airlift Support Wing Dec 1941 – Jul 1965". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
^ Wilderman, p. 7
^ Wilderman, p. 9 (end of C-141 operations at Travis)
^ a b c d Lineage through 1995, including assignments, stations and aircraft in Endicott
^ Stations 1952–1982 in Mueller, pp. 90, 114, 581
^ a b "Air Force Personnel Services: Unit Awards". Air Force Personnel Center. Retrieved 6 May 2016. (search)
Bibliography
This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
Endicott, Judy G. (1998). Active Air Force Wings as of 1 October 1995 and USAF Active Flying, Space, and Missile Squadrons as of 1 October 1995 (PDF). Air Force History and Museums Program. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ASIN B000113MB2. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
Mueller, Robert (1989). Air Force Bases, Vol. I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982 (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-53-6.
Wilderman, Mark (2014). America's First Choice: A Brief History of the 60th Air Mobility Wing and Travis Air Force Base (PDF). Travis AFB, CA: Office of History, 60th Air Mobility Wing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
Further reading
Ulanoff, Stanley M. (1964). MATS: The Story of the Military Air Transport Service. New York, NY: Franklin Watts, Inc. ISBN 978-1-19908-768-3.
Warnock, A. Timothy, ed. (2000). Short of War: Major USAF Contingency Operations 1947–1997. Maxwell AFG, AL: Air University Press. ISBN 978-0-16050411-2. Retrieved 7 September 2015.
External links
Hall, Woodie. "20th Airlift Squadron History and Lineage". C-141 Flying Squadrons. Retrieved 5 May 2016. (repeats Endicott, adds unit patches and links to other c-11 units)
vte Air Mobility CommandNumbered Air Forces
Eighteenth (Transportation)
CommandOrganizations
618th Air and Space Operations Center (Tanker Airlift Control Center)
USAF Expeditionary Center
Special Air Mission
Bases
Andrews
Charleston
Dover
Dyess
Fairchild
Hickam
Little Rock
MacDill
McChord
McConnell
McGuire
Pope
Ramstein
Scott
Travis
Group
43d Air Mobility Operations
317th Airlift Group
WingsAir Base
87th
628th
Air Mobility
60th
305th
375th
Air Refueling (Tanker)
6th
22d
92d
Airlift
19th
62d
89th
436th
437th
Air Mobility Operations
515th
521st
Contingency Response
621st
vte Military Airlift Command (MAC)Air Forces
Twenty-First
Twenty-Second
Twenty-Third
Air DivisionsNamed Units
2d
76th
322d
834th
Air Weather Service
Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service
Special Air Mission
Air Photographic Service
Aeromedical Transport
WingsMAW
60th
62d
63d
436th
437th
438th
443d
TAW
314th
316th
317th
433d
463d
Bases
Altus AFB
Andrews AFB
Charleston AFB
Dover AFB
Dyess AFB
Hurlburt Field
Kelly AFB
Langley AFB
Little Rock AFB
McChord AFB
McGuire AFB
Norton AFB
Pope AFB
Scott AFB
Sewart AFB
Travis AFB
Aircraft
C-5 Galaxy
C-9 Nightingale
C-47 Skytrain
C-54 Skymaster
C-119 Flying Boxcar
C-121 Constellation
C-130 Hercules
C-133 Cargomaster
C-135 Stratolifter
C-141 Starlifter
VC-25
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"20th Reconnaissance Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Reconnaissance_Squadron_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"60th Operations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_Operations_Group"},{"link_name":"Air Mobility Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Mobility_Command"},{"link_name":"Travis Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic ferrying route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_air_ferry_route_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Air Transport Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Transport_Command"},{"link_name":"Military Air Transport Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Air_Transport_Service"},{"link_name":"airlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlift"},{"link_name":"Westover Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westover_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Strategic Air Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command"},{"link_name":"Dover Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"Lockheed C-141 Starlifters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_C-141_Starlifter"}],"text":"\"20th Troop Carrier Squadron, Heavy\" redirects here. For the 20th Troop Carrier Squadron (Special), see 20th Reconnaissance Squadron.Military unitThe 20th Airlift Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. Its last assignment was to the 60th Operations Group of Air Mobility Command at Travis Air Force Base, California, where it was inactivated on 31 December 1997.The squadron was first activated in 1942 as the 20th Air Corps Ferrying Squadron and ferried various aircraft on the North Atlantic ferrying route until 1943, when it was replaced by Station 3, North Atlantic Wing, Air Transport Command in a reorganization of Air Transport Command units.The squadron was activated again in 1952 as the 20th Air Transport Squadron when Military Air Transport Service (MATS) replaced its Major Command controlled (four digit) airlift squadrons with Air Force controlled squadrons. When MATS turned Westover Air Force Base over to Strategic Air Command, the squadron moved to Dover Air Force Base. It upgraded to jet-propelled Lockheed C-141 Starlifters in 1965, and flew them until it was inactivated in 1997.","title":"20th Airlift Squadron"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houlton Army Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houlton_Army_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic ferrying route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_air_ferry_route_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Air Corps Ferrying Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Corps_Ferrying_Command"},{"link_name":"23d Army Air Forces Ferrying Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/23d_Army_Air_Forces_Ferrying_Wing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Endicott-2"},{"link_name":"Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress"},{"link_name":"Lockheed P-38 Lightnings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Endicott-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Operation Bolero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Bolero"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Endicott-2"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic Wing, Air Transport Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Wing,_Air_Transport_Command"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"World War II","text":"The squadron was first activated at Houlton Army Air Base, Maine, a departure station for the North Atlantic ferrying route, in March 1942 as the 20th Air Corps Ferrying Squadron. The squadron was initially assigned directly to Air Corps Ferrying Command, but in June, Ferrying Command organized the 23d Army Air Forces Ferrying Wing to manage its units on the North Atlantic route and the squadron was reassigned to it. In March 1943, the squadron became the 20th Transport Squadron.[2]The squadron flew and managed the ferrying of various aircraft, including Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses and Lockheed P-38 Lightnings[2][3] and participated in Operation Bolero, the buildup of United States forces in the United Kingdom.[4] On 1 September 1943, the 20th disbanded[2] and combined with support units at Houlton to form Station 3, North Atlantic Wing, Air Transport Command.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:An_USAF_C-54_Skymaster.jpg"},{"link_name":"Military Air Transport Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Air_Transport_Service"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Douglas C-54 Skymasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-54_Skymaster"},{"link_name":"Westover Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westover_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Endicott-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Endicott-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Douglas_C-124A-DL_Globemaster_II_50-1256.jpg"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Douglas C-124 Globemaster II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-124_Globemaster_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Endicott-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Dover Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Endicott-2"},{"link_name":"1607th Air Transport Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1607th_Air_Transport_Wing"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Lockheed C-141 Starlifter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_C-141_Starlifter"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Endicott-2"},{"link_name":"436th Military Airlift Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/436th_Military_Airlift_Wing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Endicott-2"},{"link_name":"Charleston Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"437th Military Airlift Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/437th_Military_Airlift_Wing"},{"link_name":"South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Endicott-2"},{"link_name":"Operation Urgent Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Urgent_Fury"},{"link_name":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada"},{"link_name":"Operation Just Cause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Just_Cause"},{"link_name":"Manuel Noriega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Noriega"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Operation Desert Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Desert_Shield"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Endicott-2"},{"link_name":"437th Operations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/437th_Operations_Group"},{"link_name":"Travis Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"60th Operations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_Operations_Group"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Endicott-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Strategic airlift","text":"MATS C-54 SkymasterIn 1952, Military Air Transport Service (MATS) replaced its Major Command controlled (four-digit) air transport squadrons with squadrons that had served during World War II. As part of this conversion, the 20th was reconstituted as the 20th Air Transport Squadron[note 1] and absorbed the personnel and Douglas C-54 Skymasters of the 1257th Air Transport Squadron at Westover Air Force Base, Massachusetts in July 1952.[2][6] The squadron's mission was to provide inter-theater and strategic airlift to Europe, North Africa and Canada.[2]MATS C-124 Globemaster II[note 2]The squadron was redesignated the 20th Air Transport Squadron, Heavy, on 18 April 1954, recognizing the squadron's transition into the larger Douglas C-124 Globemaster II.[2][7] The 20th moved to Dover Air Force Base, Delaware on 15 May 1955 and became part of the 1607th Air Transport Group, located at Dover.[2]When MATS adopted the dual deputy organization, the 1607th Air Transport Group was discontinued and the squadron was assigned directly to the 1607th Air Transport Wing on 18 January 1963.[8] The unit was briefly redesignated as the 20th Troop Carrier Squadron, Heavy on 1 January 1965. It returned its designation to the 20th Air Transport Squadron, Heavy, on 1 July 1965 as the squadron transitioned to the Lockheed C-141 Starlifter. The Starlifter brought a mission change to that of providing worldwide airlift, which included support of operations in Southeast Asia.[2]In January 1966, Military Airlift Command replaced MATS. In this reorganization, the 436th Military Airlift Wing replaced the 1607th Air Transport Wing and the squadron was redesignated the 20th Military Airlift Squadron.[2]The next changes to the 20th would not take place until August 1973, when the squadron moved to Charleston Air Force Base, South Carolina and was reassigned to the base's 437th Military Airlift Wing. At Charleston, the squadron provided support for the evacuation of South Vietnam in April 1975.[2] The 20th took a number of contingency operations while located at Charleston, including Operation Urgent Fury, the invasion of Grenada from October through December 1983. In December 1989, the squadron provided airlift support for Operation Just Cause, the replacement of Manuel Noriega as the ruler of Panama. Starting in August 1990, the squadron deployed to support Operation Desert Shield and its support continued through the Gulf War until December 1991.[2]On 1 October 1991, the squadron was redesignated the 20 Airlift Squadron and reassigned to the 437th Operations Group. Two years later, the 20th relocated to Travis Air Force Base, California, where it was assigned to the 60th Operations Group as Travis's 60th Wing prepared to transition from an airlift to an air mobility wing the following year.[2][9] The inactivation of the 20th Airlift squadron marked the end of the C-141 Starlifter era at Travis. The last Starlifter left Travis on 16 December 1997 and the squadron was inactivated shortly thereafter.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Endicott2-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DoubleX-1"}],"text":"Constituted as the 20th Air Corps Ferrying Squadron on 18 February 1942Activated on 1 March 1942\nRedesignated 20th Transport Squadron on 19 March 1943\nDisbanded on 1 September 1943Reconstituted as the 20th Air Transport Squadron, Medium on 20 June 1952Activated on 20 July 1952\nRedesignated 20th Air Transport Squadron, Heavy on 18 April 1954\nRedesignated 20th Troop Carrier Squadron, Heavy on 1 January 1965\nRedesignated 20th Air Transport Squadron, Heavy on 1 July 1965\nRedesignated 20th Military Airlift Squadron on 15 January 1966\nRedesignated 20th Airlift Squadron on 1 October 1991\nInactivated on 31 December 1997[11][1]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1600th Air Transport Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1600th_Air_Transport_Group"},{"link_name":"436th Military Airlift Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/436th_Military_Airlift_Wing"},{"link_name":"437th Military Airlift Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/437th_Military_Airlift_Wing"},{"link_name":"437th Operations Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/437th_Operations_Group"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Endicott2-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DoubleX-1"}],"sub_title":"Assignments","text":"Air Corps Ferrying Command, 1 March 1942\n23d Army Air Forces Ferrying Wing (later, North Atlantic Wing, Air Transport Command), 19 June 1942\n1600th Air Transport Group, 20 July 1952\n1607th Air Transport Group, 15 May 1955\n1607th Air Transport Wing, 18 January 1963\n436th Military Airlift Wing, 8 January 1966\n437th Military Airlift Wing 1 August 1973\n437th Operations Group 1 October 1991\n60th Operations Group 1 October 1993 – 31 December 1997[11][1]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Endicott2-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DoubleX-1"}],"sub_title":"Stations","text":"Houlton Army Air Base, Maine, 1 March 1942 – 1 September 1943\nWestover Air Force Base, Massachusetts, 20 July 1952\nDover Air Force Base, Delaware, 15 May 1955\nCharleston Air Force Base, South Carolina, 1 August 1973\nTravis Air Force Base, California, 1 October 1993 – 31 December 1997[11][12][1]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Douglas C-124 Globemaster II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-124_Globemaster_II"},{"link_name":"Lockheed C-141 Starlifter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_C-141_Starlifter"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Endicott2-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DoubleX-1"}],"sub_title":"Aircraft","text":"Various aircraft being ferried across the North Atlantic, 1942–1943\nDouglas C-54 Skymaster, 1952–1954\nDouglas C-124 Globemaster II, 1954–1965\nLockheed C-141 Starlifter, 1965–1997[11][1]","title":"Lineage"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Awards and campaigns","title":"Lineage"}]
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Air_Mobility_Command.svg/60px-Air_Mobility_Command.svg.png"},{"image_text":"MATS C-54 Skymaster","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/An_USAF_C-54_Skymaster.jpg/220px-An_USAF_C-54_Skymaster.jpg"},{"image_text":"MATS C-124 Globemaster II[note 2]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Douglas_C-124A-DL_Globemaster_II_50-1256.jpg/220px-Douglas_C-124A-DL_Globemaster_II_50-1256.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"List of United States Air Force airlift squadrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_airlift_squadrons"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Abstract, History Wheelus Air Base June 1948\". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 4 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/002/914.xml","url_text":"\"Abstract, History Wheelus Air Base June 1948\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of the \"Double X\" Squadron\". XX Alumini Association. 2007. Archived from the original on 16 January 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080116124247/http://www.20thalumni.com/aboutus.htm","url_text":"\"History of the \"Double X\" Squadron\""},{"url":"http://www.20thalumni.com/aboutus.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Abstract, Presque Isle and Houlton Miscellaneous Communications, August 1942\". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 4 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/180/849.xml","url_text":"\"Abstract, Presque Isle and Houlton Miscellaneous Communications, August 1942\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abstract, Report of the Committee Appointed to Take Necessary Action, May 1942\". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 4 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/180/846.xml","url_text":"\"Abstract, Report of the Committee Appointed to Take Necessary Action, May 1942\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abstract, Summary of Base History, Station Number 3, Houlton ME Jul 1941 – Jul 1944\". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 4 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/180/765.xml","url_text":"\"Abstract, Summary of Base History, Station Number 3, Houlton ME Jul 1941 – Jul 1944\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abstract, History 20 Air Transport Squadron Jul–Sep 1952\". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 5 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/494/163.xml","url_text":"\"Abstract, History 20 Air Transport Squadron Jul–Sep 1952\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abstract, History 20 Air Transport Squadron Jan–Jul 1954\". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 4 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/494/166.xml","url_text":"\"Abstract, History 20 Air Transport Squadron Jan–Jul 1954\""}]},{"reference":"\"Abstract, Chronology of Events 436 Military Airlift Support Wing Dec 1941 – Jul 1965\". Air Force History Index. Retrieved 6 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/495/022.xml","url_text":"\"Abstract, Chronology of Events 436 Military Airlift Support Wing Dec 1941 – Jul 1965\""}]},{"reference":"\"Air Force Personnel Services: Unit Awards\". Air Force Personnel Center. Retrieved 6 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://access.afpc.af.mil/AwardsDMZNet40/SearchAwards.aspx","url_text":"\"Air Force Personnel Services: Unit Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Endicott, Judy G. (1998). Active Air Force Wings as of 1 October 1995 and USAF Active Flying, Space, and Missile Squadrons as of 1 October 1995 (PDF). Air Force History and Museums Program. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ASIN B000113MB2. Retrieved 2 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/virtual_disk_library/index.cgi/4908883/FID1533/wings_cd.pdf","url_text":"Active Air Force Wings as of 1 October 1995 and USAF Active Flying, Space, and Missile Squadrons as of 1 October 1995"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)","url_text":"ASIN"},{"url":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000113MB2","url_text":"B000113MB2"}]},{"reference":"Mueller, Robert (1989). Air Force Bases, Vol. I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982 (PDF). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN 0-912799-53-6.","urls":[{"url":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330255/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-026.pdf","url_text":"Air Force Bases, Vol. I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-53-6","url_text":"0-912799-53-6"}]},{"reference":"Wilderman, Mark (2014). America's First Choice: A Brief History of the 60th Air Mobility Wing and Travis Air Force Base (PDF). Travis AFB, CA: Office of History, 60th Air Mobility Wing. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 February 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140223123054/http://www.travis.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-131217-079.pdf","url_text":"America's First Choice: A Brief History of the 60th Air Mobility Wing and Travis Air Force Base"},{"url":"http://www.travis.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-131217-079.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ulanoff, Stanley M. (1964). MATS: The Story of the Military Air Transport Service. New York, NY: Franklin Watts, Inc. ISBN 978-1-19908-768-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-19908-768-3","url_text":"978-1-19908-768-3"}]},{"reference":"Warnock, A. Timothy, ed. (2000). Short of War: Major USAF Contingency Operations 1947–1997. Maxwell AFG, AL: Air University Press. ISBN 978-0-16050411-2. Retrieved 7 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/shortofwarmajoru0000unse","url_text":"Short of War: Major USAF Contingency Operations 1947–1997"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16050411-2","url_text":"978-0-16050411-2"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Woodie. \"20th Airlift Squadron History and Lineage\". C-141 Flying Squadrons. Retrieved 5 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.c141flyingsquadrons.com/20th","url_text":"\"20th Airlift Squadron History and Lineage\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/002/914.xml","external_links_name":"\"Abstract, History Wheelus Air Base June 1948\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080116124247/http://www.20thalumni.com/aboutus.htm","external_links_name":"\"History of the \"Double X\" Squadron\""},{"Link":"http://www.20thalumni.com/aboutus.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/180/849.xml","external_links_name":"\"Abstract, Presque Isle and Houlton Miscellaneous Communications, August 1942\""},{"Link":"http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/180/846.xml","external_links_name":"\"Abstract, Report of the Committee Appointed to Take Necessary Action, May 1942\""},{"Link":"http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/180/765.xml","external_links_name":"\"Abstract, Summary of Base History, Station Number 3, Houlton ME Jul 1941 – Jul 1944\""},{"Link":"http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/494/163.xml","external_links_name":"\"Abstract, History 20 Air Transport Squadron Jul–Sep 1952\""},{"Link":"http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/494/166.xml","external_links_name":"\"Abstract, History 20 Air Transport Squadron Jan–Jul 1954\""},{"Link":"http://www.airforcehistoryindex.org/data/000/495/022.xml","external_links_name":"\"Abstract, Chronology of Events 436 Military Airlift Support Wing Dec 1941 – Jul 1965\""},{"Link":"http://access.afpc.af.mil/AwardsDMZNet40/SearchAwards.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Air Force Personnel Services: Unit Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.afhra.af.mil/","external_links_name":"Air Force Historical Research Agency"},{"Link":"http://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/virtual_disk_library/index.cgi/4908883/FID1533/wings_cd.pdf","external_links_name":"Active Air Force Wings as of 1 October 1995 and USAF Active Flying, Space, and Missile Squadrons as of 1 October 1995"},{"Link":"https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000113MB2","external_links_name":"B000113MB2"},{"Link":"http://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/21/2001330255/-1/-1/0/AFD-100921-026.pdf","external_links_name":"Air Force Bases, Vol. I, Active Air Force Bases Within the United States of America on 17 September 1982"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140223123054/http://www.travis.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-131217-079.pdf","external_links_name":"America's First Choice: A Brief History of the 60th Air Mobility Wing and Travis Air Force Base"},{"Link":"http://www.travis.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-131217-079.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/shortofwarmajoru0000unse","external_links_name":"Short of War: Major USAF Contingency Operations 1947–1997"},{"Link":"http://www.c141flyingsquadrons.com/20th","external_links_name":"\"20th Airlift Squadron History and Lineage\""}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%2B257
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Telephone numbers in Burundi
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["1 Calling formats","2 List of area codes in Burundi","3 List of mobile codes in Burundi","4 References"]
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Burundi telephone calling codes
Telephone numbers in BurundiLocation of Burundi (dark green)LocationCountryBurundiContinentAfricaRegulatorARCTNSN length8Format+257 yy yy xxxxAccess codesCountry code+257International access00
The following are the calling codes in Burundi.
Calling formats
To call in Burundi, the following format is used:
yy yy xxxx Calls inside Burundi
+257 yy yy xxxx Calls from outside Burundi
The NSN length is eight digits.
List of area codes in Burundi
LIST OF AREA CODES
Area Code
Area/City
22 20 XXXX
Bujumbura
22 21 XXXX
22 22 XXXX
22 23 XXXX
22 24 XXXX
22 25 XXXX
22 26 XXXX
Western Zone
22 27 XXXX
Rural areas
22 30 XXXX
Northern Zone
22 40 XXXX
Central and Eastern Zone
22 50 XXXX
Southern Zone
List of mobile codes in Burundi
LIST OF MOBILE CODES
Number Blocks
Operators and services
61 XX XXXX
VIETTEL GSM network
68 XX XXXX
69 XX XXXX
71 XX XXXX
UCOM GSM network
72 XX XXXX
75 XX XXXX
LACELL GSM network
76 XX XXXX
UCOM GSM network
77 XX XXXX
ONATEL MOBILE GSM network
79 XX XXXX
UCOM GSM network
References
^ a b Burundi
vteTelephone numbers in Africa Sovereign states
Algeria
Angola
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Burundi
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South Sudan
Sudan
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
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States with limitedrecognition
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
Somaliland
Dependencies andother territories
Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain)
Madeira (Portugal)
Mayotte / Réunion (France)
Saint Helena and Tristan da Cunha / Ascension Island (United Kingdom)
Western Sahara
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This article related to telephone numbers is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte78806073
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi"}],"text":"The following are the calling codes in Burundi.","title":"Telephone numbers in Burundi"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"To call in Burundi, the following format is used:yy yy xxxx Calls inside Burundi+257 yy yy xxxx Calls from outside BurundiThe NSN length is eight digits.","title":"Calling formats"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of area codes in Burundi"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of mobile codes in Burundi"}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.arct.gov.bi/","external_links_name":"ARCT"},{"Link":"http://www.itu.int/oth/T0202000022/en","external_links_name":"Burundi"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telephone_numbers_in_Burundi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telephone_numbers_in_Burundi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98ster%C3%A5
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Østerå
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["1 References"]
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Coordinates: 58°37′41″N 8°57′33″E / 58.6281°N 08.9593°E / 58.6281; 08.9593For other places with the same name, see Østerå (disambiguation).
Village in Southern Norway, NorwayØsteråVillageØsteråLocation of the villageShow map of AgderØsteråØsterå (Norway)Show map of NorwayCoordinates: 58°37′41″N 8°57′33″E / 58.6281°N 08.9593°E / 58.6281; 08.9593CountryNorwayRegionSouthern NorwayCountyAgderDistrictØstre AgderMunicipalityTvedestrandElevation26 m (85 ft)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Post Code4900 Tvedestrand
Østerå is a village in Tvedestrand municipality in Agder county, Norway. The village is located along the Norwegian County Road 411 on the shores of the Tvedestrandfjorden, just east of the town of Tvedestrand and about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) north of the villages of Grønland and Sagesund.
References
^ "Østerå, Tvedestrand (Aust-Agder)". yr.no. Retrieved 2018-01-04.
This Agder location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Østerå (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98ster%C3%A5_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Tvedestrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvedestrand"},{"link_name":"Agder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agder"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Norwegian County Road 411","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_County_Road_411"},{"link_name":"Tvedestrandfjorden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tvedestrandfjorden&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"town of Tvedestrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvedestrand_(town)"},{"link_name":"Grønland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nland,_Agder"},{"link_name":"Sagesund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagesund"}],"text":"For other places with the same name, see Østerå (disambiguation).Village in Southern Norway, NorwayØsterå is a village in Tvedestrand municipality in Agder county, Norway. The village is located along the Norwegian County Road 411 on the shores of the Tvedestrandfjorden, just east of the town of Tvedestrand and about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) north of the villages of Grønland and Sagesund.","title":"Østerå"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Østerå, Tvedestrand (Aust-Agder)\". yr.no. Retrieved 2018-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yr.no/place/Norway/Aust-Agder/Tvedestrand/%C3%98ster%C3%A5~2863755/","url_text":"\"Østerå, Tvedestrand (Aust-Agder)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr.no","url_text":"yr.no"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C3%98ster%C3%A5¶ms=58.6281_N_8.9593_E_region:NO_type:city","external_links_name":"58°37′41″N 8°57′33″E / 58.6281°N 08.9593°E / 58.6281; 08.9593"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C3%98ster%C3%A5¶ms=58.6281_N_8.9593_E_region:NO_type:city","external_links_name":"58°37′41″N 8°57′33″E / 58.6281°N 08.9593°E / 58.6281; 08.9593"},{"Link":"https://www.yr.no/place/Norway/Aust-Agder/Tvedestrand/%C3%98ster%C3%A5~2863755/","external_links_name":"\"Østerå, Tvedestrand (Aust-Agder)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%98ster%C3%A5&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobis-Klangfilm
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Tobis Film
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["1 International operations","2 Legacy","3 Selected filmography","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]
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German film company
Tobis FilmCompany typeFilm production and distributionIndustryFilmFoundedLate 1920sDefunct1942 (independent existence)FateMerged into a state-controlled industryHeadquartersGermany ParentUFA GmbH
Share of the Tobis Tonbild-Syndikat AG, issued August 1931
Tobis Film was a German film production and film distribution company. Founded in the late 1920s as a merger of several companies involved in the switch from silent to sound films, the organisation emerged as a leading German sound studio. Tobis used the Tri-Ergon sound-on-film system under the Tobis-Klang trade name. The UFA production company had separate rights to the Tobis system, which it used under the trade name of Ufa-Klang. Some Tobis films were released in Germany by the subsidiary Europa Film.
Its principal production studios were the Johannisthal Studios in Berlin.
During the Nazi era, Tobis was one of the four major film companies along with Terra Film, Bavaria Film and UFA. In 1942 all these companies were merged into a single state-controlled industry bringing an end to Tobis' independent existence, though films continued to be released under the Tobis banner.
International operations
From 1933 until 1938, Tobis controlled the dominant Austrian producer Sascha-Film which was known as Tobis-Sascha. From 1932, it also owned a majority share of one of the main Portuguese producers known as Tobis Portuguesa, a name which the company kept even after the German participation was terminated at the end of world War II.
Tobis established a Paris subsidiary and produced French-language film at the Epinay Studios during the 1930s. Among the directors under contract to the company was René Clair who produced the films Under the Roofs of Paris and Le Million during the early sound era.
Legacy
One of the studio's employees Horst Wendlandt later (1971) founded a new distribution company which is also known as Tobis Entertainment. In 2016, the present-day Tobis became an investor in Globalgate Entertainment.
Selected filmography
Main article: List of Tobis Film films
Land Without Women (1929)
Where the Lark Sings (1936)
Adventure in Warsaw (1937)
Truxa (1937)
The Broken Jug (1937)
The Gambler (1938)
Wibbel the Tailor (1939)
The Journey to Tilsit (1939)
We Danced Around the World (1939)
Renate in the Quartet (1939)
Robert Koch (1939)
The Fox of Glenarvon (1940)
Falstaff in Vienna (1940)
Ohm Krüger (1941)
Ferdinand the Ant (1944)
Titanic (1943)
Anna Alt (1945)
The Years Pass (1945)
References
^ Kreimeier p.179
^ Gomery 1976, p. 54.
^ Ford 2011, p. 261.
^ "Auszüge der AJC-Liste der Firmen, die Zwangsarbeiter beschäftigt haben sollen (Dokumentation)". Der Tagesspiegel Online (in German). Retrieved 2020-09-23.
^ Bergfelder p.439
Bibliography
Bergfelder, Tim. International Adventures: German Popular Cinema and European Co-Productions in the 1960s. Berhahn Books, 2005.
Ford, Fiona (2011). The film music of Edmund Meisel (1894–1930) (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Nottingham. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
Gomery, Douglas (1976). "Tri-Ergon, Tobis-Klangfilm, and the Coming of Sound". Cinema Journal. 16 (1). University of Texas Press, on behalf of the Society for Cinema & Media Studies. JSTOR 1225449. (Restricted view, subscription needed)
Kreimeier, Klaus. The Ufa Story: A History of Germany's Greatest Film Company, 1918-1945. University of California Press, 1999.
External links
Documents and clippings about Tobis Film in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
This article about a film production company or film distributor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tobis_Tonbild-Syndikat_AG_1931.jpg"},{"link_name":"film production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_production"},{"link_name":"film distribution company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_distribution_company"},{"link_name":"silent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silent_film"},{"link_name":"sound films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_films"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Tri-Ergon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri-Ergon"},{"link_name":"sound-on-film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound-on-film"},{"link_name":"UFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFA_GmbH"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGomery197654-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFord2011261-3"},{"link_name":"Johannisthal Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannisthal_Studios"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Nazi era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_era"},{"link_name":"Terra Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_Film"},{"link_name":"Bavaria Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria_Film"},{"link_name":"UFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film_AG"}],"text":"Share of the Tobis Tonbild-Syndikat AG, issued August 1931Tobis Film was a German film production and film distribution company. Founded in the late 1920s as a merger of several companies involved in the switch from silent to sound films, the organisation emerged as a leading German sound studio.[1] Tobis used the Tri-Ergon sound-on-film system under the Tobis-Klang trade name. The UFA production company had separate rights to the Tobis system, which it used under the trade name of Ufa-Klang.[2][3] Some Tobis films were released in Germany by the subsidiary Europa Film.Its principal production studios were the Johannisthal Studios in Berlin.During the Nazi era, Tobis was one of the four major film companies along with Terra Film, Bavaria Film and UFA. In 1942 all these companies were merged into a single state-controlled industry bringing an end to Tobis' independent existence, though films continued to be released under the Tobis banner.","title":"Tobis Film"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sascha-Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sascha-Film"},{"link_name":"Tobis Portuguesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobis_Portuguesa"},{"link_name":"Epinay Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epinay_Studios"},{"link_name":"René Clair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Clair"},{"link_name":"Under the Roofs of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under_the_Roofs_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Le Million","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Million"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"From 1933 until 1938, Tobis controlled the dominant Austrian producer Sascha-Film which was known as Tobis-Sascha. From 1932, it also owned a majority share of one of the main Portuguese producers known as Tobis Portuguesa, a name which the company kept even after the German participation was terminated at the end of world War II.Tobis established a Paris subsidiary and produced French-language film at the Epinay Studios during the 1930s. Among the directors under contract to the company was René Clair who produced the films Under the Roofs of Paris and Le Million during the early sound era.[4]","title":"International operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Horst Wendlandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Wendlandt"},{"link_name":"Tobis Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tobis_Entertainment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"One of the studio's employees Horst Wendlandt later (1971) founded a new distribution company which is also known as Tobis Entertainment.[5] In 2016, the present-day Tobis became an investor in Globalgate Entertainment.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Land Without Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Without_Women"},{"link_name":"Where the Lark Sings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_the_Lark_Sings_(film)"},{"link_name":"Adventure in Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_in_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Truxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truxa"},{"link_name":"The Broken Jug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Broken_Jug_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Gambler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambler_(1938_film)"},{"link_name":"Wibbel the Tailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wibbel_the_Tailor_(1939_film)"},{"link_name":"The Journey to Tilsit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Journey_to_Tilsit"},{"link_name":"We Danced Around the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Danced_Around_the_World"},{"link_name":"Renate in the Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renate_in_the_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Robert Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Koch_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Fox of Glenarvon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fox_of_Glenarvon"},{"link_name":"Falstaff in Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falstaff_in_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Ohm Krüger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohm_Kr%C3%BCger"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand the Ant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferda_Mravenec"},{"link_name":"Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanic_(1943_film)"},{"link_name":"Anna Alt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Alt"},{"link_name":"The Years Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Years_Pass"}],"text":"Land Without Women (1929)\nWhere the Lark Sings (1936)\nAdventure in Warsaw (1937)\nTruxa (1937)\nThe Broken Jug (1937)\nThe Gambler (1938)\nWibbel the Tailor (1939)\nThe Journey to Tilsit (1939)\nWe Danced Around the World (1939)\nRenate in the Quartet (1939)\nRobert Koch (1939)\nThe Fox of Glenarvon (1940)\nFalstaff in Vienna (1940)\nOhm Krüger (1941)\nFerdinand the Ant (1944)\nTitanic (1943)\nAnna Alt (1945)\nThe Years Pass (1945)","title":"Selected filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The film music of Edmund Meisel (1894–1930)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12271/1/Thesis_FINAL.pdf"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1225449","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/1225449"}],"text":"Bergfelder, Tim. International Adventures: German Popular Cinema and European Co-Productions in the 1960s. Berhahn Books, 2005.\nFord, Fiona (2011). The film music of Edmund Meisel (1894–1930) (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Nottingham. Retrieved 2 September 2017.\nGomery, Douglas (1976). \"Tri-Ergon, Tobis-Klangfilm, and the Coming of Sound\". Cinema Journal. 16 (1). University of Texas Press, on behalf of the Society for Cinema & Media Studies. JSTOR 1225449. (Restricted view, subscription needed)\nKreimeier, Klaus. The Ufa Story: A History of Germany's Greatest Film Company, 1918-1945. University of California Press, 1999.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"Share of the Tobis Tonbild-Syndikat AG, issued August 1931","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Tobis_Tonbild-Syndikat_AG_1931.jpg/220px-Tobis_Tonbild-Syndikat_AG_1931.jpg"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Auszüge der AJC-Liste der Firmen, die Zwangsarbeiter beschäftigt haben sollen (Dokumentation)\". Der Tagesspiegel Online (in German). Retrieved 2020-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/auszuege-der-ajc-liste-der-firmen-die-zwangsarbeiter-beschaeftigt-haben-sollen-dokumentation/119288.html","url_text":"\"Auszüge der AJC-Liste der Firmen, die Zwangsarbeiter beschäftigt haben sollen (Dokumentation)\""}]},{"reference":"Ford, Fiona (2011). The film music of Edmund Meisel (1894–1930) (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Nottingham. Retrieved 2 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12271/1/Thesis_FINAL.pdf","url_text":"The film music of Edmund Meisel (1894–1930)"}]},{"reference":"Gomery, Douglas (1976). \"Tri-Ergon, Tobis-Klangfilm, and the Coming of Sound\". Cinema Journal. 16 (1). University of Texas Press, on behalf of the Society for Cinema & Media Studies. JSTOR 1225449.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1225449","url_text":"1225449"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/politik/auszuege-der-ajc-liste-der-firmen-die-zwangsarbeiter-beschaeftigt-haben-sollen-dokumentation/119288.html","external_links_name":"\"Auszüge der AJC-Liste der Firmen, die Zwangsarbeiter beschäftigt haben sollen (Dokumentation)\""},{"Link":"http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12271/1/Thesis_FINAL.pdf","external_links_name":"The film music of Edmund Meisel (1894–1930)"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1225449","external_links_name":"1225449"},{"Link":"http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/co/045452","external_links_name":"Documents and clippings about Tobis Film"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tobis_Film&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCOS-FM
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WCOS-FM
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["1 Programming","2 History","3 References","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 34°08′24″N 81°03′22″W / 34.140°N 81.056°W / 34.140; -81.056Radio station in Columbia, South CarolinaWCOS-FMColumbia, South CarolinaBroadcast areaColumbia metropolitan areaFrequency97.5 MHzBranding97-5 WCOSProgrammingFormatCountryAffiliationsPremiere NetworksOwnershipOwneriHeartMedia, Inc.(iHM Licenses, LLC)Sister stationsWCOS, WLTY, WNOK, WVOC, WXBTHistoryFirst air dateMarch 1951Former frequencies97.9 MHz (1951–1991)Call sign meaning"Columbia's Own Station"Technical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID71290ClassC1ERP100,000 wattsHAAT299 meters (981 ft)LinksPublic license information Public fileLMSWebcastListen LiveWebsite975wcos.iheart.com
WCOS-FM (97.5 MHz) is a commercial radio station in Columbia, South Carolina. It airs a country music radio format and is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. The station goes by the name 97-5 WCOS and its current slogan is "#1 For New Country". Its studios and offices are on Graystone Boulevard in Columbia near Interstate 126.
WCOS-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts, the maximum for all non-grandfathered stations. The transmitter is north of the city, in the Arlington Heights neighborhood, off Heyward Brockingham Road. WCOS-FM broadcasts in the HD Radio hybrid format. It formerly carried a 1990s country hits format on its digital subchannel WCOS-FM-HD2. WCOS-FM is a primary entry point station for the Emergency Alert System.
Programming
WCOS-FM plays a variety of country songs, mostly from the 2000s, but occasionally going back to the 1980s, with current and recent hits in heavy rotation. Weekdays begin with "The Morning Rush" featuring Jonathan Rush and Kelly Nash. Overnights, WCOS-FM carries the nationally syndicated "CMT After Midnite." WCOS-FM is South Carolina's primary entry point station for the Emergency Alert System.
History
WCOS-FM signed on in March 1951 as the sister station of WCOS (1400 AM). It was Columbia's second FM station and originally broadcast on 97.9 MHz. Prior to 1963, it was on the air only during the evening hours. The separate programming featured Broadway showtunes, opera and classical music, along with news from the ABC Radio Network.
In the fall of 1963, the station began broadcasting in FM stereo and the hours were extended to the daytime. The morning show was a simulcast of 1400 WCOS, which was hosted by Bob Fulton, the long-time announcer for University of South Carolina Gamecocks football. After 9 am, the format was easy listening and beautiful music. The music was broadcast in mono until 6 pm, converting to stereo for the evening hours. In the late 1960s, WCOS-FM converted to a progressive rock format. Prior to the change, the station promoted the new format by announcing frequently that WCOS-FM was "going underground." By 1973, the station changed to country, adopting its longtime slogan "The Great 98." The country format has remained since.
In 1991, the station upgraded its signal by changing the frequency from 97.9 MHz to 97.5 MHz and increasing its power to 100,000 watts. That made it one of the strongest FM signals in the Columbia radio market.
In 1997, WCOS-AM-FM were acquired by Capstar, Inc. Then in 2000, Capstar, including WCOS-AM-FM, were acquired by San Antonio-based Clear Channel Communications. Clear Channel changed its name to iHeartMedia in 2014.
WCOS-FM is co-owned with sports radio station WCOS (AM), CHR/Top 40 station WNOK, variety hits station WLTY, urban contemporary station WXBT, Black Information Network station 105.5 W288CX, and talk radio station WVOC in the Columbia radio market.
References
^ "Facility Technical Data for WCOS-FM". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.
^ FCC.gov/WCOS-FM
^ Radio-Locator.com/WCOS-FM
^ Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 2000 page D-397
^ Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 2005 page D-458
External links
Official website
WCOS in the FCC FM station database
WCOS in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
vteRadio stations in the Columbia, South Carolina metropolitan areaBy AM frequency
560
620
840
890
1170
1320
1400
1470
By FM frequency
88.1
88.5
90.5
91.3
92.1
93.1
93.5
93.9
94.3
95.3
96.7
97.5
98.3
98.5
100.1
101.3
102.3
103.1
103.9
104.7
106.7
107.5
LPFM
90.9
92.7
99.3
Translators
89.7
91.7
94.9
95.7
96.1
99.7
100.7
103.5
105.1
105.5
105.9
107.1
Digital radioby frequency & subchannel
92.1-1
93.5-1
93.5-2
93.5-3
93.5-4
96.7-1
96.7-3
97.5-1
100.1-1
100.1-2
104.7-1
By call sign
KLVR
W219CY
W235CH
W239DA
W241DJ
W259CL
W264DF
W278CY
W286CT
W288CX
W290CY
W296EI
WARQ
HD2
HD3
HD4
WBAJ
WCEO
WCFJ
WCOS
WCOS-FM
WDEK
WFMV
WHXT
WISW
WJTB-FM
WLJI
WLTR
WLTY
HD3
WLXC
WMFX
WNKT
WNOK
WOMG
WQXL
WRJA-FM
WROP-LP
WSCZ
WTCB
WUDE
WUSC
WVOC
WWDM
WXBT
HD2
WXRY-LP
WYFV
WZJO-LP
WZMJ
Defunct
WPCO (1230 AM)
Nearby regions
Augusta
Charleston
Charlotte
Florence
Greenville-Spartanburg
See also
List of radio stations in South Carolina
vteCountry radio stations in the state of South CarolinaStations
WBCU – Union
WCKN – Moncks Corner
WCOS-FM – Columbia
WDOG-FM – Allendale
WEGX – Dillon
WESC – Greenville
WESC-FM – Greenville
WEZL – Charleston
WGFG – Branchville
WGOG – Walhalla
WGTN - Georgetown
WGTR – Bucksport
WKXC-FM – Aiken
WLFF – Georgetown
WLRE-LP – Elloree
WQSC - Charleston
WRHM – Lancaster
WSSL-FM – Gray Court
WUBB – Bluffton
WUDE – Forest Acres
WVSZ – Chesterfield
WWHK - Myrtle Beach
WWKT-FM – Kingstree
WZLA-FM – Abbeville
WZZQ – Gaffney
Defunct
WJDJ – Hartsville
See also
adult contemporary
classic hits
college
country
news/talk
NPR
oldies
religious
rock
sports
top 40
urban
other radio stations in South Carolina
vteiHeartMediaCorporate officers
Bob Pittman (Chairman/CEO)
Board of directors
Lowry Mays
Irving Azoff
B. J. "Red" McCombs
J. C. Watts
John H. Williams
AM radio stations
KABQ
KAKC
KASI
KATZ
KBFP
KBME
KBMR
KCBL
KCJB
KCOL
KCQL
KCSJ
KDFD
KEIB
KENI
KEX
KFAB
KFAN
KFBK
KFBX
KFI
KFIV
KFOO
KFXR
KFYI
KFYR
KGB
KGHM
KGME
KGMY
KHEY
KHHO
KHOW
KHTY
KHVH
KHVN
KIIX
KIKI
KION
KJR
KKGM
KKSF
KKTX
KKXL
KLAC
KLSD
KLTC
KLVI
KMJM
KMNS
KNEW
KNRS
KNST
KOA
KOGA
KOGO
KOY
KPOJ
KPRC
KPTR
KPWK
KQNT
KRDU
KRRZ
KRZR
KSSK
KSTE
KTBZ
KTKR
KTLK
KTOK
KTRH
KTSM
KTZN
KTZR
KUBE
KUNO
KVET
KVNS
KWHN
KWSL
KWSX
KWTX
KXEW
KXIC
KXMR
KXNO
KXYZ
KZFS
WAAX
WAEB
WARF
WAVZ
WBBD
WBEX
WBGA
WBGG
WBHP
WBIN
WBIZ
WBZ
WBZT
WCAO
WCCF
WCHI
WCHO
WCKY
WCOS
WCWA
WDAE
WDAK
WDAS
WDFN
WDIA
WDIZ
WDOV
WDSC
WELI
WENE
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WFLA
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WFNN
WFXJ
WFXN
WGIG
WGIR
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WGY
WHAM
WHAS
WHEN
WHJJ
WHLO
WHNZ
WHO
WHOS
WHP
WHTK
WHTY
WHUC
WHYN
WIBA
WIHB
WILM
WIMA
WINR
WINZ
WIOD
WISN
WIZE
WJAS
WJBO
WJDX
WJDY
WJET
WJIP
WJMX
WJNO
WJYZ
WKBN
WKBZ
WKCY
WKDW
WKIP
WKJK
WKMQ
WKRC
WKRD
WLAC
WLAN
WLAP
WLTP
WLW
WMAN
WMEQ
WMFN
WMGE
WMMB
WMMV
WMRE
WMRN
WMT
WMXF
WNCO
WNDE
WNIO
WNTM
WOAI
WOC
WODT
WOFX
WOKY
WONE
WONW
WOOD
WOR
WPCH
WPEK
WPKX
WPOP
WQLL
WRAK
WRAW
WREC
WRKK
WRKO
WRSO
WRZX
WSAI
WSAN
WSDV
WSEK
WSFC
WSFZ
WSOK
WSPD
WSRW
WSYR
WTAG
WTAM
WTEL
WTGM
WTKG
WTKS
WTKT
WTLM
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WTUP
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WUST
WVHU
WVOC
WWCD
WWNC
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WWRL
WWTF
WWTX
WWVA
WXBN
WXKS
WYGM
WYLD
WYNF
WYTS
WZMG
WZTA
WZWB
FM radio stations
KAAZ-FM
KABQ-FM
KAKQ-FM
KAGG
KAJA
KALZ
KASE-FM (HD2)
KASH-FM
KATZ-FM (HD2)
KBCO
KBEB
KBFM
KBFP-FM
KBFX
KBGO (HD2)
KBIG
KBKS-FM
KBOS-FM
KBPI
KBPL
KBQI (HD2)
KBRQ
KCAD
KCCY-FM
KCDA
KCOL-FM
KCQQ
KCYZ
KDAG
KDFO
KDGE
KDHT
KDJE
KDMX
KDNN (HD2)
KDON-FM
KDRB
KDWB-FM
KEEY-FM
KEGL (HD2)
KESZ
KEZA
KFBK-FM
KFBT
KFBW
KFFF (HD2)
KFMQ
KFOO-FM
KFSO-FM
KFXN-FM
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KGB-FM
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KGOR
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KHGE
KHKN
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KHKZ
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KJR-FM (HD2)
KJSN
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KKSY-FM
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KMXR
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KNCN
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KOCN
KODA
KODJ
KOGA-FM
KOHT
KOKQ (HD2)
KOLT-FM (HD2)
KOLZ
KOSF
KOSO
KOST
KOSY-FM
KPAW
KPEK
KPEZ (HD2)
KPHT
KPRC-FM
KPRR (HD2)
KQBT
KQDY
KQHT
KQOD
KQQL (HD2) (HD3)
KQXT-FM (HD2) (HD3)
KQXX-FM
KRAB
KRBB
KRCH
KRFX
KRPT
KRQQ
KRRL
KRVE
KRYS-FM
KSAB
KSD
KSEZ
KSFT-FM
KSLZ (HD2)
KSME (HD2)
KSNE-FM
KSNR
KSOF
KSRY
KSSK-FM
KSSN
KSSS
KSSX
KSWF
KTBT
KTBZ-FM
KTCL
KTCZ-FM (HD2)
KTEG
KTEX
KTGX (HD2)
KTHR
KTLK-FM
KTMQ
KTOM-FM
KTOZ-FM
KTRA-FM
KTSM-FM
KTST
KUBT (HD2)
KUCD (HD2)
KUUL
KVDU
KVET-FM
KVJM
KVUU
KVVS
KWBL
KWNR
KWNW
KWTX-FM
KXBG (HD2)
KXJM
KXKT
KXNO-FM (HD2)
KXTC
KXUS
KXXM
KXXY-FM
KYKR
KYLD
KYMG
KYMT (HD2)
KYOT
KYRV (HD2)
KYSR
KYYX
KYYY
KZBB
KZCH
KZEP-FM
KZHT
KZIS
KZOK-FM
KZPR
KZPS
KZRR (HD2)
KZRX
KZSN
KZZP
WACL
WACO-FM
WACT
WAEB-FM
WAEV
WAGH
WAIO
WAKS (HD2)
WAKZ
WAMX
WAMZ
WASH-FM
WATQ
WAVW
WAXQ
WAYV
WAZR
WBBG
WBBI
WBBQ-FM
WBBS
WBCG
WBCT
WBFX
WBGG-FM
WBIG-FM
WBIZ-FM
WBKS
WBNW-FM
WBTP
WBTT
WBUL-FM (HD2)
WBUV
WBVB
WBWL
WBWZ
WBYL
WBZW
WBZY
WCHD
WCHI-FM (HD2) (HD3)
WCHO-FM
WCIB
WCJM-FM
WCKT
WCKY-FM
WCOD-FM
WCOL-FM
WCOS-FM
WCTQ
WCTW
WCVU
WCZR
WDAR-FM
WDAS-FM
WDCG (HD2)
WDFM
WDMX
WDRM
WDSD
WDVE
WDVI
WDXB (HD2)
WEBG
WEBN (HD2) (HD3)
WEBZ
WEGR
WEGW
WEGX
WEII
WEND
WERC-FM (HD2) (HD3)
WERZ
WESC-FM
WESE
WEZL
WFBQ
WFFX
WFKS
WFLA-FM
WFLF-FM
WFLZ-FM
WFMF
WFQX
WFSY
WFUS (HD2)
WFXN-FM
WGAR-FM
WGCI-FM
WGEX
WGIR-FM
WGMY (HD2) (HD3)
WGMZ
WGSY
WGTR
WGY-FM
WHAL-FM
WHBT-FM
WHCN
WHCY
WHEB
WHFX
WHJY
WHKF
WHLH
WHLK
WHLW
WHOF (HD2)
WHQC
WHRK
WHTZ
WHYI-FM (HD2)
WHYN-FM
WIBA-FM (HD2)
WIBB-FM
WIHB-FM
WIHT (HD2)
WIKX
WIMT
WIOQ (HD2)
WIOT
WJBT (HD2)
WJDX-FM
WJIZ-FM
WJJS
WJJX
WJKX
WJLB
WJMN
WJMX-FM
WJQQ
WJRR (HD3)
WKCI-FM (HD2)
WKCY-FM
WKDD
WKEE-FM
WKFS
WKGB-FM
WKGR
WKGS
WKKF
WKKJ
WKKR
WKKT
WKKV-FM
WKNN-FM
WKQI
WKQQ
WKSB
WKSC-FM
WKSF (HD2) (HD3)
WKSI-FM (HD2)
WKSJ-FM
WKSL
WKSP
WKSS
WKST-FM
WKTU
WKWK-FM
WKZP
WLAN-FM
WLDI
WLIT-FM
WLKO
WLKT (HD2)
WLLK-FM
WLLR-FM (HD2)
WLLZ (HD2) (HD3)
WLQB
WLRQ-FM
WLTW
WLTY
WLUB (HD2)
WLVH
WMAD
WMAG
WMAN-FM
WMAX-FM
WMEQ-FM
WMGF (HD2)
WMGP
WMIA-FM (HD2)
WMIB (HD3)
WMIL-FM
WMJI
WMJJ (HD2)
WMJY
WMKS
WMLX
WMMS (HD2)
WMMX
WMOV-FM
WMRN-FM
WMRR
WMRZ
WMSI-FM
WMTX
WMUS
WMXA
WMXC (HD2)
WMXD
WMXL
WMXW
WMXY
WMYI
WMZQ-FM
WNBL
WNCB
WNCD
WNCI
WNCO-FM
WNDH
WNIC
WNNJ
WNOE-FM
WNOH
WNOK
WNRQ (HD2)
WNRW
WNSL
WNUS
WOBB
WODC
WOLL
WOLT (HD3)
WOLZ
WOOD-FM
WOVK
WOWI
WPAP (HD2)
WPGB
WPKF
WPLA
WPOC
WPRW-FM
WPTI
WPYX
WQBT
WQBZ
WQEN (HD2) (HD3)
WQGA
WQHQ
WQIK-FM (HD2)
WQLX
WQMF (HD2)
WQNQ
WQNS
WQOL
WQRB
WQRV (HD2) (HD3)
WQSO
WQSR
WQUE-FM
WQYZ
WRBT
WRBV
WRDG
WRDU
WRDX
WRFF
WRFQ
WRFX (HD2)
WRFY-FM (HD2)
WRGV
WRIT-FM
WRKF-FM
WRKH (HD2)
WRKT
WRLX
WRNO-FM (HD2)
WRNQ
WRNW
WRNX
WROO
WROV-FM (HD2)
WRTR
WRTS
WRUB
WRUM (HD2)
WRVB
WRVE (HD2)
WRVF
WRVV
WRVW
WRWB-FM
WRWD-FM
WRXZ
WRZE
WSBY-FM
WSCC-FM
WSDF
WSEK-FM
WSIX-FM (HD3)
WSNE-FM
WSNX-FM
WSOL-FM
WSRS
WSRW-FM
WSRZ-FM
WSSL-FM
WSTH-FM
WSTV (HD2
WSTZ-FM
WSUS
WSVO
WSWR
WSYR-FM
WTAK-FM
WTBU (HD2)
WTCR-FM
WTFX-FM
WTKK
WTKS-FM (HD2)
WTKX-FM
WTNT-FM
WTQR
WTRY-FM
WTTH
WTUE
WTUP-FM
WTWF
WTXT
WTZB
WUBL (HD2)
WUBT
WUCS
WUMR (HD2)
WUSL
WUSQ-FM
WVAZ
WVBZ
WVKF
WVKS (HD2)
WVOR
WVRK
WVRT
WWDC (HD2)
WWBB
WWFG
WWHT
WWKZ
WWMG
WWPR-FM
WWPW
WWSW-FM (HD2)
WWYZ
WWXM
WWZD-FM
WXBB
WXBT (HD2)
WXDX-FM
WXKS-FM
WXLY
WXSR
WXTB
WXTK
WXXF
WXXL (HD2)
WXXM
WXZX
WYHT
WYKZ
WYLD-FM
WYNA
WYNK-FM (HD2)
WYNR
WYNT
WYYD
WYYY
WZBQ
WZBZ
WZCB (HD2)
WZCR
WZDA
WZEE
WZFT
WZHT
WZJZ
WZLD
WZLX
WZOM
WZRL
WZRM
WZRX-FM
WZTF
WZTU
WZXL
WZZO
WZZR (HD2)
Radio networks
Black Information Network
Evolution
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Fox Sports Radio
Premiere Networks
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Miscellaneous
Clear Channel Outdoor
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HowStuffWorks
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List of programming syndicated by iHeartMedia
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Mediabase
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Clear Channel memorandum
34°08′24″N 81°03′22″W / 34.140°N 81.056°W / 34.140; -81.056
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MHz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz"},{"link_name":"commercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_radio"},{"link_name":"Columbia, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"iHeartMedia, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IHeartMedia,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Interstate 126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_126"},{"link_name":"effective radiated power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_radiated_power"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"transmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"HD Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_Radio"},{"link_name":"digital subchannel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subchannel"},{"link_name":"Emergency Alert System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System"}],"text":"Radio station in Columbia, South CarolinaWCOS-FM (97.5 MHz) is a commercial radio station in Columbia, South Carolina. It airs a country music radio format and is owned by iHeartMedia, Inc. The station goes by the name 97-5 WCOS and its current slogan is \"#1 For New Country\". Its studios and offices are on Graystone Boulevard in Columbia near Interstate 126.WCOS-FM has an effective radiated power (ERP) of 100,000 watts, the maximum for all non-grandfathered stations.[2] The transmitter is north of the city, in the Arlington Heights neighborhood, off Heyward Brockingham Road.[3] WCOS-FM broadcasts in the HD Radio hybrid format. It formerly carried a 1990s country hits format on its digital subchannel WCOS-FM-HD2. WCOS-FM is a primary entry point station for the Emergency Alert System.","title":"WCOS-FM"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nationally syndicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_syndication"},{"link_name":"CMT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMT_(American_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Emergency Alert System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System"}],"text":"WCOS-FM plays a variety of country songs, mostly from the 2000s, but occasionally going back to the 1980s, with current and recent hits in heavy rotation. Weekdays begin with \"The Morning Rush\" featuring Jonathan Rush and Kelly Nash. Overnights, WCOS-FM carries the nationally syndicated \"CMT After Midnite.\" WCOS-FM is South Carolina's primary entry point station for the Emergency Alert System.","title":"Programming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"signed on","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign-on"},{"link_name":"sister station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_station"},{"link_name":"WCOS (1400 AM)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCOS_(AM)"},{"link_name":"Broadway showtunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera"},{"link_name":"classical music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_music"},{"link_name":"ABC Radio Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Radio_Network"},{"link_name":"FM stereo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_stereo"},{"link_name":"simulcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulcast"},{"link_name":"University of South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Gamecocks football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Gamecocks_football"},{"link_name":"easy listening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_listening"},{"link_name":"beautiful music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beautiful_music"},{"link_name":"progressive rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_rock"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"San Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Antonio"},{"link_name":"Clear Channel Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_Channel_Communications"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"sports radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_radio"},{"link_name":"CHR/Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_hit_radio"},{"link_name":"WNOK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNOK"},{"link_name":"variety hits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_hits"},{"link_name":"WLTY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLTY"},{"link_name":"urban contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_contemporary"},{"link_name":"WXBT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXBT"},{"link_name":"Black Information Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Information_Network"},{"link_name":"talk radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_radio"},{"link_name":"WVOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WVOC"},{"link_name":"radio market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_market"}],"text":"WCOS-FM signed on in March 1951 as the sister station of WCOS (1400 AM). It was Columbia's second FM station and originally broadcast on 97.9 MHz. Prior to 1963, it was on the air only during the evening hours. The separate programming featured Broadway showtunes, opera and classical music, along with news from the ABC Radio Network.In the fall of 1963, the station began broadcasting in FM stereo and the hours were extended to the daytime. The morning show was a simulcast of 1400 WCOS, which was hosted by Bob Fulton, the long-time announcer for University of South Carolina Gamecocks football. After 9 am, the format was easy listening and beautiful music. The music was broadcast in mono until 6 pm, converting to stereo for the evening hours. In the late 1960s, WCOS-FM converted to a progressive rock format. Prior to the change, the station promoted the new format by announcing frequently that WCOS-FM was \"going underground.\" By 1973, the station changed to country, adopting its longtime slogan \"The Great 98.\" The country format has remained since.In 1991, the station upgraded its signal by changing the frequency from 97.9 MHz to 97.5 MHz and increasing its power to 100,000 watts. That made it one of the strongest FM signals in the Columbia radio market.In 1997, WCOS-AM-FM were acquired by Capstar, Inc.[4] Then in 2000, Capstar, including WCOS-AM-FM, were acquired by San Antonio-based Clear Channel Communications.[5] Clear Channel changed its name to iHeartMedia in 2014.WCOS-FM is co-owned with sports radio station WCOS (AM), CHR/Top 40 station WNOK, variety hits station WLTY, urban contemporary station WXBT, Black Information Network station 105.5 W288CX, and talk radio station WVOC in the Columbia radio market.","title":"History"}]
|
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for WCOS-FM\". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.","urls":[{"url":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=71290","url_text":"\"Facility Technical Data for WCOS-FM\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission","url_text":"Federal Communications Commission"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WCOS-FM¶ms=34.140_N_81.056_W_type:landmark_region:US_source:FCC","external_links_name":"34°08′24″N 81°03′22″W / 34.140°N 81.056°W / 34.140; -81.056"},{"Link":"https://publicfiles.fcc.gov/fm-profile/WCOS-FM","external_links_name":"Public file"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityDetails.html?facilityId=71290","external_links_name":"LMS"},{"Link":"https://www.iheart.com/live/975-wcos-2073/","external_links_name":"Listen Live"},{"Link":"http://975wcos.iheart.com/","external_links_name":"975wcos.iheart.com"},{"Link":"https://enterpriseefiling.fcc.gov/dataentry/public/tv/publicFacilityTechDetails.html?facilityId=71290","external_links_name":"\"Facility Technical Data for WCOS-FM\""},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?call=wcos&fileno=&state=&city=&freq=0.0&fre2=107.9&serv=&status=&facid=&asrn=&class=&list=0&ThisTab=Results+to+This+Page%2FTab&dist=&dlat2=&mlat2=&slat2=&NS=N&dlon2=&mlon2=&slon2=&EW=W&size=9","external_links_name":"FCC.gov/WCOS-FM"},{"Link":"https://radio-locator.com/info/WCOS-FM","external_links_name":"Radio-Locator.com/WCOS-FM"},{"Link":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/2000/D-Radio-All-BC-YB-2000-2.pdf","external_links_name":"Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 2000 page D-397"},{"Link":"https://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC-YB/2005/Radio-All-2005-BC-YB.pdf","external_links_name":"Broadcasting & Cable Yearbook 2005 page D-458"},{"Link":"http://www.wcosfm.com/main.html","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://transition.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?call=WCOS","external_links_name":"WCOS"},{"Link":"https://www1.arbitron.com/sip/displaySip.do?surveyID=SP24&band=fm&callLetter=WCOS","external_links_name":"WCOS"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=WCOS-FM¶ms=34.140_N_81.056_W_type:landmark_region:US_source:FCC","external_links_name":"34°08′24″N 81°03′22″W / 34.140°N 81.056°W / 34.140; -81.056"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Wild_Angel:_Live_at_the_Isle_of_Wight
|
Blue Wild Angel: Live at the Isle of Wight
|
["1 Overview","2 Track listings","3 Personnel","4 References","5 External links"]
|
For other uses, see Live at the Isle of Wight 1970 (disambiguation).
2002 live album by Jimi HendrixBlue Wild Angel: Live at the Isle of WightLive album by Jimi HendrixReleasedNovember 12, 2002 (2002-11-12)RecordedAugust 31, 1970VenueIsle of Wight Festival, Isle of Wight, EnglandGenreRockLength119:02LabelMCAProducerJanie Hendrix, Eddie Kramer, John McDermottJimi Hendrix chronology
The Baggy's Rehearsal Sessions(2002)
Blue Wild Angel: Live at the Isle of Wight(2002)
Paris 1967/San Francisco 1968(2003)
Blue Wild Angel: Live at the Isle of Wight is a posthumous live album by Jimi Hendrix released on November 12, 2002. The album documents Hendrix's last U.K. live performance at the Isle of Wight Festival on August 31, 1970, three weeks before his death. The set list for the concert contained songs from the original Experience albums, as well as new songs. Some were previously available on Isle of Wight (1971) and Live Isle of Wight '70 (1991). "Power to Love (Message of Love)", "Midnight Lightning", and "Foxy Lady" released in the US on the three record set The First Great Rock Festivals of the 70s: Isle of Wight/Atlanta Pop Festival" released on Columbia Records in 1971.
Overview
Included in the set was an adaptation of "God Save the Queen" and a cover of The Beatles' "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", played just before launching into "Spanish Castle Magic". The 22-minute version of "Machine Gun" includes walkie-talkie interference from security personnel feeding through the sound equipment.
The CD set is more complete than the DVD release as it contains "Midnight Lightning", "Hey Baby (New Rising Sun)", and "Hey Joe", three songs omitted from the DVD. There was also a "highlights" album released as a single disc, which contained eleven songs – nine from disc one and two from disc two. It was re-released in 2003 as a three-disc "Deluxe Sound & Vision Edition" in a special box and slip cover format as part of Experience Hendrix's plan to re-release most of Jimi Hendrix's recorded material.
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicBBC Music(mixed)BlenderRolling Stone
Track listings
All songs were written by Jimi Hendrix, except where noted.
Disc one
"God Save the Queen" (Traditional) – 3:54
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney) – 0:49
"Spanish Castle Magic" – 5:09
"All Along the Watchtower" (Bob Dylan) – 5:39
"Machine Gun" – 22:10
"Lover Man" – 2:58
"Freedom" – 4:36
"Red House" – 11:36
"Dolly Dagger" – 6:01
"Midnight Lightning" – 6:23
Disc two
"Foxey Lady" – 9:11
"Message to Love" – 6:23
"Hey Baby (New Rising Sun)" – 6:58
"Ezy Ryder" – 4:34
"Hey Joe" (Billy Roberts) – 4:32
"Purple Haze" – 3:31
"Voodoo Child (Slight Return)" – 8:16
"In from the Storm" – 6:14
Total time – 118:54
Single disc release
"God Save the Queen" (Traditional) – 3:54
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" (Lennon, McCartney) – 0:49
"Spanish Castle Magic" – 5:09
"All Along the Watchtower" (Dylan) – 5:39
"Machine Gun" – 18:22
"Lover Man" – 2:58
"Freedom" – 4:36
"Red House" – 11:36
"Dolly Dagger" – 6:01
"Hey Baby (New Rising Sun)" – 6:58
"In from the Storm" – 6:14
Total time – 72:16
DVD
"God Save the Queen" (Traditional)
"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" (Lennon, McCartney)
"Spanish Castle Magic"
"All Along the Watchtower" (Dylan)
"Machine Gun"
"Lover Man"
"Freedom"
"Red House"
"Dolly Dagger"
"Foxey Lady"
"Message to Love"
"Ezy Ryder"
"Purple Haze"
"Voodoo Child (Slight Return)"
"In from the Storm"
Personnel
Jimi Hendrix – guitar, vocals
Mitch Mitchell – drums
Billy Cox – bass guitar
References
^ Westergaard, Sean. "Album review Blue Wild Angel". Allmusic. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
^ Fawcett, Rob. "Album review Blue Wild Angel". BBC Music. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
^ Christgau, Robert (December 2005). "Back Catalogue: Jimi Hendrix". Blender. New York. Retrieved January 8, 2015.
^ Rolling Stone review Archived March 20, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
External links
Blue Wild Angel: Live at the Isle of Wight at Discogs (list of releases)
vteJimi HendrixOriginal studio albums
Are You Experienced
Axis: Bold as Love
Electric Ladyland
Posthumous studio albums
The Cry of Love
Rainbow Bridge
War Heroes
Loose Ends
Crash Landing
Midnight Lightning
Nine to the Universe
Voodoo Soup
First Rays of the New Rising Sun
South Saturn Delta
Valleys of Neptune
People, Hell and Angels
Both Sides of the Sky
Live albums
Band of Gypsys
Historic Performances Recorded at the Monterey International Pop Festival
Experience
Isle of Wight
Hendrix in the West
More Experience
The Jimi Hendrix Concerts
Jimi Plays Monterey
Johnny B. Goode
Band of Gypsys 2
Live at Winterland
Radio One
Stages
Live Isle of Wight '70
Woodstock
BBC Sessions
Live at the Fillmore East
Live at Woodstock
Blue Wild Angel: Live at the Isle of Wight
Live at Berkeley
Live at Monterey
Winterland
Miami Pop Festival
Freedom: Atlanta Pop Festival
Machine Gun: The Fillmore East First Show
Songs for Groovy Children: The Fillmore East Concerts
Live in Maui
Los Angeles Forum: April 26, 1969
Anthologies andretrospectivealbums
Smash Hits
Soundtrack Recordings from the Film Jimi Hendrix
The Essential Jimi Hendrix
The Essential Jimi Hendrix Volume Two
The Singles Album
Kiss the Sky
Live & Unreleased: The Radio Show
Cornerstones: 1967–1970
Lifelines: The Jimi Hendrix Story
The Ultimate Experience
Blues
South Saturn Delta
Experience Hendrix: The Best of Jimi Hendrix
The Jimi Hendrix Experience
Voodoo Child: The Jimi Hendrix Collection
The Singles Collection
Martin Scorsese Presents the Blues: Jimi Hendrix
West Coast Seattle Boy: The Jimi Hendrix Anthology
Fire: The Jimi Hendrix Collection
Official bootlegs
Live at the Oakland Coliseum
Live at Clark University
Morning Symphony Ideas
Live in Ottawa
Baggy's Rehearsal Sessions
Paris 1967/San Francisco 1968
Hear My Music
Live at the Isle of Fehmarn
Burning Desire
Live in Paris & Ottawa 1968
Live at Woburn
Live in Cologne
Concert tours
The Cry of Love Tour
Films, books,and tributes
Rainbow Bridge
Jimi Hendrix
Stone Free: A Tribute to Jimi Hendrix
Hendrix
Power of Soul: A Tribute to Jimi Hendrix
Room Full of Mirrors
An Illustrated Experience
Becoming Jimi Hendrix
Jimi: All Is by My Side
Related peopleand acts
Curtis Knight
Lonnie Youngblood
Jimmy James and the Blue Flames
The Jimi Hendrix Experience
Noel Redding
Mitch Mitchell
Chas Chandler
Eddie Kramer
Roger Mayer
Michael Jeffery
Billy Cox
Buddy Miles
Alan Douglas
Leon Hendrix
Kathy Etchingham
Monika Dannemann
Related articles
Original discography
Posthumous discography
List of songs
Videography
Canadian drug charges and trial
Handel & Hendrix in London
Fender Stratocaster
Electric Lady Studios
Black Gold
Unfinished fourth album
Death of Jimi Hendrix
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Live at the Isle of Wight 1970 (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_at_the_Isle_of_Wight_1970_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Jimi Hendrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_Festival_1970"},{"link_name":"set list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_list"},{"link_name":"Experience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jimi_Hendrix_Experience"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_(album)"},{"link_name":"Live Isle of Wight '70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_Isle_of_Wight_%2770"}],"text":"For other uses, see Live at the Isle of Wight 1970 (disambiguation).2002 live album by Jimi HendrixBlue Wild Angel: Live at the Isle of Wight is a posthumous live album by Jimi Hendrix released on November 12, 2002. The album documents Hendrix's last U.K. live performance at the Isle of Wight Festival on August 31, 1970, three weeks before his death. The set list for the concert contained songs from the original Experience albums, as well as new songs. Some were previously available on Isle of Wight (1971) and Live Isle of Wight '70 (1991). \"Power to Love (Message of Love)\", \"Midnight Lightning\", and \"Foxy Lady\" released in the US on the three record set The First Great Rock Festivals of the 70s: Isle of Wight/Atlanta Pop Festival\" released on Columbia Records in 1971.","title":"Blue Wild Angel: Live at the Isle of Wight"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"God Save the Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen"},{"link_name":"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band_(song)"},{"link_name":"Spanish Castle Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Castle_Magic"},{"link_name":"Machine Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Gun_(Jimi_Hendrix_song)"},{"link_name":"Hey Baby (New Rising Sun)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Baby_(New_Rising_Sun)"},{"link_name":"Hey Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Joe"}],"text":"Included in the set was an adaptation of \"God Save the Queen\" and a cover of The Beatles' \"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\", played just before launching into \"Spanish Castle Magic\". The 22-minute version of \"Machine Gun\" includes walkie-talkie interference from security personnel feeding through the sound equipment.The CD set is more complete than the DVD release as it contains \"Midnight Lightning\", \"Hey Baby (New Rising Sun)\", and \"Hey Joe\", three songs omitted from the DVD. There was also a \"highlights\" album released as a single disc, which contained eleven songs – nine from disc one and two from disc two. It was re-released in 2003 as a three-disc \"Deluxe Sound & Vision Edition\" in a special box and slip cover format as part of Experience Hendrix's plan to re-release most of Jimi Hendrix's recorded material.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jimi Hendrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix"},{"link_name":"God Save the Queen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen"},{"link_name":"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band_(song)"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney"},{"link_name":"Spanish Castle Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Castle_Magic"},{"link_name":"All Along the Watchtower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Along_the_Watchtower"},{"link_name":"Bob Dylan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Dylan"},{"link_name":"Machine Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Gun_(Jimi_Hendrix_song)"},{"link_name":"Lover Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lover_Man_(Jimi_Hendrix_song)"},{"link_name":"Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_(Jimi_Hendrix_song)"},{"link_name":"Red House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_House_(song)"},{"link_name":"Dolly Dagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_Dagger"},{"link_name":"Foxey Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxey_Lady"},{"link_name":"Hey Baby (New Rising Sun)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Baby_(New_Rising_Sun)"},{"link_name":"Ezy Ryder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezy_Ryder"},{"link_name":"Hey Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Joe"},{"link_name":"Billy Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Purple Haze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Haze"},{"link_name":"Voodoo Child (Slight Return)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voodoo_Child_(Slight_Return)"}],"text":"All songs were written by Jimi Hendrix, except where noted.Disc one\"God Save the Queen\" (Traditional) – 3:54\n\"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" (John Lennon, Paul McCartney) – 0:49\n\"Spanish Castle Magic\" – 5:09\n\"All Along the Watchtower\" (Bob Dylan) – 5:39\n\"Machine Gun\" – 22:10\n\"Lover Man\" – 2:58\n\"Freedom\" – 4:36\n\"Red House\" – 11:36\n\"Dolly Dagger\" – 6:01\n\"Midnight Lightning\" – 6:23Disc two\"Foxey Lady\" – 9:11\n\"Message to Love\" – 6:23\n\"Hey Baby (New Rising Sun)\" – 6:58\n\"Ezy Ryder\" – 4:34\n\"Hey Joe\" (Billy Roberts) – 4:32\n\"Purple Haze\" – 3:31\n\"Voodoo Child (Slight Return)\" – 8:16\n\"In from the Storm\" – 6:14Total time – 118:54Single disc release\"God Save the Queen\" (Traditional) – 3:54\n\"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" (Lennon, McCartney) – 0:49\n\"Spanish Castle Magic\" – 5:09\n\"All Along the Watchtower\" (Dylan) – 5:39\n\"Machine Gun\" – 18:22\n\"Lover Man\" – 2:58\n\"Freedom\" – 4:36\n\"Red House\" – 11:36\n\"Dolly Dagger\" – 6:01\n\"Hey Baby (New Rising Sun)\" – 6:58\n\"In from the Storm\" – 6:14Total time – 72:16DVD\"God Save the Queen\" (Traditional)\n\"Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band\" (Lennon, McCartney)\n\"Spanish Castle Magic\"\n\"All Along the Watchtower\" (Dylan)\n\"Machine Gun\"\n\"Lover Man\"\n\"Freedom\"\n\"Red House\"\n\"Dolly Dagger\"\n\"Foxey Lady\"\n\"Message to Love\"\n\"Ezy Ryder\"\n\"Purple Haze\"\n\"Voodoo Child (Slight Return)\"\n\"In from the Storm\"","title":"Track listings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jimi Hendrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Hendrix"},{"link_name":"Mitch Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Billy Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Cox"}],"text":"Jimi Hendrix – guitar, vocals\nMitch Mitchell – drums\nBilly Cox – bass guitar","title":"Personnel"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Westergaard, Sean. \"Album review Blue Wild Angel\". Allmusic. Retrieved 5 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/blue-wild-angel-live-at-the-isle-of-wight-mw0000228169","url_text":"\"Album review Blue Wild Angel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmusic","url_text":"Allmusic"}]},{"reference":"Fawcett, Rob. \"Album review Blue Wild Angel\". BBC Music. Retrieved 5 September 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/whbd","url_text":"\"Album review Blue Wild Angel\""}]},{"reference":"Christgau, Robert (December 2005). \"Back Catalogue: Jimi Hendrix\". Blender. New York. Retrieved January 8, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Christgau","url_text":"Christgau, Robert"},{"url":"http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cdrev/hendrix-ble.php","url_text":"\"Back Catalogue: Jimi Hendrix\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blender_(magazine)","url_text":"Blender"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/blue-wild-angel-live-at-the-isle-of-wight-mw0000228169","external_links_name":"\"Album review Blue Wild Angel\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/whbd","external_links_name":"\"Album review Blue Wild Angel\""},{"Link":"http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/cdrev/hendrix-ble.php","external_links_name":"\"Back Catalogue: Jimi Hendrix\""},{"Link":"https://www.rollingstone.com/artists/jimihendrix/albums/album/319905/review/5943412/blue_wild_angel_live_at_the_isle_of_wight","external_links_name":"Rolling Stone review"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070320075730/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/jimihendrix/albums/album/319905/review/5943412/blue_wild_angel_live_at_the_isle_of_wight","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/master/82788","external_links_name":"Blue Wild Angel: Live at the Isle of Wight"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/026da584-9937-3777-b4bc-cfe946adbf41","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litani_River_Dam
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Litani River Dam
|
["1 Location","2 Structure","3 Water use","4 Conflicts","5 Visiting","6 References"]
|
Coordinates: 33°32′54″N 35°41′22″E / 33.5483°N 35.6894°E / 33.5483; 35.6894This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Litani River Dam" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
DamLitani River DamCountryLebanon
The Litani River Dam (el Wauroun Dam, Qaraoun Dam, or Albert Naqash Dam) was initiated in 1959 (construction completed in the 1960s), and created the largest artificial lake in Lebanon, Lake Qaraoun. The area of the lake is about 12 square kilometers, and the capacity the lake is able to hold is about 220 million cubic meters. The height of the dam is 60 meters, the length is 1,350 meters, and the width is 162 meters, at most. As a whole, the size of the dam is about 2 million cubic meters.
Location
The artificial lake (lake Qaraoun) is situated close to Qaraoun, on the stretch before Nabatiya.
Structure
The Litany dam is also equipped with two taps to empty the lake. The experts who administered the study of the Litani project all agreed that the location selected by the engineer, Ibrahim Abdul Aal, and the geologist, Dubertret, for the construction of the dam between Qaraoon and Suhmur, was the most sufficient geographical location and that is why it was authorized as the project venue.
Water use
A service gallery, which is the pipe foundation, of 6,503 meters carries the water to the underground hydroelectric station. The water then goes through transformers and produces a maximum of 185 megawatts. The Litani dam will eventually provide local irrigation for 31,000 hectares of farmland in South Lebanon and 8,000 hectares in the Beqaa Valley, with a total of almost 40,000 hectares of irrigation.
Conflicts
Visiting
References
^ "ICE Cases: Litani River Dispute". www1.american.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-05-13. Retrieved 2016-04-28.
^ "Official Website of the Litani River Authority". litani.gov.lb. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
^ "Tourism @ Lebanon.com". www.lebanon.com. Retrieved 2016-04-28.
^ Murphy, Kim (2006-08-10). "Old Feud Over Lebanese River Takes New Turn". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2016-04-28.
^ Soffer, Arnon (1994-01-01). "The Litani River: Fact and Fiction". Middle Eastern Studies. 30 (4): 963–974. doi:10.1080/00263209408701033. JSTOR 4283685.
^ "The Israel Lebanon War for Water - UK Indymedia". www.indymedia.org.uk. Retrieved 2016-04-28.
Authority control databases
VIAF
33°32′54″N 35°41′22″E / 33.5483°N 35.6894°E / 33.5483; 35.6894
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"artificial lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_Lake"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Lake Qaraoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Qaraoun"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-1"}],"text":"DamThe Litani River Dam (el Wauroun Dam, Qaraoun Dam, or Albert Naqash Dam) was initiated in 1959 (construction completed in the 1960s), and created the largest artificial lake in Lebanon, Lake Qaraoun. The area of the lake is about 12 square kilometers, and the capacity the lake is able to hold is about 220 million cubic meters. The height of the dam is 60 meters, the length is 1,350 meters, and the width is 162 meters, at most. As a whole, the size of the dam is about 2 million cubic meters.[1]","title":"Litani River Dam"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lake Qaraoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Qaraoun"},{"link_name":"Qaraoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaraoun"},{"link_name":"Nabatiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabatieh"}],"text":"The artificial lake (lake Qaraoun) is situated close to Qaraoun, on the stretch before Nabatiya.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qaraoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaraoun"}],"text":"The Litany dam is also equipped with two taps to empty the lake. The experts who administered the study of the Litani project all agreed that the location selected by the engineer, Ibrahim Abdul Aal, and the geologist, Dubertret, for the construction of the dam between Qaraoon and Suhmur, was the most sufficient geographical location and that is why it was authorized as the project venue.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"hydroelectric station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity"},{"link_name":"transformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"}],"text":"[2]A service gallery, which is the pipe foundation, of 6,503 meters carries the water to the underground hydroelectric station. The water then goes through transformers and produces a maximum of 185 megawatts. The Litani dam will eventually provide local irrigation for 31,000 hectares of farmland in South Lebanon and 8,000 hectares in the Beqaa Valley, with a total of almost 40,000 hectares of irrigation.[3]","title":"Water use"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"[4][5][6]","title":"Conflicts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Visiting"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"ICE Cases: Litani River Dispute\". www1.american.edu. Archived from the original on 2016-05-13. Retrieved 2016-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160513081225/http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/litani.htm","url_text":"\"ICE Cases: Litani River Dispute\""},{"url":"http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/litani.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Website of the Litani River Authority\". litani.gov.lb. Retrieved 21 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.litani.gov.lb/en/?page_id=91","url_text":"\"Official Website of the Litani River Authority\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tourism @ Lebanon.com\". www.lebanon.com. Retrieved 2016-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lebanon.com/tourism/qarounlake.htm","url_text":"\"Tourism @ Lebanon.com\""}]},{"reference":"Murphy, Kim (2006-08-10). \"Old Feud Over Lebanese River Takes New Turn\". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2016-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2006/aug/10/world/fg-litani10","url_text":"\"Old Feud Over Lebanese River Takes New Turn\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035","url_text":"0458-3035"}]},{"reference":"Soffer, Arnon (1994-01-01). \"The Litani River: Fact and Fiction\". Middle Eastern Studies. 30 (4): 963–974. doi:10.1080/00263209408701033. JSTOR 4283685.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263209408701033","url_text":"10.1080/00263209408701033"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4283685","url_text":"4283685"}]},{"reference":"\"The Israel Lebanon War for Water - UK Indymedia\". www.indymedia.org.uk. Retrieved 2016-04-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indymedia.org.uk/en/2006/08/347778.html?c=on","url_text":"\"The Israel Lebanon War for Water - UK Indymedia\""}]}]
|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pons_Cestius
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Pons Cestius
|
["1 Ancient bridges","1.1 1st-century BC bridge","1.2 4th-century bridge","2 Present bridge","2.1 19th-century rebuilding","3 See also","4 References","5 Sources","6 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 41°53′24.8″N 12°28′38″E / 41.890222°N 12.47722°E / 41.890222; 12.47722Ancient Roman bridge, a landmark of Rome, Italy
Pons CestiusItalian: Ponte CestioThe Pons Cestius in its modern form
The Roman bridge around 1880, before its reconstructionCoordinates41°53′24.8″N 12°28′38″E / 41.890222°N 12.47722°E / 41.890222; 12.47722Carriespedestrians, motor vehiclesCrossesTiberTiber Island–Trastevere(Piazza S. Bartolomeo all'Isola–Lungotevere degli Anguillara)LocaleRome, ItalyNext upstreamPonte GaribaldiNext downstreamPonte PalatinoCharacteristicsDesignarch bridgeMaterialStone (tuff, peperino, travertine)Total length80.4 metres (264 ft) (modern)48 metres (157 ft) (ancient)Width8.2 metres (27 ft) (ancient)Longest span23.65 metres (77.6 ft) (ancient)No. of spans3Piers in water2HistoryBuiltc. 62 – c. 27 BC(first stone bridge)370 AD(Pons Gratiani)Rebuilt1880–1892(present bridge)LocationClick on the map for a fullscreen view
The Pons Cestius (Latin for the "Cestian Bridge"; Italian: Ponte Cestio) is an ancient Roman bridge connecting the right bank of the Tiber with the west bank of Tiber Island in Rome, Italy. In Late Antiquity, the bridge was replaced and renamed the Pons Gratiani ("Bridge of Gratian"). It is also known as Ponte San Bartolomeo (Italian for "Bridge of St Bartholomew"). No more than one third of the present stone bridge is of ancient material, as it was entirely rebuilt and extended in the 19th century after numerous earlier restorations.
Ancient bridges
1st-century BC bridge
The original bridge was built around the 1st century BC (some time between 62 and 27 BC), after the Pons Fabricius, which connects the other side of island to the river's left bank. The identity of the Cestius referred to in the bridge's name is unknown. He may have been responsible for building the bridge or for later restoring an existing one, and may have been a member of the gens Cestia during the later Roman Republic.
The Pons Cestius was the first bridge that reached the right bank of the Tiber from Tiber Island. Whereas the island was long connected with the left bank of the Tiber and the heart of ancient Rome, even before the Pons Fabricius was built, the right bank (Transtiber) remained unconnected until the Pons Cestius was constructed. Several members of the Cestii from the 1st century BC are known, but it is unknown which of them was responsible. The gens Cestia was not a prominent family until the time of Gaius Cestius Epulo, whose tomb, the Pyramid of Cestius, survives built into Rome's 3rd-century Aurelian Walls.
The Pons Cestius was restored during the reign of the emperor Antoninus Pius (r. 138–161); an inscription commemorating the rebuilding was installed on the structure.
4th-century bridge
In the 4th century the Pons Cestius was replaced by a new structure. According to the 5th century Latin historian Polemius Silvius, in 370 it was rededicated as the Pons Gratiani, to the brother-emperors Valentinian I (r. 364–375) and Valens (r. 364–378) and Valentinian's son Gratian (r. 367–383), the reigning co-augusti of the Valentinianic dynasty. The bridge was rebuilt using volcanic tuff stone and peperino marble, with a facing of travertine limestone. Some of the rebuilding material came from the demolished portico of the nearby Theatre of Marcellus. Inscriptions on marble panels commemorating the work and naming the emperors were installed on the bridge and on the parapet. The 4th-century bridge probably followed the architectural lines of its Republican predecessor. Before the 19th-century rebuilding, the bridge was 48 metres (157 ft) long, with central arch spanning of 23.65 metres (77.6 ft) flanked by two arches each spanning 5.8 metres (19 ft). The bridge was 8.2 metres (27 ft) broad.
Both the pontes Cestius and Fabricius were long-lived bridges. Although the Fabricius remains wholly intact, the Ponte Cestio was restored several times from the 12th century and wholly dismantled and rebuilt in the 19th century, with only some of the ancient structure preserved.
Present bridge
19th-century rebuilding
The Tiber running high, December 2008
During the embankment of the Tiber's channel in 1888–1892, the building of the walls and boulevards (the lungoteveri) along the river necessitated the Roman bridge's demolition and the reconstruction of a new bridge. The ancient bridge, which had two small arches either side of the wide central span, was simply not long enough. The present bridge, with three large arches, was constructed in its stead, with its central arch reusing about two-thirds of the original material.
Two thirds of the present structure dates to this period, with the only around a third of the structure built from pre-modern material. After the 19th-century rebuilding, the bridge was 80.4 metres (264 ft) long, with the original central arch flanked by two other arches of equal span. The Italian name Bridge of St Bartholomew derives from the church and minor basilica of San Bartolomeo all'Isola ("St Bartholomew of the Island") on Tiber Island.
See also
Pons Fabricius – Ancient Roman bridge, a landmark of Rome, Italy
List of Roman bridges
Roman architecture
Roman engineering
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Richardson, Lawrence (1992). "Pons Cestius". A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 297–298. ISBN 978-0-8018-4300-6.
^ Samuel Ball Platner. "Pons Cestius (from A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome)".
^ Claridge, Amanda (1998). Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
Sources
O’Connor, Colin (1993). Roman Bridges. Cambridge University Press. pp. 66f. ISBN 0-521-39326-4.
External links
LacusCurtius: Pons Cestius
Pons Cestius at Structurae
The Waters of Rome: Tiber River Bridges and the Development of the Ancient City of Rome
Tiber Island information (in Italian)
Lucentini, M. (31 December 2012). The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City. ISBN 9781623710088.
Media related to Ponte Cestio (Rome) at Wikimedia Commons
Preceded byVigna Randanini
Landmarks of RomePons Cestius
Succeeded byPons Fabricius
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vteAncient bridges on the Tiber (from source to mouth)Upstream
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After Tiber Isl.
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† partly or wholly underwater or demolished
Names are in the original Latin; in parentheses are the Italian names that differ significantly
vteRoman bridgesEngland
Chesters Bridge
Piercebridge Roman Bridge
Pons Aelius
France
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Pont du Gard
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Full list of Roman bridges
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It is also known as Ponte San Bartolomeo[1] (Italian for \"Bridge of St Bartholomew\"). 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The identity of the Cestius referred to in the bridge's name is unknown. He may have been responsible for building the bridge or for later restoring an existing one, and may have been a member of the gens Cestia during the later Roman Republic.[1]The Pons Cestius was the first bridge that reached the right bank of the Tiber from Tiber Island. Whereas the island was long connected with the left bank of the Tiber and the heart of ancient Rome, even before the Pons Fabricius was built, the right bank (Transtiber) remained unconnected until the Pons Cestius was constructed. Several members of the Cestii from the 1st century BC are known, but it is unknown which of them was responsible.[2] The gens Cestia was not a prominent family until the time of Gaius Cestius Epulo, whose tomb, the Pyramid of Cestius, survives built into Rome's 3rd-century Aurelian Walls.[1]The Pons Cestius was restored during the reign of the emperor Antoninus Pius (r. 138–161); an inscription commemorating the rebuilding was installed on the structure.[1]","title":"Ancient bridges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polemius Silvius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemius_Silvius"},{"link_name":"Valentinian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_I"},{"link_name":"Valens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valens"},{"link_name":"Gratian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratian"},{"link_name":"augusti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusti"},{"link_name":"Valentinianic dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"tuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuff"},{"link_name":"peperino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peperino"},{"link_name":"travertine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travertine"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"portico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portico"},{"link_name":"Theatre of Marcellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_Marcellus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oxford-3"},{"link_name":"parapet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"4th-century bridge","text":"In the 4th century the Pons Cestius was replaced by a new structure. 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The bridge was 8.2 metres (27 ft) broad.[1]Both the pontes Cestius and Fabricius were long-lived bridges. 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The present bridge, with three large arches, was constructed in its stead, with its central arch reusing about two-thirds of the original material.[1]Two thirds of the present structure dates to this period, with the only around a third of the structure built from pre-modern material.[1] After the 19th-century rebuilding, the bridge was 80.4 metres (264 ft) long, with the original central arch flanked by two other arches of equal span.[1] The Italian name Bridge of St Bartholomew derives from the church and minor basilica of San Bartolomeo all'Isola (\"St Bartholomew of the Island\") on Tiber Island.","title":"Present bridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-521-39326-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39326-4"}],"text":"O’Connor, Colin (1993). Roman Bridges. Cambridge University Press. pp. 66f. ISBN 0-521-39326-4.","title":"Sources"}]
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Ponte_Cestio%2C_Rome%2C_Italy._Pic_01.jpg/270px-Ponte_Cestio%2C_Rome%2C_Italy._Pic_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Tiber running high, December 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ponte_Cestio%2C_Rome%2C_Italy._Pic_04.jpg/220px-Ponte_Cestio%2C_Rome%2C_Italy._Pic_04.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Pons Fabricius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pons_Fabricius"},{"title":"List of Roman bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_bridges"},{"title":"Roman architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_architecture"},{"title":"Roman engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_engineering"}]
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[{"reference":"Richardson, Lawrence (1992). \"Pons Cestius\". A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 297–298. ISBN 978-0-8018-4300-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Richardson_Jr.","url_text":"Richardson, Lawrence"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K_qjo30tjHAC","url_text":"A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press","url_text":"Johns Hopkins University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-4300-6","url_text":"978-0-8018-4300-6"}]},{"reference":"Samuel Ball Platner. \"Pons Cestius (from A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Pons_Cestius.html","url_text":"\"Pons Cestius (from A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome)\""}]},{"reference":"O’Connor, Colin (1993). Roman Bridges. Cambridge University Press. pp. 66f. ISBN 0-521-39326-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-39326-4","url_text":"0-521-39326-4"}]},{"reference":"Lucentini, M. (31 December 2012). The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City. ISBN 9781623710088.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=laMDAQAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781623710088","url_text":"9781623710088"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pons_Cestius¶ms=41_53_24.8_N_12_28_38_E_region:IT-RO_type:landmark","external_links_name":"41°53′24.8″N 12°28′38″E / 41.890222°N 12.47722°E / 41.890222; 12.47722"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pons_Cestius¶ms=41_53_24.8_N_12_28_38_E_region:IT-RO_type:landmark","external_links_name":"41°53′24.8″N 12°28′38″E / 41.890222°N 12.47722°E / 41.890222; 12.47722"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=K_qjo30tjHAC","external_links_name":"A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome"},{"Link":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Pons_Cestius.html","external_links_name":"\"Pons Cestius (from A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xtoVDAAAQBAJ&q=%22Pons+Cestius%22","external_links_name":"Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide"},{"Link":"https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Pons_Cestius.html","external_links_name":"LacusCurtius: Pons Cestius"},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=20001262","external_links_name":"Pons Cestius"},{"Link":"http://www.iath.virginia.edu/rome/Journal2TaylorNew.pdf","external_links_name":"The Waters of Rome: Tiber River Bridges and the Development of the Ancient City of Rome"},{"Link":"http://www.isolatiberina.it/","external_links_name":"Tiber Island information"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=laMDAQAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"The Rome Guide: Step by Step through History's Greatest City"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VFA-81
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VFA-81
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["1 Insignia and nickname","2 History","2.1 1950s","2.2 1960s","2.3 1970s","2.4 1980s","2.5 1990s","2.6 2000s","3 References","4 External links","5 See also"]
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This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Strike Fighter Squadron 81Active1 July 1955 - presentCountry United StatesBranch United States NavyTypeFighter/AttackRoleClose air supportAir interdictionAerial reconnaissancePart ofCarrier Air Wing OneGarrison/HQNAS OceanaNickname(s)SunlinersMotto(s)"Anytime, Anyplace"EngagementsOperation Desert StormGulf WarOperation Deny FlightOperation Southern WatchOperation Deliberate ForceOperation Enduring FreedomIraq WarOperation Inherent ResolveCommandersCurrentcommanderCDR Micheal FarleyAircraft flownAttackA-4 SkyhawkA-7 Corsair IIFighterF9F-8B CougarF/A-18C HornetF/A-18E Super HornetMilitary unit
Strike Fighter Squadron 81 (VFA-81), also known as the "Sunliners", is a United States Navy F/A-18E Super Hornet strike fighter squadron stationed at Naval Air Station Oceana. They are currently assigned to Carrier Air Wing 1. Their mission is to conduct prompt and sustained combat operations from the sea. The squadron was originally designated VA-66 on 1 July 1955, was redesignated VF-81 the same day, redesignated VA-81 on 1 July 1959, and finally redesignated VFA-81 on 4 February 1988.
Insignia and nickname
Squadron's second insignia.
The squadron was originally called Crusaders and their first insignia was approved by Chief of Naval Operations on 16 December 1955. The original insignia was a black cougar on a light blue background.
On 21 November 1963, the squadron was renamed the Sunliners and a new insignia was approved consisting of a black background with the international orange "Sun Dial" design. They also adopted the motto "Anytime, Anyplace" at this time.
When the squadron was redesignated VFA, a modification to the current design was made on 30 March 1988.
History
1950s
VF-81 F9F-8Bs from USS Intrepid in 1958.
The squadron was originally established as Attack Squadron 66 (VA-66) on 1 July 1955. On the same day, they were redesignated Fighter Squadron 81 (VF-81), an all weather fighter interceptor squadron flying the F9F-8B Cougar. Their first deployment was with CVG-17 in late 1956 aboard USS Franklin D. Roosevelt in response to the Suez Crisis. In 1958 VF-81 made a deployment as part of Air Task Group 181 (ATG-181) aboard USS Lake Champlain to the Mediterranean Sea. In the next year VF-81 went to sea with ATG-182 to the North Atlantic aboard USS Intrepid.
On 4 March 1959 VF-81 was reequipped with the A4D-2 Skyhawk and redesignated attack squadron VA-81 on 1 July 1959.
1960s
VA-81 A4D-2s from USS Forrestal in 1961
VA-81 A-4Cs on USS John F. Kennedy in 1969
VA-81 was assigned to CVG-8 and made five deployments to the Mediterranean Sea aboard USS Forrestal between 1960 and 1966.
From October 1961 to February 1962, a detachment of VA-81 Skyhawks deployed to the North Atlantic embarked on USS Essex. The detachment was provided air cover for antisubmarine warfare units embarked on USS Essex with their AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles. The detachment was the first jet unit to function as part of an antisubmarine killer force.
In April 1963 the squadron transitioned from the A-4B (A4D-2) to the A-4C Skyhawk.
In 1966 and 1967, VA-81 was deployed with CVG-8 to the Mediterranean, this time aboard USS Shangri-La. For the 1967/68 deployment aboard the same carrier, the squadron flew the A-4C.
In 1969 VA-81 A-4Cs made a single deployment to the Mediterranean aboard USS John F. Kennedy as part of CVW-1, operating for a time off the coast of Libya following the 1969 Libyan coup d'état.
1970s
In February 1970, the squadron won the Navy Battle "E" for East Coast A-4 squadrons. In May 1970, VA-81 transitioned to the A-7E Corsair II and was reassigned to CVW-17.
Between 1971 and 1982 VA-81 made eight deployments to the 6th Fleet aboard USS Forrestal.
In December 1972, the squadron's A-7Es conducted cross-deck operations with the British carrier HMS Ark Royal.
From July to August 1974, VA-81 operated from USS Forrestal in the vicinity of Cyprus following the coup and subsequent Turkish invasion. Surveillance and cover missions were flown by the squadron during the crisis.
1980s
Crewmen service a VA-81 A-7E aboard USS Saratoga in 1986
VA-81 embarked on USS Forrestal from May to June 1981, operating in the eastern Mediterranean following Israeli reprisal raids against Syrian missile batteries located in southern Lebanon.
In August 1981, the squadron participated a Freedom of Navigation Exercise in the Gulf of Sidra. During this exercise on 18 August, two F-14A Tomcats from USS Nimitz shot down two Libyan SU-22 Fitters. Tensions escalated, and VA-81 flew reconnaissance missions over potentially hostile Libyan ships.
Between 1984 and 1987 VA-81 made three deployments with USS Saratoga.
On 23 March 1986, while operating off coast of Libya, aircraft from Saratoga, USS Coral Sea and USS America crossed what Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi had called the "Line of Death" and this escalated into the Action in the Gulf of Sidra (1986). The next day, three U.S. Navy warships crossed the same 32° 30' North latitude line. Two hours later, Libyan forces fired SA-5 Gammon surface-to-air missiles from the coastal town of Sirte. The missiles missed their F-14 targets and fell harmlessly into the water. Later that afternoon, U.S. aircraft turned back two Libyan MiG-25 fighter planes over the disputed Gulf of Sidra. In response an A-6E Intruder attacked a Libyan missile patrol boat operating on the "Line of Death." Later that night, VA-81 aircraft acted as the decoy group for VA-83's HARM strike against the Libyan missile radar site at Sirte. At the conclusion, three Libyan patrol boats and a radar site were destroyed by Navy aircraft.
On 4 February 1988, VA-81 transitioned to the F/A-18C Hornet and was redesignated Strike Fighter Squadron 81 (VFA-81).
1990s
The squadron made three deployments aboard USS Saratoga between 1990 and 1994. On its first cruise operating the F/A-18, VFA-81 participated in the Gulf War. On 17 January 1991, the first night of the war, LCDR Scott Speicher was shot down and killed while flying an F/A-18C, by a Mig-25PDS piloted by Lt. Zuhair Dawood, 84th Fighter Squadron of the Iraqi Air Force, while flying a mission west of Baghdad.
On the same day, the squadron scored the Navy's only two aerial victories over enemy fighters during the campaign by downing two Iraqi MiG-21s en-route to bomb the H-3 Air Base in the western part of Iraq, by F/A-18Cs, the pilots being Nick "Mongo" Mongillo, callsign Quicksand 62, and Mike "MRT" Fox, callsign Quicksand 64. VFA-81 returned to its homeport of NAS Cecil Field, Florida on 27 March 1991, following the swift coalition victory. The squadron also participated in the last Mediterranean deployment of USS Saratoga, which was decommissioned in August 1994.
In 1996 VFA-81 made a cruise with CVW-17 aboard USS Enterprise, followed by a deployment aboard USS Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1998. Following this cruise, the squadron shifted its homeport to NAS Oceana, Virginia due to the BRAC-mandated closure of NAS Cecil Field in 1999.
2000s
VFA-81 F/A-18C
In 2000, 2001 and 2002 VFA-81 made three deployments aboard USS George Washington to the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf. In 2004 VFA-81 made a single deployment aboard USS John F. Kennedy.
In 2007 VFA-81 was reassigned to CVW-11 in the Pacific Fleet and deployed aboard USS Nimitz to the Western Pacific and the Persian Gulf. Its last deployment ended on 3 June 2008, and the squadron began transition training from the F/A-18C Hornet to the F/A-18E Super Hornet.
In 2011, the squadron was embarked with CVW-17 for a Western Pacific and Persian Gulf deployment aboard USS Carl Vinson.
In 2012, the squadron completed a surge deployment with Carrier Air Wing 17 aboard USS Carl Vinson.
In 2014, the squadron was embarked with CVW-17 aboard USS Carl Vinson in support of Operation Inherent Resolve and returned to NAS Oceana in 2015.
In spring 2018, the squadron was embarked with CVW-1 aboard USS Harry S. Truman in support of Operation Inherent Resolve and returned to NAS Oceana in late summer 2018.
References
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Aviation Squadrons.
External links
VFA-81's Official Webpage
See also
Naval aviation
Modern US Navy carrier air operations
List of United States Navy aircraft squadrons
List of Inactive United States Navy aircraft squadrons
vte United States Navy
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vteActive United States Navy Aircraft Squadrons
Category:Aircraft squadrons of the United States Navy
Electronic Attack (VAQ)
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
209
Carrier Airborne Early Warning (VAW)
112
113
115
116
117
120
121
123
124
125
126
Strike Fighter (VFA)
2
11
14
15
22
25
27
31
32
34
37
41
81
83
86
87
94
97
102
103
105
106
113
115
122
125
131
136
137
143
146
147
151
154
192
195
211
213
Fleet Air Reconnaissance (VQ)
1
3
4
7
Fleet Fighter Composite (VFC)
12
13
111
204
Fleet Logistics Support (VR)
1
46
48
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
61
62
64
Carrier Fleet Logistics Support (VRC)
30
40
Carrier Fleet Logistics Multi-Mission (VRM)
30
40
50
PatrolVP
1
4
5
6
8
9
10
16
22
23
24
26
30
40
41
42
43
45
46
47
60
62
64
65
66
67
68
69
90
91
92
93
VPU
1
2
Unmanned (VUP)
19
Training (VT)
2
3
4
6
7
9
10
21
22
27
28
31
35
86
Helicopter Mine Countermeasures (HM)
14
15
Helicopter Sea Combat (HSC)
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
11
12
14
15
21
22
23
25
26
28
84
85
Helicopter Maritime Strike (HSM)
35
37
40
41
46
48
49
50
51
60
70
71
72
73
74
75
77
78
79
Helicopter Training (HT)
8
18
28
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"F/A-18E Super Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_F/A-18E/F_Super_Hornet"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Oceana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Oceana"},{"link_name":"Carrier Air Wing 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_Air_Wing_1"}],"text":"Military unitStrike Fighter Squadron 81 (VFA-81), also known as the \"Sunliners\", is a United States Navy F/A-18E Super Hornet strike fighter squadron stationed at Naval Air Station Oceana. They are currently assigned to Carrier Air Wing 1. Their mission is to conduct prompt and sustained combat operations from the sea. The squadron was originally designated VA-66 on 1 July 1955, was redesignated VF-81 the same day, redesignated VA-81 on 1 July 1959, and finally redesignated VFA-81 on 4 February 1988.","title":"VFA-81"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Attack_Squadron_81_(US_Navy)_patch_1982.png"},{"link_name":"Chief of Naval Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations"}],"text":"Squadron's second insignia.The squadron was originally called Crusaders and their first insignia was approved by Chief of Naval Operations on 16 December 1955. The original insignia was a black cougar on a light blue background.On 21 November 1963, the squadron was renamed the Sunliners and a new insignia was approved consisting of a black background with the international orange \"Sun Dial\" design. They also adopted the motto \"Anytime, Anyplace\" at this time.When the squadron was redesignated VFA, a modification to the current design was made on 30 March 1988.","title":"Insignia and nickname"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grumman_F9F-8B_Cougars_VF-81_Aug1958.jpg"},{"link_name":"F9F-8Bs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F9F_Cougar"},{"link_name":"USS Intrepid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Intrepid_(CV-11)"},{"link_name":"F9F-8B Cougar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F9F_Cougar"},{"link_name":"CVG-17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_Air_Wing_Seventeen"},{"link_name":"USS Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Suez Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Crisis"},{"link_name":"USS Lake Champlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Lake_Champlain_(CV-39)"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"USS Intrepid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Intrepid_(CV-11)"},{"link_name":"A4D-2 Skyhawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-4_Skyhawk"}],"sub_title":"1950s","text":"VF-81 F9F-8Bs from USS Intrepid in 1958.The squadron was originally established as Attack Squadron 66 (VA-66) on 1 July 1955. On the same day, they were redesignated Fighter Squadron 81 (VF-81), an all weather fighter interceptor squadron flying the F9F-8B Cougar. Their first deployment was with CVG-17 in late 1956 aboard USS Franklin D. Roosevelt in response to the Suez Crisis. In 1958 VF-81 made a deployment as part of Air Task Group 181 (ATG-181) aboard USS Lake Champlain to the Mediterranean Sea. In the next year VF-81 went to sea with ATG-182 to the North Atlantic aboard USS Intrepid.On 4 March 1959 VF-81 was reequipped with the A4D-2 Skyhawk and redesignated attack squadron VA-81 on 1 July 1959.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A4D-2_VA-81_CVA-59_NAN3-61.jpg"},{"link_name":"A4D-2s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_A-4_Skyhawk"},{"link_name":"USS Forrestal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Forrestal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A-4C_VA-81_CVA-67_NAN7-79.jpg"},{"link_name":"USS John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CV-67)"},{"link_name":"CVG-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_Air_Wing_Eight"},{"link_name":"USS Forrestal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Forrestal"},{"link_name":"USS Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Essex_(CV-9)"},{"link_name":"antisubmarine warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisubmarine_warfare"},{"link_name":"AIM-9 Sidewinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIM-9_Sidewinder"},{"link_name":"CVG-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_Air_Wing_Eight"},{"link_name":"USS Shangri-La","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Shangri-La"},{"link_name":"USS John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CV-67)"},{"link_name":"CVW-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_Air_Wing_One"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"1969 Libyan coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_Libyan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"}],"sub_title":"1960s","text":"VA-81 A4D-2s from USS Forrestal in 1961VA-81 A-4Cs on USS John F. Kennedy in 1969VA-81 was assigned to CVG-8 and made five deployments to the Mediterranean Sea aboard USS Forrestal between 1960 and 1966.From October 1961 to February 1962, a detachment of VA-81 Skyhawks deployed to the North Atlantic embarked on USS Essex. The detachment was provided air cover for antisubmarine warfare units embarked on USS Essex with their AIM-9 Sidewinder missiles. The detachment was the first jet unit to function as part of an antisubmarine killer force.In April 1963 the squadron transitioned from the A-4B (A4D-2) to the A-4C Skyhawk.In 1966 and 1967, VA-81 was deployed with CVG-8 to the Mediterranean, this time aboard USS Shangri-La. For the 1967/68 deployment aboard the same carrier, the squadron flew the A-4C.In 1969 VA-81 A-4Cs made a single deployment to the Mediterranean aboard USS John F. Kennedy as part of CVW-1, operating for a time off the coast of Libya following the 1969 Libyan coup d'état.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A-7E Corsair II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTV_A-7_Corsair_II"},{"link_name":"CVW-17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_Air_Wing_Seventeen"},{"link_name":"6th Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Sixth_Fleet"},{"link_name":"HMS Ark Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Ark_Royal_(R09)"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_Cypriot_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"subsequent Turkish invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus"}],"sub_title":"1970s","text":"In February 1970, the squadron won the Navy Battle \"E\" for East Coast A-4 squadrons. In May 1970, VA-81 transitioned to the A-7E Corsair II and was reassigned to CVW-17.Between 1971 and 1982 VA-81 made eight deployments to the 6th Fleet aboard USS Forrestal.In December 1972, the squadron's A-7Es conducted cross-deck operations with the British carrier HMS Ark Royal.From July to August 1974, VA-81 operated from USS Forrestal in the vicinity of Cyprus following the coup and subsequent Turkish invasion. Surveillance and cover missions were flown by the squadron during the crisis.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A-7E_VA-81_hangar_CV-60_1986.jpeg"},{"link_name":"A-7E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTV_A-7_Corsair_II"},{"link_name":"USS Saratoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Saratoga_(CV-60)"},{"link_name":"Freedom of Navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_Navigation"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Sidra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra"},{"link_name":"F-14A Tomcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F-14_Tomcat"},{"link_name":"USS Nimitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Nimitz"},{"link_name":"shot down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra_incident_(1981)"},{"link_name":"SU-22 Fitters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-17"},{"link_name":"USS Saratoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Saratoga_(CV-60)"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"USS Coral Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Coral_Sea_(CV-43)"},{"link_name":"USS America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_America_(CV-66)"},{"link_name":"Muammar al-Gaddafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muammar_al-Gaddafi"},{"link_name":"Action in the Gulf of Sidra (1986)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_in_the_Gulf_of_Sidra_(1986)"},{"link_name":"SA-5 Gammon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-200_Angara/Vega/Dubna"},{"link_name":"Sirte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirte"},{"link_name":"MiG-25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-25"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Sidra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra"},{"link_name":"A-6E Intruder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_A-6_Intruder"},{"link_name":"VA-83's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VFA-83"},{"link_name":"HARM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGM-88_HARM"},{"link_name":"F/A-18C Hornet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F/A-18_Hornet"}],"sub_title":"1980s","text":"Crewmen service a VA-81 A-7E aboard USS Saratoga in 1986VA-81 embarked on USS Forrestal from May to June 1981, operating in the eastern Mediterranean following Israeli reprisal raids against Syrian missile batteries located in southern Lebanon.\nIn August 1981, the squadron participated a Freedom of Navigation Exercise in the Gulf of Sidra. During this exercise on 18 August, two F-14A Tomcats from USS Nimitz shot down two Libyan SU-22 Fitters. Tensions escalated, and VA-81 flew reconnaissance missions over potentially hostile Libyan ships.Between 1984 and 1987 VA-81 made three deployments with USS Saratoga.On 23 March 1986, while operating off coast of Libya, aircraft from Saratoga, USS Coral Sea and USS America crossed what Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi had called the \"Line of Death\" and this escalated into the Action in the Gulf of Sidra (1986). The next day, three U.S. Navy warships crossed the same 32° 30' North latitude line. Two hours later, Libyan forces fired SA-5 Gammon surface-to-air missiles from the coastal town of Sirte. The missiles missed their F-14 targets and fell harmlessly into the water. Later that afternoon, U.S. aircraft turned back two Libyan MiG-25 fighter planes over the disputed Gulf of Sidra. In response an A-6E Intruder attacked a Libyan missile patrol boat operating on the \"Line of Death.\" Later that night, VA-81 aircraft acted as the decoy group for VA-83's HARM strike against the Libyan missile radar site at Sirte. At the conclusion, three Libyan patrol boats and a radar site were destroyed by Navy aircraft.On 4 February 1988, VA-81 transitioned to the F/A-18C Hornet and was redesignated Strike Fighter Squadron 81 (VFA-81).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"LCDR Scott Speicher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Speicher"},{"link_name":"Iraqi Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraqi_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"MiG-21s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21"},{"link_name":"H-3 Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H-3_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"F/A-18Cs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F/A-18_Hornet"},{"link_name":"NAS Cecil Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAS_Cecil_Field"},{"link_name":"USS Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CVN-65)"},{"link_name":"USS Dwight D. Eisenhower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Dwight_D._Eisenhower"},{"link_name":"NAS Oceana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAS_Oceana"},{"link_name":"BRAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_Realignment_and_Closure"},{"link_name":"NAS Cecil Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAS_Cecil_Field"}],"sub_title":"1990s","text":"The squadron made three deployments aboard USS Saratoga between 1990 and 1994. On its first cruise operating the F/A-18, VFA-81 participated in the Gulf War. On 17 January 1991, the first night of the war, LCDR Scott Speicher was shot down and killed while flying an F/A-18C, by a Mig-25PDS piloted by Lt. Zuhair Dawood, 84th Fighter Squadron of the Iraqi Air Force, while flying a mission west of Baghdad.On the same day, the squadron scored the Navy's only two aerial victories over enemy fighters during the campaign by downing two Iraqi MiG-21s en-route to bomb the H-3 Air Base in the western part of Iraq, by F/A-18Cs, the pilots being Nick \"Mongo\" Mongillo, callsign Quicksand 62, and Mike \"MRT\" Fox, callsign Quicksand 64. VFA-81 returned to its homeport of NAS Cecil Field, Florida on 27 March 1991, following the swift coalition victory. The squadron also participated in the last Mediterranean deployment of USS Saratoga, which was decommissioned in August 1994.In 1996 VFA-81 made a cruise with CVW-17 aboard USS Enterprise, followed by a deployment aboard USS Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1998. Following this cruise, the squadron shifted its homeport to NAS Oceana, Virginia due to the BRAC-mandated closure of NAS Cecil Field in 1999.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vfa-81_hornet.jpg"},{"link_name":"F/A-18C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F/A-18_Hornet"},{"link_name":"USS George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_George_Washington_(CVN-73)"},{"link_name":"CVW-11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_Air_Wing_Eleven"},{"link_name":"Persian Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Gulf"},{"link_name":"CVW-17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_Air_Wing_17"},{"link_name":"USS Carl Vinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Carl_Vinson"},{"link_name":"Operation Inherent Resolve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Inherent_Resolve"},{"link_name":"Operation Inherent Resolve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Inherent_Resolve"}],"sub_title":"2000s","text":"VFA-81 F/A-18CIn 2000, 2001 and 2002 VFA-81 made three deployments aboard USS George Washington to the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf. In 2004 VFA-81 made a single deployment aboard USS John F. Kennedy.In 2007 VFA-81 was reassigned to CVW-11 in the Pacific Fleet and deployed aboard USS Nimitz to the Western Pacific and the Persian Gulf. Its last deployment ended on 3 June 2008, and the squadron began transition training from the F/A-18C Hornet to the F/A-18E Super Hornet.In 2011, the squadron was embarked with CVW-17 for a Western Pacific and Persian Gulf deployment aboard USS Carl Vinson.In 2012, the squadron completed a surge deployment with Carrier Air Wing 17 aboard USS Carl Vinson.In 2014, the squadron was embarked with CVW-17 aboard USS Carl Vinson in support of Operation Inherent Resolve and returned to NAS Oceana in 2015.In spring 2018, the squadron was embarked with CVW-1 aboard USS Harry S. Truman in support of Operation Inherent Resolve and returned to NAS Oceana in late summer 2018.","title":"History"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Squadron's second insignia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Attack_Squadron_81_%28US_Navy%29_patch_1982.png/170px-Attack_Squadron_81_%28US_Navy%29_patch_1982.png"},{"image_text":"VF-81 F9F-8Bs from USS Intrepid in 1958.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Grumman_F9F-8B_Cougars_VF-81_Aug1958.jpg/220px-Grumman_F9F-8B_Cougars_VF-81_Aug1958.jpg"},{"image_text":"VA-81 A4D-2s from USS Forrestal in 1961","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/A4D-2_VA-81_CVA-59_NAN3-61.jpg/220px-A4D-2_VA-81_CVA-59_NAN3-61.jpg"},{"image_text":"VA-81 A-4Cs on USS John F. Kennedy in 1969","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/A-4C_VA-81_CVA-67_NAN7-79.jpg/220px-A-4C_VA-81_CVA-67_NAN7-79.jpg"},{"image_text":"Crewmen service a VA-81 A-7E aboard USS Saratoga in 1986","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/A-7E_VA-81_hangar_CV-60_1986.jpeg/220px-A-7E_VA-81_hangar_CV-60_1986.jpeg"},{"image_text":"VFA-81 F/A-18C","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vfa-81_hornet.jpg/220px-Vfa-81_hornet.jpg"}]
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Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy"},{"title":"Under Secretary of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Under_Secretary_of_the_Navy"},{"title":"Chief of Naval Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations"},{"title":"Vice Chief of Naval Operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_Naval_Operations"},{"title":"Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Chief_Petty_Officer_of_the_Navy"},{"title":"4-star admirals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_four-star_admirals"},{"title":"1864–1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_vice_admirals_on_active_duty_before_1960"},{"title":"2000–2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_vice_admirals_from_2000_to_2009"},{"title":"2010–2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_vice_admirals_from_2010_to_2019"},{"title":"2020–present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_vice_admirals_since_2020"},{"title":"2-star admirals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_active_duty_United_States_rear_admirals#Department_of_the_Navy"},{"title":"House Armed Services Subcommittee on Seapower and Projection Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_Armed_Services_Subcommittee_on_Seapower_and_Projection_Forces"},{"title":"Senate Subcommittee on Seapower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_Armed_Services_Subcommittee_on_Seapower"},{"title":"Structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"title":"Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"title":"Navy Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve"},{"title":"Fleet Marine Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Marine_Force"},{"title":"Expeditionary Combat Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Expeditionary_Combat_Command"},{"title":"Merchant Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine"},{"title":"Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_units_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"title":"Active ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_ships_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"title":"Future ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"title":"Aircraft wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_aircraft_wings"},{"title":"Aircraft squadrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_aircraft_squadrons"},{"title":"Carrier strike group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_strike_group"},{"title":"Installations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_installations"},{"title":"Naval Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory"},{"title":"Master jet base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_jet_base"},{"title":"Fleet Forces Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fleet_Forces_Command"},{"title":"Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander,_U.S._Fleet_Forces_Command"},{"title":"Pacific Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet"},{"title":"Commander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander,_U.S._Pacific_Fleet"},{"title":"Naval Forces Europe – Naval Forces Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Forces_Europe-Africa"},{"title":"Naval Forces Central Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Forces_Central_Command"},{"title":"Naval Forces Southern Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Forces_Southern_Command"},{"title":"Naval Special Warfare Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Special_Warfare_Command"},{"title":"Naval Reserve Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve"},{"title":"Operational Test and Evaluation Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_Test_and_Evaluation_Force"},{"title":"Naval Network Warfare Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Network_Warfare_Command"},{"title":"Military Sealift Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Sealift_Command"},{"title":"Naval Sea Systems Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Sea_Systems_Command"},{"title":"Naval Air Systems Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Systems_Command"},{"title":"Naval Facilities Engineering Systems Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Facilities_Engineering_Systems_Command"},{"title":"Naval Supply Systems Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Supply_Systems_Command"},{"title":"Naval Information Warfare Systems Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Information_Warfare_Systems_Command"},{"title":"Fleet Cyber Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Fleet_Cyber_Command"},{"title":"Naval Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy"},{"title":"Naval Education and Training Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Education_and_Training_Command"},{"title":"Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Meteorology_and_Oceanography_Command"},{"title":"Office of Naval Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence"},{"title":"Naval Aviation Warfighting Development Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Aviation_Warfighting_Development_Center"},{"title":"Naval Legal Service Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Legal_Service_Command"},{"title":"Naval Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Observatory"},{"title":"Naval Safety Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Safety_Center"},{"title":"Bureau of Naval Personnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Naval_Personnel"},{"title":"Chief of Naval Personnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Personnel"},{"title":"Bureau of Medicine and Surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bureau_of_Medicine_and_Surgery"},{"title":"Navy Installations Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander,_Navy_Installations_Command"},{"title":"Navy Working Capital Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Working_Capital_Fund"},{"title":"Second Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Second_Fleet"},{"title":"Third Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Third_Fleet"},{"title":"Fourth Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fourth_Fleet"},{"title":"Fifth Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fifth_Fleet"},{"title":"Sixth Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Sixth_Fleet"},{"title":"Seventh Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Seventh_Fleet"},{"title":"Tenth Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Tenth_Fleet"},{"title":"Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships"},{"title":"A–B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_A%E2%80%93B"},{"title":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_C"},{"title":"D–F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_D%E2%80%93F"},{"title":"G–H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_G%E2%80%93H"},{"title":"I–K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_I%E2%80%93K"},{"title":"L","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_L"},{"title":"M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_M"},{"title":"N–O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_N%E2%80%93O"},{"title":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_P"},{"title":"Q–R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_Q%E2%80%93R"},{"title":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_S"},{"title":"T–V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_T%E2%80%93V"},{"title":"W–Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ships:_W%E2%80%93Z"},{"title":"Aircraft carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_carriers_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"title":"Airships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_airships_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"title":"Amphibious warfare ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_amphibious_warfare_ships"},{"title":"Auxiliaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_auxiliaries_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"title":"Battleships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battleships_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"title":"Cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cruisers_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"title":"Destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_destroyers_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"title":"Destroyer escorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_destroyer_escorts_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"title":"Escort carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_escort_carriers_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"title":"Frigates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_frigates_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"title":"Mine warfare vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mine_warfare_vessels_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"title":"Monitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_monitors_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"title":"Patrol vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_patrol_vessels_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"title":"Registered civilian vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_patrol_craft"},{"title":"Sailing frigates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sailing_frigates_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"title":"Steam frigates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_steam_frigates_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"title":"Steam gunboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_steam_gunboats_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"title":"Ships of the line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"title":"Sloops of war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sloops_of_war_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"title":"Submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_submarines_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"title":"Torpedo boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_torpedo_boats_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"title":"Torpedo retrievers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_torpedo_retrievers"},{"title":"Unclassified miscellaneous vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unclassified_miscellaneous_vessels_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"title":"Yard and district craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_yard_and_district_craft_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"title":"People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_people"},{"title":"Insignia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_officer_rank_insignia"},{"title":"Designators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Naval_officer_designators"},{"title":"Rates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_enlisted_rates"},{"title":"Ratings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_ratings"},{"title":"Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Enlisted_Classification"},{"title":"Chaplain Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Chaplain_Corps"},{"title":"Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_Chaplains_of_the_United_States_Navy"},{"title":"Deputy Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps"},{"title":"Explosive ordnance disposal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_ordnance_disposal_(United_States_Navy)"},{"title":"Medical Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_Corps_(United_States_Navy)"},{"title":"Dental Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Dental_Corps"},{"title":"Nurse Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_Nurse_Corps"},{"title":"Medical Service Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Medical_Service_Corps"},{"title":"Supply Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Supply_Corps"},{"title":"Civil Engineer Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Engineer_Corps"},{"title":"JAG 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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.airlant.usff.navy.mil/vfa81/","external_links_name":"VFA-81's Official Webpage"},{"Link":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/navy/vfa-81.htm","external_links_name":"[1]"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9popmusik
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Télépopmusik
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["1 History","1.1 1997: Sonic 75","1.2 2001-2004: Genetic World","1.3 2005: Angel Milk","1.4 2013: Try Me Anyway / Fever","1.5 2020: Everybody Breaks The Line","2 Discography","2.1 Albums","2.2 Extended plays","2.3 Remix compilation","2.4 As producer","2.5 Sampled","2.6 Other","3 In popular culture","3.1 Breathe","4 References","5 External links"]
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French electronic music duo
TélépopmusikBackground informationOriginFranceGenresHouseDowntempoElectronicYears active1996–presentLabelsEMI/Capitol RecordsMembersFabrice Dumont;Stephan Haeri,2square;Christophe Hetier,Antipop;Websitetelepopmusik.com
Télépopmusik is a French electronic music trio, composed of Fabrice Dumont (bassist of the pop band Autour de Lucie), Stephan Haeri (also known as "2 square" for his solo projects), and Christophe Hetier (also known as "DJ Antipop").
History
Télépopmusik was formed by Fabrice Dumont (of Autour de Lucie), Stephan Haeri (2Square, of Planet Zen), and Christophe Hetier (Antipop, of Bel Air) in 1997.
1997: Sonic 75
Télépopmusik, contributed "Sonic 75" to the compilation Source Lab 3 X (1997).
2001-2004: Genetic World
The group's first album was Genetic World, released in 2001, with several singles from the album released subsequently.
Rapper Mau, from Earthling, appeared as a guest vocalist on Genetic World as Soda-Pop (tracks "Genetic World", "Da Hoola" and "Trishika").
"Breathe" from the album Genetic World was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category Best Dance Recording at the ceremony held in February 2004. The track peaked at #42 in the UK Singles Chart in March 2002. Angela McCluskey, the co-writer and guest vocalist on "Breathe," is from the American band Wild Colonials.
The track "Love Can Damage Your Health" gained popularity in the house music genre as a result of a remix by DJ/Producer Dennis Ferrer and Abicah Soul.
2005: Angel Milk
In 2005, the group released their second studio album, Angel Milk. The album received positive reviews from critics, and spawned the single "Into Everything", whose accompanying music video featured stop-motion animation and footage of a house full of leaves.
Rapper Mau, from Earthling, appeared as a guest vocalist as Mau ("Anyway", "Last Train To Wherever", "Hollywood On My Toothpaste", "Tuesday" and "15 Minutes").
2013: Try Me Anyway / Fever
On 24 June 2013 Télépopmusik released Try Me Anyway / Fever EP, which featured New York based vocalist Betty Black (Sylvia Gordon) and remixes from Dirty Channels, Zombie Disco Squad, Populette, Pit Spector and Pino Rastovitch.
2020: Everybody Breaks The Line
In September 2020, they released Everybody Breaks The Line, fifteen years after the release of their sophomore album. Featured artists include Young & Sick, Jo Wedin, Sylvia Black, and frequent collaborator Angela McCluskey.
Discography
Breathe
Breathe by Télépopmusik from Genetic World Album.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Sonic 75 (1997)
Albums
Genetic World (2001)
Angel Milk (2005)
Everybody Breaks The Line (2020)
Extended plays
Ghost Girl (2009)
Try Me Anyway / Fever (2013)
Sound (2014)
Remix compilation
Catalogue Of Telepopmusik (2003)
As producer
Damita Jo by Janet Jackson (2004)
Sampled
Breathe on My Contacts by Jennifer Lee AKA TOKiMONSTA (2011)
5am Ant Hat by Krayze Music (2012)
Other
The Things We Do by Angela McCluskey (2005)
In popular culture
The track "The World Can Be Yours" was used as a background track for the Air France ad campaign in 2009.
The track "Last Train to Wherever" from Angel Milk was featured in the final scene of the 3rd Season première of Nip Tuck.
The track "Don't Look Back" from the album Angel Milk was used in a love scene between characters Helena Peabody & Dylan Moreland in the American series The L Word.
A jazz/torch version of "Yesterday Was a Lie" from Genetic World, covered by Chase Masterson, plays a role in the film of the same name.
In November 2008, IBM used the track "L'Incertitude D'Heisenberg" in a video about the company's history.
In 2009, Peugeot started advertising of its 308 CC model with the track "Ghost girl".
Breathe
"Breathe" was used in the 2005 French movie "The Beat That My Heart Skipped" ("De battre mon cœur s'est arrêté"), directed by Jacques Audiard.
"Breathe" from the album Genetic World was also used by Mitsubishi Motors in America as a background track for promoting their new SUV, the Mitsubishi Outlander, in 2003.
"Breathe" was also used by BMW as a background track in their commercial for their SUV, the BMW X6, in 2009.
"Breathe" was also used in Season 2 Episode 12 of the television series Six Feet Under.
The 2008 album Lost by Cool Calm Pete sampled "Breathe".
In 2011, Breathe was the featured background track used for the promo video of the Hermitage Plaza skyscraper project in Paris.
"Breathe" was also used by Carte Noire, a French coffee brand, and Atesh Salih as the male model.
"Breathe" was used in the 2014 Spanish animation movie "Mortadelo y Filemón contra Jimmy el Cachondo"
'Breathe' was used in 2015 by Montreal pro snowboarder Sébastien Toutant while riding/shredding down Montréal's 'Mount Royal', continuing through the downtown streets of the city.
References
^
"Song Premiere: "Chained" by 2Square / Mark Gardener". The Big Takeover. Retrieved 20 August 2021. Following up a wildly popular tour, completed just in time before the whole coronavirus crisis, Mark Gardener is now back with a new single called 'Chained," written and performed together with French electronic producer 2Square, a.k.a. Stephan Haeri, of France's infamous Telepopmusik.
^ a b c Wilson, MacKenzie. "Artist Biography". Télépopmusik. AllMusic. Retrieved 20 August 2021. The core trio of Fabrice Dumont, Stephan Haeri, and Christophe Hetier formed in 1997 after burning out from playing with other bands. Dumont founded the dream pop group Autour de Lucie, whereas Hetier used to be the popular DJ Anti-Pop and Haeri played with Planet Zen.
^ Stein, Maggie (4 May 2002). "Catalog debut lets Télépopmusik 'Breathe'". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
^ Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 551. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.
^ "Reviews for Angel Milk". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
^ "Télépopmusik – Into Everything / Breathe (2 Square Remix)". Discogs. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
^ "Telepopmusik - "Into Everything"". YouTube. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
^ "Telepopmusik / Try Me Anyway - Fever" - Official Website. Retrieved in 2013-26-06
^ "A History of Progress" - IBMSocialMedia. Retrieved on 2008-11-08.
^ "Peugeot 308 CC / Telepopmusik" - Vimeo. Retrieved in 2009-07-01
External links
Official site
TELEPOPMUSIKTM Official YouTube
telepopmusiktm Official SoundCloud
telepopmusiktm Official Myspace
Angela McCluskey
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
United States
Czech Republic
Artists
Grammy Awards
MusicBrainz
Other
IdRef
|
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The track peaked at #42 in the UK Singles Chart in March 2002.[4] Angela McCluskey, the co-writer and guest vocalist on \"Breathe,\" is from the American band Wild Colonials.The track \"Love Can Damage Your Health\" gained popularity in the house music genre as a result of a remix by DJ/Producer Dennis Ferrer and Abicah Soul.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metacritic-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Discogsreleasedate-6"},{"link_name":"stop-motion animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop-motion_animation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-video-7"},{"link_name":"Earthling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthling_(band)"}],"sub_title":"2005: Angel Milk","text":"In 2005, the group released their second studio album, Angel Milk. The album received positive reviews from critics,[5] and spawned the single \"Into Everything\",[6] whose accompanying music video featured stop-motion animation and footage of a house full of leaves.[7]Rapper Mau, from Earthling, appeared as a guest vocalist as Mau (\"Anyway\", \"Last Train To Wherever\", \"Hollywood On My Toothpaste\", \"Tuesday\" and \"15 Minutes\").","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2013: Try Me Anyway / Fever","text":"On 24 June 2013 Télépopmusik released Try Me Anyway / Fever EP, which featured New York based vocalist Betty Black (Sylvia Gordon) and remixes from Dirty Channels, Zombie Disco Squad, Populette, Pit Spector and Pino Rastovitch.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Young & Sick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_%26_Sick"},{"link_name":"Angela McCluskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_McCluskey"}],"sub_title":"2020: Everybody Breaks The Line","text":"In September 2020, they released Everybody Breaks The Line, fifteen years after the release of their sophomore album. Featured artists include Young & Sick, Jo Wedin, Sylvia Black, and frequent collaborator Angela McCluskey.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Breathe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T%C3%A9l%C3%A9popmusik_-_Breathe_-_Album_Genetic_World.ogg"},{"link_name":"Breathe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathe_(T%C3%A9l%C3%A9popmusik_song)"},{"link_name":"Genetic World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_World"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"}],"text":"Breathe\n\nBreathe by Télépopmusik from Genetic World Album.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.Sonic 75 (1997)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Genetic World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_World"},{"link_name":"Angel Milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Milk"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"Genetic World (2001)\nAngel Milk (2005)\nEverybody Breaks The Line (2020)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Extended plays","text":"Ghost Girl (2009)\nTry Me Anyway / Fever (2013)[8]\nSound (2014)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Remix compilation","text":"Catalogue Of Telepopmusik (2003)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Damita Jo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damita_Jo_(album)"},{"link_name":"Janet Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Jackson"},{"link_name":"introduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_(music)"},{"link_name":"album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Album"}],"sub_title":"As producer","text":"Damita Jo by Janet Jackson (2004) [Télépopmusik produced \"Looking for Love,\" the introduction to this album]","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Breathe on My Contacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Breathe_on_My_Contacts&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"TOKiMONSTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOKiMONSTA"},{"link_name":"5am Ant Hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=5am_Ant_Hat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Krayze Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krayze_Music&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Sampled","text":"Breathe on My Contacts by Jennifer Lee AKA TOKiMONSTA (2011) [Sampled \"Breathe\"]\n5am Ant Hat by Krayze Music (2012) [Sampled \"Love Can Damage Your Health\"]","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angela McCluskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_McCluskey"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"The Things We Do by Angela McCluskey (2005) [a regular vocalist for Télépopmusik]","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_France"},{"link_name":"Angel Milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Milk"},{"link_name":"Nip Tuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nip_Tuck"},{"link_name":"Angel Milk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel_Milk"},{"link_name":"Helena Peabody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Peabody"},{"link_name":"Dylan Moreland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Moreland"},{"link_name":"The L Word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_L_Word"},{"link_name":"Genetic World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_World"},{"link_name":"Chase Masterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Masterson"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesterday_Was_a_Lie"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Peugeot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot"},{"link_name":"308 CC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot_308_CC"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The track \"The World Can Be Yours\" was used as a background track for the Air France ad campaign in 2009.The track \"Last Train to Wherever\" from Angel Milk was featured in the final scene of the 3rd Season première of Nip Tuck.The track \"Don't Look Back\" from the album Angel Milk was used in a love scene between characters Helena Peabody & Dylan Moreland in the American series The L Word.A jazz/torch version of \"Yesterday Was a Lie\" from Genetic World, covered by Chase Masterson, plays a role in the film of the same name.In November 2008, IBM used the track \"L'Incertitude D'Heisenberg\" in a video about the company's history.[9]In 2009, Peugeot started advertising of its 308 CC model with the track \"Ghost girl\".[10]","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Breathe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathe_(T%C3%A9l%C3%A9popmusik_song)"},{"link_name":"Genetic World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_World"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Outlander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Outlander"},{"link_name":"BMW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW"},{"link_name":"BMW X6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_X6"},{"link_name":"Six Feet Under","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Feet_Under_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_(Cool_Calm_Pete_Album)"},{"link_name":"Cool Calm Pete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_Calm_Pete"},{"link_name":"Hermitage Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitage_Plaza"}],"sub_title":"Breathe","text":"\"Breathe\" was used in the 2005 French movie \"The Beat That My Heart Skipped\" (\"De battre mon cœur s'est arrêté\"), directed by Jacques Audiard.\"Breathe\" from the album Genetic World was also used by Mitsubishi Motors in America as a background track for promoting their new SUV, the Mitsubishi Outlander, in 2003.\"Breathe\" was also used by BMW as a background track in their commercial for their SUV, the BMW X6, in 2009.\"Breathe\" was also used in Season 2 Episode 12 of the television series Six Feet Under.The 2008 album Lost by Cool Calm Pete sampled \"Breathe\".In 2011, Breathe was the featured background track used for the promo video of the Hermitage Plaza skyscraper project in Paris.\"Breathe\" was also used by Carte Noire, a French coffee brand, and Atesh Salih as the male model.\"Breathe\" was used in the 2014 Spanish animation movie \"Mortadelo y Filemón contra Jimmy el Cachondo\"'Breathe' was used in 2015 by Montreal pro snowboarder Sébastien Toutant while riding/shredding down Montréal's 'Mount Royal', continuing through the downtown streets of the city.","title":"In popular culture"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-audio-openclipart.svg.png"}]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Song Premiere: \"Chained\" by 2Square / Mark Gardener\". The Big Takeover. Retrieved 20 August 2021. Following up a wildly popular tour, completed just in time before the whole coronavirus crisis, Mark Gardener is now back with a new single called 'Chained,\" written and performed together with French electronic producer 2Square, a.k.a. Stephan Haeri, of France's infamous Telepopmusik.","urls":[{"url":"https://bigtakeover.com/news/SongPremiereChainedby2SquareMarkGardener","url_text":"\"Song Premiere: \"Chained\" by 2Square / Mark Gardener\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Takeover","url_text":"The Big Takeover"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, MacKenzie. \"Artist Biography\". Télépopmusik. AllMusic. Retrieved 20 August 2021. The core trio of Fabrice Dumont, Stephan Haeri, and Christophe Hetier formed in 1997 after burning out from playing with other bands. Dumont founded the dream pop group Autour de Lucie, whereas Hetier used to be the popular DJ Anti-Pop and Haeri played with Planet Zen.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/t%C3%A9l%C3%A9popmusik-mn0000747561/biography","url_text":"\"Artist Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Stein, Maggie (4 May 2002). \"Catalog debut lets Télépopmusik 'Breathe'\". Billboard. Nielsen Business Media, Inc. Retrieved 20 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5xAEAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22Autour+de+Lucie%22+%22Bel+Air%22+%22Planet+Zen%22&pg=PA28","url_text":"\"Catalog debut lets Télépopmusik 'Breathe'\""}]},{"reference":"Roberts, David (2006). British Hit Singles & Albums (19th ed.). London: Guinness World Records Limited. p. 551. ISBN 1-904994-10-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904994-10-5","url_text":"1-904994-10-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Reviews for Angel Milk\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 21 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/music/angel-milk/telepopmusik","url_text":"\"Reviews for Angel Milk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Télépopmusik – Into Everything / Breathe (2 Square Remix)\". Discogs. Retrieved 28 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9popmusik-Into-Everything-Breathe-2-Square-Remix/release/485433","url_text":"\"Télépopmusik – Into Everything / Breathe (2 Square Remix)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Telepopmusik - \"Into Everything\"\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 28 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EhFUDFVvs_4","url_text":"\"Telepopmusik - \"Into Everything\"\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/EhFUDFVvs_4","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_middle_housing
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Missing middle housing
|
["1 History","2 Impacts","2.1 Longer commuting patterns","2.2 Negative environmental impacts","2.3 Loss of small retail","2.4 Loss of third spaces","2.5 Environmental racism","3 Causes","4 Possible Solutions","4.1 Transit-oriented development (TOD)","4.2 Nested Intensity Zoning","4.3 Form-based code (FBC)","5 Barriers","6 Recent Developments","6.1 State-level examples","6.2 Municipal examples","7 See also","8 References"]
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Lack of medium density housing in North America
Housing starts in the United States, 1959–2021 Single family home Multifamily residential 2-4 unit residential
Missing middle housing refers to a lack of medium-density housing in the North American context.
The term describes an urban planning phenomenon in Canada, the United States, Australia and more recent developments in industrialized and newly industrializing countries due to zoning regulations favoring social and racial separation and car-dependent suburban sprawl.
Medium-density housing is characterized by a range of multi-family or clustered housing types that are still compatible in scale and heights with single-family or transitional neighborhoods.
Multi-family housing facilitates walkable neighborhoods possible, affordable housing and provides a response to changing demographics.
Instead of focusing on the number of units in a structure, density can also be increased by building types such as duplexes, rowhouses, and courtyard apartments.
The term "missing middle housing" was introduced by architect Daniel Parolek in 2010.
Missing Middle Housing Diagram by Dan Parolek of Opticos Design
Many forms of what is now described as "missing middle" housing were built before the 1940s including two-flats in Chicago, rowhouses in Brooklyn, Baltimore, Washington, D.C., and Philadelphia, two-family homes or "triple-decker" homes in Boston, Worcester, and bungalow courts in California. Post-WWII, housing in the United States trended significantly toward single-family with zoning making it difficult to build walkable medium density housing in many areas and, therefore, reducing the supply of the now "missing" middle.
Historic four-plex in Portland, Oregon
History
Police escorting a scab-driven streetcar during the San Francisco Streetcar Strike of 1907. A number of streetcar strikes broke out in the United States during the early 20th century.
Looking up 1st Ave in Seattle from Pioneer Square, 1900
A busy Los Angeles street in the 1890s showing the roads as public space not dominated by one mode of transport.
At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, Canadian and American cities with few exceptions, most notably New York and Chicago which already had many tall buildings, were not dramatically different in form from their European counterparts. They had a relatively small physical footprint compared to their population size, and buildings were largely 3-7 stories tall surrounded by a relatively modest ring of streetcar suburbs.
Most city dwellers who were in the lower to middle-income brackets lived in dense urban environments within a practical distance of their workplace.
The less well-off typically lived on either the upper floors of multi-unit residential buildings, as most did not have elevators, or in tenements. Merchants frequently lived in a residential unit above their store. Those who were better-off may have lived in a rowhouse or terrace, and starting toward the end of the 19th century, perhaps in a streetcar suburb still relatively close to the city centre. Overall, the typical arrangement of urban spaces was one where communities were serviced by small scale owner-operated shops and transport to non-walkable destinations was done by bicycle, bus, streetcar, or train. Traditionally those in the highest income brackets had typically lived in large houses outside of, but often near to, the city. They travelled to the city originally by horse carriage and later by automobile. For most people, the need to live close to their job significantly limited spatial social stratification beyond economic class, however, this situation collapsed in the wake of explosive expansion of post-war suburban sprawl which enabled white flight.
Aerial view of Levittown, Pennsylvania c. 1959
The early to mid-twentieth century implementation of the suburb was thoroughly informed by this social context, and it was not uncommon for policymakers to inappropriately conflate small residential unit size, insanity, and crime with the traditional urban form; while simultaneously idealizing “rural” and upper class style estate living as its cure-all. The new car suburb was an affordable imitation of upper-class housing which became possible at such a vast scale when, after the war, factories could be turned over from producing military vehicles to consumer cars, helping to reduce the nominal price of a private automobile.
Originally in the US, the legal rule was that "all persons have an equal right in the highway, and that in exercising the right each shall take due care not to injure other users of the way". Pro-automobile interests advocated for the removal of non-drivers from the road, and particularly targeted pedestrians with the invention and criminalization of “jaywalking.” Importantly Federal, State, and Provincial governments undertook massive highway building programmes and also directly subsidized the purchasing of new suburban homes (Levittown being the prototype). These government policies helped to make cars a practical choice and fostered the wholesale adoption of the car by the middle classes by the 1960s and helped to create the conditions for a decline in the quality, availability, and financial viability of public transportation. Increasingly the prestige and influence of New York and Chicago, with their high-land prices and abundant skyscrapers, fostered a sense among many Canadian and Americans that “real cities” have tall buildings, and a "downtown" dominated by them, meanwhile European cities remained relatively medium-rise, dense, and pluricentric.
With this in mind, it is possible to understand the factors considered most important by policy makers in the mid-twentieth century context and how they pursued policies which would no longer allow for the previously dominant medium-density building types. The resulting policies radically reformed cities into ones that typically have a unicentric urban core which is dominated by tall buildings built to be reliant on office uses with the area often referred to as the Central business district (CBD). This new "urban core" of stacked office uses is typically surrounded by swathes of sub-urban and peri-urban landscapes dominated by single-family homes with gardens serviced by the private automobile, car-centric retail destinations, and vast highway networks.
Impacts
An example of historic row houses in Baltimore with Characteristics of Medium-Density Housing
Longer commuting patterns
The loss of flexible middle-density development serviced by affordable and widely used public transportation has resulted in high commute times for commuters, which have remained stubbornly unaffected by further investment in new road capacity due to the nature of induced demand, a practical limit on the space required to move large volumes of people in relatively large vehicles, and greatly increased costs for both the vehicle owner and government due to the inherent inefficiency compared to previous modes of transport. Other problems include difficulty for low-income residents to find affordable accommodation within a reasonably affordable and practical commute of their place of employment.
Negative environmental impacts
Car-centric cities are less climate-friendly due to impacts relating to inefficient use of resources, volume of paved area contributing to flood risk, and potential loss of natural habitats to human development.
Loss of small retail
Without middle-density development to support them, cities have lost retailers not operating with substantial economies of scale. “Mom and pop shops” are replaced by big-box stores.
Loss of third spaces
Cities without middle density have also seen the loss of third places, places where people spend time which is neither their private residence nor their place of work. These places are important for recreation, meeting neighbours, for adults to make friends, and for community organization. The loss of these third places and small businesses is due to the need of both to rely on proximity to a large number of people for whom visiting them is easy, can be spontaneous, and would not require a special trip. Some have characterized the replacement of these “third places,” where historically people of all backgrounds in the neighbourhood gathered organically, by relatively fewer spaces where people must choose to drive, as a source of social filtering and potential source of social alienation. Some have suggested the loss of genuine “third spaces” as a contributing factor to a perceived reduction in a sense of belonging, inter-group social cohesion, and a rise in generalized loneliness.
Environmental racism
According to the environmental geographer Laura Pulido, the historical processes of suburbanization and urban decentralization has contributed to contemporary environmental racism.
Causes
The polarization of Canadian and American cities into ones dominated by low and high density development with little in-between, has been due to implementing strict single-use land-use zoning laws at a municipal level which prioritizes these use types while making new medium-density illegal. This, combined with shifts in transportation planning at all levels, had helped to create a development paradigm which takes the private motor vehicle as its default mode of transportation, and only after that, considering other modes like walking, cycling, buses, streetcars, and subways. Public transport, where it still exists, has typically also built within this paradigm of car dependency. For example, GO Transit rail services in the Greater Toronto Area is one of the few commuter-rail services in either Canada or the United States, but is designed for commuters to drive to parking lots with a train platform where the rail service will take passengers to the CBD in the morning and return them to the parking lot in the afternoon, service has been unidirectional and only operated during rush hour.
Possible Solutions
Bungalow Court development where several small homes surround a central gardenMissing middle housing offers a greater choice in housing types that still blend into existing single-family neighborhoods, create more affordable housing options, and help reach sustainability goals. Missing middle housing units are usually smaller units than single-family homes because they share a lot with other homes, which results in lower per-unit land costs and, therefore, lower housing costs. Missing middle housing types are also one of the cheapest forms of housing to produce because they are typically low-rise, low parking and wood-frame construction, which avoids expensive concrete podiums. Because the construction and building materials are comparatively less complicated than larger mid-and high-rise structures, a larger pool of small-scale and local home builders can participate in the creation of this form of housing. To support municipal budgets, the denser and more efficient use of land and infrastructure may be financially productive for municipalities with more people paying taxes per acre for less infrastructure than large lot single-family homes.
Increasing missing middle housing options may allow families of different sizes, types, and incomes to access quality housing. Missing middle housing tends to become naturally affordable housing as it ages, and provides a level of density that supports the shops, restaurants, and transit that are associated with walkable neighborhoods. Walkable neighborhoods may then support sustainability, health, and affordability goals by reducing reliance on personal vehicles. This would promote active transportation, reduce sprawl, reduce pollution, and reduce transportation costs by lessening the need for personal vehicles. Missing middle housing options may allow seniors to downsize without leaving their neighborhood. For example, accessory dwelling units can enable multi-generation households to have privacy while all living on the same property. Missing middle housing may enable a wider range of families to achieve homeownership by offering a wider range of housing options and prices. Additionally, missing middle housing types such as accessory dwelling units can support mortgages through the rents of those secondary units. Overall, missing middle housing options can create housing at a wide range of prices for a range of family types.
Some property rights advocates believe that widely permitting missing middle housing expands property rights by allowing property owners more choice in how to use their property. Some equity advocates feel that permitting more diverse housing choices, such as missing middle housing, may reduce historic and modern inequities that keep less affluent people out of certain amenity-rich neighborhoods.
Transit-oriented development (TOD)
Aerial view of Rosslyn-Ballston corridor in Arlington, Virginia. High density, mixed use development is concentrated within ¼–½ mile from the Rosslyn, Court House and Clarendon Washington Metro stations (shown in red), with limited density outside that area.Increasingly from the 1990s onwards, transit-oriented development (TOD) has been put forward by many urban planners as a way to create more medium-density development. The idea is that creating communities of mixed-use development around public transport nodes will help to recreate demand for public transport and help to re-urbanize Canadian and American municipalities. TOD developments in Canada and the United States are typically near a public transport node, made of large plots with between one and a few buildings on them owned by one to a few owners and, typically, tall buildings and or buildings of intermediate size with a mixture of uses permitted within them predominating. Uses often include shops at the ground floor with residential and office uses interspersed throughout the upper floors.
Some critics of the way the TOD concept has been implemented in Canada and the United States point out that the large TODs fail to engage in placemaking and the result is relatively large highly controlled characterless places not unlike the suburbs and strip malls they are meant to replace. These critics say that the problem is with trying to zone for what planners think a city looks like; rather than creating the transport and legal conditions to allow it to take shape organically.
Nested Intensity Zoning
However, it is worth noting that urban planning in Japan uses a zoning system and has not lost middle density housing. Instead of single-use zoning, zones are defined by the "most intense" use permitted. Uses of lesser intensity are permitted in zones where higher intensity uses are permitted but higher intensity uses are not allowed in lower intensity zones. This results in nested zoning, where the higher intensity zones are inclusive of related lower intensity ones. Zoning districts in Japan are classified into twelve use zones. Each zone determines a building's shape and permitted uses. A building's shape is controlled by zonal restrictions on allowable building coverage ratios, floor area ratios, height (in absolute terms and in relation with adjacent buildings and roads), and minimum residential unit size. These controls are intended to allow adequate light and ventilation between buildings and on roads, and to ensure a decent quality of housing. In this system, rather than trying to plan for how and where to create dedicated districts of medium density housing, planners are left to focus on creating the conditions necessary to encourage land owners to intensify the use of their plots, and ensuring new areas of medium density that arise have the amenities they need to be successful.
Examples of medium density single detached houses in Japan. Note the absence of cars, car facilities, or private gardens and the use of substantial balconies, strategic window placement, and considerable house size.When discussing medium density housing, it is important to explore the differences between the approach this type of zoning uses with respect to single-detached housing compared to that traditionally used in the United States and Canada. In the United States and Canada single-detached homes typically require large setbacks for off-street car parking and yards/gardens; while single detached homes in Japan are in many cases similarly large single detached houses but on small plots taking-up virtually the entirety of the plot fronting directly on to the street with no requirement for off street car parking; instead assuming a reliance on public transport rather than cars to meet daily needs. Roads in these areas are slow and drivers are aware they must legally share responsibility for mutual safety with all the other types of road users equally. A girl running on a street in Osaka; it is common to see children walking and playing with their friends in the street or taking the metro by themselves unsupervised in Japan.This type of single detached house can achieve medium housing density while fostering a sense of community, municipal fiscal viability, and good residential amenity. This is achieved while maintaining privacy and access to sunlight by regulating the direction of windows, the use of very small setbacks, much higher maximum building coverage ratios, higher Floor area ratios, and other considerations discussed in the previous paragraph. It is also worth noting that Japanese houses offer, on average, larger living spaces than that of many wealthy European countries which have not lost their medium density housing. This approach to not require car parking provision or private yards/gardens in areas with high degrees of good connectivity is seen as desirable because; access to common outdoor green space is seen as sufficient for these needs or, at the very least, an acceptable tradeoff for the convenience of improved connectivity; the provision of sprawling lower value land-uses like private car parking and residential garden spaces in such locations are viewed as a poor return on investment by developers eager to maximize living space and plot utilization; urban planners who are eager to avoid the imprudent use of limited public funds with respect to the large nominal and operational costs of public transportation, water, power, roads, etc. which usually increase over distances, while access costs for users do not; and urban planners seeking to avoid wasteful and shortsighted opportunity costs.
This approach to zoning gives the landowner more flexibility in using the land while still precluding harmful or inappropriate development and maintaining the benefit of remaining predictable and easy to understand. The result is that when demand changes, like with new public transport investment, land-owners are able to, on an individual basis, redevelop their land to meet demand in a manner that can be reactive to local demand and distributes risk for the local community; for example the failure of a medium-sized building to find tenants may have a relatively small impact, whereas a large one failing to do so may hamper development of other types in the same community. This type of zoning may also help to foster a more organic and local character to communities, especially over time.
Form-based code (FBC)
Examples of missing middle housing types
A form-based code (FBC) is a means of regulating land development to achieve a specific urban form. Form-Based Codes foster predictable built results and a high-quality public realm by using physical form (rather than separation of uses) as the organizing principle, with less focus on land use, through municipal regulations. An FBC is a regulation, not a mere guideline, adopted into city, town, or county law and offers an alternative to conventional zoning regulation.
Missing-middle housing comes in a variety of building types and densities but may be characterized by location in a walkable context, lower perceived density, small building footprints, smaller homes, reasonably low amounts of parking, simple construction, and focus on community. Forms of missing middle housing may include side-by-side duplexes, stacked duplexes, bungalow courts, accessory dwelling units (carriage houses, basement apartments, etc.), fourplexes, multiplexes, townhomes, courtyard apartments, and live/work units. These building types typically have a residential unit density in the range of 16 to 30 units per acre but are often perceived as being less dense because they are smaller in scale. Because of its scale, missing middle housing may mix into single-family neighborhoods, act as an end-grain of a single-family housing block, act as a transition between higher density housing and single-family housing, or act as a transition from a mixed-use area to a single-family area. The resulting density may support broader community desires, including walkable retail, amenities, public transportation, and increased "feet on the street".
Barriers
New Multifamily Units Constructed For Rent Under 1,000 ft2 1,000 - 1,199 ft2 1,200 - 1,399 ft2 1,400 - 1,799 ft2 1,800+ ft2 For Sale Under 1,000 ft2 1,000 - 1,199 ft2 1,200 - 1,399 ft2 1,400 - 1,799 ft2 1,800+ ft2
See also: Zoning in the United States
Many local governments do not allow the zoning necessary to build MMH. Owning a studio, 1 bedroom, or 2 bedroom condominium that is 600–1,000 ft2 in a multi-unit complex with a reasonable HOA monthly fee and a 1.5 detached garage isn't allowed in many areas because of zoning ordinances. Many 5-over-1 complexes were built starting in the 2010s but primarily for leasing and not owning.
Recent Developments
The resurgence of missing middle housing is due to many factors including resurgent market demand for this type of housing, demand for housing in amenity-rich walkable neighborhoods, the necessity of housing affordability, environmental efforts to support walkability, transit-oriented developments, and changing demographic trends. The American Association for Retired Persons (AARP) released a report showing that more and more, Americans want to "age in place" and need easy access to services and amenities available in walkable, urban, transit-oriented communities. Millennials have been shown to drive less and seek housing choices in walkable neighborhoods close to transit. The number of automobile miles traveled increased each year between 1946 and 2004; today Americans drive less than 2004, and no more per person than in 1996. The decline in driving is most striking among young people aged 16 to 34, who drove 23% fewer miles on average in 2009 than their age group did in 2001. Furthermore, research suggests that millennials prefer amenity-rich, transit rich, and walkable neighborhoods. Small Housing B.C. has stated that "The structure of the traditional North American suburb has failed to live up to the expectations of many who settled in suburban neighborhoods, and new ways are being sought to re-engineer suburban living and re-build those settlement patterns."
State-level examples
Duplex like those permitted by state legislation in Oregon
Collage of duplexes
Several American states have adopted or proposed legislation aimed at increasing the stock of missing middle housing. Most notably, Oregon adopted House Bill 2001 in 2019. The bill requires Oregon's medium-sized cities to allow duplexes on each lot or parcel zoned for residential use that allows for the development of single-family homes. Additionally, Oregon's large cities (with a population over 25,000) and cities in the Portland Metro region, must allow duplexes, triplexes, quadplexes, cottage clusters, and townhouses in residential areas. The Bill set aside funds for planning assistance to local governments to help draft local codes and allows municipalities to set reasonable design and infrastructure standards. In Massachusetts, H.5250 was adopted to require municipalities near the MTBA to reasonably allow duplex or multi-family housing near transit stations. The Bill also created financial incentives for communities to zone for "smart growth" and made it easier for municipalities to adopt zoning ordinances or zoning amendments. In 2019, Washington State adopted E2SHB 1923 encouraging all cities under the Growth Management Act (GMA) to increase residential capacity by supporting many forms of missing middle housing. The State of Washington provided grant funds to help support code changes, housing action plans, and sub-area plans to support missing middle housing types. In 2022 Maine adopted bills LD2003 and LD201 that implement several affordable housing strategies including allowing accessory dwelling units and duplexes on residential lots statewide and permitting fourplexes in certain "growth areas".
The states of Vermont, New Hampshire, and California have adopted a number of bills that promote accessory dwelling units and reduce regulatory barriers to accessory dwelling unit construction. State-level action has also occurred in Australia where, citing an effort to promote more 'missing middle' development, New South Wales launched the Low Rise Housing Diversity Code and Design Guides for Low Rise Housing Diversity. The State of Connecticut House and Senate approved legislation to reduce some zoning restrictions on missing middle housing types such as accessory dwelling units.
Other states have considered but not adopted similar legislation to support missing middle housing types. The State of Illinois considered HB4869 which would have required municipalities to permit (and reasonably regulate) accessory dwelling units. Virginia considered HB 152 which would have required municipalities to allow (and reasonably regulate) missing middle housing types (duplexes, cottages, etc.) on all lots currently zoned for single-family housing. The State of Maryland considered HB1406 "Planning for Modest Homes Act of 2020" which would have required census tracts that are affluent, transit-adjacent, and/or near a large number of jobs, to allow missing middle housing types. Nebraska considered LB794 would mandate every city with more than 5,000 people to allow missing middle housing in areas previously zoned exclusively for single-family detached residential. Montana considered HB 134 which would have allowed duplex, triplex, and fourplex housing in certain municipalities. North Carolina considered House Bill 401 and Senate Bill 349, which would have allowed middle housing in any neighborhood zoned for detached, single-family homes.
Municipal examples
Modern four-plex contains four units
Many municipalities are updating their land-use and zoning regulations to better support missing middle housing. Changes to land use regulations to support missing middle housing may also include changes such as form-based-codes, transit-oriented development, and other updates.
In the United States, Portland, Oregon, has a number of historic missing middle housing types located throughout the city, most of which are duplexes, that were built before the 1920s before the city's first zoning plan was approved. Zoning for single-family homes was expanded in the 1950s and the building of duplexes or triplexes largely became illegal in Portland. In the 2010s Portland began updating its zoning regulations to permit Missing Middle Housing types. Missing Middle zoning updates have spread through the Pacific Northwest and now include Seattle, Walla Walla, Lake Stevens, Orting, Wenatchee, Eugene, Olympia, Spokane, and Bellingham, Tacoma, and Tigard among others.
Zoning updates to support missing middle housing are not just found in the Pacific Northwest. Notably, In Minnesota, the Minneapolis 2040 plan called for up-zoning the city to allow more missing middle housing types throughout the city. The new zoning in Minneapolis does not prohibit the construction of single-family homes, but no neighborhoods in the city are zoned exclusively for single-family zoning. The city also eliminated mandatory parking minimums from its zoning regulations allowing builders and business owners to choose the amount of parking they provide based on the market and their unique needs.
Oregon Fourplex
In California, Sacramento voted to permit up to four housing units on all residential lots and reduce parking requirements in order to help the city alleviate its housing crisis and to achieve equity goals. The City of Berkeley, California has voted unanimously to zone for several missing middle housing types city-wide by 2022 citing equity and housing affordability as goals.
Bryan, Texas implemented a pattern-zoning policy in which the City provides several pre-designed and pre-approved plans for missing middle housing types (with significantly reduced permitting procedures) in the "midtown" portion of the city. The goal of the program is to reduce housing costs caused by design fees and lengthy permitting procedures, reduce burdens on city staff, achieve public input and support for housing designs in advance, and ensure quality housing designs. Norfolk, VA also has a missing middle pattern book with free designs for missing middle housing types including duplexes and quadplexes.
Many local governments across the United States have chosen to zone for missing middle housing types in significant portions of their zoning districts including Grand Rapids Michigan, Durham, North Carolina, Kirkland Washington's cottage housing zoning, Montgomery County, Maryland's numerous housing studies, Bloomington, Indiana, and Dekalb County, Georgia. Indianapolis, Indiana chose to permit missing middle housing types (in addition to higher density housing types) along bus rapid transit corridors. Indianapolis also included missing middle housing types in its residential infill guidelines. Other cities are making long-term plans to increase the supply of missing middle housing. Charlotte, NC added language in their comprehensive plan to allow duplexes and triplexes across the city. Citing missing middle housing as a component of a larger affordable housing strategy, Raleigh, NC voted to permit several missing middle housing types in most residential zones.
Montréal, Québec's unique missing middle housing
While some communities have not adopted regulations to widely permit the full range of missing middle housing types, they have made changes to permit accessory dwelling units. Diverse examples include large cities such as Los Angeles, CA, the City of Chicago, IL, and smaller cities such as Lexington, KY, and Santa Cruz, CA.
Outside of the United States, cities in both Australia and Canada have adopted missing middle housing reforms. Notable examples in Canada include Edmonton, Alberta's missing middle zoning reforms, and Vancouver British Columbia's secondary unit zoning. Montréal, Québec is notable for its distinct architecture and urban planning that has historically included significant amounts of missing middle housing. Due to its unique history, many neighborhoods in Montreal include low-rise attached duplexes, triplexes, and apartments often with exterior stair-entry, minimal front setbacks, and with small backyards. This creates a significant level of density without high-rises. In Australia, The 30-Year Plan for Greater Adelaide includes a focus on missing middle housing as does Moreland's Medium Density Housing Review.
See also
Affordable housing
Bicycle-friendly
Duplex
Form-based code
Green building
New Urbanism
Stacked triplex
Starter home
Streetcar suburb
Sustainable city
Traditional neighborhood development
Urban sprawl
Zoning codes
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vteHousing in the United States by state or territoryStates
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
Non-states
American Samoa
Guam
Northern Mariana Islands
Puerto Rico
U.S. Virgin Islands
Washington, D.C.
Related topics
Architecture
Economy
Eviction
Home ownership
Homelessness
California
San Francisco Bay Area
Colorado
Florida
Housing discrimination
Housing insecurity
California
San Francisco
Silicon Valley
Mortgage industry
Organizations
Policy
Homestead Acts
Right to housing
Slum clearance
Subsidized housing
Racism
Segregation
Squatting
Zoning
Missing middle housing
NIMBY
Parking mandates
Single-family zoning
YIMBY movement
|
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single-family or transitional neighborhoods.[2]\nMulti-family housing facilitates walkable neighborhoods possible, affordable housing and provides a response to changing demographics.[3]Instead of focusing on the number of units in a structure, density can also be increased by building types such as duplexes, rowhouses, and courtyard apartments.The term \"missing middle housing\" was introduced by architect Daniel Parolek in 2010.[4][3][5][6]Missing Middle Housing Diagram by Dan Parolek of Opticos DesignMany forms of what is now described as \"missing middle\" housing were built before the 1940s including two-flats in Chicago, rowhouses in Brooklyn, Baltimore, Washington, D.C., and Philadelphia, two-family homes or \"triple-decker\" homes in Boston, Worcester, and bungalow courts in California.[7] Post-WWII, housing in the United States trended significantly toward single-family with zoning making it difficult to build walkable medium density housing in many areas and, therefore, 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suburbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetcar_suburb"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"elevators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevator"},{"link_name":"tenements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenement"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"bicycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cycling_infrastructure"},{"link_name":"bus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus"},{"link_name":"streetcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tram"},{"link_name":"train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"carriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carriage"},{"link_name":"automobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"economic class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_class"},{"link_name":"suburban sprawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawl"},{"link_name":"white flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_flight"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LevittownPA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Levittown, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levittown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"military vehicles to consumer cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Chrysler#Postwar_government_programs"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"jaywalking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaywalking#Origin_of_the_term"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vanderbilt_2009-18"},{"link_name":"highway building programmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_Highway_System#Federal_Aid_Highway_Act_of_1956"},{"link_name":"Levittown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levittown"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"public transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_transport"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"downtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown#Origins"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Central business district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_business_district"},{"link_name":"sub-urban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburb"},{"link_name":"peri-urban landscapes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peri-urbanisation"},{"link_name":"single-family homes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-family_zoning"},{"link_name":"gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn#United_States"},{"link_name":"car-centric retail destinations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_center_(retail)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Police escorting a scab-driven streetcar during the San Francisco Streetcar Strike of 1907. A number of streetcar strikes broke out in the United States during the early 20th century.Looking up 1st Ave in Seattle from Pioneer Square, 1900A busy Los Angeles street in the 1890s showing the roads as public space not dominated by one mode of transport.At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, Canadian and American cities with few exceptions, most notably New York and Chicago which already had many tall buildings, were not dramatically different in form from their European counterparts. They had a relatively small physical footprint compared to their population size, and buildings were largely 3-7 stories tall surrounded by a relatively modest ring of streetcar suburbs.[10]\nMost city dwellers who were in the lower to middle-income brackets lived in dense urban environments within a practical distance of their workplace.The less well-off typically lived on either the upper floors of multi-unit residential buildings, as most did not have elevators, or in tenements. Merchants frequently lived in a residential unit above their store. Those who were better-off may have lived in a rowhouse or terrace, and starting toward the end of the 19th century, perhaps in a streetcar suburb still relatively close to the city centre.[11] Overall, the typical arrangement of urban spaces was one where communities were serviced by small scale owner-operated shops and transport to non-walkable destinations was done by bicycle, bus, streetcar, or train. Traditionally those in the highest income brackets had typically lived in large houses outside of, but often near to, the city. They travelled to the city originally by horse carriage and later by automobile.[12] For most people, the need to live close to their job significantly limited spatial social stratification beyond economic class, however, this situation collapsed in the wake of explosive expansion of post-war suburban sprawl which enabled white flight.[13]Aerial view of Levittown, Pennsylvania c. 1959The early to mid-twentieth century implementation of the suburb was thoroughly informed by this social context, and it was not uncommon for policymakers to inappropriately conflate small residential unit size, insanity, and crime with the traditional urban form; while simultaneously idealizing “rural” and upper class style estate living as its cure-all. The new car suburb was an affordable imitation of upper-class housing which became possible at such a vast scale when, after the war, factories could be turned over from producing military vehicles to consumer cars, helping to reduce the nominal price of a private automobile.[14]Originally in the US, the legal rule was that \"all persons have an equal right in the highway, and that in exercising the right each shall take due care not to injure other users of the way\".[15] Pro-automobile interests advocated for the removal of non-drivers from the road, and particularly targeted pedestrians with the invention and criminalization of “jaywalking.”[16][17][18] Importantly Federal, State, and Provincial governments undertook massive highway building programmes and also directly subsidized the purchasing of new suburban homes (Levittown being the prototype).[19][20][21] These government policies helped to make cars a practical choice and fostered the wholesale adoption of the car by the middle classes by the 1960s and helped to create the conditions for a decline in the quality, availability, and financial viability of public transportation.[22] Increasingly the prestige and influence of New York and Chicago, with their high-land prices and abundant skyscrapers, fostered a sense among many Canadian and Americans that “real cities” have tall buildings, and a \"downtown\" dominated by them, meanwhile European cities remained relatively medium-rise, dense, and pluricentric.[23]With this in mind, it is possible to understand the factors considered most important by policy makers in the mid-twentieth century context and how they pursued policies which would no longer allow for the previously dominant medium-density building types. The resulting policies radically reformed cities into ones that typically have a unicentric urban core which is dominated by tall buildings built to be reliant on office uses with the area often referred to as the Central business district (CBD). This new \"urban core\" of stacked office uses is typically surrounded by swathes of sub-urban and peri-urban landscapes dominated by single-family homes with gardens serviced by the private automobile, car-centric retail destinations, and vast highway networks.[24]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Traditional_rowhouses,_Locust_Point,_Baltimore_(100_0509).jpg"},{"link_name":"row houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Row_houses"}],"text":"An example of historic row houses in Baltimore with Characteristics of Medium-Density Housing","title":"Impacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commute times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuting"},{"link_name":"induced demand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induced_demand#In_transportation_systems"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wood94-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cairns98-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cairns03-27"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Longer commuting patterns","text":"The loss of flexible middle-density development serviced by affordable and widely used public transportation has resulted in high commute times for commuters, which have remained stubbornly unaffected by further investment in new road capacity due to the nature of induced demand, a practical limit on the space required to move large volumes of people in relatively large vehicles, and greatly increased costs for both the vehicle owner and government due to the inherent inefficiency compared to previous modes of transport.[25][26][27] Other problems include difficulty for low-income residents to find affordable accommodation within a reasonably affordable and practical commute of their place of employment.[citation needed]","title":"Impacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Negative environmental impacts","text":"Car-centric cities are less climate-friendly due to impacts relating to inefficient use of resources, volume of paved area contributing to flood risk, and potential loss of natural habitats to human development.[citation needed]","title":"Impacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"“Mom and pop shops”","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_business"},{"link_name":"big-box stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big-box_store"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Loss of small retail","text":"Without middle-density development to support them, cities have lost retailers not operating with substantial economies of scale. “Mom and pop shops” are replaced by big-box stores.[citation needed]","title":"Impacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"third places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_place"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"social alienation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_alienation"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"belonging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belongingness"},{"link_name":"inter-group social cohesion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_cohesiveness"},{"link_name":"loneliness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loneliness"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Loss of third spaces","text":"Cities without middle density have also seen the loss of third places, places where people spend time which is neither their private residence nor their place of work.[citation needed] These places are important for recreation, meeting neighbours, for adults to make friends, and for community organization. The loss of these third places and small businesses is due to the need of both to rely on proximity to a large number of people for whom visiting them is easy, can be spontaneous, and would not require a special trip.[citation needed] Some have characterized the replacement of these “third places,” where historically people of all backgrounds in the neighbourhood gathered organically, by relatively fewer spaces where people must choose to drive, as a source of social filtering and potential source of social alienation.[citation needed] Some have suggested the loss of genuine “third spaces” as a contributing factor to a perceived reduction in a sense of belonging, inter-group social cohesion, and a rise in generalized loneliness.[28]","title":"Impacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"environmental racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_racism"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Environmental racism","text":"According to the environmental geographer Laura Pulido, the historical processes of suburbanization and urban decentralization has contributed to contemporary environmental racism.[29]","title":"Impacts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"transportation planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_planning"},{"link_name":"GO Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GO_Transit"},{"link_name":"Greater Toronto Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GO_Transit_Facts-30"}],"text":"The polarization of Canadian and American cities into ones dominated by low and high density development with little in-between, has been due to implementing strict single-use land-use zoning laws at a municipal level which prioritizes these use types while making new medium-density illegal. This, combined with shifts in transportation planning at all levels, had helped to create a development paradigm which takes the private motor vehicle as its default mode of transportation, and only after that, considering other modes like walking, cycling, buses, streetcars, and subways. Public transport, where it still exists, has typically also built within this paradigm of car dependency. For example, GO Transit rail services in the Greater Toronto Area is one of the few commuter-rail services in either Canada or the United States, but is designed for commuters to drive to parking lots with a train platform where the rail service will take passengers to the CBD in the morning and return them to the parking lot in the afternoon, service has been unidirectional and only operated during rush hour.[30]","title":"Causes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1721_N._Kingsley.jpg"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-38"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-38"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-9"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-36"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aarp.org-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-31"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-9"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"text":"Bungalow Court development where several small homes surround a central gardenMissing middle housing offers a greater choice in housing types that still blend into existing single-family neighborhoods, create more affordable housing options, and help reach sustainability goals.[31][32][33][34] Missing middle housing units are usually smaller units than single-family homes because they share a lot with other homes, which results in lower per-unit land costs and, therefore, lower housing costs.[35] Missing middle housing types are also one of the cheapest forms of housing to produce because they are typically low-rise, low parking and wood-frame construction, which avoids expensive concrete podiums.[36][37][38] Because the construction and building materials are comparatively less complicated than larger mid-and high-rise structures, a larger pool of small-scale and local home builders can participate in the creation of this form of housing.[37][38] To support municipal budgets, the denser and more efficient use of land and infrastructure may be financially productive for municipalities with more people paying taxes per acre for less infrastructure than large lot single-family homes.[9][39][40]Increasing missing middle housing options may allow families of different sizes, types, and incomes to access quality housing. Missing middle housing tends to become naturally affordable housing as it ages, and provides a level of density that supports the shops, restaurants, and transit that are associated with walkable neighborhoods.[41][42][43] Walkable neighborhoods may then support sustainability, health, and affordability goals by reducing reliance on personal vehicles.[44] This would promote active transportation, reduce sprawl, reduce pollution, and reduce transportation costs by lessening the need for personal vehicles.[36][45][46][47] Missing middle housing options may allow seniors to downsize without leaving their neighborhood. For example, accessory dwelling units can enable multi-generation households to have privacy while all living on the same property.[48][49][50][51] Missing middle housing may enable a wider range of families to achieve homeownership by offering a wider range of housing options and prices.[52] Additionally, missing middle housing types such as accessory dwelling units can support mortgages through the rents of those secondary units.[53] Overall, missing middle housing options can create housing at a wide range of prices for a range of family types.[54][55][56][57][31]Some property rights advocates believe that widely permitting missing middle housing expands property rights by allowing property owners more choice in how to use their property.[58][59][60] Some equity advocates feel that permitting more diverse housing choices, such as missing middle housing, may reduce historic and modern inequities that keep less affluent people out of certain amenity-rich neighborhoods.[61][9][62][63][64][65][66][67][68]","title":"Possible Solutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ArlingtonTODimage3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rosslyn-Ballston corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosslyn-Ballston_corridor"},{"link_name":"Arlington, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Rosslyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosslyn_(WMATA_station)"},{"link_name":"Court House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_House_(WMATA_station)"},{"link_name":"Clarendon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarendon_(WMATA_station)"},{"link_name":"Washington Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Metro"},{"link_name":"transit-oriented development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit-oriented_development"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"sub_title":"Transit-oriented development (TOD)","text":"Aerial view of Rosslyn-Ballston corridor in Arlington, Virginia. High density, mixed use development is concentrated within ¼–½ mile from the Rosslyn, Court House and Clarendon Washington Metro stations (shown in red), with limited density outside that area.Increasingly from the 1990s onwards, transit-oriented development (TOD) has been put forward by many urban planners as a way to create more medium-density development. The idea is that creating communities of mixed-use development around public transport nodes will help to recreate demand for public transport and help to re-urbanize Canadian and American municipalities. TOD developments in Canada and the United States are typically near a public transport node, made of large plots with between one and a few buildings on them owned by one to a few owners and, typically, tall buildings and or buildings of intermediate size with a mixture of uses permitted within them predominating. Uses often include shops at the ground floor with residential and office uses interspersed throughout the upper floors.Some critics of the way the TOD concept has been implemented in Canada and the United States point out that the large TODs fail to engage in placemaking and the result is relatively large highly controlled characterless places not unlike the suburbs and strip malls they are meant to replace.[69] These critics say that the problem is with trying to zone for what planners think a city looks like; rather than creating the transport and legal conditions to allow it to take shape organically.[70]","title":"Possible Solutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"urban planning in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoning#Japan"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"floor area ratios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_area_ratio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Contemporary_japanese_homes_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"link_name":"setbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setback_(land_use)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_girl_running_at_the_street_in_Osaka,_Japan;_May_2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Floor area ratios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_area_ratio"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"return on investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_on_investment"},{"link_name":"opportunity costs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunity_cost"}],"sub_title":"Nested Intensity Zoning","text":"However, it is worth noting that urban planning in Japan uses a zoning system and has not lost middle density housing. Instead of single-use zoning, zones are defined by the \"most intense\" use permitted. Uses of lesser intensity are permitted in zones where higher intensity uses are permitted but higher intensity uses are not allowed in lower intensity zones.[71] This results in nested zoning, where the higher intensity zones are inclusive of related lower intensity ones. Zoning districts in Japan are classified into twelve use zones.[72] Each zone determines a building's shape and permitted uses. A building's shape is controlled by zonal restrictions on allowable building coverage ratios, floor area ratios, height (in absolute terms and in relation with adjacent buildings and roads), and minimum residential unit size. These controls are intended to allow adequate light and ventilation between buildings and on roads, and to ensure a decent quality of housing. In this system, rather than trying to plan for how and where to create dedicated districts of medium density housing, planners are left to focus on creating the conditions necessary to encourage land owners to intensify the use of their plots, and ensuring new areas of medium density that arise have the amenities they need to be successful.Examples of medium density single detached houses in Japan. Note the absence of cars, car facilities, or private gardens and the use of substantial balconies, strategic window placement, and considerable house size.When discussing medium density housing, it is important to explore the differences between the approach this type of zoning uses with respect to single-detached housing compared to that traditionally used in the United States and Canada. In the United States and Canada single-detached homes typically require large setbacks for off-street car parking and yards/gardens; while single detached homes in Japan are in many cases similarly large single detached houses but on small plots taking-up virtually the entirety of the plot fronting directly on to the street with no requirement for off street car parking; instead assuming a reliance on public transport rather than cars to meet daily needs. Roads in these areas are slow and drivers are aware they must legally share responsibility for mutual safety with all the other types of road users equally.A girl running on a street in Osaka; it is common to see children walking and playing with their friends in the street or taking the metro by themselves unsupervised in Japan.[73]This type of single detached house can achieve medium housing density while fostering a sense of community, municipal fiscal viability, and good residential amenity. This is achieved while maintaining privacy and access to sunlight by regulating the direction of windows, the use of very small setbacks, much higher maximum building coverage ratios, higher Floor area ratios, and other considerations discussed in the previous paragraph. It is also worth noting that Japanese houses offer, on average, larger living spaces than that of many wealthy European countries which have not lost their medium density housing.[74][75] This approach to not require car parking provision or private yards/gardens in areas with high degrees of good connectivity is seen as desirable because; access to common outdoor green space is seen as sufficient for these needs or, at the very least, an acceptable tradeoff for the convenience of improved connectivity; the provision of sprawling lower value land-uses like private car parking and residential garden spaces in such locations are viewed as a poor return on investment by developers eager to maximize living space and plot utilization; urban planners who are eager to avoid the imprudent use of limited public funds with respect to the large nominal and operational costs of public transportation, water, power, roads, etc. which usually increase over distances, while access costs for users do not; and urban planners seeking to avoid wasteful and shortsighted opportunity costs.This approach to zoning gives the landowner more flexibility in using the land while still precluding harmful or inappropriate development and maintaining the benefit of remaining predictable and easy to understand. The result is that when demand changes, like with new public transport investment, land-owners are able to, on an individual basis, redevelop their land to meet demand in a manner that can be reactive to local demand and distributes risk for the local community; for example the failure of a medium-sized building to find tenants may have a relatively small impact, whereas a large one failing to do so may hamper development of other types in the same community. This type of zoning may also help to foster a more organic and local character to communities, especially over time.","title":"Possible Solutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Missing_Middle_Housing_Types_-_51852913074.png"},{"link_name":"form-based code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-based_code"},{"link_name":"land use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"mixed-use","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-use_development"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"}],"sub_title":"Form-based code (FBC)","text":"Examples of missing middle housing typesA form-based code (FBC) is a means of regulating land development to achieve a specific urban form. Form-Based Codes foster predictable built results and a high-quality public realm by using physical form (rather than separation of uses) as the organizing principle, with less focus on land use, through municipal regulations. An FBC is a regulation, not a mere guideline, adopted into city, town, or county law and offers an alternative to conventional zoning regulation.[76]Missing-middle housing comes in a variety of building types and densities but may be characterized by location in a walkable context, lower perceived density, small building footprints, smaller homes, reasonably low amounts of parking, simple construction, and focus on community.[77][78][79][80] Forms of missing middle housing may include side-by-side duplexes, stacked duplexes, bungalow courts, accessory dwelling units (carriage houses, basement apartments, etc.), fourplexes, multiplexes, townhomes, courtyard apartments, and live/work units.[81][82] These building types typically have a residential unit density in the range of 16 to 30 units per acre but are often perceived as being less dense because they are smaller in scale.[83] Because of its scale, missing middle housing may mix into single-family neighborhoods, act as an end-grain of a single-family housing block, act as a transition between higher density housing and single-family housing, or act as a transition from a mixed-use area to a single-family area.[84][85] The resulting density may support broader community desires, including walkable retail, amenities, public transportation, and increased \"feet on the street\".[86]","title":"Possible Solutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_Multifamily_Units_Constructed.webp"},{"link_name":"ft2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_foot"},{"link_name":"Zoning in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoning_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_apartment"},{"link_name":"condominium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condominium"},{"link_name":"HOA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeowner_association"},{"link_name":"zoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoning"},{"link_name":"ordinances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_ordinance"},{"link_name":"5-over-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-over-1"},{"link_name":"leasing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leasing"},{"link_name":"owning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owner-occupancy"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"}],"text":"New Multifamily Units Constructed For Rent Under 1,000 ft2 1,000 - 1,199 ft2 1,200 - 1,399 ft2 1,400 - 1,799 ft2 1,800+ ft2 For Sale Under 1,000 ft2 1,000 - 1,199 ft2 1,200 - 1,399 ft2 1,400 - 1,799 ft2 1,800+ ft2See also: Zoning in the United StatesMany local governments do not allow the zoning necessary to build MMH. Owning a studio, 1 bedroom, or 2 bedroom condominium that is 600–1,000 ft2 in a multi-unit complex with a reasonable HOA monthly fee and a 1.5 detached garage isn't allowed in many areas because of zoning ordinances. Many 5-over-1 complexes were built starting in the 2010s but primarily for leasing and not owning.[87]","title":"Barriers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"walkability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkability"},{"link_name":"transit-oriented developments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit-oriented_development"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"American Association for Retired Persons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AARP"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"}],"text":"The resurgence of missing middle housing is due to many factors including resurgent market demand for this type of housing, demand for housing in amenity-rich walkable neighborhoods, the necessity of housing affordability, environmental efforts to support walkability, transit-oriented developments, and changing demographic trends.[88][89] The American Association for Retired Persons (AARP) released a report showing that more and more, Americans want to \"age in place\" and need easy access to services and amenities available in walkable, urban, transit-oriented communities.[90] Millennials have been shown to drive less and seek housing choices in walkable neighborhoods close to transit.[91] The number of automobile miles traveled increased each year between 1946 and 2004; today Americans drive less than 2004, and no more per person than in 1996. The decline in driving is most striking among young people aged 16 to 34, who drove 23% fewer miles on average in 2009 than their age group did in 2001.[92] Furthermore, research suggests that millennials prefer amenity-rich, transit rich, and walkable neighborhoods.[93][94] Small Housing B.C. has stated that \"The structure of the traditional North American suburb has failed to live up to the expectations of many who settled in suburban neighborhoods, and new ways are being sought to re-engineer suburban living and re-build those settlement patterns.\"[95]","title":"Recent Developments"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Delightful_Duplex.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Duplexes.jpg"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-96"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-96"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-96"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"smart growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_growth"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ezview.wa.gov-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ezview.wa.gov-104"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"accessory dwelling units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_suite"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"}],"sub_title":"State-level examples","text":"Duplex like those permitted by state legislation in OregonCollage of duplexesSeveral American states have adopted or proposed legislation aimed at increasing the stock of missing middle housing. Most notably, Oregon adopted House Bill 2001 in 2019.[96][97] The bill requires Oregon's medium-sized cities to allow duplexes on each lot or parcel zoned for residential use that allows for the development of single-family homes.[96] Additionally, Oregon's large cities (with a population over 25,000) and cities in the Portland Metro region, must allow duplexes, triplexes, quadplexes, cottage clusters, and townhouses in residential areas.[96] The Bill set aside funds for planning assistance to local governments to help draft local codes and allows municipalities to set reasonable design and infrastructure standards.[96] In Massachusetts, H.5250 was adopted to require municipalities near the MTBA to reasonably allow duplex or multi-family housing near transit stations.[98][99] The Bill also created financial incentives for communities to zone for \"smart growth\" and made it easier for municipalities to adopt zoning ordinances or zoning amendments.[100][101][102] In 2019, Washington State adopted E2SHB 1923 encouraging all cities under the Growth Management Act (GMA) to increase residential capacity by supporting many forms of missing middle housing.[103][104] The State of Washington provided grant funds to help support code changes, housing action plans, and sub-area plans to support missing middle housing types.[105][104][106] In 2022 Maine adopted bills LD2003 and LD201 that implement several affordable housing strategies including allowing accessory dwelling units and duplexes on residential lots statewide and permitting fourplexes in certain \"growth areas\".[107][108][109]The states of Vermont,[110][111] New Hampshire,[112][113] and California[114][115] have adopted a number of bills that promote accessory dwelling units and reduce regulatory barriers to accessory dwelling unit construction. State-level action has also occurred in Australia where, citing an effort to promote more 'missing middle' development, New South Wales launched the Low Rise Housing Diversity Code and Design Guides for Low Rise Housing Diversity.[116][117] The State of Connecticut House and Senate approved legislation to reduce some zoning restrictions on missing middle housing types such as accessory dwelling units.[118][119][120][121][122]Other states have considered but not adopted similar legislation to support missing middle housing types. The State of Illinois considered HB4869 which would have required municipalities to permit (and reasonably regulate) accessory dwelling units.[123] Virginia considered HB 152 which would have required municipalities to allow (and reasonably regulate) missing middle housing types (duplexes, cottages, etc.) on all lots currently zoned for single-family housing.[124] The State of Maryland considered HB1406 \"Planning for Modest Homes Act of 2020\" which would have required census tracts that are affluent, transit-adjacent, and/or near a large number of jobs, to allow missing middle housing types.[125][126] Nebraska considered LB794 would mandate every city with more than 5,000 people to allow missing middle housing in areas previously zoned exclusively for single-family detached residential.[127][128] Montana considered HB 134 which would have allowed duplex, triplex, and fourplex housing in certain municipalities.[129][130] North Carolina considered House Bill 401 and Senate Bill 349, which would have allowed middle housing in any neighborhood zoned for detached, single-family homes.","title":"Recent Developments"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Four_Households_-_Quad_Retrofit.jpg"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-132"},{"link_name":"transit-oriented development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit-oriented_development"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-133"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-141"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-141"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-141"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-159"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-strongtowns.org-160"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-strongtowns.org-160"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oregon_Fourplex.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sacramento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"Berkeley, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley,_California"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"Bryan, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan,_Texas"},{"link_name":"pattern-zoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoning#Pattern_Zoning"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-171"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-171"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-174"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"bus rapid transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-192"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20181013_-_21_-_Montreal_(Plateau)_-_%22Fellow_Observer%22.jpg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-204"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-205"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-204"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-205"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Greater Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Adelaide"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"}],"sub_title":"Municipal examples","text":"Modern four-plex contains four unitsMany municipalities are updating their land-use and zoning regulations to better support missing middle housing.[131][132] Changes to land use regulations to support missing middle housing may also include changes such as form-based-codes, transit-oriented development, and other updates.[133]In the United States, Portland, Oregon, has a number of historic missing middle housing types located throughout the city, most of which are duplexes, that were built before the 1920s before the city's first zoning plan was approved. Zoning for single-family homes was expanded in the 1950s and the building of duplexes or triplexes largely became illegal in Portland. In the 2010s Portland began updating its zoning regulations to permit Missing Middle Housing types.[134][135][136] Missing Middle zoning updates have spread through the Pacific Northwest and now include Seattle,[137][138][139] Walla Walla,[140] Lake Stevens,[141][142] Orting,[143][141] Wenatchee,[141][144] Eugene,[145][146] Olympia,[147][148] Spokane,[149][150] and Bellingham,[151] Tacoma,[152][153] and Tigard[154] among others.[155][156]Zoning updates to support missing middle housing are not just found in the Pacific Northwest. Notably, In Minnesota, the Minneapolis 2040 plan called for up-zoning the city to allow more missing middle housing types throughout the city.[157][158][159][160][161][162] The new zoning in Minneapolis does not prohibit the construction of single-family homes, but no neighborhoods in the city are zoned exclusively for single-family zoning.[160] The city also eliminated mandatory parking minimums from its zoning regulations allowing builders and business owners to choose the amount of parking they provide based on the market and their unique needs.[163][164][165]Oregon FourplexIn California, Sacramento voted to permit up to four housing units on all residential lots and reduce parking requirements in order to help the city alleviate its housing crisis and to achieve equity goals.[166] The City of Berkeley, California has voted unanimously to zone for several missing middle housing types city-wide by 2022 citing equity and housing affordability as goals.[167][168][169]Bryan, Texas implemented a pattern-zoning policy in which the City provides several pre-designed and pre-approved plans for missing middle housing types (with significantly reduced permitting procedures) in the \"midtown\" portion of the city.[170][171] The goal of the program is to reduce housing costs caused by design fees and lengthy permitting procedures, reduce burdens on city staff, achieve public input and support for housing designs in advance, and ensure quality housing designs.[171][172] Norfolk, VA also has a missing middle pattern book with free designs for missing middle housing types including duplexes and quadplexes.[173][174][175]Many local governments across the United States have chosen to zone for missing middle housing types in significant portions of their zoning districts including Grand Rapids Michigan,[176][177] Durham, North Carolina,[178][179] Kirkland Washington's cottage housing zoning,[180] Montgomery County, Maryland's numerous housing studies,[181] Bloomington, Indiana,[182][183] and Dekalb County, Georgia.[184][185][186] Indianapolis, Indiana chose to permit missing middle housing types (in addition to higher density housing types) along bus rapid transit corridors.[187][188] Indianapolis also included missing middle housing types in its residential infill guidelines.[189] Other cities are making long-term plans to increase the supply of missing middle housing. Charlotte, NC added language in their comprehensive plan to allow duplexes and triplexes across the city.[190][191] Citing missing middle housing as a component of a larger affordable housing strategy, Raleigh, NC voted to permit several missing middle housing types in most residential zones.[192][193][194][195]Montréal, Québec's unique[citation needed] missing middle housingWhile some communities have not adopted regulations to widely permit the full range of missing middle housing types, they have made changes to permit accessory dwelling units. Diverse examples include large cities such as Los Angeles, CA,[196] the City of Chicago, IL,[197] and smaller cities such as Lexington, KY,[198] and Santa Cruz, CA.[199]Outside of the United States, cities in both Australia and Canada have adopted missing middle housing reforms. Notable examples in Canada include Edmonton, Alberta's missing middle zoning reforms,[200] and Vancouver British Columbia's secondary unit zoning.[201][202][203] Montréal, Québec is notable for its distinct architecture and urban planning that has historically included significant amounts of missing middle housing.[204][205] Due to its unique history, many neighborhoods in Montreal include low-rise attached duplexes, triplexes, and apartments often with exterior stair-entry, minimal front setbacks, and with small backyards. This creates a significant level of density without high-rises.[204][205][206] In Australia, The 30-Year Plan for Greater Adelaide includes a focus on missing middle housing[207][208] as does Moreland's Medium Density Housing Review.[209]","title":"Recent Developments"}]
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[{"image_text":"Housing starts in the United States, 1959–2021 Single family home Multifamily residential 2-4 unit residential","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Housing_starts.webp/350px-Housing_starts.webp.png"},{"image_text":"Missing Middle Housing Diagram by Dan Parolek of Opticos Design","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/MMH_Diagram_w_Labels_logo_2020_short_Opticos_Design.jpg/800px-MMH_Diagram_w_Labels_logo_2020_short_Opticos_Design.jpg"},{"image_text":"Historic four-plex in Portland, Oregon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/1911_NE_22_-_Irvington_HD_-_Portland_Oregon.jpg/350px-1911_NE_22_-_Irvington_HD_-_Portland_Oregon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Police escorting a scab-driven streetcar during the San Francisco Streetcar Strike of 1907. A number of streetcar strikes broke out in the United States during the early 20th century.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Scab_streetcar_led_by_police_-_San_Francisco_Street_Car_Strike_1907.jpg/220px-Scab_streetcar_led_by_police_-_San_Francisco_Street_Car_Strike_1907.jpg"},{"image_text":"Looking up 1st Ave in Seattle from Pioneer Square, 1900","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/1st_Ave_Seattle_1900.jpg/310px-1st_Ave_Seattle_1900.jpg"},{"image_text":"A busy Los Angeles street in the 1890s showing the roads as public space not dominated by one mode of transport.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Hamburger%27s_Department_Store_seen_from_down_a_very_busy_street%2C_ca.1890-1899_%28CHS-154.1%29.jpg/220px-Hamburger%27s_Department_Store_seen_from_down_a_very_busy_street%2C_ca.1890-1899_%28CHS-154.1%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aerial view of Levittown, Pennsylvania c. 1959","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/LevittownPA.jpg/310px-LevittownPA.jpg"},{"image_text":"An example of historic row houses in Baltimore with Characteristics of Medium-Density Housing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Traditional_rowhouses%2C_Locust_Point%2C_Baltimore_%28100_0509%29.jpg/220px-Traditional_rowhouses%2C_Locust_Point%2C_Baltimore_%28100_0509%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bungalow Court development where several small homes surround a central garden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/1721_N._Kingsley.jpg/220px-1721_N._Kingsley.jpg"},{"image_text":"Examples of medium density single detached houses in Japan. Note the absence of cars, car facilities, or private gardens and the use of substantial balconies, strategic window placement, and considerable house size.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Contemporary_japanese_homes_-_panoramio.jpg/328px-Contemporary_japanese_homes_-_panoramio.jpg"},{"image_text":"A girl running on a street in Osaka; it is common to see children walking and playing with their friends in the street or taking the metro by themselves unsupervised in Japan.[73]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/A_girl_running_at_the_street_in_Osaka%2C_Japan%3B_May_2013.jpg/220px-A_girl_running_at_the_street_in_Osaka%2C_Japan%3B_May_2013.jpg"},{"image_text":"Examples of missing middle housing types","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Missing_Middle_Housing_Types_-_51852913074.png/220px-Missing_Middle_Housing_Types_-_51852913074.png"},{"image_text":"New Multifamily Units Constructed For Rent Under 1,000 ft2 1,000 - 1,199 ft2 1,200 - 1,399 ft2 1,400 - 1,799 ft2 1,800+ ft2 For Sale Under 1,000 ft2 1,000 - 1,199 ft2 1,200 - 1,399 ft2 1,400 - 1,799 ft2 1,800+ ft2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/New_Multifamily_Units_Constructed.webp/390px-New_Multifamily_Units_Constructed.webp.png"},{"image_text":"Duplex like those permitted by state legislation in Oregon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Delightful_Duplex.jpg/220px-Delightful_Duplex.jpg"},{"image_text":"Collage of duplexes","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Duplexes.jpg/220px-Duplexes.jpg"},{"image_text":"Modern four-plex contains four units","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Four_Households_-_Quad_Retrofit.jpg/220px-Four_Households_-_Quad_Retrofit.jpg"},{"image_text":"Oregon Fourplex","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Oregon_Fourplex.jpg/220px-Oregon_Fourplex.jpg"},{"image_text":"Montréal, Québec's unique[citation needed] missing middle housing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/20181013_-_21_-_Montreal_%28Plateau%29_-_%22Fellow_Observer%22.jpg/220px-20181013_-_21_-_Montreal_%28Plateau%29_-_%22Fellow_Observer%22.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"Affordable housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affordable_housing"},{"title":"Bicycle-friendly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle-friendly"},{"title":"Duplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(building)"},{"title":"Form-based code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form-based_code"},{"title":"Green building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_building"},{"title":"New Urbanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Urbanism"},{"title":"Stacked triplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacked_triplex"},{"title":"Starter home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starter_home"},{"title":"Streetcar suburb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streetcar_suburb"},{"title":"Sustainable city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_city"},{"title":"Traditional neighborhood development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_neighborhood_development"},{"title":"Urban sprawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_sprawl"},{"title":"Zoning codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoning"}]
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Zoning\""},{"Link":"https://mrsc.org/Home/Stay-Informed/MRSC-Insight/May-2021/Expanding-Affordable-Housing-Options-Through-Missi.aspx","external_links_name":"\"MRSC - Expanding Affordable Housing Options Through Missing Middle Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.mbaks.com/docs/default-source/documents/advocacy/issue-briefs/mbaks-housing-toolkit.pdf","external_links_name":"\"MBAKS Housing Toolkit Local Planning Measures for Creating More Housing Choices\""},{"Link":"https://codelibrary.amlegal.com/codes/ortingwa/latest/orting_wa/0-0-0-7369","external_links_name":"\"13-3-3: USES\""},{"Link":"https://www.codepublishing.com/WA/Wenatchee/#!/Wenatchee10/Wenatchee1010.html#10.10","external_links_name":"\"Wenatchee City Code\""},{"Link":"https://www.eugene-or.gov/764/Land-Use-Code-Amendments","external_links_name":"\"Land Use Code Amendments | Eugene, OR Website\""},{"Link":"https://www.eugene-or.gov/3652/Missing-Middle-Handbook","external_links_name":"\"Missing Middle Housing Types Handbook\""},{"Link":"https://www.theurbanist.org/2020/12/14/olympia-enacts-targeted-citywide-missing-middle-housing-reform-using-gma-and-sepa-safe-harbor/","external_links_name":"\"Olympia Enacts Targeted Citywide Missing Middle Housing Reform, Using GMA and SEPA 'Safe Harbor'\""},{"Link":"http://olympiawa.gov/city-government/codes-plans-and-standards/missing-middle.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Missing Middle\""},{"Link":"https://my.spokanecity.org/smc/?Section=17C.110.350","external_links_name":"\"Municipal Code\""},{"Link":"https://my.spokanecity.org/projects/infill-housing-strategies-infill-development/","external_links_name":"\"Infill Housing Strategies/Infill Development\""},{"Link":"https://www.cob.org/services/planning/development/Pages/adu-ordinance-updates.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Accessory Dwelling Units (ADUs)\""},{"Link":"https://www.cityoftacoma.org/cms/one.aspx?pageId=180033","external_links_name":"\"Home In Tacoma Project: AHAS Planning Actions - City of Tacoma\""},{"Link":"https://www.theurbanist.org/2021/01/22/tacomas-missing-middle-housing-planning-for-access-affordability-and-mobility/","external_links_name":"\"Tacoma's Missing Middle Housing: Planning for Access, Affordability, and Mobility\""},{"Link":"https://www.tigard-or.gov/housingoptions/","external_links_name":"\"Housing Options\""},{"Link":"https://www.psrc.org/hip","external_links_name":"\"Housing Innovations Program\""},{"Link":"http://mrsc.org/Home/Explore-Topics/Planning/Specific-Planning-Subjects-Plan-Elements/Affordable-Housing-Ordinances-Flexible-Provisions.aspx","external_links_name":"\"MRSC - Affordable Housing\""},{"Link":"http://www.minneapolismn.gov/cped/planning/WCMSP-220319","external_links_name":"\"Residential Buildings with up to Three 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tovdalselva
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Tovdalselva
|
["1 Fishing","2 References"]
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Coordinates: 58°12′N 8°06′E / 58.2°N 8.1°E / 58.2; 8.1River in Agder, NorwayTovdalselvaTopdalselvaTovdalsåna / TovdalsåniThe river mouth of Tovdalselva into Topdalsfjorden in Kristiansand.To the left, the runway of Kristiansand Airport, KjevikLocation of the riverShow map of AgderTovdalselva (Norway)Show map of NorwayLocationCountryNorwayCountiesAgderMunicipalitiesBygland, Åmli, Froland, Birkenes, Iveland, KristiansandPhysical characteristicsSource • locationStraumsfjorden • coordinates59°06′N 7°42′E / 59.1°N 7.7°E / 59.1; 7.7 • elevation1,101 metres (3,612 ft)
Mouth • locationTopdalsfjorden • coordinates58°12′N 8°06′E / 58.2°N 8.1°E / 58.2; 8.1 • elevation0 metres (0 ft)Length143 km (89 mi)Basin size1,800 km2 (690 sq mi)Discharge • locationTopdalsfjorden • average65 m3/s (2,300 cu ft/s)
Basin featuresRiver systemTovdalsvassdragetWaterbodiesStraumsfjorden, Topsæ, Herefossfjorden
Tovdalselva (also known as the Tofdalselva, Tovdalsåna, Tovdalsåni, literally: the Tov valley river) is 143 kilometres (89 mi) long and is one of the longest rivers in Southern Norway. The river flows through Agder county from the mountains on the northeast side of the Setesdal valley in Valle municipality southwards, until it reaches the sea at the Tofdalsfjorden between Hamresanden and Kjevik in Kristiansand. The upper reaches of the river include many lakes such as the Herefossfjorden and the Straumsfjorden (the largest lake on the river). It drains about 1,800 square kilometres (690 sq mi) in territory and the highest point in the watershed is 1,101 metres (3,612 ft) above sea level. The drainage basin includes parts or all of the following municipalities: Fyresdal, Valle, Bygland, Evje og Hornnes, Åmli, Froland, Grimstad, Birkenes, Iveland, Lillesand, and Kristiansand.
Fishing
Tovdalselva was long considered one of the greatest salmon fishing rivers in the land. From 1880 to 1883, it was Norway's third most productive salmon river, calculated both by weight and by value of the salmon caught. This had decreased seriously by the 1900s. By 1970, the salmon fishing in the Tovdalselva was almost completely lost.
References
^ Store norske leksikon. "Tovdalsvassdraget" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2010-04-13.
^ "Tovdalselva" (in Norwegian). Lakseelver.no. Retrieved 2017-02-15.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River"},{"link_name":"Southern Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Norway"},{"link_name":"Agder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agder"},{"link_name":"Setesdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setesdal"},{"link_name":"Valle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle,_Norway"},{"link_name":"Tofdalsfjorden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofdalsfjorden"},{"link_name":"Hamresanden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamresanden"},{"link_name":"Kjevik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand_Airport,_Kjevik"},{"link_name":"Kristiansand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand"},{"link_name":"Herefossfjorden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herefossfjorden"},{"link_name":"Straumsfjorden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straumsfjorden,_Agder"},{"link_name":"watershed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"drainage basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"Fyresdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyresdal"},{"link_name":"Valle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valle,_Norway"},{"link_name":"Bygland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bygland"},{"link_name":"Evje og Hornnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evje_og_Hornnes"},{"link_name":"Åmli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85mli"},{"link_name":"Froland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froland"},{"link_name":"Grimstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimstad"},{"link_name":"Birkenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkenes"},{"link_name":"Iveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iveland"},{"link_name":"Lillesand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillesand"},{"link_name":"Kristiansand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansand"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"River in Agder, NorwayTovdalselva (also known as the Tofdalselva, Tovdalsåna, Tovdalsåni, literally: the Tov valley river) is 143 kilometres (89 mi) long and is one of the longest rivers in Southern Norway. The river flows through Agder county from the mountains on the northeast side of the Setesdal valley in Valle municipality southwards, until it reaches the sea at the Tofdalsfjorden between Hamresanden and Kjevik in Kristiansand. The upper reaches of the river include many lakes such as the Herefossfjorden and the Straumsfjorden (the largest lake on the river). It drains about 1,800 square kilometres (690 sq mi) in territory and the highest point in the watershed is 1,101 metres (3,612 ft) above sea level. The drainage basin includes parts or all of the following municipalities: Fyresdal, Valle, Bygland, Evje og Hornnes, Åmli, Froland, Grimstad, Birkenes, Iveland, Lillesand, and Kristiansand.[1]","title":"Tovdalselva"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Tovdalselva was long considered one of the greatest salmon fishing rivers in the land. From 1880 to 1883, it was Norway's third most productive salmon river, calculated both by weight and by value of the salmon caught. This had decreased seriously by the 1900s. By 1970, the salmon fishing in the Tovdalselva was almost completely lost.[2]","title":"Fishing"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Store norske leksikon. \"Tovdalsvassdraget\" (in Norwegian). Retrieved 2010-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"Store norske leksikon"},{"url":"http://www.snl.no/Tovdalsvassdraget","url_text":"\"Tovdalsvassdraget\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tovdalselva\" (in Norwegian). Lakseelver.no. Retrieved 2017-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://lakseelver.no/elver/tovdalselva","url_text":"\"Tovdalselva\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tovdalselva¶ms=58.2_N_8.1_E_type:river","external_links_name":"58°12′N 8°06′E / 58.2°N 8.1°E / 58.2; 8.1"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tovdalselva¶ms=59.1_N_7.7_E_region:NO","external_links_name":"59°06′N 7°42′E / 59.1°N 7.7°E / 59.1; 7.7"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tovdalselva¶ms=58.2_N_8.1_E_type:river","external_links_name":"58°12′N 8°06′E / 58.2°N 8.1°E / 58.2; 8.1"},{"Link":"http://www.snl.no/Tovdalsvassdraget","external_links_name":"\"Tovdalsvassdraget\""},{"Link":"https://lakseelver.no/elver/tovdalselva","external_links_name":"\"Tovdalselva\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari%C3%A1nska_hora
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Basilica of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Levoča
|
["1 First church","2 Second church","3 Third church","4 The present church","5 Greek Orthodox chapel","6 References","6.1 Notes","6.2 Sources"]
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Coordinates: 49°02′35″N 20°35′50″E / 49.043056°N 20.597222°E / 49.043056; 20.597222Basilica of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Marian Hill, LevočaThe Basilica seen from LevočaAnnual pilgrimage at Marian HillPlaque commemorating visit of Pope John Paul IIThe Basilica of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Slovak: Bazilika navštívenia Panny Márie) in Levoča, Slovakia is located at the summit of Mariánska hora (English: Marian Hill), (Slovak pronunciation: ; 781 m. above sea level), a hill above Levoča with views over the town and countryside. Built in its present form between 1906 and 1922, the church is the destination of an annual major pilgrimage.
First church
It is thought that the location of the chapel was used as a refuge by the townsfolk of Levoča during the Mongol invasions of the 13th century; it may also have been attached to a hospital for sufferers from leprosy. A chapel has existed on the site since at least the 13th century, and is mentioned in chronicles of 1247. It attracted pilgrims and there are records of repairs made to the church in 1311 and 1322.
Second church
The chapel was enlarged and rebuilt in 1470, and is depicted in this form on the altar of Master Paul of Levoča in the Basilica of St. James in Levoča. In 1673 a group of shepherds allegedly witnessed an apparition of the Virgin Mary close to the church.
Third church
A Baroque building replaced the second church in 1766. When Emperor Joseph II banned pilgrimages throughout the Austrian Empire in 1787, the church on Mariánska hora went into decline. Repairs did not commence until 1820. During the 19th century the church was furnished with an organ (1844), and statues in honour of Mary were erected on the path up the hill.
The present church
The foundation stone for the present church was laid in 1903. Construction, to the design of the architect Anton Müller, was not completed until 1914, as a consequence of poor materials and the collapse of the new tower in 1908. Pope John Paul II, at the request of the local bishop, upgraded the church to a Basilica Minor in 1984, and visited the site himself on 3 July 1995, when about 650,000 pilgrims gathered for the occasion. The annual pilgrimage, on or around 2 July (Feast of the Visitation - still celebrated on the traditional date of 2 July in Slovakia), still draws a very large number of participants. On 3 October 2005, Levoča and Mariánska hora were selected to join the European Association of Marian Pilgrimage Sites.
Greek Orthodox chapel
A Greek Orthodox chapel, consecrated in 1858, stands adjacent to the Basilica.
References
Notes
^ a b Levoca city web site, accessed 27 February 2014.
^ a b Bobak (2017), p. 13
^ Bobak (2017), p. 6
^ Bobak (2017), p. 16
^ Bobak (2017), p. 22
^ Bobak (2017), pp. 24-26.
^ Slovakia travel website, accessed 27 February 2014.
^ Bobak (2017), p. 20
Sources
Bobák, Ivan et al., tr. Darina Paveliková (2017). Basilica of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Marian Hill, Levoča. Spišska Nová Ves: Bambow. ISBN 9788097110260
49°02′35″N 20°35′50″E / 49.043056°N 20.597222°E / 49.043056; 20.597222
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Levo%C4%8Da_Bazilika_Mari%C3%A1nsk%C3%A1_hora_2015_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marianskahora_fromlevoca.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Levoca_putnicke_miesto.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pjp2atmariansakhora.jpg"},{"link_name":"Visitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitation_(Christian)"},{"link_name":"Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Mary"},{"link_name":"Levoča","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levo%C4%8Da"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"[ˈmarijaːnska ˈɦɔra]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovak"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-levocaweb-1"}],"text":"Basilica of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Marian Hill, LevočaThe Basilica seen from LevočaAnnual pilgrimage at Marian HillPlaque commemorating visit of Pope John Paul IIThe Basilica of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Slovak: Bazilika navštívenia Panny Márie) in Levoča, Slovakia is located at the summit of Mariánska hora (English: Marian Hill), (Slovak pronunciation: [ˈmarijaːnska ˈɦɔra]; 781 m. above sea level), a hill above Levoča with views over the town and countryside. Built in its present form between 1906 and 1922, the church is the destination of an annual major pilgrimage.[1]","title":"Basilica of the Visitation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Levoča"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mongol invasions of the 13th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Slovakia#Mongol_invasion_(1241-1242)"},{"link_name":"leprosy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leprosy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bobak13-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-levocaweb-1"}],"text":"It is thought that the location of the chapel was used as a refuge by the townsfolk of Levoča during the Mongol invasions of the 13th century; it may also have been attached to a hospital for sufferers from leprosy. A chapel has existed on the site since at least the 13th century, and is mentioned in chronicles of 1247. It attracted pilgrims and there are records of repairs made to the church in 1311 and 1322. [2][1]","title":"First church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Master Paul of Levoča","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Paul_of_Levo%C4%8Da"},{"link_name":"Basilica of St. James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_St._James,_Levo%C4%8Da"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bobak13-2"},{"link_name":"apparition of the Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_apparition"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bobak6-3"}],"text":"The chapel was enlarged and rebuilt in 1470, and is depicted in this form on the altar of Master Paul of Levoča in the Basilica of St. James in Levoča.[2] In 1673 a group of shepherds allegedly witnessed an apparition of the Virgin Mary close to the church.[3]","title":"Second church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emperor Joseph II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Joseph_II"},{"link_name":"Austrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bobak16-4"}],"text":"A Baroque building replaced the second church in 1766. When Emperor Joseph II banned pilgrimages throughout the Austrian Empire in 1787, the church on Mariánska hora went into decline. Repairs did not commence until 1820. During the 19th century the church was furnished with an organ (1844), and statues in honour of Mary were erected on the path up the hill.[4]","title":"Third church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bobak22-5"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"Basilica Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_basilica"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bobak246-6"},{"link_name":"Feast of the Visitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visitation_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The foundation stone for the present church was laid in 1903. Construction, to the design of the architect Anton Müller, was not completed until 1914, as a consequence of poor materials and the collapse of the new tower in 1908.[5] Pope John Paul II, at the request of the local bishop, upgraded the church to a Basilica Minor in 1984, and visited the site himself on 3 July 1995, when about 650,000 pilgrims gathered for the occasion.[6] The annual pilgrimage, on or around 2 July (Feast of the Visitation - still celebrated on the traditional date of 2 July in Slovakia), still draws a very large number of participants. On 3 October 2005, Levoča and Mariánska hora were selected to join the European Association of Marian Pilgrimage Sites.[7]","title":"The present church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bobak20-8"}],"text":"A Greek Orthodox chapel, consecrated in 1858, stands adjacent to the Basilica.[8]","title":"Greek Orthodox chapel"}]
|
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| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Basilica_of_the_Visitation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary,_Levo%C4%8Da¶ms=49.043056_N_20.597222_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"49°02′35″N 20°35′50″E / 49.043056°N 20.597222°E / 49.043056; 20.597222"},{"Link":"http://eng.levoca.sk/surroudings-of-levoca.phtml?id5=13152","external_links_name":"Levoca city web site"},{"Link":"http://slovakia.travel/en/the-pilgrimage-on-the-marianska-hora-in-levoca-july","external_links_name":"Slovakia travel website"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Basilica_of_the_Visitation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary,_Levo%C4%8Da¶ms=49.043056_N_20.597222_E_source:wikidata","external_links_name":"49°02′35″N 20°35′50″E / 49.043056°N 20.597222°E / 49.043056; 20.597222"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_Wilkinson
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Carole Wilkinson
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["1 Career","2 Dragonkeeper","3 Published books","3.1 Dragonkeeper series","3.2 Ramose series","3.3 The Drum series","3.4 Nonfiction","3.5 Other books","4 References","5 External links"]
|
Australian writer (born 1950)
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Carole Wilkinson" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Carole WilkinsonBorn (1950-07-12) 12 July 1950 (age 73)Derby, EnglandOccupationWriterNationalityEnglishNotable worksDragonkeeper seriesNotable awardsChildren's Book of the Year Award: Younger Readers (2008)Websitecarolewilkinson.com.au
Carole Wilkinson (born 1950) is an Australian writer, best known for Dragonkeeper (2003).
Career
Wilkinson was born in Derby, England. The family emigrated to Australia when she was 12 in 1963. She worked as a laboratory assistant until the age of 40, when she decided on a change of career.
To help achieve her goal she studied at a tertiary level. During her time at University she showed some of her writing to a friend who worked in the publishing industry. This sample led to a commission to write her first novel for teenagers.
Since that time she has gone on to write numerous books for educational and trade publishers in Australia. She has also written episodes for children's television production.
In 2011 Carole went to St Ignatius College, Adelaide. Classes Year 5 Red, Yr 5 Gold and Year 5 Blue were reading the books as well.
Wilkinson's daughter Lili Wilkinson also writes for young adults.
Dragonkeeper
Dragonkeeper was published in 2003 by Black Dog Books. Set in Han dynasty China, the story describes the adventures of Ping and an ageing dragon. It has won a number of awards including:
2003 Aurealis Award (Young Adults)
2004 Children's Book Council of Australia Book of the Year Award (Young Readers)
2004 Queensland Premier's Literary Award (Best Children's Book)
2006 Kalbacher Klapperschlange (German Children's Choice Award)
Dragonkeeper was also shortlisted for the New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards (2004) for the Patricia Wrightson Prize for Children's Books. The book secured US Publication and the US version of the book was published in April 2005! It was published in the UK on 30 April 2005.
The first sequel to Dragonkeeper was published in September 2005, Garden of the Purple Dragon. Dragon Moon followed in 2007. There is also a prequel to Dragonkeeper, a book called Dragon Dawn, about Danzi's adventures before he was put in Huangling Mountain.
Published books
Dragonkeeper series
Dragonkeeper (Black Dog Books, 2003)
Garden of the Purple Dragon (2005)
Dragon Moon (2007)
Dragon Dawn (2008) – prequel
Blood Brothers (2012)
Shadow Sister (2014)
Bronze Bird Tower (2017) – "The final part ...", OCLC 953577197
Ramose series
Ramose: Prince in Exile (2003)
Ramose and the Tomb Robbers (2003)
Ramose: Sting of the Scorpion (2006)
Ramose: Wrath of Ra (2006)
The Drum series
Black Snake (2002)
Fire in the Belly (2004)
Alexander the Great (2004)
Nonfiction
Black Snake: The Daring of Ned Kelly (2002)
Ned Kelly's Jerilderie Letter, ed. Wilkinson (2007)
The Dragon Companion: An Encyclopedia, illus. Dean Jones (Black Dog Books, 2007), OCLC 180190705
Fromelles: Australia's Bloodiest Day at War (2011)
Atmospheric: The Burning Story of Climate Change (2015)
Matthew Flinders: Adventures on leaky ships (2020)
Other books
Stagefright (1996)
Deepwater (1999)
Out of Orbit (1999)
Bertrand's Quest (2000)
Knight's Progress (2000)
Watery Graves (2000)
Careless Wishes (2001)
Careless Wishes (2001)
Sugar Sugar (2010)
References
^ "Wilkinson, Carole". WorldCat Identities. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
^ "Carole Wilkinson". AustLit: Discover Australian Stories. Archived from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
^ "Previous Winners". Children's Book Council of Australia. Archived from the original on 5 January 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010.
^ NSW Premier's Literary Awards. arts.nsw.gov.au. 26 June 2007
External links
Children's literature portalSpeculative fiction portal
Official website
Bibliography at Fantastic Fiction – with cover images
Carole Wilkinson at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
Carole Wilkinson at Library of Congress, with 19 library catalogue records
vteWorks by Carole WilkinsonDragonkeeper novels
Dragonkeeper (2003)
Garden of the Purple Dragon (2005)
Dragon Moon (2007)
Ramose novels
Ramose: Prince in Exile (2003)
Ramose and the Tomb Robbers (2003)
Screenplays
The Balanced Particle Freeway (1997)
vteChildren's Book of the Year Award for Younger Readers1982–1989
Rummage by Christobel Mattingley (1982)
Thing by Robin Klein (1983)
Bernice Knows Best by Max Dann (1984)
Something Special by Emily Rodda (1985)
Arkwright by Mary Steele (1986)
Pigs Might Fly by Emily Rodda (1987)
My Place by Nadia Wheatley (1988)
The Best-Kept Secret by Emily Rodda (1989)
1990–1999
Pigs and Honey by Jeanie Adams (1990)
Finders Keepers by Emily Rodda (1991)
The Magnificent Nose and Other Marvels by Anna Fienberg (1992)
The Bamboo Flute by Garry Disher (1993)
Rowan of Rin by Emily Rodda (1994)
Ark in the Park by Wendy Orr (1995)
Swashbuckler by James Moloney (1996)
Hannah Plus One by Libby Gleeson (1997)
Someone Like Me by Elaine Forrestal (1998)
My Girragunji by Meme McDonald and Boori Pryor (1999)
2000–2009
Hitler's Daughter by Jackie French (2000)
Two Hands Together by Diana Kidd (2001)
My Dog by John Heffernan (2002)
Rain May and Captain Daniel by Catherine Bateson (2003)
Dragonkeeper by Carole Wilkinson (2004)
The Silver Donkey by Sonya Hartnett (2005)
Helicopter Man by Elizabeth Fensham (2006)
Being Bee by Catherine Bateson (2007)
Dragon Moon by Carole Wilkinson (2008)
Perry Angel's Suitcase by Glenda Millard (2009)
2010–2019
Darius Bell and the Glitter Pool by Odo Hirsch (2010)
The Red Wind by Isobelle Carmody (2011)
Crow Country by Kate Constable (2012)
The Children of the King by Sonya Hartnett (2013)
City Of Orphans: A Very Unusual Pursuit by Catherine Jinks (2014)
The Cleo Stories: The Necklace and the Present by Libby Gleeson (2015)
Soon by Morris Gleitzman (2016)
Rockhopping by Trace Balla (2017)
How To Bee by Bren MacDibble (2018)
His Name Was Winter by Emily Rodda (2019)
2020–present
The Little Wave by Pip Harry (2020)
Aster's Good, Right Things by Kate Gordon (2021)
A Glasshouse of Stars by Shirley Marr (2022)
Runt by Craig Silvey (2023)
Picture Book (1955–present)
Early Childhood (2001–present)
Older Readers (1946–present)
Eve Pownall Award for Information Books (1988–present)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Norway
France
BnF data
Germany
Italy
Israel
United States
Japan
Australia
Greece
Netherlands
Portugal
Academics
CiNii
People
Trove
Other
IdRef
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dragonkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonkeeper"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Carole Wilkinson (born 1950) is an Australian writer, best known for Dragonkeeper (2003).[1]","title":"Carole Wilkinson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Derby, England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby,_England"},{"link_name":"emigrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emigrated"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"tertiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_education"},{"link_name":"publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishing"},{"link_name":"Lili Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lili_Wilkinson"}],"text":"Wilkinson was born in Derby, England. The family emigrated to Australia when she was 12 in 1963. She worked as a laboratory assistant until the age of 40, when she decided on a change of career.[2]To help achieve her goal she studied at a tertiary level. During her time at University she showed some of her writing to a friend who worked in the publishing industry. This sample led to a commission to write her first novel for teenagers.Since that time she has gone on to write numerous books for educational and trade publishers in Australia. She has also written episodes for children's television production.In 2011 Carole went to St Ignatius College, Adelaide. Classes Year 5 Red, Yr 5 Gold and Year 5 Blue were reading the books as well.Wilkinson's daughter Lili Wilkinson also writes for young adults.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dragonkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonkeeper"},{"link_name":"Black Dog Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Dog_Books_(Australian_publisher)"},{"link_name":"Han dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Aurealis Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurealis_Award"},{"link_name":"Children's Book Council of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Book_Council_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Queensland Premier's Literary Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Premier%27s_Literary_Awards"},{"link_name":"Kalbacher Klapperschlange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalbacher_Klapperschlange"},{"link_name":"New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Premier%27s_Literary_Awards"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Dragonkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonkeeper"},{"link_name":"Garden of the Purple Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_of_the_Purple_Dragon"},{"link_name":"Huangling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaanxi"}],"text":"Dragonkeeper was published in 2003 by Black Dog Books. Set in Han dynasty China, the story describes the adventures of Ping and an ageing dragon. It has won a number of awards including:2003 Aurealis Award (Young Adults)\n2004 Children's Book Council of Australia Book of the Year Award (Young Readers)[3]\n2004 Queensland Premier's Literary Award (Best Children's Book)\n2006 Kalbacher Klapperschlange (German Children's Choice Award)Dragonkeeper was also shortlisted for the New South Wales Premier's Literary Awards (2004) for the Patricia Wrightson Prize for Children's Books.[4] The book secured US Publication and the US version of the book was published in April 2005! It was published in the UK on 30 April 2005.The first sequel to Dragonkeeper was published in September 2005, Garden of the Purple Dragon. Dragon Moon followed in 2007. There is also a prequel to Dragonkeeper, a book called Dragon Dawn, about Danzi's adventures before he was put in Huangling Mountain.","title":"Dragonkeeper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carole_Wilkinson&action=edit§ion=4"},{"link_name":"Dragonkeeper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragonkeeper"},{"link_name":"Black Dog Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Dog_Books_(Australian_publisher)"},{"link_name":"Garden of the Purple Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_of_the_Purple_Dragon"},{"link_name":"Dragon Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Moon"},{"link_name":"Blood Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Brothers_(2012_novel)"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"953577197","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/953577197"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carole_Wilkinson&action=edit§ion=5"},{"link_name":"Ramose and the Tomb Robbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramose_and_the_Tomb_Robbers"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carole_Wilkinson&action=edit§ion=6"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carole_Wilkinson&action=edit§ion=7"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"180190705","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/180190705"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carole_Wilkinson&action=edit§ion=8"}],"text":"Dragonkeeper series[edit]\nDragonkeeper (Black Dog Books, 2003)\nGarden of the Purple Dragon (2005)\nDragon Moon (2007)\nDragon Dawn (2008) – prequel\nBlood Brothers (2012)\nShadow Sister (2014)\nBronze Bird Tower (2017) – \"The final part ...\", OCLC 953577197\nRamose series[edit]\nRamose: Prince in Exile (2003)\nRamose and the Tomb Robbers (2003)\nRamose: Sting of the Scorpion (2006)\nRamose: Wrath of Ra (2006)\nThe Drum series[edit]\nBlack Snake (2002)\nFire in the Belly (2004)\nAlexander the Great (2004)\nNonfiction[edit]\nBlack Snake: The Daring of Ned Kelly (2002)\nNed Kelly's Jerilderie Letter, ed. Wilkinson (2007)\nThe Dragon Companion: An Encyclopedia, illus. Dean Jones (Black Dog Books, 2007), OCLC 180190705\nFromelles: Australia's Bloodiest Day at War (2011)\nAtmospheric: The Burning Story of Climate Change (2015)\nMatthew Flinders: Adventures on leaky ships (2020)\nOther books[edit]\nStagefright (1996)\nDeepwater (1999)\nOut of Orbit (1999)\nBertrand's Quest (2000)\nKnight's Progress (2000)\nWatery Graves (2000)\nCareless Wishes (2001)\nCareless Wishes (2001)\nSugar Sugar (2010)","title":"Published books"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Wilkinson, Carole\". WorldCat Identities. Retrieved 6 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://orlabs.oclc.org/identities/lccn-n2001-21607","url_text":"\"Wilkinson, Carole\""}]},{"reference":"\"Carole Wilkinson\". AustLit: Discover Australian Stories. Archived from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 14 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/A30080","url_text":"\"Carole Wilkinson\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180516045306/https://www.austlit.edu.au/austlit/page/A30080","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Previous Winners\". Children's Book Council of Australia. Archived from the original on 5 January 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100105155208/http://cbca.org.au/2009.htm","url_text":"\"Previous Winners\""},{"url":"http://cbca.org.au/2009.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Braden
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Henry Braden
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["1 References"]
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American politician
Henry English "Hank" Braden, IVLouisiana State Senator or District 3 (Orleans Parish)In office1978–1984Preceded bySidney BarthelemySucceeded byDennis R. Bagneris
Personal detailsBorn(1944-08-24)August 24, 1944New Orleans, Louisiana, USADiedJuly 15, 2013(2013-07-15) (aged 68)New Orleans, LouisianaCause of deathCongestive heart failurePolitical partyDemocraticSpouseMichele BradenChildrenHeidi, Remi, Hal, and Nick BradenAlma materSt. Augustine High School
Le Moyne College
Loyola University New Orleans College of LawOccupationLawyer; Lobbyist
Henry English "Hank" Braden IV (August 24, 1944 – July 15, 2013) was a lawyer and politician.
Born in New Orleans, Louisiana, Braden received his bachelors degree from Le Moyne College and his law degree from the Loyola University New Orleans College of Law. He then practiced law and was a lobbyist. Braden was involved with New Orleans Poverty Agency and the New Orleans Urban League as executive director. In 1974-1975, Braden was director for Manpower and Development for the city of New Orleans. Braden then served in the Louisiana Senate as a Democrat 1978-1984. He died in New Orleans, Louisiana.
Biography portalUnited States portalLaw portalPolitics portal
References
^ Michael Radcliff (June 14, 2011). "Remembering Dorothy Mae Taylor: The First Lady of 1300 Perdido St". The Louisiana Weekly. Retrieved September 27, 2014.
^ "Henry "Hank" Braden, IV". Baton Rouge Morning Advocate, July 16, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
^ "Dominic Massa, "Former state senator Henry "Hank" Braden, IV, dies at 68", July 15, 2013". WWL-TV News. Archived from the original on July 19, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
^ "Membership in the Louisiana State Senate, 1880-2012" (PDF). legis.state.la.us. Retrieved July 15, 2013.
^ "Louisiana primary election returns, October 22, 1983". staticresults.sos.la.gov. Retrieved July 19, 2013.
Preceded bySidney Barthelemy
Louisiana State Senator for District 3 (Orleans Parish)Henry English "Hank" Braden, IV 1978–1984
Succeeded byDennis R. Bagneris
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[]
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[{"reference":"Michael Radcliff (June 14, 2011). \"Remembering Dorothy Mae Taylor: The First Lady of 1300 Perdido St\". The Louisiana Weekly. Retrieved September 27, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.louisianaweekly.com/remembering-dorothy-mae-taylor-the-first-lady-of-1300-perdido-st/","url_text":"\"Remembering Dorothy Mae Taylor: The First Lady of 1300 Perdido St\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henry \"Hank\" Braden, IV\". Baton Rouge Morning Advocate, July 16, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/theadvocate/obituary.aspx?n=henry-english-braden-hank&pid=165877691&fhid=5630","url_text":"\"Henry \"Hank\" Braden, IV\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advocate_(Baton_Rouge)","url_text":"Baton Rouge Morning Advocate"}]},{"reference":"\"Dominic Massa, \"Former state senator Henry \"Hank\" Braden, IV, dies at 68\", July 15, 2013\". WWL-TV News. Archived from the original on July 19, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130719042441/http://www.wwltv.com/news/Former-state-senator-Henry-Hank-Braden-IV-dies-at-68-215561321.html","url_text":"\"Dominic Massa, \"Former state senator Henry \"Hank\" Braden, IV, dies at 68\", July 15, 2013\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWL-TV","url_text":"WWL-TV"},{"url":"http://www.wwltv.com/news/Former-state-senator-Henry-Hank-Braden-IV-dies-at-68-215561321.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Membership in the Louisiana State Senate, 1880-2012\" (PDF). legis.state.la.us. Retrieved July 15, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://senate.la.gov/Documents/Membership/Documents/SenateMembership1880ForwardRevisedMar2011.pdf","url_text":"\"Membership in the Louisiana State Senate, 1880-2012\""}]},{"reference":"\"Louisiana primary election returns, October 22, 1983\". staticresults.sos.la.gov. Retrieved July 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://staticresults.sos.la.gov/10221983/10221983_Legislative.html","url_text":"\"Louisiana primary election returns, October 22, 1983\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Medical_and_Dental_Council
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Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council
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["1 See also","2 Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council doctors list","3 References","4 External links"]
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Government regulatory agency
This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Bangladesh Medical & Dental Councilবাংলাদেশ মেডিকেল ও ডেন্টাল কাউন্সিলFormation9 April 1980; 44 years ago (1980-04-09)TypeGovernment OrganisationHeadquarters203, Shaheed Sayed Nazrul Islam Sarani (86, Bijoy Nagar), Dhaka-1000, BangladeshPresidentProf. Dr. Mahmud HasanWebsitewww.bmdc.org.bd
The Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council (BMDC) is the professional regulatory body that monitors the practice of medicine in Bangladesh.It was formed under the Bangladesh Medical Council Act. This act was made in 1973, hence it is also called 1973 Act of Bangladesh Medical Council. The act of 1973 was repealed in 1980 & Bangladesh Medical & Dental Council Act was passed by the parliament on 9th April, 1980.
It is located in the capital of Bangladesh, Dhaka in 203, Shaheed Sayed Nazrul Islam Sarani (86, Bijoy Nagar). Its function is to give registration to MBBS & BDS & DMD to practice medicine and dentistry in Bangladesh. It maintains the official register of Medical Practitioner, Dental Practitioner & Medical Assistant Practitioner within Bangladesh. Its chief responsibility is to "protect, promote and maintain the health and safety of the public" by controlling entry to the register, and suspending or removing members when necessary. It also sets the standards for medical colleges in Bangladesh. Unregistered, suspended or removed members are not allowed to practice medicine in Bangladesh.
The Bangladesh Medical & Dental Council is the regulatory authority and the custodian of medical and dental basic and higher education in Bangladesh.
See also
List of medical schools in Bangladesh
List of dental schools in Bangladesh
Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council doctors list
This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (December 2022)
References
^ "Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council". Archived from the original on 12 April 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2010.
External links
Official website
vte Education in BangladeshMinistry of Education Ministry of Primary and Mass EducationHigher educationRegulating organisations
Ministry of Education
University Grants Commission
Public academies
Universities (List)
Colleges
Medical
Dental
Architecture
Business
Institutes
Research
Polytechnic
Learned societies
Bangla Academy
Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council
Pharmacy Council of Bangladesh
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Bangladesh Society of Microbiologists
Zoological Society of Bangladesh
Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
Bangladesh Academy for Rural Development
Bangladesh Education and Research Network
Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
Bishwo Shahitto Kendro
Shilpakala Academy
Nazrul Institute
Related organisations
Political organisations
Leo clubs
Young Bangla
School educationBoards
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Institutes
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Co-curriculars
Scouts
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Templates
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This article about a Bangladeshi organisation is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"title":"List of medical schools in Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_medical_schools_in_Bangladesh"},{"title":"List of dental schools in Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dental_schools_in_Bangladesh"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarch_Cyril_II_of_Jerusalem
|
Cyril II of Jerusalem
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
This article is about Patriarch of Jerusalem. For other people with the same name, see Cyril II.
Cyril II of Jerusalem
Cyril II of Jerusalem (original name Konstantinos Kritikos, Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Κρητικός); 1792 – August 18, 1877) was a 19th-century Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem.
Cyril was born in 1792 in the island of Samos. In 1816 he was ordained a deacon, then a presbyter, was abbot of the monastery. In 1835 he became Archbishop of Sebasteia and in 1838 of Lydia.
In 1845 he was elected as the Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem under the name Cyril II (1846–1872) by the Hagiotaphites (Confraternity of the Holy Sepulchre); the election was a turning point for the Church of Jerusalem, as it took back the authority to choose its own Patriarch, rather than have it dictated from Constantinople. He remained in the position until 1872.
On February 28, 1870, Sultan Abdulaziz signed a firman which created the Bulgarian Exarchate subjectеd to the Ecumenical Patriarchate but yet as a representative of the Bulgarian millet in the Ottoman Empire. Cyril II participated in the Council in Constantinople, chaired by Ecumenical Patriarch Anthimus VI, in September 1872, wherein the Patriarchs of Alexandria and Antioch also participated and which on 18/30 September declared the Bulgarian Exarchate as schismatic and its adherents excommunicated. Cyril opposed the declaration of schism and declined to sign the Council's decisions. On September 14, 1872 Cyril II left the council in Constantinople by steamer to Jaffa and Jerusalem. Dethroned from the patriarchal throne on December 12, 1872, in his absence.
Cyril II had many supporters - especially among Christian Arabs, but also among high-ranking dignitaries, many of whom suffer because of it.
Cyril's successor on the patriarchal throne, Procopius, remained little more than two years. On February 26, 1875, mainly under the pressure of the Arab population and Orthodox clergy, he was deposed. Arab notables from Jerusalem wanted former patriarch Cyril II to be a candidate for the vacant throne, but in a pastoral message, published in the newspapers, he declined this invitation on grounds of advanced age. He died on August 18, 1877.
References
^ Orthodox History website, Jerusalem Wasn’t Really Autocephalous from 1669-1845, article by Matthew Namee dated September 28, 2021
^ Jerusalem Patriarchate website, Apostolic Succession section
Preceded byAthanasius V of Jerusalem
Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem 1845-1872
Succeeded byProcopius II of Jerusalem
vteBishops and Patriarchs of the Greek Orthodox Church of JerusalemBishops of Jerusalem(until 451)
James, brother of Jesus
Simeon of Jerusalem
Justus
Zacchaeus
Tobias
Benjamin
John I
Matthias
Philip
Senecas
Justus II
Levis
Ephram
Joseph I
Judas
Marcus
Cassianus
Poplius
Maximus I
Julian I
Gaius I
Symmachus
Gaius II
Julian II
Capion
Maximus II
Antoninus
Valens
Dolichianus
Narcissus
Dius
Germanion
Gordius
Alexander
Mazabanis
Imeneus
Zamudas
Ermon
Macarius
Maximus III
Cyril I
John II
Praulius
Juvenal
Patriarchs of Jerusalem(from 451)
Juvenal
Anastasius I
Martyrius
Sallustius
Elias I
John III
Peter
Macarius II
Eustochius
John IV
Amos
Isaac
Zacharias
Modestus
Sophronius
Anastasius II
John V
Theodore
Elias II
George
Thomas I
Basileus
John VI
Sergius I
Solomon
Theodosius
Elias III
Sergius II
Leontius I
Athanasius I
Christodulus I
Agathon
John VII
Christodulus II
Thomas II
Joseph II
Orestes
Theophilus I
Nicephorus I
Joannichius
Sophronius II
Euthemius
Simeon II
Savvas§
John VIII§
Nicolas§
John IX§
Nicephorus II§
Leontius II§
Dositheos I
Marcus II
Euthemius II
Athanasius II
Sophronius III
Gregory I
Thaddaeus
Athanasius III
Gregory II
Lazarus
Dorotheus I
Theophilus II
Theophanes I
Joachim
Theophanes II
Athanasius IV
Jacob II
Abraham I
Gregory III
Marcus III
Dorotheus II
Germanus
Sophronius IV
Theophanes III
Paiseus
Nectarius I
Dositheos II
Chrysanthus
Meletius
Parthenius
Ephram II
Sophronius V
Abraham II
Procopius I
Anthemus
Polycarpus
Athanasius V
Cyril II
Procopius II
Hierotheus
Nicodemus I
Gerasimus I
Damian I
Timotheus I
Benedict I
Diodoros I
Irenaios I
Theophilus III
§: in exile at Constantinople due to the Latin rule over Jerusalem
External links
Synpress-Classic website, Patriarch Cyril II
Synpress-Classic website, Exarchate, Schism and Patriarch Cyril II of Jerusalem
Pravoslavie Russia website
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Greece
Other
IdRef
vteBishops and Patriarchs of the Greek Orthodox Church of JerusalemBishops of Jerusalem(until 451)
James, brother of Jesus
Simeon of Jerusalem
Justus
Zacchaeus
Tobias
Benjamin
John I
Matthias
Philip
Senecas
Justus II
Levis
Ephram
Joseph I
Judas
Marcus
Cassianus
Poplius
Maximus I
Julian I
Gaius I
Symmachus
Gaius II
Julian II
Capion
Maximus II
Antoninus
Valens
Dolichianus
Narcissus
Dius
Germanion
Gordius
Alexander
Mazabanis
Imeneus
Zamudas
Ermon
Macarius
Maximus III
Cyril I
John II
Praulius
Juvenal
Patriarchs of Jerusalem(from 451)
Juvenal
Anastasius I
Martyrius
Sallustius
Elias I
John III
Peter
Macarius II
Eustochius
John IV
Amos
Isaac
Zacharias
Modestus
Sophronius
Anastasius II
John V
Theodore
Elias II
George
Thomas I
Basileus
John VI
Sergius I
Solomon
Theodosius
Elias III
Sergius II
Leontius I
Athanasius I
Christodulus I
Agathon
John VII
Christodulus II
Thomas II
Joseph II
Orestes
Theophilus I
Nicephorus I
Joannichius
Sophronius II
Euthemius
Simeon II
Savvas§
John VIII§
Nicolas§
John IX§
Nicephorus II§
Leontius II§
Dositheos I
Marcus II
Euthemius II
Athanasius II
Sophronius III
Gregory I
Thaddaeus
Athanasius III
Gregory II
Lazarus
Dorotheus I
Theophilus II
Theophanes I
Joachim
Theophanes II
Athanasius IV
Jacob II
Abraham I
Gregory III
Marcus III
Dorotheus II
Germanus
Sophronius IV
Theophanes III
Paiseus
Nectarius I
Dositheos II
Chrysanthus
Meletius
Parthenius
Ephram II
Sophronius V
Abraham II
Procopius I
Anthemus
Polycarpus
Athanasius V
Cyril II
Procopius II
Hierotheus
Nicodemus I
Gerasimus I
Damian I
Timotheus I
Benedict I
Diodoros I
Irenaios I
Theophilus III
§: in exile at Constantinople due to the Latin rule over Jerusalem
This biographical article about a Greek religious figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about an Eastern Orthodox bishop is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
|
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|
[{"image_text":"Cyril II of Jerusalem","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Patriarch_Cyril_II_of_Jerusalem.jpg/160px-Patriarch_Cyril_II_of_Jerusalem.jpg"}]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"https://orthodoxhistory.org/2021/09/28/jerusalem-wasnt-really-autocephalous-from-1669-1845/","external_links_name":"Orthodox History website, Jerusalem Wasn’t Really Autocephalous from 1669-1845, article by Matthew Namee dated September 28, 2021"},{"Link":"https://jerusalem-patriarchate.info/%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B7%CF%82/%E1%BC%80%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE-%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE/","external_links_name":"Jerusalem Patriarchate website, Apostolic Succession section"},{"Link":"http://synpress-classic.dveri.bg/21-2002/pKiril.htm","external_links_name":"Synpress-Classic website, Patriarch Cyril II"},{"Link":"http://synpress-classic.dveri.bg/21-2002/ubilei.htm","external_links_name":"Synpress-Classic website, Exarchate, Schism and Patriarch Cyril II of Jerusalem"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130102142123/http://www.pravoslavie.domainbg.com/03/snegarov/sneg-shizmata-iztoc.html","external_links_name":"Pravoslavie Russia website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/7089151837996820520000","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record106331","external_links_name":"Greece"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/223472832","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyril_II_of_Jerusalem&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyril_II_of_Jerusalem&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_McCallum
|
Grace McCallum
|
["1 Personal life","2 Elite gymnastics career","2.1 2017","2.2 2018","2.3 2019","2.4 2020","2.5 2021","3 Collegiate gymnastics career","3.1 2021–22 season","3.2 Career perfect 10.0","3.3 Regular season rankings","4 Selected competitive skills","5 Competitive history","6 References"]
|
American artistic gymnast
Grace McCallumMcCallum at the 2021 US National ChampionshipsPersonal informationFull nameGrace Ann McCallumCountry represented United StatesBorn (2002-10-30) October 30, 2002 (age 21)Cambridge, Minnesota, U.S.HometownIsanti, Minnesota, U.S.ResidenceSalt Lake City, Utah, U.S.Height5 ft 3 in (160 cm)DisciplineWomen's artistic gymnasticsLevelSenior International Elite (2018–21)NCAA (2022–)Years on national team2018–22 (USA)ClubTwin Cities TwistersCollege teamUtah Red Rocks (2022–25)Head coach(es)Sarah JantziMusic"Hava Nagila" (2019) “Birthday - Didula / Matador - Marnik and Miami Blue” (2021)
Medal record
Representing the United States
Olympic Games
2020 Tokyo
Team
World Championships
2018 Doha
Team
2019 Stuttgart
Team
Pacific Rim Championships
2018 Medellín
Team
2018 Medellín
All-Around
2018 Medellín
Vault
2018 Medellín
Floor Exercise
Pan American Championships
2018 Lima
Team
2018 Lima
All-Around
2018 Lima
Uneven Bars
2018 Lima
Vault
2018 Lima
Balance Beam
FIG World Cup
Event
1st
2nd
3rd
All-Around World Cup
0
1
0
Representing Utah Red Rocks
NCAA Championships
2023 Fort Worth
Uneven Bars
2022 Fort Worth
Team
2023 Fort Worth
Team
2024 Fort Worth
Team
Grace Ann McCallum (born October 30, 2002) is an American artistic gymnast. She represented the United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal in the team event. She is the 2018 Pan American and 2018 Pacific Rim individual all-around champion, the 2018 Pan American uneven bars champion, and was a member of the U.S. gymnastics team that won gold at the 2018 and 2019 World Championships and the 2018 Pan American Championships.
Personal life
McCallum was born in Cambridge, Minnesota to Sandra and Edward McCallum. She is one of seven children. She finished high school online through Connections Academy and has a German Shepherd named Bella. McCallum is a devout Roman Catholic.
Elite gymnastics career
2017
In 2017 McCallum competed at the 2017 U.S. Classic where she placed third in the all-around and first on vault in the junior division. At Nationals she placed 11th in the all-around and fourth on vault.
2018
McCallum turned senior 2018 and was officially added to the senior national team when she was named to the team to compete at the 2018 Pacific Rim Gymnastics Championships. There she won gold in the team and all-around finals and won silver on vault and floor exercise. McCallum also competed at the 2018 City of Jesolo Trophy where she placed fifth in the all-around, fifth on vault, and third on floor exercise.
In early July, McCallum competed at the American Classic, where she only competed on uneven bars and balance beam. She finished second and ninth respectively.
Later that month, McCallum competed at the GK US Classic, where she placed eleventh in the all-around. She also placed eighteenth on bars, twelfth on beam, and tied for seventh on floor with Shania Adams.
In August McCallum competed at the National Championships where she placed fourth in the all-around, behind Simone Biles, Morgan Hurd, and Riley McCusker. She also finished fourth on floor exercise, sixth on uneven bars, and fifth on balance beam. On August 20 McCallum was named to the team to compete at the Pan American Championships alongside Jade Carey, Trinity Thomas, Kara Eaker, and Shilese Jones. There she won gold in the team finals, all-around, and uneven bars and won bronze on vault and balance beam. She had the fourth highest score on floor exercise. Her all-around score of 57.000 during the team final was the second-highest international score in the world in 2018, behind only all-around champion Biles.
In October McCallum participated in the Worlds Team Selection Camp. During the competition she placed second on floor exercise behind Biles, third in the all-around behind Biles and McCusker, fifth on balance beam and vault, and seventh on uneven bars. The following day she was named to the team to compete at the 2018 World Championships alongside Biles, Hurd, McCusker, Eaker, and alternate Ragan Smith.
During qualifications the US qualified in first place to the team final. Individually McCallum qualified as the second reserve to the vault final and placed seventh on floor exercise, but did not qualify due to teammates Biles and Hurd scoring higher. During the team final McCallum competed on only vault and floor exercise. She contributed 14.533 and 13.633 respectively towards the USA's team total. USA won gold with a score of 171.629, 8.766 points ahead of second-place Russia, beating previous margin of victory records set in the open-ended code of points era at the 2014 World Championships (6.693) and the 2016 Olympic Games (8.209).
2019
In January, it was announced that McCallum would represent the USA at the American Cup alongside first year senior Leanne Wong in March. There she won the silver all-around medal behind Wong and ahead of the two previous World silver all-around medalists, Ellie Black of Canada (2017) and Mai Murakami of Japan (2018), who tied for third place. At February’s team training camp, McCallum placed first in the all-around ahead of the other national team members.
At the 2019 GK US Classic in July, McCallum placed third in the all-around behind Simone Biles and Riley McCusker. She also tied for third on bars with McCusker and behind Morgan Hurd and Sunisa Lee, placed fifth on beam, and tied for second on floor with Jade Carey and behind Biles. Additionally she had the fourth highest single vault score behind Biles, Carey, and MyKayla Skinner but had the highest scoring double-twisting yurchenko.
At the 2019 U.S. National Championships, McCallum competed all four events on the first day of competition but counted two falls and ended the night in ninth place, tied with MyKayla Skinner. On the second day of competition she competed all her routines cleanly and was able to make a comeback and finished the competition in third place behind Simone Biles and Sunisa Lee. She also finished in sixth on bars, eighth on beam, and fourth on floor. As a result she was added to the national team for the third time.
In September McCallum competed at the US World Championships trials where she placed sixth in the all-around behind Simone Biles, Sunisa Lee, Kara Eaker, MyKayla Skinner, and Jade Carey after falling off the uneven bars. On the second day of trials, she competed on bars and beam, finishing third on bars behind Lee and Biles. The following day she was named to the team to compete at the 2019 World Championships in Stuttgart alongside Biles, Lee, Eaker, Skinner, and Carey.
During the qualification round at the World Championships, McCallum helped the USA qualify to the team final in first place over five points ahead of second place China. She recorded the fifth highest all-around score despite falling on balance beam, but did not advance to the final due to teammates Biles and Lee scoring higher than her. Additionally, she placed ninth on floor exercise and tenth on uneven bars, but was not named a reserve athlete for either final due to both Biles and Lee qualifying above her on those two events. In the team final, McCallum competed on vault and uneven bars, helping the USA win the gold medal ahead of Russia and Italy, making this McCallum’s second consecutive gold medal in the team final.
2020
In early February it was announced that McCallum was selected to represent the United States at the Birmingham World Cup taking place in late March. However the Birmingham World Cup was later canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom.
In November McCallum signed her National Letter of Intent with the University of Utah, intending to start in the 2021–22 school year.
2021
McCallum competed at the American Classic in April. She only competed on the balance beam where she recorded the fourth highest score. In May McCallum competed the all-around at the U.S. Classic where she placed fourth behind Simone Biles, Jordan Chiles, and Kayla DiCello. At the National Championships McCallum finished seventh in the all-around. Additionally she won bronze on balance beam behind Biles and Sunisa Lee. As a result she was named to the national team and selected to compete at the upcoming Olympic Trials. McCallum finished fourth at the Olympic Trials and was named to the four-person team to represent the United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics alongside Biles, Lee, and Chiles.
At the Olympic Games McCallum performed the all-around during qualifications and helped the USA qualify to the team final in second place behind the athletes from Russia. She finished qualifications in thirteenth place; however she did not advance to the final due to two-per-country limitations as Biles and Lee had placed higher. During the team final McCallum competed on all four apparatuses. After the first rotation Biles withdrew from the competition and the United States finished second behind the Russian Olympic Committee athletes.
In August McCallum announced that she would be joining Simone Biles' Gold Over America Tour.
Collegiate gymnastics career
2021–22 season
McCallum made her NCAA debut on January 7 at the Best of Utah meet where she competed the all-around to help Utah win. She put up the highest vault score of the night, a 9.90, alongside teammate Jaedyn Rucker. The following week McCallum once again competed the all-around to help Utah win against Oklahoma. She recorded the highest all-around and floor exercise scores of the night with a 39.675 and 9.975 respectively. As a result she was named Pac-12 freshman of the week. On February 4, in a meet against UCLA, McCallum earned her first collegiate perfect ten on the uneven bars.
At the Pac-12 Championships McCallum helped Utah win their second consecutive team title. Individually she placed second in the all-around behind Olympic teammate Jade Carey. She earned her second perfect ten on the uneven bars to outright win the title and co-won the title on floor exercise alongside Carey.
Career perfect 10.0
Season
Date
Event
Meet
2022
February 4, 2022
Uneven bars
Utah @ UCLA
March 19, 2022
Pac-12 Championships
2024
February 23, 2024
Floor exercise
Utah vs Stanford
March 8, 2024
Uneven bars
Utah @ Arizona
Regular season rankings
Season
All-Around
Vault
Uneven Bars
Balance Beam
Floor Exercise
2022
6th
20th
2nd
17th
12th
2024
N/A
N/A
10th
26th
14th
Selected competitive skills
Apparatus
Name
Description
Difficulty
Performed
Vault
Servente
Yurchenko half-on entry, tucked salto forwards with ½ twist
4.0
2018
Baitova
Yurchenko entry, laid out salto backwards with two twists
5.0
2018–21
Uneven Bars
Chow 1/2
Stalder Shaposhnikova transition with ½ twist to high bar
E
2018, 2021
Piked Jaeger
Reverse grip swing to piked salto forwards to catch high bar
E
2021
Ricna
Stalder to counter reversed straddled hecht over high bar
E
2019
Van Leeuwen
Toe-on Shaposhnikova transition with ½ twist to high bar
E
2019
Downie
Stalder to counter reversed piked hecht over high bar
F
2019–21
Balance Beam
Double Pike
Dismount: Double piked salto backwards
E
2019–21
Mitchell
1080° (3/1) turn in tuck stand on one leg
E
2018–21
Floor Exercise
Mitchell
1080° (3/1) turn in tuck stand on one leg
E
2019–21
Mukhina
Full-twisting (1/1) double tucked salto backwards
E
2018–21
Triple Twist
Salto backward laid out with triple twist
E
2018–19
Silivas
Double-twisting (2/1) double tucked salto backwards
H
2018–21
^ Valid for the 2022-2024 Code of Points
Competitive history
Year
Event
Team
AA
VT
UB
BB
FX
Junior
2017
U.S. Classic
16
9
5
P&G National Championships
11
4
23
18
12
Senior
2018
City of Jesolo Trophy
5
5
Pacific Rim Championships
6
6
American Classic
9
U.S. Classic
11
18
12
7
U.S. National Championships
4
6
5
4
Pan American Championships
4
Worlds Team Selection Camp
5
7
5
Doha World Championships
R2
2019
American Cup
U.S. Classic
5
U.S. National Championships
6
8
4
Worlds Team Selection Camp
6
4
11
4
6
Stuttgart World Championships
2021
American Classic
4
U.S. Classic
4
15
5
5
U.S. National Championships
7
19
16
Olympic Trials
4
5
5
4
Tokyo Olympic Games
NCAA
2022
Pac-12 Championships
6
12
NCAA Championship
14
21
49
27
7
2023
Pac-12 Championships
NCAA Championship
2024
Pac-12 Championships
NCAA Championships
17
45
33
24
18
References
^ "Just the beginning: McCallum, Wong nurture big dreams at American Cup". USA Gymnastics. February 21, 2019. Archived from the original on July 27, 2021. Retrieved March 7, 2019.
^ "Grace McCallum". USA Gymnastics.
^ Get to Know the Freshman - Grace McCallum, retrieved 2021-09-22
^ Johnson, Anna Rose (July 27, 2018). "Amazing Grace!". Inside Gymnastics.
^ Grace Doerfler, Amelia Jarecke, Chloe Gunther (July 16, 2021). "Ten American Catholic athletes to watch for in the Tokyo Olympics". America. Retrieved July 20, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "USA Gymnastics names women's 2018 Pac Rim, Junior Pan Am Championships Teams". USA Gymnastics. April 10, 2018. Archived from the original on August 4, 2021. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
^ "USA brings home 29 medals from men's, women's individual event finals". USA Gymnastics. April 29, 2018. Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved April 30, 2018.
^ "2018 City of Jesolo Trophy Results". The Gymternet. April 16, 2018.
^ "Jones, DiCello win all-around titles at 2018 American Classic today". USA Gymnastics. July 8, 2018. Archived from the original on July 11, 2018. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
^ "GK Classic Results 2018" (PDF).
^ "Biles wins fifth senior women's all-around title at 2018 U.S. Gymnastics Championships". USA Gymnastics. August 19, 2018. Archived from the original on August 20, 2018. Retrieved August 20, 2018.
^ "USA Gymnastics names U.S. Women's Team for 2018 Pan Am Championships". USA Gymnastics. August 20, 2018. Archived from the original on November 9, 2020. Retrieved August 20, 2018.
^ "U.S. women win team gold at 2018 Senior Pan Am Championships". USA Gymnastics. September 16, 2018. Archived from the original on August 10, 2020. Retrieved September 17, 2018.
^ "McCallum, Thomas go one-two in women's all-around at 2018 Senior Pan Am Championships". USA Gymnastics. September 15, 2018. Archived from the original on August 12, 2020. Retrieved September 17, 2018.
^ "2018 Pan American Championships Results". The Gymternet. 2018-09-16. Retrieved 2019-03-02.
^ "Biles wins U.S. women's World Team Selection Camp competition". USA Gymnastics. October 11, 2018. Archived from the original on December 21, 2018. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
^ "USA Gymnastics announces 2018 U.S. Women's World Championships Team". USA Gymnastics. October 12, 2018. Archived from the original on December 21, 2018. Retrieved October 12, 2018.
^ "Qualification line-up for U.S. women is announced for 2018 World Championships". USA Gymnastics. October 25, 2018. Archived from the original on December 21, 2018. Retrieved October 25, 2018.
^ "U.S. women qualify for team finals with first-place team qualification ranking at 2018 World Championships". USA Gymnastics. October 28, 2018. Archived from the original on December 21, 2018. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
^ "Simone Biles, U.S. gymnastics team win world title by record margin". NBC Sports. October 30, 2018.
^ "U.S. women win team title at 2018 World Championships, qualify for 2020 Olympic Games". USA Gymnastics. October 30, 2018. Archived from the original on December 21, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
^ "2019 American Cup field features mixture of Olympic and World medalists, rising stars". USA Gymnastics. January 10, 2019. Archived from the original on May 4, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2019.
^ "World medallists headline 2019 American Cup". International Gymnastics Federation. January 10, 2019.
^ "2019 American Cup Live Blog". The Gymternet. 2019-03-02. Retrieved 2019-03-02.
^ "Sarah Jantzi on Instagram: "Amazing Grace 1st AA at national team camp in the senior division!!!"". Instagram. Archived from the original on 2021-12-24. Retrieved 2019-07-18.
^ "Biles, McClain win all-around titles at 2019 GK U.S. Classic". USA Gymnastics. July 20, 2019. Archived from the original on April 20, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2019.
^ "Biles soars to top of all-around rankings at 2019 U.S. Championships, performing two new skills along the way". USA Gymnastics. July 10, 2019. Archived from the original on June 5, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
^ "Biles soars to sixth U.S. women's all-around title at 2019 U.S. Championships". USA Gymnastics. August 11, 2019. Archived from the original on April 20, 2020. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
^ "USA Gymnastics announces 2019 U.S. Women's World Championships Team". USA Gymnastics. September 23, 2019. Archived from the original on March 3, 2020. Retrieved September 23, 2019.
^ "USA advances to women's team, individual finals at 2019 World Championships". USA Gymnastics. October 4, 2019. Archived from the original on April 20, 2020. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
^ "Simone Biles breaks record; U.S. women win gymnastics world team title". NBC Sports. October 8, 2019.
^ "Birmingham World Cup roster bursts with World stars". FIG. February 7, 2020.
^ "British Gymnastics national events announcement, including FIG World Cup". British Gymnastics. March 16, 2020. Archived from the original on April 28, 2022. Retrieved March 16, 2020.
^ "Two Team USA Olympic hopefuls sign with Utah gymnastics". Deseret News. November 11, 2020. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2020.
^ "Blakely claims 2021 American Classic senior all-around title, eight qualify to U.S. Gymnastics Championships". USA Gymnastics. April 24, 2021. Archived from the original on July 3, 2022. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
^ "Biles debuts unprecedented Yurchenko double pike vault en route to fifth GK U.S. Classic title". USA Gymnastics. May 22, 2021. Archived from the original on July 29, 2021. Retrieved May 24, 2021.
^ "Biles wins seventh national all-around championship, most in U.S. women's gymnastics history". USA Gymnastics. June 7, 2021. Archived from the original on August 1, 2021. Retrieved June 8, 2021.
^ "Simone Biles, Sunisa Lee highlight six U.S. women's gymnasts for Tokyo Olympics". NBC Sports. June 27, 2021.
^ "U.S. women qualify to Olympic team competition final behind top-three all-around performances by Biles, Lee". USA Gymnastics. July 25, 2021. Archived from the original on March 3, 2022. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
^ "ROC wins women's team gold medal, ending Team USA's decade long reign". International Olympic Committee. July 27, 2021. Archived from the original on July 27, 2021. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
^ "Cheer For Your Favorite Team USA Gymnasts at the Gold Over America Tour This Fall". Yahoo!. August 19, 2021. Archived from the original on August 19, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
^ Wodraska, Lya (January 7, 2022). "Utah gymnastics team opens season with victory in Best of Utah Meet". The Salt Lake Tribune.
^ "With win over Oklahoma, Utah showed it is 'a force to be reckoned with'". Deseret News. January 14, 2022.
^ "No. 2 Utah's Grace McCallum is the Pac-12 Gymnastics Freshman/Newcomer of the Week". Pac-12 Conference. January 18, 2022.
^ "Suni Lee Earns First Perfect 10 of Collegiate Career". Sports Illustrated. February 5, 2022.
^ "Utah claims 2022 Pac-12 Women's Gymnastics Championship". Pac-12 Conference. March 19, 2022.
vte 2020 USA Olympic Gymnastics TeamMen's artistic gymnastics athletesTeam
Brody Malone
Sam Mikulak
Yul Moldauer
Shane Wiskus
Individuals
Alec Yoder
Alternates
Cameron Bock
Allan Bower
Brandon Briones
Alex Diab
Akash Modi
Women's artistic gymnastics athletesTeam
Simone Biles
Jordan Chiles
Sunisa Lee
Grace McCallum
Individuals
Jade Carey
MyKayla Skinner
Alternates
Kayla DiCello
Kara Eaker
Emma Malabuyo
Leanne Wong
Rhythmic gymnastics athletesIndividuals
Evita Griskenas
Laura Zeng
Alternates
Lennox Hopkins-Wilkins
Group
Isabelle Connor
Camilla Feeley
Yelyzaveta Merenzon
Lili Mizuno
Elizaveta Pletneva
Nicole Sladkov
Alternates
Gergana Petkova
Trampoline athletesIndividuals
Nicole Ahsinger
Aliaksei Shostak
Alternates
Charlotte Drury
Sarah Webster
Coaches
Thom Glielmi (Men's artistic head coach)
Laurent Landi (Women's artistic head coach)
Natasha Kilmouk (Rhythmic individual coach)
Angelina Yovcheva (Rhythmic individual coach)
Margarita Mamzina (Rhythmic group coach)
Tatiana Kovaleva (Trampoline head coach)
vteWorld Champions in Artistic Gymnastics – Women's Team Competition
1934: Czechoslovakia
1938: Czechoslovakia
1950: Sweden
1954: Soviet Union
1958: Soviet Union
1962: Soviet Union
1966: Czechoslovakia
1970: Soviet Union
1974: Soviet Union
1978: Soviet Union
1979: Romania
1981: Soviet Union
1983: Soviet Union
1985: Soviet Union
1987: Romania
1989: Soviet Union
1991: Soviet Union
1994: Romania
1995: Romania
1997: Romania
1999: Romania
2001: Romania
2003: United States
2006: China
2007: United States
2010: Russia
2011: United States
2014: United States
2015: United States
2018: United States
2019: United States
2022: United States
2023: United States
2018: United States (USA), Simone Biles, Kara Eaker, Morgan Hurd, Grace McCallum, Riley McCusker, Ragan Smith2019: United States (USA), Simone Biles, Jade Carey, Kara Eaker, Sunisa Lee, Grace McCallum, MyKayla Skinner
vtePan American Champions in Artistic Gymnastics – Women's Team Competition
1997: Brazil
2001: United States
2005: United States
2010: United States
2014: United States
2018: United States
2021: Brazil
2022: Brazil
2023: United States
2024: Brazil
2018: United States (USA), Jade Carey, Kara Eaker, Shilese Jones, Grace McCallum, Trinity Thomas
vtePan American Champions in Artistic Gymnastics – Women's All-Around
1997: Denisse López (MEX)
2001: Tasha Schwikert (USA)
2005: Chellsie Memmel (USA)
2010: Kyla Ross (USA)
2014: MyKayla Skinner (USA)
2018: Grace McCallum (USA)
2021: Rebeca Andrade (BRA)
2022: Flávia Saraiva (BRA)
2023: Tiana Sumanasekera (USA)
2024: Michelle Pineda (MEX)
vtePan American Champions in Artistic Gymnastics – Women's Uneven Bars
1997 Daniele Hypólito (BRA)
2001 Tasha Schwikert (USA)
2004 Chellsie Memmel (USA)
2005 Chellsie Memmel (USA)
2008 Samantha Shapiro (USA)
2010 Gabby Douglas (USA)
2012 Bibiana Vélez (COL)
2013 Kaitlyn Hofland (CAN)
2014 Ashton Locklear (USA)
2016 Nicolle Castro (MEX)
2017 Jade Chrobok (CAN)
2018 Grace McCallum (USA)
2021 Lorrane Oliveira (BRA)
2022 Rebeca Andrade (BRA)
2023 Nola Matthews (USA)
2024 Daira Lamadrid (COL)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"artistic gymnast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_gymnastics"},{"link_name":"United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"the team event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_artistic_team_all-around"},{"link_name":"2018 Pan American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Pan_American_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"link_name":"2018 Pacific Rim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Pacific_Rim_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"link_name":"2018 Pan American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Pan_American_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Artistic_Gymnastics_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"2019 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships"}],"text":"Grace Ann McCallum (born October 30, 2002) is an American artistic gymnast. She represented the United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics and won a silver medal in the team event. She is the 2018 Pan American and 2018 Pacific Rim individual all-around champion, the 2018 Pan American uneven bars champion, and was a member of the U.S. gymnastics team that won gold at the 2018 and 2019 World Championships and the 2018 Pan American Championships.","title":"Grace McCallum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cambridge, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Connections Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connections_Academy"},{"link_name":"German Shepherd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Shepherd"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"McCallum was born in Cambridge, Minnesota to Sandra and Edward McCallum. She is one of seven children.[2][3] She finished high school online through Connections Academy and has a German Shepherd named Bella.[4] McCallum is a devout Roman Catholic.[5]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Elite gymnastics career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2017 U.S. Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_U.S._Classic"}],"sub_title":"2017","text":"In 2017 McCallum competed at the 2017 U.S. Classic where she placed third in the all-around and first on vault in the junior division. At Nationals she placed 11th in the all-around and fourth on vault.","title":"Elite gymnastics career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_gymnastics_team"},{"link_name":"2018 Pacific Rim Gymnastics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Pacific_Rim_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2018 City of Jesolo Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_City_of_Jesolo_Trophy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"National Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_U.S._National_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Simone Biles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Biles"},{"link_name":"Morgan Hurd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Hurd"},{"link_name":"Riley McCusker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riley_McCusker"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Pan American Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Pan_American_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Jade Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Carey"},{"link_name":"Trinity Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Kara Eaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Eaker"},{"link_name":"Shilese Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilese_Jones"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"2018 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Ragan Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragan_Smith"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"qualifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships#Women's_results_2"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"code of points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Points_(artistic_gymnastics)"},{"link_name":"2014 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"link_name":"2016 Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_artistic_team_all-around"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"2018","text":"McCallum turned senior 2018 and was officially added to the senior national team when she was named to the team to compete at the 2018 Pacific Rim Gymnastics Championships.[6] There she won gold in the team and all-around finals and won silver on vault and floor exercise.[7] McCallum also competed at the 2018 City of Jesolo Trophy where she placed fifth in the all-around, fifth on vault, and third on floor exercise.[8]In early July, McCallum competed at the American Classic, where she only competed on uneven bars and balance beam. She finished second and ninth respectively.[9]Later that month, McCallum competed at the GK US Classic, where she placed eleventh in the all-around. She also placed eighteenth on bars, twelfth on beam, and tied for seventh on floor with Shania Adams.[10]In August McCallum competed at the National Championships where she placed fourth in the all-around, behind Simone Biles, Morgan Hurd, and Riley McCusker. She also finished fourth on floor exercise, sixth on uneven bars, and fifth on balance beam.[11] On August 20 McCallum was named to the team to compete at the Pan American Championships alongside Jade Carey, Trinity Thomas, Kara Eaker, and Shilese Jones.[12] There she won gold in the team finals, all-around, and uneven bars and won bronze on vault and balance beam. She had the fourth highest score on floor exercise.[13][14] Her all-around score of 57.000 during the team final was the second-highest international score in the world in 2018, behind only all-around champion Biles.[15]In October McCallum participated in the Worlds Team Selection Camp. During the competition she placed second on floor exercise behind Biles, third in the all-around behind Biles and McCusker, fifth on balance beam and vault, and seventh on uneven bars.[16] The following day she was named to the team to compete at the 2018 World Championships alongside Biles, Hurd, McCusker, Eaker, and alternate Ragan Smith.[17][18]During qualifications the US qualified in first place to the team final. Individually McCallum qualified as the second reserve to the vault final and placed seventh on floor exercise, but did not qualify due to teammates Biles and Hurd scoring higher.[19] During the team final McCallum competed on only vault and floor exercise. She contributed 14.533 and 13.633 respectively towards the USA's team total. USA won gold with a score of 171.629, 8.766 points ahead of second-place Russia, beating previous margin of victory records set in the open-ended code of points era at the 2014 World Championships (6.693) and the 2016 Olympic Games (8.209).[20][21]","title":"Elite gymnastics career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Cup_(gymnastics)"},{"link_name":"Leanne Wong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leanne_Wong"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Ellie Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellie_Black"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Mai Murakami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mai_Murakami"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"2019 GK US Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_U.S._Classic"},{"link_name":"Simone Biles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Biles"},{"link_name":"Riley McCusker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riley_McCusker"},{"link_name":"Morgan Hurd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Hurd"},{"link_name":"Sunisa Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunisa_Lee"},{"link_name":"Jade Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Carey"},{"link_name":"MyKayla Skinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyKayla_Skinner"},{"link_name":"yurchenko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurchenko_(vault)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"2019 U.S. National Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_U.S._National_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"link_name":"MyKayla Skinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyKayla_Skinner"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Simone Biles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Biles"},{"link_name":"Sunisa Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunisa_Lee"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Simone Biles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Biles"},{"link_name":"Sunisa Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunisa_Lee"},{"link_name":"Kara Eaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Eaker"},{"link_name":"MyKayla Skinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyKayla_Skinner"},{"link_name":"Jade Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Carey"},{"link_name":"2019 World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"qualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships#Women's_results_2"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"team final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_World_Artistic_Gymnastics_Championships#Team_2"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"2019","text":"In January, it was announced that McCallum would represent the USA at the American Cup alongside first year senior Leanne Wong in March.[22][23] There she won the silver all-around medal behind Wong and ahead of the two previous World silver all-around medalists, Ellie Black of Canada (2017) and Mai Murakami of Japan (2018), who tied for third place.[24] At February’s team training camp, McCallum placed first in the all-around ahead of the other national team members.[25]At the 2019 GK US Classic in July, McCallum placed third in the all-around behind Simone Biles and Riley McCusker. She also tied for third on bars with McCusker and behind Morgan Hurd and Sunisa Lee, placed fifth on beam, and tied for second on floor with Jade Carey and behind Biles. Additionally she had the fourth highest single vault score behind Biles, Carey, and MyKayla Skinner but had the highest scoring double-twisting yurchenko.[26]At the 2019 U.S. National Championships, McCallum competed all four events on the first day of competition but counted two falls and ended the night in ninth place, tied with MyKayla Skinner.[27] On the second day of competition she competed all her routines cleanly and was able to make a comeback and finished the competition in third place behind Simone Biles and Sunisa Lee. She also finished in sixth on bars, eighth on beam, and fourth on floor. As a result she was added to the national team for the third time.[28]In September McCallum competed at the US World Championships trials where she placed sixth in the all-around behind Simone Biles, Sunisa Lee, Kara Eaker, MyKayla Skinner, and Jade Carey after falling off the uneven bars. On the second day of trials, she competed on bars and beam, finishing third on bars behind Lee and Biles. The following day she was named to the team to compete at the 2019 World Championships in Stuttgart alongside Biles, Lee, Eaker, Skinner, and Carey.[29]During the qualification round at the World Championships, McCallum helped the USA qualify to the team final in first place over five points ahead of second place China. She recorded the fifth highest all-around score despite falling on balance beam, but did not advance to the final due to teammates Biles and Lee scoring higher than her. Additionally, she placed ninth on floor exercise and tenth on uneven bars, but was not named a reserve athlete for either final due to both Biles and Lee qualifying above her on those two events.[30] In the team final, McCallum competed on vault and uneven bars, helping the USA win the gold medal ahead of Russia and Italy, making this McCallum’s second consecutive gold medal in the team final.[31]","title":"Elite gymnastics career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birmingham World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_FIG_Artistic_Gymnastics_World_Cup_series#All-Around_2"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"National Letter of Intent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Letter_of_Intent"},{"link_name":"University of Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_Red_Rocks"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"2020","text":"In early February it was announced that McCallum was selected to represent the United States at the Birmingham World Cup taking place in late March.[32] However the Birmingham World Cup was later canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom.[33]In November McCallum signed her National Letter of Intent with the University of Utah, intending to start in the 2021–22 school year.[34]","title":"Elite gymnastics career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"U.S. Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_U.S._Classic"},{"link_name":"Simone Biles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Biles"},{"link_name":"Jordan Chiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan_Chiles"},{"link_name":"Kayla DiCello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayla_DiCello"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"National Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_U.S._National_Gymnastics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Sunisa Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunisa_Lee"},{"link_name":"Olympic Trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_U.S._Olympic_Trials_(gymnastics)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"team final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_artistic_team_all-around"},{"link_name":"Russian Olympic Committee athletes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Olympic_Committee_athletes_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Simone Biles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Biles"},{"link_name":"Gold Over America Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Over_America_Tour"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"2021","text":"McCallum competed at the American Classic in April. She only competed on the balance beam where she recorded the fourth highest score.[35] In May McCallum competed the all-around at the U.S. Classic where she placed fourth behind Simone Biles, Jordan Chiles, and Kayla DiCello.[36] At the National Championships McCallum finished seventh in the all-around. Additionally she won bronze on balance beam behind Biles and Sunisa Lee. As a result she was named to the national team and selected to compete at the upcoming Olympic Trials.[37] McCallum finished fourth at the Olympic Trials and was named to the four-person team to represent the United States at the 2020 Summer Olympics alongside Biles, Lee, and Chiles.[38]At the Olympic Games McCallum performed the all-around during qualifications and helped the USA qualify to the team final in second place behind the athletes from Russia. She finished qualifications in thirteenth place; however she did not advance to the final due to two-per-country limitations as Biles and Lee had placed higher.[39] During the team final McCallum competed on all four apparatuses. After the first rotation Biles withdrew from the competition and the United States finished second behind the Russian Olympic Committee athletes.[40]In August McCallum announced that she would be joining Simone Biles' Gold Over America Tour.[41]","title":"Elite gymnastics career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Collegiate gymnastics career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Sooners_women%27s_gymnastics"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Pac-12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pac-12_Conference"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Jade Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jade_Carey"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"2021–22 season","text":"McCallum made her NCAA debut on January 7 at the Best of Utah meet where she competed the all-around to help Utah win. She put up the highest vault score of the night, a 9.90, alongside teammate Jaedyn Rucker.[42] The following week McCallum once again competed the all-around to help Utah win against Oklahoma. She recorded the highest all-around and floor exercise scores of the night with a 39.675 and 9.975 respectively.[43] As a result she was named Pac-12 freshman of the week.[44] On February 4, in a meet against UCLA, McCallum earned her first collegiate perfect ten on the uneven bars.[45]At the Pac-12 Championships McCallum helped Utah win their second consecutive team title. Individually she placed second in the all-around behind Olympic teammate Jade Carey. She earned her second perfect ten on the uneven bars to outright win the title and co-won the title on floor exercise alongside Carey.[46]","title":"Collegiate gymnastics career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Career perfect 10.0","title":"Collegiate gymnastics career"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season rankings","title":"Collegiate gymnastics career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-difficulty_47-0"}],"text":"^ Valid for the 2022-2024 Code of Points","title":"Selected competitive skills"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Competitive history"}]
|
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| null |
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USA Gymnastics.","urls":[{"url":"https://usagym.org/pages/athletes/athleteListDetail.html?id=434314","url_text":"\"Grace McCallum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Gymnastics","url_text":"USA Gymnastics"}]},{"reference":"Get to Know the Freshman - Grace McCallum, retrieved 2021-09-22","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UqwXfwUCyqg","url_text":"Get to Know the Freshman - Grace McCallum"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Anna Rose (July 27, 2018). \"Amazing Grace!\". Inside Gymnastics.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insidegymnastics.com/news-features/amazing-grace/","url_text":"\"Amazing Grace!\""}]},{"reference":"Grace Doerfler, Amelia Jarecke, Chloe Gunther (July 16, 2021). \"Ten American Catholic athletes to watch for in the Tokyo Olympics\". America. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Messina
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Charles Messina
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["1 Career","2 Upcoming and announced projects","2.1 A Room of My Own","2.2 The Wanderer","3 Summary of Works","3.1 Plays","3.2 Published plays","3.3 Films","3.4 Books","3.5 Podcasts","4 References","5 External links"]
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American dramatist
Charles MessinaBornCharles Messina (1971-10-21) October 21, 1971 (age 52)Greenwich Village, New York, United StatesOccupation(s)playwright, screenwriter, director
Charles Messina (born October 21, 1971, in Greenwich Village, New York) is an American playwright, screenwriter, director, and co-founder of NahNotOutsideMyHouse! Productions. He is of Italian-American descent. He attended Xavier High School and then later, New York University.
Career
Messina's most notable stage work is the Off-Broadway play Mercury: The Afterlife and Times of a Rock God, a monodrama written and directed by Messina about Queen frontman Freddie Mercury, which starred Khalid Gonçalves and later, Amir Darvish.
Among Messina's other biographical works, there is Cirque Jacqueline, about the life of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, which was written by and starred Andrea Reese, and The Accidental Pervert, an autobiographical one man show written and performed by Andrew Goffman and directed by Messina.
In 1999, Actor Found Dead, a one-act play written and directed by Messina about actor James Hayden (who Messina, as a child, had seen in American Buffalo), debuted at the John Houseman Studio Theatre in New York City. The play starred Khalid Gonçalves as Hayden, with Andrew I. Mones and David B. Martin. A screenplay based on Hayden's life was optioned in late 2007.
In the fall of 2006, the Messina-penned film They're Just My Friends was released, starring Lord Jamar, Malik Yoba, and Bruce Altman.
In August 2007, Messina directed Two-Mur Humor, which was an official entry in the 2007 Fringe Festival in NYC.
In 2007, Messina also directed the big budget musical Be My Love: The Mario Lanza Story, written by Richard Vetere, about the life of singer Mario Lanza, which was produced by Sonny Grosso and Phil Ramone. It premiered at The Tilles Center for the Performing Arts in Greenvale, NY.
Also in 2007, Messina's play Merging starring Jason Cerbone, and Ernest Mingione won Best Play in The Players' Theater's Shortened Attention Span Theater Festival in Greenwich Village. A film version of the play Merging was released in 2009.
Messina has directed the off-Broadway shows Rockaway Boulevard by Richard Vetere, The Accidental Pervert by Andrew Goffman, and Art Metrano's Accidental Comedy, as well as a staged reading of his own script Younger, starring Joe Piscopo.
Messina's play, Homeland, which premiered in 2008, starred Sopranos actors Dan Grimaldi, Jason Cerbone, Joe Lisi, as well as Amir Darvish.
Messina co-wrote the book My Father, My Don, about the life of Genovese Capo James "Jimmy Nap" Napoli and his son Tony Napoli, in collaboration with Tony Napoli.
In May 2010, Messina directed and co-wrote (along with Vincent Gogliormella) the script Twas The Night Before a Brooklyn Christmas, starring Mario Cantone, Michael Rispoli and Robert Cuccioli, also at 45 Bleecker Street.
In 2011, the film Spy was released, starring Vincent Pastore, Frank Vincent, and Ben Curtis. Messina was co-author of the film's screenplay.
On March 29, 2012 - April 1, 2012, three of Messina's plays - Merging, Fugazy, and Sick Bastids - under the title The Tenement Plays, were performed at the 13th St Repertory Theater.
Twilight Theatre Productions performed three of Messina's plays - Thompson Street, Lilac, and Fugazy - from June 21 through August 2, 2013, at Kenlake State Resort Park in Hardin, KY.
On September 22, 2013, The Abingdon Theatre hosted a special reading of three of Messina's plays: Fairies, Thompson Street, and Sinkhole, as part of a fundraiser for the theater. The cast included (in alphabetical order): Michael Barbieri, Anthony DeSando, Alfredo Diaz, Nick Fondulis, Khalid Gonçalves, Steven LaChioma, Tom Alan Robbins, Scott Seidman, and Johnny Tammaro.
According to BroadwayWorld.com, Fairies was "so beloved by audiences" that The Abingdon Theatre decided to produce the show again, on December 17, 2013. The entire original cast returned.
On November 16, 2014, three new one-act plays by Messina were read at The Abingdon Theatre as part of their weekly Sunday Series. The plays, titled A Mooney for the Misbegotten, Fifteen Minutes of Shame, and Chubby & Glen, featured actors Jason Cerbone, Anthony DeSando, Mary Dimino, Nick Fondulis, Valerie Smaldone, Johnny Tammaro, and Michael Townsend Wright.
The Abingdon Theatre once again hosted a reading of Messina's one-act trilogies, this time on March 22, 2015. Titled Three from the Neighborhood, the evening marked the debut of Dewey, Phukum & Howe, The Neighborhood, and The Wreck. The cast featured: Michael Barbieri, Rosie DeSanctis, Anthony DeSando, Alfredo Diaz, Mary Dimino, Nick Fondulis, Lynne Koplitz, Khalid Gonçalves, Ernest Mingione, Kyle C. Mumford, Craig Rivela, Jonathan Smith, Johnny Tammaro and Michael Townsend Wright.
The Abingdon Theatre Company presented a reading of Messina's play A ROOM OF MY OWN, starring Mario Cantone, Ralph Macchio, Joli Tribuzio, Tammaro, Barbieri, Jain, Antoinette LaVecchia and Michael Townsend Wright on April 21, 2015. The comedy is based on Messina's life growing up in Greenwich Village in the late 1970s.
The Abingdon Theatre has committed to a full production of the play next season in spring 2016. The autobiographical play is a bawdy, family comedy revolving around a writer telling the story of his life, as events and characters start to slowly slip away from his control.
Messina will be debuting True East, an urban Twilight Zone-esque podcast series set in the Greenwich Village of the 1980s. The series is being produced by Hollywood veteran Craig Singer in conjunction with Sound Lounge's Marshall Grupp. It will be narrated by actor Ralph Macchio.
Upcoming and announced projects
A Room of My Own
On September 20, 2010, a staged reading of Messina's semi-autobiographical play A Room of My Own, about an Italian-American family living in Greenwich Village in the late 1970s, was performed at The Theatre at 45 Bleecker Street in Greenwich Village with Ralph Macchio, Cantone, Lynne Koplitz, Johnny Tammaro, John Barbieri, and Kendra Jain.
On November 13, 2012, a second reading of the play was done at 45 Bleecker Street, starring Cantone, Rachel Dratch, Zach Galligan, and Mike Barbieri, as well as Tammaro, and Jain.
The Abingdon Theatre Company presented a reading of Charles Messina's play A Room of My Own, starring Cantone, Macchio, Joli Tribuzio, Tammaro, Barbieri, Jain, Antoinette LaVecchia and Michael Townsend Wright on April 21, 2015. The comedy is based on Messina's life growing up in Greenwich Village in the late 1970s.
Broadway World announced that the Abingdon Theatre will be debuting the first full production of A Room of My Own. The show will have a special limited-engagement run from February 19 - March 20, 2016. The autobiographical play is a bawdy, family comedy revolving around a writer telling the story of his life, as events and characters start to slowly slip away from his control.
A Room of My Own starring Ralph Macchio and Mario Cantone will open on February 13, 2016, at the Abingdon Theatre.
The Wanderer
Messina is currently collaborating with Dion DiMucci on a musical about the singer's life called The Wanderer - the Life and Music of Dion, with Ted Kurdyla as executive producer. The first reading of the play was performed at the Triad Theater in New York City on October 13, 2011. On September 13 and 14, 2018 the NYC workshop of “The Wanderer” took place at the Baryshnikov Arts Center. It was produced by Jill Menza and Charles Messina, written by Charles Messina and directed by Kenneth Ferrone. It starred Mike Wartella, Christy Altomare, Joey McIntyre, Johnny Tammaro, Joli Tribuzio, Lance Roberts and others.
In a December 9, 2011, interview with The New York Times, Messina explained why he chose Dion's story as a subject: "The conflict was irresistible to me as a dramatist," he said. "But what's interesting about Dion is that he lived. In my other plays, you don't have that ending where the guy overcame. Dion overcame."
On March 18, 2019, BroadwayWorld announced that The Wanderer would begin a run at New Jersey's Paper Mill Playhouse in the spring of 2020, before its eventual Broadway debut. Kenneth Ferrone is slated to direct.
Summary of Works
Plays
Roman Candles (1995) - writer, director
Mercury: The Afterlife and Times of a Rock God (1997) - writer, director
Actor Found Dead (1999) - writer, director
Rockaway Boulevard (2004) - director
Cirque Jacqueline (2004–2008) - director
The Accidental Pervert (2005–present) - director
Younger (2006) - writer, director
Two-Mur Humor (2007) - writer, director
Be My Love: The Mario Lanza Story (2007) - director
Accidental Comedy (2009) - director
A Room of My Own (2009) - writer, director
The Fatman Cometh (2011) - director
Sick Bastids (2012) - writer
Thompson Street (2013) - writer
Lilac (2013) - writer
Fugazy (2013) - writer
An Honest Woman (2013) - writer, director
Fairies (2013) - writer, director
Thompson Street (2013) - writer, director
Sinkhole (2013) - writer, director
Chubby & Glen (2014) - writer, director
Fifteen Minutes of Shame (2014) - writer, director
A Mooney for the Misbegotten (2014) - writer, director
Dewey, Phukum & Howe (2015) - writer, director
The Neighborhood (2015) - writer, director
The Wreck (2015) - writer, director
Calm the Light (2016) - writer, director
A Room of My Own (2016) - writer, director
The Wanderer (2018) - writer, producer
Published plays
Mercury: The Afterlife and Times of a Rock God - (2009) by Original Works Publishing.
Three Plays by Charles Messina (Fugazy, Klepto and Merging) - (2011) by The Beckham Publications Group
Films
They're Just My Friends (2006) - co-writer
Merging (2009) - screenwriter, director
Spy (2011) - co-writer
Choose (2011) - associate producer
Thompson Street (2015) - writer
Books
My Father, My Don (2008) - co-author (published by The Beckham Publications Group) - Tony Nap Napoli
Podcasts
True East (series) (2015) - writer, director
References
^ Lefkowitz, David (24 November 1997). "Freddie Mercury To Rise Again, Off-B'way, Nov. 24". Playbill.com. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
^ Simonson, Robert (11 Jan 2004). "Bohemian Rhapsody: Freddy Mercury Play Begins Performances Off Broadway, Jan. 11". Playbill.com. Archived from the original on 2012-10-21.
^ McBride, Murdoch (18 Oct 1999). "Life Imitates Art in Actor Found Dead, Oct. 28 at John Houseman". Playbill.com. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2011.
^ BWW News Desk. "'Two-mur Humor' to Premiere at FringeNYC in August". BroadwayWorld.com.
^ "Richard Vetere Collection". Stony Brook University Special Collections & University Archives. Archived from the original on 2013-06-03. Retrieved 2011-06-24.
^ "Merging (2009)". imdb.com. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
^ Lenzi, Linda (May 12, 2010). "Photo Coverage: 'Twas the Night Before a Brooklyn Christmas' Industry Reading". BroadwayWorld.com.
^ BWW News Desk (March 13, 2012). "Charles Messina's THE TENEMENT PLAYS Opens March 29". broadwayworld.com. Archived from the original on 1 June 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
^ Black, Laurel (July 25, 2013). "Unconventional theater winds down season". The Paducah Sun. pp. 1C–2C. Archived from the original on 2013-08-10. Retrieved 6 August 2013.
^ BWW News Desk (August 15, 2013). "A LITTLE BIT OF THIS AND THAT Workshop to Benefit Abingdon Theatre, 9/22". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
^ BWW News Desk (October 29, 2013). "Abingdon to Stage Special Holiday Benefit Presentation of FAIRIES, 12/17". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 30 October 2013.
^ BWW News Desk (October 27, 2014). "Sunday Series at Abingdon to Present MOONLIGHT IN GREENWICH VILLAGE, 11/16". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
^ BWW News Desk (February 11, 2015). "Abingdon Theatre's Sunday Series to Present 3 FROM THE NEIGHBORHOOD". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
^ BWW News Desk (April 11, 2015). "Photo Coverage: Cantone, Macchio et al. in A ROOM OF MY OWN". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
^ BWW News Desk (March 9, 2015). "Ralph Macchio to Narrate TRUE EAST Podcast Based on Charles Messina Plays". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 9 March 2015.
^ Lenzi, Linda (September 21, 2010). "Photo Coverage: Cantone, Macchio et al. in A ROOM OF MY OWN". BroadwayWorld.com.
^ Gans, Andrew (November 8, 2012). "Mario Cantone, Rachel Dratch, Zach Galligan Set for Reading of A Room of My Own". Playbill.com. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
^ BWW News Desk (April 11, 2015). "Photo Coverage: Cantone, Macchio et al. in A ROOM OF MY OWN". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
^ BWW News Desk (July 28, 2015). "Abingdon Theatre Company's 2015-16 Season to Feature World Premieres". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 29 July 2015.
^ "Mario Cantone & Ralph Macchio to Lead Charles Messina's A ROOM OF MY OWN Off-Broadway". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 2015-12-23.
^ Bowling, Suzanna (October 19, 2011). "The New Musical About The Life of Dion "The Wanderer" Wows Producers". The Times Square Chronicle.
^ Clement, Olivia (August 13, 2018). "Michael Wartella and Anastasia's Christy Altomare to Lead Workshop of New Musical The Wanderer". Playbill.com. Retrieved September 27, 2018.
^ Gonzalez, David (December 9, 2011). "A Wanderer, the Singer Dion Returns to the Bronx". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
^ BWW News Desk. "THE WANDERER Eyes Broadway Run Following Paper Mill Debut". BroadwayWorld. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
External links
Charles Messina's official site
NahNotOutsideMyHouse! Productions, Messina's production company
Charles Messina at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
|
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Vetere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Vetere"},{"link_name":"Mario Lanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Lanza"},{"link_name":"Sonny Grosso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonny_Grosso"},{"link_name":"Phil Ramone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Ramone"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Merging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merging_(play)"},{"link_name":"Jason Cerbone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Cerbone"},{"link_name":"Ernest Mingione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Mingione"},{"link_name":"Merging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/title/tt1358455/combined"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Richard Vetere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Vetere"},{"link_name":"Andrew Goffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Goffman"},{"link_name":"Art 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Cerbone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Cerbone"},{"link_name":"Anthony DeSando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_DeSando"},{"link_name":"Valerie Smaldone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Smaldone"},{"link_name":"Johnny Tammaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Tammaro"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Anthony DeSando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_DeSando"},{"link_name":"Lynne Koplitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynne_Koplitz"},{"link_name":"Khalid Gonçalves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_Gon%C3%A7alves"},{"link_name":"Ernest Mingione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Mingione"},{"link_name":"Johnny Tammaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Tammaro"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Twilight Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone_(1959_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Ralph Macchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Macchio"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Messina's most notable stage work is the Off-Broadway play Mercury: The Afterlife and Times of a Rock God, a monodrama written and directed by Messina about Queen frontman Freddie Mercury, which starred Khalid Gonçalves and later, Amir Darvish.[1][2]Among Messina's other biographical works, there is Cirque Jacqueline, about the life of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, which was written by and starred Andrea Reese, and The Accidental Pervert, an autobiographical one man show written and performed by Andrew Goffman and directed by Messina.In 1999, Actor Found Dead, a one-act play written and directed by Messina about actor James Hayden (who Messina, as a child, had seen in American Buffalo), debuted at the John Houseman Studio Theatre in New York City. The play starred Khalid Gonçalves as Hayden, with Andrew I. Mones and David B. Martin.[3] A screenplay based on Hayden's life was optioned in late 2007.In the fall of 2006, the Messina-penned film They're Just My Friends was released, starring Lord Jamar, Malik Yoba, and Bruce Altman.In August 2007, Messina directed Two-Mur Humor, which was an official entry in the 2007 Fringe Festival in NYC.[4]In 2007, Messina also directed the big budget musical Be My Love: The Mario Lanza Story, written by Richard Vetere, about the life of singer Mario Lanza, which was produced by Sonny Grosso and Phil Ramone. It premiered at The Tilles Center for the Performing Arts in Greenvale, NY.[5]Also in 2007, Messina's play Merging starring Jason Cerbone, and Ernest Mingione won Best Play in The Players' Theater's Shortened Attention Span Theater Festival in Greenwich Village. A film version of the play Merging was released in 2009.[6]Messina has directed the off-Broadway shows Rockaway Boulevard by Richard Vetere, The Accidental Pervert by Andrew Goffman, and Art Metrano's Accidental Comedy, as well as a staged reading of his own script Younger, starring Joe Piscopo.Messina's play, Homeland, which premiered in 2008, starred Sopranos actors Dan Grimaldi, Jason Cerbone, Joe Lisi, as well as Amir Darvish.Messina co-wrote the book My Father, My Don, about the life of Genovese Capo James \"Jimmy Nap\" Napoli and his son Tony Napoli, in collaboration with Tony Napoli.In May 2010, Messina directed and co-wrote (along with Vincent Gogliormella) the script Twas The Night Before a Brooklyn Christmas, starring Mario Cantone, Michael Rispoli and Robert Cuccioli, also at 45 Bleecker Street.[7]In 2011, the film Spy was released, starring Vincent Pastore, Frank Vincent, and Ben Curtis. Messina was co-author of the film's screenplay.On March 29, 2012 - April 1, 2012, three of Messina's plays - Merging, Fugazy, and Sick Bastids - under the title The Tenement Plays, were performed at the 13th St Repertory Theater.[8]Twilight Theatre Productions performed three of Messina's plays - Thompson Street, Lilac, and Fugazy - from June 21 through August 2, 2013, at Kenlake State Resort Park in Hardin, KY.[9]On September 22, 2013, The Abingdon Theatre hosted a special reading of three of Messina's plays: Fairies, Thompson Street, and Sinkhole, as part of a fundraiser for the theater. The cast included (in alphabetical order): Michael Barbieri, Anthony DeSando, Alfredo Diaz, Nick Fondulis, Khalid Gonçalves, Steven LaChioma, Tom Alan Robbins, Scott Seidman, and Johnny Tammaro.[10]According to BroadwayWorld.com, Fairies was \"so beloved by audiences\" that The Abingdon Theatre decided to produce the show again, on December 17, 2013. The entire original cast returned.[11]On November 16, 2014, three new one-act plays by Messina were read at The Abingdon Theatre as part of their weekly Sunday Series. The plays, titled A Mooney for the Misbegotten, Fifteen Minutes of Shame, and Chubby & Glen, featured actors Jason Cerbone, Anthony DeSando, Mary Dimino, Nick Fondulis, Valerie Smaldone, Johnny Tammaro, and Michael Townsend Wright.[12]The Abingdon Theatre once again hosted a reading of Messina's one-act trilogies, this time on March 22, 2015. Titled Three from the Neighborhood, the evening marked the debut of Dewey, Phukum & Howe, The Neighborhood, and The Wreck. The cast featured: Michael Barbieri, Rosie DeSanctis, Anthony DeSando, Alfredo Diaz, Mary Dimino, Nick Fondulis, Lynne Koplitz, Khalid Gonçalves, Ernest Mingione, Kyle C. Mumford, Craig Rivela, Jonathan Smith, Johnny Tammaro and Michael Townsend Wright.[13]The Abingdon Theatre Company presented a reading of Messina's play A ROOM OF MY OWN, starring Mario Cantone, Ralph Macchio, Joli Tribuzio, Tammaro, Barbieri, Jain, Antoinette LaVecchia and Michael Townsend Wright on April 21, 2015. [17]The comedy is based on Messina's life growing up in Greenwich Village in the late 1970s.[14]The Abingdon Theatre has committed to a full production of the play next season in spring 2016. The autobiographical play is a bawdy, family comedy revolving around a writer telling the story of his life, as events and characters start to slowly slip away from his control.Messina will be debuting True East, an urban Twilight Zone-esque podcast series set in the Greenwich Village of the 1980s. The series is being produced by Hollywood veteran Craig Singer in conjunction with Sound Lounge's Marshall Grupp. It will be narrated by actor Ralph Macchio.[15]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Upcoming and announced projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ralph Macchio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Macchio"},{"link_name":"Lynne Koplitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Koplitz"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Rachel Dratch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Dratch"},{"link_name":"Zach Galligan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zach_Galligan"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"A Room of My Own","text":"On September 20, 2010, a staged reading of Messina's semi-autobiographical play A Room of My Own, about an Italian-American family living in Greenwich Village in the late 1970s, was performed at The Theatre at 45 Bleecker Street in Greenwich Village with Ralph Macchio, Cantone, Lynne Koplitz, Johnny Tammaro, John Barbieri, and Kendra Jain.[16]On November 13, 2012, a second reading of the play was done at 45 Bleecker Street, starring Cantone, Rachel Dratch, Zach Galligan, and Mike Barbieri, as well as Tammaro, and Jain.[17]The Abingdon Theatre Company presented a reading of Charles Messina's play A Room of My Own, starring Cantone, Macchio, Joli Tribuzio, Tammaro, Barbieri, Jain, Antoinette LaVecchia and Michael Townsend Wright on April 21, 2015.[18] The comedy is based on Messina's life growing up in Greenwich Village in the late 1970s.Broadway World announced that the Abingdon Theatre will be debuting the first full production of A Room of My Own. The show will have a special limited-engagement run from February 19 - March 20, 2016.[19] The autobiographical play is a bawdy, family comedy revolving around a writer telling the story of his life, as events and characters start to slowly slip away from his control.A Room of My Own starring Ralph Macchio and Mario Cantone will open on February 13, 2016, at the Abingdon Theatre.[20]","title":"Upcoming and announced projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dion DiMucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dion_DiMucci"},{"link_name":"Ted Kurdyla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Kurdyla"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Baryshnikov Arts Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryshnikov_Arts_Center"},{"link_name":"Christy Altomare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christy_Altomare"},{"link_name":"Joey McIntyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_McIntyre"},{"link_name":"Johnny Tammaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Tammaro"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Paper Mill Playhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_Mill_Playhouse"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Ferrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.kennethferrone.com/"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"The Wanderer","text":"Messina is currently collaborating with Dion DiMucci on a musical about the singer's life called The Wanderer - the Life and Music of Dion, with Ted Kurdyla as executive producer. The first reading of the play was performed at the Triad Theater in New York City on October 13, 2011.[21] On September 13 and 14, 2018 the NYC workshop of “The Wanderer” took place at the Baryshnikov Arts Center. It was produced by Jill Menza and Charles Messina, written by Charles Messina and directed by Kenneth Ferrone. It starred Mike Wartella, Christy Altomare, Joey McIntyre, Johnny Tammaro, Joli Tribuzio, Lance Roberts and others.[22]In a December 9, 2011, interview with The New York Times, Messina explained why he chose Dion's story as a subject: \"The conflict was irresistible to me as a dramatist,\" he said. \"But what's interesting about Dion is that he lived. In my other plays, you don't have that ending where the guy overcame. Dion overcame.\"[23]On March 18, 2019, BroadwayWorld announced that The Wanderer would begin a run at New Jersey's Paper Mill Playhouse in the spring of 2020, before its eventual Broadway debut. Kenneth Ferrone is slated to direct.[24]","title":"Upcoming and announced projects"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Summary of Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Plays","text":"Roman Candles (1995) - writer, director\nMercury: The Afterlife and Times of a Rock God (1997) - writer, director\nActor Found Dead (1999) - writer, director\nRockaway Boulevard (2004) - director\nCirque Jacqueline (2004–2008) - director\nThe Accidental Pervert (2005–present) - director\nYounger (2006) - writer, director\nTwo-Mur Humor (2007) - writer, director\nBe My Love: The Mario Lanza Story (2007) - director\nAccidental Comedy (2009) - director\nA Room of My Own (2009) - writer, director\nThe Fatman Cometh (2011) - director\nSick Bastids (2012) - writer\nThompson Street (2013) - writer\nLilac (2013) - writer\nFugazy (2013) - writer\nAn Honest Woman (2013) - writer, director\nFairies (2013) - writer, director\nThompson Street (2013) - writer, director\nSinkhole (2013) - writer, director\nChubby & Glen (2014) - writer, director\nFifteen Minutes of Shame (2014) - writer, director\nA Mooney for the Misbegotten (2014) - writer, director\nDewey, Phukum & Howe (2015) - writer, director\nThe Neighborhood (2015) - writer, director\nThe Wreck (2015) - writer, director\nCalm the Light (2016) - writer, director\nA Room of My Own (2016) - writer, director\nThe Wanderer (2018) - writer, producer","title":"Summary of Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Published plays","text":"Mercury: The Afterlife and Times of a Rock God - (2009) by Original Works Publishing.\nThree Plays by Charles Messina (Fugazy, Klepto and Merging) - (2011) by The Beckham Publications Group","title":"Summary of Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"They're Just My Friends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/title/tt0473402/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1"},{"link_name":"Merging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/title/tt1358455/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1"},{"link_name":"Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/title/tt0372538/?ref_=nm_flmg_prd_2"},{"link_name":"Choose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/title/tt1776120/?ref_=nm_flmg_prd_1"},{"link_name":"Thompson Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/title/tt4380306/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1"}],"sub_title":"Films","text":"They're Just My Friends (2006) - co-writer\nMerging (2009) - screenwriter, director\nSpy (2011) - co-writer\nChoose (2011) - associate producer\nThompson Street (2015) - writer","title":"Summary of Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Books","text":"My Father, My Don (2008) - co-author (published by The Beckham Publications Group) - Tony Nap Napoli","title":"Summary of Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Podcasts","text":"True East (series) (2015) - writer, director","title":"Summary of Works"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"Lefkowitz, David (24 November 1997). \"Freddie Mercury To Rise Again, Off-B'way, Nov. 24\". Playbill.com. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121021131502/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/35833-Freddie-Mercury-To-Rise-Again-Off-Bway-Nov-24","url_text":"\"Freddie Mercury To Rise Again, Off-B'way, Nov. 24\""},{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/35833-Freddie-Mercury-To-Rise-Again-Off-Bway-Nov-24","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Simonson, Robert (11 Jan 2004). \"Bohemian Rhapsody: Freddy Mercury Play Begins Performances Off Broadway, Jan. 11\". Playbill.com. Archived from the original on 2012-10-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Simonson","url_text":"Simonson, Robert"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121021131929/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/83716-Bohemian-Rhapsody-Freddy-Mercury-Play-Begins-Performances-Off-Broadway-Jan-11","url_text":"\"Bohemian Rhapsody: Freddy Mercury Play Begins Performances Off Broadway, Jan. 11\""},{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/83716-Bohemian-Rhapsody-Freddy-Mercury-Play-Begins-Performances-Off-Broadway-Jan-11","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McBride, Murdoch (18 Oct 1999). \"Life Imitates Art in Actor Found Dead, Oct. 28 at John Houseman\". Playbill.com. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 23 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121021141621/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/48416-Life-Imitates-Art-in-Actor-Found-Dead-Oct-28-at-John-Houseman","url_text":"\"Life Imitates Art in Actor Found Dead, Oct. 28 at John Houseman\""},{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/48416-Life-Imitates-Art-in-Actor-Found-Dead-Oct-28-at-John-Houseman","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"BWW News Desk. \"'Two-mur Humor' to Premiere at FringeNYC in August\". BroadwayWorld.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://broadwayworld.com/printcolumn.cfm?id=19719","url_text":"\"'Two-mur Humor' to Premiere at FringeNYC in August\""}]},{"reference":"\"Richard Vetere Collection\". Stony Brook University Special Collections & University Archives. Archived from the original on 2013-06-03. Retrieved 2011-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130603224609/http://www.stonybrook.edu/libspecial/collections/manuscripts/vetere.shtml","url_text":"\"Richard Vetere Collection\""},{"url":"http://www.stonybrook.edu/libspecial/collections/manuscripts/vetere.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Merging (2009)\". imdb.com. Retrieved 19 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1358455/","url_text":"\"Merging (2009)\""}]},{"reference":"Lenzi, Linda (May 12, 2010). \"Photo Coverage: 'Twas the Night Before a Brooklyn Christmas' Industry Reading\". BroadwayWorld.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://broadwayworld.com/article/Photo_Coverage_Twas_the_Night_Before_a_Brooklyn_Christmas_Industry_Reading_20100512","url_text":"\"Photo Coverage: 'Twas the Night Before a Brooklyn Christmas' Industry Reading\""}]},{"reference":"BWW News Desk (March 13, 2012). \"Charles Messina's THE TENEMENT PLAYS Opens March 29\". broadwayworld.com. Archived from the original on 1 June 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120601084345/http://t2conline.com/messina-march-madness-three-plays-by-the-award-winning-author/","url_text":"\"Charles Messina's THE TENEMENT PLAYS Opens March 29\""},{"url":"http://t2conline.com/messina-march-madness-three-plays-by-the-award-winning-author/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Black, Laurel (July 25, 2013). \"Unconventional theater winds down season\". The Paducah Sun. pp. 1C–2C. Archived from the original on 2013-08-10. Retrieved 6 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130810213540/http://paducahsun.com/view/full_story_free/23211918/article-Unconventional-theater-winds-down-season?instance=features_current","url_text":"\"Unconventional theater winds down season\""},{"url":"http://www.paducahsun.com/view/full_story_free/23211918/article-Unconventional-theater-winds-down-season?instance=features_current","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"BWW News Desk (August 15, 2013). \"A LITTLE BIT OF THIS AND THAT Workshop to Benefit Abingdon Theatre, 9/22\". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 17 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://offoffbroadway.broadwayworld.com/article/A-LITTLE-BIT-OF-THIS-AND-THAT-Workshop-to-Benefit-Abingdon-Theatre-922-20130815","url_text":"\"A LITTLE BIT OF THIS AND THAT Workshop to Benefit Abingdon Theatre, 9/22\""}]},{"reference":"BWW News Desk (October 29, 2013). \"Abingdon to Stage Special Holiday Benefit Presentation of FAIRIES, 12/17\". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 30 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Abingdon-to-Stage-Special-Holiday-Benefit-Presentation-of-FAIRIES-1217-20131029#","url_text":"\"Abingdon to Stage Special Holiday Benefit Presentation of FAIRIES, 12/17\""}]},{"reference":"BWW News Desk (October 27, 2014). \"Sunday Series at Abingdon to Present MOONLIGHT IN GREENWICH VILLAGE, 11/16\". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 3 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broadwayworld.com/off-broadway/article/Sunday-Series-at-Abingdon-to-Present-MOONLIGHT-IN-GREENWICH-VILLAGE-1116-20141027","url_text":"\"Sunday Series at Abingdon to Present MOONLIGHT IN GREENWICH VILLAGE, 11/16\""}]},{"reference":"BWW News Desk (February 11, 2015). \"Abingdon Theatre's Sunday Series to Present 3 FROM THE NEIGHBORHOOD\". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 11 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Abingdon-Theatres-Sunday-Series-to-Present-3-FROM-THE-NEIGHBORHOOD-20150211#","url_text":"\"Abingdon Theatre's Sunday Series to Present 3 FROM THE NEIGHBORHOOD\""}]},{"reference":"BWW News Desk (April 11, 2015). \"Photo Coverage: Cantone, Macchio et al. in A ROOM OF MY OWN\". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 24 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broadwayworld.com/off-off-broadway/article/Abingdon-Presents-Messinas-A-ROOM-OF-MY-OWN-Starring-Mario-Cantone-20150411","url_text":"\"Photo Coverage: Cantone, Macchio et al. in A ROOM OF MY OWN\""}]},{"reference":"BWW News Desk (March 9, 2015). \"Ralph Macchio to Narrate TRUE EAST Podcast Based on Charles Messina Plays\". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 9 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Ralph-Macchio-to-Narrate-TRUE-EAST-Podcast-Based-on-Charles-Messina-Plays-20150309","url_text":"\"Ralph Macchio to Narrate TRUE EAST Podcast Based on Charles Messina Plays\""}]},{"reference":"Lenzi, Linda (September 21, 2010). \"Photo Coverage: Cantone, Macchio et al. in A ROOM OF MY OWN\". BroadwayWorld.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://broadwayworld.com/article/Photo_Coverage_Cantone_Macchio_et_al_in_A_ROOM_OF_MY_OWN_20100921","url_text":"\"Photo Coverage: Cantone, Macchio et al. in A ROOM OF MY OWN\""}]},{"reference":"Gans, Andrew (November 8, 2012). \"Mario Cantone, Rachel Dratch, Zach Galligan Set for Reading of A Room of My Own\". Playbill.com. Archived from the original on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 20 November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140728140916/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/171998-Mario-Cantone-Rachel-Dratch-Zach-Galligan-Set-for-Reading-of-A-Room-of-My-Own","url_text":"\"Mario Cantone, Rachel Dratch, Zach Galligan Set for Reading of A Room of My Own\""},{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/news/article/171998-Mario-Cantone-Rachel-Dratch-Zach-Galligan-Set-for-Reading-of-A-Room-of-My-Own","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"BWW News Desk (April 11, 2015). \"Photo Coverage: Cantone, Macchio et al. in A ROOM OF MY OWN\". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 24 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broadwayworld.com/off-off-broadway/article/Abingdon-Presents-Messinas-A-ROOM-OF-MY-OWN-Starring-Mario-Cantone-20150411","url_text":"\"Photo Coverage: Cantone, Macchio et al. in A ROOM OF MY OWN\""}]},{"reference":"BWW News Desk (July 28, 2015). \"Abingdon Theatre Company's 2015-16 Season to Feature World Premieres\". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 29 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Abingdon-Theatre-Companys-2015-16-Season-to-Feature-World-Premieres-20150728#","url_text":"\"Abingdon Theatre Company's 2015-16 Season to Feature World Premieres\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mario Cantone & Ralph Macchio to Lead Charles Messina's A ROOM OF MY OWN Off-Broadway\". BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved 2015-12-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broadwayworld.com/off-broadway/article/Mario-Cantone-Ralph-Macchio-to-Lead-Charles-Messinas-A-ROOM-OF-MY-OWN-Off-Broadway-20151208","url_text":"\"Mario Cantone & Ralph Macchio to Lead Charles Messina's A ROOM OF MY OWN Off-Broadway\""}]},{"reference":"Bowling, Suzanna (October 19, 2011). \"The New Musical About The Life of Dion \"The Wanderer\" Wows Producers\". The Times Square Chronicle.","urls":[{"url":"http://t2conline.com/2011/10/13/the-new-musical-about-the-life-of-dion-%e2%80%9cthe-wanderer-wows-producers/","url_text":"\"The New Musical About The Life of Dion \"The Wanderer\" Wows Producers\""}]},{"reference":"Clement, Olivia (August 13, 2018). \"Michael Wartella and Anastasia's Christy Altomare to Lead Workshop of New Musical The Wanderer\". Playbill.com. Retrieved September 27, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.playbill.com/article/michael-wartella-and-anastasias-christy-altomare-to-lead-workshop-of-new-musical-the-wanderer","url_text":"\"Michael Wartella and Anastasia's Christy Altomare to Lead Workshop of New Musical The Wanderer\""}]},{"reference":"Gonzalez, David (December 9, 2011). \"A Wanderer, the Singer Dion Returns to the Bronx\". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/11/nyregion/a-wanderer-the-singer-dion-returns-to-the-bronx.html?pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"A Wanderer, the Singer Dion Returns to the Bronx\""}]},{"reference":"BWW News Desk. \"THE WANDERER Eyes Broadway Run Following Paper Mill Debut\". BroadwayWorld. Retrieved 23 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/THE-WANDERER-Eyes-Broadway-Run-Following-Paper-Mill-Debut-20190318","url_text":"\"THE WANDERER Eyes Broadway Run Following Paper Mill Debut\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0473402/combined","external_links_name":"They're Just My Friends"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1358455/combined","external_links_name":"Merging"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0372538/combined","external_links_name":"Spy"},{"Link":"https://www.kennethferrone.com/","external_links_name":"Kenneth Ferrone"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0473402/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1","external_links_name":"They're Just My Friends"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1358455/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1","external_links_name":"Merging"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0372538/?ref_=nm_flmg_prd_2","external_links_name":"Spy"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1776120/?ref_=nm_flmg_prd_1","external_links_name":"Choose"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4380306/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1","external_links_name":"Thompson 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_2016_Summer_Paralympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_road_race_B
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Cycling at the 2016 Summer Paralympics – Men's road race B
|
["1 Results : Men's road race B","2 References"]
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Cycling, Men's road race Bat the XV Paralympic GamesVenuePontal, RioDatesSeptember 17Competitors21 (and 21 pilots)Medalists
Vincent Ter SchureTimo Fransen
Netherlands
Ignacio Avila RodriguezJoan Font Bertoli
Spain
Steve BateAdam Duggleby
Great Britain←20122020→
Cycling at the2016 Summer ParalympicsRoad cyclingRoad racemenwomenTime trialmenwomenTeam relaymixedTrack cyclingTime trialmenwomenIndividual pursuitmenwomenTeam sprintmixedvte
Cycling at the2016 Summer ParalympicsRoad raceMenWomenBBH1–4H2H3H4H5H5C1–3C1–3C4–5C4–5T1–2T1–2vte
The men's road race B cycling event at the 2016 Summer Paralympics took place on September 17 at Pontal, Rio. The race distance was 60 km.
Results : Men's road race B
Rank
Names
Nationality
Classification
Time
Deficit
Vincent Ter SchureTimo Fransen
Netherlands
B
02:26:33
-
Ignacio Avila RodriguezJoan Font Bertoli
Spain
B
s.t.
s.t.
Steve BateAdam Duggleby
Great Britain
B
02:27:03
+30"
4
Carlos Gonzalez GarciaNoel Martin Infante
Spain
B
02:27:05
+32"
5
Kieran ModraDavid Edwards
Australia
B
02:27:15
+42"
6
Stephen De VriesPatrick Bos
Netherlands
B
02:31:23
+04:50
7
Przemyslaw WegnerArtur Korc
Poland
B
02:31:46
+05:13
8
Vladislav JanovjakJan Gallik
Slovakia
B
02:32:06
+05:33
9
Emanuele BersiniRiccardo Panizza
Italy
B
s.t.
s.t.
10
Jarmo OllanketoTommi Martikainen
Finland
B
02:32:09
+05:36
11
Aaron ScheidiesBenjamin Collins
United States
B
s.t.
s.t.
12
Peter RyanMarcin Mizgajski
Ireland
B
02:39:44
+13:11
13
Matthew FormstonNick Yallouris
Australia
B
02:41:48
+15:15
14
Mohd WahabMuhamad Misbah
Malaysia
B
02:41:52
+15:19
15
Raul VillalbaEzequiel Romero
Argentina
B
02:44:55
+18:22
--
Damien VerekerSean Hahessy
Ireland
B
DNF
n/a
--
Tristan BangmaTeun Mulder
Netherlands
B
DNF
n/a
--
Marcin PolakMichał Ładosz
Poland
B
DNF
n/a
--
Daniel ChalifourJean-Michel Lachance
Canada
B
DNF
n/a
--
Athanasios BarakasKonstantinos Troulinos
Greece
B
DNF
n/a
--
Neil FachiePete Mitchell
Great Britain
B
DNF
n/a
--
Arnold ButuLaszlo Garamszegi
Hungary
B
DNS
n/a
References
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-27. Retrieved 2016-09-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
|
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|
[]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jeggo
|
Jimmy Jeggo
|
["1 Early life","2 Club career","2.1 Melbourne Victory","2.2 Adelaide United","2.3 Sturm Graz","2.4 Austria Wien","2.5 Aris","2.6 Eupen","2.7 Hibernian","2.8 Melbourne City","3 International career","4 Career statistics","4.1 Club","4.2 International","5 Honours","6 References","7 External links"]
|
Australian footballer (born 1992)
Jimmy Jeggo
Jeggo playing for Melbourne Victory in 2012Personal informationFull name
James Alexander JeggoDate of birth
(1992-02-12) 12 February 1992 (age 32)Place of birth
Vienna, AustriaHeight
1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)Position(s)
Central midfielderTeam informationCurrent team
Melbourne CityNumber
8Youth career1999–2002
SV Schwechat2002–2006
Green Gully2006–2010
VIS2010–2011
Melbourne VictorySenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2011
VTC Football
10
(0)2011–2014
Melbourne Victory
30
(2)2014–2016
Adelaide United
43
(2)2016–2018
Sturm Graz
61
(1)2016
Sturm Graz II
3
(0)2018–2020
Austria Wien
46
(1)2020–2022
Aris
45
(0)2022–2023
Eupen
23
(0)2023–2024
Hibernian
36
(0)2024–
Melbourne City
14
(0)International career‡2018–
Australia
15
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 9 May 2024‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 20 March 2023
James Alexander Jeggo (/ˈdʒɛɡoʊ/ JEG-oh; born 12 February 1992) is an Australian professional soccer player who plays as a central midfielder for A-League Men club Melbourne City. Born in Austria, he plays for the Australia national team. Jeggo moved to Australia as a child, where he started his footballing career in youth football with Green Gully and at the Victorian Institute of Sport before making his professional debut for Melbourne Victory.
Early life
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Jeggo was born in Vienna, Austria. He moved to Australia as a child, growing up in Melbourne, Victoria. He has a brother Luc Jeggo who formerly captained the Melbourne Victory youth team, and plays for NPL Victoria club Green Gully SC.
Club career
Melbourne Victory
On 21 March 2011, Jeggo signed a three-year senior contract with A-League club Melbourne Victory after performing very well in the National Youth League. He made his professional debut in the 2011–12 A-League season on 12 November 2011, in a round 6 clash against Central Coast Mariners.
Jimmy Jeggo, as referred to by the Melbourne Victory fans quickly become a fan favourite in his few appearances for Melbourne.
On 10 February 2012, he was selected for his first league start for Melbourne Victory against the Central Coast Mariners at AAMI Park, where Victory went on to record a 2–1 come from behind win. Jimmy Jeggo's first league goal for the Melbourne Victory came on 16 March 2012, with a strike from outside the penalty box, in their 3–0 win over Wellington Phoenix, which would be the final home game Melbourne Victory would play in the 2011-12 A-League season.
The 2012–13 A-League season saw James Jeggo's first team opportunities reduced. He played 310 minutes, mostly from the bench, less than half the time of his break out season of 2011–12.
Adelaide United
On 1 May 2014, Jeggo signed with Adelaide United following his release from Melbourne Victory as the Victorian A-League team declined to renew his contract. Jimmy made his debut for Adelaide in round one of the 2014–15 A-League season at Lang Park, Brisbane verse then champions Brisbane Roar. Jeggo started in midfield and played the whole match as United won two goals to one. Jeggo became a regular starter at Adelaide United under Josep Gombau, playing in attacking midfield, Jeggo won the A-League Young Footballer of the Year for the 2014–15 A-League season. Jeggo played a full match for the Reds in the inaugural 2014 FFA Cup Final. Adelaide secured victory over Perth Glory in the final 1–0 with Jeggo claiming his first club trophy of his career.
Sturm Graz
On 27 January 2016, Jeggo was released from Adelaide United to join Austrian club Sturm Graz for an undisclosed fee.
On 9 May 2018, he played as Sturm Graz beat Red Bull Salzburg in extra time to win the 2017–18 Austrian Cup.
Austria Wien
On 25 May 2018, Jeggo joined Austria Wien after rejecting a contract extension from Sturm Graz.
Aris
On 16 August 2020, Jeggo joined Greek club Aris. Jeggo was roommates with Celtic’s Luis Palma.
Eupen
On 4 February 2022, Jeggo signed a 1.5-year contract with Eupen in Belgium.
Hibernian
Jeggo signed an 18-month contract with Scottish club Hibernian in January 2023. He made his debut a day after signing for Hibernian, starting in a 0–3 defeat to Edinburgh derby rivals Hearts in the Scottish Cup.
Melbourne City
Jeggo returned to Australia in January 2024 and signed for Melbourne City.
International career
On 7 March 2011, Jeggo was selected to represent the Australia Olympic football team in an Asian Olympic Qualifier match against Iraq.
After establishing himself in the starting squad for Sturm Graz at the beginning of the 2016–17 season, playing a key role as a defensive midfielder, Jeggo was called up to the Australia senior side for World Cup qualifiers against Saudi Arabia and Japan in October 2016.
On 20 November 2018, Jeggo made his debut for the Australia senior national team in a friendly match at ANZ Stadium against Lebanon. He came on as a second-half substitute in the 74th minute and replaced Mustafa Amini in midfield and Australia won the match 3–0.
Career statistics
Club
As of match played on 27 January 2024
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Club
Season
League
Cup
Continental
Total
Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
VTC Football
2011
Victorian Premier League
10
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
Melbourne Victory
2011–12
A-League
9
1
0
0
0
0
9
1
2012–13
10
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
2013–14
11
1
0
0
4
1
15
2
Total
30
2
0
0
4
1
34
3
Adelaide United
2014–15
A-League
28
1
5
0
0
0
33
1
2015–16
15
1
3
2
0
0
18
3
Total
43
2
8
2
0
0
51
4
Sturm Graz II
2015–16
Austrian Regional League
3
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
Sturm Graz
2015–16
Austrian Bundesliga
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
2016–17
32
0
3
0
0
0
35
0
2017–18
29
1
6
0
2
0
37
1
Total
61
1
10
0
2
0
73
1
Austria Wien
2018–19
Austrian Bundesliga
19
1
3
0
0
0
22
1
2019–20
29
0
2
0
2
0
33
0
Total
48
1
5
0
2
0
55
1
Aris
2020–21
Superleague Greece
30
0
4
0
1
0
35
0
2021–22
15
0
3
0
2
0
20
0
Total
45
0
7
0
3
0
55
0
Eupen
2021–22
Belgian Pro League
9
0
1
0
0
0
10
0
2022–23
14
0
1
0
0
0
15
0
Total
23
0
2
0
0
0
25
0
Hibernian
2022–23
Scottish Premiership
16
0
1
0
0
0
17
0
2023–24
20
0
3
0
5
0
28
0
Total
36
0
4
0
5
0
45
0
Career total
299
6
36
2
16
1
351
9
International
As of match played 14 November 2019
Appearances and goals by national team and year
National team
Year
Apps
Goals
Australia
2018
1
0
2019
4
0
Total
5
0
Honours
Adelaide United
FFA Cup: 2014
Sturm Graz
Austrian Cup: 2017–18
Individual
A-League Young Footballer of the Year: 2014–15
References
^ a b "FIFA Confederations Cup Russia 2017: List of Players: Australia" (PDF). FIFA. 2 July 2017. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2017.
^ "James Jeggo". Socceroos. 31 July 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
^ Adelaide United (26 June 2014), The Pitch 2014/15: Episode 1 – Jimmy Jeggo, retrieved 17 November 2017
^ "Jimmy Jeggo".
^ "Jeggo Receives Senior Contract". Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
^ "Victory held by Mariners". Footballaustralia.com.au. 12 November 2011. Archived from the original on 28 April 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
^ "Victory Damage Wellington's Finals Campaign". Footballaustralia.com.au. 16 March 2012. Archived from the original on 20 April 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
^ "James Jeggo | Melbourne Victory FC 2011". www.footballaustralia.com.au. Archived from the original on 10 October 2011.
^ "Jeggo signs for the Reds". Football Federation Australia. 1 May 2014. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
^ "Djite drive helps Reds win opener". www.adelaideunited.com.au. 12 October 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
^ Migliaccio, Val (12 May 2015). "Adelaide United's James Jeggo, Eugene Galekovic and Tarek Elrich win A-League awards". Fox Sports Australia. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
^ a b "Adelaide triumph in inaugural Cup Final". FFA Cup. 16 December 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
^ Maasdorp, James (16 December 2014). "Adelaide United beats Perth Glory to win FFA Cup with 1-0 victory in inaugural final". ABC News. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
^ "Adelaide star headed to Austria". Football Federation Australia. 27 January 2016.
^ "Sturm gewinnt zum fünften Mal ÖFB-Cup". Sky Sport Austria. 9 May 2018.
^ "Austria Wien holt sich James Jeggo von Sturm Graz" . Vienna.at (in German). 25 May 2018.
^ "James Jeggo departs Austria for Greek club". myfootball.com. 16 August 2020.
^ "KAS Eupen signs Australian player James Jeggo" (Press release). Eupen. 4 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
^ "James Jeggo: Australia midfielder joins Hibs on 18-month deal". BBC Sport. 21 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023.
^ "Hibernian 0-3 Hearts: Lawrence Shankland scores then gets sent off as Hearts progress in Scottish Cup". Sky Sports. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
^ "Jimmy Jeggo exits Hibs after 12 months to join for Melbourne City". www.bbc.com. BBC Sport. 30 January 2024. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
^ "Vidmar names U23s squad to face Iraq – Football Australia 2011". Footballaustralia.com.au. Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
^ "Jimmy Jeggo the surprise name in key Socceroos squad". The Guardian. 20 September 2016.
^ Lynch, Michael (20 September 2016). "James Jeggo, Craig Goodwin get call-up to Socceroos squad for World Cup qualifiers". The Sydney Morning Herald.
^ Davutovic, David (20 September 2016). "James Jeggo a surprise inclusion in Socceroos' World Cup qualifiers for Saudi Arabia and Japan". Herald Sun.
^ Warren, Adrian (20 November 2018). "Boyle stars for Socceroos in 3–0 win". The West Australian. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
^ "Australia vs. Lebanon – Football Match Commentary – November 20, 2018 – ESPN". ESPN. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
^ Hytner, Mike (20 November 2018). "Martin Boyle states Socceroos case with brace as Tim Cahill bids farewell". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
^ "J. Jeggo". Soccerway. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
^ John Punshon. "2011 Alanic Victorian Premier League Results". OzFootball. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
External links
Jimmy Jeggo at Soccerway
vteMelbourne City FC – current squad
1 Young
2 Galloway
6 Ugarkovic
7 Leckie
8 Jeggo
10 Arslan
15 Nabbout
16 Behich
21 Lopane
23 Tilio
25 Talbot
26 Souprayen
33 Beach
34 Sulemani
35 Schreiber
37 Caputo
38 Politidis
39 Durakovic
40 Nieuwenhuizen
46 Mazzeo
Necovski
Trewin
Manager: Vidmar
vteA-League Men Young Footballer of the Year
2006: Ward
2007: Leijer
2008: Djite
2009: Jamieson
2010: Oar
2011: Ryan
2012: Ryan
2013: Rojas
2014: Taggart
2015: Jeggo
2016: Maclaren
2017: Maclaren
2018: Arzani
2019: Ikonomidis
2020: McGree
2021: King
2022: Thurgate
2023: Bos
2024: Irankunda & Paulsen
Australia squads
vteAustralia squad – 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup
1 Ryan
2 Degenek
3 Gersbach
4 Cahill
5 Milligan (c)
6 D. McGowan
7 Leckie
8 Wright
9 Juric
10 Kruse
11 Maclaren
12 Langerak
13 Mooy
14 Troisi
15 Jeggo
16 Behich
17 Hrustic
18 Vukovic
19 R. McGowan
20 Sainsbury
21 Luongo
22 Irvine
23 Rogic
Coach: Postecoglou
vteAustralia squad – 2019 AFC Asian Cup
1 Ryan
2 Degenek
3 Gersbach
4 Grant
5 Milligan (c)
6 Jurman
7 Leckie
8 Luongo
9 Maclaren
10 Kruse
11 Nabbout
12 Langerak
13 Jeggo
14 Giannou
15 Ikonomidis
16 Behich
17 Amini
18 Vukovic
19 Risdon
20 Sainsbury
21 Mabil
22 Irvine
23 Rogic
Coach: Arnold
|
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Jeggo moved to Australia as a child, where he started his footballing career in youth football with Green Gully and at the Victorian Institute of Sport before making his professional debut for Melbourne Victory.","title":"Jimmy Jeggo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Victory youth team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Victory_FC_Youth"},{"link_name":"NPL Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Premier_Leagues_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Green Gully SC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Gully_SC"}],"text":"Jeggo was born in Vienna, Austria. He moved to Australia as a child, growing up in Melbourne, Victoria. He has a brother Luc Jeggo who formerly captained the Melbourne Victory youth team, and plays for NPL Victoria club Green Gully SC.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-League"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Victory_FC"},{"link_name":"National Youth League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-League_National_Youth_League"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2011–12 A-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_A-League"},{"link_name":"Central Coast Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Coast_Mariners_FC"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"AAMI Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Rectangular_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Wellington Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_Phoenix_FC"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2012–13 A-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_A-League"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Melbourne Victory","text":"On 21 March 2011, Jeggo signed a three-year senior contract with A-League club Melbourne Victory after performing very well in the National Youth League.[5] He made his professional debut in the 2011–12 A-League season on 12 November 2011, in a round 6 clash against Central Coast Mariners.[6]\nJimmy Jeggo, as referred to by the Melbourne Victory fans quickly become a fan favourite in his few appearances for Melbourne.\nOn 10 February 2012, he was selected for his first league start for Melbourne Victory against the Central Coast Mariners at AAMI Park, where Victory went on to record a 2–1 come from behind win. Jimmy Jeggo's first league goal for the Melbourne Victory came on 16 March 2012, with a strike from outside the penalty box, in their 3–0 win over Wellington Phoenix, which would be the final home game Melbourne Victory would play in the 2011-12 A-League season.[7]The 2012–13 A-League season saw James Jeggo's first team opportunities reduced. He played 310 minutes, mostly from the bench, less than half the time of his break out season of 2011–12.[8]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adelaide United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_United_FC"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"2014–15 A-League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_A-League"},{"link_name":"Lang Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_Park"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Brisbane Roar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane_Roar"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Josep Gombau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josep_Gombau"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"2014 FFA Cup Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FFA_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Perth Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Glory_FC"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cup-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Adelaide United","text":"On 1 May 2014, Jeggo signed with Adelaide United following his release from Melbourne Victory as the Victorian A-League team declined to renew his contract.[9] Jimmy made his debut for Adelaide in round one of the 2014–15 A-League season at Lang Park, Brisbane verse then champions Brisbane Roar. Jeggo started in midfield and played the whole match as United won two goals to one.[10] Jeggo became a regular starter at Adelaide United under Josep Gombau, playing in attacking midfield, Jeggo won the A-League Young Footballer of the Year for the 2014–15 A-League season.[11] Jeggo played a full match for the Reds in the inaugural 2014 FFA Cup Final. Adelaide secured victory over Perth Glory in the final 1–0 with Jeggo claiming his first club trophy of his career.[12][13]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sturm Graz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK_Sturm_Graz"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Red Bull Salzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Red_Bull_Salzburg"},{"link_name":"2017–18 Austrian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Austrian_Cup"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Sturm Graz","text":"On 27 January 2016, Jeggo was released from Adelaide United to join Austrian club Sturm Graz for an undisclosed fee.[14]On 9 May 2018, he played as Sturm Graz beat Red Bull Salzburg in extra time to win the 2017–18 Austrian Cup.[15]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austria Wien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FK_Austria_Wien"},{"link_name":"Sturm Graz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK_Sturm_Graz"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Austria Wien","text":"On 25 May 2018, Jeggo joined Austria Wien after rejecting a contract extension from Sturm Graz.[16]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aris_Thessaloniki_F.C."},{"link_name":"Luis Palma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Palma"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Aris","text":"On 16 August 2020, Jeggo joined Greek club Aris. Jeggo was roommates with Celtic’s Luis Palma. [17]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eupen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.A.S._Eupen"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Eupen","text":"On 4 February 2022, Jeggo signed a 1.5-year contract with Eupen in Belgium.[18]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hibernian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernian_F.C."},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_derby"},{"link_name":"Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_Midlothian_F.C."},{"link_name":"Scottish Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022%E2%80%9323_Scottish_Cup"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Hibernian","text":"Jeggo signed an 18-month contract with Scottish club Hibernian in January 2023.[19] He made his debut a day after signing for Hibernian, starting in a 0–3 defeat to Edinburgh derby rivals Hearts in the Scottish Cup.[20]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melbourne City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_City_FC"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Melbourne City","text":"Jeggo returned to Australia in January 2024 and signed for Melbourne City.[21]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australia Olympic football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_men%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Asian Olympic Qualifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_Asian_Qualifiers"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq_national_under-23_football_team"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Sturm Graz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SK_Sturm_Graz"},{"link_name":"2016–17 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Austrian_Football_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"Australia senior side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_men%27s_national_soccer_team"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"ANZ Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium_Australia"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Mustafa Amini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Amini"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"On 7 March 2011, Jeggo was selected to represent the Australia Olympic football team in an Asian Olympic Qualifier match against Iraq.[22]After establishing himself in the starting squad for Sturm Graz at the beginning of the 2016–17 season, playing a key role as a defensive midfielder, Jeggo was called up to the Australia senior side for World Cup qualifiers against Saudi Arabia and Japan in October 2016.[23][24][25]On 20 November 2018, Jeggo made his debut for the Australia senior national team in a friendly match at ANZ Stadium against Lebanon.[26] He came on as a second-half substitute in the 74th minute and replaced Mustafa Amini in midfield[27] and Australia won the match 3–0.[28]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"As of match played on 27 January 2024[29]","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International","text":"As of match played 14 November 2019","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cup-12"},{"link_name":"Austrian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Cup"},{"link_name":"2017–18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Austrian_Cup"},{"link_name":"A-League Young Footballer of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-League_Young_Footballer_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"2014–15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_A-League"}],"text":"Adelaide UnitedFFA Cup: 2014[12]Sturm GrazAustrian Cup: 2017–18IndividualA-League Young Footballer of the Year: 2014–15","title":"Honours"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"FIFA Confederations Cup Russia 2017: List of Players: Australia\" (PDF). FIFA. 2 July 2017. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171222004225/https://www.fifadata.com/document/FCC/2017/PDF/FCC_2017_SQUADLISTS.PDF","url_text":"\"FIFA Confederations Cup Russia 2017: List of Players: Australia\""},{"url":"https://www.fifadata.com/document/FCC/2017/PDF/FCC_2017_SQUADLISTS.PDF","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"James Jeggo\". Socceroos. 31 July 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.socceroos.com.au/player/james-jeggo","url_text":"\"James Jeggo\""}]},{"reference":"Adelaide United (26 June 2014), The Pitch 2014/15: Episode 1 – Jimmy Jeggo, retrieved 17 November 2017","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPNutNEm_fQ&t=49s","url_text":"The Pitch 2014/15: Episode 1 – Jimmy Jeggo"}]},{"reference":"\"Jimmy Jeggo\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hibernianfc.co.uk/player/james-jeggo","url_text":"\"Jimmy Jeggo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jeggo Receives Senior Contract\". Archived from the original on 4 October 2012. Retrieved 12 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121004032859/http://au.fourfourtwo.com/News/199433,victory-send-ricardinho-home.aspx","url_text":"\"Jeggo Receives Senior Contract\""},{"url":"http://au.fourfourtwo.com/News/199433,victory-send-ricardinho-home.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Victory held by Mariners\". Footballaustralia.com.au. 12 November 2011. Archived from the original on 28 April 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120428100259/http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/aleague/matchcentre/Central-Coast-Mariners-FC-v-Melbourne-Victory-FC-Hyundai-A-League/2115","url_text":"\"Victory held by Mariners\""},{"url":"http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/aleague/matchcentre/Central-Coast-Mariners-FC-v-Melbourne-Victory-FC-Hyundai-A-League/2115","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Victory Damage Wellington's Finals Campaign\". Footballaustralia.com.au. 16 March 2012. Archived from the original on 20 April 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120420232651/http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/aleague/matchcentre/Melbourne-Victory-FC-v-Wellington-Phoenix-FC-Hyundai-A-League/2212","url_text":"\"Victory Damage Wellington's Finals Campaign\""},{"url":"http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/aleague/matchcentre/Melbourne-Victory-FC-v-Wellington-Phoenix-FC-Hyundai-A-League/2212","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"James Jeggo | Melbourne Victory FC 2011\". www.footballaustralia.com.au. Archived from the original on 10 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111010033830/http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/melbournevictory/players/James-Jeggo/3970","url_text":"\"James Jeggo | Melbourne Victory FC 2011\""},{"url":"http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/melbournevictory/players/James-Jeggo/3970","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jeggo signs for the Reds\". Football Federation Australia. 1 May 2014. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 5 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140502004616/http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/adelaideunited/news-display/Jeggo-signs-for-the-Reds/90256","url_text":"\"Jeggo signs for the Reds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Federation_Australia","url_text":"Football Federation Australia"},{"url":"http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/adelaideunited/news-display/Jeggo-signs-for-the-Reds/90256","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Djite drive helps Reds win opener\". www.adelaideunited.com.au. 12 October 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adelaideunited.com.au/news/djite-drive-helps-reds-win-opener","url_text":"\"Djite drive helps Reds win opener\""}]},{"reference":"Migliaccio, Val (12 May 2015). \"Adelaide United's James Jeggo, Eugene Galekovic and Tarek Elrich win A-League awards\". Fox Sports Australia. Retrieved 21 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foxsports.com.au/football/a-league/adelaide-uniteds-james-jeggo-eugene-galekovic-and-tarek-elrich-win-aleague-awards/news-story/77afc1976b5ddeff857cd7e1b2e8030e?from=public_rss","url_text":"\"Adelaide United's James Jeggo, Eugene Galekovic and Tarek Elrich win A-League awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Sports_Australia","url_text":"Fox Sports Australia"}]},{"reference":"\"Adelaide triumph in inaugural Cup Final\". FFA Cup. 16 December 2014. Retrieved 18 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theffacup.com.au/matchcentre/Adelaide-United-v-Perth-Glory/786794","url_text":"\"Adelaide triumph in inaugural Cup Final\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FFA_Cup","url_text":"FFA Cup"}]},{"reference":"Maasdorp, James (16 December 2014). \"Adelaide United beats Perth Glory to win FFA Cup with 1-0 victory in inaugural final\". ABC News. Retrieved 21 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-12-16/ffa-cup-final-adelaide-united-perth-glory/5971738","url_text":"\"Adelaide United beats Perth Glory to win FFA Cup with 1-0 victory in inaugural final\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)","url_text":"ABC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Adelaide star headed to Austria\". Football Federation Australia. 27 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.a-league.com.au/article/a-league-transfer-news-adelaide-united-star-headed-to-austria/qz8a0ddycay51aoilfwp37mj3","url_text":"\"Adelaide star headed to Austria\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Federation_Australia","url_text":"Football Federation Australia"}]},{"reference":"\"Sturm gewinnt zum fünften Mal ÖFB-Cup\". Sky Sport Austria. 9 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skysportaustria.at/sturm-gewinnt-zum-fuenften-mal-oefb-cup/","url_text":"\"Sturm gewinnt zum fünften Mal ÖFB-Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Austria Wien holt sich James Jeggo von Sturm Graz\" [Austria Wien gets James Jeggo from Sturm Graz]. Vienna.at (in German). 25 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vienna.at/austria-wien-holt-sich-james-jeggo-von-sturm-graz/5798898","url_text":"\"Austria Wien holt sich James Jeggo von Sturm Graz\""}]},{"reference":"\"James Jeggo departs Austria for Greek club\". myfootball.com. 16 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.myfootball.com.au/news/james-jeggo-confirms-austria-wien-departure","url_text":"\"James Jeggo departs Austria for Greek club\""}]},{"reference":"\"KAS Eupen signs Australian player James Jeggo\" (Press release). Eupen. 4 February 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.as-eupen.be/en/kas-eupen-signs-australian-player-james-jeggo/","url_text":"\"KAS Eupen signs Australian player James Jeggo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.A.S._Eupen","url_text":"Eupen"}]},{"reference":"\"James Jeggo: Australia midfielder joins Hibs on 18-month deal\". BBC Sport. 21 January 2023. Retrieved 21 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64361451","url_text":"\"James Jeggo: Australia midfielder joins Hibs on 18-month deal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hibernian 0-3 Hearts: Lawrence Shankland scores then gets sent off as Hearts progress in Scottish Cup\". Sky Sports. Retrieved 25 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.skysports.com/amp/football/news/36621/12790070/hibernian-0-3-hearts-lawrence-shankland-scores-then-gets-sent-off-as-hearts-progress-in-scottish-cup","url_text":"\"Hibernian 0-3 Hearts: Lawrence Shankland scores then gets sent off as Hearts progress in Scottish Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jimmy Jeggo exits Hibs after 12 months to join for Melbourne City\". www.bbc.com. BBC Sport. 30 January 2024. Retrieved 30 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/sport/articles/cl5l8gw7pzeo","url_text":"\"Jimmy Jeggo exits Hibs after 12 months to join for Melbourne City\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vidmar names U23s squad to face Iraq – Football Australia 2011\". Footballaustralia.com.au. Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120609005106/http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news-display/Vidmar-names-U23s-squad-to-face-Iraq/45985","url_text":"\"Vidmar names U23s squad to face Iraq – Football Australia 2011\""},{"url":"http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/news-display/Vidmar-names-U23s-squad-to-face-Iraq/45985","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jimmy Jeggo the surprise name in key Socceroos squad\". The Guardian. 20 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2016/sep/20/jimmy-jeggo-surprise-name-postecoglou-socceroos-squad","url_text":"\"Jimmy Jeggo the surprise name in key Socceroos squad\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"Lynch, Michael (20 September 2016). \"James Jeggo, Craig Goodwin get call-up to Socceroos squad for World Cup qualifiers\". The Sydney Morning Herald.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/sport/soccer/james-jeggo-craig-goodwin-get-callup-to-socceroos-squad-for-world-cup-qualifiers-20160920-grk1p0.html","url_text":"\"James Jeggo, Craig Goodwin get call-up to Socceroos squad for World Cup qualifiers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"}]},{"reference":"Davutovic, David (20 September 2016). \"James Jeggo a surprise inclusion in Socceroos' World Cup qualifiers for Saudi Arabia and Japan\". Herald Sun.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/james-jeggo-a-surprise-inclusion-in-socceroos-world-cup-qualifiers-for-saudi-arabia-and-japan/news-story/ec12dfc2b8b17d4c1680dbe3a48f3d08","url_text":"\"James Jeggo a surprise inclusion in Socceroos' World Cup qualifiers for Saudi Arabia and Japan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_Sun","url_text":"Herald Sun"}]},{"reference":"Warren, Adrian (20 November 2018). \"Boyle stars for Socceroos in 3–0 win\". The West Australian. Retrieved 20 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://thewest.com.au/sport/soccer/boyle-stars-for-socceroos-in-3-0-win-ng-s-1907080","url_text":"\"Boyle stars for Socceroos in 3–0 win\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Australian","url_text":"The West Australian"}]},{"reference":"\"Australia vs. Lebanon – Football Match Commentary – November 20, 2018 – ESPN\". ESPN. 20 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espnfc.com.au/commentary?gameId=526327","url_text":"\"Australia vs. Lebanon – Football Match Commentary – November 20, 2018 – ESPN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN","url_text":"ESPN"}]},{"reference":"Hytner, Mike (20 November 2018). \"Martin Boyle states Socceroos case with brace as Tim Cahill bids farewell\". The Guardian. Retrieved 20 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/nov/20/martin-boyle-states-socceroos-case-with-brace-as-tim-cahill-bids-farewell","url_text":"\"Martin Boyle states Socceroos case with brace as Tim Cahill bids farewell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"J. Jeggo\". Soccerway. Retrieved 18 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/james-jeggo/178660/","url_text":"\"J. Jeggo\""}]},{"reference":"John Punshon. \"2011 Alanic Victorian Premier League Results\". OzFootball. Retrieved 18 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ozfootball.net/ark/States/VIC/2011PLR.html","url_text":"\"2011 Alanic Victorian Premier League Results\""}]}]
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qualifiers\""},{"Link":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/james-jeggo-a-surprise-inclusion-in-socceroos-world-cup-qualifiers-for-saudi-arabia-and-japan/news-story/ec12dfc2b8b17d4c1680dbe3a48f3d08","external_links_name":"\"James Jeggo a surprise inclusion in Socceroos' World Cup qualifiers for Saudi Arabia and Japan\""},{"Link":"https://thewest.com.au/sport/soccer/boyle-stars-for-socceroos-in-3-0-win-ng-s-1907080","external_links_name":"\"Boyle stars for Socceroos in 3–0 win\""},{"Link":"http://www.espnfc.com.au/commentary?gameId=526327","external_links_name":"\"Australia vs. Lebanon – Football Match Commentary – November 20, 2018 – ESPN\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/nov/20/martin-boyle-states-socceroos-case-with-brace-as-tim-cahill-bids-farewell","external_links_name":"\"Martin Boyle states Socceroos case with brace as Tim Cahill bids farewell\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/james-jeggo/178660/","external_links_name":"\"J. Jeggo\""},{"Link":"http://www.ozfootball.net/ark/States/VIC/2011PLR.html","external_links_name":"\"2011 Alanic Victorian Premier League Results\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/james-jeggo/178660/","external_links_name":"Jimmy Jeggo"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballot_access_in_the_United_States
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Ballot access
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["1 Arguments","2 Ballot access laws by state","2.1 Constitutional dimensions of ballot access laws","2.2 International human rights law and ballot access","3 Write-in status versus ballot access","4 Other obstacles facing third parties","5 Justification of strict ballot access laws by two party supporters","6 See also","7 References","8 Bibliography","9 External links"]
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Aspect of United States election law
This article is about access to elections and right to candidacy in the United States. For right to stand for election elsewhere, see Nomination rules.
Ballot access are rules and procedures regulating the right to candidacy, the conditions under which a candidate, political party, or ballot measure is entitled to appear on voters' ballots in elections in the United States. The jurisprudence of the right to candidacy and right to create a political party are less clear than voting rights in the United States. However, the U.S. Supreme Court has established in multiple cases that the federal constitution does not recognize a fundamental right to candidacy, and that state governments have a legitimate government interest in blocking "frivolous or fraudulent candidacies". As election processes are decentralized by Article I, Section 4, of the United States Constitution, ballot access laws are established and enforced by the states. As a result, ballot access processes may vary from one state to another. State access requirements for candidates generally pertain to personal qualities of a candidate, such as: minimum age, residency, and citizenship. Additionally, many states require prospective candidates to collect a specified number of qualified voters' signatures on petitions of support and mandate the payment of filing fees before granting access; ballot measures are similarly regulated (as is the wording and format of petitions as well). Each state also regulates how political parties qualify for automatic ballot access, and how those minor parties that do not can. Fundamental to democracy, topics related to ballot access are the subject of considerable debate in the United States.
In order to get on the ballot, a candidate, political party, or ballot measure must meet various requirements. The Elections Clause in Article I of the Constitution states that "the Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each state by the Legislature thereof." Consequently, each state may design its own unique criteria for ballot access. The United States is one of the few nations that do not have uniform national laws on ballot access.
Arguments
The primary argument put forward by States for restricting ballot access has been the presumption that setting ballot access criteria too low would result in numerous candidates on the ballot, splitting the votes of similar minded voters. Example: With plurality voting, also known as first-past-the-post, the candidate with the most votes wins, even if the candidate does not have a majority of the votes. Suppose 55% Belief A and 45% Belief B vote in a district. If two candidates appeal to A, but only one appeals to B, the votes of A could split between the two A candidates, say 25% vote for one and 30% for the other, giving the B candidate the office although 55% preferred to see an A candidate in the office. However, proponents of ballot access reform say that reasonably easy access to the ballot does not lead to a glut of candidates, even where many candidates do appear on the ballot. The 1880s reform movement that led to officially designed secret ballots, such as the Australian ballot, had some salutary effects, but it also gave the government control over who could be on the ballot. As historian Peter Argersinger has pointed out, the reform that empowered officials to regulate access onto the ballot, also carried the danger that this power would be abused by officialdom and that legislatures controlled by established political parties, would enact restrictive ballot access laws to ensure re-election of their party's candidates.
Perhaps the most prominent advocate of the 1880s ballot reform movement, John Henry Wigmore, suggested that "ten signatures" might be an appropriate requirement for nomination to the official ballot for a legislative office. In the 20th century, ballot access laws imposing signature requirements far more restrictive than Wigmore had envisioned were enacted by many state legislatures; in many cases, the two major parties wrote the laws such that the burdens created by these new ballot access requirements (usually in the form of difficult signature-gathering nominating petition drives) fell on alternative candidates, but not on major party candidates. Proponents of more open ballot access argue that restricting ballot access has the effect of unjustly restricting the choices available to voters, and typically disadvantages third party candidates and other candidates who are not affiliated with the established parties.
President George H. W. Bush signed the Copenhagen Document of the Helsinki Accords that states in part:
(7.5) – respect the right of citizens to seek political or public office, individually or as representatives of political parties or organizations, without discrimination;
(7.6) – respect the right of individuals and groups to establish, in full freedom, their own political parties or other political organizations and provide such political parties and organizations with the necessary legal guarantees to enable them to compete with each other on a basis of equal treatment before the law and by the authorities;...
The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) has criticized the United States for its ballot access laws. In 1996, United States delegates responded to the criticism by saying that unfair ballot access "could be remedied through existing appeal and regulatory structures and did not represent a breach of the Copenhagen commitments." The OSCE published a report on the 2004 United States election, which among other things, noted restrictive ballot access laws.
Ballot access laws by state
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Ballot access laws in the United States vary widely from state to state:
Alabama: Although not required to, major party candidates are nominated by the state primary process. Independent candidates are granted ballot access through a petition process and minor political party candidates are nominated by convention along with a petition process; one must collect 3% of the total votes cast in the last election for the specific race or 3% of the total votes cast in the last gubernatorial election for statewide ballot access. The figure for 2016 and 2018 statewide ballot access is 35,412 valid signatures. Be aware that the validity of signatures generally means that 20–30% more signatures will need to be collected to ensure that the goal is achieved. To retain ballot access in the following election, a party has to poll 20% in a statewide race.
Activists of the Arizona Green Party collecting signatures for ballot status
Arizona: To gain ballot access, a new political party must gather signatures on a county–by–county basis, achieving over 20,000 valid signatures (i.e. from registered voters). Once this has been achieved the party must run a candidate for Governor or President who garners at least 5% of the vote to maintain ballot access for an additional two years, maintain at least 1% of registered voters registered with their party, or gather approximately the same number of signatures again every two years. The Democratic, Libertarian, and Republican parties have ballot access by voter registrations. In 2008, the Arizona Green Party gathered enough signatures to gain ballot access.
California:
Any office, all elections – Per section 5100 of the California Election Code, ballot access requires one of two conditions to be met:If at the last preceding gubernatorial election there was polled for any one of the party's candidates for any office voted on throughout the state, at least 2 percent of the entire vote of the state;If on or before the 135th day before any primary election, it appears to the Secretary of State, as a result of examining and totaling the statement of voters and their political affiliations transmitted to him or her by the county elections officials, that voters equal in number to at least 1 percent of the entire vote of the state at the last preceding gubernatorial election have declared their intention to affiliate with that party.
Governor, primary elections – Under legislation signed into law in 2019, candidates for Governor of California must publicly release personal tax returns for the previous five years in order to be listed on the primary election ballot in that state; write-in candidates are exempt from this requirement. As initially enacted, the law also applied to candidates for President of the United States; this provision was later held to be unconstitutional by the courts.
Colorado allows candidates to be placed on the ballot either through political party assemblies, or by collecting the required number of valid signatures as specified in Colorado Revised Statutes 1-4-801 and 1-4-802 for major- and minor-party candidates respectively. The major parties are parties whose gubernatorial candidates received at least 10% of the vote in the most recent general election. The relevant county, state house, state senate, judicial district, congressional district, and state assembly place all the candidates who receive 30% or more of the assembly vote on the primary ballot; a candidate who receives less than 10% of an assembly vote is ineligible to try the signature route for the same primary ballot. Candidates may choose to bypass the assembly route altogether in favor of collecting signatures. The required number of valid signatures per congressional district for statewide candidates ranges from 500 for State Board of Education and University of Colorado Regent to 1,500 for governor and US Senate. For other offices, the signature requirement is based on the lesser of a specified number of signatures and a specified percentage of the vote for that seat in the previous election – the primary if one was held for the major party and the general election otherwise and for minor-party candidates.
Georgia In 2016 Georgia required a third-party presidential candidate to produce 7,500 signatures of registered voters to gain ballot access. The 7,500 number was imposed by Federal District Court Judge Richard Story in a March 17, 2016, ruling against the state that their requirement of signatures equaling at least 1% of the total number of registered and eligible voters in the most recent presidential election was an unconstitutionally high barrier. The number would have been about 50,334. On April 13, 2016, the Georgia secretary of state appealed the decision without seeking a stay until the state legislature acts to change the requirement. Reason magazine reported in October 2022 that the Supreme Court of the United States declined to hear a case that would have challenged the ballot access laws of Georgia, which were reported as some of the most onerous in the nation that have kept any third party off the ballot for nearly sixty years from 2022 prior: Candidates for federal elected office in Georgia face different hurdles depending on which party they belong to. Republicans and Democrats get on the ballot automatically, since each party received at least 20 percent of the vote in previous elections. But for any third-party candidate running for a districted position, like in the House of Representatives, they must first collect signatures from 5 percent of all registered voters in their district—between 20,000 and 27,000. That task has proved so daunting that no third-party House candidate from Georgia has achieved it in nearly six decades.
Illinois: The threshold barrier to ballot access in Illinois is collecting an adequate number of voters' signatures on nominating petitions. Illinois distinguishes between "Established Parties" (i.e., the Democratic Party and Republican Party, although other parties may achieve Established Party status on a county-by-county basis), "New Parties", and Independent Candidates. The signature requirements are lower for Established Parties than New Parties or Independent Candidates. The petitions must be circulated no more than 90 days prior to the filing deadline. (New for 2022 only: Due to COVID-related census information delays, the Illinois General Assembly pushed back the 2022 Illinois Primary Election and truncated the petition circulation period to 60 days.) Candidates in Illinois must also file a notarized Statement of Candidacy and, for non-federal offices, a Statement of Economic Interests. Candidates may also, but are not legally required to, submit a Code of Fair Campaign Practices pledge and a Loyalty Oath. The Loyalty Oath requirement was ruled unconstitutional in 1972.
Statewide Offices: Established Party candidates must submit between 5,000 and 10,000 signatures. New Parties & Independents must submit at least the lesser of 25,000 signatures or 1% of the number of voters who cast a ballot in the preceding general election. Statewide offices in Illinois include the Governor, Lt. Governor, Comptroller, Treasurer, Secretary of State, and Attorney General, and United States Senator. (New for 2022 only: Statewide candidates of Established parties require 3,250–6,500 valid signatures.)
Representative in the U.S. House of Representatives: Established Party candidates must submit at least 0.5% of the primary voters in the candidate's party in the congressional district. New Party & Independents must submit at least 5% of the number of voters who cast a ballot in the preceding general election. (New for 2022 only: Congressional candidates of Established parties require only 1/3 of their typical valid signature requirement.)
Senator in the Illinois General Assembly: Established Party candidates must submit between 1,000 and 3,000 signatures from voters in the Illinois Senate district. New Party & Independents must submit signatures from at least 5% of the number of voters who cast a ballot in Illinois Senate district the preceding general election. (New for 2022 only: State Senate candidates of Established parties require 650–2,000 valid signatures.)
Representative in the Illinois General Assembly: Established Party candidates must submit between 1,000 and 3,000 signatures from voters in the Illinois House district. New Party & Independents must submit signatures from at least 5% of the number of voters who cast a ballot in Illinois House district the preceding general election. (New for 2022 only: State Representative candidates of Established parties require 400–1,000 valid signatures.)
Kentucky uses a three-tier system for ballot access, using the results of the previous presidential election as the gauge. If a party's presidential candidate achieves less than 2% of the popular vote within the state, that organization is a "political group". If the candidate receives 2% or more, but less than 20% of the popular vote in Kentucky, that organization is a "political organization". Parties whose candidate for president achieves at least 20% of the popular vote are considered "political parties". Taxpayer-funded primaries are achieved as a "political party". Automatic ballot access is obtained as a "political organization" or "political party", and these levels require only 2 signatures for a candidate to run for any partisan office. There is no mechanism for placing an entire party on the ballot in Kentucky, other than achieving "political organization" or "political party" status. Candidates of "political groups" and independent candidates must collect a minimum of between 25 and 5000 signatures to run for any particular partisan office. Filing fees apply equitably to all levels. Traditionally, the state only tracked voter registration affiliation as Democratic (D), Republican (R), or Other (O). Beginning 1 January 2006, Kentucky law provides for County Clerks to track the voter registration of Constitution (C), Green (G), Libertarian (L), Reform (F), and Socialist Workers (S), as well as independent (I); though a number of County Clerks have not been complying with this regulation.
Louisiana is one of the easiest states to get on the ballot. Anyone may obtain a spot on the ballot by either paying a qualifying fee, or submitting petition signatures. For independent candidates for President (or non-recognized parties) the fee is $500 or 5000 signatures, with at least 500 from each Congressional district. Recognized Parties simply file their slate of Electors – their access is automatic, no fee or signatures required. For statewide office, the signature requirement is the same as that for president, but the fees are $750 for Governor and $600 for all other statewide offices. District and local office fees range from $40 or 50 signatures for a small town office, to $600 or 1000 signatures for US House. All signatures for district offices must come from within that district. If the office is for a political party committee, the signatures must be from people affiliated with that party. For Presidential Preference Primaries, the fee is $750 or 1000 signatures affiliated with that party from each Congressional district.(pdf) Present Louisiana law only allows for Presidential Primaries if a party has more than 40,000 registered voters statewide. Currently, this only applies to the Democratic and Republican Parties. Louisiana law changed in 2004 under efforts from the Libertarian Party of Louisiana to relax rules in place at that time for recognizing political parties in the state. There are now two methods to gain official recognition. Method A allows a party to be recognized if it pays a $1000 fee AND has 1000 or more voters registered under its label. To retain recognition, it must field a candidate at least once in any four-year period in a statewide election – with no requirement on performance in the election. Statewide election slots include Presidential Elector, Governor, Senator, Lt. Governor, Secretary of State, Attorney General, Treasurer, Comm. of Insurance, and Commissioner of Agriculture. To date, the Libertarian Party and the Green Party have used this method to attain and retain official party recognition. Method B allows a party to be recognized if one of its candidates in a statewide race or for Presidential Elector achieves 5% of the vote. To retain recognition, it must repeat the 5% tally for statewide office or Presidential Elector at least once in any four-year period. To date, the Reform Party has used this method to gain and retain official party recognition. Due to their size, parties recognized by these methods are exempt from certain laws governing public elections of political committee offices and from certain financial reporting requirements until their membership reaches 5% of registered voters statewide. Recognized political parties in Louisiana are allowed to have their party name appear alongside their candidates on the ballot, and for their party to be offered as a specific choice on voter registration cards. Non-recognized parties appear as OTHER, and the party name must be written in on the registration card. Non-affiliated voters are listed as N for No Party. In the 2008 and 2010 Congressional elections, Louisiana experimented with closed primaries for House and Senate. Under this system, recognized parties participated in semi-closed primaries before the general election. Only one candidate from each party was allowed on the General Election ballot; there was no limit for OTHER or NONE. An attempt to pass a law differentiating "minor" parties similar to the rule for Presidential Primaries was defeated but made irrelevant by Louisiana reverting to its "Jungle Primary" system where all candidates, regardless of number from any party, all compete together on the same ballot. If no one achieves a majority, a general election is held as a run-off between the top two, also regardless of party affiliation.
Maryland: Party certifications are done for each gubernatorial cycle (e.g. 2006–2010). If the number of registered voters to a political party is less than 1%, then 10,000 petition signatures must be gathered for that party to be considered certified. A party must be certified before voters can register under that party. A party can also be certified for a two-year term if their "top of the ticket" candidate receives more than 1% of the vote.
Michigan: Major party candidates for Congress, governor, state legislature, countywide offices, and township offices are chosen through a primary system. A candidate can appear on the ballot by filing petition signatures; candidates for certain offices may file a $100 filing fee in lieu of filing petition signatures. All minor-party candidates, as well as major-party candidates for certain statewide offices, are chosen by a convention. Candidates running for nonpartisan offices (including judgeships, school boards, and most city offices) can appear on the ballot via petitions, as can candidates running for partisan offices without party affiliation.
Minnesota: Major party candidates are nominated by the state primary process. Independent and minor political party candidates are nominated by a petition process; 2,000 signatures for a statewide election, or 500 for a state legislative election. Candidates have a two-week period to collect nominating petition signatures. Independent candidates may select a brief political party designation in lieu of independent.
Missouri exempts parties from needing to gather signatures if they attain 2% of the vote in a statewide election.
New York Main article: Qualified New York political parties
To be recognized, a political party must gain 50,000 votes in the most recent gubernatorial election. (There are, as of 2019, eight such parties. Three of these have primarily resorted to electoral fusion and usually only nominate candidates already on either the Democratic or Republican lines.) This allows for primary elections and allows statewide candidates to be exempted from having to petition. Any other candidate must file petitions. For statewide candidates, 15,000 signatures are required, and there must be at least 100 signatures from each of at least 1/2 of the congressional districts in the state (27 as of 2014). All state legislature and congressional candidates must file petitions regardless of party nominations, except in special elections. Village and town elections have less restrictive ballot access rules.
North Carolina's law pertaining to ballot access is codified in N.C.G.S Chapter 163 Elections and Election Law:
New Political Parties: According to N.C.G.S. §163-96(a)(2) for a new political party to gain access to the election ballot they must obtain signatures on a petition equal to at least 2% of the total number of votes cast for Governor in the most recent election by no later than 12:00 noon on the first day of June before the election in which the party wishes to participate. In addition, at least 200 signatures must come from at least four separate US Congressional Districts each within the state. To qualify for the 2010 or 2012 election ballot a new political party must gather at least 85,379 signatures within approximately a 3.5 year time span, averaging at least 67 signatures every day for three and half years straight counting weekdays and holidays.
Political Party Retention Requirement: According to N.C.G.S. §163-96(a)(1) in order for a political party to remain certified for the election ballot after obtaining access to the ballot, or to remain recognized by the State of North Carolina, that party must successfully garner at least 2% of the total vote cast for Governor for its candidate. If a party's candidate for Governor fails to receive at least 2% of the vote, that party loses ballot access (N.C.G.S. §163-97) and must begin the petitioning process over again, and the voter affiliation of all registered voters affiliated with that party is changed to unaffiliated (N.C.G.S. §163-97.1).
Statewide Unaffiliated Requirements: According to N.C.G.S. §163-122(a)(1) in order for an unaffiliated candidate to qualify for the election ballot for a statewide office, the candidate must obtain signatures on a petition equal to at least 2% of the total number of votes caste for Governor in the most recent election by 12:00 noon on the last Friday in June before the election in which the candidate wishes to participate. In addition, at least 200 signatures must come from at least four separate US Congressional Districts each within the state. To qualify for the 2010 or 2012 election ballot unaffiliated statewide candidates must obtain at least 85,379 signatures.
District Unaffiliated Requirements: According to N.C.G.S. §163-122(a)(2–3) in order for an unaffiliated candidate to qualify for the election ballot for a district office, the candidate must obtain signatures on a petition equal to at least 4% of the total number of registered voters within the district that the candidate is running for election in as of January 1 of the election year in which the candidate desires to appear on the election ballot. Signatures must be turned in by 12:00 noon on the last Friday in June before the election in which the candidate wishes to participate. District candidates effectively cannot start petitioning for ballot access until after January 1 of the election year they are running for election, giving them just under half a year to obtain signatures for ballot access. To qualify for the 2010 election ballot unaffiliated US Congressional candidates are required to obtain as many as 22,544 signatures and an average of 18,719 signatures required for access to the 2010 election ballot.
North Dakota requires 7,000 petition signatures to create a new political party and nominate a slate of candidates for office. Independent candidates need 1,000 for a statewide office or 300 for a state legislative office. The independent nominating petition process does not allow for candidates to appear on the ballot with a political party designation, in lieu of independent, except for presidential elections.
Ohio: Late in 2006, the 6th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals invalidated Ohio's law for ballot access for new political parties in a suit brought by the Libertarian Party of Ohio. After the November elections, the outgoing Secretary of State and Attorney General requested an extension to file an appeal to the US Supreme Court so that the decision to appeal could be made by the newly elected Secretary of State and Attorney General. The new Secretary of State did not appeal, but instead asserted her authority as Chief Election Officer of Ohio to issue new ballot access rules. In July 2008, a US District Court invalidated the Secretary of State's rules and placed the Libertarian Party on the ballot. Three other parties subsequently sued and were placed on the ballot by the Court or by the Secretary of State.
Oklahoma: A party is defined either as a group that polled 10% for the office at the top of the ticket in the last election (i.e., president or governor), or that submits a petition signed by voters equal to 5% of the last vote cast for the office at the top of the ticket. An independent presidential candidate, or the presidential candidate of an unqualified party, may get on the ballot with a petition of 3% of the last presidential vote. Oklahoma is the only state in the nation in which an independent presidential candidate, or the presidential candidate of a new or previously unqualified party, needs support from more than 2% of the last vote cast to get on the ballot. An initiative was circulated in 2007 to lower the ballot access rules for political parties.
Pennsylvania: A new party or independent candidate may gain ballot access for one election as a "political body" by collecting petition signatures equal to 2% of the vote for the highest vote-getter in the most recent election in the jurisdiction. A political body that wins 2% of the vote obtained by the highest vote-getter statewide in the same election is recognized statewide as a "political party" for two years. A political party with a voter enrollment equal to less than 15% of the state's total partisan enrollment is classified as a "minor political party," which has automatic ballot access in special elections but must otherwise collect the same number of signatures as political bodies. Political parties not relegated to "minor" status qualify to participate in primary elections. Candidates may gain access to primary election ballots by collecting a set number of petition signatures for each office, generally significantly fewer than required for political bodies and minor political parties.
South Dakota: For a registered political party in a statewide election they must collect petition signatures equal to 1% of the vote for that political party in the preceding election for state governor. An independent candidate must collect petition signatures equal to 1% of the total votes for state governor, and a new political party must collect 250 petition signatures. In state legislative elections, a registered political party needs to collect 50 signatures and an independent candidate must collect 1% of the total votes cast for state governor in the preceding election in their respective district.
Tennessee: A candidate seeking a House or Senate seat at the state or national level must gather 25 signatures from registered voters to be put on the ballot for any elected office. Presidential candidates seeking to represent an officially recognized party must either be named as candidates by the Tennessee Secretary of State or gather 2,500 signatures from registered voters, and an independent candidate for president must gather 275 signatures and put forward a full slate of eleven candidates who have agreed to serve as electors. To be recognized as a party and have its candidates listed on the ballot under that party's name, a political party must gather signatures equal to or in excess of 2.5% of the total number of votes cast in the last gubernatorial election (about 45,000 signatures based on the election held in 2006). A third party to be officially recognized was the American Party in 1968; none of its candidates received 5% of the statewide vote in 1970 or 1972 and it was then subject to decertification as an official party after the 1972 election. In 2012, a state court ruled that the Green Party of Tennessee and the Constitution Party of Tennessee would join the Republican and Democratic Parties on the ballot beginning with the November 6, 2012 election.
Texas: For a registered political party in a statewide election to gain ballot access, they must either: obtain 5% of the vote in any statewide election; or collect petition signatures equal to 1% of the total votes cast in the preceding election for governor, and must do so by January 2 of the year in which such statewide election is held. An independent candidate for any statewide office must collect petition signatures equal to 1% of the total votes cast for governor, and must do so beginning the day after primary elections are held and complete collection within 60 days thereafter (if runoff elections are held, the window is shortened to beginning the day after runoff elections are held and completed within 30 days thereafter). The petition signature cannot be from anyone who voted in either primary (including runoff), and voters cannot sign multiple petitions (they must sign a petition for one party or candidate only).
Virginia: A candidate for any statewide or local office must be qualified to vote for as well as hold the office they are running for, must have been "a resident of the county, city or town which he offers at the time of filing", a resident of the district, if it is an election for a specific district, and a resident of Virginia for one year before the election. For any office the candidate must obtain signatures of at least 125 registered voters for the area where they are running for office (except in communities of fewer than 3,500 people, where the number is lower), and if they are running as a candidate from a political party where partisan elections are permitted, must pay a fee of 2% of their yearly salary (no fee is required for persons not running as a candidate for a primary of a political party). Petitions, along with additional paperwork, must be filed between about four and five months before the election, subject to additional requirements for candidates for a primary election. 1,000 signatures are required for a US House race and 10,000 for a statewide race (i.e. US president, US Senate, Governor, Lieutenant Governor, or Attorney General), including 400 from each Congressional district. Nominees of a political party that "at either of the two preceding statewide general elections, received at least 10 percent of the total vote cast for any statewide office filled in that election" are exempt from needing to gather signatures.
Constitutional dimensions of ballot access laws
The Constitution has limited the states' discretion to determine their own ballot access laws:
the right to equal protection of the laws under the Fourteenth Amendment (when the restrictions involve a discriminatory classification of voters, candidates, or political parties);
rights of political association under the First Amendment (especially when the restrictions burden the rights of political parties and other political associations, but also when they infringe on the rights of a candidate or a voter not to associate with a political party);
rights of free expression under the First Amendment;
rights of voters (which the Supreme Court has said are "inextricably intertwined" with the rights of candidates);
property interests and liberty interests in candidacy;
other rights to "due process of law"
the right to petition the government (this argument is sometimes raised to allege that signature-gathering requirements, or the rules implementing them, are unfairly restrictive);
freedom of the press (which historically included the right to print ballots containing the name of the candidate of one's choosing);
the right to a "republican form of government," which is guaranteed to each state (although this clause has been held not to be enforceable in court by individual citizens).
The US Supreme Court precedent on ballot access laws cases has been conflicting. In Williams v. Rhodes (1969) the court struck down Ohio's ballot access laws on First and Fourteenth Amendment grounds. During the 1970s the Supreme Court upheld strict ballot access laws, with a 'compelling State interest' being the "preservation of the integrity of the electoral process and regulating the number of candidates on the ballot to avoid voter confusion."
The Supreme Court did strike down provisions in a ballot access law in Anderson v. Celebrezze, 460 U.S. 780 (1983), but most of the subsequent court rulings in the 1980s–2000s continued to uphold ballot access laws in both primary and general elections. Among the most notable of these cases from the 1970s–1990s:
Bullock v. Carter, 405 U.S. 134 (1972)
Illinois State Bd. of Elections v. Socialist Workers Party, 440 U.S. 173 (1979)
U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton, 514 U.S. 779 (1995)
Lubin v. Panish, 415 U.S. 709 (1974)
Norman v. Reed, 502 U.S. 279 (1992).
The Supreme Court has not expressly ruled on the maximum level of restrictions that can be imposed on an otherwise qualified candidate or political party seeking ballot access. As a result, lower courts have often reached difficult conclusions about whether a particular ballot access rule is unconstitutional.
Requiring an otherwise eligible candidate or political party to obtain signatures greater than 5% of the eligible voters in the previous election may be unconstitutional. This is based on Jenness v. Fortson, 403 U.S. 431 (1971); the court upheld a restrictive ballot access law with this 5% signature requirement, whereas the Williams v. Rhodes (1969) had involved a 15% signature requirement. Most State ballot access requirements, even the more restrictive ones, are less than 5%, and the Supreme Court has generally refused to hear ballot access cases that involved an Independent or minor party candidate challenging a ballot access law that requires less than 5%.
International human rights law and ballot access
International agreements that have the status of treaties of the US are part of the supreme law of the land, under Article VI of the United States Constitution:
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 25
Copenhagen Document, ¶¶6–8, Annex I to 1990 Charter of Paris
Another source of international human rights law derives from universally accepted norms that have found expression in resolutions of the U.N. General Assembly. Although the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is not binding under US law the way a treaty is, this type of norm is recognized as a source of international law in such treaties as the Statute of the International Court of Justice, to which the US is a party:
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Art. 21
(NB: to be completed)
Write-in status versus ballot access
Depending on the office and the state, it may be possible for a voter to cast a write-in vote for a candidate whose name does not appear on the ballot. It is extremely rare for such a candidate to win office. In some cases, write-in votes are simply not counted. Having one's name printed on the ballot confers an enormous advantage over candidates who are not on the ballot. The US Supreme Court has noted that write-in status is not a substitute for being on the ballot.
The two most notable cases of write-in candidates actually winning are the elections of Lisa Murkowski in 2010 and Strom Thurmond in 1954, both to the United States Senate. Other cases include the election of Charlotte Burks to the Tennessee State Senate seat of her late husband, Tommy Burks, murdered by his only opponent on the ballot; and the write-in primary victories in the re-election campaign of Mayor Anthony A. Williams of the District of Columbia. All of these cases involved unique political circumstances, a popular and well–known candidate, and a highly organized and well–funded write-in education campaign.
Other obstacles facing third parties
The growth of any third political party in the United States faces extremely challenging obstacles, among them restrictive ballot access. Other obstacles often cited as barriers to third-party growth include:
Requirement hurdle of a number of signatures (often in the many thousands) required prior to placing a third-party candidate on the ballot (a requirement often waived entirely for other parties, in the US, such as the Democratic and Republican parties);
Campaign funding reimbursement for any political party that gets at least 5% of the vote—implemented in many states "to help smaller parties"—typically helps the two biggest parties;
Laws intended to fight corporate donations, with loopholes that require teams of lawyers to navigate the laws;
The role of corporate money in propping up the two established parties;
The allegedly related general reluctance of news organizations to cover minor political party campaigns;
Moderate voters being divided between the major parties, or registered independent, so that both major primaries are hostile to moderate or independent candidates;
Politically motivated gerrymandering of election districts by those in power, to reduce or eliminate political competition (two-party proponents would argue that the minority party in that district should just nominate a more centrist candidate relative to that district);
Plurality voting scaring voters from credibly considering more than two major parties, as opponents of one would have to unite behind the other to have the most effective chance of winning (see Duverger's law);
The extended history and reputations of the two established parties, with both existing for over 150 years and being entrenched in the minds of the public;
The absence of proportional representation;
The 15% poll requirement by the non-government entity Commission on Presidential Debates;
The public view that third parties have no chance of beating the worse of evils, and are therefore a wasted vote;
Campaign costs of convincing interested voters that the party nominee has a chance of winning, and regaining that trust after an election where the third party got the third-most votes or split the vote between two similar candidates so that the most disliked candidate won (i.e. "spoiling" the election; this is less of a problem with Condorcet voting and range voting).
Justification of strict ballot access laws by two party supporters
Strict ballot access laws are not required for a two–party system, as can be seen by the experience of the United Kingdom. However, the following arguments are put forth about the need for strict ballot access laws in the United States:
With plurality voting, allowing third candidates on the ballot could split the vote of a majority and throw the race to a candidate not favored by the majority. Allowing only two candidates on the ballot ensures that at least the worst one is never elected.
If a third party could get enough votes to win an election, then voters who would support the nominee could infiltrate one of the two parties by registering as members, and force a win in that party's primary. However, pulling this off would take considerable coordination on the part of the supporting voters, especially if half of them preferred to infiltrate the other major party or remain independent. It would also depend on the rules of the major party for how people may become candidates in their primary, and on which registered members may vote in the primary.
There is a one person one vote mandate. If voters could vote in a primary for one candidate, and then sign a petition for another candidate, this would violate that mandate. Some voters might sign a petition for the candidate they want, and then vote in the primary for the candidate who would be easier to beat. Since primary votes are anonymous, and a party therefore cannot remove that voter's vote after it is cast, the only remedy is to strike the voter's signature on the petition. As for signatures not counting if a voter later votes in a primary, that could be reformed since the political party would know in advance about the signatures if they are filed in time.
Sore loser laws, where a candidate who loses in a primary may not then run as an independent candidate in that same election, stem from contract laws. Similar–minded candidates run in the same primary with the contract that the losers will drop out of the race and support the winner so that they do not split the votes of similar–minded voters and cause the other party's nominee to win with 40% of the vote. The need for primaries is primarily because of plurality voting, whose rules state that the candidate receiving the most votes wins, even if not a majority.
Strict ballot access laws make it difficult for extremists to get on the ballot, since few people would want to sign their petition.
See also
Politics portal
Ballot Access News
Coalition for Free and Open Elections
Free the Vote North Carolina
Green Party of the United States
Libertarian Party (United States)
Third party (U.S. politics)
United States presidential eligibility legislation
References
^ "Ballot access". www.ballotpedia.org. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
^ Gordon, Nicole A. "The Constitutional Right to Candidacy." U. Kan. L. Rev. 25 (1976): 545.
^ Amado, Alexandra, ed. (2022). Election Law Manual (PDF) (2nd ed.). National Center for State Courts/College of William & Mary. p. 19. Retrieved January 8, 2024.
^ Baude, William; Paulsen, Michael Stokes (August 14, 2023). "The Sweep and Force of Section Three". University of Pennsylvania Law Review. University of Pennsylvania Law School: 56–57. SSRN 4532751. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
^ Raskin, Jamin; Bonifaz, John (1994). "The Constitutional Imperative and Practical Superiority of Democratically Financed Elections". Columbia Law Review. 94 (4). Columbia Law Review Association: 1169. doi:10.2307/1123281. JSTOR 1123281.
^ Gamboa, Anthony H. (March 13, 2001). Elections: The Scope of Congressional Authority in Election Administration (PDF) (Report). General Accounting Office. p. 3. Retrieved June 8, 2023.
^ Elsea, Jennifer K.; Jones, Juria L.; Whitaker, L. Paige (January 10, 2024). Disqualification of a Candidate for the Presidency, Part II: Examining Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment as It Applies to Ballot Access (Report). Congressional Research Service. p. 3. Retrieved January 14, 2024.
^ a b Baracskay, Daniel. "Ballot Access". The First Amendment Encyclopedia. Murfreesboro, Tennessee: Middle Tennessee State University. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
^ Avlon, John P. (December 30, 2011). "How ballot access laws hurt voters". CNN. Retrieved February 16, 2019.
^ Evans, Eldon (1917). A History of the Australian Ballot System in the United States. Chicago, Illinois: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 21–26.
^ Argersinger, Peter (April 1980). ""A Place on the Ballot": Fusion Politics and Antifusion Laws". The American Historical Review. 85 (2): 287–306. doi:10.2307/1860557. JSTOR 1860557.
^ Wigmore, John (1889). The Australian Ballot System as Embodied in the Legislation of Various Countries. Boston, Massachusetts: The Boston Book Company. p. 53.
^ Sifry, Michah (February 2, 2018). "Why America Is Stuck With Only Two Parties". The New Republic.
^ a b "Williams v. Rhodes, 393 U.S. 23 (1968)". Justia Law. Retrieved 2019-12-30.
^ "U.S. Supreme Court Rules Against Fusion", Ballot Access News, 5 May 1997. Retrieved 22 September 2008
^ "OSCE/ODIHR Election Observation Mission Final Report on the 2 November 2004 elections in the United States", OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights, 31 March 2005. Retrieved 22 September 2008.
^ "Ballot Access 2018".
^ "Alabama Votes" (PDF).
^ Mary Jo Pitzl, ""Green Party wins ballot status", The Arizona Republic, 20 April 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2008
^ "California Secretary of State – Political Party Qualification". Sos.ca.gov. 7 November 2006. Archived from the original on 6 May 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
^ "Colorado Revised Statutes, Title 1, Article 4: Elections – access to ballot by candidates". www.sos.state.co.us. Retrieved 2020-04-27.
^ Vanden Heuvel, Alex; Walker, Grace (August 26, 2016). "Third parties challenge state ballot rules". The Red and Black. Retrieved 2022-10-25.
^ "Georgia to fight ruling that lowers bar for third-party-presidentialcandidates"Archived 2016-11-22 at the Wayback Machine 2016-04-14
^ Lancaster, Joe (October 3, 2022). "Supreme Court Leaves Georgia's Onerous Ballot Access Law in Place". Reason. Retrieved October 17, 2022.
^ "2021 Candidates Guide". Illinois State Board of Elections. Archived from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2021-10-14.
^ a b "Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Illinois". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2021-10-14.
^ a b "2020 Candidate Guide". Illinois State Board of Elections. Archived from the original on 2021-06-27. Retrieved 2021-10-21.
^ a b c d e "10 ILCS 5/ Election Code". Illinois Compiled Statutes. Archived from the original on 2011-07-12. Retrieved 2021-10-21.
^ "Illinois Primary Election Moved to June 2022 After Pritzker Signs Voting Bill". NBC Chicago. Retrieved 2021-10-21.
^ Earley, Neal (28 January 2020). "Is Illinois' loyalty oath a waste of taxpayers' money? Or just a 'dated Cold War scare tactic?'". chicago.suntimes.com. Archived from the original on 2020-01-28. Retrieved 2021-10-21.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-04-24. Retrieved 2012-10-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-09-11. Retrieved 2012-10-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 4, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-05-10. Retrieved 2011-11-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 4, 2012. Retrieved October 16, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Section 115-317 Filing valid petition, effect--new part". Archived from the original on January 26, 2011. Retrieved June 20, 2010.
^ "New York State Board of Elections Running for Office Page". Archived from the original on 2015-08-20. Retrieved 2015-07-17.
^ NC General Assembly webmasters. "N.C.G.S Chapter 163 Elections and Election Law". Ncleg.net. Archived from the original on 3 May 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
^ "N.C.G.S. §163-96(a)(2) "Political party" defined; creation of new party". Ncleg.net. Archived from the original on 17 April 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
^ a b "New Political Party Ballot Access | North Carolinians for Free and Proper Elections PAC". Ncfpe.com. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
^ "N.C.G.S. §163-96(a)(1) "Political party" defined; creation of new party". Ncleg.net. Archived from the original on 17 April 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
^ "N.C.G.S. §163-97 Termination of status as political party". Ncleg.net. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
^ "N.C.G.S. §163-97.1 Voters affiliated with expired political party". Ncleg.net. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
^ a b "N.C.G.S. §163-122 Unaffiliated candidates nominated by petition". Ncleg.net. Archived from the original on 17 April 2010. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
^ "Unaffiliated District Candidates Access to the Ballot | North Carolinians for Free and Proper Elections". Ncfpe.com. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
^ "Elections and Voting", North Dakota Secretary of State. Retrieved 22 September 2008.
^ http://www.lpo.org/pressreleases/SecretaryofStateEasesRestrictions.shtml "Secretary of State Eases Restrictions on LPO Ballot Access", Libertarian Party of Ohio, 22 May 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2008
^ "Ohio Libertarian Party wins ballot access lawsuit", Ballot Access News, 17 July 2008. Retrieved 16 October 2008
^ "Number of Signatures Required on Petitions Filed for the 2006 Election", South Dakota Secretary of State. Retrieved 22 September 2008
^ "Qualifying Procedures for Candidates for United States Senator", Tennessee Division of Elections. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
^ "Qualifying Procedures for Tennessee Candidates for United States House of Representatives", Tennessee Division of Elections. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
^ "Tennessee Ballot Access Procedures for Candidates for U.S. President", Tennessee Division of Elections. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
^ "Against all odds, third-party candidates fight on", The Tennessean. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
^ "Candidate's Guide to Primary and General Election", Texas Secretary of State. Retrieved 22 September 2008.
^ An example for the 2007 election appears here "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 13, 2007. Retrieved September 24, 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link).
^ "LIS> Code of Virginia> 24.2-506". Leg1.state.va.us. Retrieved 9 May 2010.
^ "Legislative Information System". Archived from the original on 2000-01-27.
^ Cofsky, Kevin (1996-12-01). "Pruning the Political Thicket: The Case for Strict Scrutiny of State Ballot Access Restrictions". University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 145 (2): 353–421. doi:10.2307/3312660. JSTOR 3312660.
^ "Constitutional Right To Candidacy." Nicole A. Gordon Political Science Quarterly Volume 91, Number 3, 1976
^ "Jenness v. Fortson, 403 U. S. 431 (1971)", US Supreme Court Center. Retrieved 22 September 2008.
^ "Oklahoma Supreme Court Won't Hear Ballot Case – Libertarian Ballot Access Case Had Been Filed in 2004", Ballot Access News, 1 June 2007. Retrieved 22 September 2008
^ "Writing in your vote for president? It might not get counted". PBS NewsHour. 2016-10-31. Retrieved 2019-12-30.
^ "Anderson v. Celebrezze, 460 U.S. 780 (1983)". Justia Law. Retrieved 2019-12-30.
^ "Alaska - Election Results 2010 - The New York Times". www.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
^ "U.S. Senate: Senator Elected on a Write-in Ballot". www.senate.gov. Retrieved 2021-09-16.
^ a b c d Lancaster, Joe (10 March 2022). "Libertarian Candidate Faces Uphill Ballot Battle To Challenge Marjorie Taylor Greene". reason.com. Reason. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
Bibliography
Dimitri Evseev. "A Second Look At Third Parties: Correcting The Supreme Court's Understanding of Elections". Boston University Law Review. Vol. 85:1277 (2005)
Essays by Richard Winger, editor and publisher of Ballot Access News
External links
ACE Encyclopaedia: Comparative Data: Ballot Access Issues
Ballot Access News | Edited By Richard Winger Ballot Access News
1998 European Ballot Access Law
More Voter Choice (WA State) More Voter Choice (Washington State)
Friends of Democracy – election law reform in Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota
The Harvard Law Record - Nesson says judge sank his piracy defense in RIAA v. Tenenbaum A legal analysis of over 50 years of ballot access discrimination against third parties in the US, by Theresa Amato, national campaign director for Ralph Nader, in the Harvard Law Record
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nomination rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomination_rules"},{"link_name":"candidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidate"},{"link_name":"political party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party"},{"link_name":"ballot measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballot_measure"},{"link_name":"ballots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballot"},{"link_name":"elections in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"voting rights in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"U.S. Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"federal constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"fundamental right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_rights#United_States"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"state governments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"legitimate government interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_basis_review"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Article I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"United States Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"states","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaracskayMTU-8"},{"link_name":"minimum age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_candidacy"},{"link_name":"residency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_residence"},{"link_name":"citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship"},{"link_name":"minor parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_party_(politics)"},{"link_name":"democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracy"},{"link_name":"ballot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballot"},{"link_name":"candidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candidate"},{"link_name":"political party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party"},{"link_name":"ballot measure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballot_measure"},{"link_name":"Elections Clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_Clause"},{"link_name":"Article I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BaracskayMTU-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"This article is about access to elections and right to candidacy in the United States. For right to stand for election elsewhere, see Nomination rules.Ballot access are rules and procedures regulating the right to candidacy, the conditions under which a candidate, political party, or ballot measure is entitled to appear on voters' ballots in elections in the United States.[1] The jurisprudence of the right to candidacy and right to create a political party are less clear than voting rights in the United States.[2] However, the U.S. Supreme Court has established in multiple cases that the federal constitution does not recognize a fundamental right to candidacy,[3][4] and that state governments have a legitimate government interest in blocking \"frivolous or fraudulent candidacies\".[5][6][7] As election processes are decentralized by Article I, Section 4, of the United States Constitution, ballot access laws are established and enforced by the states.[8] As a result, ballot access processes may vary from one state to another. State access requirements for candidates generally pertain to personal qualities of a candidate, such as: minimum age, residency, and citizenship. Additionally, many states require prospective candidates to collect a specified number of qualified voters' signatures on petitions of support and mandate the payment of filing fees before granting access; ballot measures are similarly regulated (as is the wording and format of petitions as well). Each state also regulates how political parties qualify for automatic ballot access, and how those minor parties that do not can. Fundamental to democracy, topics related to ballot access are the subject of considerable debate in the United States.In order to get on the ballot, a candidate, political party, or ballot measure must meet various requirements. The Elections Clause in Article I of the Constitution states that \"the Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each state by the Legislature thereof.\" Consequently, each state may design its own unique criteria for ballot access.[8] The United States is one of the few nations that do not have uniform national laws on ballot access.[9]","title":"Ballot access"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plurality voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_voting"},{"link_name":"first-past-the-post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting"},{"link_name":"Australian ballot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_ballot"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"John Henry Wigmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Wigmore"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"nominating petition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominating_petition"},{"link_name":"third party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-14"},{"link_name":"George H. W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_H._W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen Document","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_Document"},{"link_name":"Helsinki Accords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki_Accords"},{"link_name":"Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The primary argument put forward by States for restricting ballot access has been the presumption that setting ballot access criteria too low would result in numerous candidates on the ballot, splitting the votes of similar minded voters. Example: With plurality voting, also known as first-past-the-post, the candidate with the most votes wins, even if the candidate does not have a majority of the votes. Suppose 55% Belief A and 45% Belief B vote in a district. If two candidates appeal to A, but only one appeals to B, the votes of A could split between the two A candidates, say 25% vote for one and 30% for the other, giving the B candidate the office although 55% preferred to see an A candidate in the office. However, proponents of ballot access reform say that reasonably easy access to the ballot does not lead to a glut of candidates, even where many candidates do appear on the ballot. The 1880s reform movement that led to officially designed secret ballots, such as the Australian ballot, had some salutary effects, but it also gave the government control over who could be on the ballot.[10] As historian Peter Argersinger has pointed out, the reform that empowered officials to regulate access onto the ballot, also carried the danger that this power would be abused by officialdom and that legislatures controlled by established political parties, would enact restrictive ballot access laws to ensure re-election of their party's candidates.[11]Perhaps the most prominent advocate of the 1880s ballot reform movement, John Henry Wigmore, suggested that \"ten signatures\" might be an appropriate requirement for nomination to the official ballot for a legislative office.[12] In the 20th century, ballot access laws imposing signature requirements far more restrictive than Wigmore had envisioned were enacted by many state legislatures; in many cases, the two major parties wrote the laws such that the burdens created by these new ballot access requirements (usually in the form of difficult signature-gathering nominating petition drives) fell on alternative candidates, but not on major party candidates. Proponents of more open ballot access argue that restricting ballot access has the effect of unjustly restricting the choices available to voters, and typically disadvantages third party candidates and other candidates who are not affiliated with the established parties.[13][14]President George H. W. Bush signed the Copenhagen Document of the Helsinki Accords that states in part:(7.5) – respect the right of citizens to seek political or public office, individually or as representatives of political parties or organizations, without discrimination;\n(7.6) – respect the right of individuals and groups to establish, in full freedom, their own political parties or other political organizations and provide such political parties and organizations with the necessary legal guarantees to enable them to compete with each other on a basis of equal treatment before the law and by the authorities;...The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) has criticized the United States for its ballot access laws. In 1996, United States delegates responded to the criticism by saying that unfair ballot access \"could be remedied through existing appeal and regulatory structures and did not represent a breach of the Copenhagen commitments.\"[15] The OSCE published a report on the 2004 United States election, which among other things, noted restrictive ballot access laws.[16]","title":"Arguments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arizona_Greens_ballot_status_signature_collectors_20080209.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arizona Green Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Green_Party"},{"link_name":"electoral fusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_fusion"},{"link_name":"Village and town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncfpe1-40"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncfpe1-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncleg1-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncleg1-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"6th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"US Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"special elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By-election"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"American Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Independent_Party"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"text":"Ballot access laws in the United States vary widely from state to state:Alabama: Although not required to, major party candidates are nominated by the state primary process. Independent candidates are granted ballot access through a petition process and minor political party candidates are nominated by convention along with a petition process; one must collect 3% of the total votes cast in the last election for the specific race or 3% of the total votes cast in the last gubernatorial election for statewide ballot access. The figure for 2016 and 2018 statewide ballot access is 35,412 valid signatures.[17][18] Be aware that the validity of signatures generally means that 20–30% more signatures will need to be collected to ensure that the goal is achieved. To retain ballot access in the following election, a party has to poll 20% in a statewide race.Activists of the Arizona Green Party collecting signatures for ballot statusTo be recognized, a political party must gain 50,000 votes in the most recent gubernatorial election. (There are, as of 2019, eight such parties. Three of these have primarily resorted to electoral fusion and usually only nominate candidates already on either the Democratic or Republican lines.) This allows for primary elections and allows statewide candidates to be exempted from having to petition. Any other candidate must file petitions. For statewide candidates, 15,000 signatures are required, and there must be at least 100 signatures from each of at least 1/2 of the congressional districts in the state (27 as of 2014). All state legislature and congressional candidates must file petitions regardless of party nominations, except in special elections. Village and town elections have less restrictive ballot access rules.[37]North Carolina's law pertaining to ballot access is codified in N.C.G.S Chapter 163 Elections and Election Law:[38]\nNew Political Parties: According to N.C.G.S. §163-96(a)(2)[39][40] for a new political party to gain access to the election ballot they must obtain signatures on a petition equal to at least 2% of the total number of votes cast for Governor in the most recent election by no later than 12:00 noon on the first day of June before the election in which the party wishes to participate. In addition, at least 200 signatures must come from at least four separate US Congressional Districts each within the state. To qualify for the 2010 or 2012 election ballot a new political party must gather at least 85,379 signatures within approximately a 3.5 year time span, averaging at least 67 signatures every day for three and half years straight counting weekdays and holidays.[40]\nPolitical Party Retention Requirement: According to N.C.G.S. §163-96(a)(1)[41] in order for a political party to remain certified for the election ballot after obtaining access to the ballot, or to remain recognized by the State of North Carolina, that party must successfully garner at least 2% of the total vote cast for Governor for its candidate. If a party's candidate for Governor fails to receive at least 2% of the vote, that party loses ballot access (N.C.G.S. §163-97[42]) and must begin the petitioning process over again, and the voter affiliation of all registered voters affiliated with that party is changed to unaffiliated (N.C.G.S. §163-97.1[43]).\nStatewide Unaffiliated Requirements: According to N.C.G.S. §163-122(a)(1)[44] in order for an unaffiliated candidate to qualify for the election ballot for a statewide office, the candidate must obtain signatures on a petition equal to at least 2% of the total number of votes caste for Governor in the most recent election by 12:00 noon on the last Friday in June before the election in which the candidate wishes to participate. In addition, at least 200 signatures must come from at least four separate US Congressional Districts each within the state. To qualify for the 2010 or 2012 election ballot unaffiliated statewide candidates must obtain at least 85,379 signatures.\nDistrict Unaffiliated Requirements: According to N.C.G.S. §163-122(a)(2–3)[44] in order for an unaffiliated candidate to qualify for the election ballot for a district office, the candidate must obtain signatures on a petition equal to at least 4% of the total number of registered voters within the district that the candidate is running for election in as of January 1 of the election year in which the candidate desires to appear on the election ballot. Signatures must be turned in by 12:00 noon on the last Friday in June before the election in which the candidate wishes to participate. District candidates effectively cannot start petitioning for ballot access until after January 1 of the election year they are running for election, giving them just under half a year to obtain signatures for ballot access. To qualify for the 2010 election ballot unaffiliated US Congressional candidates are required to obtain as many as 22,544 signatures and an average of 18,719 signatures required for access to the 2010 election ballot.[45]\nNorth Dakota requires 7,000 petition signatures to create a new political party and nominate a slate of candidates for office. Independent candidates need 1,000 for a statewide office or 300 for a state legislative office. The independent nominating petition process does not allow for candidates to appear on the ballot with a political party designation, in lieu of independent, except for presidential elections.[46]\nOhio: Late in 2006, the 6th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals invalidated Ohio's law for ballot access for new political parties in a suit brought by the Libertarian Party of Ohio.[47] After the November elections, the outgoing Secretary of State and Attorney General requested an extension to file an appeal to the US Supreme Court so that the decision to appeal could be made by the newly elected Secretary of State and Attorney General. The new Secretary of State did not appeal, but instead asserted her authority as Chief Election Officer of Ohio to issue new ballot access rules. In July 2008, a US District Court invalidated the Secretary of State's rules and placed the Libertarian Party on the ballot.[48] Three other parties subsequently sued and were placed on the ballot by the Court or by the Secretary of State.\nOklahoma: A party is defined either as a group that polled 10% for the office at the top of the ticket in the last election (i.e., president or governor), or that submits a petition signed by voters equal to 5% of the last vote cast for the office at the top of the ticket. An independent presidential candidate, or the presidential candidate of an unqualified party, may get on the ballot with a petition of 3% of the last presidential vote. Oklahoma is the only state in the nation in which an independent presidential candidate, or the presidential candidate of a new or previously unqualified party, needs support from more than 2% of the last vote cast to get on the ballot. An initiative was circulated in 2007 to lower the ballot access rules for political parties.\nPennsylvania: A new party or independent candidate may gain ballot access for one election as a \"political body\" by collecting petition signatures equal to 2% of the vote for the highest vote-getter in the most recent election in the jurisdiction. A political body that wins 2% of the vote obtained by the highest vote-getter statewide in the same election is recognized statewide as a \"political party\" for two years. A political party with a voter enrollment equal to less than 15% of the state's total partisan enrollment is classified as a \"minor political party,\" which has automatic ballot access in special elections but must otherwise collect the same number of signatures as political bodies. Political parties not relegated to \"minor\" status qualify to participate in primary elections. Candidates may gain access to primary election ballots by collecting a set number of petition signatures for each office, generally significantly fewer than required for political bodies and minor political parties.\nSouth Dakota: For a registered political party in a statewide election they must collect petition signatures equal to 1% of the vote for that political party in the preceding election for state governor. An independent candidate must collect petition signatures equal to 1% of the total votes for state governor, and a new political party must collect 250 petition signatures. In state legislative elections, a registered political party needs to collect 50 signatures and an independent candidate must collect 1% of the total votes cast for state governor in the preceding election in their respective district.[49]\nTennessee: A candidate seeking a House or Senate seat at the state or national level must gather 25 signatures from registered voters to be put on the ballot for any elected office.[50][51] Presidential candidates seeking to represent an officially recognized party must either be named as candidates by the Tennessee Secretary of State or gather 2,500 signatures from registered voters, and an independent candidate for president must gather 275 signatures and put forward a full slate of eleven candidates who have agreed to serve as electors.[52] To be recognized as a party and have its candidates listed on the ballot under that party's name, a political party must gather signatures equal to or in excess of 2.5% of the total number of votes cast in the last gubernatorial election (about 45,000 signatures based on the election held in 2006).[53] A third party to be officially recognized was the American Party in 1968; none of its candidates received 5% of the statewide vote in 1970 or 1972 and it was then subject to decertification as an official party after the 1972 election. In 2012, a state court ruled that the Green Party of Tennessee and the Constitution Party of Tennessee would join the Republican and Democratic Parties on the ballot beginning with the November 6, 2012 election.\nTexas: For a registered political party in a statewide election to gain ballot access, they must either: obtain 5% of the vote in any statewide election; or collect petition signatures equal to 1% of the total votes cast in the preceding election for governor, and must do so by January 2 of the year in which such statewide election is held. An independent candidate for any statewide office must collect petition signatures equal to 1% of the total votes cast for governor, and must do so beginning the day after primary elections are held and complete collection within 60 days thereafter (if runoff elections are held, the window is shortened to beginning the day after runoff elections are held and completed within 30 days thereafter). The petition signature cannot be from anyone who voted in either primary (including runoff), and voters cannot sign multiple petitions (they must sign a petition for one party or candidate only).[54]\nVirginia: A candidate for any statewide or local office must be qualified to vote for as well as hold the office they are running for, must have been \"a resident of the county, city or town which he offers at the time of filing\", a resident of the district, if it is an election for a specific district, and a resident of Virginia for one year before the election. For any office the candidate must obtain signatures of at least 125 registered voters for the area where they are running for office (except in communities of fewer than 3,500 people, where the number is lower), and if they are running as a candidate from a political party where partisan elections are permitted, must pay a fee of 2% of their yearly salary (no fee is required for persons not running as a candidate for a primary of a political party). Petitions, along with additional paperwork, must be filed between about four and five months before the election, subject to additional requirements for candidates for a primary election.[55] 1,000 signatures are required for a US House race and 10,000 for a statewide race (i.e. US president, US Senate, Governor, Lieutenant Governor, or Attorney General), including 400 from each Congressional district.[56] Nominees of a political party that \"at either of the two preceding statewide general elections, received at least 10 percent of the total vote cast for any statewide office filled in that election\" are exempt from needing to gather signatures.[57]","title":"Ballot access laws by state"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"equal protection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_protection"},{"link_name":"Fourteenth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"First Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"due process of law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Due_process_of_law"},{"link_name":"right to petition the government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_petition_the_government"},{"link_name":"freedom of the press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press"},{"link_name":"republican form of government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_form_of_government"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Williams v. Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_v._Rhodes"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Anderson v. Celebrezze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_v._Celebrezze"},{"link_name":"Bullock v. Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bullock_v._Carter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Illinois State Bd. of Elections v. Socialist Workers Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illinois_State_Bd._of_Elections_v._Socialist_Workers_Party&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Term_Limits,_Inc._v._Thornton"},{"link_name":"Lubin v. Panish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lubin_v._Panish&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Norman v. Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norman_v._Reed&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Williams v. Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_v._Rhodes"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"sub_title":"Constitutional dimensions of ballot access laws","text":"The Constitution has limited the states' discretion to determine their own ballot access laws:the right to equal protection of the laws under the Fourteenth Amendment (when the restrictions involve a discriminatory classification of voters, candidates, or political parties);\nrights of political association under the First Amendment (especially when the restrictions burden the rights of political parties and other political associations, but also when they infringe on the rights of a candidate or a voter not to associate with a political party);\nrights of free expression under the First Amendment;\nrights of voters (which the Supreme Court has said are \"inextricably intertwined\" with the rights of candidates);\nproperty interests and liberty interests in candidacy;\nother rights to \"due process of law\"\nthe right to petition the government (this argument is sometimes raised to allege that signature-gathering requirements, or the rules implementing them, are unfairly restrictive);\nfreedom of the press (which historically included the right to print ballots containing the name of the candidate of one's choosing);\nthe right to a \"republican form of government,\" which is guaranteed to each state (although this clause has been held not to be enforceable in court by individual citizens).The US Supreme Court precedent on ballot access laws cases has been conflicting.[58] In Williams v. Rhodes (1969) the court struck down Ohio's ballot access laws on First and Fourteenth Amendment grounds. During the 1970s the Supreme Court upheld strict ballot access laws, with a 'compelling State interest' being the \"preservation of the integrity of the electoral process and regulating the number of candidates on the ballot to avoid voter confusion.\"[59]The Supreme Court did strike down provisions in a ballot access law in Anderson v. Celebrezze, 460 U.S. 780 (1983), but most of the subsequent court rulings in the 1980s–2000s continued to uphold ballot access laws in both primary and general elections. Among the most notable of these cases from the 1970s–1990s:Bullock v. Carter, 405 U.S. 134 (1972)\nIllinois State Bd. of Elections v. Socialist Workers Party, 440 U.S. 173 (1979)\nU.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton, 514 U.S. 779 (1995)\nLubin v. Panish, 415 U.S. 709 (1974)\nNorman v. Reed, 502 U.S. 279 (1992).The Supreme Court has not expressly ruled on the maximum level of restrictions that can be imposed on an otherwise qualified candidate or political party seeking ballot access. As a result, lower courts have often reached difficult conclusions about whether a particular ballot access rule is unconstitutional.Requiring an otherwise eligible candidate or political party to obtain signatures greater than 5% of the eligible voters in the previous election may be unconstitutional. This is based on Jenness v. Fortson, 403 U.S. 431 (1971); the court upheld a restrictive ballot access law with this 5% signature requirement, whereas the Williams v. Rhodes (1969) had involved a 15% signature requirement.[60] Most State ballot access requirements, even the more restrictive ones, are less than 5%, and the Supreme Court has generally refused to hear ballot access cases that involved an Independent or minor party candidate challenging a ballot access law that requires less than 5%.[61]","title":"Ballot access laws by state"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International human rights law and ballot access","text":"International agreements that have the status of treaties of the US are part of the supreme law of the land, under Article VI of the United States Constitution:International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Art. 25\nCopenhagen Document, ¶¶6–8, Annex I to 1990 Charter of ParisAnother source of international human rights law derives from universally accepted norms that have found expression in resolutions of the U.N. General Assembly. Although the Universal Declaration of Human Rights is not binding under US law the way a treaty is, this type of norm is recognized as a source of international law in such treaties as the Statute of the International Court of Justice, to which the US is a party:Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Art. 21(NB: to be completed)","title":"Ballot access laws by state"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"write-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write-in_candidate"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-14"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Lisa Murkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski"},{"link_name":"Strom Thurmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strom_Thurmond"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Burks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Burks"},{"link_name":"Tennessee State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"Tommy Burks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Burks"},{"link_name":"only opponent on the ballot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_Looper"},{"link_name":"Anthony A. Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_A._Williams"},{"link_name":"District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Columbia"}],"text":"Depending on the office and the state, it may be possible for a voter to cast a write-in vote for a candidate whose name does not appear on the ballot. It is extremely rare for such a candidate to win office. In some cases, write-in votes are simply not counted.[62] Having one's name printed on the ballot confers an enormous advantage over candidates who are not on the ballot. The US Supreme Court has noted that write-in status is not a substitute for being on the ballot.[14][63]The two most notable cases of write-in candidates actually winning are the elections of Lisa Murkowski in 2010 and Strom Thurmond in 1954, both to the United States Senate.[64][65] Other cases include the election of Charlotte Burks to the Tennessee State Senate seat of her late husband, Tommy Burks, murdered by his only opponent on the ballot; and the write-in primary victories in the re-election campaign of Mayor Anthony A. Williams of the District of Columbia. All of these cases involved unique political circumstances, a popular and well–known candidate, and a highly organized and well–funded write-in education campaign.","title":"Write-in status versus ballot access"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Libertarian_Candidate_Faces_Uphill_Ballot_Battle_To_Challenge_Marjorie_Taylor_Greene_%E2%80%93_Reason_%E2%80%93_Joe_Lancaster_reporting-66"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Libertarian_Candidate_Faces_Uphill_Ballot_Battle_To_Challenge_Marjorie_Taylor_Greene_%E2%80%93_Reason_%E2%80%93_Joe_Lancaster_reporting-66"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Libertarian_Candidate_Faces_Uphill_Ballot_Battle_To_Challenge_Marjorie_Taylor_Greene_%E2%80%93_Reason_%E2%80%93_Joe_Lancaster_reporting-66"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Libertarian_Candidate_Faces_Uphill_Ballot_Battle_To_Challenge_Marjorie_Taylor_Greene_%E2%80%93_Reason_%E2%80%93_Joe_Lancaster_reporting-66"},{"link_name":"Plurality voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Past_the_Post_electoral_system"},{"link_name":"Duverger's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duverger%27s_law"},{"link_name":"proportional representation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportional_representation"},{"link_name":"Commission on Presidential Debates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Presidential_Debates"},{"link_name":"split the vote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_splitting"},{"link_name":"spoiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoiler_effect"},{"link_name":"Condorcet voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condorcet_voting"},{"link_name":"range voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_voting"}],"text":"The growth of any third political party in the United States faces extremely challenging obstacles, among them restrictive ballot access. Other obstacles often cited[66] as barriers to third-party growth include:Requirement hurdle of a number of signatures (often in the many thousands)[66] required prior to placing a third-party candidate on the ballot (a requirement often waived entirely for other parties,[66] in the US, such as the Democratic and Republican parties[66]);\nCampaign funding reimbursement for any political party that gets at least 5% of the vote—implemented in many states \"to help smaller parties\"—typically helps the two biggest parties;\nLaws intended to fight corporate donations, with loopholes that require teams of lawyers to navigate the laws;\nThe role of corporate money in propping up the two established parties;\nThe allegedly related general reluctance of news organizations to cover minor political party campaigns;\nModerate voters being divided between the major parties, or registered independent, so that both major primaries are hostile to moderate or independent candidates;\nPolitically motivated gerrymandering of election districts by those in power, to reduce or eliminate political competition (two-party proponents would argue that the minority party in that district should just nominate a more centrist candidate relative to that district);\nPlurality voting scaring voters from credibly considering more than two major parties, as opponents of one would have to unite behind the other to have the most effective chance of winning (see Duverger's law);\nThe extended history and reputations of the two established parties, with both existing for over 150 years and being entrenched in the minds of the public;\nThe absence of proportional representation;\nThe 15% poll requirement by the non-government entity Commission on Presidential Debates;\nThe public view that third parties have no chance of beating the worse of evils, and are therefore a wasted vote;\nCampaign costs of convincing interested voters that the party nominee has a chance of winning, and regaining that trust after an election where the third party got the third-most votes or split the vote between two similar candidates so that the most disliked candidate won (i.e. \"spoiling\" the election; this is less of a problem with Condorcet voting and range voting).","title":"Other obstacles facing third parties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plurality voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_voting"},{"link_name":"plurality voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plurality_voting"}],"text":"Strict ballot access laws are not required for a two–party system, as can be seen by the experience of the United Kingdom. However, the following arguments are put forth about the need for strict ballot access laws in the United States:With plurality voting, allowing third candidates on the ballot could split the vote of a majority and throw the race to a candidate not favored by the majority. Allowing only two candidates on the ballot ensures that at least the worst one is never elected.\nIf a third party could get enough votes to win an election, then voters who would support the nominee could infiltrate one of the two parties by registering as members, and force a win in that party's primary. However, pulling this off would take considerable coordination on the part of the supporting voters, especially if half of them preferred to infiltrate the other major party or remain independent. It would also depend on the rules of the major party for how people may become candidates in their primary, and on which registered members may vote in the primary.\nThere is a one person one vote mandate. If voters could vote in a primary for one candidate, and then sign a petition for another candidate, this would violate that mandate. Some voters might sign a petition for the candidate they want, and then vote in the primary for the candidate who would be easier to beat. Since primary votes are anonymous, and a party therefore cannot remove that voter's vote after it is cast, the only remedy is to strike the voter's signature on the petition. As for signatures not counting if a voter later votes in a primary, that could be reformed since the political party would know in advance about the signatures if they are filed in time.\nSore loser laws, where a candidate who loses in a primary may not then run as an independent candidate in that same election, stem from contract laws. Similar–minded candidates run in the same primary with the contract that the losers will drop out of the race and support the winner so that they do not split the votes of similar–minded voters and cause the other party's nominee to win with 40% of the vote. The need for primaries is primarily because of plurality voting, whose rules state that the candidate receiving the most votes wins, even if not a majority.\nStrict ballot access laws make it difficult for extremists to get on the ballot, since few people would want to sign their petition.","title":"Justification of strict ballot access laws by two party supporters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Essays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071013214238/http://ballot-access.org/winger/essays.html"},{"link_name":"Richard Winger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Winger"}],"text":"Dimitri Evseev. \"A Second Look At Third Parties: Correcting The Supreme Court's Understanding of Elections\". Boston University Law Review. Vol. 85:1277 (2005)\nEssays by Richard Winger, editor and publisher of Ballot Access News","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"image_text":"Activists of the Arizona Green Party collecting signatures for ballot status","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Arizona_Greens_ballot_status_signature_collectors_20080209.jpg/220px-Arizona_Greens_ballot_status_signature_collectors_20080209.jpg"}]
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[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg"},{"title":"Politics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics"},{"title":"Ballot Access News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballot_Access_News"},{"title":"Coalition for Free and Open Elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coalition_for_Free_and_Open_Elections"},{"title":"Free the Vote North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_the_Vote_North_Carolina"},{"title":"Green Party of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"Libertarian Party (United States)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)"},{"title":"Third party (U.S. politics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)"},{"title":"United States presidential eligibility legislation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_presidential_eligibility_legislation"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._K._Iyengar
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P. K. Iyengar
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["1 Career in Department of Atomic Energy","1.1 Operation Smiling Buddha","2 Career with Bhabha Atomic Research Centre","3 Chairman of Atomic Energy Commission of India","4 Cold fusion research","5 Legacy and fame","6 Awards and honours","7 References","8 External links"]
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Indian nuclear physicist (1931–2011)
P. K. IyengarBorn(1931-06-29)29 June 1931Tirunelveli, Tamil NaduDied21 December 2011(2011-12-21) (aged 80)Mumbai, IndiaNationalityIndianKnown forNuclear Program of IndiaOperation Smiling BuddhaOperation ShaktiNeutron scatteringCold fissionAwardsPadma Bhushan (1975)Bhatnagar Award (1971)Scientific careerFieldsNuclear PhysicsInstitutionsDepartment of Atomic Energy (DAE)Bhabha Atomic Research CentreAtomic Energy Commission of IndiaGovernment College UniversityDoctoral advisorBertram Neville Brockhouse
Padmanabhan Krishnagopala Iyengar (29 June 1931 – 21 December 2011; best known as P. K. Iyengar), was an Indian nuclear physicist who is widely known for his central role in the development of the nuclear program of India. Iyengar previously served as the director of BARC and former chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission of India, he raised his voice and opposition against the nuclear agreement between India and the United States and expressed that the deal favoured the United States.
During his last years of his life, Iyenger engaged in peace activism and greatly exhorted the normalization of bilateral relations between India and Pakistan.
Career in Department of Atomic Energy
Iyengar joined the Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, Department of Atomic Energy in 1952 as a junior research scientist, undertaking a wide variety of research in neutron scattering. He later got shifted to Atomic Energy Establishment (later renamed as Bhabha Atomic Research Centre) when it was formed in 1954. In 1956, Iyengar was trained in Canada working under Nobel laureate in Physics Bertram Neville Brockhouse, contributing to path-breaking research on lattice dynamics in germanium. At the DAE, he built up and headed the team of physicists and chemists that gained international recognition for their original research contributions in this field. In 1960s, he indigenously designed the PURNIMA reactor and headed the team that successfully commissioned the reactor on 18 May 1972 at BARC.
Operation Smiling Buddha
When Ramanna took over as director of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in 1972, the mantle of directorship of the Physics Group (PG) was handed over to Iyengar. He was one of the key scientist in the development of India's first nuclear device. The team, under Raja Ramanna tested the device under the code name Smiling Buddha on 18 May 1974. Iyengar played a leading role in the peaceful nuclear explosion at Pokharan-I, for which he was conferred the Padma Bhushan in 1975.
Career with Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
Iyengar took over as Director of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in 1984. As director, one of his first tasks was to take charge of the construction of the Dhruva reactor, the completion of which was then in question, and bring it to a successful conclusion under his leadership. Recognizing the importance of transferring newly developed technology from research institutes to industry, he introduced a Technology Transfer Cell at the BARC to assist and speed the process. He motivated basic research in fields ranging from molecular biology, to chemistry and material science. He nucleated new technologies like lasers and accelerators, which led to the establishment of a new Centre for Advanced Technology, at Indore.
Chairman of Atomic Energy Commission of India
Iyengar was appointed chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission of India and secretary to the Department of Atomic Energy in 1990. He was also appointed as chairman of the Nuclear Power Corporation of India. Under his leadership the Department of Atomic Energy vigorously pursued the nuclear power programme with the commissioning of two new power reactors at Narora and Kakrapar, and continued with the development of new reactor systems, such as liquid-sodium based fast reactors. Equal emphasis was laid on enhanced production of heavy water, nuclear fuel and special nuclear materials. He also initiated proposals for the export of heavy-water, research reactors, hardware for nuclear applications to earn precious foreign exchange.
Cold fusion research
Regarding Iyengar's involvement in Indian cold fusion research, the Indian newspaper Daily News and Analysis wrote: "Iyengar also pioneered cold fusion experiments in the 1980s to prove the hypothesis that nuclear fusion can occur at ordinary temperatures under certain scenarios. The experiments were discontinued after Iyengar's exit from the nuclear establishment by some conservative scientists."
Legacy and fame
Iyengar has been the recipient of many high civilian awards and honours. After retirement Iyengar served in various positions such as member of the Atomic Energy Commission, scientific advisor to the Government of Kerala, on the board of the Global Technology Development Centre, president of the Indian Nuclear Society, and a member of the Inter-governmental Indo-French Forum, besides serving on various national committees. Iyengar’s later interests focused on advances in nuclear technology for nuclear applications, issues of nuclear policy and national security, science education and the application of science in nation-building. He participated in various international meetings on non-proliferation issues. Most recently, as a founder trustee of the Agastya International Foundation, he focused on rural education and instilling creativity and scientific temperament in rural children and government school teachers. He was instrumental in drawing the support of the Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education to help launch Agastya’s rural science fairs and its first mobile science lab in 2002.
Awards and honours
Padma Bhushan (1975)
Bhatnagar Award (1971)
Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry Award for the Physical Sciences (1981)
Raman Centenary Medal of the Indian Academy of Science (1988)
Bhabha Medal for Experimental Physics of the Indian National Science Academy (1990)
R. D. Birla Award of the Indian Physics Association (1992)
Jawaharlal Nehru Birth Centenary Award (1993)
Homi Bhabha Medal (2006)
References
^ Documentation Research and Training Centre (Bangalore, India); Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science (1994). Library Science with a Slant to Documentation. Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science. ISSN 0024-2543. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
^ "PK Iyengar, nuclear scientist, dies at 80". The Times of India. 21 December 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
^ "More a U.S. victory than Indian: P.K. Iyengar". The Hindu. 7 September 2008. Archived from the original on 9 September 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
^ "Ex-Atomic Energy Commission chairman PK Iyengar passes away | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis". dnaindia.com. 21 December 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
External links
P.K. Iyengar's Website
Biography of P. K. Iyengar at the Wayback Machine (archived 25 October 2009)
Video interview of P. K. Iyengar with M. Srinivasan hosted by Steven Krivit on YouTube
Agastya International Foundation
vteSmiling Buddha (Pokhran-I)Indian nuclear programmePokhran Test RangeAgencies
Department of Atomic Energy (DAE)
Indian Army
Indian Atomic Energy Commission (IAEC)
Research Institutes
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)
Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)
High Energy Materials Research Laboratory (HEMRL)
Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory (TBRL)
PersonnelGovernment
Durga Prasad Dhar
Indira Gandhi
Jagjivan Ram
Parmeshwar Haksar
Swaran Singh
Armed Forces
G. G. Bewoor
T. P. Raina
Scientists
Anil Kakodkar
B. D. Nagchaudhuri
Homi Sethna
M. P. Parameswaran
P. K. Iyengar
Raja Ramanna
R. Chidambaram
Ravi Grover
W. D. Patwardhan
Nuclear deviceEnrichment
CIRUS (reactor)
Heavy water (moderator)
Plutonium (output)
Uranium (fuel)
Weapon design
Implosion
Nuclear fission
Plutonium (core)
Polonium–Beryllium (initiator)
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Banarsidas Chaturvedi
M. A. Muthiah Chettiar
M. F. Husain
Pothan Joseph
N. R. Malkani
Vinoo Mankad
R. M. Muzumdar
Krishnarao Shankar Pandit
Pitambar Pant
Vennelakanti Raghavayya
Raja Ramanna
K. Sukumaran
1974
Alice Boner
Camille Bulcke
Ram Kumar Caroli
Dhirendra Nath Ganguly
D. V. Gundappa
V. S. Huzurbazar
Chintamoni Kar
Mogubai Kurdikar
Jayant Pandurang Naik
Habib Rahman
B. N. Reddy
John Richardson
Toppur Seethapathy Sadasivan
Sukhlal Sanghvi
Hasmukh Dhirajlal Sankalia
Jaideva Singh
Khushwant Singh
Arunachala Sreenivasan
Raman Viswanathan
1975
Begum Akhtar
Dilbagh Singh Athwal
Asima Chatterjee
Madhav Sadashiv Gore
Pratul Chandra Gupta
P. K. Iyengar
Darab Jehangir Jussawala
Pancheti Koteswaram
Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi
Balai Chand Mukhopadhyay
Kirpal Singh Narang
Ronald Carlton Vivian Piadade Noronha
Ratan Shastri
1976
Malcolm Adiseshiah
Harivansh Rai Bachchan
Nabakanta Barua
Laxmanshastri Balaji Joshi
Naoroji Pirojsha Godrej
Zehra Ali Yavar Jung
Mallikarjun Mansur
Yash Pal
Bhogilal Pandya
Udupi Ramachandra Rao
Krishnaswami Srinivas Sanjivi
Devulapalli Krishnasastri
C. Sivaramamurti
E. C. George Sudarshan
1977
Gopinath Aman
Prithvi Singh Azad
Harish-Chandra
Kumar Gandharva
Phulrenu Guha
Jagmohan
Kailas Nath Kaul
Yusuf Husain
K. S. Narayanaswamy
Balasubramaniam Ramamurthi
Perugu Siva Reddy
Annapurna Devi
Yudhvir Singh
M. N. Srinivas
Thenpattinam Ponnusamy Meenakshi Sundaran
# Posthumous conferral
1954–1959
1960–1969
1970–1979
1980–1989
1990–1999
2000–2009
2010–2019
2020–2029
vteShanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of KeralaBiological Sciences
N. Balakrishnan Nair
K. R. K. Easwaran
M. Vijayan
Sathees Chukkurumbal Raghavan
Deepak T. Nair
Chemical Sciences
Manapurathu Verghese George
E. D. Jemmis
Kizhakeyil Lukose Sebastian
K. George Thomas
Gangadhar J. Sanjayan
Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences
Sethunathasarma Krishnaswami
P. N. Vinayachandran
S. K. Satheesh
S. Suresh Babu
Engineering Sciences
S. N. Seshadri
Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan
Gundabathula Venkateswara Rao
Mathematical Sciences
Neithalath Mohan Kumar
Medical Sciences
G. Balakrish Nair
Physical Sciences
M. G. K. Menon
P. K. Iyengar
Subodh Raghunath Shenoy
Thanu Padmanabhan
(*)By birth - (#)By ethnicity - (!)By domicile
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_of_India"},{"link_name":"nuclear physicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_physicist"},{"link_name":"nuclear program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_nuclear_programme"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"BARC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre"},{"link_name":"Atomic Energy Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Commission_of_India"},{"link_name":"nuclear agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-US_civilian_nuclear_agreement"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hindu-3"},{"link_name":"peace activism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_activist"},{"link_name":"bilateral relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_and_India_foreign_relations"}],"text":"Padmanabhan Krishnagopala Iyengar (29 June 1931 – 21 December 2011; best known as P. K. Iyengar), was an Indian nuclear physicist who is widely known for his central role in the development of the nuclear program of India. Iyengar previously served as the director of BARC and former chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission of India, he raised his voice and opposition against the nuclear agreement between India and the United States and expressed that the deal favoured the United States.[3]During his last years of his life, Iyenger engaged in peace activism and greatly exhorted the normalization of bilateral relations between India and Pakistan.","title":"P. K. Iyengar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Department of Atomic Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Atomic_Energy"},{"link_name":"neutron scattering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_scattering"},{"link_name":"Nobel laureate in Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics"},{"link_name":"Bertram Neville Brockhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram_Neville_Brockhouse"},{"link_name":"germanium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanium"},{"link_name":"BARC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre"}],"text":"Iyengar joined the Tata Institute for Fundamental Research, Department of Atomic Energy in 1952 as a junior research scientist, undertaking a wide variety of research in neutron scattering. He later got shifted to Atomic Energy Establishment (later renamed as Bhabha Atomic Research Centre) when it was formed in 1954. In 1956, Iyengar was trained in Canada working under Nobel laureate in Physics Bertram Neville Brockhouse, contributing to path-breaking research on lattice dynamics in germanium. At the DAE, he built up and headed the team of physicists and chemists that gained international recognition for their original research contributions in this field. In 1960s, he indigenously designed the PURNIMA reactor and headed the team that successfully commissioned the reactor on 18 May 1972 at BARC.","title":"Career in Department of Atomic Energy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bhabha Atomic Research Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre"},{"link_name":"nuclear device","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_device"},{"link_name":"Raja Ramanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ramanna"},{"link_name":"Smiling Buddha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiling_Buddha"},{"link_name":"peaceful nuclear explosion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaceful_nuclear_explosion"},{"link_name":"Pokharan-I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokharan-I"},{"link_name":"Padma Bhushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Bhushan"}],"sub_title":"Operation Smiling Buddha","text":"When Ramanna took over as director of Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in 1972, the mantle of directorship of the Physics Group (PG) was handed over to Iyengar. He was one of the key scientist in the development of India's first nuclear device. The team, under Raja Ramanna tested the device under the code name Smiling Buddha on 18 May 1974. Iyengar played a leading role in the peaceful nuclear explosion at Pokharan-I, for which he was conferred the Padma Bhushan in 1975.","title":"Career in Department of Atomic Energy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dhruva reactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhruva_reactor"}],"text":"Iyengar took over as Director of the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in 1984. As director, one of his first tasks was to take charge of the construction of the Dhruva reactor, the completion of which was then in question, and bring it to a successful conclusion under his leadership. Recognizing the importance of transferring newly developed technology from research institutes to industry, he introduced a Technology Transfer Cell at the BARC to assist and speed the process. He motivated basic research in fields ranging from molecular biology, to chemistry and material science. He nucleated new technologies like lasers and accelerators, which led to the establishment of a new Centre for Advanced Technology, at Indore.","title":"Career with Bhabha Atomic Research Centre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atomic Energy Commission of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Commission_of_India"},{"link_name":"Department of Atomic Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Atomic_Energy"},{"link_name":"Nuclear Power Corporation of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_Power_Corporation_of_India"},{"link_name":"liquid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid"},{"link_name":"sodium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium"},{"link_name":"heavy water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_water"},{"link_name":"nuclear fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fuel"}],"text":"Iyengar was appointed chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission of India and secretary to the Department of Atomic Energy in 1990. He was also appointed as chairman of the Nuclear Power Corporation of India. Under his leadership the Department of Atomic Energy vigorously pursued the nuclear power programme with the commissioning of two new power reactors at Narora and Kakrapar, and continued with the development of new reactor systems, such as liquid-sodium based fast reactors. Equal emphasis was laid on enhanced production of heavy water, nuclear fuel and special nuclear materials. He also initiated proposals for the export of heavy-water, research reactors, hardware for nuclear applications to earn precious foreign exchange.","title":"Chairman of Atomic Energy Commission of India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daily News and Analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnaindia-4"}],"text":"Regarding Iyengar's involvement in Indian cold fusion research, the Indian newspaper Daily News and Analysis wrote: \"Iyengar also pioneered cold fusion experiments in the 1980s to prove the hypothesis that nuclear fusion can occur at ordinary temperatures under certain scenarios. The experiments were discontinued after Iyengar's exit from the nuclear establishment by some conservative scientists.\"[4]","title":"Cold fusion research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atomic Energy Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Commission_of_India"},{"link_name":"Government of Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Kerala"},{"link_name":"national security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_security"},{"link_name":"science education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_education"},{"link_name":"science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science"},{"link_name":"Agastya International Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agastya_International_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homi_Bhabha_Centre_for_Science_Education"}],"text":"Iyengar has been the recipient of many high civilian awards and honours. After retirement Iyengar served in various positions such as member of the Atomic Energy Commission, scientific advisor to the Government of Kerala, on the board of the Global Technology Development Centre, president of the Indian Nuclear Society, and a member of the Inter-governmental Indo-French Forum, besides serving on various national committees. Iyengar’s later interests focused on advances in nuclear technology for nuclear applications, issues of nuclear policy and national security, science education and the application of science in nation-building. He participated in various international meetings on non-proliferation issues. Most recently, as a founder trustee of the Agastya International Foundation, he focused on rural education and instilling creativity and scientific temperament in rural children and government school teachers. He was instrumental in drawing the support of the Homi Bhabha Centre for Science Education to help launch Agastya’s rural science fairs and its first mobile science lab in 2002.","title":"Legacy and fame"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Padma Bhushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Bhushan"},{"link_name":"Bhatnagar Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhatnagar_Award"}],"text":"Padma Bhushan (1975)\nBhatnagar Award (1971)\nFederation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry Award for the Physical Sciences (1981)\nRaman Centenary Medal of the Indian Academy of Science (1988)\nBhabha Medal for Experimental Physics of the Indian National Science Academy (1990)\nR. D. Birla Award of the Indian Physics Association (1992)\nJawaharlal Nehru Birth Centenary Award (1993)\nHomi Bhabha Medal (2006)","title":"Awards and honours"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"Documentation Research and Training Centre (Bangalore, India); Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science (1994). Library Science with a Slant to Documentation. Sarada Ranganathan Endowment for Library Science. ISSN 0024-2543. Retrieved 12 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XcPgAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Library Science with a Slant to Documentation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-2543","url_text":"0024-2543"}]},{"reference":"\"PK Iyengar, nuclear scientist, dies at 80\". The Times of India. 21 December 2011. Retrieved 19 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PK-Iyengar-nuclear-scientist-dies-at-80/articleshow/11196563.cms","url_text":"\"PK Iyengar, nuclear scientist, dies at 80\""}]},{"reference":"\"More a U.S. victory than Indian: P.K. Iyengar\". The Hindu. 7 September 2008. Archived from the original on 9 September 2008. Retrieved 12 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080909061546/http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/07/stories/2008090759340800.htm","url_text":"\"More a U.S. victory than Indian: P.K. Iyengar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"http://www.hindu.com/2008/09/07/stories/2008090759340800.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-Atomic Energy Commission chairman PK Iyengar passes away | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis\". dnaindia.com. 21 December 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ex-atomic-energy-commission-chairman-pk-iyengar-passes-away_1628601","url_text":"\"Ex-Atomic Energy Commission chairman PK Iyengar passes away | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_the_english_language
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A Dictionary of the English Language
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["1 Background","1.1 Johnson's preparation","2 The text","3 Reception history","3.1 Initial reception","3.2 Criticism","3.3 Influence in Britain","3.4 Reputation abroad","3.5 Influence in America","4 Folio and abridged editions","5 Replica editions","6 In popular culture","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
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1755 dictionary by Samuel Johnson
A Dictionary of the English Language Title page from the second edition of the DictionaryAuthorSamuel JohnsonLanguageEnglishSubjectDictionaryPublisherconsortiumPublication date15 April 1755Publication placeGreat BritainPages2348TextA Dictionary of the English Language at Wikisource
A Dictionary of the English Language, sometimes published as Johnson's Dictionary, was published on 15 April 1755 and written by Samuel Johnson. It is among the most influential dictionaries in the history of the English language.
There was dissatisfaction with the dictionaries of the period, so in June 1746 a group of London booksellers contracted Johnson to write a dictionary for the sum of 1,500 guineas (£1,575), equivalent to about £310,000 in 2024. Johnson took seven years to complete the work, although he had claimed he could finish it in three. He did so single-handedly, with only clerical assistance to copy the illustrative quotations that he had marked in books. Johnson produced several revised editions during his life.
Until the completion of the Oxford English Dictionary 173 years later, Johnson's was viewed as the pre-eminent English dictionary. According to Walter Jackson Bate, the Dictionary "easily ranks as one of the greatest single achievements of scholarship, and probably the greatest ever performed by one individual who laboured under anything like the disadvantages in a comparable length of time".
Background
In earlier times, books had been regarded with something approaching veneration, but by the mid-eighteenth century this was no longer the case. The rise of literacy among the general public, combined with the technical advances in the mechanics of printing and bookbinding, meant that for the first time, books, texts, maps, pamphlets and newspapers were widely available to the general public at a reasonable cost. Such an explosion of the printed word demanded a set pattern of grammar, definition, and spelling for those words. This could be achieved by means of an authoritative dictionary of the English language. In 1746, a consortium of London's most successful printers, including Robert Dodsley and Thomas Longman – none could afford to undertake it alone – set out to satisfy and capitalise on this need by the ever-increasing reading and writing public.
Johnson's dictionary was not the first English dictionary, nor even among the first dozen. Over the previous 150 years more than twenty dictionaries had been published in England, the oldest of these being a Latin-English "wordbook" by Sir Thomas Elyot published in 1538.
The next to appear was by Richard Mulcaster, a headmaster, in 1583. Mulcaster compiled what he termed "a generall table we commonlie use... It were a thing verie praise worthy...if som well learned...would gather all words which we use in the English tung...into one dictionary..." In 1598, an Italian–English dictionary by John Florio was published. It was the first English dictionary to use quotations ("illustrations") to give meaning to the word; in none of these dictionaries so far were there any actual definitions of words. This was to change, to a small extent, in schoolmaster Robert Cawdrey's Table Alphabeticall, published in 1604. Though it contained only 2,449 words, and no word beginning with the letters W, X, or Y, this was the first monolingual English dictionary. Several more dictionaries followed: in Latin, English, French and Italian. Benjamin Martin's Lingua Britannica Reformata (1749) and Ainsworth's Thesaurus Linguae Latinae (1737) are both significant, in that they define entries in separate senses, or aspects, of the word. In English (among others), John Cowell's Interpreter, a law dictionary, was published in 1607, Edward Phillips' The new world of English words came out in 1658 and a dictionary of 40,000 words had been prepared in 1721 by Nathan Bailey, though none was as comprehensive in breadth or style as Johnson's.
The problem with these dictionaries was that they tended to be little more than poorly organised and poorly researched glossaries of "hard words": words that were technical, foreign, obscure or antiquated. But perhaps the greatest single fault of these early lexicographers was, as historian Henry Hitchings put it, that they "failed to give sufficient sense of language as it appeared in use." In that sense Dr. Johnson's dictionary was the first to comprehensively document the English lexicon.
Johnson's preparation
Main article: Letter to Chesterfield
Johnson's dictionary was prepared at 17 Gough Square, London, an eclectic household, between the years of 1746 and 1755. By 1747 Johnson had written his Plan of a Dictionary of the English Language, which spelled out his intentions and proposed methodology for preparing his document. He clearly saw benefit in drawing from previous efforts, and saw the process as a parallel to legal precedent (possibly influenced by Cowell):
I shall therefore, since the rules of stile, like those of law, arise from precedents often repeated, collect the testimonies of both sides, and endeavour to discover and promulgate the decrees of custom, who has so long possessed whether by right or by usurpation, the sovereignty of words.
Johnson's Plan received the patronage of Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield but not to Johnson's pleasure. Chesterfield did not care about praise, but was instead interested by Johnson's abilities. Seven years after first meeting Johnson to discuss the work, Chesterfield wrote two anonymous essays in The World that recommended the Dictionary. He complained that the English language was lacking structure and argued:
We must have recourse to the old Roman expedient in times of confusion, and chose a dictator. Upon this principle, I give my vote for Mr Johnson to fill that great and arduous post.
However, Johnson did not appreciate the tone of the essay, and he felt that Chesterfield had not made good on his promise to be the work's patron. In a letter, Johnson explained his feelings about the matter:
Seven years, my lord, have now past since I waited in your outward rooms or was repulsed from your door, during which time I have been pushing on my work through difficulties of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it at last to the verge of publication without one act of assistance, one word of encouragement, or one smile of favour. Such treatment I did not expect, for I never had a patron before ... Is not a patron, my lord, one who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water, and when he has reached ground, encumbers him with help? The notice which you have been pleased to take of my labours, had it been early, had been kind: but it has been delayed till I am indifferent and cannot enjoy it; till I am solitary and cannot impart it; till I am known and do not want it.
The text
A Dictionary of the English Language was somewhat large and very expensive. It was printed in-folio, meaning that the pages were 18 inches (46 cm) tall and nearly 20 inches (51 cm) wide. The paper was of the finest quality available, the cost of which ran to nearly £1,600; more than Johnson had been paid to write the book. Johnson himself pronounced the book "Vasta mole superbus" ("Proud in its great bulk"). No bookseller could possibly hope to print this book without help; outside a few special editions of the Bible no book of this heft and size had ever been set to type.
The title page reads:
A
DICTIONARY
of the
ENGLISH LANGUAGE:
in which
The WORDS are deduced from their ORIGINALS,
and
ILLUSTRATED in their DIFFERENT SIGNIFICATIONS
by
EXAMPLES from the best WRITERS.
To which are prefixed,
A HISTORY of the LANGUAGE,
and AN ENGLISH GRAMMAR.
By SAMUEL JOHNSON, A.M.
In TWO Volumes
VOL. I
The words "Samuel Johnson" and "English Language" were printed in red; the rest was printed in black. The preface and headings were set in 4.6 mm "English" type, the text—double columned—was set in 3.5 mm pica. This first edition of the dictionary contained a 42,773-word list, to which only a few more were added in subsequent editions. One of Johnson's important innovations was to illustrate the meanings of his words by literary quotation, of which there are around 114,000. The authors most frequently cited by Johnson include Shakespeare, Milton and Dryden. For example:
OPULENCE
Wealth; riches; affluence
"There in full opulence a banker dwelt,
Who all the joys and pangs of riches felt;
His sideboard glitter'd with imagin'd plate,
And his proud fancy held a vast estate."
-- Jonathan Swift
Furthermore, Johnson, unlike Bailey, added notes on a word's usage, rather than being merely descriptive.
Unlike most modern lexicographers, Johnson introduced humour or prejudice into quite a number of his definitions. Among the best-known are:
"Excise: a hateful tax levied upon commodities and adjudged not by the common judges of property but wretches hired by those to whom excise is paid"
"Lexicographer: a writer of dictionaries; a harmless drudge that busies himself in tracing the original and detailing the signification of words"
"Oats: a grain which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people"
A couple of less well-known examples are:
"Monsieur: a term of reproach for a Frenchman"
"Patron: One who countenances, supports, or protects. Commonly a wretch who supports with insolence, and is paid with flattery." which some have understood to be a jab at his patron Philip Stanhope.
He included whimsical little-known words, such as:
"Writative – A word of Pope's, not to be imitated: "Increase of years makes men more talkative but less writative; to that degree I now write letters but of plain how d'ey's.""
On a more serious level, Johnson's work showed a heretofore unseen meticulousness. Unlike all the proto-dictionaries that had come before, painstaking care went into the completeness when it came not only to "illustrations" but also to definitions as well:
"Turn" had 16 definitions with 15 illustrations
"Time" had 20 definitions with 14 illustrations
"Put" ran more than 5,000 words spread over 3 pages
"Take" had 134 definitions, running 8,000 words, over 5 pages
The original goal was to publish the dictionary in two folio volumes: A–K and L–Z. But that soon proved unwieldy, unprofitable, and unrealistic. Subsequent printings ran to four volumes; even these formed a stack 10 inches (25 cm) tall, and weighed in at nearly 21 pounds (9.5 kg). In addition to the sheer physical heft of Johnson's dictionary, came the equally hefty price: £4/10/– (equivalent to approximately £883 in 2024). So discouraging was the price that by 1784, thirty years after the first edition was published, when the dictionary had by then run through five editions, only about 6,000 copies were in circulation—an average sale of 200 books a year for thirty years.
Johnson's etymologies would be considered poor by modern standards, and he gave little guide to pronunciation; one example being "Cough: A convulsion of the lungs, vellicated by some sharp serosity. It is pronounced coff". Much of his dictionary was prescriptivist. It was also linguistically conservative, advocating traditional spellings such as publick rather than the simpler spellings that would be favoured 73 years later by Noah Webster.
The dictionary is in alphabetical order according to the eighteenth-century English alphabet. In the eighteenth century, the letters I and J were considered different forms of the same letter; the same with letters U and V. As a result, in Johnson's dictionary the word jargon comes before the word idle, and vagabond comes before ultimate.
In spite of its shortcomings, the dictionary was far and away the best of its day. Its scope and structure were carried forward in dictionaries that followed, including Noah Webster's Webster's Dictionary in 1828 and the Oxford English Dictionary later in the same century.
Reception history
External videos Presentation by Jack Lynch on Samuel Johnson's Dictionary: Selections from the 1755 Work that Defined the English Language, January 14, 2004, C-SPAN
Initial reception
From the beginning there was universal appreciation not only of the content of the Dictionary but also of Johnson's achievement in single-handedly creating it: "When Boswell came to this part of Johnson's life, more than three decades later, he pronounced that 'the world contemplated with wonder so stupendous a work achieved by one man, while other countries had thought such undertakings fit only for whole academies'." "The Dictionary was considered, from the moment of its inception, to be Johnson's, and from the time of its completion it was Johnson's Dictionary—his book and his property, his monument, his memorial."
Immediately after publication "The Dictionary was enthusiastically written up in important periodicals such as the London Magazine and—none too surprisingly—the Gentleman's Magazine. In the latter it received an eight-page notice". Reviews, such as they were, proved generous in tone: "Of the less positive assessments the only properly judicious one came from Adam Smith in the pro-Whig Edinburgh Review ... he wished that Johnson 'had oftener passed his own censure upon those words which are not of approved use, though sometimes to be met with in authors of no mean name'. Furthermore, Johnson's approach was not 'sufficiently grammatical'".
Despite the Dictionary's critical acclaim, Johnson's general financial situation continued in its dismal fashion for some years after 1755: "The image of Johnson racing to write Rasselas to pay for his mother's funeral, romantic hyperbole though it is, conveys the precariousness of his existence, almost four years after his work on the Dictionary was done. His financial uncertainties continued. He gave up the house in Gough Square in March 1759, probably for lack of funds. Yet, just as Johnson was plunging into another trough of despondency, the reputation of the Dictionary at last brought reward. In July 1762 Johnson was granted a state pension of £300 a year by the twenty-four-year-old monarch, George III. The pension did not make him rich, but it ensured he would no longer have to grub around for the odd guinea."
Criticism
As lexicography developed, faults were found with Johnson's work: "From an early stage there were noisy detractors. Perhaps the loudest of them was John Horne Tooke ... Not content to pronounce it 'imperfect and faulty', he complained that it was 'one of the most idle performances ever offered to the public', that its author 'possessed not one single requisite for the undertaking', that its grammatical and historical parts were 'most truly contemptible performances', and that 'nearly one third ... is as much the language of the Hottentots as of the English'." "Horace Walpole summed up for the unbelievers when he pronounced at the end of the eighteenth century, 'I cannot imagine that Dr Johnson's reputation will be very lasting.' His dictionary was 'a surprising work for one man', but 'the task is too much for one man, and ... a society should alone pretend to publish a standard dictionary.' Notwithstanding Walpole's reservations, the admirers out-numbered the detractors, and the reputation of the Dictionary was repeatedly boosted by other philologists, lexicographers, educationalists and word detectives."
Johnson's dictionary was made when etymology was largely based on guesswork. His Classical leanings led him to prefer spellings that pointed to Latin or Greek sources, "while his lack of sound scholarship prevented him from detecting their frequent errors". For example, he preferred the spelling ache over ake as he wrongly thought it came from the Greek achos. Some of his spelling choices were also inconsistent: "while retaining the Latin p in receipt he left it out of deceit; he spelled deign one way and disdain another; he spelled uphill but downhil, muckhill but dunghil, instill but distil, inthrall but disenthral".
Boswell relates that "A lady once asked him how he came to define pastern as the knee of a horse: instead of making an elaborate reply, as she expected, he at once replied, 'Ignorance, Madam, pure ignorance.'" On the same page, Boswell notes that Johnson's definition of network ("Any thing reticulated or decussated, at equal distances, with interstices between the intersections") "has often been quoted with sportive malignity, as obscuring a thing in itself very plain."
Other than stress indication, the dictionary did not feature many word-specific orthoepical guidelines, with Johnson stating that 'For pronunciation, the best general rule is, to consider those as the most elegant speakers who deviate least from the written sounds' and referring to the irregular pronunciations as 'jargon'; this was subject to coetaneous criticism by John Walker, who wrote in the preface of his Critical Pronouncing Dictionary 'It is certain, where custom is equal, this ought to take place; and if the whole body of respectable English speakers were equally divided in thir pronunciation of the word busy, one half pronuncing it bew-ze, and the other half biz-ze, that the former ought to be accounted the most elegant speakers; but till this is the case, the latter pronunciation, though a gross deviation from orthography, will be esteemed the most elegant. Dr. Johnson's general rule, therefore, can only take place where custom has not plainly decided.' Nevertheless, Walker scrupulously followed Johnson's explanations of words, as did many contemporary dictionaries.
Influence in Britain
Despite the criticisms, "The influence of the Dictionary was sweeping. Johnson established both a methodology for how dictionaries should be put together and a paradigm for how entries should be presented. Anyone who sought to create a dictionary, post-Johnson, did so in his shadow." "In his history of the Oxford English Dictionary, Simon Winchester asserts of its eighteenth-century predecessor that 'by the end of the century every educated household had, or had access to, the great book. So firmly established did it swiftly become that any request for "The Dictionary" would bring forth Johnson and none other.' 'One asked for The Dictionary,' writes Winchester, 'much as one might demand The Bible.'" One of the first editors of the OED, James Murray, acknowledged that many of Johnson's explanations were adopted without change, for 'When his definitions are correct, and his arrangement judicious, it seems to be expedient to follow him.' ... In the end the OED reproduced around 1,700 of Johnson's definitions, marking them simply 'J.'."
Reputation abroad
Johnson's influence was not confined to Britain and English: "The president of the Florentine Accademia declared that the Dictionary would be 'a perpetual Monument of Fame to the Author, an Honour to his own Country in particular, and a general Benefit to the Republic of Letters'. This was no empty commendation. Johnson's work served as a model for lexicographers abroad. It is no surprise that his friend Giuseppe Baretti chose to make the Dictionary the model for his Italian—English dictionary of 1760, and for his Spanish dictionary nearly two decades later. But there are numerous examples of influence beyond Johnson's own circle. His work was translated into French and German." And "In 1777, when Ferdinando Bottarelli published a pocket dictionary of Italian, French and English (the three languages side by side), his authorities for the French and Italian words were the works of the French and Italian academies: for the English he used Johnson."
Influence in America
The Dictionary was exported to America. "The American adoption of the Dictionary was a momentous event not just in its history, but in the history of lexicography. For Americans in the second half of the eighteenth century, Johnson was the seminal authority on language, and the subsequent development of American lexicography was coloured by his fame." For American lexicographers the Dictionary was impossible to ignore: "America's two great nineteenth-century lexicographers, Noah Webster and Joseph Emerson Worcester, argued fiercely over Johnson's legacy ... In 1789 declared that 'Great Britain, whose children we are, and whose language we speak, should no longer be our standard; for the taste of her writers is already corrupted, and her language on the decline.'" "Where Webster found fault with Johnson, Joseph Worcester saluted him ... In 1846 he completed his Universal and Critical Dictionary of the English Language. He defended Johnson's work, arguing that 'from the time of its publication, has been, far more than any other, regarded as the standard for the language'." Notwithstanding the evolution of lexicography in America, "The Dictionary has also played its part in the law, especially in the United States. Legislators are much occupied with ascertaining 'first meanings', with trying to secure the literal sense of their predecessors' legislation ... Often it is a matter of historicizing language: to understand a law, you need to understand what its terminology meant to its original architects ... as long as the American Constitution remains intact, Johnson's Dictionary will have a role to play in American law."
Folio and abridged editions
Samuel Johnson's Folio and Abridged Dictionaries together
Close up of pages for M entries in the Folio and Abridged Dictionaries of 1755 and 1756 by Samuel Johnson
Johnson's dictionary came out in two forms.
The first was the 1755 Folio edition, which came in two large volumes on 4 April. The folio edition also features full literary quotes by those authors that Johnson quoted, such as Dryden and Shakespeare. It was followed a few weeks later by a second edition published in 165 weekly parts. The third edition was published in 1765, but it was the fourth, which came out in 1773 which included significant revisions by Johnson of the original work.
The Abridged edition came out in 1756 in two octavo volumes with entries, "abstracted from the folio edition by the author", laid out as two columns per page. The abridged version did not feature the literary quotes, just the author quoted. This made it cheaper to produce and buy. It sold over a thousand copies a year for the next 30 years bringing "The Dictionary" to the reach of every literate home.
Replica editions
Johnson's Dictionary has been available in replica editions for some years. The entire first Folio edition is available on A Dictionary of the English Language as an electronic scan. As of April 15, 2021, A Dictionary of the English Language will become Johnsons Dictionary Online, a project funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities and created by a team of scholars at the University of Central Florida. This version is the first fully searchable online edition and will eventually include the 1775 folio edition.
The Preface to the Dictionary is available on Project Gutenberg. In addition, a scan of the 6th (1785) edition can be found at the Internet Archive in its two volumes.
In popular culture
The compilation of Johnson's Dictionary was the main plot-line for an episode of Blackadder the Third where Edmund Blackadder (Rowan Atkinson), after confounding the scholar with a barrage of fabricated nonexistent words, tries to conceal the destruction of the dictionary's manuscript by his servant. Johnson had given his only manuscript to the Prince and it was presumably destroyed by Blackadder's apprentice dogsbody Baldrick. The episode ends with Baldrick obliviously throwing the dictionary into the fire.
"Dr. Johnson's Great Dictionary" appears as a plot device in the 1944 Sherlock Holmes film, The Pearl of Death, starring Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce.
At the end of Chapter 1 of Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray Becky Sharp disdainfully throws a copy of Johnson's Dictionary out the window.
Notes
^ A Dictionary of the English Language, 1755, archive.org
^ Advertisement in Derby Mercury 4 April 1755, page 4 'This day is published a Dictionary of the English Language by Samuel Johnson'
^ a b UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark, Gregory (2017). "The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
^ Bate, Walter Jackson. Samuel Johnson, Ch. 15, "Storming the Main Gate: The Dictionary". New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975.
^ Hitchings 2005, London p. 48; New York p. 53
^ Hitchings 2005, London p. 49; New York p. 55
^ Lane pp. 117–118
^ a b Lane p. 118
^ a b Lane p. 121
^ Johnson Letters No. 56
^ Hitchings 2005, London p. 195; New York p. 209
^ See online copy of sixth edition
^ See online copy of sixth edition
^ See online copy of sixth edition
^ See online copy of sixth edition
^ See onlike copy of sixth edition
^ Winchester, Simon. The Professor and the Madman. HarperCollins Publishers, 1998.
^ Kacirk, Jeffrey, Forgotten English, 21 May (page)
^ Hitchings 2005, London p. 87; New York p. 93
^ Guide to Dictionary Archived 26 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Johnson's Dictionary Online]
^ Hitchings 2005, p. 198
^ Hitchings 2005, p. 200
^ Hitchings 2005, p. 198–9
^ Hitchings 2005, p. 199
^ Hitchings 2005, p. 203
^ Hitchings 2005, p. 221
^ Hitchings 2005, p. 222
^ Handbook of Simplified Spelling. Simplified Spelling Board, 1920. p. 7
^ Boswell, James (1791). "The Life of Samuel Johnson, Volume 1". Sturgis & Walton. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
^ Johnson, Samuel (1755). "Network – A Dictionary of the English Language". "Johnson's Dictionary Online". Retrieved 9 July 2017.
^ Walker, John (1791). A critical pronouncing dictionary and expositor of the English language ... To which are prefixed, principles of English pronunciation ... Likewise rules to be observed by the natives of Scotland, Ireland, and London, for avoiding their respective peculiarities; and directions to foreigners for acquiring a knowledge of the use of this dictionary. The whole interspersed with observations, philological, critical, and grammatical. New York Public Library. London, G.G.J. and J. Robinson. pp. iv–v.
^ Walker, John (1791). A critical pronouncing dictionary and expositor of the English language ... To which are prefixed, principles of English pronunciation ... Likewise rules to be observed by the natives of Scotland, Ireland, and London, for avoiding their respective peculiarities; and directions to foreigners for acquiring a knowledge of the use of this dictionary. The whole interspersed with observations, philological, critical, and grammatical. New York Public Library. London, G.G.J. and J. Robinson. pp. viii.
^ Hitchings 2005, p. 220
^ Hitchings 2005, p. 212
^ Hitchings 2005, pp. 227–8
^ A DICTIONARY, Spanish and English, and English and Spanish, . .
^ Hitchings 2005, p. 223
^ a b Hitchings 2005, p. 224
^ Hitchings 2005, p. 225
^ Hitchings 2005, pp. 226–7
^ Hitchings 2005, pp. 229–31
^ Crystal, David (2005). Samuel Johnson A Dictionary of the English Language: An Anthology. London: Penguin Books. p. xxviii. ISBN 978-0-14-144157-3.
^ Johnson, Samuel (1807). Dictionary of the English Language Abstracted from the Folio Edition (12th ed.). London: J. Johnson et al. p. Title Page.
^ Lynch, Jack (2004). Samuel Johnson's Dictionary. London: Atlantic Books. p. 17. ISBN 1-84354-296-X.
^ "A Dictionary of the English Language: A Digital Edition of the 1755 Classic by Samuel Johnson". Retrieved 21 November 2013.
^ The Preface on Project Gutenberg. 1 April 2004. Retrieved 15 April 2009 – via Project Gutenberg.
^ "Volume 1 of the 6th edition". 1785. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
^ "Volume 2 of the 6th edition". 1785. Retrieved 3 February 2024.
^ Neill, Roy William (director) (1 August 1944). The Pearl of Death (Motion picture). Universal Pictures. Event occurs at 36 minutes. I think I found something that he'll appreciate. It's Dr. Johnson's Great Dictionary, an early folio.
References
Clifford, James Lowry (1979). Dictionary Johnson: Samuel Johnson's Middle Years. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Collins, H. P. (1974) "The Birth of the Dictionary." History Today (March 1974), Vol. 24 Issue 3, pp 197–203 online.
Hitchings, Henry (2005). Dr Johnson's Dictionary: The Extraordinary Story of the Book That Defined the World. London: John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-6631-2.
US edition: Hitchings, Henry (2005). Defining the World: The Extraordinary Story of Dr. Johnson's Dictionary. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-11302-5.
Johnson, Samuel (1952). Chapman, R. W. (ed.). The Letters of Samuel Johnson. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Johnson, Samuel (2002). Lynch, Jack (ed.). Samuel Johnson's Dictionary: Selections from the 1755 Work that Defined the English Language. Delray Beach, Florida: Levenger Press.
Lane, Margaret (1975). Samuel Johnson and his World. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 9780060124960.
Reddick, Allen (1996). The Making of Johnson's Dictionary 1746–1773. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sledd, James H.; Kolb, Gwin J. (1955). Dr. Johnson's Dictionary: Essays in the biography of a book. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Wain, John (1976). Samuel Johnson. New York: McGraw-Hill.
External links
Johnson's Plan of a Dictionary of the English Language (1747) at the Library of Congress.
Johnson's Dictionary, first folio edition, 1755 : Volume I Volume II at the Pomeranian Digital Library.
Johnson's Dictionary, sixth folio edition, 1785 : Volume 1 and Volume 2 at the Internet Archive.
Plan and Preface of A Dictionary of the English Language public domain audiobook at LibriVox
Web site : Samuel Johnson Dictionary Sources, an extensive examination of the sources of quotations in Johnson's Dictionary.
Web site : Johnson's Dictionary Online, a searchable version of the 1st (1755) folio edition of Johnson's Dictionary
Web site : HTML version of the 1756 abridged edition of Johnson's Dictionary (partial OCR)
Article : Words count from The Guardian, April 2005.
Web page : A Brief History of English Lexicography; an HTML table.
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He did so single-handedly, with only clerical assistance to copy the illustrative quotations that he had marked in books. Johnson produced several revised editions during his life.Until the completion of the Oxford English Dictionary 173 years later, Johnson's was viewed as the pre-eminent English dictionary[citation needed]. According to Walter Jackson Bate, the Dictionary \"easily ranks as one of the greatest single achievements of scholarship, and probably the greatest ever performed by one individual who laboured under anything like the disadvantages in a comparable length of time\".[4]","title":"A Dictionary of the English Language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"printing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing"},{"link_name":"bookbinding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookbinding"},{"link_name":"Robert Dodsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dodsley"},{"link_name":"Longman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longman"},{"link_name":"more than twenty dictionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_English_dictionaries"},{"link_name":"Thomas Elyot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Elyot"},{"link_name":"Richard Mulcaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Mulcaster"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"John Florio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Florio"},{"link_name":"Table Alphabeticall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_Alphabeticall"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Martin_(lexicographer)"},{"link_name":"Ainsworth's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Ainsworth_(lexicographer)"},{"link_name":"John Cowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cowell_(jurist)"},{"link_name":"Edward Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Phillips"},{"link_name":"The new world of English words","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_new_world_of_English_words"},{"link_name":"Nathan Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Bailey"},{"link_name":"lexicographers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicographers"},{"link_name":"Henry Hitchings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hitchings"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In earlier times, books had been regarded with something approaching veneration, but by the mid-eighteenth century this was no longer the case. The rise of literacy among the general public, combined with the technical advances in the mechanics of printing and bookbinding, meant that for the first time, books, texts, maps, pamphlets and newspapers were widely available to the general public at a reasonable cost. Such an explosion of the printed word demanded a set pattern of grammar, definition, and spelling for those words. This could be achieved by means of an authoritative dictionary of the English language. In 1746, a consortium of London's most successful printers, including Robert Dodsley and Thomas Longman – none could afford to undertake it alone – set out to satisfy and capitalise on this need by the ever-increasing reading and writing public.Johnson's dictionary was not the first English dictionary, nor even among the first dozen. Over the previous 150 years more than twenty dictionaries had been published in England, the oldest of these being a Latin-English \"wordbook\" by Sir Thomas Elyot published in 1538.The next to appear was by Richard Mulcaster, a headmaster, in 1583. Mulcaster compiled what he termed \"a generall table [of eight thousand words] we commonlie use...[yet] It were a thing verie praise worthy...if som well learned...would gather all words which we use in the English tung...into one dictionary...\"[5] In 1598, an Italian–English dictionary by John Florio was published. It was the first English dictionary to use quotations (\"illustrations\") to give meaning to the word; in none of these dictionaries so far were there any actual definitions of words. This was to change, to a small extent, in schoolmaster Robert Cawdrey's Table Alphabeticall, published in 1604. Though it contained only 2,449 words, and no word beginning with the letters W, X, or Y, this was the first monolingual English dictionary. Several more dictionaries followed: in Latin, English, French and Italian. Benjamin Martin's Lingua Britannica Reformata (1749) and Ainsworth's Thesaurus Linguae Latinae (1737) are both significant, in that they define entries in separate senses, or aspects, of the word. In English (among others), John Cowell's Interpreter, a law dictionary, was published in 1607, Edward Phillips' The new world of English words came out in 1658 and a dictionary of 40,000 words had been prepared in 1721 by Nathan Bailey, though none was as comprehensive in breadth or style as Johnson's.The problem with these dictionaries was that they tended to be little more than poorly organised and poorly researched glossaries of \"hard words\": words that were technical, foreign, obscure or antiquated. But perhaps the greatest single fault of these early lexicographers was, as historian Henry Hitchings put it, that they \"failed to give sufficient sense of [the English] language as it appeared in use.\"[6] In that sense Dr. Johnson's dictionary was the first to comprehensively document the English lexicon.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"17 Gough Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Johnson%27s_House"},{"link_name":"legal precedent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precedent"},{"link_name":"Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Stanhope,_4th_Earl_of_Chesterfield"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lane_p._118-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lane_p._118-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lane_p._121-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lane_p._121-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Johnson's preparation","text":"Johnson's dictionary was prepared at 17 Gough Square, London, an eclectic household, between the years of 1746 and 1755. By 1747 Johnson had written his Plan of a Dictionary of the English Language, which spelled out his intentions and proposed methodology for preparing his document. He clearly saw benefit in drawing from previous efforts, and saw the process as a parallel to legal precedent (possibly influenced by Cowell):I shall therefore, since the rules of stile, like those of law, arise from precedents often repeated, collect the testimonies of both sides, and endeavour to discover and promulgate the decrees of custom, who has so long possessed whether by right or by usurpation, the sovereignty of words.Johnson's Plan received the patronage of Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield but not to Johnson's pleasure.[7] Chesterfield did not care about praise, but was instead interested by Johnson's abilities.[8] Seven years after first meeting Johnson to discuss the work, Chesterfield wrote two anonymous essays in The World that recommended the Dictionary.[8] He complained that the English language was lacking structure and argued:We must have recourse to the old Roman expedient in times of confusion, and chose a dictator. Upon this principle, I give my vote for Mr Johnson to fill that great and arduous post.[9]However, Johnson did not appreciate the tone of the essay, and he felt that Chesterfield had not made good on his promise to be the work's patron.[9] In a letter, Johnson explained his feelings about the matter:Seven years, my lord, have now past since I waited in your outward rooms or was repulsed from your door, during which time I have been pushing on my work through difficulties of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it at last to the verge of publication without one act of assistance, one word of encouragement, or one smile of favour. Such treatment I did not expect, for I never had a patron before ... Is not a patron, my lord, one who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water, and when he has reached ground, encumbers him with help? The notice which you have been pleased to take of my labours, had it been early, had been kind: but it has been delayed till I am indifferent and cannot enjoy it; till I am solitary and cannot impart it; till I am known and do not want it.[10]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"special editions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_edition"},{"link_name":"title page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Title_page"},{"link_name":"type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typeface"},{"link_name":"pica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pica_(typography)"},{"link_name":"meanings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics"},{"link_name":"literary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature"},{"link_name":"Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Milton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton"},{"link_name":"Dryden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dryden"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Swift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift"},{"link_name":"lexicographers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicographer"},{"link_name":"Excise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excise"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Lexicographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicographer"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Oats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oat"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Pope's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pope"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"folio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_size"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inflation-UK-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"etymologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology"},{"link_name":"prescriptivist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_prescription"},{"link_name":"Noah Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Webster"},{"link_name":"English alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_alphabet"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Webster's Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language"},{"link_name":"Oxford English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary"}],"text":"A Dictionary of the English Language was somewhat large and very expensive. It was printed in-folio, meaning that the pages were 18 inches (46 cm) tall and nearly 20 inches (51 cm) wide. The paper was of the finest quality available, the cost of which ran to nearly £1,600; more than Johnson had been paid to write the book. Johnson himself pronounced the book \"Vasta mole superbus\" (\"Proud in its great bulk\").[11] No bookseller could possibly hope to print this book without help; outside a few special editions of the Bible no book of this heft and size had ever been set to type.The title page reads:A\nDICTIONARY\nof the\nENGLISH LANGUAGE:\nin which\nThe WORDS are deduced from their ORIGINALS,\nand\nILLUSTRATED in their DIFFERENT SIGNIFICATIONS\nby\nEXAMPLES from the best WRITERS.\nTo which are prefixed,\nA HISTORY of the LANGUAGE,\nand AN ENGLISH GRAMMAR.\nBy SAMUEL JOHNSON, A.M.\nIn TWO Volumes\n\nVOL. IThe words \"Samuel Johnson\" and \"English Language\" were printed in red; the rest was printed in black. The preface and headings were set in 4.6 mm \"English\" type, the text—double columned—was set in 3.5 mm pica. This first edition of the dictionary contained a 42,773-word list, to which only a few more were added in subsequent editions. One of Johnson's important innovations was to illustrate the meanings of his words by literary quotation, of which there are around 114,000. The authors most frequently cited by Johnson include Shakespeare, Milton and Dryden. For example:OPULENCEWealth; riches; affluence\"There in full opulence a banker dwelt,\nWho all the joys and pangs of riches felt;\nHis sideboard glitter'd with imagin'd plate,\nAnd his proud fancy held a vast estate.\"\n-- Jonathan SwiftFurthermore, Johnson, unlike Bailey, added notes on a word's usage, rather than being merely descriptive.Unlike most modern lexicographers, Johnson introduced humour or prejudice into quite a number of his definitions. Among the best-known are:\"Excise: a hateful tax levied upon commodities and adjudged not by the common judges of property but wretches hired by those to whom excise is paid\"[12]\n\"Lexicographer: a writer of dictionaries; a harmless drudge that busies himself in tracing the original and detailing the signification of words\"[13]\n\"Oats: a grain which in England is generally given to horses, but in Scotland supports the people\"[14]A couple of less well-known examples are:\"Monsieur: a term of reproach for a Frenchman\"[15]\n\"Patron: One who countenances, supports, or protects. Commonly a wretch who supports with insolence, and is paid with flattery.\"[16] which some have understood to be a jab at his patron Philip Stanhope.[17]He included whimsical little-known words, such as:\"Writative – A word of Pope's, not to be imitated: \"Increase of years makes men more talkative but less writative; to that degree I now write letters but of plain how d'ey's.\"\"[18]On a more serious level, Johnson's work showed a heretofore unseen meticulousness. Unlike all the proto-dictionaries that had come before, painstaking care went into the completeness when it came not only to \"illustrations\" but also to definitions as well:\"Turn\" had 16 definitions with 15 illustrations\n\"Time\" had 20 definitions with 14 illustrations\n\"Put\" ran more than 5,000 words spread over 3 pages\n\"Take\" had 134 definitions, running 8,000 words, over 5 pages[19]The original goal was to publish the dictionary in two folio volumes: A–K and L–Z. But that soon proved unwieldy, unprofitable, and unrealistic. Subsequent printings ran to four volumes; even these formed a stack 10 inches (25 cm) tall, and weighed in at nearly 21 pounds (9.5 kg).[citation needed] In addition to the sheer physical heft of Johnson's dictionary, came the equally hefty price: £4/10/– (equivalent to approximately £883 in 2024).[3] So discouraging was the price that by 1784, thirty years after the first edition was published, when the dictionary had by then run through five editions, only about 6,000 copies were in circulation—an average sale of 200 books a year for thirty years.[citation needed]Johnson's etymologies would be considered poor by modern standards, and he gave little guide to pronunciation; one example being \"Cough: A convulsion of the lungs, vellicated by some sharp serosity. It is pronounced coff\". Much of his dictionary was prescriptivist. It was also linguistically conservative, advocating traditional spellings such as publick rather than the simpler spellings that would be favoured 73 years later by Noah Webster.The dictionary is in alphabetical order according to the eighteenth-century English alphabet. In the eighteenth century, the letters I and J were considered different forms of the same letter; the same with letters U and V. As a result, in Johnson's dictionary the word jargon comes before the word idle, and vagabond comes before ultimate.[20]In spite of its shortcomings, the dictionary was far and away the best of its day. Its scope and structure were carried forward in dictionaries that followed, including Noah Webster's Webster's Dictionary in 1828 and the Oxford English Dictionary later in the same century.","title":"The text"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"London Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Gentleman's Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman%27s_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Adam Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Smith"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Review"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"George III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_III"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Initial reception","text":"From the beginning there was universal appreciation not only of the content of the Dictionary but also of Johnson's achievement in single-handedly creating it: \"When Boswell came to this part of Johnson's life, more than three decades later, he pronounced that 'the world contemplated with wonder so stupendous a work achieved by one man, while other countries had thought such undertakings fit only for whole academies'.\"[21] \"The Dictionary was considered, from the moment of its inception, to be Johnson's, and from the time of its completion it was Johnson's Dictionary—his book and his property, his monument, his memorial.\"[22]Immediately after publication \"The Dictionary was enthusiastically written up in important periodicals such as the London Magazine and—none too surprisingly—the Gentleman's Magazine. In the latter it received an eight-page notice\".[23] Reviews, such as they were, proved generous in tone: \"Of the less positive assessments the only properly judicious one came from Adam Smith in the pro-Whig Edinburgh Review ... he wished that Johnson 'had oftener passed his own censure upon those words which are not of approved use, though sometimes to be met with in authors of no mean name'. Furthermore, Johnson's approach was not 'sufficiently grammatical'\".[24]Despite the Dictionary's critical acclaim, Johnson's general financial situation continued in its dismal fashion for some years after 1755: \"The image of Johnson racing to write Rasselas to pay for his mother's funeral, romantic hyperbole though it is, conveys the precariousness of his existence, almost four years after his work on the Dictionary was done. His financial uncertainties continued. He gave up the house in Gough Square in March 1759, probably for lack of funds. Yet, just as Johnson was plunging into another trough of despondency, the reputation of the Dictionary at last brought reward. In July 1762 Johnson was granted a state pension of £300 a year by the twenty-four-year-old monarch, George III. The pension did not make him rich, but it ensured he would no longer have to grub around for the odd guinea.\"[25]","title":"Reception history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Horne Tooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Horne_Tooke"},{"link_name":"Hottentots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoikhoi"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Horace Walpole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Walpole,_4th_Earl_of_Orford"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"etymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology"},{"link_name":"Classical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classics"},{"link_name":"ache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ache"},{"link_name":"ake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ake"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"pastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pastern"},{"link_name":"network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/network"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"John Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Walker_(lexicographer)"},{"link_name":"Critical Pronouncing Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Critical_Pronouncing_Dictionary_and_Expositor_of_the_English_Language&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Criticism","text":"As lexicography developed, faults were found with Johnson's work: \"From an early stage there were noisy detractors. Perhaps the loudest of them was John Horne Tooke ... Not content to pronounce it 'imperfect and faulty', he complained that it was 'one of the most idle performances ever offered to the public', that its author 'possessed not one single requisite for the undertaking', that its grammatical and historical parts were 'most truly contemptible performances', and that 'nearly one third ... is as much the language of the Hottentots as of the English'.\"[26] \"Horace Walpole summed up for the unbelievers when he pronounced at the end of the eighteenth century, 'I cannot imagine that Dr Johnson's reputation will be very lasting.' His dictionary was 'a surprising work for one man', but 'the task is too much for one man, and ... a society should alone pretend to publish a standard dictionary.' Notwithstanding Walpole's reservations, the admirers out-numbered the detractors, and the reputation of the Dictionary was repeatedly boosted by other philologists, lexicographers, educationalists and word detectives.\"[27]Johnson's dictionary was made when etymology was largely based on guesswork. His Classical leanings led him to prefer spellings that pointed to Latin or Greek sources, \"while his lack of sound scholarship prevented him from detecting their frequent errors\". For example, he preferred the spelling ache over ake as he wrongly thought it came from the Greek achos. Some of his spelling choices were also inconsistent: \"while retaining the Latin p in receipt he left it out of deceit; he spelled deign one way and disdain another; he spelled uphill but downhil, muckhill but dunghil, instill but distil, inthrall but disenthral\".[28]Boswell[29] relates that \"A lady once asked him [Johnson] how he came to define pastern as the knee of a horse: instead of making an elaborate reply, as she expected, he at once replied, 'Ignorance, Madam, pure ignorance.'\" On the same page, Boswell notes that Johnson's definition of network (\"Any thing reticulated or decussated, at equal distances, with interstices between the intersections\")[30] \"has often been quoted with sportive malignity, as obscuring a thing in itself very plain.\"Other than stress indication, the dictionary did not feature many word-specific orthoepical guidelines, with Johnson stating that 'For pronunciation, the best general rule is, to consider those as the most elegant speakers who deviate least from the written sounds' and referring to the irregular pronunciations as 'jargon'; this was subject to coetaneous criticism by John Walker, who wrote in the preface of his Critical Pronouncing Dictionary 'It is certain, where custom is equal, this ought to take place; and if the whole body of respectable English speakers were equally divided in thir pronunciation of the word busy, one half pronuncing it bew-ze, and the other half biz-ze, that the former ought to be accounted the most elegant speakers; but till this is the case, the latter pronunciation, though a gross deviation from orthography, will be esteemed the most elegant. Dr. Johnson's general rule, therefore, can only take place where custom has not plainly decided.'[31] Nevertheless, Walker scrupulously followed Johnson's explanations of words, as did many contemporary dictionaries.[32]","title":"Reception history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Oxford English Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"Simon Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Winchester"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"OED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OED"},{"link_name":"James Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Murray_(lexicographer)"},{"link_name":"OED","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OED"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"Influence in Britain","text":"Despite the criticisms, \"The influence of the Dictionary was sweeping. Johnson established both a methodology for how dictionaries should be put together and a paradigm for how entries should be presented. Anyone who sought to create a dictionary, post-Johnson, did so in his shadow.\"[33] \"In his history of the Oxford English Dictionary, Simon Winchester asserts of its eighteenth-century predecessor that 'by the end of the century every educated household had, or had access to, the great book. So firmly established did it swiftly become that any request for \"The Dictionary\" would bring forth Johnson and none other.' 'One asked for The Dictionary,' writes Winchester, 'much as one might demand The Bible.'\"[34] One of the first editors of the OED, James Murray, acknowledged that many of Johnson's explanations were adopted without change, for 'When his definitions are correct, and his arrangement judicious, it seems to be expedient to follow him.' ... In the end the OED reproduced around 1,700 of Johnson's definitions, marking them simply 'J.'.\"[35]","title":"Reception history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giuseppe Baretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Marc%27Antonio_Baretti"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-38"}],"sub_title":"Reputation abroad","text":"Johnson's influence was not confined to Britain and English: \"The president of the Florentine Accademia declared that the Dictionary would be 'a perpetual Monument of Fame to the Author, an Honour to his own Country in particular, and a general Benefit to the Republic of Letters'. This was no empty commendation. Johnson's work served as a model for lexicographers abroad. It is no surprise that his friend Giuseppe Baretti chose to make the Dictionary the model for his Italian—English dictionary of 1760, and for his Spanish dictionary nearly two decades later.[36] But there are numerous examples of influence beyond Johnson's own circle. His work was translated into French and German.\"[37] And \"In 1777, when Ferdinando Bottarelli published a pocket dictionary of Italian, French and English (the three languages side by side), his authorities for the French and Italian words were the works of the French and Italian academies: for the English he used Johnson.\"[38]","title":"Reception history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-38"},{"link_name":"Noah Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Webster"},{"link_name":"Joseph Emerson Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Emerson_Worcester"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Universal and Critical Dictionary of the English Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_and_Critical_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"the American Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"American law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Influence in America","text":"The Dictionary was exported to America. \"The American adoption of the Dictionary was a momentous event not just in its history, but in the history of lexicography. For Americans in the second half of the eighteenth century, Johnson was the seminal authority on language, and the subsequent development of American lexicography was coloured by his fame.\"[38] For American lexicographers the Dictionary was impossible to ignore: \"America's two great nineteenth-century lexicographers, Noah Webster and Joseph Emerson Worcester, argued fiercely over Johnson's legacy ... In 1789 [Webster] declared that 'Great Britain, whose children we are, and whose language we speak, should no longer be our standard; for the taste of her writers is already corrupted, and her language on the decline.'\"[39] \"Where Webster found fault with Johnson, Joseph Worcester saluted him ... In 1846 he completed his Universal and Critical Dictionary of the English Language. He defended Johnson's work, arguing that 'from the time of its publication, [it] has been, far more than any other, regarded as the standard for the language'.\"[40] Notwithstanding the evolution of lexicography in America, \"The Dictionary has also played its part in the law, especially in the United States. Legislators are much occupied with ascertaining 'first meanings', with trying to secure the literal sense of their predecessors' legislation ... Often it is a matter of historicizing language: to understand a law, you need to understand what its terminology meant to its original architects ... as long as the American Constitution remains intact, Johnson's Dictionary will have a role to play in American law.\"[41]","title":"Reception history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johnson_Folio_and_Abridged_dictionaries.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Close_up_Samuel_Johnson_Folio_and_Abridged_dictionaries_%E2%80%93_letter_M.JPG"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"octavo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavo"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"Samuel Johnson's Folio and Abridged Dictionaries togetherClose up of pages for M entries in the Folio and Abridged Dictionaries of 1755 and 1756 by Samuel JohnsonJohnson's dictionary came out in two forms.The first was the 1755 Folio edition, which came in two large volumes on 4 April. The folio edition also features full literary quotes by those authors that Johnson quoted, such as Dryden and Shakespeare. It was followed a few weeks later by a second edition published in 165 weekly parts. The third edition was published in 1765, but it was the fourth, which came out in 1773 which included significant revisions by Johnson of the original work.[42]The Abridged edition came out in 1756 in two octavo volumes with entries, \"abstracted from the folio edition by the author\",[43] laid out as two columns per page. The abridged version did not feature the literary quotes, just the author quoted. This made it cheaper to produce and buy. It sold over a thousand copies a year for the next 30 years bringing \"The Dictionary\" to the reach of every literate home.[44]","title":"Folio and abridged editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Dictionary of the English Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//johnsonsdictionaryonline.com/"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"A Dictionary of the English Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//johnsonsdictionaryonline.com/"},{"link_name":"National Endowment for the Humanities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Humanities"},{"link_name":"University of Central Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Central_Florida"},{"link_name":"Project Gutenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gutenberg"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"Johnson's Dictionary has been available in replica editions for some years. The entire first Folio edition is available on A Dictionary of the English Language[45] as an electronic scan. As of April 15, 2021, A Dictionary of the English Language will become Johnsons Dictionary Online, a project funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities and created by a team of scholars at the University of Central Florida. This version is the first fully searchable online edition and will eventually include the 1775 folio edition.The Preface to the Dictionary is available on Project Gutenberg.[46] In addition, a scan of the 6th (1785) edition can be found at the Internet Archive in its two volumes.[47][48]","title":"Replica editions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ink_and_Incapability"},{"link_name":"Blackadder the Third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackadder_the_Third"},{"link_name":"Rowan Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowan_Atkinson"},{"link_name":"The Pearl of Death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pearl_of_Death"},{"link_name":"Basil Rathbone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Rathbone"},{"link_name":"Nigel Bruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Bruce"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Vanity Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(novel)"},{"link_name":"William Makepeace Thackeray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray"}],"text":"The compilation of Johnson's Dictionary was the main plot-line for an episode of Blackadder the Third where Edmund Blackadder (Rowan Atkinson), after confounding the scholar with a barrage of fabricated nonexistent words, tries to conceal the destruction of the dictionary's manuscript by his servant. Johnson had given his only manuscript to the Prince and it was presumably destroyed by Blackadder's apprentice dogsbody Baldrick. The episode ends with Baldrick obliviously throwing the dictionary into the fire.\"Dr. Johnson's Great Dictionary\" appears as a plot device in the 1944 Sherlock Holmes film, The Pearl of Death, starring Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce.[49]At the end of Chapter 1 of Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray Becky Sharp disdainfully throws a copy of Johnson's Dictionary out the window.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"A Dictionary of the English Language, 1755","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/johnsons_dictionary_1755"},{"link_name":"archive.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.org"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-inflation-UK_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-inflation-UK_3-1"},{"link_name":"Retail Price Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail_Price_Index"},{"link_name":"\"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New 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MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.\n\n^ Bate, Walter Jackson. Samuel Johnson, Ch. 15, \"Storming the Main Gate: The Dictionary\". New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975.\n\n^ Hitchings 2005, London p. 48; New York p. 53\n\n^ Hitchings 2005, London p. 49; New York p. 55\n\n^ Lane pp. 117–118\n\n^ a b Lane p. 118\n\n^ a b Lane p. 121\n\n^ Johnson Letters No. 56\n\n^ Hitchings 2005, London p. 195; New York p. 209\n\n^ See online copy of sixth edition\n\n^ See online copy of sixth edition\n\n^ See online copy of sixth edition\n\n^ See online copy of sixth edition\n\n^ See onlike copy of sixth edition\n\n^ Winchester, Simon. The Professor and the Madman. HarperCollins Publishers, 1998.\n\n^ Kacirk, Jeffrey, Forgotten English, 21 May (page)\n\n^ Hitchings 2005, London p. 87; New York p. 93\n\n^ Guide to Dictionary Archived 26 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Johnson's Dictionary Online]\n\n^ Hitchings 2005, p. 198\n\n^ Hitchings 2005, p. 200\n\n^ Hitchings 2005, p. 198–9\n\n^ Hitchings 2005, p. 199\n\n^ Hitchings 2005, p. 203\n\n^ Hitchings 2005, p. 221\n\n^ Hitchings 2005, p. 222\n\n^ Handbook of Simplified Spelling. Simplified Spelling Board, 1920. p. 7\n\n^ Boswell, James (1791). \"The Life of Samuel Johnson, Volume 1\". Sturgis & Walton. Retrieved 9 July 2017.\n\n^ Johnson, Samuel (1755). \"Network – A Dictionary of the English Language\". \"Johnson's Dictionary Online\". Retrieved 9 July 2017.\n\n^ Walker, John (1791). A critical pronouncing dictionary and expositor of the English language ... To which are prefixed, principles of English pronunciation ... Likewise rules to be observed by the natives of Scotland, Ireland, and London, for avoiding their respective peculiarities; and directions to foreigners for acquiring a knowledge of the use of this dictionary. The whole interspersed with observations, philological, critical, and grammatical. New York Public Library. London, G.G.J. and J. Robinson. pp. iv–v.\n\n^ Walker, John (1791). A critical pronouncing dictionary and expositor of the English language ... To which are prefixed, principles of English pronunciation ... Likewise rules to be observed by the natives of Scotland, Ireland, and London, for avoiding their respective peculiarities; and directions to foreigners for acquiring a knowledge of the use of this dictionary. The whole interspersed with observations, philological, critical, and grammatical. New York Public Library. London, G.G.J. and J. Robinson. pp. viii.\n\n^ Hitchings 2005, p. 220\n\n^ Hitchings 2005, p. 212\n\n^ Hitchings 2005, pp. 227–8\n\n^ A DICTIONARY, Spanish and English, and English and Spanish, . . \n\n^ Hitchings 2005, p. 223\n\n^ a b Hitchings 2005, p. 224\n\n^ Hitchings 2005, p. 225\n\n^ Hitchings 2005, pp. 226–7\n\n^ Hitchings 2005, pp. 229–31\n\n^ Crystal, David (2005). Samuel Johnson A Dictionary of the English Language: An Anthology. London: Penguin Books. p. xxviii. ISBN 978-0-14-144157-3.\n\n^ Johnson, Samuel (1807). Dictionary of the English Language Abstracted from the Folio Edition (12th ed.). London: J. Johnson et al. p. Title Page.\n\n^ Lynch, Jack (2004). Samuel Johnson's Dictionary. London: Atlantic Books. p. 17. ISBN 1-84354-296-X.\n\n^ \"A Dictionary of the English Language: A Digital Edition of the 1755 Classic by Samuel Johnson\". Retrieved 21 November 2013.\n\n^ The Preface on Project Gutenberg. 1 April 2004. Retrieved 15 April 2009 – via Project Gutenberg.\n\n^ \"Volume 1 of the 6th edition\". 1785. Retrieved 3 February 2024.\n\n^ \"Volume 2 of the 6th edition\". 1785. Retrieved 3 February 2024.\n\n^ Neill, Roy William (director) (1 August 1944). The Pearl of Death (Motion picture). Universal Pictures. Event occurs at 36 minutes. I think I found something that he'll appreciate. It's Dr. Johnson's Great Dictionary, an early folio.","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"image_text":"Samuel Johnson's Folio and Abridged Dictionaries together","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Johnson_Folio_and_Abridged_dictionaries.JPG/220px-Johnson_Folio_and_Abridged_dictionaries.JPG"},{"image_text":"Close up of pages for M entries in the Folio and Abridged Dictionaries of 1755 and 1756 by Samuel Johnson","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Close_up_Samuel_Johnson_Folio_and_Abridged_dictionaries_%E2%80%93_letter_M.JPG/220px-Close_up_Samuel_Johnson_Folio_and_Abridged_dictionaries_%E2%80%93_letter_M.JPG"}]
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[{"reference":"Clark, Gregory (2017). \"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 7 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://measuringworth.com/datasets/ukearncpi/","url_text":"\"The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MeasuringWorth","url_text":"MeasuringWorth"}]},{"reference":"Boswell, James (1791). \"The Life of Samuel Johnson, Volume 1\". Sturgis & Walton. Retrieved 9 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JLQxAQAAMAAJ&q=Johnson+Dictionary+network+ignorance+madam&pg=PA176","url_text":"\"The Life of Samuel Johnson, Volume 1\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Samuel (1755). \"Network – A Dictionary of the English Language\". \"Johnson's Dictionary Online\". Retrieved 9 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://johnsonsdictionaryonline.com/?p=5711","url_text":"\"Network – A Dictionary of the English Language\""}]},{"reference":"Walker, John (1791). A critical pronouncing dictionary and expositor of the English language ... To which are prefixed, principles of English pronunciation ... Likewise rules to be observed by the natives of Scotland, Ireland, and London, for avoiding their respective peculiarities; and directions to foreigners for acquiring a knowledge of the use of this dictionary. The whole interspersed with observations, philological, critical, and grammatical. New York Public Library. London, G.G.J. and J. Robinson. pp. iv–v.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/acriticalpronou00conggoog","url_text":"A critical pronouncing dictionary and expositor of the English language ... To which are prefixed, principles of English pronunciation ... 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Dictionary of the English Language Abstracted from the Folio Edition (12th ed.). London: J. Johnson et al. p. Title Page.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lynch, Jack (2004). Samuel Johnson's Dictionary. London: Atlantic Books. p. 17. ISBN 1-84354-296-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84354-296-X","url_text":"1-84354-296-X"}]},{"reference":"\"A Dictionary of the English Language: A Digital Edition of the 1755 Classic by Samuel Johnson\". Retrieved 21 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://johnsonsdictionaryonline.com/","url_text":"\"A Dictionary of the English Language: A Digital Edition of the 1755 Classic by Samuel Johnson\""}]},{"reference":"The Preface on Project Gutenberg. 1 April 2004. Retrieved 15 April 2009 – via Project Gutenberg.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/5430","url_text":"The Preface on Project Gutenberg"}]},{"reference":"\"Volume 1 of the 6th edition\". 1785. Retrieved 3 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofengl01johnuoft","url_text":"\"Volume 1 of the 6th edition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Volume 2 of the 6th edition\". 1785. Retrieved 3 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofengl02johnuoft","url_text":"\"Volume 2 of the 6th edition\""}]},{"reference":"Neill, Roy William (director) (1 August 1944). The Pearl of Death (Motion picture). Universal Pictures. Event occurs at 36 minutes. I think I found something that he'll appreciate. It's Dr. Johnson's Great Dictionary, an early folio.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Clifford, James Lowry (1979). Dictionary Johnson: Samuel Johnson's Middle Years. New York: McGraw-Hill.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hitchings, Henry (2005). Dr Johnson's Dictionary: The Extraordinary Story of the Book That Defined the World. London: John Murray. ISBN 0-7195-6631-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hitchings","url_text":"Hitchings, Henry"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7195-6631-2","url_text":"0-7195-6631-2"}]},{"reference":"Hitchings, Henry (2005). Defining the World: The Extraordinary Story of Dr. Johnson's Dictionary. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-11302-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/definingworldext00hitc","url_text":"Defining the World: The Extraordinary Story of Dr. Johnson's Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-11302-5","url_text":"0-374-11302-5"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Samuel (1952). Chapman, R. W. (ed.). The Letters of Samuel Johnson. Oxford: Clarendon Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Johnson, Samuel (2002). Lynch, Jack (ed.). Samuel Johnson's Dictionary: Selections from the 1755 Work that Defined the English Language. Delray Beach, Florida: Levenger Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lane, Margaret (1975). Samuel Johnson and his World. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 9780060124960.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/samueljohnsonhis0000lane","url_text":"Samuel Johnson and his World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060124960","url_text":"9780060124960"}]},{"reference":"Reddick, Allen (1996). The Making of Johnson's Dictionary 1746–1773. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sledd, James H.; Kolb, Gwin J. (1955). Dr. Johnson's Dictionary: Essays in the biography of a book. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wain, John (1976). Samuel Johnson. New York: McGraw-Hill.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Star_Grand_Prix
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North Star Grand Prix
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["1 Winners","1.1 Men's Elite/Pro Race","2 References","3 External links"]
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North Star Grand PrixRace detailsDateJuneRegionUnited States of AmericaDisciplineRoadCompetitionNational (1999–2017)TypeStage raceHistoryFirst edition1999Editions19Most recent Brodie Chapman (AUS)
The North Star Grand Prix is a men's and women's road bicycle racing stage race held each June in Minnesota, United States, as part of the North Star Bicycle Festival. An event was added in North Mankato in 2016. The North Star Grand Prix is one of only four races on the USA Cycling Pro Road Tour.
The 2010 Grand Prix had six stages: three criteriums, two road races and a time trial.
The event was known as the Nature Valley Grand Prix until 2013, but was renamed following sponsorship changes. The North Star Bicycle Festival is run by volunteers, proceeds going to Special Olympics Minnesota.
The North Star Grand Prix was cancelled in 2018, which would have been its 20th year. An attempt to bring it back in 2019 failed since it had no cash sponsors and a GoFundMe campaign raised only 6% of the needed funds.
Winners
Year
Country
Rider
Team
1999
Canada
Odessa Gunn
Timex
2000
United States
Rebecca Quinn
Shaklee
2001
United States
Suzanne Sonye
Saturn Cycling Team
2002
United States
Laura Van Gilder
Trek Plus
2003
Australia
Katie Mactier
Saturn Cycling Team
2004
Canada
Lyne Bessette
Quark
2005
United States
Christine Thorburn
Webcor Builders Women's Cycling Team
2006
United States
Kristin Armstrong
Team Lipton
2007
United States
Kristin Armstrong
Team Lipton
2008
United States
Kristin Armstrong
Cervélo Lifeforce
2009
United States
Kristin Armstrong
Cervélo Test Team
2010
United States
Shelley Olds
Twenty12
2011
United States
Amber Neben
HTC–Highroad Women
2012
United States
Carmen Small
Optum Pro Cycling
2013
United States
Shelley Olds
Team TIBCO–To The Top
2014
United States
Carmen Small
Specialized–lululemon
2015
No race
2016
United States
Brianne Walle
Tibco–Silicon Valley Bank
2017
United States
Emma White
Rally Cycling
2018
No race
Men's Elite/Pro Race
Cyclist
Country
Team
2016
Evan Huffman
United States
Rally Cycling
2015
Tom Zirbel
United States
Team Optum p/b Kelly Benefit Strategies
2014
Ryan Anderson
United States
Team Optum p/b Kelly Benefit Strategies
2013
Michael Friedman
United States
Team Optum p/b Kelly Benefit Strategies
2012
Tom Zirbel
United States
Team Optum p/b Kelly Benefit Strategies
2011
Jesse Anthony
United States
Team Optum p/b Kelly Benefit Strategies
2010
Rory Sutherland
Australia
UnitedHealthcare
2009
Rory Sutherland
Australia
OUCH Pro Cycling Team
2008
Rory Sutherland
Australia
Health Net Pro Cycling Team Presented by Maxxis
2007
Ivan Stević
Serbia
Toyota–United Pro Cycling Team
2006
Karl Menzies
Australia
Health Net Pro Cycling Team Presented by Maxxis
2005
John Lieswyn
United States
Health Net Pro Cycling Team Presented by Maxxis
2004
Benjamin Jacques-Maynes
United States
Sierra Nevada
2003
Trent Klasna
United States
Saturn
2002
John Lieswyn
United States
7UP
2001
Frank McCormack
United States
Saturn
2000
Robbie Ventura
United States
Saturn
1999
Dale Sedgewick
United States
NOW Sports
References
External links
Official site
Coverage
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"road bicycle racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing"},{"link_name":"stage race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_race"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"North Star Bicycle Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Star_Bicycle_Festival"},{"link_name":"North Mankato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Mankato,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"USA Cycling Pro Road Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Cycling_National_Racing_Calendar"},{"link_name":"criteriums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criterium"},{"link_name":"road races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing"},{"link_name":"time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individual_time_trial"},{"link_name":"Special Olympics Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Olympics"}],"text":"The North Star Grand Prix is a men's and women's road bicycle racing stage race held each June in Minnesota, United States, as part of the North Star Bicycle Festival. An event was added in North Mankato in 2016. The North Star Grand Prix is one of only four races on the USA Cycling Pro Road Tour.\nThe 2010 Grand Prix had six stages: three criteriums, two road races and a time trial.The event was known as the Nature Valley Grand Prix until 2013, but was renamed following sponsorship changes. The North Star Bicycle Festival is run by volunteers, proceeds going to Special Olympics Minnesota.The North Star Grand Prix was cancelled in 2018, which would have been its 20th year. An attempt to bring it back in 2019 failed since it had no cash sponsors and a GoFundMe campaign raised only 6% of the needed funds.","title":"North Star Grand Prix"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Men's Elite/Pro Race","title":"Winners"}]
|
[]
| null |
[]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.northstarbicyclefestival.com/","external_links_name":"Official site"},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/north-star-grand-prix-2016/","external_links_name":"Coverage"}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthymius_of_Athos
|
Euthymius the Athonite
|
["1 References","2 Sources"]
|
Georgian saint
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SaintEuthymius of AthosA fresco of Euthymius from the Protaton Church at Karyes, Mount AthosAthonite FatherBornc. 955Meskheti, Kingdom of the IberiansDiedc. 1024Venerated inEastern Orthodox ChurchFeastMay 13PatronageGeorgia Mount Athos
Euthymius the Athonite (Georgian: ექვთიმე ათონელი Ekvtime Atoneli; c. 955–1024) was a Georgian monk, philosopher and scholar, who is venerated as a saint. His feast day in the Orthodox Church is May 13.
Euthymius was a Georgian, the ethnonym used by the Byzantines as Iberian, that came from the Kingdom of the Iberians. The son of John the Iberian and nephew of the Tornike Eristavi, Euthymius was taken as a political hostage to Constantinople but was later released and became a monk joining the Great Lavra of Athanasios on Mount Athos. He subsequently became the leader of the Georgian Iviron monastery, which had been founded by his father, and emerged as one of the finest Eastern Christian theologians and scholars of his age. Euthymius labored as abbot of the Iviron Monastery on Mt. Athos for fourteen years before stepping aside to concentrate on his translations.
Fluent in Georgian, Greek and other languages, he translated many religious treatises and philosophical works. Among his major works was the translation of sibrdzne balavarisa (Wisdom of Balahvari), which some believe to be a Christianized version of episodes from the life of Gautama Buddha that became very popular in Medieval Europe as the story of Barlaam and Josaphat. Of equal importance was Euthymius’ work to prepare Georgian translations of various Greek philosophical, ecclesiastical and legal discourses.
He died near Byzantium, when a mule on which he was riding, startled by the approach of a beggar made to bolt and Euthymius fell. His relics are buried in the Church of Saint John the Baptist at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos.
References
^ (in Greek) Ὁ Ὅσιος Εὐθύμιος ὁ Ἀθωνίτης κτήτορας τῆς Ι.Μ. Ἰβήρων. 13 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
^ Elguja Xintʻibiże (1998). Designations of the Georgians and their etymology. Tʻbilisis Universitetis Gamomcʻemloba. p. 73. ISBN 978-5-511-00775-5.
^ Kalistrat Salia (1983). History of the Georgian nation. N. Salia. p. 82.
^ a b "St. Euthymius of Athos the translator", Orthodox Church in America
Sources
Theodor Dowling, Sketches of Georgian Church History, Adamant Media Corporation (October 9, 2003), ISBN 1-4212-2891-2
Portals: Biography Christianity Georgia
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Netherlands
People
Deutsche Biographie
|
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His feast day in the Orthodox Church is May 13.[1]Euthymius was a Georgian, the ethnonym used by the Byzantines as Iberian, that came from the Kingdom of the Iberians.[2] The son of John the Iberian and nephew of the Tornike Eristavi, Euthymius was taken as a political hostage to Constantinople but was later released and became a monk joining the Great Lavra of Athanasios on Mount Athos. He subsequently became the leader of the Georgian Iviron monastery, which had been founded by his father,[3] and emerged as one of the finest Eastern Christian theologians and scholars of his age. Euthymius labored as abbot of the Iviron Monastery on Mt. Athos for fourteen years before stepping aside to concentrate on his translations.[4]Fluent in Georgian, Greek and other languages, he translated many religious treatises and philosophical works. Among his major works was the translation of sibrdzne balavarisa (Wisdom of Balahvari), which some believe to be a Christianized version of episodes from the life of Gautama Buddha that became very popular in Medieval Europe as the story of Barlaam and Josaphat. Of equal importance was Euthymius’ work to prepare Georgian translations of various Greek philosophical, ecclesiastical and legal discourses.He died near Byzantium, when a mule on which he was riding, startled by the approach of a beggar made to bolt and Euthymius fell. His relics are buried in the Church of Saint John the Baptist at the Iveron Monastery on Mt. Athos.[4]","title":"Euthymius the Athonite"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sketches of Georgian Church History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=apnvrdY_oRUC&dq=Sketches+of+Georgian+Church+History&pg=PA82"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4212-2891-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4212-2891-2"},{"link_name":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"link_name":"Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"link_name":"Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Georgia"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1208474#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/1817724/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000054914570"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/67861844"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbRgfPgVytKBVktmpXGHC"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/100970575"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n84051767"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p159032164"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd100970575.html?language=en"}],"text":"Theodor Dowling, Sketches of Georgian Church History, Adamant Media Corporation (October 9, 2003), ISBN 1-4212-2891-2Portals: Biography Christianity GeorgiaAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nUnited States\nNetherlands\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie","title":"Sources"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon_at_the_2008_Summer_Olympics
|
Cameroon at the 2008 Summer Olympics
|
["1 Medalists","2 Athletics","3 Boxing","4 Football","4.1 Men's tournament","5 Judo","6 Rowing","7 Swimming","8 Table tennis","9 Weightlifting","10 Wrestling","11 References"]
|
Sporting event delegationCameroon at the2008 Summer OlympicsIOC codeCMRNOCCameroon Olympic and Sports CommitteeWebsitewww.cnosc.org (in French)in BeijingCompetitors33 in 9 sportsFlag bearer Franck MoussimaMedalsRanked 52nd
Gold
1
Silver
0
Bronze
0
Total
1
Summer Olympics appearances (overview)1964196819721976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024
Cameroon competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics held in Beijing, People's Republic of China from August 8 to August 24, 2008.
Medalists
Main article: 2008 Summer Olympics medal table
Medal
Name
Sport
Event
Date
Gold
Françoise Mbango Etone
Athletics
Women's triple jump
August 17
Athletics
Main article: Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Key
Note–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
Q = Qualified for the next round
q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
NR = National record
N/A = Round not applicable for the event
Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round
Men
Field events
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Final
Distance
Position
Distance
Position
Hugo Mamba-Schlick
Triple jump
16.01
15
Did not advance
Women
Track & road events
Athlete
Event
Heat
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Final
Result
Rank
Result
Rank
Result
Rank
Result
Rank
Myriam Léonie Mani
100 m
10.50
3 Q
10.08
6
Did not advance
Carole Kaboud Mebam
400 m hurdles
57.81
6
—
Did not advance
Field events
Athlete
Event
Qualification
Final
Distance
Position
Distance
Position
Françoise Mbango Etone
Triple jump
14.50
6 Q
15.39
Georgina Toth
Hammer throw
NM
—
Did not advance
Boxing
Main article: Boxing at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Cameroon qualified three boxers for the Olympic boxing tournament. Mulema qualified in the welterweight class at the 1st AIBA African Olympic Boxing Qualifying Tournament. Essomba and Mahaman both qualified at the second continental tournament.
Athlete
Event
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
Rank
Thomas Essomba
Light flyweight
Danielyan (ARM)L 3–9
Did not advance
Mahaman Smaila
Light welterweight
Iglesias (CUB)L 1–15
Did not advance
Joseph Mulema
Welterweight
Bongongo (CAF)W 17–2
Hanati (CHN)L 4–9
Did not advance
Football
Main article: Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Men's tournament
Main article: Football at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's tournament
Roster
The following is the Cameroon squad in the men's football tournament of the 2008 Summer Olympics.
Head coach: Martin Ndtoungou
No.
Pos.
Player
Date of birth (age)
Caps
Goals
Club
1
1GK
Amour Patrick Tignyemb (c)
(1985-06-14)14 June 1985 (aged 23)
0
0
Tonnerre Yaoundé
2
3MF
Albert Baning
(1985-03-09)9 March 1985 (aged 23)
0
0
Paris Saint-Germain
3
2DF
Antonio Ghomsi*
(1984-04-22)22 April 1984 (aged 24)
0
0
Messina
4
2DF
André Bikey
(1985-01-08)8 January 1985 (aged 23)
0
0
Reading
5
2DF
Alexandre Song
(1987-09-09)9 September 1987 (aged 20)
0
0
Arsenal
6
2DF
Stéphane Mbia
(1986-05-20)20 May 1986 (aged 22)
0
0
Stade Rennes
7
4FW
Marc Mboua
(1987-02-26)26 February 1987 (aged 21)
0
0
Cambuur
8
3MF
Georges Mandjeck
(1988-12-09)9 December 1988 (aged 19)
0
0
VfB Stuttgart
9
3MF
Franck Songo'o
(1987-05-14)14 May 1987 (aged 21)
0
0
Portsmouth
10
4FW
Christian Bekamenga
(1986-05-09)9 May 1986 (aged 22)
0
0
Nantes
11
4FW
Gustave Bebbe*
(1982-06-22)22 June 1982 (aged 26)
0
0
Ankaragücü
12
2DF
Paul Rolland Bebey Kingué
(1986-11-09)9 November 1986 (aged 21)
0
0
Les Astres
13
2DF
Nicolas N'Koulou
(1990-03-27)27 March 1990 (aged 18)
0
0
Monaco
14
3MF
Aurélien Chedjou
(1985-06-20)20 June 1985 (aged 23)
0
0
Lille
15
3MF
Serge N'Gal
(1986-01-13)13 January 1986 (aged 22)
0
0
União de Leiria
16
1GK
Joslain Mayebi
(1986-10-14)14 October 1986 (aged 21)
0
0
Hakoah Ramat Gan
17
3MF
Alain Junior Ollé Ollé
(1987-04-11)11 April 1987 (aged 21)
0
0
SC Freiburg
18
2DF
Alexis Enam
(1986-11-25)25 November 1986 (aged 21)
0
0
Club Africain
22
2DF
Adiaba Bondoa
(1987-01-02)2 January 1987 (aged 21)
0
0
Dunajská Streda
* Over-aged player.
Notes
^ Replaces Alexis Enam who was injured during the competition
Group play
Pos
Teamvte
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Qualification
1
Italy
3
2
1
0
6
0
+6
7
Qualified for the quarterfinals
2
Cameroon
3
1
2
0
2
1
+1
5
3
South Korea
3
1
1
1
2
4
−2
4
4
Honduras
3
0
0
3
0
5
−5
0
Source:
7 August 200819:45
South Korea 1–1 Cameroon
Park Chu-young 68'
Report
Mandjeck 81'
Qinhuangdao Olympic Sports Center Stadium, QinhuangdaoAttendance: 21,943Referee: Jair Marrufo (United States)
10 August 200817:00
Cameroon 1–0 Honduras
Mbia 74'
Report
Qinhuangdao Olympic Sports Center Stadium, QinhuangdaoAttendance: 28,657Referee: Abdullah Al Hilali (Oman)
13 August 200817:00
Cameroon 0–0 Italy
Report
Tianjin Olympic Center Stadium, TianjinAttendance: 47,307Referee: Martín Vázquez (Uruguay)
Quarterfinals
16 August 200818:00
Brazil 2–0 (a.e.t.) Cameroon
Sóbis 101'Marcelo 105'
Report
Shenyang Olympic Stadium, ShenyangAttendance: 41,043Referee: Damir Skomina (Slovenia)
Judo
Main article: Judo at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Athlete
Event
Round of 32
Round of 16
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Repechage 1
Repechage 2
Repechage 3
Final / BM
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
Rank
Franck Moussima
Men's −100 kg
Martínez (MEX)W 0100–0001
Hadfi (HUN)L 0010–1002
Did not advance
Rowing
Main article: Rowing at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Men
Athlete
Event
Heats
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Paul Etia Ndoumbe
Single sculls
7:59.26
5 SE/F
Bye
7:29.68
2 FE
7:21.34
28
Swimming
Main article: Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Men
Athlete
Event
Heat
Semifinal
Final
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Alain Brigion Tobe
50 m freestyle
24.53
61
Did not advance
Women
Athlete
Event
Heat
Semifinal
Final
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Time
Rank
Antoinette Guedia Mouafo
50 m freestyle
33.59
83
Did not advance
Table tennis
Main article: Table tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Athlete
Event
Preliminary round
Round 1
Round 2
Round 3
Round 4
Quarterfinals
Semifinals
Final / BM
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
Rank
Victorine Agum Fomum
Women's singles
Lian Q (DOM)L 0–4
Did not advance
Weightlifting
Main article: Weightlifting at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Athlete
Event
Snatch
Clean & Jerk
Total
Rank
Result
Rank
Result
Rank
Brice Vivien Batchaya
Men's −85 kg
153
13
180
14
333
14
Wrestling
Main article: Wrestling at the 2008 Summer Olympics
Key:
VT - Victory by Fall.
PP - Decision by Points - the loser with technical points.
PO - Decision by Points - the loser without technical points.
Women's freestyle
Athlete
Event
Round of 16
Quarterfinal
Semifinal
Repechage 1
Repechage 2
Final / BM
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
OppositionResult
Rank
Annabelle Ali
−72 kg
Wieszczek (POL)L 0–3 PO
Did not advance
16
References
^ "Cameroon Olympic Team Receives National Blessing". www.postnewsline.com. 2008-07-28.
^ a b c d e f g h i Les sportifs camerounais engagés à Beijing 2008
^ 1st AIBA African Olympic Boxing Qualifying Tournament Archived August 1, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
^ "2nd AIBA African Olympic Boxing Qualifying Tournament". Archived from the original on 2012-02-08. Retrieved 2008-05-14.
^ "Men's Olympic Football Tournament Beijing – Cameroon Squad List". FIFA. Retrieved 13 October 2012.
vte National Olympic Committees at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, ChinaAfrica
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Republic of the Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
South Africa
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
America
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Aruba
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bermuda
Bolivia
Brazil
British Virgin Islands
Canada
Cayman Islands
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Puerto Rico
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Lucia
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Virgin Islands
Asia
Afghanistan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Cambodia
China
East Timor
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
North Korea
Oman
Pakistan
Palestine
Philippines
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
South Korea
Sri Lanka
Syria
Chinese Taipei
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
Europe
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Great Britain
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
Oceania
American Samoa
Australia
Cook Islands
Fiji
Guam
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Federated States of Micronesia
Nauru
New Zealand
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
vteCameroon at the OlympicsSummer Olympic Games1964196819721976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024Winter Olympic Games20022006–2022
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"},{"link_name":"2008 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"}],"text":"Cameroon competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics held in Beijing, People's Republic of China from August 8 to August 24, 2008.","title":"Cameroon at the 2008 Summer Olympics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medalists"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Key\nNote–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only\nQ = Qualified for the next round\nq = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target\nNR = National record\nN/A = Round not applicable for the event\nBye = Athlete not required to compete in roundMen\nField eventsWomen\nTrack & road eventsField events","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BoxingQual-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BoxingQual2-4"}],"text":"Cameroon qualified three boxers for the Olympic boxing tournament. Mulema qualified in the welterweight class at the 1st AIBA African Olympic Boxing Qualifying Tournament.[3] Essomba and Mahaman both qualified at the second continental tournament.[4]","title":"Boxing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Football"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Martin Ndtoungou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Ndtoungou"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Alexis Enam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Enam"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_national_under-23_football_team"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon_national_under-23_football_team"},{"link_name":"Park Chu-young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Chu-young"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/mensolympic/beijing2008/matches/round=250016/match=300051806/report.html"},{"link_name":"Mandjeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Mandjeck"},{"link_name":"Qinhuangdao Olympic Sports Center Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinhuangdao_Olympic_Sports_Center_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Qinhuangdao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinhuangdao"},{"link_name":"Jair Marrufo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jair_Marrufo"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Soccer_Federation"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon_national_under-23_football_team"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras_national_under-23_football_team"},{"link_name":"Mbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mbia"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/mensolympic/beijing2008/matches/round=250016/match=300051805/report.html"},{"link_name":"Qinhuangdao Olympic Sports Center Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinhuangdao_Olympic_Sports_Center_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Qinhuangdao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qinhuangdao"},{"link_name":"Abdullah Al Hilali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdullah_Al_Hilali"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman_Football_Association"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon_national_under-23_football_team"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_under-21_football_team"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/mensolympic/beijing2008/matches/round=250016/match=300051802/report.html"},{"link_name":"Tianjin Olympic Center Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin_Olympic_Center_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Tianjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin"},{"link_name":"Martín Vázquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_V%C3%A1zquez_(referee)"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Uruguaya_de_F%C3%BAtbol"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_under-23_football_team"},{"link_name":"a.e.t.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sports)#Association_football"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon_national_under-23_football_team"},{"link_name":"Sóbis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_S%C3%B3bis"},{"link_name":"Marcelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelo_(footballer,_born_1988)"},{"link_name":"Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/mensolympic/beijing2008/matches/round=250022/match=300051811/report.html"},{"link_name":"Shenyang Olympic Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenyang_Olympic_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Shenyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenyang"},{"link_name":"Damir Skomina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damir_Skomina"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_Association_of_Slovenia"}],"sub_title":"Men's tournament","text":"RosterThe following is the Cameroon squad in the men's football tournament of the 2008 Summer Olympics.[5]Head coach: Martin Ndtoungou* Over-aged player.Notes^ Replaces Alexis Enam who was injured during the competitionGroup playSource: [citation needed]7 August 200819:45\nSouth Korea 1–1 Cameroon\nPark Chu-young 68'\nReport\nMandjeck 81'\nQinhuangdao Olympic Sports Center Stadium, QinhuangdaoAttendance: 21,943Referee: Jair Marrufo (United States)10 August 200817:00\nCameroon 1–0 Honduras\nMbia 74'\nReport\n\nQinhuangdao Olympic Sports Center Stadium, QinhuangdaoAttendance: 28,657Referee: Abdullah Al Hilali (Oman)13 August 200817:00\nCameroon 0–0 Italy\n\nReport\n\nTianjin Olympic Center Stadium, TianjinAttendance: 47,307Referee: Martín Vázquez (Uruguay)Quarterfinals16 August 200818:00\nBrazil 2–0 (a.e.t.) Cameroon\nSóbis 101'Marcelo 105'\nReport\n\nShenyang Olympic Stadium, ShenyangAttendance: 41,043Referee: Damir Skomina (Slovenia)","title":"Football"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Judo"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Men","title":"Rowing"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"MenWomen","title":"Swimming"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Table tennis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Weightlifting"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victory by Fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pin_(amateur_wrestling)"}],"text":"Key:\n\nVT - Victory by Fall.\nPP - Decision by Points - the loser with technical points.\nPO - Decision by Points - the loser without technical points.Women's freestyle","title":"Wrestling"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Cameroon Olympic Team Receives National Blessing\". www.postnewsline.com. 2008-07-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.postnewsline.com/2008/07/cameroon-olympi.html","url_text":"\"Cameroon Olympic Team Receives National Blessing\""}]},{"reference":"\"2nd AIBA African Olympic Boxing Qualifying Tournament\". Archived from the original on 2012-02-08. Retrieved 2008-05-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120208092739/http://www.aiba.org/en-US/news/ozqsp/newsId/581/news.aspx","url_text":"\"2nd AIBA African Olympic Boxing Qualifying Tournament\""},{"url":"http://www.aiba.org/en-US/news/ozqsp/newsId/581/news.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Men's Olympic Football Tournament Beijing – Cameroon Squad List\". FIFA. Retrieved 13 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/mensolympic/beijing2008/teams/team=1889733/squadlist.html","url_text":"\"Men's Olympic Football Tournament Beijing – Cameroon Squad List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA","url_text":"FIFA"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://www.cnosc.org/","external_links_name":"www.cnosc.org"},{"Link":"https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/mensolympic/beijing2008/matches/round=250016/match=300051806/report.html","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/mensolympic/beijing2008/matches/round=250016/match=300051805/report.html","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/mensolympic/beijing2008/matches/round=250016/match=300051802/report.html","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/mensolympic/beijing2008/matches/round=250022/match=300051811/report.html","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"http://www.postnewsline.com/2008/07/cameroon-olympi.html","external_links_name":"\"Cameroon Olympic Team Receives National Blessing\""},{"Link":"http://www.lemessager.net/details_articles.php?code=3&code_art=24435","external_links_name":"Les sportifs camerounais engagés à Beijing 2008"},{"Link":"http://www.aiba.org/default.aspx?pId=876","external_links_name":"1st AIBA African Olympic Boxing Qualifying Tournament"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120801155101/http://www.aiba.org/default.aspx?pId=876","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120208092739/http://www.aiba.org/en-US/news/ozqsp/newsId/581/news.aspx","external_links_name":"\"2nd AIBA African Olympic Boxing Qualifying Tournament\""},{"Link":"http://www.aiba.org/en-US/news/ozqsp/newsId/581/news.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/mensolympic/beijing2008/teams/team=1889733/squadlist.html","external_links_name":"\"Men's Olympic Football Tournament Beijing – Cameroon Squad List\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrat_Treasury_spokesperson
|
Liberal Democrat Treasury spokesperson
|
["1 List of Treasury spokespersons","2 References"]
|
Spokesperson for the United Kingdom Liberal Democrats
The Liberal Democrat Treasury spokesperson is the spokesperson for the United Kingdom Liberal Democrats on matters relating to the work of the Chancellor of the Exchequer and HM Treasury. The office holder is a member of the Liberal Democrat frontbench team. The post exists when the Liberal Democrats are in opposition, but not when they are in government, for example during the Cameron–Clegg coalition.
The position is also sometimes called the Liberal Democrat shadow chancellor.
List of Treasury spokespersons
Name
Portrait
Took office
Left office
Frontbench team
Malcolm Bruce
1994
1999
Ashdown
Matthew Taylor
9 August 1999
12 June 2003
Kennedy
Vince Cable
12 July 2003
6 May 2010
Campbell
Cable I
Clegg
Vacant – Liberal Democrats part of the Cameron–Clegg coalition
7 May 2010
7 January 2015
–
Danny Alexander
7 January 2015
?
Clegg's General Election Cabinet
Baroness Kramer
16 July 2015
8 May 2017
Farron
Vince Cable
16 June 2017
?12 October 2017
Cable II
Baroness Kramer
12 October 2017
14 June 2019
Chuka Umunna
14 June 2019
21 August 2019
Sir Edward Davey
21 August 2019
7 September 2020
Swinson
Davey (acting)
Christine Jardine
7 September 2020
10 July 2022
Davey
Sarah Olney
11 July 2022
Incumbent
References
^ "Rt Hon Dr Vince Cable, secretary of state for Business, Innovation and Skills". The Guardian. 23 February 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2022. He was the Liberal Democrat Shadow Chancellor from November 2003 until May 2010
^ "Lord Bruce of Bennachie". UK Parliament. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
^ "Lord Taylor of Goss Moor". UK Parliament. Retrieved 18 April 2022.
^ a b "Sir Vince Cable". UK Parliament. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
^ "Liberal Democrat General Election Cabinet". stonelibdems.org.uk. 7 January 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2022. The Liberal Democrat General Election Cabinet comprises of:... Treasury - Danny Alexander
^ "Chuka Umunna gets Lib Dem Treasury role days after joining party". The Guardian. 15 June 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2022. Chuka Umunna has been appointed Treasury and business spokesman for the Liberal Democrats just days after the former Labour and Change UK MP joined the party.
^ "Ed Davey". UK Parliament. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
^ "Christine Jardine". UK Parliament. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
^ "Sarah Olney". UK Parliament. Retrieved 30 October 2022.
vteLiberal DemocratsLeadershipLeaders
Steel (Liberal) (1988)
Maclennan (SDP) (1988)
Ashdown (1988–1999)
Kennedy (1999–2006)
Campbell (2006–2007)
Clegg (2007–2015)
Farron (2015–2017)
Cable (2017–2019)
Swinson (2019)
Davey (from 2020)
Deputy Leaders
Johnston (1988–1992)
Beith (1992–2003)
Campbell (2003–2006)
Cable (2006–2010)
Hughes (2010–2014)
Bruce (2014–2015)
Swinson (2017–2019)
Davey (2019–2020)
Cooper (from 2020)
Leaders in the Lords
Seear (Liberal) (1988)
Diamond (SDP) (1988)
Jenkins (1988–1997)
Rodgers (1997–2001)
Williams (2001–2004)
McNally (2004–2013)
Wallace (2013–2016)
Newby (from 2016)
Presidents
Wrigglesworth (1989–1990)
Kennedy (1991–1994)
Maclennan (1995–1998)
Maddock (1999–2000)
Dholakia (2001–2004)
Hughes (2005–2008)
Scott (2009–2010)
Farron (2011–2014)
Brinton (2015–2019)
Pack (from 2020)
Leadership electionsLeadership
1988 (Ashdown)
1999 (Kennedy)
2006 (Campbell)
2007 (Clegg)
2015 (Farron)
2017 (Cable)
2019 (Swinson)
2020 (Davey)
Deputy Leadership
2003 (Campbell)
2006 (Cable)
2010 (Hughes)
2014 (Bruce)
2017 (Swinson)
2019 (Davey)
Frontbench team
Leader of the Liberal Democrats
Deputy Leader of the Liberal Democrats
Liberal Democrat Treasury spokesperson
Liberal Democrat Home Affairs spokesperson
StructureMPs and Frontbench
Current members of Parliament
Frontbench team
Chief whip
Frontbench in opposition
Frontbench Team of Paddy Ashdown (1997–1999)
Frontbench Team of Charles Kennedy (1999–2006)
Frontbench Team of Menzies Campbell (2006–2007)
First Frontbench Team of Vince Cable (2007)
Frontbench Team of Nick Clegg (2007–2010)
Frontbench Team of Tim Farron (2015–2017)
Second Frontbench Team of Vince Cable (2017–2019)
Frontbench Team of Jo Swinson (2019)
Frontbench Team of Ed Davey (2020-present)
State parties
English Liberal Democrats
Scottish Liberal Democrats
Welsh Liberal Democrats
Regional parties
London Liberal Democrats
Northern Ireland Liberal Democrats
Conference
Liberal Democrat Conference
Committees
Federal Board
SAOs
LGBT+ Liberal Democrats
Young Liberals (English Young Liberals, Scottish Young Liberals, Welsh Young Liberals/Rhyddfrydwr Ifanc Cymru)
Related organisations
Alliance Party of Northern Ireland
Beveridge Group
Christian Forum
Friends of Israel
Friends of Turkey
History Group
Liberal Reform
Social Liberal Forum
History and related topics
Liberal Democrats headquarters (UK)
List of MPs (past and present)
General election manifestos
Gang of Four
Limehouse Declaration
Glee Club (UK politics)
The Land (song)
Liberator (magazine)
National Liberal Club
Whig Party
Peelites
Liberal Party
Scottish Liberal Party
Coalition Coupon
Independent Liberal Party (Asquith)
National Liberal Party (Lloyd George)
Independent Liberals (Lloyd George)
National Liberal Party ("Simonites")
Lib–Lab pact
Liberal Leave
One more heave
Social Democratic Party
SDP–Liberal Alliance
Southport Resolution
The Orange Book
Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition agreement
Breakaway parties
Liberal Party (UK, 1989)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spokesperson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokesperson"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Chancellor of the Exchequer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer"},{"link_name":"HM Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HM_Treasury"},{"link_name":"Liberal Democrat frontbench team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Democrat_frontbench_team"},{"link_name":"Cameron–Clegg coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition"},{"link_name":"shadow chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_chancellor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Liberal Democrat Treasury spokesperson is the spokesperson for the United Kingdom Liberal Democrats on matters relating to the work of the Chancellor of the Exchequer and HM Treasury. The office holder is a member of the Liberal Democrat frontbench team. The post exists when the Liberal Democrats are in opposition, but not when they are in government, for example during the Cameron–Clegg coalition.The position is also sometimes called the Liberal Democrat shadow chancellor.[1]","title":"Liberal Democrat Treasury spokesperson"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of Treasury spokespersons"}]
|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Rt Hon Dr Vince Cable, secretary of state for Business, Innovation and Skills\". The Guardian. 23 February 2012. Retrieved 18 April 2022. He was the Liberal Democrat Shadow Chancellor from November 2003 until May 2010","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/open-weekend/rt-hon-dr-vince-cable","url_text":"\"Rt Hon Dr Vince Cable, secretary of state for Business, Innovation and Skills\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lord Bruce of Bennachie\". UK Parliament. Retrieved 18 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://members.parliament.uk/member/615/career","url_text":"\"Lord Bruce of Bennachie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lord Taylor of Goss Moor\". UK Parliament. Retrieved 18 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://members.parliament.uk/member/228/career","url_text":"\"Lord Taylor of Goss Moor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sir Vince Cable\". UK Parliament. Retrieved 13 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://members.parliament.uk/member/207/career","url_text":"\"Sir Vince Cable\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liberal Democrat General Election Cabinet\". stonelibdems.org.uk. 7 January 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2022. The Liberal Democrat General Election Cabinet comprises of:... Treasury - Danny Alexander","urls":[{"url":"https://stonelibdems.org.uk/en/article/2015/0987432/liberal-democrat-general-election-cabinet","url_text":"\"Liberal Democrat General Election Cabinet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chuka Umunna gets Lib Dem Treasury role days after joining party\". The Guardian. 15 June 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2022. Chuka Umunna has been appointed Treasury and business spokesman for the Liberal Democrats just days after the former Labour and Change UK MP joined the party.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jun/15/chuka-umunna-lib-dem-treasury-spokesman","url_text":"\"Chuka Umunna gets Lib Dem Treasury role days after joining party\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ed Davey\". UK Parliament. Retrieved 13 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://members.parliament.uk/member/188/career","url_text":"\"Ed Davey\""}]},{"reference":"\"Christine Jardine\". UK Parliament. Retrieved 13 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://members.parliament.uk/member/4634/career","url_text":"\"Christine Jardine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sarah Olney\". UK Parliament. Retrieved 30 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://members.parliament.uk/member/4591/career","url_text":"\"Sarah Olney\""}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/open-weekend/rt-hon-dr-vince-cable","external_links_name":"\"Rt Hon Dr Vince Cable, secretary of state for Business, Innovation and Skills\""},{"Link":"https://members.parliament.uk/member/615/career","external_links_name":"\"Lord Bruce of Bennachie\""},{"Link":"https://members.parliament.uk/member/228/career","external_links_name":"\"Lord Taylor of Goss Moor\""},{"Link":"https://members.parliament.uk/member/207/career","external_links_name":"\"Sir Vince Cable\""},{"Link":"https://stonelibdems.org.uk/en/article/2015/0987432/liberal-democrat-general-election-cabinet","external_links_name":"\"Liberal Democrat General Election Cabinet\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jun/15/chuka-umunna-lib-dem-treasury-spokesman","external_links_name":"\"Chuka Umunna gets Lib Dem Treasury role days after joining party\""},{"Link":"https://members.parliament.uk/member/188/career","external_links_name":"\"Ed Davey\""},{"Link":"https://members.parliament.uk/member/4634/career","external_links_name":"\"Christine Jardine\""},{"Link":"https://members.parliament.uk/member/4591/career","external_links_name":"\"Sarah Olney\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Li_Hongye
|
Peter Li Hongye
|
["1 Notes"]
|
Chinese Roman Catholic bishop
Peter Li Hongye (1920 – April 23, 2011) was a Roman Catholic bishop from China.
Li was the underground Roman Catholic bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Luoyang. He died suddenly during the Easter Vigil liturgy.
Notes
^ Death of Bishop Peter Li Hongye
This article about a Catholic bishop or archbishop from China is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Diocese of Luoyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Luoyang"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Peter Li Hongye (1920 – April 23, 2011) was a Roman Catholic bishop from China.Li was the underground Roman Catholic bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Luoyang. He died suddenly during the Easter Vigil liturgy.[1]","title":"Peter Li Hongye"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Death of Bishop Peter Li Hongye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=10120"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:External_Ornaments_of_a_Bishop.svg"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Li_Hongye&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:China-RC-bishop-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:China-RC-bishop-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:China-RC-bishop-stub"}],"text":"^ Death of Bishop Peter Li HongyeThis article about a Catholic bishop or archbishop from China is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Notes"}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=10120","external_links_name":"Death of Bishop Peter Li Hongye"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Li_Hongye&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noriaki_Okabe
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Noriaki Okabe
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["1 Notable projects","2 References","3 External links"]
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Japanese architect (born 1947)
Noriaki Okabe (岡部 憲明, Okabe Noriaki, born December 9, 1947) is a Japanese architect.
He was born in Shizuoka, Japan. He worked with Renzo Piano for twenty years in Europe, from the designing construction supervision of the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.
In 1988, Okabe, then the representative of Renzo Piano Building Workshop in Japan, won the international competition of Kansai International Airport Terminal Building and was responsible for the design and construction supervision. While not currently on display, the Museum of Modern Art holds a model of the building's main structural truss in its Architecture and Design department.
After the construction of the Terminal Building, he established Noriaki Okabe Architecture Network in 1995 in Tokyo. While Okabe's practice has since expanded beyond architecture into industrial design, including the Odakyu 50000 series VSE train. In 2009 he collaborated with Belgian architect Jean-Michel Jaspers in designing the Belgian Embassy in Tokyo.
Notable projects
Kansai International Airport Terminal Building, Renzo Piano Building Workshop Japan, Osaka
Ushibuka Haiya Bridge, Renzo Piano Building Workshop Japan, Nagasaki, Japan
Housing in Sakura-shinmachi, Tokyo, Japan
Valeo Unisia Transmissions Atsugi (factory), Kanagawa, Japan
Odakyu 50000 series VSE train design
Odakyu 60000 series MSE train design
Belgian Embassy, Tokyo, Japan (collaboration with Belgian landscape architect Aldrik Heirman)
Hakone Tozan 3000 series train design
Odakyu 30000 series EXEα train refurbishment programme from fiscal 2016
Odakyu 70000 series train design
An Odakyu 50000 series train
An Odakyu 60000 series train
A Hakone Tozan Railway 3000 series train
References
^ MoMA
^ "Noriaki Okabe". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2012-08-07.
^ Flanders Today
^ 箱根登山電車 新型車両デザイン決定！ (pdf). News Release (in Japanese). Japan: Odakyu Electric Railway. 5 June 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
^ a b 「特急ロマンスカー・EXE（３００００形）」をリニューアル ～ＥＸＥは、「EXEα」へ進化します～ (pdf). News Release (in Japanese). Japan: Odakyu Electric Railway. 20 October 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
External links
Noriaki Okabe Architecture Network official site
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Japan
Korea
Artists
ULAN
Other
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"architect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architect"},{"link_name":"Shizuoka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shizuoka_City"},{"link_name":"Renzo Piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renzo_Piano"},{"link_name":"Centre Georges Pompidou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Georges_Pompidou"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Renzo Piano Building Workshop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renzo_Piano_Building_Workshop"},{"link_name":"Kansai International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansai_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Museum of Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"industrial design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_design"},{"link_name":"Odakyu 50000 series VSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odakyu_50000_series_VSE"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Noriaki Okabe (岡部 憲明, Okabe Noriaki, born December 9, 1947) is a Japanese architect.He was born in Shizuoka, Japan. He worked with Renzo Piano for twenty years in Europe, from the designing construction supervision of the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.In 1988, Okabe, then the representative of Renzo Piano Building Workshop in Japan, won the international competition of Kansai International Airport Terminal Building and was responsible for the design and construction supervision. While not currently on display, the Museum of Modern Art holds a model of the building's main structural truss in its Architecture and Design department.[1]After the construction of the Terminal Building, he established Noriaki Okabe Architecture Network in 1995 in Tokyo.[2] While Okabe's practice has since expanded beyond architecture into industrial design, including the Odakyu 50000 series VSE train. In 2009 he collaborated with Belgian architect Jean-Michel Jaspers in designing the Belgian Embassy in Tokyo.[3]","title":"Noriaki Okabe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kansai International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansai_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Renzo Piano Building Workshop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renzo_Piano_Building_Workshop"},{"link_name":"Ushibuka Haiya Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushibuka_Haiya_Bridge&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Renzo Piano Building Workshop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renzo_Piano_Building_Workshop"},{"link_name":"Odakyu 50000 series VSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odakyu_50000_series_VSE"},{"link_name":"Odakyu 60000 series MSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odakyu_60000_series_MSE"},{"link_name":"Aldrik Heirman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aldrik_Heirman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hakone Tozan 3000 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakone_Tozan_3000_series"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odakyu20130605-4"},{"link_name":"Odakyu 30000 series EXEα","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odakyu_30000_series_EXE"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odakyu20161020-5"},{"link_name":"Odakyu 70000 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odakyu_70000_series"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-odakyu20161020-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Odakyu_50000_VSE_20100515.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Odakyu_MSE60000kei_asagiri.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tozan_ALLEGRA_Gora_Sta_20141102.jpg"}],"text":"Kansai International Airport Terminal Building, Renzo Piano Building Workshop Japan, Osaka\nUshibuka Haiya Bridge, Renzo Piano Building Workshop Japan, Nagasaki, Japan\nHousing in Sakura-shinmachi, Tokyo, Japan\nValeo Unisia Transmissions Atsugi (factory), Kanagawa, Japan\nOdakyu 50000 series VSE train design\nOdakyu 60000 series MSE train design\nBelgian Embassy, Tokyo, Japan (collaboration with Belgian landscape architect Aldrik Heirman)\nHakone Tozan 3000 series train design[4]\nOdakyu 30000 series EXEα train refurbishment programme from fiscal 2016[5]\nOdakyu 70000 series train design[5]An Odakyu 50000 series train\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn Odakyu 60000 series train\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA Hakone Tozan Railway 3000 series train","title":"Notable projects"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Noriaki Okabe\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2012-08-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172257/http://www.taiyokogyo.co.jp/compe/back/back95/com95/e_okabe.html","url_text":"\"Noriaki Okabe\""},{"url":"http://www.taiyokogyo.co.jp/compe/back/back95/com95/e_okabe.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"箱根登山電車 新型車両デザイン決定！ [Design of new Hakone Tozan Railway trains finalized] (pdf). News Release (in Japanese). Japan: Odakyu Electric Railway. 5 June 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.odakyu.jp/program/info/data.info/7974_3318383_.pdf","url_text":"箱根登山電車 新型車両デザイン決定！"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odakyu_Electric_Railway","url_text":"Odakyu Electric Railway"}]},{"reference":"「特急ロマンスカー・EXE（３００００形）」をリニューアル ～ＥＸＥは、「EXEα」へ進化します～ [EXE 30000 series Romancecar to be refurbished - becoming \"EXEα\"] (pdf). News Release (in Japanese). Japan: Odakyu Electric Railway. 20 October 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.odakyu.jp/program/info/data.info/8499_5668838_.pdf","url_text":"「特急ロマンスカー・EXE（３００００形）」をリニューアル ～ＥＸＥは、「EXEα」へ進化します～"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161020051022/http://www.odakyu.jp/program/info/data.info/8499_5668838_.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?object_id=1057","external_links_name":"MoMA"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172257/http://www.taiyokogyo.co.jp/compe/back/back95/com95/e_okabe.html","external_links_name":"\"Noriaki Okabe\""},{"Link":"http://www.taiyokogyo.co.jp/compe/back/back95/com95/e_okabe.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.flanderstoday.eu/content/new-belgian-embassy-tokyo","external_links_name":"Flanders Today"},{"Link":"http://www.odakyu.jp/program/info/data.info/7974_3318383_.pdf","external_links_name":"箱根登山電車 新型車両デザイン決定！"},{"Link":"http://www.odakyu.jp/program/info/data.info/8499_5668838_.pdf","external_links_name":"「特急ロマンスカー・EXE（３００００形）」をリニューアル ～ＥＸＥは、「EXEα」へ進化します～"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161020051022/http://www.odakyu.jp/program/info/data.info/8499_5668838_.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.archinet.jp/","external_links_name":"Noriaki Okabe Architecture Network official site"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000083214055","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/115362738","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgX9xPJDPdbV6d49XymVC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/133352234","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2006047647","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00667031","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200612487","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500065733","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/148864015","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rican_parakeet
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Puerto Rican parakeet
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["1 Description","2 Ecology","3 Behavior","4 Extinction","5 See also","6 References"]
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Species of bird
Puerto Rican parakeet
19th-century illustration
Conservation status
Extinct (~1900)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Psittaciformes
Family:
Psittacidae
Genus:
Psittacara
Species:
†P. maugei
Binomial name
†Psittacara maugeiSouancé, 1856
Synonyms
Aratinga chloroptera maugeiPsittacara chloroptera maugei
The Puerto Rican parakeet or Puerto Rican conure (Psittacara maugei) is an extinct species of parrot that was found on Mona Island and possibly in Puerto Rico.
Description
Turnaround video of specimen RMNH 110079, Naturalis Biodiversity Center
The bird was similar to the Hispaniolan parakeet (Psittacara chloropterus), of which it was once considered a subspecies (some sources, such as the IUCN, still follow this taxonomy.) Its feathers were a duller green, and the red markings on the wing were more extensive.
Ecology
The bird fed primarily upon seeds, fruits, nuts and berries. It may also have eaten leaf buds and flowers. Nesting took place in hollow trees, old woodpecker holes and arboreal termite nests.
Behavior
The Puerto Rican parakeet was a very gregarious bird, noted for its loud, continuous calling. While the bird was normally cautious, avoiding contact with humans, this lessened while feeding. As the bird often fed in farmers' fields on crops such as maize, this contributed to its widespread hunting.
Extinction
The last bird was seen in 1882, by W. W. Brown, who collected the specimen which now resides at the Field Museum in Chicago. The date of extinction is not well recorded. It was referred to as still being extant in 1905, but reported as extinct in 1950. Hunting by humans is believed to be the primary cause of extinction. It was noted by James Bond that the bird was seemingly unafraid of gunshots, making it particularly vulnerable to hunting. Bond attributed the bird's extinction to the large number of pigeon hunters who travelled to Mona Island.
Deforestation of the island may also have played a role.
Three specimens of the bird still exist. Beyond the one in the Field Museum, the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum in Leiden and the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris each possess one skin. Although it is believed the species may also have existed on Puerto Rico, all the existing specimens were collected from Mona Island. The specimen in the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle is the type specimen.
See also
Puerto Rico portalBiology portalBirds portal
Fauna of Puerto Rico
List of birds of Puerto Rico
List of endemic fauna of Puerto Rico
List of Puerto Rican birds
List of Vieques birds
El Toro Wilderness
References
^ BirdLife International (2020). "Psittacara chloropterus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22685695A179413764. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22685695A179413764.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
^ a b c d Day, David (1989). The Encyclopedia of Vanished Species. Hong Kong: Mclaren Publishing Limited. ISBN 0-947889-30-2.
^ Olson, S. L. (2015). "History, morphology, and fossil record of the extinct Puerto Rican Parakeet Psittacara maugei Souancé". The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 127: 1–12. doi:10.1676/14-020.1.
^ a b c d "Puerto Rico Parakeet". Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum. Archived from the original on 2011-06-08. Retrieved 2008-12-13.
^ a b Charles Arthur Woods, Florence Etienne Sergile (2001). Biogeography of the West Indies: Patterns and Perspectives. CRC Press. p. 182. ISBN 0-8493-2001-1.
^ a b Bond, James (May 15, 1946). "The Birds of Mona Island". Notulae Naturae (176). Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. ISBN 1-60483-176-6.
Taxon identifiersPsittacara maugei
Wikidata: Q27075012
Wikispecies: Psittacara maugei
BOW: purpar2
eBird: purpar2
GBIF: 8875923
iNaturalist: 558485
Neotropical: purpar2
Paleobiology Database: 372105
Xeno-canto: Psittacara-maugei
Aratinga chloroptera maugei
Wikidata: Q1655660
CoL: 5FQW4
GBIF: 6170459
ITIS: 714490
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extinct","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"Mona Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Island"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico"}],"text":"The Puerto Rican parakeet or Puerto Rican conure (Psittacara maugei) is an extinct species of parrot that was found on Mona Island and possibly in Puerto Rico.","title":"Puerto Rican parakeet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naturalis Biodiversity Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalis_Biodiversity_Center"},{"link_name":"Hispaniolan parakeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniolan_parakeet"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ENC-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Turnaround video of specimen RMNH 110079, Naturalis Biodiversity CenterThe bird was similar to the Hispaniolan parakeet (Psittacara chloropterus), of which it was once considered a subspecies (some sources, such as the IUCN, still follow this taxonomy.)[1] Its feathers were a duller green, and the red markings on the wing were more extensive.[2][3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"seeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed"},{"link_name":"fruits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit"},{"link_name":"termite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termite"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ENC-2"}],"text":"The bird fed primarily upon seeds, fruits, nuts and berries. It may also have eaten leaf buds and flowers. Nesting took place in hollow trees, old woodpecker holes and arboreal termite nests.[2]","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gregarious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregarious"},{"link_name":"calling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_call"},{"link_name":"maize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ENC-2"}],"text":"The Puerto Rican parakeet was a very gregarious bird, noted for its loud, continuous calling. While the bird was normally cautious, avoiding contact with humans, this lessened while feeding. As the bird often fed in farmers' fields on crops such as maize, this contributed to its widespread hunting.[2]","title":"Behavior"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Field Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Museum"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAT-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BIO-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ENC-2"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond_(ornithologist)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAT-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BONDJAMESBOND-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAT-4"},{"link_name":"Field Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_Museum"},{"link_name":"Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationaal_Natuurhistorisch_Museum"},{"link_name":"Leiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden"},{"link_name":"Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9um_National_d%27Histoire_Naturelle"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAT-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BIO-5"},{"link_name":"type specimen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_specimen"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BONDJAMESBOND-6"}],"text":"The last bird was seen in 1882, by W. W. Brown, who collected the specimen which now resides at the Field Museum in Chicago.[4] The date of extinction is not well recorded. It was referred to as still being extant in 1905, but reported as extinct in 1950.[5] Hunting by humans is believed to be the primary cause of extinction.[2] It was noted by James Bond that the bird was seemingly unafraid of gunshots, making it particularly vulnerable to hunting. Bond attributed the bird's extinction to the large number of pigeon hunters who travelled to Mona Island.[4][6]\nDeforestation of the island may also have played a role.[4]Three specimens of the bird still exist. Beyond the one in the Field Museum, the Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum in Leiden and the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle in Paris each possess one skin.[4] Although it is believed the species may also have existed on Puerto Rico, all the existing specimens were collected from Mona Island.[5] The specimen in the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle is the type specimen.[6]","title":"Extinction"}]
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[{"image_text":"Turnaround video of specimen RMNH 110079, Naturalis Biodiversity Center"}]
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[{"title":"Puerto Rico portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Puerto_Rico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg"},{"title":"Biology portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biology"},{"title":"Birds portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Birds"},{"title":"Fauna of Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"title":"List of birds of Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"title":"List of endemic fauna of Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_endemic_fauna_of_Puerto_Rico"},{"title":"List of Puerto Rican birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Puerto_Rican_birds"},{"title":"List of Vieques birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vieques_birds"},{"title":"El Toro Wilderness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Toro_Wilderness"}]
|
[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2020). \"Psittacara chloropterus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T22685695A179413764. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22685695A179413764.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22685695/179413764","url_text":"\"Psittacara chloropterus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22685695A179413764.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22685695A179413764.en"}]},{"reference":"Day, David (1989). The Encyclopedia of Vanished Species. Hong Kong: Mclaren Publishing Limited. ISBN 0-947889-30-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-947889-30-2","url_text":"0-947889-30-2"}]},{"reference":"Olson, S. L. (2015). \"History, morphology, and fossil record of the extinct Puerto Rican Parakeet Psittacara maugei Souancé\". The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 127: 1–12. doi:10.1676/14-020.1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1676%2F14-020.1","url_text":"10.1676/14-020.1"}]},{"reference":"\"Puerto Rico Parakeet\". Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum. Archived from the original on 2011-06-08. Retrieved 2008-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110608010003/http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/naturalis/detail?lang=uk&id=48","url_text":"\"Puerto Rico Parakeet\""},{"url":"http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/naturalis/detail?lang=uk&id=48","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Charles Arthur Woods, Florence Etienne Sergile (2001). Biogeography of the West Indies: Patterns and Perspectives. CRC Press. p. 182. ISBN 0-8493-2001-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-2001-1","url_text":"0-8493-2001-1"}]},{"reference":"Bond, James (May 15, 1946). \"The Birds of Mona Island\". Notulae Naturae (176). Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. ISBN 1-60483-176-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond_(ornithologist)","url_text":"Bond, James"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=W0hamB3itZgC","url_text":"\"The Birds of Mona Island\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Natural_Sciences_of_Philadelphia","url_text":"Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-60483-176-6","url_text":"1-60483-176-6"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22685695/179413764","external_links_name":"\"Psittacara chloropterus\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22685695A179413764.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22685695A179413764.en"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1676%2F14-020.1","external_links_name":"10.1676/14-020.1"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110608010003/http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/naturalis/detail?lang=uk&id=48","external_links_name":"\"Puerto Rico Parakeet\""},{"Link":"http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/naturalis/detail?lang=uk&id=48","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=W0hamB3itZgC","external_links_name":"\"The Birds of Mona Island\""},{"Link":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/purpar2","external_links_name":"purpar2"},{"Link":"https://ebird.org/species/purpar2","external_links_name":"purpar2"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/8875923","external_links_name":"8875923"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/558485","external_links_name":"558485"},{"Link":"https://neotropical.birds.cornell.edu/Species-Account/nb/species/purpar2","external_links_name":"purpar2"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=372105","external_links_name":"372105"},{"Link":"https://xeno-canto.org/species/Psittacara-maugei","external_links_name":"Psittacara-maugei"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5FQW4","external_links_name":"5FQW4"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/6170459","external_links_name":"6170459"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=714490","external_links_name":"714490"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chan_Yuk_Chi
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Chan Yuk Chi
|
["1 Club career","2 Honours","3 References"]
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Hong Kong Footballer
Chan Yuk Chi 陳旭智Personal informationFull name
Chan Yuk ChiDate of birth
(1984-09-08) 8 September 1984 (age 39)Place of birth
Tai Po, Hong KongHeight
1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)Position(s)
Centre-backYouth career
Yee Hope
RangersSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2002–2017
Tai Po
168
(6)International career
Hong Kong U-20
Managerial career2017–2020
Tai Po (assistant coach)2020–2022
Tai Po
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 9 April 2017
In this Chinese name, the family name is Chan.
Chan Yuk Chi (Chinese: 陳旭智; Cantonese Yale: Chàn Yūkji, born 8 September 1984) is a former Hong Kong professional footballer.
Club career
Chan Yuk Chi was born in Hong Kong. He joined the youth team of Yee Hope and Hong Kong Rangers when he was in secondary school, but had chosen to give up his dreams on playing football and instead concentrated on studying due to the pressure of handling both sides.
When the Third District Division League was formed, Tai Po Football Club joined the league and Chan Yuk Chi has been part of the team from that point. After finishing the Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination (HKALE), Chan Yuk Chi continued his studies in Computer Science at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology where he obtained a Bachelor of Engineering degree three years later.
During Chan Yuk Chi's time at university, he shared his time between studying and football again. After living in school dormitory for the first semester, Chan Yuk Chi moved back home for the rest of his university time, as it was more convenient to attend the Tai Po FC training sessions held in Tai Po. He also took up the responsibilities of a coach in the training sessions, as he is also a HKFA "C” Licence Coach.
At the time he graduated from the university, Tai Po Football Club obtained promotion from the 2nd division to the 1st Division and he became a professional football player since then (which is unusual in Hong Kong as the common recognised declining of Hong Kong Football). He told the media that he would as least take part in professional football for 2 years to see if he would be capable to achieve something in football. He has also mentioned on several occasions that being a professional football player was his dream, including in a conversation with Donald Tsang, the Chief Executive of Hong Kong.
Although not a guaranteed starter at Tai Po since the club was promoted, in his first 1st Division season Chan Yuk Chi still kept the captaincy and also experienced large portions of game minutes and many starting games, including playing and skippering the whole 90 minutes of the match in which Tai Po won against multiple cup winners Kitchee 2–1, where defender Joel scored the winner in the 90th minute from a direct free kick. He played for the club in 19 matches in total in the first season.
Apart from being a full-time player, Chan Yuk Chi was also an assistant secretary at the club.
Tai Po announced on 16 July 2017 that Chan had retired from football but remains in a coaching position at the club.
Honours
Tai Po
Hong Kong Third District Division League: 2003–04
Hong Kong FA Cup: 2008–09
Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield: 2012–13
Hong Kong Sapling Cup: 2016–17
References
^ Wofoo Tai Po – Football can fulfill dreams (和富大埔—足可圓夢)，Wofoo Social Enterprises，2007，"Chan Yuk Chi – The Football Dream of university graduate" (陳旭智—大學生的足球夢) p.12-19 ISBN 978-988-99851-1-0
^ 〈大埔足球隊諗計續命 Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine〉,太陽報 , 20 April 2006
^ 〈NOW 新聞台 陳旭智火炬傳遞後接受訪問〉,Tai Po Football Club Official Website
^ 〈大學畢業做波牛 Archived 18 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine〉,明報 , 9 September 2006
^ 〈從差利卓別靈到和富大埔〉,特首網誌 , 29 November 2007
^ 〈大學生陳旭智「訓身」投入〉,蘋果日報 , 1 August 2006
^ Kwong, Adrian (16 July 2017). "Tai Po 'hungry for more' as squad for next season is finalized". offside.hk. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
|
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He joined the youth team of Yee Hope and Hong Kong Rangers when he was in secondary school, but had chosen to give up his dreams on playing football and instead concentrated on studying due to the pressure of handling both sides.[1]When the Third District Division League was formed, Tai Po Football Club joined the league and Chan Yuk Chi has been part of the team from that point. After finishing the Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination (HKALE), Chan Yuk Chi continued his studies in Computer Science at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology where he obtained a Bachelor of Engineering degree three years later.During Chan Yuk Chi's time at university, he shared his time between studying and football again. After living in school dormitory for the first semester, Chan Yuk Chi moved back home for the rest of his university time, as it was more convenient to attend the Tai Po FC training sessions held in Tai Po. He also took up the responsibilities of a coach in the training sessions, as he is also a HKFA \"C” Licence Coach.[2][3]At the time he graduated from the university, Tai Po Football Club obtained promotion from the 2nd division to the 1st Division and he became a professional football player since then (which is unusual in Hong Kong as the common recognised declining of Hong Kong Football). He told the media that he would as least take part in professional football for 2 years to see if he would be capable to achieve something in football.[4] He has also mentioned on several occasions that being a professional football player was his dream, including in a conversation with Donald Tsang, the Chief Executive of Hong Kong.[5]Although not a guaranteed starter at Tai Po since the club was promoted, in his first 1st Division season Chan Yuk Chi still kept the captaincy and also experienced large portions of game minutes and many starting games, including playing and skippering the whole 90 minutes of the match in which Tai Po won against multiple cup winners Kitchee 2–1, where defender Joel scored the winner in the 90th minute from a direct free kick. He played for the club in 19 matches in total in the first season.Apart from being a full-time player, Chan Yuk Chi was also an assistant secretary at the club.[6]Tai Po announced on 16 July 2017 that Chan had retired from football but remains in a coaching position at the club.[7]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hong Kong Third District Division League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Third_District_Division_League"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Hong_Kong_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Senior Challenge Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Senior_Challenge_Shield"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Hong_Kong_Senior_Challenge_Shield"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong Sapling Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sapling_Cup"},{"link_name":"2016–17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016%E2%80%9317_Hong_Kong_Sapling_Cup"}],"text":"Tai PoHong Kong Third District Division League: 2003–04\nHong Kong FA Cup: 2008–09\nHong Kong Senior Challenge Shield: 2012–13\nHong Kong Sapling Cup: 2016–17","title":"Honours"}]
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[]
| null |
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|
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%B8mmen_Stadion
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Strømmen Stadion
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Coordinates: 59°56′23″N 11°00′13″E / 59.939661°N 11.003525°E / 59.939661; 11.003525This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Strømmen Stadion" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Strømmen StadionLocationStrømmen, NorwayCoordinates59°56′23″N 11°00′13″E / 59.939661°N 11.003525°E / 59.939661; 11.003525Capacity2,000 (1,000 seated)TenantsStrømmen IF (football)Team Strømmen (football)
Strømmen Stadion is a sports stadium in Strømmen, Lillestrøm, Norway. It is currently used mostly for football matches, and is the home ground of Strømmen IF and women's Premier League team Team Strømmen.
The record attendance is about 14,000, from a 1957 cup match where Strømmen played Larvik Turn.
References
^ "Om Strømmen Stadion" (in Norwegian). Strømmen IF. 16 January 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
External links
Norway portal
Strømmen Stadion - Nordic Stadiums
vteNorwegian First Division venuesCurrent (2022)
Åsane Arena
Brann Stadion
Bryne Stadion
Consto Arena
EXTRA Arena
Fosshaugane Campus
Fredrikstad Stadion
Gjemselund Stadion
Grorud Arctic Match
KFUM Arena
M.U.S Stadion
Nadderud Stadion
Nammo Stadion
Nordre Åsen
Øster Hus Arena
Sør Arena
vteEliteserien venuesCurrent (2024)
Aker Stadion
Alfheim Stadion
Åråsen Stadion
Aspmyra Stadion
Brann Stadion
Briskeby Arena
Fredrikstad Stadion
Haugesund Stadion
KFUM Arena
Kristiansund Stadion
Lerkendal Stadion
Marienlyst Stadion
Sandefjord Arena
Sarpsborg Stadion
Skagerak Arena
Viking Stadion
Former
Aka Arena
Aurland Stadion
Bislett Stadium
Bryne Stadion
Color Line Stadion
Consto Arena
EXTRA Arena
Fosshaugane Campus
Gjemselund Stadion
Gjøvik Stadion
Grue Stadion
Guldbergaunet Stadion
Høddvoll Stadion
Intility Arena
Kristiansand Stadion
Krohnsminde
Levermyr Stadion
Melløs Stadion
Molde Idrettspark
Nadderud Stadion
Nordlandshallen
Pors Stadion
Sandnes Stadion
Sør Arena
Stavanger Stadion
Storstadion
Strømmen Stadion
Telenor Arena
Tønsberg Gressbane
Tromsdalen Stadion
Ullevaal Stadion
Varden Amfi
Voldsløkka Stadion
Demolished
Old Fredrikstad Stadion
Kråmyra Stadion
Authority control databases: Geographic
StadiumDB
This Akershus location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a Norwegian sports venue is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium"},{"link_name":"Strømmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%B8mmen"},{"link_name":"Lillestrøm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillestr%C3%B8m"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Strømmen IF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%B8mmen_IF"},{"link_name":"Team Strømmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Str%C3%B8mmen"},{"link_name":"Larvik Turn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larvik_Turn"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Strømmen Stadion is a sports stadium in Strømmen, Lillestrøm, Norway. It is currently used mostly for football matches, and is the home ground of Strømmen IF and women's Premier League team Team Strømmen.The record attendance is about 14,000, from a 1957 cup match where Strømmen played Larvik Turn.[citation needed]","title":"Strømmen Stadion"}]
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[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Om Strømmen Stadion\" (in Norwegian). Strømmen IF. 16 January 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.strommen-if.no/om-stadion/om-strommen-stadion","url_text":"\"Om Strømmen Stadion\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportsmen
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Athlete
|
["1 Definitions","2 Physiology","2.1 \"Athlete Genes\"","3 Titles","3.1 \"All-round athlete\"","3.2 \"World's Greatest Athlete\"","4 See also","5 References"]
|
Person who participates regularly in a sport
For other uses, see Athlete (disambiguation).
"Sportsmen" redirects here. For other uses of the term, see Hunters and Fishermen.
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Jim Thorpe at the 1912 Summer Olympics
An athlete is most commonly a person who competes in one or more sports involving physical strength, speed, power, or endurance. Sometimes, the word "athlete" is used to refer specifically to sport of athletics competitors, i.e. including track and field and marathon runners but excluding e.g. swimmers, footballers or basketball players. However in other contexts (mainly in the United States) it is used to refer to all athletics (physical culture) participants of any sport. For the latter definition, the word sportsperson or its gendered sportsman or sportswoman are also used. A third definition is also sometimes used meaning anyone who is physically fit regardless of whether or not they compete in a sport.
Athletes may be professionals or amateurs. Most professional athletes have particularly well-developed physiques obtained by extensive physical training and strict exercise, accompanied by a strict dietary regimen.
Definitions
Runners, ceramics, S. IV a.C.
Athletes taking part in a race on a snowy park in the U.S.
The word "athlete" is a romanization of the Greek: άθλητὴς, athlētēs, meaning one who participates in a contest; from ἄθλος, áthlos or ἄθλον, áthlon, meaning a contest or feat. The primary definition of "sportsman" according to Webster's Third Unabridged Dictionary (1960) is, "a person who is active in sports: as (a): one who engages in the sports of the field and especially in hunting or fishing."
Physiology
Athletes involved in isotonic exercises have an increased mean left ventricular end-diastolic volume and are less likely to be depressed. Due to their strenuous physical activities, athletes are far more likely than the general population to visit massage salons and pay for services from massotherapists and masseurs. Athletes whose sport requires endurance more than strength usually have a lower calorie intake than other athletes.
"Athlete Genes"
While athleticism is largely influenced by environmental factors, it has been theorized that genetic expression may play a moderate role in an athlete's abilities as well. Exploring this claim, meta-analyses of studies regarding two specific genes, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene and ACTN3, concluded that certain variations in expression may have a moderate effect on athletic performance; the former being more prevalent in endurance-based events and the latter in power-based events. Further studies on these and other genetic polymorphisms linked to athletic performance were recommended.
Titles
See also: Athlete of the Year
"All-round athlete"
An "all-round athlete" is a person who competes in multiple sports at a professional level. Examples of people who played more than one sport professionally include Jim Thorpe, Lionel Conacher, Deion Sanders, Danny Ainge, Babe Zaharias and Erin Phillips. Others include Ricky Williams, Bo Jackson and Damon Allen, each of whom was drafted both by Major League Baseball and by professional gridiron football leagues such as the NFL and the CFL. Another female example is Heather Moyse, a multiple Winter Olympic gold medalist in bobsled and member of the World Rugby Hall of Fame who also represented Canada internationally in track cycling and competed at university level in basketball and track and field. Japanese athletes such as Kazushi Sakuraba, Kazuyuki Fujita, Masakatsu Funaki and Naoya Ogawa have successfully performed in professional wrestling and competed in mixed martial arts.
"World's Greatest Athlete"
The title of "World's Greatest Athlete" traditionally belongs to the world's top competitor in the decathlon (males) and heptathlon (females) in track and field. The decathlon consists of 10 events: 100 meters, long jump, shot put, high jump, 400 meters, 110 m hurdles, discus, pole vault, javelin, and 1500 m. The heptathlon consists of seven events: the 100 m hurdles, high jump, shot put, 200 meters, long jump, javelin, and 800 meters. These competitions require an athlete to possess the whole spectrum of athletic ability in order to be successful, including speed, strength, coordination, jumping ability, and endurance.
Although the title "World's Greatest Athlete" seems a natural fit for these two events, its traditional association with the decathlon/heptathlon officially began with Jim Thorpe. During the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden, Thorpe won the gold medal in the Decathlon (among others). Thorpe competed professionally in baseball, American football, and basketball; and competed collegiately in track and field, baseball, lacrosse, and did ballroom dancing. King Gustav V of Sweden, while awarding Thorpe the decathlon gold, said: "Sir, you are the greatest athlete in the world." This title has been associated with the decathlon event ever since.
See also
Wikisource has the text of the Encyclopædia Britannica (9th ed.) article Athletæ.
Athletics
Sportswear (activewear)
Outdoor enthusiast
Jock (athlete)
Athlete of the Year
Women's sports
Olympic Games athletes are also known as 'Olympians'
References
^ "athlete in British English". Collins Dictionary. 1. a person trained to compete in sports or exercises involving physical strength, speed, or endurance 2. a person who has a natural aptitude for physical activities 3. (mainly British) a competitor in track and field events
^ "Definition of athlete noun from the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary". Oxford Learner's Dictionaries.
^ Collins English Dictionary, Millennium Ed. - 'athlete'
^ MORGANROTH, JOEL, et al. "Comparative left ventricular dimensions in trained athletes." Annals of Internal Medicine 82.4 (1975): 521–524.
^ Oler, Michael J., et al. "Depression, suicidal ideation, and substance use among adolescents. Are athletes at less risk?." Archives of Family Medicine 3.9 (1994): 781–785.
^ Jönhagen, Sven, et al. "Sports massage after eccentric exercise Archived 2020-09-28 at the Wayback Machine." The American Journal of Sports Medicine 32.6 (2004): 1499–1503.
^ Thompson, Paul D.; Cullinane, Eileen M.; Eshleman, Ruth; Sady, Stanley P.; Herbert, Peter N. (1984). "The effects of caloric restriction or exercise cessation on the serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations of endurance athletes". Metabolism. 33 (10): 943–950. doi:10.1016/0026-0495(84)90249-X. PMID 6482736.
^ "Sportsbay alternatives".
^ Puthucheary, Zudin; Skipworth, James R. A.; Rawal, Jai; Loosemore, Mike; Van Someren, Ken; Montgomery, Hugh E. (2011-06-01). "The ACE Gene and Human Performance". Sports Medicine. 41 (6): 433–448. doi:10.2165/11588720-000000000-00000. ISSN 1179-2035. PMID 21615186. S2CID 42531424.
^ Ma, Fang; Yang, Yu; Li, Xiangwei; Zhou, Feng; Gao, Cong; Li, Mufei; Gao, Lei (2013-01-24). "The Association of Sport Performance with ACE and ACTN3 Genetic Polymorphisms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e54685. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...854685M. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054685. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3554644. PMID 23358679.
^ Flatter, Ron. "Thorpe preceded Deion, Bo". espn.com. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
vteSportsperson of the YearNational
Algeria
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Brazil
Bulgaria
Canada
Northern Star Award (general)
Conacher (male)
Rosenfeld (female)
Springstead (female)
Croatia
Czechoslovakia
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
India
Iran
Ireland
Italy
La Gazzetta
International Sports Prize
Jamaica
Japan
Kenya
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malaysia
Moldova
Montenegro
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Serbia
NOC
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Svenska Dagbladet Gold Medal
Jerring Award
Swedish Sports Awards
Switzerland
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Main award
Northern Ireland
Scotland
Wales
United States
AP
ESPY
female
male
The Sporting News
Sports Illustrated
NOC
USSR
Vanuatu
Yugoslavia
Sport
Sportske novosti
Zimbabwe
Regional
BTA Best Balkan Athlete of the Year
Continental
European Sportsperson of the Year
World
BBC World Sport Star of the Year
International Sports Prize
La Gazzetta
Laureus Awards
L'Équipe Champion of Champions
vteSportTypes
Individual
Team
Military sports
Parasports
Women
Professional
Semi-professional
Amateur
Science
Exercise
Biomechanics
Practice
Periodization
Physiology
Strength training
Doping
Medicine
Athletic training
Chriopractic
Injury
Physicians
Psychology
Nutrition
Bodybuilding supplements
Sports drink
Pedagogy
Physical education
Physical activity
Rating system
Sociology
Organizations
Clubs
Governing bodies
Leagues
Season
Postseason
School
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International
Business
Agents
Broadcasting
Economics
Industry
Marketing
Sponsorship
Trade
Communication
General managers
Journalism
Magazines
Podcasts
Radio
Promoters
Culture
Betting
Cheerleaders
Entertainment
Fan
History
Memorabilia
Naming
Nicknames
Numbering
Olympic culture
Philosophy
Rivalries
Sports mascots
Sportsmanship
Violence
Equipment
Artificial turf
Balls
Caving
Exercise
Flying disc
Sportswear
Politics
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Ministries
National sport
Regulation
Sport by region
Africa
Australia
Asia
Europe
North America
Oceania
South America
Sports portal
Category
Outline
Authority control databases National
France
2
BnF data
2
Germany
2
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
2
Other
NARA
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For other uses of the term, see Hunters and Fishermen.Jim Thorpe at the 1912 Summer OlympicsAn athlete is most commonly a person who competes in one or more sports involving physical strength, speed, power, or endurance. Sometimes, the word \"athlete\" is used to refer specifically to sport of athletics competitors, i.e. including track and field and marathon runners but excluding e.g. swimmers, footballers or basketball players. However in other contexts (mainly in the United States) it is used to refer to all athletics (physical culture) participants of any sport. For the latter definition, the word sportsperson or its gendered sportsman or sportswoman are also used. A third definition is also sometimes used meaning anyone who is physically fit regardless of whether or not they compete in a sport.[1][2]Athletes may be professionals or amateurs.[3] Most professional athletes have particularly well-developed physiques obtained by extensive physical training and strict exercise, accompanied by a strict dietary regimen.","title":"Athlete"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Three_runners_BM_GR_1856.10-1.1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armedforces_crosscountry_coppingerandballas.jpg"},{"link_name":"romanization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"}],"text":"Runners, ceramics, S. IV a.C.Athletes taking part in a race on a snowy park in the U.S.The word \"athlete\" is a romanization of the Greek: άθλητὴς, athlētēs, meaning one who participates in a contest; from ἄθλος, áthlos or ἄθλον, áthlon, meaning a contest or feat. 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Examples of people who played more than one sport professionally include Jim Thorpe, Lionel Conacher, Deion Sanders, Danny Ainge, Babe Zaharias and Erin Phillips. Others include Ricky Williams, Bo Jackson and Damon Allen, each of whom was drafted both by Major League Baseball and by professional gridiron football leagues such as the NFL and the CFL. Another female example is Heather Moyse, a multiple Winter Olympic gold medalist in bobsled and member of the World Rugby Hall of Fame who also represented Canada internationally in track cycling and competed at university level in basketball and track and field. Japanese athletes such as Kazushi Sakuraba, Kazuyuki Fujita, Masakatsu Funaki and Naoya Ogawa have successfully performed in professional wrestling and competed in mixed martial arts.","title":"Titles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"decathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decathlon"},{"link_name":"heptathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptathlon"},{"link_name":"track and field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field"},{"link_name":"decathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decathlon"},{"link_name":"100 meters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_meters"},{"link_name":"long jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_jump"},{"link_name":"shot put","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot_put"},{"link_name":"high jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_jump"},{"link_name":"400 meters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/400_meters"},{"link_name":"110 m hurdles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/110_m_hurdles"},{"link_name":"discus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discus"},{"link_name":"pole vault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_vault"},{"link_name":"javelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javelin_throw"},{"link_name":"1500 m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1500_m"},{"link_name":"heptathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heptathlon"},{"link_name":"100 m hurdles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_m_hurdles"},{"link_name":"high jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_jump"},{"link_name":"shot put","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shot_put"},{"link_name":"200 meters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/200_meters"},{"link_name":"long jump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_jump"},{"link_name":"javelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javelin_throw"},{"link_name":"800 meters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/800_meters"},{"link_name":"Jim Thorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Thorpe"},{"link_name":"Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Decathlon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decathlon"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"track and field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field"},{"link_name":"baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball"},{"link_name":"lacrosse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacrosse"},{"link_name":"ballroom dancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballroom_dancing"},{"link_name":"Gustav V of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_V_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"\"World's Greatest Athlete\"","text":"The title of \"World's Greatest Athlete\" traditionally belongs to the world's top competitor in the decathlon (males) and heptathlon (females) in track and field. The decathlon consists of 10 events: 100 meters, long jump, shot put, high jump, 400 meters, 110 m hurdles, discus, pole vault, javelin, and 1500 m. The heptathlon consists of seven events: the 100 m hurdles, high jump, shot put, 200 meters, long jump, javelin, and 800 meters. These competitions require an athlete to possess the whole spectrum of athletic ability in order to be successful, including speed, strength, coordination, jumping ability, and endurance.Although the title \"World's Greatest Athlete\" seems a natural fit for these two events, its traditional association with the decathlon/heptathlon officially began with Jim Thorpe. During the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm, Sweden, Thorpe won the gold medal in the Decathlon (among others). Thorpe competed professionally in baseball, American football, and basketball; and competed collegiately in track and field, baseball, lacrosse, and did ballroom dancing. King Gustav V of Sweden, while awarding Thorpe the decathlon gold, said: \"Sir, you are the greatest athlete in the world.\"[11] This title has been associated with the decathlon event ever since.","title":"Titles"}]
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[{"title":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"title":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica"},{"title":"Athletæ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Athlet%C3%A6"},{"title":"Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_of_athletics"},{"title":"Sportswear (activewear)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)"},{"title":"Outdoor enthusiast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outdoor_enthusiast"},{"title":"Jock (athlete)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jock_(stereotype)"},{"title":"Athlete of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlete_of_the_Year"},{"title":"Women's sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_sports"},{"title":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"}]
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syd_Rapson
|
Syd Rapson
|
["1 Early life","2 Political career","3 Other work","4 References","5 External links"]
|
British politician (born 1942)
Syd RapsonMember of Parliament for Portsmouth NorthIn office1 May 1997 – 11 April 2005Preceded byPeter GriffithsSucceeded bySarah McCarthy-Fry
Personal detailsBornSydney Norman John Rapson (1942-04-17) 17 April 1942 (age 82)Isle of Wight, EnglandPolitical partyLabourChildren2
Sydney Norman John Rapson (born 17 April 1942) is a British former Labour politician who served as the MP for Portsmouth North from 1997 to 2005.
Early life
Rapson moved with his family to the Paulsgrove area of Portsmouth as a young child, where he attended Paulsgrove Modern (now King Richard School). After leaving school he worked in the aeronautical industry for nearly forty years and became a long serving councillor, serving as Lord Mayor of Portsmouth in 1990.
Political career
Rapson was elected as the Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for Portsmouth North at the 1997 general election until he retired in 2005. He was succeeded by Sarah McCarthy-Fry.
Rapson stood for union improvement. He had stronger trade union credentials than many of the 1997 intake, having spent many years as an Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union activist and convener, which also gave him the strong interest in defence, the hallmark of his parliamentary career. He joined the Commons Defence Select Committee after the 2001 election. He sat for four years on the Accommodation and Works Committee.
Other work
In 2001, Rapson was one of a number of MPs stung by the satirical Channel 4 documentary series Brass Eye, which filmed him for its controversial "Paedogeddon!" episode. He was filmed describing "trust-me trousers", which were supposedly worn by paedophiles and inflated to hide an erection. The programme-makers also persuaded him to say that paedophiles were using "an area of internet the size of Ireland". The MP complained to the Broadcasting Standards Commission that he had been duped into appearing on the show and that it had infringed his privacy. The BSC ruled against him, saying the means used to deceive the MPs "were justified in the context of the serious issues raised by the programme" and in particular "the dangers of people in the public eye speaking with apparent authority about matters they do not understand".
Rapson led the team that headed the development of Portsmouth City's Gunwharf Quays, a large leisure and retail center located near the famous Portsmouth docks and the district of Portsea. The 'Quays' saw huge success, becoming the tourist capital of the city.
In 2018, Rapson was awarded the key of the city for his contributions and accomplishments in regard to representation and contributions for the city. This award was last given in 2008 and is only held by 32 others over a century of Portsmouth's history.
Rapson retired in 2005 and still lives in Portchester and Portsmouth to this day, with his wife Phyllis. He has two children and four grandchildren.
References
^ Deputy Leader of the Council and Lord Mayor of the City per Voices from Paulsgrove. Lee, S & Stedman, J (eds; 1992, Portsmouth City Council Leisure Department); ISBN 1-870412-15-X
^ "Lord Mayors of Portsmouth since 1927".
^ "MP loses Brass Eye battle". the Guardian. 31 January 2002. Retrieved 30 March 2021.
External links
Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Syd Rapson
Rapson political profile, theyworkforyou.com; accessed 9 July 2014.
Parliament of the United Kingdom
Preceded byPeter Griffiths
Member of Parliament for Portsmouth North 1997 – 2005
Succeeded bySarah McCarthy-Fry
|
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|
[]
| null |
[{"reference":"\"Lord Mayors of Portsmouth since 1927\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/services/council-and-democracy/lord-mayor/lord-mayors-of-portsmouth-since-1927/","url_text":"\"Lord Mayors of Portsmouth since 1927\""}]},{"reference":"\"MP loses Brass Eye battle\". the Guardian. 31 January 2002. Retrieved 30 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/jan/31/politics.labourparty","url_text":"\"MP loses Brass Eye battle\""}]}]
|
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_women%27s_national_under-19_cricket_team
|
India women's national under-19 cricket team
|
["1 History","2 Recent call-ups","3 ICC Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup Record","4 Honours","4.1 ICC","5 Records & statistics","5.1 International match summary","5.2 Record versus other nations","5.3 Leading run scorers","5.4 Leading wicket takers","5.5 Highest individual innings","5.6 Best individual bowling figures","5.7 Highest team totals","5.8 Lowest team totals","6 See also","7 References"]
|
Under-19 cricket team
This article is about the u-19 women's team. For the u-19 men's team, see India national under-19 cricket team.
India Under-19sAssociationBoard of Control for Cricket in IndiaPersonnelCaptainShafali VermaCoachNooshin Al KhadeerTeam informationColorsBlueFounded2022HistoryTwenty20 debutv. New Zealand at Bandra Kurla Complex, Mumbai, India; 27 November 2022ICC Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup wins (2023)International Cricket CouncilICC regionAsia
T20I kit
As of 29 January 2023
The India women's under-19 cricket team represents India in international under-19 women's cricket. The team is administered by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI).
The team played their first official matches against New Zealand in late 2022, in preparation for the 2023 ICC Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup, the first ever international women's under-19 cricket competition. India's squad for the tournament was announced on 5 December 2022. The side went on to win the tournament, beating England in the final.
History
The inaugural Women's Under-19 World Cup was scheduled to take place in January 2021, but was postponed multiple times due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The tournament was eventually scheduled to take place in 2023, in South Africa. As a Full Member of the ICC, India qualified automatically for the tournament.
In November and December 2022, in preparation for the World Cup, India played a five-match T20I series against New Zealand, winning the series 5–0. During the series, India announced their 15-player squad for the World Cup, on 5 December 2022. They also played a six-match T20I series against South Africa in the lead-up to the tournament.
At the World Cup, the side topped both their group in the initial group stage and their Super Six group, qualifying for the semi-finals. They beat New Zealand in the semi-finals before beating England in the final by 7 wickets to claim the inaugural Women's Under-19 T20 World Cup title. India batter Shweta Sehrawat was the tournament's leading run-scorer, with 297 runs.
Recent call-ups
The table below lists all the players who have been selected in recent squads for India under-19s. This includes their squads for their series against New Zealand and South Africa, and for the 2023 ICC Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup.
Name
Most Recent Call-up
Hrishita Basu
2023 World Cup
Parshavi Chopra
2023 World Cup
Najla CMC
South Africa series
Archana Devi
2023 World Cup
Hurley Gala
2023 World Cup
Richa Ghosh
2023 World Cup
Mannat Kashyap
2023 World Cup
Nandini Kashyap
New Zealand series
Sonia Mehdiya
2023 World Cup
Falak Naz
2023 World Cup
Titas Sadhu
2023 World Cup
Shweta Sehrawat
2023 World Cup
Shabnam Shakil
2023 World Cup
Shikha Shalot
South Africa series
Soumya Tiwari
2023 World Cup
Gongadi Trisha
2023 World Cup
Shafali Verma
2023 World Cup
Sonam Yadav
2023 World Cup
S Yashashree
South Africa series
ICC Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup Record
India U19 T20 World Cup record
Year
Result
Pos
№
Pld
W
L
T
NR
2023
Champions
1st
7
6
1
0
0
0
Total
1 title
7
6
1
0
0
0
Honours
ICC
U-19 T20 World Cup:
Champions (1): 2023
Records & statistics
International match summary
As of 29 January 2023
Playing record
Format
M
W
L
T
D/NR
Inaugural match
Women's under-19 Twenty20 Internationals
18
15
1
0
2
27 November 2022
Record versus other nations
As of 29 January 2023
ICC Full members
Opponent
M
W
L
T
NR
First match
First win
Australia
1
0
1
0
0
21 January 2023
England
1
1
0
0
0
29 January 2023
29 January 2023
New Zealand
6
6
0
0
0
27 November 2022
27 November 2022
South Africa
7
5
0
0
2
27 December 2022
27 December 2022
Sri Lanka
1
1
0
0
0
22 January 2023
22 January 2023
Associate members
Opponent
M
W
L
T
NR
First match
First win
Scotland
1
1
0
0
0
18 January 2023
18 January 2023
United Arab Emirates
1
1
0
0
0
16 January 2023
16 January 2023
Leading run scorers
As of 29 January 2023
Rank
Players
Runs
Average
Career span
1
Shweta Sehrawat
444
99.00
2022–present
2
Gongadi Trisha
238
23.20
2022–present
3
Shafali Verma
223
24.57
2022–present
Leading wicket takers
As of 29 January 2023
Rank
Player
Wickets
Average
Career span
1
Mannat Kashyap
20
10.33
2022–present
2
Parshavi Chopra
16
7.00
2022–present
3
Archana Devi
15
13.12
2022–present
Highest individual innings
As of 29 January 2023
Rank
Player
Score
Opposition
Match Date
1
Shweta Sehrawat
92 not out
South Africa
14 January 2023
2
Shafali Verma
78
United Arab Emirates
16 January 2023
3
Shweta Sehrawat
74 not out
United Arab Emirates
16 January 2023
Best individual bowling figures
As of 29 January 2023
Rank
Player
Score
Opposition
Match date
1
Parshavi Chopra
4/5
Sri Lanka
22 January 2023
2
Mannat Kashyap
4/12
Scotland
18 January 2023
3
Archana Devi
3/14
Scotland
18 January 2023
Highest team totals
As of 29 January 2023
Rank
Dates
Totals
Opposition
Ref
1
16 January 2023
219/3 (20 Overs)
United Arab Emirates
2
29 November 2022
176/6 (20 Overs)
New Zealand
3
18 January 2023
149/4 (20 Overs)
Scotland
Lowest team totals
As of 30 January 2023
Rank
Dates
Totals
Opposition
Ref
1
21 January 2023
87/10 (18.5 Overs)
Australia
See also
India men's national cricket team
India women's national cricket team
India national under-19 cricket team
References
^ "South Africa to host inaugural ICC U19 T20 World Cup". Women's CricZone. 10 April 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
^ a b c "India U19 Women's squad for ICC World Cup and SA series announced". BCCI. 4 December 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
^ "Ind Vs Eng India Create History Lift U 19 Title After Beating England". ESakal. 30 January 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
^ "ICC postpones 2021 Women's World Cup Qualifier due to COVID-19". Women's CricZone. 12 May 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
^ "Excitement builds ahead of inaugural ICC U19 Women's T20 World Cup as Qualifier begins". International Cricket Council. 31 May 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
^ "New Zealand Under-19s Women in India 2022/23". CricketArchive. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
^ "India Under-19s Women in South Africa 2022/23". CricketArchive. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
^ "ICC Women's Under-19 T20 World Cup 2022/23". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
^ "India to face England in Women's U-19 T20 World Cup final". ESPNcricinfo. 27 January 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
^ "Dominant India win inaugural U-19 Women's T20 World Cup". ESPNcricinfo. 29 January 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
^ "Records/ICC Women's Under-19 T20 World Cup, 2022/23/Most Runs". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
^ "India U19 Women's squad for home series against New Zealand announced". SportsTiger. 20 November 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
^ "India women's under-19 cricket team batters statistics". www.espncricinfo.com. 30 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
^ "India womens under-19 cricket team bowling statistics". www.espncricinfo.com. 30 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
^ "India Womens U-19 cricket team batters statistics". www.espncricinfo.com. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
^ "India Womens U-19 cricket team bowler statistics". www.espncricinfo.com. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
^ a b "India Womens U-19 cricket team highest & lowest totals statistics". www.espncricinfo.com. Retrieved 30 January 2023.
vte Cricket in India BCCI
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"India national under-19 cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"women's cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_cricket"},{"link_name":"Board of Control for Cricket in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Control_for_Cricket_in_India"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_women%27s_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"2023 ICC Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_ICC_Under-19_Women%27s_T20_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-announce-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23squad-2"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This article is about the u-19 women's team. For the u-19 men's team, see India national under-19 cricket team.The India women's under-19 cricket team represents India in international under-19 women's cricket. The team is administered by the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI).The team played their first official matches against New Zealand in late 2022, in preparation for the 2023 ICC Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup, the first ever international women's under-19 cricket competition.[1] India's squad for the tournament was announced on 5 December 2022.[2] The side went on to win the tournament, beating England in the final.[3]","title":"India women's national under-19 cricket team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Women's Under-19 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICC_Women%27s_Under-19_Cricket_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-postpone-4"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_ICC_Under-19_Women%27s_T20_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Full Member","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_International_Cricket_Council_members#Full_Members"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_women%27s_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23squad-2"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_women%27s_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2023cricinfo-8"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_women%27s_national_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_women%27s_under-19_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Shweta Sehrawat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shweta_Sehrawat"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The inaugural Women's Under-19 World Cup was scheduled to take place in January 2021, but was postponed multiple times due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[4] The tournament was eventually scheduled to take place in 2023, in South Africa. As a Full Member of the ICC, India qualified automatically for the tournament.[5]In November and December 2022, in preparation for the World Cup, India played a five-match T20I series against New Zealand, winning the series 5–0.[6] During the series, India announced their 15-player squad for the World Cup, on 5 December 2022.[2] They also played a six-match T20I series against South Africa in the lead-up to the tournament.[7]At the World Cup, the side topped both their group in the initial group stage and their Super Six group, qualifying for the semi-finals.[8] They beat New Zealand in the semi-finals before beating England in the final by 7 wickets to claim the inaugural Women's Under-19 T20 World Cup title.[9][10] India batter Shweta Sehrawat was the tournament's leading run-scorer, with 297 runs.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2023 ICC Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_ICC_Under-19_Women%27s_T20_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23squad-2"}],"text":"The table below lists all the players who have been selected in recent squads for India under-19s. This includes their squads for their series against New Zealand and South Africa, and for the 2023 ICC Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup.[12][2]","title":"Recent call-ups"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"ICC Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup Record"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U-19 T20 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Under-19_Women%27s_T20_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_ICC_Under-19_Women%27s_T20_World_Cup"}],"sub_title":"ICC","text":"U-19 T20 World Cup:\nChampions (1): 2023","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Records & statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International match summary","text":"As of 29 January 2023","title":"Records & statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Record versus other nations","text":"As of 29 January 2023","title":"Records & statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Leading run scorers","text":"As of 29 January 2023","title":"Records & statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Leading wicket takers","text":"As of 29 January 2023","title":"Records & statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Highest individual innings","text":"As of 29 January 2023","title":"Records & statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Best individual bowling figures","text":"As of 29 January 2023","title":"Records & statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Highest team totals","text":"As of 29 January 2023","title":"Records & statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Lowest team totals","text":"As of 30 January 2023","title":"Records & statistics"}]
|
[]
|
[{"title":"India men's national cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_men%27s_national_cricket_team"},{"title":"India women's national cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_women%27s_national_cricket_team"},{"title":"India national under-19 cricket team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_national_under-19_cricket_team"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"South Africa to host inaugural ICC U19 T20 World Cup\". Women's CricZone. 10 April 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.womenscriczone.com/south-africa-to-host-inaugural-icc-u19-t20-world-cup","url_text":"\"South Africa to host inaugural ICC U19 T20 World Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"India U19 Women's squad for ICC World Cup and SA series announced\". BCCI. 4 December 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555953/india-u19-women-s-squad-for-icc-world-cup-and-sa-series-announced","url_text":"\"India U19 Women's squad for ICC World Cup and SA series announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ind Vs Eng India Create History Lift U 19 Title After Beating England\". ESakal. 30 January 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.esakal.com/amp/krida/ind-vs-eng-india-create-history-lift-u-19-title-after-beating-england-india-women-u19-won-by-7-wkts-shafali-verma-create-a-history-cricket-news-kgm00&ved=2ahUKEwj5rvLbuO38AhVL-zgGHTmACRwQFnoECAwQAQ&usg=AOvVaw26RWYLQCKnjy8w0RaArrI_","url_text":"\"Ind Vs Eng India Create History Lift U 19 Title After Beating England\""}]},{"reference":"\"ICC postpones 2021 Women's World Cup Qualifier due to COVID-19\". Women's CricZone. 12 May 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.womenscriczone.com/icc-postpones-2021-womens-world-cup-qualifier-due-to-covid-19","url_text":"\"ICC postpones 2021 Women's World Cup Qualifier due to COVID-19\""}]},{"reference":"\"Excitement builds ahead of inaugural ICC U19 Women's T20 World Cup as Qualifier begins\". International Cricket Council. 31 May 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2637447","url_text":"\"Excitement builds ahead of inaugural ICC U19 Women's T20 World Cup as Qualifier begins\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealand Under-19s Women in India 2022/23\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 2 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/37/New_Zealand_Under-19s_Women_in_India_2022-23.html","url_text":"\"New Zealand Under-19s Women in India 2022/23\""}]},{"reference":"\"India Under-19s Women in South Africa 2022/23\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 2 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/37/India_Under-19s_Women_in_South_Africa_2022-23.html","url_text":"\"India Under-19s Women in South Africa 2022/23\""}]},{"reference":"\"ICC Women's Under-19 T20 World Cup 2022/23\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 2 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-under-19-t20-world-cup-2022-23-1336137","url_text":"\"ICC Women's Under-19 T20 World Cup 2022/23\""}]},{"reference":"\"India to face England in Women's U-19 T20 World Cup final\". ESPNcricinfo. 27 January 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-to-face-england-in-inaugural-womens-u19-t20-world-cup-final-1356157","url_text":"\"India to face England in Women's U-19 T20 World Cup final\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dominant India win inaugural U-19 Women's T20 World Cup\". ESPNcricinfo. 29 January 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-under-19-t20-world-cup-2022-23-1336137/india-women-under-19s-vs-england-women-under-19s-final-1336195/match-report","url_text":"\"Dominant India win inaugural U-19 Women's T20 World Cup\""}]},{"reference":"\"Records/ICC Women's Under-19 T20 World Cup, 2022/23/Most Runs\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 31 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=15002;type=tournament","url_text":"\"Records/ICC Women's Under-19 T20 World Cup, 2022/23/Most Runs\""}]},{"reference":"\"India U19 Women's squad for home series against New Zealand announced\". SportsTiger. 20 November 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sportstiger.com/news/india-u19-womens-squad-for-home-series-against-new-zealand-announced","url_text":"\"India U19 Women's squad for home series against New Zealand announced\""}]},{"reference":"\"India women's under-19 cricket team batters statistics\". www.espncricinfo.com. 30 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=15002;team=6995;type=tournament","url_text":"\"India women's under-19 cricket team batters statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"India womens under-19 cricket team bowling statistics\". www.espncricinfo.com. 30 January 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=15002;team=6994;type=tournament","url_text":"\"India womens under-19 cricket team bowling statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"India Womens U-19 cricket team batters statistics\". www.espncricinfo.com. Retrieved 30 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?id=15002;team=6995;type=tournament","url_text":"\"India Womens U-19 cricket team batters statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"India Womens U-19 cricket team bowler statistics\". www.espncricinfo.com. Retrieved 30 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?id=15002;team=6995;type=tournament","url_text":"\"India Womens U-19 cricket team bowler statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"India Womens U-19 cricket team highest & lowest totals statistics\". www.espncricinfo.com. Retrieved 30 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_innings_totals.html?id=15002;team=6995;type=tournament","url_text":"\"India Womens U-19 cricket team highest & lowest totals statistics\""}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.womenscriczone.com/south-africa-to-host-inaugural-icc-u19-t20-world-cup","external_links_name":"\"South Africa to host inaugural ICC U19 T20 World Cup\""},{"Link":"https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555953/india-u19-women-s-squad-for-icc-world-cup-and-sa-series-announced","external_links_name":"\"India U19 Women's squad for ICC World Cup and SA series announced\""},{"Link":"https://www.esakal.com/amp/krida/ind-vs-eng-india-create-history-lift-u-19-title-after-beating-england-india-women-u19-won-by-7-wkts-shafali-verma-create-a-history-cricket-news-kgm00&ved=2ahUKEwj5rvLbuO38AhVL-zgGHTmACRwQFnoECAwQAQ&usg=AOvVaw26RWYLQCKnjy8w0RaArrI_","external_links_name":"\"Ind Vs Eng India Create History Lift U 19 Title After Beating England\""},{"Link":"https://www.womenscriczone.com/icc-postpones-2021-womens-world-cup-qualifier-due-to-covid-19","external_links_name":"\"ICC postpones 2021 Women's World Cup Qualifier due to COVID-19\""},{"Link":"https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2637447","external_links_name":"\"Excitement builds ahead of inaugural ICC U19 Women's T20 World Cup as Qualifier begins\""},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/37/New_Zealand_Under-19s_Women_in_India_2022-23.html","external_links_name":"\"New Zealand Under-19s Women in India 2022/23\""},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/37/India_Under-19s_Women_in_South_Africa_2022-23.html","external_links_name":"\"India Under-19s Women in South Africa 2022/23\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-under-19-t20-world-cup-2022-23-1336137","external_links_name":"\"ICC Women's Under-19 T20 World Cup 2022/23\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-to-face-england-in-inaugural-womens-u19-t20-world-cup-final-1356157","external_links_name":"\"India to face England in Women's U-19 T20 World Cup final\""},{"Link":"https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-under-19-t20-world-cup-2022-23-1336137/india-women-under-19s-vs-england-women-under-19s-final-1336195/match-report","external_links_name":"\"Dominant India win inaugural U-19 Women's T20 World Cup\""},{"Link":"https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=15002;type=tournament","external_links_name":"\"Records/ICC Women's Under-19 T20 World Cup, 2022/23/Most Runs\""},{"Link":"https://www.sportstiger.com/news/india-u19-womens-squad-for-home-series-against-new-zealand-announced","external_links_name":"\"India U19 Women's squad for home series against New Zealand announced\""},{"Link":"https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=15002;team=6995;type=tournament","external_links_name":"\"India women's under-19 cricket team batters statistics\""},{"Link":"https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=15002;team=6994;type=tournament","external_links_name":"\"India womens under-19 cricket team bowling statistics\""},{"Link":"https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?id=15002;team=6995;type=tournament","external_links_name":"\"India Womens U-19 cricket team batters statistics\""},{"Link":"https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?id=15002;team=6995;type=tournament","external_links_name":"\"India Womens U-19 cricket team bowler statistics\""},{"Link":"https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_innings_totals.html?id=15002;team=6995;type=tournament","external_links_name":"\"India Womens U-19 cricket team highest & lowest totals statistics\""}]
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Calder%C3%B3n
|
Ramón Calderón
|
["1 Life and career","2 Honours","3 References"]
|
Spanish lawyer
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Calderón and the second or maternal family name is Ramos.
Ramón CalderónCalderón in 201916th President of Real MadridIn office2 July 2006 – 16 January 2009Preceded byFlorentino Pérez Fernando Martín Álvarez (unofficial) Luis Gómez-Montejano (acting)Succeeded byVicente Boluda
Personal detailsBornJosé Ramón Calderón Ramos (1951-05-26) 26 May 1951 (age 73)Palencia, SpainResidence(s)Madrid, SpainAlma materUniversity of NavarraOccupationLawyerKnown forFormer President of Real Madrid
José Ramón Calderón Ramos (born 26 May 1951) is a Spanish lawyer who is the former President of Real Madrid. He got his Law Degree in the University of Navarra, Spain in 1974 and he worked in London, England, as a lawyer, in 1975 and 1976. A member of the Madrid Bar Association since 1976, Calderón opened his Law Firm: Calderon Abogados, where he has been working during the last 40 years.
Life and career
Calderón was the 16th President of Real Madrid from 2 July 2006 until 16 January 2009 and also club Director from 2001 to 2006. He has also been the Director of the Royal Spanish Football Federation (RFEF), President of the Centenary Committee and, on the international level, was appointed Vice-President of UEFA's Club Competition Committee, and Director of the FIFA World Club Cup Committee, being an active and prominent participant and collaborator with UEFA and FIFA.
As Real Madrid's president, the club won two La Liga championships and one Spanish Super Cup. He hired Fabio Capello as manager in his first year and Bernd Schuster, in the second one. Amongst his promises when running for election was the signing of Arjen Robben from Chelsea, Cesc Fàbregas from Arsenal and Kaká from Milan. He was only successful with Robben.
On 19 July 2006, Calderón announced his first two signings, Fabio Cannavaro and Emerson; both signed from newly demoted Juventus for an estimated €20 million. He later signed Ruud van Nistelrooy from Manchester United and Mahamadou Diarra from Lyon, as well as delivering on his promise to acquire Robben from Chelsea. A yearlong loan swap deal was also concluded with José Antonio Reyes from Arsenal moving to Real Madrid in exchange for Júlio Baptista. Before the start of the 2008–09 season, Calderón tried to bring Cristiano Ronaldo to the club, but failed in doing so as the player wanted to stay one more year at Manchester United. Finally, on 12 December 2008, he managed to sign the contract with the Portuguese player for the next 6 years, after having agreed a transfer fee of €94 million with United.
Calderón was major proponent and driving force behind the club's social and institutional transformation. While at the helm, he strengthened Real Madrid's social responsibility programs as well as the activities of its foundation (where he is currently a member of the board) opening several academies around the world to help children improve their lives. During his presidency, the club increased substantially the turnover and doubled the income for TV rights. He was also president of the Insurance Broker Association of Madrid, and founder of the Spanish Insurance Broker Association. Calderón also served as either a member, or secretary of the board in several national and international companies. Currently, he workes in his law office in Madrid where he has been practising during 40 years, and participates regularly on TV and Radio Football Programs in Spain and abroad (beIN Sports, BBC, Sky Sports, Talksport, ESPN, SiriuxRadio, Newsweek and others)
On 16 January 2009 and after many pressures, Calderón decided to resign as Real Madrid president following allegations of vote-rigging for the confirmation for the financial budget.
Honours
Football:
La Liga: 2006–07, 2007–08
Supercopa de España: 2008
Basketball:
Liga ACB: 2006–07
EuroCup: 2006–07
References
^ Real Madrid website
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ramón Calderón.
vteReal Madrid CF presidents
Palacios (1900–02)
J. Padrós (1902–04)
C. Padrós (1904–08)
Meléndez (1908–16)
Parages (1916–26)
de Urquijo (1926–30)
Usera Bugallal (1930–35)
Sánchez Guerra (1935–36)
Meléndez (1936–40)
Peralba (1940–43)
Bernabéu (1943–78)
de Carlos (1978–85)
Mendoza (1985–95)
Sanz (1995–2000)
Pérez (2000–06)
Calderón (2006–09)
Boluda (2009)
Pérez (2009–)
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"President of Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Real_Madrid_CF_presidents"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"University of Navarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Navarra"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Calderón and the second or maternal family name is Ramos.José Ramón Calderón Ramos (born 26 May 1951) is a Spanish lawyer who is the former President of Real Madrid.[1] He got his Law Degree in the University of Navarra, Spain in 1974 and he worked in London, England, as a lawyer, in 1975 and 1976. A member of the Madrid Bar Association since 1976, Calderón opened his Law Firm: Calderon Abogados, where he has been working during the last 40 years.","title":"Ramón Calderón"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"President of Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Real_Madrid_CF_presidents"},{"link_name":"Royal Spanish Football Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Spanish_Football_Federation"},{"link_name":"UEFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA"},{"link_name":"FIFA World Club Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Club_Cup"},{"link_name":"FIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA"},{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"Spanish Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercopa_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Fabio Capello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio_Capello"},{"link_name":"Bernd Schuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernd_Schuster"},{"link_name":"Arjen Robben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arjen_Robben"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_F.C."},{"link_name":"Cesc Fàbregas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesc_F%C3%A0bregas"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"Kaká","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kak%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Milan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Milan"},{"link_name":"Fabio Cannavaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabio_Cannavaro"},{"link_name":"Emerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_(footballer,_born_1976)"},{"link_name":"Juventus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus_FC"},{"link_name":"Ruud van Nistelrooy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruud_van_Nistelrooy"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Mahamadou Diarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahamadou_Diarra"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympique_Lyon"},{"link_name":"José Antonio Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Reyes"},{"link_name":"Júlio Baptista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Baptista"},{"link_name":"2008–09","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Real_Madrid_CF_season"},{"link_name":"Cristiano Ronaldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristiano_Ronaldo"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"beIN Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeIN_Sports"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Sky Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Sports"},{"link_name":"Talksport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talksport"},{"link_name":"ESPN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPN"},{"link_name":"Newsweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsweek"}],"text":"Calderón was the 16th President of Real Madrid from 2 July 2006 until 16 January 2009 and also club Director from 2001 to 2006. He has also been the Director of the Royal Spanish Football Federation (RFEF), President of the Centenary Committee and, on the international level, was appointed Vice-President of UEFA's Club Competition Committee, and Director of the FIFA World Club Cup Committee, being an active and prominent participant and collaborator with UEFA and FIFA. \nAs Real Madrid's president, the club won two La Liga championships and one Spanish Super Cup. He hired Fabio Capello as manager in his first year and Bernd Schuster, in the second one. Amongst his promises when running for election was the signing of Arjen Robben from Chelsea, Cesc Fàbregas from Arsenal and Kaká from Milan. He was only successful with Robben.On 19 July 2006, Calderón announced his first two signings, Fabio Cannavaro and Emerson; both signed from newly demoted Juventus for an estimated €20 million. He later signed Ruud van Nistelrooy from Manchester United and Mahamadou Diarra from Lyon, as well as delivering on his promise to acquire Robben from Chelsea. A yearlong loan swap deal was also concluded with José Antonio Reyes from Arsenal moving to Real Madrid in exchange for Júlio Baptista. Before the start of the 2008–09 season, Calderón tried to bring Cristiano Ronaldo to the club, but failed in doing so as the player wanted to stay one more year at Manchester United. Finally, on 12 December 2008, he managed to sign the contract with the Portuguese player for the next 6 years, after having agreed a transfer fee of €94 million with United.Calderón was major proponent and driving force behind the club's social and institutional transformation. While at the helm, he strengthened Real Madrid's social responsibility programs as well as the activities of its foundation (where he is currently a member of the board) opening several academies around the world to help children improve their lives. During his presidency, the club increased substantially the turnover and doubled the income for TV rights. He was also president of the Insurance Broker Association of Madrid, and founder of the Spanish Insurance Broker Association. Calderón also served as either a member, or secretary of the board in several national and international companies. Currently, he workes in his law office in Madrid where he has been practising during 40 years, and participates regularly on TV and Radio Football Programs in Spain and abroad (beIN Sports, BBC, Sky Sports, Talksport, ESPN, SiriuxRadio, Newsweek and others)On 16 January 2009 and after many pressures, Calderón decided to resign as Real Madrid president following allegations of vote-rigging for the confirmation for the financial budget.","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Liga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Liga"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"2007–08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007%E2%80%9308_La_Liga"},{"link_name":"Supercopa de España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercopa_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Supercopa_de_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Liga ACB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_ACB"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_ACB_season"},{"link_name":"EuroCup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroCup_Basketball"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_ULEB_Cup"}],"text":"Football:\nLa Liga: 2006–07, 2007–08\nSupercopa de España: 2008Basketball:\nLiga ACB: 2006–07\nEuroCup: 2006–07","title":"Honours"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.realmadrid.com/en/about-real-madrid/history/presidents/ramon-calderon","external_links_name":"Real Madrid website"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Rehni
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Agnes Rehni
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["1 Selected filmography","2 External links"]
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Danish actress
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Agnes Rehni" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Agnes RehniBorn(1887-05-24)24 May 1887DenmarkDied3 November 1966(1966-11-03) (aged 79)
Agnes Rehni (24 May 1887 – 3 November 1966) was a Danish stage and film actress.
Selected filmography
Telegramtyvene - 1915
Grevindens ære - 1919
Københavnere - 1933
Flight from the Millions - 1934
Giftes-nej tak - 1936
Inkognito - 1937
Champagnegaloppen - 1938
Komtessen på Stenholt - 1939
Sørensen og Rasmussen - 1940
Sommerglæder - 1940
Søren Søndervold - 1942
Forellen - 1942
Jeg mødte en morder - 1943
Det gælder os alle - 1949
Mosekongen - 1950
Fodboldpræsten - 1951
Det store løb - 1952
Kærlighedsdoktoren - 1952
Far til fire - 1953
Min søn Peter - 1953
We Who Go the Kitchen Route - 1953
Far til fire i sneen - 1954
Far til fire i byen - 1956
Far til fire og onkel Sofus - 1957
Far til fire og ulveungerne - 1958
Pige i søgelyset - 1959
Far til fire på Bornholm - 1959
Helle for Helene - 1959
Far til fire med fuld musik - 1961
Støvsugerbanden - 1963
Sommer i Tyrol - 1964
Kampen om Næsbygaard - 1964
En ven i bolignøden - 1965
Næsbygaards arving - 1965
External links
Agnes Rehni at IMDb
Biography at the Danish Film Institute (Danish)
This article about a Danish actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actress"}],"text":"Agnes Rehni (24 May 1887 – 3 November 1966) was a Danish stage and film actress.","title":"Agnes Rehni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Telegramtyvene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telegramtyvene&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Grevindens ære","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grevindens_%C3%A6re&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Københavnere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B8benhavnere"},{"link_name":"Flight from the Millions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_from_the_Millions"},{"link_name":"Giftes-nej tak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giftes-nej_tak&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Inkognito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incognito_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"Champagnegaloppen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagnegaloppen"},{"link_name":"Komtessen på Stenholt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komtessen_p%C3%A5_Stenholt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sørensen og Rasmussen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8rensen_og_Rasmussen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sommerglæder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sommergl%C3%A6der&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Søren Søndervold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%C3%B8ren_S%C3%B8ndervold&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Forellen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forellen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jeg mødte en morder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeg_m%C3%B8dte_en_morder&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Det gælder os alle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_g%C3%A6lder_os_alle"},{"link_name":"Mosekongen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosekongen"},{"link_name":"Fodboldpræsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fodboldpr%C3%A6sten"},{"link_name":"Det store løb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_store_l%C3%B8b"},{"link_name":"Kærlighedsdoktoren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A6rlighedsdoktoren&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Far til fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_til_fire"},{"link_name":"Min søn Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_s%C3%B8n_Peter"},{"link_name":"We Who Go the Kitchen Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Who_Go_the_Kitchen_Route"},{"link_name":"Far til fire i sneen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_til_fire_i_sneen"},{"link_name":"Far til fire i byen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_til_fire_i_byen"},{"link_name":"Far til fire og onkel Sofus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_til_fire_og_onkel_Sofus"},{"link_name":"Far til fire og ulveungerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_til_fire_og_ulveungerne"},{"link_name":"Pige i søgelyset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pige_i_s%C3%B8gelyset&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Far til fire på Bornholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_til_fire_p%C3%A5_Bornholm"},{"link_name":"Helle for Helene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helle_for_Helene"},{"link_name":"Far til fire med fuld musik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_til_fire_med_fuld_musik"},{"link_name":"Støvsugerbanden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St%C3%B8vsugerbanden&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sommer i Tyrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommer_i_Tyrol"},{"link_name":"Kampen om Næsbygaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampen_om_N%C3%A6sbygaard"},{"link_name":"En ven i bolignøden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_ven_i_bolign%C3%B8den"},{"link_name":"Næsbygaards arving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A6sbygaards_arving"}],"text":"Telegramtyvene - 1915\nGrevindens ære - 1919\nKøbenhavnere - 1933\nFlight from the Millions - 1934\nGiftes-nej tak - 1936\nInkognito - 1937\nChampagnegaloppen - 1938\nKomtessen på Stenholt - 1939\nSørensen og Rasmussen - 1940\nSommerglæder - 1940\nSøren Søndervold - 1942\nForellen - 1942\nJeg mødte en morder - 1943\nDet gælder os alle - 1949\nMosekongen - 1950\nFodboldpræsten - 1951\nDet store løb - 1952\nKærlighedsdoktoren - 1952\nFar til fire - 1953\nMin søn Peter - 1953\nWe Who Go the Kitchen Route - 1953\nFar til fire i sneen - 1954\nFar til fire i byen - 1956\nFar til fire og onkel Sofus - 1957\nFar til fire og ulveungerne - 1958\nPige i søgelyset - 1959\nFar til fire på Bornholm - 1959\nHelle for Helene - 1959\nFar til fire med fuld musik - 1961\nStøvsugerbanden - 1963\nSommer i Tyrol - 1964\nKampen om Næsbygaard - 1964\nEn ven i bolignøden - 1965\nNæsbygaards arving - 1965","title":"Selected filmography"}]
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[]
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[]
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[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Agnes+Rehni%22","external_links_name":"\"Agnes Rehni\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Agnes+Rehni%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Agnes+Rehni%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Agnes+Rehni%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Agnes+Rehni%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Agnes+Rehni%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0716873/","external_links_name":"Agnes Rehni"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060517040311/http://dnfx.dfi.dk/pls/dnf/pwt.page_setup?p_pagename=dnfnavn&p_parmlist=navneid%3D114407","external_links_name":"Biography at the Danish Film Institute (Danish)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agnes_Rehni&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasina_Tunnel
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Plasina Tunnel
|
["1 Traffic volume","2 See also","3 References"]
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Coordinates: 44°48′56″N 15°17′5″E / 44.81556°N 15.28472°E / 44.81556; 15.28472Plasina TunnelLocation of Plasina Tunnel in CroatiaOverviewCoordinates44°48′56″N 15°17′5″E / 44.81556°N 15.28472°E / 44.81556; 15.28472Route map
Plasina Tunnel
The Plasina Tunnel is located between Žuta Lokva and Ličko Lešće. It is located between Otočac and Perušić interchanges of the Croatian A1 motorway.
Both tunnel tubes, 2,300 metres (7,500 ft) long, were completed simultaneously. The northern portal of the tunnel is located at 532 m.a.s.l., while the southern one is at 547 m.a.s.l. Excavation of the tunnel had been completed by January 2004. In 2006, the tunnel was declared to be among the top three safest tunnels in Europe by EuroTAP.
Traffic volume
Traffic is regularly counted and reported by Hrvatske autoceste, operator of the motorway, and published by Hrvatske ceste. Substantial variations between annual (AADT) and summer (ASDT) traffic volumes are attributed to the fact that the motorway carries substantial tourist traffic to the Dalmatian Adriatic resorts. The traffic count is performed using analysis of toll ticket sales.
Plasina Tunnel traffic volume
Road
Counting site
AADT
ASDT
Notes
A1
4216 Otočac south
11,856
28,953
Between Otočac and Perušić interchanges.
See also
A1 motorway
Sveti Rok Tunnel
Mala Kapela Tunnel
Hrvatske autoceste
References
^ "Regulation on motorway markings, chainage, interchange/exit/rest area numbers and names". Narodne novine (in Croatian). May 6, 2003.
^ "The country gets closer to EU safety standards". Jutarnji list (in Croatian). February 26, 2007. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012.
^ Šprljan, Eduard (2004-01-28). "Probijen tunel Plasina". Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). Retrieved 2008-08-04.
^ "Traffic counting on the roadways of Croatia in 2009 - digest" (PDF). Hrvatske ceste. May 1, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2011.
Authority control databases: Geographic
Structurae
This Croatia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This European road or road transport-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This European tunnel-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Motorway-A1-Hex-Green.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tunel_Plasina_A1_0807.jpg"},{"link_name":"Otočac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oto%C4%8Dac"},{"link_name":"Perušić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru%C5%A1i%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Croatian A1 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_(Croatia)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Regulation_on_motorway_markings-1"},{"link_name":"m.a.s.l.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.a.s.l."},{"link_name":"m.a.s.l.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.a.s.l."},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jutarnji-Plasina-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-druga_cijev-3"}],"text":"Plasina TunnelThe Plasina Tunnel is located between Žuta Lokva and Ličko Lešće. It is located between Otočac and Perušić interchanges of the Croatian A1 motorway.[1]Both tunnel tubes, 2,300 metres (7,500 ft) long, were completed simultaneously. The northern portal of the tunnel is located at 532 m.a.s.l., while the southern one is at 547 m.a.s.l. Excavation of the tunnel had been completed by January 2004. In 2006, the tunnel was declared to be among the top three safest tunnels in Europe by EuroTAP.[2][3]","title":"Plasina Tunnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hrvatske autoceste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrvatske_autoceste"},{"link_name":"Hrvatske ceste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrvatske_ceste"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HC-promet-4"},{"link_name":"AADT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AADT"},{"link_name":"Dalmatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia"},{"link_name":"Adriatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_coast"}],"text":"Traffic is regularly counted and reported by Hrvatske autoceste, operator of the motorway, and published by Hrvatske ceste.[4] Substantial variations between annual (AADT) and summer (ASDT) traffic volumes are attributed to the fact that the motorway carries substantial tourist traffic to the Dalmatian Adriatic resorts. The traffic count is performed using analysis of toll ticket sales.","title":"Traffic volume"}]
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[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Motorway-A1-Hex-Green.svg/100px-Motorway-A1-Hex-Green.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Plasina Tunnel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Tunel_Plasina_A1_0807.jpg/200px-Tunel_Plasina_A1_0807.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"A1 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_(Croatia)"},{"title":"Sveti Rok Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveti_Rok_Tunnel"},{"title":"Mala Kapela Tunnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mala_Kapela_Tunnel"},{"title":"Hrvatske autoceste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrvatske_autoceste"}]
|
[{"reference":"\"Regulation on motorway markings, chainage, interchange/exit/rest area numbers and names\". Narodne novine (in Croatian). May 6, 2003.","urls":[{"url":"http://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/305463.html","url_text":"\"Regulation on motorway markings, chainage, interchange/exit/rest area numbers and names\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodne_novine","url_text":"Narodne novine"}]},{"reference":"\"The country gets closer to EU safety standards\". Jutarnji list (in Croatian). February 26, 2007. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121021215812/http://www.jutarnji.hr/nasa-zemlje-sve-bliza-sigurnosnim-standardima-eu/214716/","url_text":"\"The country gets closer to EU safety standards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutarnji_list","url_text":"Jutarnji list"},{"url":"http://www.jutarnji.hr/nasa-zemlje-sve-bliza-sigurnosnim-standardima-eu/214716/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Šprljan, Eduard (2004-01-28). \"Probijen tunel Plasina\". Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). Retrieved 2008-08-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr/20040129/zadnjevijesti01.asp","url_text":"\"Probijen tunel Plasina\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slobodna_Dalmacija","url_text":"Slobodna Dalmacija"}]},{"reference":"\"Traffic counting on the roadways of Croatia in 2009 - digest\" (PDF). Hrvatske ceste. May 1, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721100545/http://www.hrvatske-ceste.hr/WEB%20-%20Legislativa/brojenje-prometa/CroDig2009.pdf","url_text":"\"Traffic counting on the roadways of Croatia in 2009 - digest\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrvatske_ceste","url_text":"Hrvatske ceste"},{"url":"http://www.hrvatske-ceste.hr/WEB%20-%20Legislativa/brojenje-prometa/CroDig2009.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1878_United_States_Senate_election_in_California
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1878–79 United States Senate elections
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["1 Results summary","2 Change in composition","2.1 Before the elections","2.2 After the elections","3 Race summaries","3.1 Special elections during the 45th Congress","3.2 Races leading to the 46th Congress","3.3 Elections during the 46th Congress","4 Maryland","5 New York","6 Pennsylvania","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 Further reading"]
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1878–79 United States Senate elections
← 1876 & 1877
Dates vary by state(And other dates for special elections)
1880 & 1881 →
26 of the 76 seats in the United States Senate (with special elections)39 seats needed for a majority
Majority party
Minority party
Leader
William A. Wallace
Henry B. Anthony
Party
Democratic
Republican
Leader since
March 4, 1877
March 4, 1863
Leader's seat
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
Seats before
36
38
Seats won
14
10
Seats after
42
31
Seat change
6
7
Seats up
8
17
Third party
Fourth party
Party
Anti-Monopoly
Independent
Seats before
1
1
Seats won
0
0
Seats after
1
1
Seat change
Seats up
0
0
Results of the elections: Democratic gain Democratic hold Republican gain Republican hold Legislature failed to elect
Majority Party before election
Republican
Elected Majority Party
Democratic
The 1878–79 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1878 and 1879, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock. In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.
The Democratic Party re-captured control of the Senate for the first time since before the Civil War.
Results summary
Senate party division, 46th Congress (1879–1881)
Majority party: Democratic (42)
Minority party: Republican (31)
Other parties: Independent (1), Anti-Monopoly (1)
Total seats: 76
Change in composition
Before the elections
D8
D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
D9
D10
D11
D12
D13
D14
D15
D16
D17
D18
D28
D27
D26
D25
D24
D23
D22
D21
D20
D19
D29Ran
D30Ran
D31Ran
D32Ran
D33Unknown
D34Unknown
D35Retired
D36Retired
AM1
I1
Plurality →
R38Retired
R29Unknown
R30Unknown
R31Retired
R32Retired
R33Retired
R34Retired
R35Retired
R36Retired
R37Retired
R28Ran
R27Ran
R26Ran
R25Ran
R24Ran
R23Ran
R22Ran
R21
R20
R19
R9
R10
R11
R12
R13
R14
R15
R16
R17
R18
R8
R7
R6
R5
R4
R3
R2
R1
After the elections
D8
D7
D6
D5
D4
D3
D2
D1
D9
D10
D11
D12
D13
D14
D15
D16
D17
D18
D28
D27
D26
D25
D24
D23
D22
D21
D20
D19
D29Re-elected
D30Re-elected
D31Hold
D32Hold
D33Hold
D34Hold
D35Hold
D36Gain
D37Gain
D38Gain
Majority →
D39Gain
R29Hold
R30Hold
R31Gain
V1R loss
AM1
I1
D42Gain
D41Gain
D40Gain
R28Hold
R27Re-elected
R26Re-elected
R25Re-elected
R24Re-elected
R23Re-elected
R22Re-elected
R21
R20
R19
R9
R10
R11
R12
R13
R14
R15
R16
R17
R18
R8
R7
R6
R5
R4
R3
R2
R1
Key
AM#
Anti-Monopoly Party
D#
Democratic
I#
Independent
R#
Republican
V#
Vacant
Race summaries
Special elections during the 45th Congress
In these elections, the winners were seated in 1879 before March 4; ordered by election date.
State
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Senator
Party
Electoral history
Missouri(Class 3)
David H. Armstrong
Democratic
1877 (Appointed)
Interim appointee retired when successor elected.Winner elected January 27, 1879.Democratic hold.Winner did not run for the next term, see below.
▌Y James Shields (Democratic)
Indiana(Class 3)
Daniel W. Voorhees
Democratic
1877 (Appointed)
Interim appointee elected January 31, 1879.Winner was also elected to the next term, see below.
▌Y Daniel W. Voorhees (Democratic)
Michigan(Class 1)
Isaac P. Christiancy
Republican
1874
Incumbent resigned February 10, 1879, due to ill health.Winner elected February 22, 1879. Republican hold.
▌Y Zachariah Chandler (Republican)
Races leading to the 46th Congress
In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1885; ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.
State
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Senator
Party
Electoralhistory
Alabama
George E. Spencer
Republican
1868 (special)1872
Incumbent retired.New senator elected in August 1878.Democratic gain.
▌Y George S. Houston (Democratic)
Arkansas
Stephen W. Dorsey
Republican
1872 or 1873
Incumbent retired.New senator elected in 1878.Democratic gain.
▌Y James D. Walker (Democratic)
California
Aaron A. Sargent
Republican
1872 or 1873
Incumbent retired.New senator elected in 1878.Democratic gain.
▌Y James T. Farley (Democratic)
Colorado
Jerome B. Chaffee
Republican
1876
Incumbent retired.New senator elected in 1879.Republican hold.
▌Y Nathaniel P. Hill (Republican)
Connecticut
William Henry Barnum
Democratic
1876 (special)
Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.New senator elected in 1879.Republican gain.
▌Y Orville H. Platt (Republican)
Florida
Simon B. Conover
Republican
1872 or 1873
Incumbent retired.New senator elected January 21, 1879.Democratic gain.
▌Y Wilkinson Call (Democratic)
Georgia
John Brown Gordon
Democratic
1873
Incumbent re-elected in 1879.
▌Y John Brown Gordon (Democratic)
Illinois
Richard J. Oglesby
Republican
1873
Incumbent retired.New senator elected Jan 22, 1879.Republican hold.
▌Y John A. Logan (Republican) 51.46%
▌John C. Black (Democratic) 41.75%
▌Alexander Campbell (Greenback) 4.85%
▌John McAuliffe (Independent) 1.94%
Indiana
Daniel W. Voorhees
Democratic
1877 (Appointed)1879 (special)
Incumbent re-elected in 1879.
▌Y Daniel W. Voorhees (Democratic)
Iowa
William B. Allison
Republican
1872
Incumbent re-elected January 23, 1878.
▌Y William B. Allison (Republican) 104 votes
▌Daniel F. Miller (Republican) 35 votes
▌E. N. Gates (Unknown) 3 votes
Kansas
John Ingalls
Republican
1873
Incumbent re-elected in 1879.
▌Y John Ingalls (Republican)
Kentucky
Thomas C. McCreery
Democratic
1872
Incumbent retired.New senator elected in 1879.Democratic hold.
▌Y John Stuart Williams (Democratic)
Louisiana
James B. Eustis
Democratic
1876 (special)
Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected in 1879.Democratic hold.
▌Y Benjamin F. Jonas (Democratic)
Maryland
George R. Dennis
Democratic
1872 or 1873
Incumbent retired.New senator elected January 19, 1878.Democratic hold.
▌Y James Black Groome (Democratic) 78.5%
▌Lewis H. Steiner (Republican) 18.28%
▌John M. Robinson (Democratic) 2.15%
▌James A. Garey (Unknown) 1.08%
Missouri
James Shields
Democratic
1849 (Illinois)1849 (Illinois–election voided)1849 (Illinois–Special)1855 (Illinois–Lost)1858 (Minnesota)1859 (Minnesota–Lost)1879 (Missouri–Special)
Incumbent retired.New senator elected in 1879.Democratic hold.
▌Y George G. Vest (Democratic)
Nevada
John P. Jones
Republican
1873
Incumbent re-elected in 1879.
▌Y John P. Jones (Republican)
New Hampshire
Bainbridge Wadleigh
Republican
1872
Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.Legislature failed to elect.Republican loss.
New York
Roscoe Conkling
Republican
18671873
Incumbent re-elected January 22, 1879.
▌Y Roscoe Conkling (Republican)
▌William Dorsheimer (Democratic)
▌Peter Cooper (Greenback)
North Carolina
Augustus Merrimon
Democratic
1872
Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected in 1879.Democratic hold.
▌Y Zebulon Vance (Democratic)
▌Augustus Merrimon (Democratic)
Ohio
Stanley Matthews
Republican
1877 (special)
Incumbent retired.New senator elected in 1878 or 1879.Democratic gain.
▌Y George H. Pendleton (Democratic)
Oregon
John H. Mitchell
Republican
1872
Incumbent retired.New senator elected in 1878 or 1879.Democratic gain.
▌Y James H. Slater (Democratic)
▌John H. Mitchell (Republican)
Pennsylvania
J. Donald Cameron
Republican
1877 (special)
Incumbent re-elected January 20, 1879.
▌Y J. Donald Cameron (Republican) 53.78%
▌Hiester Clymer (Democratic) 36.65%
▌Daniel Agnew (Greenback) 6.37%
▌Edward McPherson (Republican) 1.20%
▌Russell Thayer (Republican) 0.40%
▌Galusha A. Grow (Republican) 0.40%
South Carolina
John J. Patterson
Republican
1872 or 1873
Unknown if incumbent retired or lost re-election.New senator elected in 1878.Democratic gain.
▌Y Wade Hampton III (Democratic)
Vermont
Justin S. Morrill
Republican
18661872
Incumbent re-elected in 1878.
▌Y Justin S. Morrill (Republican)
Wisconsin
Timothy O. Howe
Republican
186118661872
Incumbent lost re-election.New senator elected January 22, 1879.Republican hold.
▌Y Matthew H. Carpenter (Republican)
▌Timothy O. Howe (Republican)
▌Elisha W. Keyes (Republican)
Elections during the 46th Congress
In this election, the winner was elected in 1879 after March 4.
State
Incumbent
Results
Candidates
Senator
Party
Electoral history
New Hampshire(Class 3)
Charles H. Bell
Republican
1879 (Appointed)
Legislature had failed to elect, see above.Interim appointee retired when successor elected.Winner elected June 17, 1879.Republican hold.
▌Y Henry W. Blair (Republican)
Maryland
See also: List of United States senators from Maryland
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2022)
1878 United States Senate election in Maryland
← 1872
January 19, 1878
1884 →
80 members of the Maryland General Assembly
Candidate
James Black Groome
Lewis Henry Steiner
Party
Democratic
Republican
Legislative vote
73
17
Percentage
78.50%
18.28%
James Black Groome was elected by a margin of 60.22%, or 56 votes, for the Class 3 seat.
New York
Senator Roscoe Conkling
Main article: 1879 United States Senate election in New York
See also: List of United States senators from New York and 1878 United States House of Representatives elections in New York
In New York, the election was held on January 21, 1879, by the New York State Legislature. Republican Roscoe Conkling had been re-elected in January 1873 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1879. At the State election in November 1877, 19 Republicans and 13 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1878–1879) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1878, 97 Republicans, 28 Democrats and 3 Greenbackers were elected for the session of 1879 to the Assembly, and Republican Thomas Murphy was elected to fill the vacancy in the State Senate caused by the death of Democrat John Morrissey. The 102nd New York State Legislature met from January 7 to May 22, 1879, at Albany, New York.
The caucus of Republican State legislators met on January 20, Temporary President of the State Senate William H. Robertson presided. Present were all Republican legislators except State Senator Louis S. Goebel (6th D.) and Assemblyman James W. Wadsworth. They re-nominated the incumbent U.S. Senator Conkling unanimously. The caucus of the Democratic State legislators met also on January 20. State Senator Thomas C. E. Ecclesine (8th D.) offered to adopt a prostest against the senatorial election proceedings, claiming that the senatorial and assembly districts were incorrectly apportioned and thus the State Legislature did not represent the wish of the people of the State. The protest was substituted by a resolution to appoint a committee which would elaborate an address on the apportionment at a later date. Ecclesine then marched out, and the remaining legislators nominated Lieutenant Governor William Dorsheimer for the U.S. Senate.
1879 Democratic caucus for United States Senator result
Candidate
First ballot
Second ballot
William Dorsheimer
11
18
James F. Starbuck
8
8
DeWitt C. West
8
6
Elijah Ward
2
The two Greenback assemblymen John Banfield (Chemung Co.) and George E. Williams (Oswego Co.) voted for 87-year-old Peter Cooper, a New York City inventor, industrialist and philanthropist who had run for U.S. president in 1876 on the Greenback ticket.
Roscoe Conkling was the choice of both the Assembly and the State Senate, and was declared elected.
1879 United States Senator election result
Republican
Democrat
Greenback
State Senate (32 members)
Roscoe Conkling
20
William Dorsheimer
12
State Assembly (128 members)
Roscoe Conkling
95
William Dorsheimer
23
Peter Cooper
2
Note: The votes were cast on January 21, but both Houses met in a joint session on January 22 to compare nominations, and declare the result.
Pennsylvania
Senator J. Donald Cameron
Main article: 1879 United States Senate election in Pennsylvania
See also: List of United States senators from Pennsylvania and 1878 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania
In Pennsylvania, the election was held January 20, 1879. J. Donald Cameron was re-elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.
After Sen. Simon Cameron resigned from office, his son J. Donald Cameron was elected by the General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, in 1877 to serve the remainder of the unexpired term, which was to expire on March 4, 1879. The Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on January 20, 1879, to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1879. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:
State Legislature Results
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
J. Donald Cameron (Inc.)
135
53.78
Democratic
Hiester Clymer
92
36.65
Greenback
Daniel Agnew
16
6.37
Republican
Edward McPherson
3
1.20
Republican
Russell Thayer
1
0.40
Republican
Galusha A. Grow
1
0.40
N/A
Not voting
3
1.20
Totals
251
100.00%
See also
1878 United States elections
1878–79 United States House of Representatives elections
45th United States Congress
46th United States Congress
Notes
^ as Democratic Caucus Chair
^ as Republican Conference Chair
References
^ "17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.
^ "THE FLORIDA SENATORSHIP". The New York Times. January 22, 1879. p. 1.
^ "IL US Senate". OurCampaigns.com. December 4, 2009. Retrieved October 31, 2019., citing Chicago Tribune.
^ a b Clark, p. 185.
^ "Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Jan 19, 1878". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 31, 2019.
^ Thompson, p. 262.
^ "Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Jan 19, 1878". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved November 5, 2022.
^ State Senator Goebel refused to caucus with any of the parties, but voted for Conkling at the election.
^ DeWitt Clinton West (1824-1880), of Lowville, assemblyman 1853
^ a b "U.S. Senate Election - 20 January 1879" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 22, 2013.
Further reading
Clark, Dan Elbert (1913). "History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa". Iowa City, Iowa.
Thompson, E. Bruce (1954). Matthew Hale Carpenter, Webster of the West. Madison, WI: State Historical Society of Wisconsin.
Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov
"VICTORIOUS REPUBLICANS" (PDF). The New York Times. November 6, 1878., gives 1 Greenbacker elected, but Williams of Oswego is not in the list; this seems to have been a preliminary result which was later amended
"NEW-YORK'S NEXT SENATOR; ROSCOE CONKLING RENOMINATED" (PDF). The New York Times. January 21, 1879.
"THE DEMOCRATIC CAUCUS.; A REMARKABLE PROTEST OFFERED AND TABLED; LIEUT.-GOV. DORSHEIMER TENDERED THE EMPTY HONOR OF A NOMINATION" (PDF). The New York Times. January 21, 1879.
"CONKLING WINS THE SENATORSHIP" (PDF). The New York Times. January 22, 1879.
"CHOOSING THEIR SENATORS.; ...LIEUT.-GOV. DORSHEIMER FORMALLY ANNOUNCES THE ELECTION" (PDF). The New York Times. January 23, 1879.
Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006. Wilkes University Election Statistics Project.
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Seventeenth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution"},{"link_name":"state legislatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"legislative deadlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gridlock_(politics)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Class 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_senators"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"}],"text":"The 1878–79 United States Senate elections were held on various dates in various states. As these U.S. Senate elections were prior to the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, senators were chosen by state legislatures. Senators were elected over a wide range of time throughout 1878 and 1879, and a seat may have been filled months late or remained vacant due to legislative deadlock.[1] In these elections, terms were up for the senators in Class 3.The Democratic Party re-captured control of the Senate for the first time since before the Civil War.","title":"1878–79 United States Senate elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"46th Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/46th_United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Anti-Monopoly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Monopoly_Party"}],"text":"Senate party division, 46th Congress (1879–1881)Majority party: Democratic (42)\nMinority party: Republican (31)\nOther parties: Independent (1), Anti-Monopoly (1)\nTotal seats: 76","title":"Results summary"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Change in composition"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Before the elections","title":"Change in composition"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"After the elections","title":"Change in composition"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Special elections during the 45th Congress","text":"In these elections, the winners were seated in 1879 before March 4; ordered by election date.","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Races leading to the 46th Congress","text":"In these regular elections, the winners were elected for the term beginning March 4, 1885; ordered by state.All of the elections involved the Class 3 seats.","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Elections during the 46th Congress","text":"In this election, the winner was elected in 1879 after March 4.","title":"Race summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Maryland"},{"link_name":"James Black Groome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Black_Groome"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"See also: List of United States senators from MarylandJames Black Groome was elected by a margin of 60.22%, or 56 votes, for the Class 3 seat.[7]","title":"Maryland"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hon._Roscoe_Conkling,_N.Y_-_NARA_-_527412_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Roscoe Conkling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe_Conkling"},{"link_name":"List of United States senators from New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York"},{"link_name":"1878 United States House of Representatives elections in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1878_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Roscoe Conkling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe_Conkling"},{"link_name":"State election in November 1877","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_state_election,_1877"},{"link_name":"State election in November 1878","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_state_election,_1878"},{"link_name":"Thomas Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Murphy_(Collector)"},{"link_name":"John Morrissey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Morrissey"},{"link_name":"102nd New York State Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/102nd_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Albany, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"William H. Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_H._Robertson"},{"link_name":"Louis S. Goebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_S._Goebel"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"James W. Wadsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wolcott_Wadsworth"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"Thomas C. E. Ecclesine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_C._E._Ecclesine"},{"link_name":"William Dorsheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dorsheimer"},{"link_name":"Oswego Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oswego_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Peter Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cooper"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"run for U.S. president in 1876","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election"}],"text":"Senator Roscoe ConklingSee also: List of United States senators from New York and 1878 United States House of Representatives elections in New YorkIn New York, the election was held on January 21, 1879, by the New York State Legislature. Republican Roscoe Conkling had been re-elected in January 1873 to this seat, and his term would expire on March 3, 1879. At the State election in November 1877, 19 Republicans and 13 Democrats were elected for a two-year term (1878–1879) in the State Senate. At the State election in November 1878, 97 Republicans, 28 Democrats and 3 Greenbackers were elected for the session of 1879 to the Assembly, and Republican Thomas Murphy was elected to fill the vacancy in the State Senate caused by the death of Democrat John Morrissey. The 102nd New York State Legislature met from January 7 to May 22, 1879, at Albany, New York.The caucus of Republican State legislators met on January 20, Temporary President of the State Senate William H. Robertson presided. Present were all Republican legislators except State Senator Louis S. Goebel[8] (6th D.) and Assemblyman James W. Wadsworth. They re-nominated the incumbent U.S. Senator Conkling unanimously. The caucus of the Democratic State legislators met also on January 20. State Senator Thomas C. E. Ecclesine (8th D.) offered to adopt a prostest against the senatorial election proceedings, claiming that the senatorial and assembly districts were incorrectly apportioned and thus the State Legislature did not represent the wish of the people of the State. The protest was substituted by a resolution to appoint a committee which would elaborate an address on the apportionment at a later date. Ecclesine then marched out, and the remaining legislators nominated Lieutenant Governor William Dorsheimer for the U.S. Senate.The two Greenback assemblymen John Banfield (Chemung Co.) and George E. Williams (Oswego Co.) voted for 87-year-old Peter Cooper, a New York City inventor, industrialist and philanthropist who had run for U.S. president in 1876 on the Greenback ticket.Roscoe Conkling was the choice of both the Assembly and the State Senate, and was declared elected.Note: The votes were cast on January 21, but both Houses met in a joint session on January 22 to compare nominations, and declare the result.","title":"New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Donald_Cameron_Brady-Handy.jpg"},{"link_name":"J. Donald Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron"},{"link_name":"List of United States senators from Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"1878 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1878_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"J. Donald Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-results-12"},{"link_name":"Simon Cameron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Cameron"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"1877","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Pennsylvania,_1877"}],"text":"Senator J. Donald CameronSee also: List of United States senators from Pennsylvania and 1878 United States House of Representatives elections in PennsylvaniaIn Pennsylvania, the election was held January 20, 1879. J. Donald Cameron was re-elected by the Pennsylvania General Assembly to the United States Senate.[10]After Sen. Simon Cameron resigned from office, his son J. Donald Cameron was elected by the General Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate, in 1877 to serve the remainder of the unexpired term, which was to expire on March 4, 1879. The Pennsylvania General Assembly convened on January 20, 1879, to elect a Senator to serve the term beginning on March 4, 1879. The results of the vote of both houses combined are as follows:","title":"Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Democratic Caucus Chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Caucus_of_the_United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Republican Conference Chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Senate_Republican_Conference"}],"text":"^ as Democratic Caucus Chair\n\n^ as Republican Conference Chair","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=jXJDAAAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"Iowa City, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_City,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Matthew Hale Carpenter, Webster of the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3288429;view=1up;seq=11"},{"link_name":"Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.senate.gov/pagelayout/history/one_item_and_teasers/partydiv.htm"},{"link_name":"\"VICTORIOUS REPUBLICANS\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1878/11/06/81736218.pdf"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"\"NEW-YORK'S NEXT SENATOR; ROSCOE CONKLING RENOMINATED\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1879/01/21/80743455.pdf"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"\"THE DEMOCRATIC CAUCUS.; A REMARKABLE PROTEST OFFERED AND TABLED; LIEUT.-GOV. DORSHEIMER TENDERED THE EMPTY HONOR OF A NOMINATION\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1879/01/21/80743456.pdf"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"\"CONKLING WINS THE SENATORSHIP\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1879/01/22/80743654.pdf"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"\"CHOOSING THEIR SENATORS.; ...LIEUT.-GOV. DORSHEIMER FORMALLY ANNOUNCES THE ELECTION\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1879/01/23/80743835.pdf"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//staffweb.wilkes.edu/harold.cox"},{"link_name":"Wilkes University Election Statistics Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkes_University_Election_Statistics_Project"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"United States Senate elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"1788–1913","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_(1788%E2%80%931913)"},{"link_name":"elected by 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elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"link_name":"Presidential elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:United_States_presidential_elections"},{"link_name":"Gubernatorial elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:United_States_gubernatorial_elections"}],"text":"Clark, Dan Elbert (1913). \"History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa\". Iowa City, Iowa.\nThompson, E. Bruce (1954). Matthew Hale Carpenter, Webster of the West. Madison, WI: State Historical Society of Wisconsin.\nParty Division in the Senate, 1789-Present, via Senate.gov\n\"VICTORIOUS REPUBLICANS\" (PDF). The New York Times. November 6, 1878., gives 1 Greenbacker elected, but Williams of Oswego is not in the list; this seems to have been a preliminary result which was later amended\n\"NEW-YORK'S NEXT SENATOR; ROSCOE CONKLING RENOMINATED\" (PDF). The New York Times. January 21, 1879.\n\"THE DEMOCRATIC CAUCUS.; A REMARKABLE PROTEST OFFERED AND TABLED; LIEUT.-GOV. DORSHEIMER TENDERED THE EMPTY HONOR OF A NOMINATION\" (PDF). The New York Times. January 21, 1879.\n\"CONKLING WINS THE SENATORSHIP\" (PDF). The New York Times. January 22, 1879.\n\"CHOOSING THEIR SENATORS.; ...LIEUT.-GOV. DORSHEIMER FORMALLY ANNOUNCES THE ELECTION\" (PDF). The New York Times. January 23, 1879.\nPennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006. Wilkes University Election Statistics Project.vteUnited States Senate elections1788–1913(elected by statelegislatures)\n1788–89\n1790–91\n1792–93\n1794–95\n1796–97\n1798–99\n1800–01\n1802–03\n1804–05\n1806–07\n1808–09\n1810–11\n1812–13\n1814–15\n1816–17\n1818–19\n1820–21\n1822–23\n1824–25\n1826–27\n1828–29\n1830–31\n1832–33\n1834–35\n1836–37\n1838–39\n1840–41\n1842–43\n1844–45\n1846–47\n1848–49\n1850–51\n1852–53\n1854–55\n1856–57\n1858–59\n1860–61\n1862–63\n1864–65\n1866–67\n1868–69\n1870–71\n1872–73\n1874–75\n1876–77\n1878–79\n1880–81\n1882–83\n1884–85\n1886–87\n1888–89\n1890–91\n1892–93\n1894–95\n1896–97\n1898–99\n1900–01\n1902–03\n1904–05\n1906–07\n1908–09\n1910–11\n1912–13\n1914–present(popular election)Regularsandeven-yearspecials\n1914\n1916\n1918\n1920\n1922\n1924\n1926\n1928\n1930\n1932\n1934\n1936\n1938\n1940\n1942\n1944\n1946\n1948\n1950\n1952\n1954\n1956\n1958\n1960\n1962\n1964\n1966\n1968\n1970\n1972\n1974\n1976\n1978\n1980\n1982\n1984\n1986\n1988\n1990\n1992\n1994\n1996\n1998\n2000\n2002\n2004\n2006\n2008\n2010\n2012\n2014\n2016\n2018\n2020\n2022\n2024\n2026\n2028\nOdd-yearspecials\n1921\n1923\n1925\n1931\n1933\n1937\n1941\n1947\n1949\n1957\n1959\n1961\n1974–75\n1983\n1991\n1993\n2013\n2017\nList of all specials\nElections by state\nAlabama\nAlaska\nArizona\nArkansas\nCalifornia\nColorado\nConnecticut\nDelaware\nDistrict of Columbia\nFlorida\nGeorgia\nHawaii\nIdaho\nIllinois\nIndiana\nIowa\nKansas\nKentucky\nLouisiana\nMaine\nMaryland\nMassachusetts\nMichigan\nMinnesota\nMississippi\nMissouri\nMontana\nNebraska\nNevada\nNew Hampshire\nNew Jersey\nNew Mexico\nNew York\nNorth Carolina\nNorth Dakota\nOhio\nOklahoma\nOregon\nPennsylvania\nRhode Island\nSouth Carolina\nSouth Dakota\nTennessee\nTexas\nUtah\nVermont\nVirginia\nWashington\nWest Virginia\nWisconsin\nWyoming\n\nSpecial elections\nElection disputes\nResults by state\nList of US elections\nHouse elections\nPresidential elections\nGubernatorial elections","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"Senator Roscoe Conkling","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Hon._Roscoe_Conkling%2C_N.Y_-_NARA_-_527412_%28cropped%29.jpg/125px-Hon._Roscoe_Conkling%2C_N.Y_-_NARA_-_527412_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Senator J. Donald Cameron","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/James_Donald_Cameron_Brady-Handy.jpg/125px-James_Donald_Cameron_Brady-Handy.jpg"}]
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[{"title":"1878 United States elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1878_United_States_elections"},{"title":"1878–79 United States House of Representatives elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1878%E2%80%9379_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"title":"45th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_United_States_Congress"},{"title":"46th United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/46th_United_States_Congress"}]
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[{"reference":"\"17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)\". National Archives and Records Administration. February 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/17th-amendment","url_text":"\"17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)\""}]},{"reference":"\"THE FLORIDA SENATORSHIP\". The New York Times. January 22, 1879. p. 1.","urls":[{"url":"http://nyti.ms/2e2ghUS","url_text":"\"THE FLORIDA SENATORSHIP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"IL US Senate\". OurCampaigns.com. December 4, 2009. Retrieved October 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=22272","url_text":"\"IL US Senate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Jan 19, 1878\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved October 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=114843","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Jan 19, 1878\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Jan 19, 1878\". www.ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved November 5, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=114843","url_text":"\"Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Jan 19, 1878\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Senate Election - 20 January 1879\" (PDF). Wilkes University. Retrieved December 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/harold.cox/sen/PaSen1879.pdf","url_text":"\"U.S. Senate Election - 20 January 1879\""}]},{"reference":"Clark, Dan Elbert (1913). \"History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa\". Iowa City, Iowa.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jXJDAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"\"History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_City,_Iowa","url_text":"Iowa City, Iowa"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, E. Bruce (1954). Matthew Hale Carpenter, Webster of the West. Madison, WI: State Historical Society of Wisconsin.","urls":[{"url":"http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3288429;view=1up;seq=11","url_text":"Matthew Hale Carpenter, Webster of the West"}]},{"reference":"\"VICTORIOUS REPUBLICANS\" (PDF). The New York Times. November 6, 1878.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1878/11/06/81736218.pdf","url_text":"\"VICTORIOUS REPUBLICANS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"NEW-YORK'S NEXT SENATOR; ROSCOE CONKLING RENOMINATED\" (PDF). The New York Times. January 21, 1879.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1879/01/21/80743455.pdf","url_text":"\"NEW-YORK'S NEXT SENATOR; ROSCOE CONKLING RENOMINATED\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"THE DEMOCRATIC CAUCUS.; A REMARKABLE PROTEST OFFERED AND TABLED; LIEUT.-GOV. DORSHEIMER TENDERED THE EMPTY HONOR OF A NOMINATION\" (PDF). The New York Times. January 21, 1879.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1879/01/21/80743456.pdf","url_text":"\"THE DEMOCRATIC CAUCUS.; A REMARKABLE PROTEST OFFERED AND TABLED; LIEUT.-GOV. DORSHEIMER TENDERED THE EMPTY HONOR OF A NOMINATION\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"CONKLING WINS THE SENATORSHIP\" (PDF). The New York Times. January 22, 1879.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1879/01/22/80743654.pdf","url_text":"\"CONKLING WINS THE SENATORSHIP\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"CHOOSING THEIR SENATORS.; ...LIEUT.-GOV. DORSHEIMER FORMALLY ANNOUNCES THE ELECTION\" (PDF). The New York Times. January 23, 1879.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1879/01/23/80743835.pdf","url_text":"\"CHOOSING THEIR SENATORS.; ...LIEUT.-GOV. DORSHEIMER FORMALLY ANNOUNCES THE ELECTION\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006. Wilkes University Election Statistics Project.","urls":[{"url":"http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/harold.cox","url_text":"Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkes_University_Election_Statistics_Project","url_text":"Wilkes University Election Statistics Project"}]}]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1878%E2%80%9379_United_States_Senate_elections&action=edit§ion=","external_links_name":"adding to it"},{"Link":"https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/17th-amendment","external_links_name":"\"17th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Direct Election of U.S. Senators (1913)\""},{"Link":"http://nyti.ms/2e2ghUS","external_links_name":"\"THE FLORIDA SENATORSHIP\""},{"Link":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=22272","external_links_name":"\"IL US Senate\""},{"Link":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=114843","external_links_name":"\"Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Jan 19, 1878\""},{"Link":"https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=114843","external_links_name":"\"Our Campaigns - MD US Senate Race - Jan 19, 1878\""},{"Link":"http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/harold.cox/sen/PaSen1879.pdf","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Senate Election - 20 January 1879\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jXJDAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"\"History of Senatorial Elections in Iowa\""},{"Link":"http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3288429;view=1up;seq=11","external_links_name":"Matthew Hale Carpenter, Webster of the West"},{"Link":"https://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/history/one_item_and_teasers/partydiv.htm","external_links_name":"Party Division in the Senate, 1789-Present"},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1878/11/06/81736218.pdf","external_links_name":"\"VICTORIOUS REPUBLICANS\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1879/01/21/80743455.pdf","external_links_name":"\"NEW-YORK'S NEXT SENATOR; ROSCOE CONKLING RENOMINATED\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1879/01/21/80743456.pdf","external_links_name":"\"THE DEMOCRATIC CAUCUS.; A REMARKABLE PROTEST OFFERED AND TABLED; LIEUT.-GOV. DORSHEIMER TENDERED THE EMPTY HONOR OF A NOMINATION\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1879/01/22/80743654.pdf","external_links_name":"\"CONKLING WINS THE SENATORSHIP\""},{"Link":"https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1879/01/23/80743835.pdf","external_links_name":"\"CHOOSING THEIR SENATORS.; ...LIEUT.-GOV. DORSHEIMER FORMALLY ANNOUNCES THE ELECTION\""},{"Link":"http://staffweb.wilkes.edu/harold.cox","external_links_name":"Pennsylvania Election Statistics: 1682-2006"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Macrae
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Gordon MacRae
|
["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Singer","2.2 Broadway","2.3 Radio","2.4 Film","2.5 Television","2.6 Stage","2.7 Later career","3 Personal life","4 Death","5 Filmography","6 Stage work","7 Radio","8 Discography","8.1 Solo","8.2 with Jo Stafford","8.3 Singles","9 In popular culture","10 References","11 Further reading","12 External links"]
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American actor, singer, and TV and radio host (1921–1986)
For the hockey player, see Gord McRae.
Gordon MacRaeMacRae in 1953BornAlbert Gordon MacRae(1921-03-12)March 12, 1921East Orange, New Jersey, U.S.DiedJanuary 24, 1986(1986-01-24) (aged 64)Lincoln, Nebraska, U.S.Resting placeWyuka Cemetery, Lincoln, NebraskaOccupationsActorsingerTV and radio show hostYears active1939–1980Spouses
Sheila MacRae
(m. 1941; div. 1967)
Elizabeth Lambert Schrafft
(m. 1967)
Children5, including Heather and Meredith
Albert Gordon MacRae (March 12, 1921 – January 24, 1986) was an American actor, singer, and television and radio host. He appeared in the film versions of two Rodgers and Hammerstein musicals, Oklahoma! (1955) and Carousel (1956), and played the leading man opposite Doris Day in On Moonlight Bay (1951) and sequel By The Light of the Silvery Moon (1953).
Early life
Born in East Orange in Essex County in northeastern New Jersey, United States, to parents William LaMont MacRae, a toolmaker and radio singer, and Helen Violet Sonn, a concert pianist. His father was descended from Clan MacRae. MacRae attended Nottingham High School in Syracuse, New York where he was active in the Drama Club. He later attended and graduated in 1940 from Deerfield Academy in Deerfield, Massachusetts and thereafter served as a navigator in IX Troop Carrier Command in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II.
Career
Singer
MacRae was a baritone. Winning a contest enabled him to sing at the 1939 New York World's Fair with the Harry James and Les Brown orchestras.
Broadway
He made his Broadway debut in 1942, acquiring his first recording contract soon afterwards. Many of his hit recordings were made with Jo Stafford.
He was a replacement performer on Junior Miss.
Radio
On the radio in 1945, his talents were showcased on the Gordon MacRae Show on the CBS network in collaboration with the conductor Archie Bleyer. In 1946, his fifeteen minute variety show Skyline Roof also featured emerging musical talent, including the accordionist John Serry Sr. MacRae was also the host and lead actor on The Railroad Hour, a half-hour anthology series made up of condensed versions of hit Broadway musicals. The programs were later released as popular studio cast albums, most of which have been reissued on CD.
In 1946, he was in the revue Three to Make Ready, which ran for 326 performances.
Film
MacRae signed a contract with Warner Bros. in 1947. In 1948, he appeared in his first film, The Big Punch, a drama about boxing. He followed this with a film noir with Virginia Mayo, Backfire (made in 1948, released 1950).
MacRae's first on-screen musical was Look for the Silver Lining (1949), a biopic of Marilyn Miller (June Haver), where MacRae played Frank Carter. David Butler directed. MacRae was reunited with Haver and Butler in The Daughter of Rosie O'Grady (1950). Warners put him in a Western, Return of the Frontiersman (1950). Then he starred with Doris Day in Tea for Two (1950), a reworking of No, No, Nanette, also for Butler. Public response was enthusiastic. MacRae and Day were teamed again in The West Point Story (1951) starring James Cagney and Mayo, On Moonlight Bay (1951), and the all-star Korean War tribute, Starlift (1951).
MacRae was in a military school musical, About Face (1952) with Eddie Bracken, then he and Day did a sequel to On Moonlight Bay, By the Light of the Silvery Moon (1953). That same year, he starred opposite Kathryn Grayson in the third film version of The Desert Song and teamed with Jane Powell in Three Sailors and a Girl (1953). MacRae's best known film role was Curly in the big screen adaptation of Oklahoma! (1955) alongside Shirley Jones. He and Jones were used on another Rodgers and Hammerstein adaptation, Carousel (1956), at 20th Century Fox (now 20th Century Studios). MacRae played Buddy De Sylva in The Best Things in Life Are Free (1956) for 20th Century-Fox.
Television
MacRae appeared frequently on television, on such variety programs as The Ford Show, Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford.
He also appeared on drama shows such as Lux Video Theatre.
During Christmas 1958, MacRae and Ford performed the Christmas hymn "O Holy Night". Earlier in 1958, MacRae guest-starred on the short-lived NBC variety series The Polly Bergen Show.
He starred in the TV musical The Gift of the Magi (1958). Thereafter, MacRae appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show, The Dinah Shore Chevy Show, The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom, and The Bell Telephone Hour.
Stage
He continued his musical stage career, often performing with his wife, as in a 1964 production of Bells Are Ringing, also performing as Sky Masterson in the popular musical Guys and Dolls, with his wife playing the role of Miss Adeleide, reprising her Broadway role at the Gammage Memorial Auditorium in Tempe, Arizona.
In the late 1960s, he co-hosted for a week on The Mike Douglas Show. He also toured in summer stock and appeared in nightclubs.
In 1967, he replaced Robert Preston in the original Broadway run of the musical I Do! I Do!, starring opposite Carol Lawrence, who had taken over the role from Mary Martin.
Later career
MacRae guest starred on McCloud. He had supporting roles in the films Zero to Sixty (1978) and The Pilot (1980).
Personal life
He was married to Sheila MacRae from 1941 until 1967. They met on the set of a play and it was "love at first sight." The couple were the parents of four children: actresses Heather and Meredith MacRae, and sons William Gordon MacRae and Robert Bruce MacRae. Sheila later married television producer Ronald Wayne.
MacRae's second marriage was to Elizabeth Lambert Schrafft on September 25, 1967, and together they had one daughter, Amanda Mercedes MacRae born in 1968. They remained married until his death. He battled alcohol problems for many years, but overcame them by the late 1970s.
Death
MacRae had cancer of the mouth and jaw. He died in 1986 of pneumonia, at his home in Lincoln, Nebraska, aged 64. He was buried at the Wyuka Cemetery in Lincoln, Nebraska.
Filmography
MacRae with Doris Day in Tea for Two (1950)
MacRae with Day in Starlift (1951)
Feature films
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1948
The Big Punch
Johnny Grant
1949
Look for the Silver Lining
Frank Carter
1950
Backfire
Bob Corey
1950
The Daughter of Rosie O'Grady
Tony Pastor
1950
Return of the Frontiersman
Logan Barrett
1950
Tea for Two
Jimmy Smith
1950
The West Point Story
Tom Fletcher
1951
On Moonlight Bay
William Sherman
1951
Starlift
Himself
1952
About Face
Tony Williams
1953
By the Light of the Silvery Moon
William Sherman
1953
The Desert Song
El Khobar / Paul Bonnard
1953
Three Sailors and a Girl
"Choirboy" Jones
1955
Oklahoma!
Curly McLain
1956
Carousel
Billy Bigelow
1956
The Best Things in Life Are Free
Buddy DeSylva
1978
Zero to Sixty
Officer Joe
1980
The Pilot
Joe Barnes
(final film role)
Short subjects
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1951
The Screen Director
Himself
1952
Screen Snapshots: Fun in the Sun
Himself
1953
So You Want a Television Set
Himself
Stage work
Junior Miss (1942, Broadway, replacement for Walter Collins)
Three to Make Ready (1946, Broadway)
Carousel (1955, Music Hall at Fair Park)
Annie Get Your Gun (1960, Starlight Theatre)
Bells Are Ringing (1961, Columbus, Ohio)
Guys and Dolls (1963, summer stock tour)
Bells Are Ringing (1964, summer stock tour)
Jerome Kern's Theatre (1966, Avery Fisher Hall)
Kismet (1966, Columbus, Ohio)
Oklahoma! (1967, summer stock tour)
I Do! I Do! (1967, Broadway, replacement for Robert Preston)
Golden Rainbow (1969, summer stock tour)
Milk and Honey (1972, Columbus, Ohio)
Paint Your Wagon (1978, Columbus, Ohio)
Radio
MacRae replaced Frank Sinatra on a radio program in 1943, but he soon had to leave for military service. In 1946, he was the "singing emcee" of The Teentimers Club, a Saturday morning program. From 1945 to 1948 he also hosted and performed on The Gordon MacRae Show for the CBS radio network.
He also appeared in programs as shown in the table below.
Program
Episode
Date
Notes
Stars in the Air
Christmas in Connecticut
March 20, 1952
Lux Radio Theatre
On Moonlight Bay
May 5, 1952
Discography
This is Gordon Macrae Capitol Records
Solo
"Love Is a Many Splendored Thing"
"Easy to Love"
"Hair of Gold, Eyes of Blue"
"It's Magic"
"Rambling Rose"
"Love Is the Sweetest Thing"
"Here's to a Wonderful Christmas"
"The Merry Christmas Waltz"
"The Secret"
"Seasons of Love"
with Jo Stafford
"'A' — You're Adorable"
"Dearie"
"My Darling, My Darling"
"Say Something Sweet to Your Sweetheart"
"Whispering Hope"
"Echoes"
"There's a Small Hotel" (Jo Stafford album "Meet Jo Stafford")
"When I Grow Too Old to Dream" (Jo Stafford album "Meet Jo Stafford")
Singles
Marion Hutton, Mel Tormé and MacRae on The Teentimers Club radio show (1947)
Year
Single
Chart positions
Hot 100
1945
"You Go to My Head"b/w "'A' You're Adorable"
-
"It's Anybody's Spring"b/w "Love Is the Sweetest Thing"
-
1947
"I Still Get Jealous"b/w "I Understand"
25
"At the Candlelight Cafe"b/w "I Surrender Dear"
20
1948
"Thoughtless"
28
"You Were Meant for Me"
22
"That Feathery Feeling"b/w "Matinee"
27
"It's Magic"b/w "Spring in December"
9
"Steppin' Out with My Baby"b/w "Evelyn"
-
"Hankerin'"b/w "I Went Down to Virginia"
23
"Win or Lose"b/w "At Your Command"
-
"Hair of Gold Eyes of Blue"
7
"Rambling Rose"
27
"Say Something Sweet to Your Sweetheart" (with Jo Stafford)
10
"Bluebird of Happiness" (with Jo Stafford)
16
"My Darling, My Darling"b/w "Girls Were Made to Take Care of Boys"Both sides with Jo Stafford and The Starlighters
1
1949
"Down the Lane"b/w "You Are My Love"Both sides with Jo Stafford and The Jud Conlon Singers
-
"The Pussy Cat Song"b/w "I'll String Along with You"Both sides with Jo Stafford
26
"So in Love"b/w "A Rosewood Spinet"
20
"You're Still the Belle of the Ball"b/w "The Melancholy Minstrel"
-
"'A' You're Adorable" (with Jo Stafford)
4
"Need You" (with Jo Stafford)
7
"Some Enchanted Evening"b/w (B-side by Margaret Whiting: "A Wonderful Guy")
-
"Younger Than Springtime"b/w(B-side by Margaret Whiting: "A Cock-Eyed Optimist)
30
"Whispering Hope"b/w "A Thought in My Heart"Both sides with Jo Stafford
4
"Thank You"b/w "My One and Only Highland Fling"Both sides with The Starlighters
-
"The Wedding of Lilli Marlene"b/w "Twenty-Four Hours of Sunshine"Both sides with The Starlighters
-
"I Want You to Want Me (to Want You)"b/w "Wonderful One"
-
"Wunderbar"b/w "I'll String Along with You"Both sides with Jo Stafford
-
"Mule Train"
14
"Dear Hearts and Gentle People"
19
"Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo" (with Jo Stafford)
13
"Echoes" (with Jo Stafford)
18
"The Sunshine of Your Smile"b/w "Body and Soul"
-
1950
"Adeste Fidelis"b/w "Merry Christmas Waltz"Both sides with Jo Stafford
-
"Songs of Christmas" (Part 1) b/w "Songs of Christmas" (Part 2)Both sides with Jo Stafford
-
"Love's Old Sweet Song"b/w "Juanita"Both sides with Jo Stafford
-
"Dearie"b/w "Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday (I Love You)"Both sides with Jo Stafford
10
"Beyond the Sunset"b/w "Near Me"Both sides with Jo Stafford
-
"Where Are You Gonna Be When the Moon Shines"b/w "Driftin' Down the Dreamy Ol' Ohio"Both sides with Jo Stafford
-
"A Perfect Day"b/w "The Rosary"Both sides with Jo Stafford
-
"I'm in the Middle of a Riddle"b/w "Tea for Two"Both sides with Jo Stafford
-
1951
"Love Means Love" (with The Ewing Sisters)b/w "Wait For Me"
-
"Whispering Hope" (Reissue)b/w "I'll String Along with You"
-
"Wunderbar"b/w "Beyond the Sunset"Both sides with Jo Stafford
-
"Ol' Man River"b/w "On a Sunday at Coney Island"
-
"Down the Old Ox Road"b/w "Cuddle Up a Little Closer"
-
"Cuban Love Song"b/w "Last Night When We Were Young" (with Jo Stafford)
-
"On Rosary Hill"b/w "Lover's Waltz"Both sides with Gisele MacKenzie
-
"Be My Girl"b/w "Laughing at Love"
-
1952
"When It's Springtime in the Rockies"b/w "Nights of Splendor"Both sides with Jo Stafford
-
"My Love"b/w "How Close"
-
"Green Acres and Purple Mountains"b/w "Baby Doll"
-
"These Things Shall Pass"b/w "Gentle Hands"
-
"Brotherly Love"b/w "Straight and Narrow"
-
1953
"How Do You Speak to an Angel"
30
"Congratulations to Someone"
28
"C'est Magnifique"b/w "Homin' Time"
29
"Stranger in Paradise"b/w "Never in a Million Years"
29
"I Don't Want to Walk Without You"b/w "I Still Dream of You"
-
1954
"Ramona"b/w "So in Love"
-
"Face to Face"b/w "Backward, Turn Backward"
30
"Cara Mia"b/w "Count Your Blessings Instead of Sheep"
-
"Here's What I'm Here For"b/w "Love Can Change the Stars"
-
1955
"You Forgot (to Tell Me That You Love Me)"b/w "Tik-A-Tee Tik-A-Tay"
-
"Follow Your Heart"b/w "Belle Notte"
-
"Why Break the Heart That Loves You"b/w "Jim Bowie"
-
"The Surrey with the Fringe on Top"b/w "People Will Say We're in Love"Both sides with Ray Anthony
-
"Woman in Love"b/w "Wonderful Christmas"
-
"Never Before and Never Again"b/w "Fate"
-
1956
"I've Grown Accustomed to Your Face"b/w "Who Are We"
96
"I Asked the Lord"b/w "One Misty Morning"
-
"Obey"b/w "Without Love"
-
"Endless Love"b/w "When You Kiss Me"
-
1957
"Till We Meet Again"b/w "Lonely"
-
"Sayonara"b/w "Never Till Now"
-
1958
"If I Forget You"b/w "Now"
-
"The Secret"b/w "A Man Once Said"
18
"Fly Little Bluebird"b/w "Little Do You Know"
-
1959
"The Stranger"b/w "Palace of Love"
-
"Sound of Music"b/w "When Did I Fall in Love"
-
1960
"You Were There"b/w "Our Love Story" (with Sheila MacRae)
-
"If Ever I Would Leave You"b/w "Dolce Far Niente"
-
1961
"Face to Face"b/w "Sail Away"
-
"Ordinary People"b/w "Impossible"
-
1962
"The Sweetest Sounds"b/w "Nobody Told Me"
-
"Lovely"b/w "Warmer Than a Whisper"
-
1966
"If She Walked into My Life"b/w "I Want to Be with You"
-
"All"b/w "I Don't Think I'm in Love"
-
1968
"Only Love"b/w "Knowing When to Leave"
-
In popular culture
This article may contain irrelevant references to popular culture. Please remove the content or add citations to reliable and independent sources. (August 2018)
MacRae is mentioned in the song "Oklahoma U.S.A." by The Kinks, as the song's subject daydreams of "riding in the surrey with the fringe on top" with "Shirley Jones and Gordon MacRae".
In a 1980 episode of Alice called "Dog Day Evening", Vera uses Gordon MacRae's name in a rhyming game.
References
^ Folkart, Burt A. (January 24, 1986). "Gordon MacRae, Star of 'Oklahoma,' Dies at 64". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Colin Larkin, ed. (2002). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Fifties Music (Third ed.). Virgin Books. p. 268/9. ISBN 1-85227-937-0.
^ Flint, Peter B. (January 25, 1986). "Gordon MacRae Dies: Star of Movie Musicals". The New York Times. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
^ "The Hollywood Salon". The Nebraska Coast Connection. December 29, 2013. Retrieved February 2, 2024.
^ a b "From Page Boy To Emcee" (PDF). Radio-Vision. November 30, 1946. p. 6. Retrieved April 14, 2016.
^ a b "Gordon MacRae Show, the". Archived from the original on March 9, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
^ Eastman School of Music - University of Rochester - Sibley Music Library: John J. Serry Sr. Collection Series 4 Recordings: Item 8 audio disc "John Serry guest on the Gordon Macrea Show as "outstanding accordionist of the year" p. 18 in The John J. Serry Sr. Collection archived at the University of Rochester Eastman School of Music
^ Radio Programs, 1924-1984: A Catalogue of Over 1800 Shows. Terrace, Vincent. McFarland 1999 p. 306 ISBN 9780786403519 Gordon MacRae Skyline Roof on Google Books
^ Eastman School of Music: Sibley Music Library: Ruth T. Watanabe Special Collections Dept.- "The John Serry Sr. Collection" - Items donated to the library include an audio recording of John Serry who is named in the recording of the August 22, 1946 show as the featured accordionist by Gordon MacRae on his live broadcast and performs with Archie Bleyer's Orchestra on the show, www.esm.rochester.edu
^ "Railroad Hour .. episodic log". Otrsite.com. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
^ "Gordon MacRae Discography". Castalbums.org. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
^ ""O Holy Night," Tennessee Ernie Ford and Gordon MacRae". Clevelandclassicmedia.blogspot.com. December 22, 2007. Retrieved November 25, 2010.
^ Milestones: August 4, 1967 from Time magazine
^ a b "Sheila projects aura of strength". The Salina Journal. July 14, 1974. p. 15. Retrieved April 29, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Flint, Peter B. (January 25, 1986). "Gordon Macrae Dies: Star of Movie Musicals". The New York Times. Retrieved January 4, 2020.
^ Kirby, Walter (March 16, 1952). "Better Radio Programs for the Week". The Decatur Daily Review. The Decatur Daily Review. p. 44. Retrieved May 23, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Kirby, Walter (May 4, 1952). "Better Radio Programs for the Week". The Decatur Daily Review. The Decatur Daily Review. p. 50. Retrieved May 8, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.
Further reading
Hollywood Mother of the Year – Sheila MacRae's Own Story, by Sheila MacRae & H. Paul Jeffreys. (Birch Lane Press, 1992) ISBN 978-1559721127
Gordon MacRae: A Bio-Bibliography by Bruce B. Leiby. (Greenwood Press, 1991) ISBN 978-0313266331
External links
Biography portal
Appearance On What's My Line 9/30/62
Gordon MacRae on NBCs "The Railroad Hour"
Gordon MacRae Discography on CastAlbums.og
Gordon MacRae Discography on PatFullerton.com
Gordon MacRae Discography on Discog.com
Gordon MacRae at IMDb
Gordon MacRae at the Internet Broadway Database
Gordon MacRae on MusicBrainz.org
Biography Archived October 19, 2011, at the Wayback Machine from Starpulse
Gordon MacRae, "That Old MacRae Magic" by Frances Ingram Archived October 17, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
vteGordon MacRaeStudio albums
Kiss Me, Kate (1949)
Songs for Sunday Evening (1950)
Memory Songs (1955)
Whispering Hope (1962)
Peace in the Valley (1963)
Songs
"'A' You're Adorable"
"Dearie"
"Echoes"
"Hair of Gold, Eyes of Blue"
"It's Magic"
"My Darling, My Darling"
"Rambling Rose"
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Poland
Academics
CiNii
Artists
MusicBrainz
Other
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gord McRae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gord_McRae"},{"link_name":"Rodgers and Hammerstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodgers_and_Hammerstein"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma!_(1955_film)"},{"link_name":"Carousel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carousel_(film)"},{"link_name":"Doris Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Day"},{"link_name":"On Moonlight Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Moonlight_Bay_(film)"},{"link_name":"By The Light of the Silvery Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By_the_Light_of_the_Silvery_Moon_(film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin50-2"}],"text":"For the hockey player, see Gord McRae.Albert Gordon MacRae (March 12, 1921 – January 24, 1986) was an American actor, singer, and television and radio host. He appeared in the film versions of two Rodgers and Hammerstein musicals, Oklahoma! (1955) and Carousel (1956), and played the leading man opposite Doris Day in On Moonlight Bay (1951) and sequel By The Light of the Silvery Moon (1953).[2]","title":"Gordon MacRae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Orange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Orange,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin50-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Clan MacRae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_MacRae"},{"link_name":"Nottingham High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_High_School_(Syracuse,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Deerfield Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deerfield_Academy"},{"link_name":"IX Troop Carrier Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IX_Troop_Carrier_Command"}],"text":"Born in East Orange in Essex County in northeastern New Jersey, United States,[2] to parents William LaMont MacRae, a toolmaker and radio singer, and Helen Violet Sonn, a concert pianist.[3] His father was descended from Clan MacRae. MacRae attended Nottingham High School in Syracuse, New York where he was active in the Drama Club.[4] He later attended and graduated in 1940 from Deerfield Academy in Deerfield, Massachusetts and thereafter served as a navigator in IX Troop Carrier Command in the United States Army Air Forces during World War II.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1939 New York World's Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair"},{"link_name":"Harry James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_James"},{"link_name":"Les Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Brown_(bandleader)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rv-5"}],"sub_title":"Singer","text":"MacRae was a baritone. Winning a contest enabled him to sing at the 1939 New York World's Fair with the Harry James and Les Brown orchestras.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Jo Stafford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo_Stafford"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin50-2"},{"link_name":"Junior Miss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Miss"}],"sub_title":"Broadway","text":"He made his Broadway debut in 1942, acquiring his first recording contract soon afterwards. Many of his hit recordings were made with Jo Stafford.[2]He was a replacement performer on Junior Miss.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archie Bleyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Bleyer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-otrrpedia.net-6"},{"link_name":"John Serry Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Serry_Sr."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Railroad Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Railroad_Hour"},{"link_name":"anthology series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthology_series"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Three to Make Ready","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_to_Make_Ready"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin50-2"}],"sub_title":"Radio","text":"On the radio in 1945, his talents were showcased on the Gordon MacRae Show on the CBS network in collaboration with the conductor Archie Bleyer.[6] In 1946, his fifeteen minute variety show Skyline Roof also featured emerging musical talent, including the accordionist John Serry Sr.[7][8][9] MacRae was also the host and lead actor on The Railroad Hour, a half-hour anthology series made up of condensed versions of hit Broadway musicals.[10] The programs were later released as popular studio cast albums, most of which have been reissued on CD.[11]In 1946, he was in the revue Three to Make Ready,[2] which ran for 326 performances.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Big Punch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Punch_(1948_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin50-2"},{"link_name":"Virginia Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Mayo"},{"link_name":"Backfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backfire_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"Look for the Silver Lining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_for_the_Silver_Lining_(film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin50-2"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Miller"},{"link_name":"June Haver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Haver"},{"link_name":"David Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Butler_(director)"},{"link_name":"The Daughter of Rosie O'Grady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daughter_of_Rosie_O%27Grady"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin50-2"},{"link_name":"Return of the Frontiersman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_of_the_Frontiersman"},{"link_name":"Tea for Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_for_Two_(film)"},{"link_name":"No, No, Nanette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No,_No,_Nanette"},{"link_name":"The West Point Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_West_Point_Story_(film)"},{"link_name":"James Cagney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cagney"},{"link_name":"On Moonlight Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Moonlight_Bay_(film)"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Starlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlift"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin50-2"},{"link_name":"About Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About_Face_(1952_film)"},{"link_name":"Eddie Bracken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Bracken"},{"link_name":"By the Light of the Silvery Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By_the_Light_of_the_Silvery_Moon_(film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin50-2"},{"link_name":"Kathryn Grayson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Grayson"},{"link_name":"The Desert Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Desert_Song_(1953_film)"},{"link_name":"Jane Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Powell"},{"link_name":"Three Sailors and a Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Sailors_and_a_Girl"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin50-2"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma!_(1955_film)"},{"link_name":"Shirley Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Jones"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin50-2"},{"link_name":"Rodgers and 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In 1948, he appeared in his first film, The Big Punch, a drama about boxing.[2] He followed this with a film noir with Virginia Mayo, Backfire (made in 1948, released 1950).MacRae's first on-screen musical was Look for the Silver Lining (1949),[2] a biopic of Marilyn Miller (June Haver), where MacRae played Frank Carter. David Butler directed. MacRae was reunited with Haver and Butler in The Daughter of Rosie O'Grady (1950).[2] Warners put him in a Western, Return of the Frontiersman (1950). Then he starred with Doris Day in Tea for Two (1950), a reworking of No, No, Nanette, also for Butler. Public response was enthusiastic. MacRae and Day were teamed again in The West Point Story (1951) starring James Cagney and Mayo, On Moonlight Bay (1951), and the all-star Korean War tribute, Starlift (1951).[2]MacRae was in a military school musical, About Face (1952) with Eddie Bracken, then he and Day did a sequel to On Moonlight Bay, By the Light of the Silvery Moon (1953).[2] That same year, he starred opposite Kathryn Grayson in the third film version of The Desert Song and teamed with Jane Powell in Three Sailors and a Girl (1953).[2] MacRae's best known film role was Curly in the big screen adaptation of Oklahoma! (1955) alongside Shirley Jones.[2] He and Jones were used on another Rodgers and Hammerstein adaptation, Carousel (1956), at 20th Century Fox (now 20th Century Studios).[2] MacRae played Buddy De Sylva in The Best Things in Life Are Free (1956) for 20th Century-Fox.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Ford Show, Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ford_Show"},{"link_name":"Lux Video Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux_Video_Theatre"},{"link_name":"O Holy Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_Holy_Night"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"The Gift of the Magi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gift_of_the_Magi"},{"link_name":"The Ed Sullivan Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ed_Sullivan_Show"},{"link_name":"The Dinah Shore Chevy Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dinah_Shore_Chevy_Show"},{"link_name":"The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Pat_Boone_Chevy_Showroom&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Bell Telephone Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bell_Telephone_Hour"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"MacRae appeared frequently on television, on such variety programs as The Ford Show, Starring Tennessee Ernie Ford.He also appeared on drama shows such as Lux Video Theatre.During Christmas 1958, MacRae and Ford performed the Christmas hymn \"O Holy Night\".[12] Earlier in 1958, MacRae guest-starred on the short-lived NBC variety series The Polly Bergen Show.He starred in the TV musical The Gift of the Magi (1958). Thereafter, MacRae appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show, The Dinah Shore Chevy Show, The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom, and The Bell Telephone Hour.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bells Are Ringing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bells_Are_Ringing_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Guys and Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guys_and_Dolls"},{"link_name":"Gammage Memorial Auditorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammage_Memorial_Auditorium"},{"link_name":"The Mike Douglas Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mike_Douglas_Show"},{"link_name":"summer stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summer_stock"},{"link_name":"Robert Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Preston_(actor)"},{"link_name":"I Do! I Do!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Do!_I_Do!"},{"link_name":"Carol Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Mary Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Martin"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Stage","text":"He continued his musical stage career, often performing with his wife, as in a 1964 production of Bells Are Ringing, also performing as Sky Masterson in the popular musical Guys and Dolls, with his wife playing the role of Miss Adeleide, reprising her Broadway role at the Gammage Memorial Auditorium in Tempe, Arizona.In the late 1960s, he co-hosted for a week on The Mike Douglas Show. He also toured in summer stock and appeared in nightclubs.In 1967, he replaced Robert Preston in the original Broadway run of the musical I Do! I Do!, starring opposite Carol Lawrence, who had taken over the role from Mary Martin. [citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McCloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCloud_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Zero to Sixty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_to_Sixty"},{"link_name":"The Pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pilot_(1980_film)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin50-2"}],"sub_title":"Later career","text":"MacRae guest starred on McCloud. He had supporting roles in the films Zero to Sixty (1978) and The Pilot (1980).[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheila MacRae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_MacRae"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sj-14"},{"link_name":"Heather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_MacRae"},{"link_name":"Meredith MacRae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meredith_MacRae"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sj-14"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin50-2"}],"text":"He was married to Sheila MacRae from 1941 until 1967.[13] They met on the set of a play and it was \"love at first sight.\"[14] The couple were the parents of four children: actresses Heather and Meredith MacRae, and sons William Gordon MacRae and Robert Bruce MacRae. Sheila later married television producer Ronald Wayne.[14]MacRae's second marriage was to Elizabeth Lambert Schrafft on September 25, 1967, and together they had one daughter, Amanda Mercedes MacRae born in 1968. They remained married until his death. He battled alcohol problems for many years, but overcame them by the late 1970s.[2]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin50-2"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Wyuka Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyuka_Cemetery"}],"text":"MacRae had cancer of the mouth and jaw.[2] He died in 1986 of pneumonia, at his home in Lincoln, Nebraska, aged 64.[15] He was buried at the Wyuka Cemetery in Lincoln, Nebraska.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Doris_Day_Gordon_MacRae_-_Tea_for_Two.jpg"},{"link_name":"Doris Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Day"},{"link_name":"Tea for Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_for_Two_(film)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starlift_DorisDay_and_GordonMacRae.jpg"},{"link_name":"Starlift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlift"}],"text":"MacRae with Doris Day in Tea for Two (1950)MacRae with Day in Starlift (1951)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Junior Miss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Miss"},{"link_name":"Three to Make Ready","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_to_Make_Ready"},{"link_name":"Carousel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carousel_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Music Hall at Fair Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Hall_at_Fair_Park"},{"link_name":"Annie Get Your Gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Get_Your_Gun_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Starlight Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlight_Theatre_(Kansas_City)"},{"link_name":"Bells Are Ringing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bells_Are_Ringing_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Guys and Dolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guys_and_Dolls"},{"link_name":"Avery Fisher Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery_Fisher_Hall"},{"link_name":"Kismet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kismet_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma!"},{"link_name":"I Do! I Do!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Do!_I_Do!"},{"link_name":"Robert Preston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Preston_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Golden Rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rainbow_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Milk and Honey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_and_Honey_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Paint Your Wagon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint_Your_Wagon_(musical)"}],"text":"Junior Miss (1942, Broadway, replacement for Walter Collins)\nThree to Make Ready (1946, Broadway)\nCarousel (1955, Music Hall at Fair Park)\nAnnie Get Your Gun (1960, Starlight Theatre)\nBells Are Ringing (1961, Columbus, Ohio)\nGuys and Dolls (1963, summer stock tour)\nBells Are Ringing (1964, summer stock tour)\nJerome Kern's Theatre (1966, Avery Fisher Hall)\nKismet (1966, Columbus, Ohio)\nOklahoma! (1967, summer stock tour)\nI Do! I Do! (1967, Broadway, replacement for Robert Preston)\nGolden Rainbow (1969, summer stock tour)\nMilk and Honey (1972, Columbus, Ohio)\nPaint Your Wagon (1978, Columbus, Ohio)","title":"Stage work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rv-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-otrrpedia.net-6"}],"text":"MacRae replaced Frank Sinatra on a radio program in 1943, but he soon had to leave for military service. In 1946, he was the \"singing emcee\" of The Teentimers Club, a Saturday morning program.[5] From 1945 to 1948 he also hosted and performed on The Gordon MacRae Show for the CBS radio network.[6]He also appeared in programs as shown in the table below.","title":"Radio"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gordon_MacRae&action=edit§ion=16"},{"link_name":"Love Is a Many Splendored Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Is_a_Many-Splendored_Thing_(song)"},{"link_name":"Hair of Gold, Eyes of Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_of_Gold,_Eyes_of_Blue"},{"link_name":"It's Magic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_Magic"},{"link_name":"Rambling Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambling_Rose_(1948_song)"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gordon_MacRae&action=edit§ion=17"},{"link_name":"'A' — You're Adorable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27A%27_%E2%80%94_You%27re_Adorable"},{"link_name":"Dearie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dearie"},{"link_name":"My Darling, My Darling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Darling,_My_Darling"},{"link_name":"Whispering Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whispering_Hope_(Jo_Stafford_album)"},{"link_name":"Echoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echoes_(1950_song)"}],"text":"This is Gordon Macrae Capitol Records\n\nSolo[edit]\n\"Love Is a Many Splendored Thing\"\n\"Easy to Love\"\n\"Hair of Gold, Eyes of Blue\"\n\"It's Magic\"\n\"Rambling Rose\"\n\"Love Is the Sweetest Thing\"\n\"Here's to a Wonderful Christmas\"\n\"The Merry Christmas Waltz\"\n\"The Secret\"\n\"Seasons of Love\"\n\n\nwith Jo Stafford[edit]\n\"'A' — You're Adorable\"\n\"Dearie\"\n\"My Darling, My Darling\"\n\"Say Something Sweet to Your Sweetheart\"\n\"Whispering Hope\"\n\"Echoes\"\n\"There's a Small Hotel\" (Jo Stafford album \"Meet Jo Stafford\")\n\"When I Grow Too Old to Dream\" (Jo Stafford album \"Meet Jo Stafford\")","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marion_Hutton_et_al.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marion Hutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_Hutton"},{"link_name":"Mel Tormé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Torm%C3%A9"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"Marion Hutton, Mel Tormé and MacRae on The Teentimers Club radio show (1947)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oklahoma U.S.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_U.S.A."},{"link_name":"The Kinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kinks"},{"link_name":"Alice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_(American_TV_series)"}],"text":"MacRae is mentioned in the song \"Oklahoma U.S.A.\" by The Kinks, as the song's subject daydreams of \"riding in the surrey with the fringe on top\" with \"Shirley Jones and Gordon MacRae\".\nIn a 1980 episode of Alice called \"Dog Day Evening\", Vera uses Gordon MacRae's name in a rhyming game.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1559721127","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1559721127"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0313266331","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313266331"}],"text":"Hollywood Mother of the Year – Sheila MacRae's Own Story, by Sheila MacRae & H. Paul Jeffreys. (Birch Lane Press, 1992) ISBN 978-1559721127\nGordon MacRae: A Bio-Bibliography by Bruce B. Leiby. (Greenwood Press, 1991) ISBN 978-0313266331","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"image_text":"MacRae with Doris Day in Tea for Two (1950)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Doris_Day_Gordon_MacRae_-_Tea_for_Two.jpg/250px-Doris_Day_Gordon_MacRae_-_Tea_for_Two.jpg"},{"image_text":"MacRae with Day in Starlift (1951)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Starlift_DorisDay_and_GordonMacRae.jpg/250px-Starlift_DorisDay_and_GordonMacRae.jpg"},{"image_text":"Marion Hutton, Mel Tormé and MacRae on The Teentimers Club radio show (1947)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Marion_Hutton_et_al.jpg/220px-Marion_Hutton_et_al.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Folkart, Burt A. (January 24, 1986). \"Gordon MacRae, Star of 'Oklahoma,' Dies at 64\". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, CA. Retrieved November 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1986-01-24/news/mn-24015_1_gordon-macrae","url_text":"\"Gordon MacRae, Star of 'Oklahoma,' Dies at 64\""}]},{"reference":"Colin Larkin, ed. (2002). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Fifties Music (Third ed.). Virgin Books. p. 268/9. ISBN 1-85227-937-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin_(writer)","url_text":"Colin Larkin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Virgin Encyclopedia of Fifties Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Books","url_text":"Virgin Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85227-937-0","url_text":"1-85227-937-0"}]},{"reference":"Flint, Peter B. (January 25, 1986). \"Gordon MacRae Dies: Star of Movie Musicals\". The New York Times. Retrieved February 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/25/obituaries/gordon-macrae-dies-star-of-movie-musicals.html","url_text":"\"Gordon MacRae Dies: Star of Movie Musicals\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Hollywood Salon\". The Nebraska Coast Connection. December 29, 2013. Retrieved February 2, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.nebraskacoast.com/famous-hollywood-nebraskans/gordon-macrae/","url_text":"\"The Hollywood Salon\""}]},{"reference":"\"From Page Boy To Emcee\" (PDF). Radio-Vision. November 30, 1946. p. 6. Retrieved April 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://americanradiohistory.org/Archive-Miscellaneous/Radio-Vision-1946-11.pdf","url_text":"\"From Page Boy To Emcee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gordon MacRae Show, the\". Archived from the original on March 9, 2017. Retrieved March 8, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170309071138/http://otrrpedia.net/getprogram1.php?item=2485","url_text":"\"Gordon MacRae Show, the\""},{"url":"http://otrrpedia.net/getprogram1.php?item=2485","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Railroad Hour .. episodic log\". Otrsite.com. Retrieved October 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.otrsite.com/logs/logr1004.htm","url_text":"\"Railroad Hour .. episodic log\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gordon MacRae Discography\". Castalbums.org. Retrieved October 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://castalbums.org/people/Gordon-MacRae/2647","url_text":"\"Gordon MacRae Discography\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"O Holy Night,\" Tennessee Ernie Ford and Gordon MacRae\". Clevelandclassicmedia.blogspot.com. December 22, 2007. Retrieved November 25, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://clevelandclassicmedia.blogspot.com/2007/12/o-holy-night-tennessee-ernie-ford-and.html","url_text":"\"\"O Holy Night,\" Tennessee Ernie Ford and Gordon MacRae\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sheila projects aura of strength\". The Salina Journal. July 14, 1974. p. 15. Retrieved April 29, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2316234/sheila_macrae_2nd_marriage/","url_text":"\"Sheila projects aura of strength\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Salina_Journal","url_text":"The Salina Journal"}]},{"reference":"Flint, Peter B. (January 25, 1986). \"Gordon Macrae Dies: Star of Movie Musicals\". The New York Times. Retrieved January 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/25/obituaries/gordon-macrae-dies-star-of-movie-musicals.html","url_text":"\"Gordon Macrae Dies: Star of Movie Musicals\""}]},{"reference":"Kirby, Walter (March 16, 1952). \"Better Radio Programs for the Week\". The Decatur Daily Review. The Decatur Daily Review. p. 44. Retrieved May 23, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2470060/the_decatur_daily_review/","url_text":"\"Better Radio Programs for the Week\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Kirby, Walter (May 4, 1952). \"Better Radio Programs for the Week\". The Decatur Daily Review. The Decatur Daily Review. p. 50. Retrieved May 8, 2015 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2376557/the_decatur_daily_review/","url_text":"\"Better Radio Programs for the Week\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]}]
|
[{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1986-01-24/news/mn-24015_1_gordon-macrae","external_links_name":"\"Gordon MacRae, Star of 'Oklahoma,' Dies at 64\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/25/obituaries/gordon-macrae-dies-star-of-movie-musicals.html","external_links_name":"\"Gordon MacRae Dies: Star of Movie Musicals\""},{"Link":"https://archive.nebraskacoast.com/famous-hollywood-nebraskans/gordon-macrae/","external_links_name":"\"The Hollywood Salon\""},{"Link":"http://americanradiohistory.org/Archive-Miscellaneous/Radio-Vision-1946-11.pdf","external_links_name":"\"From Page Boy To Emcee\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170309071138/http://otrrpedia.net/getprogram1.php?item=2485","external_links_name":"\"Gordon MacRae Show, the\""},{"Link":"http://otrrpedia.net/getprogram1.php?item=2485","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.esm.rochester.edu/sibley/files/John-J-Serry-Sr-Collection.pdf","external_links_name":"Eastman School of Music - University of Rochester - Sibley Music Library: John J. Serry Sr. Collection Series 4 Recordings: Item 8 audio disc \"John Serry guest on the Gordon Macrea Show as \"outstanding accordionist of the year\" p. 18 in The John J. Serry Sr. Collection archived at the University of Rochester Eastman School of Music"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/Radio_Programs_1924_1984/mLoUAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=Gordon+MacRae+Skyline+Roof&dq=Gordon+MacRae+Skyline+Roof&printsec=frontcover","external_links_name":"Radio Programs, 1924-1984: A Catalogue of Over 1800 Shows. Terrace, Vincent. McFarland 1999 p. 306 ISBN 9780786403519 Gordon MacRae Skyline Roof on Google Books"},{"Link":"https://www.esm.rochester.edu/sibley/specialcollections/","external_links_name":"Eastman School of Music: Sibley Music Library: Ruth T. Watanabe Special Collections Dept.- \"The John Serry Sr. Collection\" - Items donated to the library include an audio recording of John Serry who is named in the recording of the August 22, 1946 show as the featured accordionist by Gordon MacRae on his live broadcast and performs with Archie Bleyer's Orchestra on the show, www.esm.rochester.edu"},{"Link":"http://www.otrsite.com/logs/logr1004.htm","external_links_name":"\"Railroad Hour .. episodic log\""},{"Link":"http://castalbums.org/people/Gordon-MacRae/2647","external_links_name":"\"Gordon MacRae Discography\""},{"Link":"http://clevelandclassicmedia.blogspot.com/2007/12/o-holy-night-tennessee-ernie-ford-and.html","external_links_name":"\"\"O Holy Night,\" Tennessee Ernie Ford and Gordon MacRae\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081215131531/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,837192,00.html","external_links_name":"Milestones: August 4, 1967"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2316234/sheila_macrae_2nd_marriage/","external_links_name":"\"Sheila projects aura of strength\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/25/obituaries/gordon-macrae-dies-star-of-movie-musicals.html","external_links_name":"\"Gordon Macrae Dies: Star of Movie Musicals\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2470060/the_decatur_daily_review/","external_links_name":"\"Better Radio Programs for the Week\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2376557/the_decatur_daily_review/","external_links_name":"\"Better Radio Programs for the Week\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQ20S10LWqo","external_links_name":"Appearance On What's My Line 9/30/62"},{"Link":"http://www.railroadhour.com/","external_links_name":"Gordon MacRae on NBCs \"The Railroad Hour\""},{"Link":"http://castalbums.org/people/Gordon-MacRae/2647","external_links_name":"Gordon MacRae Discography on CastAlbums.og"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20140711161613/http://www.patfullerton.com/gm/discog-reviews.html","external_links_name":"Gordon MacRae Discography on PatFullerton.com"},{"Link":"http://www.discogs.com/artist/460826-Gordon-MacRae","external_links_name":"Gordon MacRae Discography on Discog.com"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0534286/","external_links_name":"Gordon MacRae"},{"Link":"https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-cast-staff/50854","external_links_name":"Gordon MacRae"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/63da067e-d1ba-4e39-a1ac-ef09594993c4","external_links_name":"Gordon MacRae on MusicBrainz.org"},{"Link":"http://www.starpulse.com/Actors/MacRae,_Gordon/","external_links_name":"Biography"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111019061127/http://www.starpulse.com/Actors/MacRae,_Gordon/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.classicimages.com/people/article_491fb54f-2ef1-56a5-9d74-43fd83f13daf.html","external_links_name":"Gordon MacRae, \"That Old MacRae Magic\" by Frances Ingram"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141017154652/http://www.classicimages.com/people/article_491fb54f-2ef1-56a5-9d74-43fd83f13daf.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/94285/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000083823096","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/51878770","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJg4kMCpTc9BpTVfrPT4MP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1690446","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139352235","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139352235","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/119038188","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007452487605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82083548","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0183346&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073508136","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810556512105606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA14382324?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/63da067e-d1ba-4e39-a1ac-ef09594993c4","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6kw6x0h","external_links_name":"SNAC"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAGU
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Naval Air Facility El Centro
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["1 History","2 Current operations","3 Air show","4 Demographics","4.1 2020 census","5 In popular culture","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 External links"]
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Coordinates: 32°49′45″N 115°40′18″W / 32.82917°N 115.67167°W / 32.82917; -115.67167This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Naval Air Facility El CentroVraciu FieldNear Seeley, California in the United StatesEntrance sign at NAF El CentroNAF El CentroLocation in Southern CaliforniaShow map of southern CaliforniaNAF El CentroLocation in CaliforniaShow map of CaliforniaNAF El CentroLocation in the United StatesShow map of the United StatesCoordinates32°49′45″N 115°40′18″W / 32.82917°N 115.67167°W / 32.82917; -115.67167TypeNaval Air FacilitySite informationOwnerDepartment of DefenseOperatorUS NavyControlled byNavy Region SouthwestConditionOperationalWebsiteOfficial websiteSite historyBuilt1942 (1942) (as Marine Corps Air Station)In use1942 – presentGarrison informationCurrentcommanderCaptain William A. PerkinsAirfield informationIdentifiersIATA: NJK, ICAO: KNJK, FAA LID: NJK, WMO: 722810Elevation−12.8 metres (−42 ft) AMSL
Runways
Direction
Length and surface
08/26
2,896.5 metres (9,503 ft) Porous European Mix
12/30
2,080.2 metres (6,825 ft) Porous European Mix
Source: Federal Aviation Administration
Naval Air Facility El Centro or NAF El Centro (IATA: NJK, ICAO: KNJK, FAA LID: NJK) is a United States Navy Naval Air Facility located approximately six miles (10 km) northwest of El Centro, in Imperial County, California. NAF El Centro is under the jurisdiction of Navy Region Southwest and serves both as temporary homeport to military units conducting air-to-air and bombing training, and as the winter training home of the Blue Angels aerobatics display team.
Founded in 1946 as Naval Air Station El Centro, the facility had previously been the site of a World War II era Marine Corps Air Station. In 1979, the facility was given its current designation as a Naval Air Facility.
History
In 1940, the United States Army established Camp Seeley; its combat firing range site is within the current boundaries of the El Centro Naval Reservation. In 1941 the Civil Aeronautics Administration offered to replace the small airport in Imperial, California with a larger complex consisting of two 4,500ft runways. After the outbreak of World War II, the U.S. Navy leased the new airport and an adjacent 749 acres for additional construction. During this time the runways were extended and a third one was added. The expansion of MCAS El Centro was done by Vinson & Pringle and Del E. Webb Construction Company out of Phoenix, Arizona. MCAS El Centro was commissioned on July 23, 1943. During the war, the air station was used as a training base for new squadrons and as a facility for squadrons returning from overseas to reorganize and begin preparing to deploy again. On March 15, 1945 a Marine Corps Aerial Gunnery School was opened. MCAS El Centro was decommissioned on May 1, 1946, the same day it was taken over by the Navy for use as a Naval Air Station. Fleet Air Gunnery Unit was opened. Through the years, Navy El Centro has had several names: Naval Air Facility, Naval Auxiliary Landing Field, Naval Air Station, and the National Parachute Test Range.
For the first 35 years, the mission of NAF El Centro was devoted to aeronautical escape system testing, evaluation, and design. In November 1947, the Parachute Experimental Division from Naval Air Station Lakehurst, New Jersey moved to El Centro. In 1951, the Joint Parachute Facility was established and consisted of the Naval Parachute Unit and the U.S. Air Force (USAF) 6511th Test Group (Parachute). The USAF remained part of El Centro's test organization for the next 27 years.
In 2011, Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex trained at El Centro and at Gila Bend Air Force Auxiliary Field. While at both bases Harry trained on the AgustaWestland Apache.
Current operations
The facility has two operating runways. The 9,503-foot (2,897 m) east–west runway handles 96 percent of the traffic. It is equipped with a Fresnel lens optical landing system (FLOLS) at each approach end, as well as lit aircraft carrier flight deck landing areas at both ends, so pilots can simulate carrier landings.
Apart from touch-and-go landings and take-offs, aircrews use the many ranges at NAF El Centro to develop their skills. A remote-controlled target area allows naval aviators and naval flight officers to practice ordnance delivery. The desert range is used for air-to-ground bombing, rocket firing, strafing, dummy drops and mobile land target training. The target complex uses the Weapons Impact Scoring System that microwaves target images to a range master control building for immediate verification of weapons delivery accuracy.
The addition of the Display and Debriefing Subsystem, known as DDS, expanded the role of NAF El Centro to include air combat training by utilizing remote television, acoustical and laser scoring systems. The DDS is linked with the Tactical Air Crew Training System (TACTS) to provide a computerized record of the tactics employed by individual aircrews to employ and to evaluate the effectiveness of each maneuver.
The facility is also home to the British Joint Helicopter Force (US) which is part of Joint Helicopter Command.
Air show
NAF El Centro is the winter home of the U.S. Navy Flight Demonstration Squadron, The Blue Angels. NAF El Centro historically kicks off the Blue Angels' season with their first air show.
Demographics
Census-designated place in California, United StatesEl Centro Naval Air FacilityCensus-designated placeCountryUnited StatesStateCaliforniaCountyImperialPopulation (2020) • Total280Time zoneUTC-8 (Pacific) • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (PDT)
The United States Census Bureau has designated the Naval Air Facility, under the name El Centro Naval Air Facility, as a separate census-designated place (CDP) for statistical purposes, covering the residential population. It first appeared as a CDP in the 2020 Census with a population of 280.
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
2020280—U.S. Decennial Census 2020
2020 census
El Centro Naval Air Facility CDP, California – Demographic Profile (NH = Non-Hispanic)
Race / Ethnicity
Pop 2020
% 2020
White alone (NH)
96
34.29%
Black or African American alone (NH)
46
16.43%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)
0
0.00%
Asian alone (NH)
16
5.71%
Pacific Islander alone (NH)
0
0.00%
Some Other Race alone (NH)
3
1.07%
Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH)
21
7.50%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)
98
35.00%
Total
280
100.00%
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.
In popular culture
Much of the movie Jarhead was filmed around El Centro, and many of the extras from the movie were from NAF El Centro.
In the beginning of the 1990 movie Revenge, Kevin Costner plays an F-14 Tomcat pilot stationed at El Centro.
See also
Fleet Air Gunnery Unit Pacific
List of United States Navy airfields
Notes
^ FAA Airport Form 5010 for NJK PDF
^ "Local Military History by Two Old Goats..." (PDF). Sandpaper. NAF El Centro: Naval Region Southwest. October 2010. p. 9. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
^ California (PDF) (Report). United States Army Corps of Engineers. September 30, 2015. p. 55. Formerly Used Defense Sites (FUDS) Per State. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
^ a b Shettle 2001, pp. 65–66.
^ "O.K.". Imperial Valley Press. El Centro, CA. March 10, 1943. p. 3.
^ Rottman 2002, pp. 414.
^ "Prince Harry Arrives in California for Helicopter Training". The Hollywood Reporter. Los Angeles. October 7, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2024.Baele, Jonathan (October 7, 2011). "Pilot Prince Harry to train in El Centro, California". BBC. United Kingdom. Retrieved February 14, 2024.Lacey, Marc (October 25, 2011). "Prince Harry Headed to Gila Bend, Ariz. for Military Drills". The New York Times. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
^ Greico, Sarah (October 13, 2011). "Prince Harry Arrives in El Centro". KNSD. San Diego. Retrieved February 14, 2024."Prince Harry Arrives in California for Helicopter Pilot Training". ABC News. October 8, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
^ "NAF El Centro – GMAP.NL". gmap.nl. March 15, 2017. Retrieved December 22, 2019.
^ Roza, David (July 7, 2022). "Navy Blue Angels had to change their show after jet caused $180,000 in building damage". Task & Purpose. Retrieved July 8, 2022.
^ "El Centro Naval Air Facility CDP, California". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
^ "Decennial Census of Population and Housing by Decades". US Census Bureau.
^ a b "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – El Centro Naval Air Facility CDP, California". United States Census Bureau.
References
Books
Rottman, Gordon L. (2002). U.S. Marine Corps World War II Order of Battle – Ground and Air Units in the Pacific War. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313319065.
Shettle, M. L. (2001). United States Marine Corps Air Stations of World War II. Bowersville, Georgia: Schaertel Publishing Co. ISBN 0-9643388-2-3.
Websites
Naval Air Facility El Centro (official site) Retrieved 2022-01-07.
Naval Air Facility El Centro GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
History of Naval Air Facility El Centro (California State Military Museum) Retrieved 2022-01-07.
FAA Airport Form 5010 for NJK PDF
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Naval Air Facility El Centro.
Resources for this U.S. military airport:
FAA airport information for NJK
AirNav airport information for KNJK
ASN accident history for NJK
NOAA/NWS latest weather observations
SkyVector aeronautical chart for KNJK
FAA Airport Diagram (PDF), effective June 13, 2024
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"FAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration"},{"link_name":"LID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_identifier"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Facility"},{"link_name":"El Centro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Centro,_California"},{"link_name":"Imperial County, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_County,_California"},{"link_name":"Navy Region Southwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Region_Southwest"},{"link_name":"Blue Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Angels"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Marine Corps Air Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Marine_Corps_installations#Marine_Corps_Air_Stations"}],"text":"Naval Air Facility El Centro or NAF El Centro (IATA: NJK, ICAO: KNJK, FAA LID: NJK) is a United States Navy Naval Air Facility located approximately six miles (10 km) northwest of El Centro, in Imperial County, California. NAF El Centro is under the jurisdiction of Navy Region Southwest and serves both as temporary homeport to military units conducting air-to-air and bombing training, and as the winter training home of the Blue Angels aerobatics display team.Founded in 1946 as Naval Air Station El Centro, the facility had previously been the site of a World War II era Marine Corps Air Station. In 1979, the facility was given its current designation as a Naval Air Facility.","title":"Naval Air Facility El Centro"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camp Seeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Seeley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Civil Aeronautics Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration#History"},{"link_name":"Imperial, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial,_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShettle200165%E2%80%9366-4"},{"link_name":"Del E. Webb Construction Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_E._Webb_Construction_Company"},{"link_name":"Phoenix, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERottman2002414-6"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShettle200165%E2%80%9366-4"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Station Lakehurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Lakehurst"},{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex"},{"link_name":"Gila Bend Air Force Auxiliary Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gila_Bend_Air_Force_Auxiliary_Field"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"AgustaWestland Apache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AgustaWestland_Apache"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"In 1940, the United States Army established Camp Seeley;[2] its combat firing range site is within the current boundaries of the El Centro Naval Reservation.[3] In 1941 the Civil Aeronautics Administration offered to replace the small airport in Imperial, California with a larger complex consisting of two 4,500ft runways. After the outbreak of World War II, the U.S. Navy leased the new airport and an adjacent 749 acres for additional construction. During this time the runways were extended and a third one was added.[4] The expansion of MCAS El Centro was done by Vinson & Pringle and Del E. Webb Construction Company out of Phoenix, Arizona.[5] MCAS El Centro was commissioned on July 23, 1943.[6] During the war, the air station was used as a training base for new squadrons and as a facility for squadrons returning from overseas to reorganize and begin preparing to deploy again. On March 15, 1945 a Marine Corps Aerial Gunnery School was opened. MCAS El Centro was decommissioned on May 1, 1946, the same day it was taken over by the Navy for use as a Naval Air Station.[4] Fleet Air Gunnery Unit was opened. Through the years, Navy El Centro has had several names: Naval Air Facility, Naval Auxiliary Landing Field, Naval Air Station, and the National Parachute Test Range.For the first 35 years, the mission of NAF El Centro was devoted to aeronautical escape system testing, evaluation, and design. In November 1947, the Parachute Experimental Division from Naval Air Station Lakehurst, New Jersey moved to El Centro. In 1951, the Joint Parachute Facility was established and consisted of the Naval Parachute Unit and the U.S. Air Force (USAF) 6511th Test Group (Parachute). The USAF remained part of El Centro's test organization for the next 27 years.In 2011, Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex trained at El Centro and at Gila Bend Air Force Auxiliary Field.[7] While at both bases Harry trained on the AgustaWestland Apache.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Fresnel lens optical landing system (FLOLS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_landing_system#Fresnel_lens_optical_landing_system_(FLOLS)"},{"link_name":"flight deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_deck"},{"link_name":"touch-and-go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch-and-go_landing"},{"link_name":"naval aviators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_aviator"},{"link_name":"naval flight officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Flight_Officer"},{"link_name":"air-to-ground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air-to-ground_weaponry"},{"link_name":"air combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_combat_manoeuvring"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Joint Helicopter Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Helicopter_Command"}],"text":"The facility has two operating runways. The 9,503-foot (2,897 m) east–west runway handles 96 percent of the traffic.[9] It is equipped with a Fresnel lens optical landing system (FLOLS) at each approach end, as well as lit aircraft carrier flight deck landing areas at both ends, so pilots can simulate carrier landings.Apart from touch-and-go landings and take-offs, aircrews use the many ranges at NAF El Centro to develop their skills. A remote-controlled target area allows naval aviators and naval flight officers to practice ordnance delivery. The desert range is used for air-to-ground bombing, rocket firing, strafing, dummy drops and mobile land target training. The target complex uses the Weapons Impact Scoring System that microwaves target images to a range master control building for immediate verification of weapons delivery accuracy.The addition of the Display and Debriefing Subsystem, known as DDS, expanded the role of NAF El Centro to include air combat training by utilizing remote television, acoustical and laser scoring systems. The DDS is linked with the Tactical Air Crew Training System (TACTS) to provide a computerized record of the tactics employed by individual aircrews to employ and to evaluate the effectiveness of each maneuver.The facility is also home to the British Joint Helicopter Force (US) which is part of Joint Helicopter Command.","title":"Current operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Navy Flight Demonstration Squadron, The Blue Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Angels"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"NAF El Centro is the winter home of the U.S. Navy Flight Demonstration Squadron, The Blue Angels. NAF El Centro historically kicks off the Blue Angels' season with their first air show.[10]","title":"Air show"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Census-designated place in California, United StatesThe United States Census Bureau has designated the Naval Air Facility, under the name El Centro Naval Air Facility, as a separate census-designated place (CDP) for statistical purposes, covering the residential population. It first appeared as a CDP in the 2020 Census with a population of 280.[11]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2020 census","text":"Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jarhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarhead_(film)"},{"link_name":"Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenge_(1990_film)"},{"link_name":"Kevin Costner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Costner"},{"link_name":"F-14 Tomcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-14_Tomcat"}],"text":"Much of the movie Jarhead was filmed around El Centro, and many of the extras from the movie were from NAF El Centro.In the beginning of the 1990 movie Revenge, Kevin Costner plays an F-14 Tomcat pilot stationed at El Centro.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"FAA Airport Form 5010 for NJK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gcr1.com/5010ReportRouter/default.aspx?airportID=NJK"},{"link_name":"PDF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_Document_Format"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Local Military History by Two Old Goats...\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cnrsw.cnic.navy.mil/Portals/84/NAF_El_Centro/Documents/The_Sandpaper/Sandpaper%20Issue%202%20October%202010.pdf?ver=5b2xSoP1ddqZeqnrYH0EBA%3D%3D"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.usace.army.mil/Portals/2/docs/Environmental/FUDS/FUDS_Inventory/FUDS_Inventory_California.pdf"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShettle200165%E2%80%9366_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShettle200165%E2%80%9366_4-1"},{"link_name":"Shettle 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFShettle2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERottman2002414_6-0"},{"link_name":"Rottman 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRottman2002"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Prince Harry Arrives in California for Helicopter Training\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/prince-harry-arrives-california-helicopter-245706/"},{"link_name":"\"Pilot Prince Harry to train in El Centro, California\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.com/news/uk-15210860"},{"link_name":"\"Prince Harry Headed to Gila Bend, Ariz. for Military Drills\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2011/10/26/us/prince-harry-headed-to-gila-bend-ariz-for-military-drills.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Prince Harry Arrives in El Centro\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/prince-harry-california-el-centro/1908970/"},{"link_name":"\"Prince Harry Arrives in California for Helicopter Pilot Training\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/prince-harry-arrives-california-helicopter-pilot-training/story?id=14695932"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"NAF El Centro – GMAP.NL\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//gmap.nl/naf-el-centro/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Navy Blue Angels had to change their show after jet caused $180,000 in building damage\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//taskandpurpose.com/news/navy-blue-angels-sneak-pass/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"\"El Centro Naval Air Facility CDP, California\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US0621788"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DecennialCensus_12-0"},{"link_name":"\"Decennial Census of Population and Housing by Decades\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.html"},{"link_name":"US Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2020CensusP2_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2020CensusP2_13-1"},{"link_name":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – El Centro Naval Air Facility CDP, California\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=1600000US0621788&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"^ FAA Airport Form 5010 for NJK PDF\n\n^ \"Local Military History by Two Old Goats...\" (PDF). Sandpaper. NAF El Centro: Naval Region Southwest. October 2010. p. 9. Retrieved February 13, 2024.\n\n^ California (PDF) (Report). United States Army Corps of Engineers. September 30, 2015. p. 55. Formerly Used Defense Sites (FUDS) Per State. Retrieved February 13, 2024.\n\n^ a b Shettle 2001, pp. 65–66.\n\n^ \"O.K.\". Imperial Valley Press. El Centro, CA. March 10, 1943. p. 3.\n\n^ Rottman 2002, pp. 414.\n\n^ \"Prince Harry Arrives in California for Helicopter Training\". The Hollywood Reporter. Los Angeles. October 7, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2024.Baele, Jonathan (October 7, 2011). \"Pilot Prince Harry to train in El Centro, California\". BBC. United Kingdom. Retrieved February 14, 2024.Lacey, Marc (October 25, 2011). \"Prince Harry Headed to Gila Bend, Ariz. for Military Drills\". The New York Times. Retrieved February 14, 2024.\n\n^ Greico, Sarah (October 13, 2011). \"Prince Harry Arrives in El Centro\". KNSD. San Diego. Retrieved February 14, 2024.\"Prince Harry Arrives in California for Helicopter Pilot Training\". ABC News. October 8, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2024.\n\n^ \"NAF El Centro – GMAP.NL\". gmap.nl. March 15, 2017. Retrieved December 22, 2019.\n\n^ Roza, David (July 7, 2022). \"Navy Blue Angels had to change their show after jet caused $180,000 in building damage\". Task & Purpose. Retrieved July 8, 2022.\n\n^ \"El Centro Naval Air Facility CDP, California\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 13, 2022.\n\n^ \"Decennial Census of Population and Housing by Decades\". US Census Bureau.\n\n^ a b \"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – El Centro Naval Air Facility CDP, California\". United States Census Bureau.","title":"Notes"}]
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[]
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[{"title":"Fleet Air Gunnery Unit Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Air_Gunnery_Unit_Pacific"},{"title":"List of United States Navy airfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_airfields"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Local Military History by Two Old Goats...\" (PDF). Sandpaper. NAF El Centro: Naval Region Southwest. October 2010. p. 9. Retrieved February 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://cnrsw.cnic.navy.mil/Portals/84/NAF_El_Centro/Documents/The_Sandpaper/Sandpaper%20Issue%202%20October%202010.pdf?ver=5b2xSoP1ddqZeqnrYH0EBA%3D%3D","url_text":"\"Local Military History by Two Old Goats...\""}]},{"reference":"California (PDF) (Report). United States Army Corps of Engineers. September 30, 2015. p. 55. Formerly Used Defense Sites (FUDS) Per State. Retrieved February 13, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usace.army.mil/Portals/2/docs/Environmental/FUDS/FUDS_Inventory/FUDS_Inventory_California.pdf","url_text":"California"}]},{"reference":"\"O.K.\". Imperial Valley Press. El Centro, CA. March 10, 1943. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Prince Harry Arrives in California for Helicopter Training\". The Hollywood Reporter. Los Angeles. October 7, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/prince-harry-arrives-california-helicopter-245706/","url_text":"\"Prince Harry Arrives in California for Helicopter Training\""}]},{"reference":"Baele, Jonathan (October 7, 2011). \"Pilot Prince Harry to train in El Centro, California\". BBC. United Kingdom. Retrieved February 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-15210860","url_text":"\"Pilot Prince Harry to train in El Centro, California\""}]},{"reference":"Lacey, Marc (October 25, 2011). \"Prince Harry Headed to Gila Bend, Ariz. for Military Drills\". The New York Times. Retrieved February 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/26/us/prince-harry-headed-to-gila-bend-ariz-for-military-drills.html","url_text":"\"Prince Harry Headed to Gila Bend, Ariz. for Military Drills\""}]},{"reference":"Greico, Sarah (October 13, 2011). \"Prince Harry Arrives in El Centro\". KNSD. San Diego. Retrieved February 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/prince-harry-california-el-centro/1908970/","url_text":"\"Prince Harry Arrives in El Centro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prince Harry Arrives in California for Helicopter Pilot Training\". ABC News. October 8, 2011. Retrieved February 14, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/prince-harry-arrives-california-helicopter-pilot-training/story?id=14695932","url_text":"\"Prince Harry Arrives in California for Helicopter Pilot Training\""}]},{"reference":"\"NAF El Centro – GMAP.NL\". gmap.nl. March 15, 2017. Retrieved December 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://gmap.nl/naf-el-centro/","url_text":"\"NAF El Centro – GMAP.NL\""}]},{"reference":"Roza, David (July 7, 2022). \"Navy Blue Angels had to change their show after jet caused $180,000 in building damage\". Task & Purpose. Retrieved July 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://taskandpurpose.com/news/navy-blue-angels-sneak-pass/","url_text":"\"Navy Blue Angels had to change their show after jet caused $180,000 in building damage\""}]},{"reference":"\"El Centro Naval Air Facility CDP, California\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US0621788","url_text":"\"El Centro Naval Air Facility CDP, California\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Decennial Census of Population and Housing by Decades\". US Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.html","url_text":"\"Decennial Census of Population and Housing by Decades\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Census_Bureau","url_text":"US Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – El Centro Naval Air Facility CDP, California\". United States Census Bureau.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=p2&g=1600000US0621788&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P2","url_text":"\"P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – El Centro Naval Air Facility CDP, California\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Rottman, Gordon L. (2002). U.S. Marine Corps World War II Order of Battle – Ground and Air Units in the Pacific War. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rems-Murr-B%C3%BChne_Leutenbach
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Rems-Murr-Bühne Leutenbach
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[]
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Coordinates: 48°52′15″N 9°24′20″E / 48.87074°N 9.40548°E / 48.87074; 9.40548German theatre company
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Rems-Murr-Bühne Leutenbach is a theatre company based in Leutenbach, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is an amateur theater club that has its headquarters in Leutenbach and, in addition to performances in its home community, also goes on tour with its productions.
The association has existed since February 1981 and currently has around 50 members. The stage understands “amateur theater” as a form of non-professional theater (volunteer actors).
48°52′15″N 9°24′20″E / 48.87074°N 9.40548°E / 48.87074; 9.40548
vteTheatre companies in Germany
Augsburger Puppenkiste
Berliner Ensemble
Chiemgauer Volkstheater
Comoedia Mundi
Deutsches Theater
Dramaturgische Gesellschaft
Dulce Compania
Düsseldorfer Schauspielhaus
Familie Flöz
Freiburger Puppenbühne
Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden
Improtheater Emscherblut
Improvisationstheater DRAMA light
Landestheater Oberpfalz
Landestheater Schwaben
League for Proletarian Culture
Mannheim National Theatre
Meiningen Ensemble
PAN.OPTIKUM
Rems-Murr-Bühne Leutenbach
Schauspiel Frankfurt
Seyler Theatre Company
Staatstheater Kassel
Staatstheater Mainz
Stadtbühne Vohenstrauß
Städtische Bühnen Frankfurt
TeAtrum VII
Theater Bonn
Theater Dortmund
Theater im Marienbad
Theater Krefeld und Mönchengladbach
Theater Regensburg
Theatergemeinschaft Amerang
Theaterpathologisches Institut
UBI Theatre Leipzig
Velthen Company
Verband Bayerischer Amateurtheater
Theatre of West Pomerania
Wuppertaler Bühnen
Zeitraumexit
See also:
Theatres in Germany
Theatre festivals in Germany
This German theatre-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Oberpfalz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landestheater_Oberpfalz"},{"link_name":"Landestheater Schwaben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landestheater_Schwaben"},{"link_name":"League for Proletarian Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_for_Proletarian_Culture"},{"link_name":"Mannheim National Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim_National_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Meiningen Ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiningen_Ensemble"},{"link_name":"PAN.OPTIKUM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAN.OPTIKUM"},{"link_name":"Rems-Murr-Bühne Leutenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Schauspiel Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schauspiel_Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Seyler Theatre Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyler_Theatre_Company"},{"link_name":"Staatstheater Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatstheater_Kassel"},{"link_name":"Staatstheater Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatstheater_Mainz"},{"link_name":"Stadtbühne Vohenstrauß","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadtb%C3%BChne_Vohenstrau%C3%9F"},{"link_name":"Städtische Bühnen Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4dtische_B%C3%BChnen_Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"TeAtrum VII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TeAtrum_VII"},{"link_name":"Theater Bonn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_Bonn"},{"link_name":"Theater Dortmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_Dortmund"},{"link_name":"Theater im Marienbad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_im_Marienbad"},{"link_name":"Theater Krefeld und Mönchengladbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_Krefeld_und_M%C3%B6nchengladbach"},{"link_name":"Theater Regensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_Regensburg"},{"link_name":"Theatergemeinschaft Amerang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatergemeinschaft_Amerang"},{"link_name":"Theaterpathologisches Institut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theaterpathologisches_Institut"},{"link_name":"UBI Theatre Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBI_Theatre_Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Velthen Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velthen_Company"},{"link_name":"Verband Bayerischer Amateurtheater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verband_Bayerischer_Amateurtheater"},{"link_name":"Theatre of West Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_of_West_Pomerania"},{"link_name":"Wuppertaler Bühnen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuppertaler_B%C3%BChnen"},{"link_name":"Zeitraumexit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeitraumexit"},{"link_name":"Theatres in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Theatres_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"Theatre festivals in Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Theatre_festivals_in_Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_culture.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rems-Murr-B%C3%BChne_Leutenbach&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Germany-theat-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Germany-theat-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany-theat-stub"}],"text":"German theatre companyRems-Murr-Bühne Leutenbach is a theatre company based in Leutenbach, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is an amateur theater club that has its headquarters in Leutenbach and, in addition to performances in its home community, also goes on tour with its productions.The association has existed since February 1981 and currently has around 50 members. The stage understands “amateur theater” as a form of non-professional theater (volunteer actors).48°52′15″N 9°24′20″E / 48.87074°N 9.40548°E / 48.87074; 9.40548vteTheatre companies in Germany\nAugsburger Puppenkiste\nBerliner Ensemble\nChiemgauer Volkstheater\nComoedia Mundi\nDeutsches Theater\nDramaturgische Gesellschaft\nDulce Compania\nDüsseldorfer Schauspielhaus\nFamilie Flöz\nFreiburger Puppenbühne\nHessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden\nImprotheater Emscherblut\nImprovisationstheater DRAMA light\nLandestheater Oberpfalz\nLandestheater Schwaben\nLeague for Proletarian Culture\nMannheim National Theatre\nMeiningen Ensemble\nPAN.OPTIKUM\nRems-Murr-Bühne Leutenbach\nSchauspiel Frankfurt\nSeyler Theatre Company\nStaatstheater Kassel\nStaatstheater Mainz\nStadtbühne Vohenstrauß\nStädtische Bühnen Frankfurt\nTeAtrum VII\nTheater Bonn\nTheater Dortmund\nTheater im Marienbad\nTheater Krefeld und Mönchengladbach\nTheater Regensburg\nTheatergemeinschaft Amerang\nTheaterpathologisches Institut\nUBI Theatre Leipzig\nVelthen Company\nVerband Bayerischer Amateurtheater\nTheatre of West Pomerania\nWuppertaler Bühnen\nZeitraumexit\n\nSee also:\nTheatres in Germany\nTheatre festivals in GermanyThis German theatre-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Rems-Murr-Bühne Leutenbach"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marla_Olmstead
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Marla Olmstead
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["1 Painting career","2 Media attention","2.1 Controversy","3 References","4 External links"]
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Marla OlmsteadBorn2000 (age 23–24)Binghamton, New YorkOccupationArtistParent(s)Laura and Mark Olmstead
Marla Olmstead (born 2000 in Binghamton, New York) is a painter of abstract art who by the age of four caught international media attention for work purportedly hers. Abstract artworks painted by her have been as large as five feet (1.52 m) square and have sold for tens of thousands of US dollars. A 2005 60 Minutes II story on Olmstead that first brought her publicity led to speculation that the works supposedly created by Marla were in fact created in collaboration with her father, which was further examined in the 2007 documentary on her, My Kid Could Paint That.
Painting career
According to her parents, Marla Olmstead began painting just before her second birthday in early 2002 when her father, Mark, gave her paint to divert her from distracting him from his own painting. Mark painted for a very brief period after his father died, and makes no claims of being an artist of any variety. Eventually, her work was on display at a local coffee shop. Soon after a customer bought one of the paintings for $253, a local gallery owner was shown one of her works and eventually organized a show at his gallery. From that point forward, Olmstead's paintings began to sell frequently.
In 2013, she gave an interview at "The Intersection", which is a one-day gathering of innovative thinkers.
Media attention
Her work increased in popularity after her first gallery showing, with many of the paintings selling for tens of thousands of US dollars.
The skill demonstrated in the paintings has prompted critics and media to draw comparisons to abstract artists Wassily Kandinsky and Jackson Pollock. Marla has attracted media attention from The New York Times and Time magazine.
Controversy
In February 2005, a report by CBS News' 60 Minutes II raised questions about whether Marla created the paintings on her own. 60 Minutes enlisted the help of Ellen Winner, a child psychologist who studies cognition in the arts and gifted children. Winner was impressed with Marla's work, and indicated that Marla was the first child prodigy she'd seen paint abstractly. The Olmsteads agreed to permit CBS crews to set up a hidden camera in their home to tape their daughter painting a single piece in five hours over the course of a month. When Winner reviewed the tapes, the psychologist said, "I saw no evidence that she was a child prodigy in painting. I saw a normal, charming, adorable child painting the way preschool children paint, except that she had a coach who kept her going." Winner also indicated that the painting created after CBS's hidden camera looked "less polished than some of Marla's previous works."
The 2007 documentary My Kid Could Paint That, by director Amir Bar-Lev, examines Marla Olmstead, her family, and the controversy surrounding the art attributed to her. The film does not explicitly take a position on the question of her works' authenticity, but Bar-Lev is heard during his interviews of Marla's parents and in a piece included as an extra on the DVD expressing doubts about whether Marla created the paintings herself. It includes excerpts from start-to-finish videos of two of Marla's works and questions whether the two works, the 60 Minutes painting (known as "Flowers") and "Ocean," are of the same quality as other works attributed to her. After Bar-Lev expressed these doubts and began filming Marla to capture her painting a work of similar quality to paintings previously sold in her name, she is seen repeatedly asking her father to help her paint a face on the painting or paint it himself - the exchange taking place during playful banter between Marla and her father.
The Olmsteads did not attend the film's official premiere, having felt that Bar-Lev, who doubts that Olmstead created the paintings attributed to her, made editing choices that portrayed them in bad light. In December 2015, 15-year-old Olmstead stated that she had never seen the film, and had no intention of doing so, saying, "I don’t want to watch things on myself." She and her brother did see the film's trailer, and found it "a bit ridiculous and funny", in particular a shot of Laura tearing as she said, "What have I done to my children?"
References
^ My Kid Could Paint That Director: Amir Bar-Lev, 2007
^ a b Leung, Rebecca. New Questions About Child Prodigy: Charlie Rose Reports On 4-Year-Old Artist Marla Olmstead, 60 Minutes II, February 23, 2005
^ a b Child art prodigy wows New York BBC News, 29 September 2004.
^ York, Michelle (September 28, 2004). "A Portrait Of the Artist As a Young Girl: Early Ability on Abstracts: 4-Year-Old Paints With Flair". The New York Times.
^ "Marla Olmstead: Artist". People The Intersection 2013. Archived from the original on May 31, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.
^ Sachs, Andrea (September 6, 2006). "The Downside of Being a Child Prodigy", Time
^ Caplan, Jeremy. (November 8, 2004) "Pint-Size Picassos". Time
^ Basler, George (December 27, 2015). "Catching up with child art prodigy Marla Olmstead". USA Today.
External links
Official website
Harvey, Doug (July 19, 2006). "Prodigy Schmodigy". LA Weekly
Fineman, Mia (October 5, 2007). "My Kid Could Paint That: Does Marla Olmstead's work belong in a museum or on the fridge?" Slate
Harvey, Doug (October 10, 2007). "Marla vs. Pollock: Who’s the Fraudiest?" LA Weekly
Ebert, Roger (November 15, 2007). "Portrait of the artist as a cherished child", RogerEbert.com.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Spain
United States
|
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Abstract artworks painted by her have been as large as five feet (1.52 m) square and have sold for tens of thousands of US dollars.[1] A 2005 60 Minutes II story on Olmstead that first brought her publicity led to speculation that the works supposedly created by Marla were in fact created in collaboration with her father,[2] which was further examined in the 2007 documentary on her, My Kid Could Paint That.","title":"Marla Olmstead"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parent"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-3"},{"link_name":"coffee shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"According to her parents, Marla Olmstead began painting just before her second birthday in early 2002 when her father, Mark, gave her paint to divert her from distracting him from his own painting. Mark painted for a very brief period after his father died, and makes no claims of being an artist of any variety.[3] Eventually, her work was on display at a local coffee shop. Soon after a customer bought one of the paintings for $253, a local gallery owner was shown one of her works and eventually organized a show at his gallery. From that point forward, Olmstead's paintings began to sell frequently.[4]In 2013, she gave an interview at \"The Intersection\", which is a one-day gathering of innovative thinkers.[5]","title":"Painting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US dollars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_dollars"},{"link_name":"Wassily Kandinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky"},{"link_name":"Jackson Pollock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Pollock"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-3"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_magazine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Her work increased in popularity after her first gallery showing, with many of the paintings selling for tens of thousands of US dollars.The skill demonstrated in the paintings has prompted critics and media to draw comparisons to abstract artists Wassily Kandinsky and Jackson Pollock.[3] Marla has attracted media attention from The New York Times and Time magazine.[6][7]","title":"Media attention"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CBS News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News"},{"link_name":"60 Minutes II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_Minutes_II"},{"link_name":"Ellen Winner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Winner"},{"link_name":"psychologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychologist"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60Minutes-2"},{"link_name":"My Kid Could Paint That","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/My_Kid_Could_Paint_That"},{"link_name":"Amir Bar-Lev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Bar-Lev"},{"link_name":"banter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banter"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USAToday-8"}],"sub_title":"Controversy","text":"In February 2005, a report by CBS News' 60 Minutes II raised questions about whether Marla created the paintings on her own. 60 Minutes enlisted the help of Ellen Winner, a child psychologist who studies cognition in the arts and gifted children. Winner was impressed with Marla's work, and indicated that Marla was the first child prodigy she'd seen paint abstractly. The Olmsteads agreed to permit CBS crews to set up a hidden camera in their home to tape their daughter painting a single piece in five hours over the course of a month. When Winner reviewed the tapes, the psychologist said, \"I saw no evidence that she was a child prodigy in painting. I saw a normal, charming, adorable child painting the way preschool children paint, except that she had a coach who kept her going.\" Winner also indicated that the painting created after CBS's hidden camera looked \"less polished than some of Marla's previous works.\"[2]The 2007 documentary My Kid Could Paint That, by director Amir Bar-Lev, examines Marla Olmstead, her family, and the controversy surrounding the art attributed to her. The film does not explicitly take a position on the question of her works' authenticity, but Bar-Lev is heard during his interviews of Marla's parents and in a piece included as an extra on the DVD expressing doubts about whether Marla created the paintings herself. It includes excerpts from start-to-finish videos of two of Marla's works and questions whether the two works, the 60 Minutes painting (known as \"Flowers\") and \"Ocean,\" are of the same quality as other works attributed to her. After Bar-Lev expressed these doubts and began filming Marla to capture her painting a work of similar quality to paintings previously sold in her name, she is seen repeatedly asking her father to help her paint a face on the painting or paint it himself - the exchange taking place during playful banter between Marla and her father.The Olmsteads did not attend the film's official premiere, having felt that Bar-Lev, who doubts that Olmstead created the paintings attributed to her, made editing choices that portrayed them in bad light. In December 2015, 15-year-old Olmstead stated that she had never seen the film, and had no intention of doing so, saying, \"I don’t want to watch things on myself.\" She and her brother did see the film's trailer, and found it \"a bit ridiculous and funny\", in particular a shot of Laura tearing as she said, \"What have I done to my children?\"[8]","title":"Media attention"}]
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Marla Olmstead: Artist\". People The Intersection 2013. Archived from the original on May 31, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150531001804/http://intersectionevent.com/blog/speakers/marla-olmstead/","url_text":"\"Marla Olmstead: Artist\""},{"url":"http://intersectionevent.com/blog/speakers/marla-olmstead/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/22/60II/main675522.shtml","external_links_name":"New Questions About Child Prodigy: Charlie Rose Reports On 4-Year-Old Artist Marla Olmstead"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3701484.stm","external_links_name":"Child art prodigy wows New York"},{"Link":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70E16FA3C5C0C7B8EDDA00894DC404482","external_links_name":"\"A Portrait Of the Artist As a Young Girl: Early Ability on Abstracts: 4-Year-Old Paints With Flair\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150531001804/http://intersectionevent.com/blog/speakers/marla-olmstead/","external_links_name":"\"Marla Olmstead: Artist\""},{"Link":"http://intersectionevent.com/blog/speakers/marla-olmstead/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061126051512/http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1532087,00.html","external_links_name":"\"The Downside of Being a Child Prodigy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080309004034/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,995547,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Pint-Size Picassos\""},{"Link":"http://www.pressconnects.com/story/news/local/2015/12/27/catching-up-child-art-prodigy-marla-olmstead/77668896/","external_links_name":"\"Catching up with child art prodigy Marla Olmstead\""},{"Link":"http://www.marlaolmstead.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.laweekly.com/2006-07-20/art-books/prodigy-schmodigy","external_links_name":"\"Prodigy Schmodigy\""},{"Link":"http://www.slate.com/id/2175311/","external_links_name":"\"My Kid Could Paint That: Does Marla Olmstead's work belong in a museum or on the fridge?\""},{"Link":"http://www.laweekly.com/2007-10-11/art-books/marla-vs-pollock-who-s-the-fraudiest","external_links_name":"\"Marla vs. Pollock: Who’s the Fraudiest?\""},{"Link":"http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20071115/COMMENTARY/71115003","external_links_name":"\"Portrait of the artist as a cherished child\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/21954966","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyh8hj4pqKD8bMbKx7vHC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4775916","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2008082645","external_links_name":"United States"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Heroes_Monument
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Monument to the Ghetto Heroes
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["1 History and description","1.1 Suzin plaque","1.2 Rapoport monument","2 Commemoration-related events","3 References","3.1 Footnotes","3.2 Citations","4 External links"]
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Coordinates: 52°14′59″N 20°59′38″E / 52.24972°N 20.99389°E / 52.24972; 20.99389Monument in Warsaw, Poland
Monument to the Ghetto HeroesPomnik Bohaterów Getta w Warszawieהאנדרטה לזכר מרד גטו ורשה
מאָנומענט פֿאַר די געטאָ העלדן אין ווארשעMonument to the Ghetto Heroes, western side52°14′59″N 20°59′38″E / 52.24972°N 20.99389°E / 52.24972; 20.99389LocationMuranów, Warsaw, PolandDesignerNathan RapoportMaterialbronze and stoneBeginning date1946Completion date1948Opening date16 April 1946Dedicated date19 AprilDedicated toWarsaw Ghetto
The Monument to the Ghetto Heroes (Polish: Pomnik Bohaterów Getta) is a monument in Warsaw, Poland, commemorating the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of 1943 during the Second World War. It is located in the area which was formerly a part of the Warsaw Ghetto, at the spot where the first armed clash of the uprising took place.
The monument was built partly of Nazi German materials originally brought to Warsaw in 1942 by Albert Speer for his planned works. The completed monument was formally unveiled in April 1948.
History and description
The monument was raised in the square bordered by Anielewicza Street, Karmelicka Street, Lewartowskiego Street and Zamenhofa Street. From August 1942 until the end of the Warsaw ghetto this was the last location of the Judenrat. The site also witnessed several clashes between the Warsaw Ghetto Jewish partisans and the German and auxiliary troops.
1946 memorial tablet
Suzin plaque
The decision to build a monument to the ghetto partisans was made as early as in 1944, by the Central Committee of Polish Jews in Lublin. The monument was designed by Leon Suzin. The first part of the monument, a small memorial tablet, was unveiled on April 16, 1946; the plaque was in the shape of a circle, with a palm leaf, a Hebrew letter "B" ב, and a Hebrew, Polish and Yiddish inscription: "For those who fell in an unprecedented and heroic struggle for the dignity and freedom of the Jewish people, for a free Poland, and for the liberation of mankind. Polish Jews". It was also decided to build a larger monument in the future.
Rapoport monument
The new, larger monument, sculpted by Nathan Rapoport (who worked under the supervision of Suzin), was unveiled on April 19, 1948. The monument stands 11 meters (36 ft) tall. As Rapoport himself explained, the "wall" of the monument was designed to evoke not just the ghetto walls, but also the Western Wall ("Wailing Wall") in Jerusalem. The great stones would thus have "framed the memory of events in Warsaw in the iconographic figure of Judaism's holiest site". The labradorite stone used in parts of the monument comes from German supplies, ordered by Albert Speer in 1942 for planned Nazi German monuments.
The western part of the monument shows a bronze group sculpture of insurgents - men, women and children, armed with guns and Molotov cocktails. The central standing figure of this frieze is that of Mordechai Anielewicz (1919 – 8 May 1943), the leader of Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa (ŻOB; English: Jewish Combat Organization) during the uprising.
Eastern side of the monument
President Barack Obama at the monument during his visit to Poland, May 27, 2011
The eastern part of the monument shows the persecution of Jews at the hands of the Nazi German oppressors. The monument has a three-language sign: "Jewish nation to its fighters and martyrs."
Commemoration-related events
The Warschauer Kniefall (German for "Warsaw kneeling") by Willy Brandt took place in front of the monument in 1970, when Brandt was the Chancellor of West Germany.
The Museum of the History of Polish Jews located opposite the monument was opened in April 2013.
References
Footnotes
^
Anielewicz was instrumental in the first act of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, preventing the majority of a second wave of Jews from being deported to extermination camps. This initial incident of armed resistance was a prelude to the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising that commenced on 19 April 1943. Though there were no surviving eyewitnesses, it is assumed that he killed himself on 8 May 1943, along with many of his staff, in a mass suicide at the surrounded ŻOB command post at 18 Miła Street. His body was never found; nevertheless, the inscription on the obelisk at the site of the Miła 18 bunker states that he is buried there.
Citations
^ a b c d "The First Warsaw Ghetto Heroes Monument (Anielewicza St./ Zamenhofa St.)". Virtual Shtetl. Museum of the History of Polish Jews. sztetl.org.pl. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Szczepan-Wojnarowska, Anna. "Pomnik Bohaterów Getta przy ul. Zamenhofa - Miejsca martyrologii - Zabytki - Warszawa - Wirtualny Sztetl". Sztetl.org.pl. Retrieved 2012-12-08.
^ Engelking, Barbara; Leociak, Jacek (2009), The Warsaw Ghetto: A Guide to the Perished City, Yale University Press, ISBN 9780300112344
^ Young, James E. The Texture of Memory, Yale 1993, p. 171
^ Zertal, Idith (2005). Israel's Holocaust and the Politics of Nationhood. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-521-85096-4.
^ Winkler, Heinrich August (2007). Germany : the long road west. Vol. 2, 1933-1990. Oxford University Press. pp. 264–. ISBN 978-0-19-926598-5. Retrieved 8 December 2012.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monument of Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in Warsaw.
Entry on the monument at sztuka.net, includes a gallery
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Ghetto Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"Nazi German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Albert Speer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer"}],"text":"Monument in Warsaw, PolandThe Monument to the Ghetto Heroes (Polish: Pomnik Bohaterów Getta) is a monument in Warsaw, Poland, commemorating the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of 1943 during the Second World War. It is located in the area which was formerly a part of the Warsaw Ghetto, at the spot where the first armed clash of the uprising took place.The monument was built partly of Nazi German materials originally brought to Warsaw in 1942 by Albert Speer for his planned works. The completed monument was formally unveiled in April 1948.","title":"Monument to the Ghetto Heroes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zamenhofa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamenhof"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sztetlA-1"},{"link_name":"Judenrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judenrat"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"Jewish partisans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_partisans"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sztetlB-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commemorating_plate_1946.jpg"}],"text":"The monument was raised in the square bordered by Anielewicza Street, Karmelicka Street, Lewartowskiego Street and Zamenhofa Street.[1] From August 1942 until the end of the Warsaw ghetto this was the last location of the Judenrat. The site also witnessed several clashes between the Warsaw Ghetto Jewish partisans and the German and auxiliary troops.[2]1946 memorial tablet","title":"History and description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Committee of Polish Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Committee_of_Polish_Jews"},{"link_name":"Lublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sztetlA-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sztetlB-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sztetlA-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sztetlB-2"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet"},{"link_name":"letter \"B\" ב","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bet_(letter)#Hebrew_Bet_/_Vet"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Yiddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sztetlA-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sztetlB-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sztetlB-2"}],"sub_title":"Suzin plaque","text":"The decision to build a monument to the ghetto partisans was made as early as in 1944, by the Central Committee of Polish Jews in Lublin.[1][2] The monument was designed by Leon Suzin.[1][2] The first part of the monument, a small memorial tablet, was unveiled on April 16, 1946; the plaque was in the shape of a circle, with a palm leaf, a Hebrew letter \"B\" ב, and a Hebrew, Polish and Yiddish inscription: \"For those who fell in an unprecedented and heroic struggle for the dignity and freedom of the Jewish people, for a free Poland, and for the liberation of mankind. Polish Jews\".[1][2] It was also decided to build a larger monument in the future.[2]","title":"History and description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nathan Rapoport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Rapoport"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sztetlB-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guide-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sztetlB-2"},{"link_name":"Western Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Wall"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"labradorite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labradorite"},{"link_name":"Albert Speer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Speer"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sztetlB-2"},{"link_name":"bronze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze"},{"link_name":"Molotov cocktails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molotov_cocktail"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sztetlB-2"},{"link_name":"Mordechai Anielewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordechai_Anielewicz"},{"link_name":"Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBydowska_Organizacja_Bojowa"},{"link_name":"[Note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:70th_Anniversary_of_the_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_09.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:President_Obama_in_Warsaw_May_2011_5835906995_7251a8fc74_o.jpg"},{"link_name":"Barack Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sztetlB-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sztetlB-2"}],"sub_title":"Rapoport monument","text":"The new, larger monument, sculpted by Nathan Rapoport (who worked under the supervision of Suzin), was unveiled on April 19, 1948.[2][3] The monument stands 11 meters (36 ft) tall.[2] As Rapoport himself explained, the \"wall\" of the monument was designed to evoke not just the ghetto walls, but also the Western Wall (\"Wailing Wall\") in Jerusalem. The great stones would thus have \"framed the memory of events in Warsaw in the iconographic figure of Judaism's holiest site\".[4] The labradorite stone used in parts of the monument comes from German supplies, ordered by Albert Speer in 1942 for planned Nazi German monuments.[2]The western part of the monument shows a bronze group sculpture of insurgents - men, women and children, armed with guns and Molotov cocktails.[2] The central standing figure of this frieze is that of Mordechai Anielewicz (1919 – 8 May 1943), the leader of Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa (ŻOB; English: Jewish Combat Organization) during the uprising.\n[Note 1]Eastern side of the monumentPresident Barack Obama at the monument during his visit to Poland, May 27, 2011The eastern part of the monument shows the persecution of Jews at the hands of the Nazi German oppressors.[2] The monument has a three-language sign: \"Jewish nation to its fighters and martyrs.\"[2]","title":"History and description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warschauer Kniefall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warschauer_Kniefall"},{"link_name":"kneeling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kneeling"},{"link_name":"Willy Brandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Brandt"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winkler2007-7"},{"link_name":"Museum of the History of Polish Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_the_History_of_Polish_Jews"}],"text":"The Warschauer Kniefall (German for \"Warsaw kneeling\") by Willy Brandt took place in front of the monument in 1970, when Brandt was the Chancellor of West Germany.[6]The Museum of the History of Polish Jews located opposite the monument was opened in April 2013.","title":"Commemoration-related events"}]
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[{"image_text":"1946 memorial tablet","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Commemorating_plate_1946.jpg/220px-Commemorating_plate_1946.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eastern side of the monument","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/70th_Anniversary_of_the_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_09.JPG/220px-70th_Anniversary_of_the_Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising_09.JPG"},{"image_text":"President Barack Obama at the monument during his visit to Poland, May 27, 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/President_Obama_in_Warsaw_May_2011_5835906995_7251a8fc74_o.jpg/220px-President_Obama_in_Warsaw_May_2011_5835906995_7251a8fc74_o.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"Szczepan-Wojnarowska, Anna. \"Pomnik Bohaterów Getta przy ul. Zamenhofa - Miejsca martyrologii - Zabytki - Warszawa - Wirtualny Sztetl\". Sztetl.org.pl. Retrieved 2012-12-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sztetl.org.pl/pl/article/warszawa/13,miejsca-martyrologii/1044,pomnik-bohaterow-getta-przy-ul-zamenhofa/","url_text":"\"Pomnik Bohaterów Getta przy ul. Zamenhofa - Miejsca martyrologii - Zabytki - Warszawa - Wirtualny Sztetl\""}]},{"reference":"Zertal, Idith (2005). Israel's Holocaust and the Politics of Nationhood. Cambridge University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-521-85096-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bQEAmjk4Wh0C&dq=%22Mordechai+Anielewicz+died%22&pg=PA27","url_text":"Israel's Holocaust and the Politics of Nationhood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85096-4","url_text":"978-0-521-85096-4"}]},{"reference":"Winkler, Heinrich August (2007). Germany : the long road west. Vol. 2, 1933-1990. Oxford University Press. pp. 264–. ISBN 978-0-19-926598-5. Retrieved 8 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gXflC2Ipo_QC&pg=PA264","url_text":"Germany : the long road west. Vol. 2, 1933-1990"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926598-5","url_text":"978-0-19-926598-5"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabien_Antunes
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Fabien Antunes
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["1 Personal life","2 Career statistics","3 References","4 External links"]
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French footballer
Fabien Antunes
Personal informationDate of birth
(1991-11-19) 19 November 1991 (age 32)Place of birth
Paris, FranceHeight
1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)Position(s)
Midfielder / DefenderTeam informationCurrent team
A.E. KifisiaNumber
8Senior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2010–2013
JA Drancy
50
(3)2013–2014
Red Star FC
13
(0)2014–2015
RE Virton
33
(2)2015–2017
KV Oostende
24
(0)2017–2019
Sint-Truiden
11
(0)2018–2019
→ Westerlo (loan)
17
(1)2019–2021
Westerlo
28
(1)2021–2022
Panetolikos
28
(0)2022–2023
Ionikos
18
(0)2023–
A.E. Kifisia
5
(0)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 8 January 2024
Fabien Antunes (born 19 November 1991) is a French professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Greek Super League club A.E. Kifisia.
Personal life
Antunes is of Portuguese descent.
Career statistics
As of match played on 24 February 2018
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Club
Season
League
Cup
Other
Total
Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
JA Drancy
2010–11
CFA
5
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
2011–12
22
1
0
0
0
0
22
1
2012–13
23
2
0
0
0
0
23
2
Total
50
3
0
0
0
0
50
3
Red Star
2013–14
Championnat National
13
0
0
0
0
0
13
0
Virton
2014–15
Belgian Second Division
33
2
0
0
0
0
33
2
K.V. Oostende
2015–16
Belgian Pro League
7
0
1
0
0
0
8
0
2016–17
Belgian First Division A
17
0
1
0
0
0
18
0
Total
24
0
2
0
0
0
26
0
Sint-Truiden
2017–18
Belgian First Division A
11
0
2
0
0
0
13
0
Career total
131
5
4
0
0
0
135
5
References
^ "Antunes : " À 100 % derrière le Portugal "".
^ Fabien Antunes at Soccerway. Retrieved 25 February 2018.
External links
Fabien Antunes at Soccerway
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[]
| null |
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|
[{"Link":"http://www.lavenir.net/cnt/DMF20160708_00851600","external_links_name":"\"Antunes : \" À 100 % derrière le Portugal \"\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/-/172861/","external_links_name":"Fabien Antunes"},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/fabien-antunes/172861/","external_links_name":"Fabien Antunes"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDI_(disambiguation)
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FDI
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["1 Finance","2 Computing","3 Health and medicine","4 Other uses"]
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Not to be confused with FBI.
FDI may refer to:
Finance
fDi magazine, a British foreign direct investment publication
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, a United States government corporation
Foreign direct investment, purchase of an asset in a country by another country's company
Computing
Field Device Integration, an International Electrotechnical Commission standards
Flexible Display Interface
Formatted Disk Image, part of the Unified emulator format
Health and medicine
FDI World Dental Federation
First dorsal interosseous, muscle in the hand
Other uses
Fault detection and isolation, in control engineering
Brothers of Italy (FdI, from the Italian name Fratelli d'Italia), an Italian political party
Films Division of India, a government-owned film production company in India
Foundation for Democracy in Iran, a US-based Iranian dissident organization
Frégate de défense et d'intervention, a class of frigates of the French Navy
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title FDI.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI"}],"text":"Not to be confused with FBI.FDI may refer to:","title":"FDI"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fDi magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDi_magazine"},{"link_name":"Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Deposit_Insurance_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Foreign direct investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment"}],"text":"fDi magazine, a British foreign direct investment publication\nFederal Deposit Insurance Corporation, a United States government corporation\nForeign direct investment, purchase of an asset in a country by another country's company","title":"Finance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Field Device Integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Field_Device_Integration&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"International Electrotechnical Commission standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_International_Electrotechnical_Commission_standards"},{"link_name":"Flexible Display Interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_Display_Interface"},{"link_name":"Formatted Disk Image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Formatted_Disk_Image&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Unified emulator format","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_Emulator_Format"}],"text":"Field Device Integration, an International Electrotechnical Commission standards\nFlexible Display Interface\nFormatted Disk Image, part of the Unified emulator format","title":"Computing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FDI World Dental Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDI_World_Dental_Federation"},{"link_name":"First dorsal interosseous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_dorsal_interosseous"}],"text":"FDI World Dental Federation\nFirst dorsal interosseous, muscle in the hand","title":"Health and medicine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fault detection and isolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_detection_and_isolation"},{"link_name":"Brothers of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Films Division of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Films_Division_of_India"},{"link_name":"Foundation for Democracy in Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_for_Democracy_in_Iran"},{"link_name":"Frégate de défense et d'intervention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9gate_de_d%C3%A9fense_et_d%27intervention"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/FDI&namespace=0"}],"text":"Fault detection and isolation, in control engineering\nBrothers of Italy (FdI, from the Italian name Fratelli d'Italia), an Italian political party\nFilms Division of India, a government-owned film production company in India\nFoundation for Democracy in Iran, a US-based Iranian dissident organization\nFrégate de défense et d'intervention, a class of frigates of the French NavyTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title FDI.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Other uses"}]
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[]
| null |
[]
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[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/FDI&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiratsuka_Station
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Hiratsuka Station
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["1 Lines","2 Station layout","3 Platforms","4 History","5 Passenger statistics","6 Surrounding area","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
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Coordinates: 35°19′40.4″N 139°21′2.1″E / 35.327889°N 139.350583°E / 35.327889; 139.350583Railway station in Hiratsuka, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan
JT11 Hiratsuka Station平塚駅The north side of Hiratsuka Station, 2023General informationLocation1 Takarachō, Hiratsuka-shi, Kanagawa-ken 254-0034JapanCoordinates35°19′40.4″N 139°21′2.1″E / 35.327889°N 139.350583°E / 35.327889; 139.350583Operated by JR EastLine(s)■ Tōkaidō Main LineDistance63.8 km from TokyoPlatforms2 island platformsConnectionsBus terminalOther informationStatusStaffed (Midori no Madoguchi)Station codeJT11WebsiteOfficial websiteHistoryOpenedJuly 11, 1887PassengersFY201960,941 daily
Services
Preceding station
JR East
Following station
NinomiyaJT13towards Odawara
Shōnan
ChigasakiJT10towards Tokyo or Shinjuku
KōzuJT14towards Odawara
Tōkaidō LineRapid Acty
ChigasakiOne-way operation
ŌisoJT12towards Atami
Tōkaidō LineLocal
ChigasakiJT10towards Tokyo
KōzuJT14towards Odawara
Shōnan–Shinjuku LineSpecial Rapid
ChigasakiJT10towards Maebashi
ŌisoJT12towards Odawara
Shōnan–Shinjuku LineRapid
LocationHiratsuka StationLocation within Kanagawa PrefectureShow map of Kanagawa PrefectureHiratsuka StationHiratsuka Station (Japan)Show map of Japan
Station platforms from above, 2021
Hiratsuka Station (平塚駅, Hiratsuka-eki) is a passenger railway station located in the city of Hiratsuka, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East).
Lines
Hiratsuka Station is served by the Tokaido Main Line and also Shonan-Shinjuku Line through services. The station is 63.8 kilometers from the starting point of the Tokaido Main Line at Tokyo Station.
Station layout
The station consists of two island platforms serving four tracks, connected to the station building by a footbridge. The station has a Midori no Madoguchi staffed ticket office. The station building has large shopping complexes to the north and south of the tracks.
Platforms
1,2
JT Tokaido Line(Ueno-Tokyo Line)
for Yokohama, Tokyo, Ueno, ŌmiyaJU Utsunomiya Line for Utsunomiya and KuroisoJU Takasaki Line for Takasaki and Maebashi
JS Shōnan-Shinjuku Line
for Yokohama, Shibuya, Shinjuku, Ikebukuro, Ōmiya, Takasaki and Maebashi (via JU Takasaki Line)
3
JT Tōkaidō Line
for Kōzu, Odawara, Atami, NumazuJT Itō Line for Itō
JS Shōnan-Shinjuku Line
for Yokohama, Shibuya, Shinjuku, Ikebukuro, Ōmiya, Takasaki and Maebashi (via JU Takasaki Line)
4
JT Tōkaidō Line
for Kōzu, Odawara, Atami, NumazuJT Itō Line for Itō
History
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Hiratsuka Station was opened on July 11, 1887, for both freight and passenger service on what was later designated the Tokaido Main Line of Japanese National Railways (JNR). A number of short freight spur lines radiated out from Hiratsuka Station to serve the various industries which were developed in the vicinity of the station. Most of these spur lines were no longer in operation by 1924. The original station building was destroyed by soil liquefaction during the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, which also brought down the bridge over the nearby Sagami River. The station building was completely rebuilt in June 1973. With the dissolution and privatization of JNR on April 1, 1987, the station came under the control of the East Japan Railway Company.
Hiratsuka Station in the early 20th century
Passenger statistics
In fiscal 2019, the station was used by an average of 60,941 passengers daily.
The passenger figures for previous years are as shown below.
Fiscal year
daily average
2005
58,241
2010
59,955
2015
60,622
Surrounding area
Hiratsuka City Hall
Hiratsuka Citizen Center
Hiratsuka City Central Public Hall
Hiratsuka City Museum
See also
List of railway stations in Japan
References
Yoshikawa, Fumio. Tokaido-sen 130-nen no ayumi. Grand-Prix Publishing (2002) ISBN 4-87687-234-1.(in Japanese)
^ 各駅の乗車人員 (2019年度) (in Japanese). Japan: East Japan Railway Company. 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2020.
^ 神奈川県県勢要覧（平成18年度） (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan: Tokyo Metropolitan Government. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
^ 神奈川県県勢要覧（平成23年度） (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan: Kanagawa Prefecture. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
^ 神奈川県県勢要覧（平成28年度 (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan: Kanagawa Prefecture. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
External links
Media related to Hiratsuka Station at Wikimedia Commons
JR East station information (in Japanese)
vteStations of the Tōkaidō Main Line (JR East)
(Ueno-Tokyo Line towards Ueno << ) Tokyo
Shimbashi
Shinagawa
Kawasaki
Yokohama
(Shonan-Shinjuku Line towards Shinjuku << ) Totsuka
Ōfuna
Fujisawa
Tsujidō
Chigasaki
Hiratsuka
Ōiso
Ninomiya
Kōzu
Kamonomiya
Odawara
Hayakawa
Nebukawa
Manazuru
Yugawara
Atami (>> Itō Line for Itō, JR Central Tokaido Line for Numazu)
JT
vteStations of the Shōnan–Shinjuku LineTakasaki Line - Tōkaidō Main Line
(Maebashi
Shin-Maebashi
Ino
Takasakitonyamachi)
Takasaki
Kuragano
Shinmachi
Jimbohara
Honjō
Okabe
Fukaya
Kagohara
Kumagaya
Gyōda
Fukiage
Kita-Kōnosu
Kōnosu
Kitamoto
Okegawa
Kita-Ageo
Ageo
Miyahara
Ōmiya
Urawa
Akabane
Ikebukuro
Shinjuku
Shibuya
Ebisu
Ōsaki
Musashi-Kosugi
Yokohama
Totsuka
Ōfuna
Fujisawa
Tsujidō
Chigasaki
Hiratsuka
Ōiso
Ninomiya
Kōzu
Kamonomiya
Odawara
JSUtsunomiya Line - Yokosuka Line
Utsunomiya
Suzumenomiya
Ishibashi
Jichi Medical University
Koganei
Oyama
Mamada
Nogi
Koga
Kurihashi
Higashi-Washinomiya
Kuki
Shin-Shiraoka
Shiraoka
Hasuda
Higashi-Ōmiya
Toro
Ōmiya
Urawa
Akabane
Ikebukuro
Shinjuku
Shibuya
Ebisu
Ōsaki
Nishi-Ōi
Musashi-Kosugi
Shin-Kawasaki
Yokohama
Hodogaya
Higashi-Totsuka
Totsuka
Ōfuna
Kita-Kamakura
Kamakura
Zushi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingvar
|
Ingvar
|
["1 Ynglinga saga","2 Ynglingatal","3 Other sources","4 Archaeology","5 Notes","6 External links","7 Primary sources","8 Secondary sources"]
|
Semi-legendary Swedish king
"Ingvar" may also refer to Ingvar of Kiev and to Ingvar the Far-Travelled.
For the nickel-iron alloy, see Invar. For the name, see Ingvar (name).
IngvarLegendary King of SwedenPredecessorSölveSuccessorAnundDiedearly 7th centuryNamesYngvar Harra (translate: "the tall")DynastyHouse of YnglingFatherEysteinn
Ingvar or Yngvar (Old Norse: Yngvarr , d. early 7th century) was the son of Östen and reclaimed the Swedish throne for the House of Yngling after the Swedes had rebelled against Sölvi.
He is reported to have fallen in battle in Estonia and been buried there. Although the account of Ingvar is semi-legendary, the discovery of two boat grave sites in Salme, modern Estonia has confirmed that a similar historic event took place in the 8th century.
Ynglinga saga
Snorri Sturluson relates in his Ynglinga saga that King Ingvar, Östen's son, was a great warrior who often spent time patrolling the shores of his kingdom fighting Danes and Estonian vikings (Víkingr frá Esthland). King Ingvar finally came to a peace agreement with the Danes and could take care of the Estonian vikings.
He consequently started pillaging in Estonia in retribution, and one summer he arrived at a place called Stein (see also Sveigder). The Estonians (sýslu kind) assembled a great army in the interior and attacked King Ingvar in a great battle. The Estonian forces were too powerful and Ingvar fell and the Swedish forces retreated. Ingvar was buried in a mound at a place called Stone or Hill fort (at Steini) on the shores of Estonia (Aðalsýsla).
Ynglingatal
Snorri then quotes a stanza from Þjóðólfr of Hvinir's Ynglingatal:
Þat stǫkk upp,
at Yngvari
Sýslu kind
of sóit hafði.
Ok Ljósham
við lagar hjarta
herr eistneskr
at hilmi vá.
Ok austmarr
jǫfri sœnskum
Gymis ljóð
at gamni kveðr.
Translation: 'Word spread quickly, that the people of Sýsla had slain Yngvarr. And an Estonian force attacked the ruler, Ljóshamr ('the Light-skinned'), at the heart of the water . And the Baltic sea sings the songs of Gymir <sea-giant> to the delight of the Swedish ruler.'
Other sources
The Historia Norwegiæ presents a Latin summary of Ynglingatal, older than Snorri's quotation (continuing after Eysteinn):
Hujus filius Ynguar, qui cognominatus est canutus, in expeditione occisus est in quadam insula Baltici maris, quæ ab indigenis Eysysla vocatur. Iste ergo genuit Broutonund, quem Sigwardus frater suus .
His son Yngvar, nicknamed the Hoary, was killed by the inhabitants while campaigning on an island in the Baltic called Ösel. Yngvar bred Braut-Ånund, whose brother, Sigurd,
Ynglingatal only mentions the location Sysla (area paying tribute), Historia Norwegiae only mentions that he died during a campaign on the island Eycilla, i.e. Eysysla (Ösel). In addition to his son Anund (Broutonund), it also adds second son named Sigvard.
Thorsteins saga Víkingssonar skips Ingvar's generation and makes his father Östen the father of Anund and grandfather of Ingjald. It adds a second son to Östen named Olaf, who was the king of Fjordane in Norway.
Archaeology
In 2008–2010, the ship burial of two ships were discovered in Salme, Estonia, the Salme ships. Remains from at least 42 individuals were discovered in the two ships. Most of them belonged to 30–40 years old males who had been killed in battle. Isotope analysis of some of the teeth, combined with the design of the buried artifacts, suggest that the men came from central Sweden. The smaller ship contained the skeletal remains of 7 individuals. There were at least 36 individuals buried in four layers in the large ship. In samples from the 7th century Salme defined Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a1a1b, N1a1a1a1a1a1a, I1-M253 and mtDNA haplogroup T2b5a, V, J2a1a1a2, H10e, K1c1h, W6a, U3b1b. The DNA analysis showed that four of the men were brothers and they were related to a fifth man, perhaps an uncle.
The ships were clinker-built and archaeologists have estimated their time of construction to be AD 650–700 in Scandinavia. There are signs indicating they had been repaired and patched for decades before making their final voyage. One of the ships is 11.5 metres (38 ft) long and 2 metres (7 ft) wide. It did not have mast or sails, and they would have been rowed for short distances along the Baltic coast, or between islands, or straight across the Baltic, as rowing longer distances has proved perfectly feasible time and again in modern times. This is also indicated by the Old Norse word for distance across water "vikusjö, vikja" the distance to row before changing rowers, a distance of about 4.2 nautical miles (7.8 km; 4.8 mi).
The second ship was 17–17.5 metres (56–57 ft) long and 3 metres (10 ft) wide. This larger ship had a keel for sailing which would arguable make it the oldest viking sailing ship found so far, possibly redefining the beginning of the viking age (for comparison see Oseberg Ship, Gokstad ship and Gjellestad ship burial).
According to a confirmed interpretation offered by Jüri Peets, the lead archaeologist at the site, the ships and the dead are of Scandinavian origin, from Mälar region in Sweden, where similarly decorated sword hilts have been found; osteological analysis also indicates Mälar region and several men have been found to relatives.
According to one scenario, a war party of Scandinavians attempted to carry out a raid against the Oeselians (Estonian inhabitants of the island of Saaremaa), but were attacked by Oeselian ships. The sides of the two ships contain numerous embedded arrowheads, some of which are of the three-pointed type used to carry burning materials to set enemy ships aflame. After losing too many oarsmen to the Estonian archers, the raiders pulled their ships aground and tried to defend themselves behind them. It appears that after the battle, the Oeselians allowed either the survivors or some other group of Scandinavians to ritually bury their dead. The burial is unusual because the ships were not covered with earth mounds. The site was eventually forgotten by the local inhabitants after it had become overblown by sand and covered with vegetation. The raid-hypothesis has led to a questioning of when the Viking Age began exactly. The Salme event took place 50–100 years earlier than the infamous Lindisfarne Viking raid in England in the summer of AD 793.
The original interpretation was called into question after the second, larger, ship was uncovered in 2010. It is likely that the human remains in it belonged to individuals of noble birth, as evidenced by the large number of expensive bronze sword-hilts and the complete lack of weaponry associated with commoners. The presence of dogs and hawks used for falconry indicates that the original purpose of the trip to Estonia may have been leisure or diplomacy. Peets suggests that the men may have come on a voyage from Sweden to forge an alliance or establish kinship ties when unknown parties set upon them.
Notes
^ Abrégé de l'histoire de Suède (in French). Arthus Bertrand. 1844. p. 37. Retrieved 6 July 2018.
^ a b Marold, Edith (2012). "Þjóðólfr ór Hvini, Ynglingatal". In Whaley, Diana (ed.). Poetry from the Kings' Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols. p. 16. ISBN 978-2-503-51896-1.
^ Storm corrects the name to Eysysla instead of Eycilla in his edition.
^ Storm, Gustav (editor) (1880). Monumenta historica Norwegiæ: Latinske kildeskrifter til Norges historie i middelalderen, Monumenta Historica Norwegiae (Kristiania: Brøgger), p. 101.
^ Ekrem, Inger (editor), Lars Boje Mortensen (editor) and Peter Fisher (translator) (2003). Historia Norwegie. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 87-7289-813-5, p. 79.
^ Marek Strandberg. "Arheoloog: Eesti ala elanikud surid 536. aasta paiku massiliselt nälga". Postimees 17. märts 2013. (in Estonian)
^ a b Scandinavians were defeated in a battle in Saaremaa (in Estonian)
^ Salme muinaslaevast leiti haruldane luukamm (fotod). Saarte Hääl, 26 Jul 2011.(in Estonian)
^ a b Ancient ships of death: Were they on a mission of politics or plunder? USA Today. 27 July 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
^ a b Arheoloogia-aasta parimad palad. Postimees, 17 Oct 2011. (in Estonian)
^ Ashot Margaryan et al. Population genomics of the Viking world, 2020 (bioRxiv)
^ The Vikings Were More Complicated Than You Might Think, Sept. 16, 2020
^ a b Archaeology: The First Vikings
^ a b Price, T. Douglas; Peets, Jüri; Allmäe, Raili; Maldre, Liina; Oras, Ester (August 2016). "Isotopic provenancing of the Salme ship burials in Pre-Viking Age Estonia". Antiquity. 90 (352): 1022–1037. doi:10.15184/aqy.2016.106. ISSN 0003-598X. S2CID 55103783.
External links
Oliver Rand: Salme muinaslaevade leiukoht Rootsi kuninga surmaloosse selgust ei too Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Meie Maa, 25 September 2010.
Primary sources
Ynglingatal
Ynglinga saga (part of the Heimskringla)
Historia Norwegiae
Thorsteins saga Víkingssonar
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Nerman, B. Det svenska rikets uppkomst. Stockholm, 1925.
Ingvar House of Yngling
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|
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ingvar of Kiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingvar_of_Kiev"},{"link_name":"Ingvar the Far-Travelled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingvar_the_Far-Travelled"},{"link_name":"Invar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invar"},{"link_name":"Ingvar (name)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingvar_(name)"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈyŋɡwɑrː]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA"},{"link_name":"Östen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sten"},{"link_name":"House of Yngling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Yngling"},{"link_name":"Sölvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6lvi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abr%C3%A9g%C3%A9_de_lhistoire_de_Su%C3%A8de_1844_p._37-1"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Estonia"},{"link_name":"boat grave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat_grave"},{"link_name":"Salme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salme_ships"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"}],"text":"\"Ingvar\" may also refer to Ingvar of Kiev and to Ingvar the Far-Travelled.For the nickel-iron alloy, see Invar. For the name, see Ingvar (name).Ingvar or Yngvar (Old Norse: Yngvarr [ˈyŋɡwɑrː], d. early 7th century) was the son of Östen and reclaimed the Swedish throne for the House of Yngling after the Swedes had rebelled against Sölvi.[1]\nHe is reported to have fallen in battle in Estonia and been buried there. Although the account of Ingvar is semi-legendary, the discovery of two boat grave sites in Salme, modern Estonia has confirmed that a similar historic event took place in the 8th century.","title":"Ingvar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Snorri Sturluson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson"},{"link_name":"Ynglinga saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynglinga_saga"},{"link_name":"Estonian vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_vikings"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Estonia"},{"link_name":"Sveigder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveigder"},{"link_name":"Hill fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_fort"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Snorri Sturluson relates in his Ynglinga saga that King Ingvar, Östen's son, was a great warrior who often spent time patrolling the shores of his kingdom fighting Danes and Estonian vikings (Víkingr frá Esthland). King Ingvar finally came to a peace agreement with the Danes and could take care of the Estonian vikings.[citation needed]He consequently started pillaging in Estonia in retribution, and one summer he arrived at a place called Stein (see also Sveigder). The Estonians (sýslu kind) assembled a great army in the interior and attacked King Ingvar in a great battle. The Estonian forces were too powerful and Ingvar fell and the Swedish forces retreated. Ingvar was buried in a mound at a place called Stone or Hill fort (at Steini) on the shores of Estonia (Aðalsýsla).[citation needed]","title":"Ynglinga saga"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Þjóðólfr of Hvinir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%B3%C3%B0%C3%B3lfr_of_Hvinir"},{"link_name":"Ynglingatal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynglingatal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skp-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skp-2"}],"text":"Snorri then quotes a stanza from Þjóðólfr of Hvinir's Ynglingatal:Þat stǫkk upp, \nat Yngvari \nSýslu kind \nof sóit hafði. \nOk Ljósham\nvið lagar hjarta \nherr eistneskr \nat hilmi vá. \nOk austmarr \njǫfri sœnskum \nGymis ljóð \nat gamni kveðr.[2]Translation: 'Word spread quickly, that the people of Sýsla had slain Yngvarr. And an Estonian force attacked the ruler, Ljóshamr ('the Light-skinned'), at the heart of the water [ISLAND]. And the Baltic sea sings the songs of Gymir <sea-giant> to the delight of the Swedish ruler.'[2]","title":"Ynglingatal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Historia Norwegiæ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Norwegi%C3%A6"},{"link_name":"Eysteinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eysteinn"},{"link_name":"Ynglingatal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynglingatal"},{"link_name":"Historia Norwegiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Norvegi%C3%A6"},{"link_name":"Ösel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OEsel"},{"link_name":"Anund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anund"},{"link_name":"Thorsteins saga Víkingssonar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorsteins_saga_V%C3%ADkingssonar"},{"link_name":"Östen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sten"},{"link_name":"Anund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anund"},{"link_name":"Ingjald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingjald"},{"link_name":"Fjordane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjordane"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"}],"text":"The Historia Norwegiæ presents a Latin summary of Ynglingatal, older than Snorri's quotation (continuing after Eysteinn):Ynglingatal only mentions the location Sysla (area paying tribute), Historia Norwegiae only mentions that he died during a campaign on the island Eycilla, i.e. Eysysla (Ösel). In addition to his son Anund (Broutonund), it also adds second son named Sigvard.Thorsteins saga Víkingssonar skips Ingvar's generation and makes his father Östen the father of Anund and grandfather of Ingjald. It adds a second son to Östen named Olaf, who was the king of Fjordane in Norway.","title":"Other sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ship burial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_burial"},{"link_name":"Salme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salme,_Estonia"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Salme ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salme_ships"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ekspress.ee-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Isotope analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope_analysis"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usatoday.com-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arheoloogia-aasta_parimad_palad-10"},{"link_name":"R1a1a1b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_R1a"},{"link_name":"N1a1a1a1a1a1a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_N-M231"},{"link_name":"I1-M253","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup_I-M253"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Margaryan2019-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"clinker-built","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinker_(boat_building)"},{"link_name":"Scandinavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archaeology:_The_First_Vikings-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-14"},{"link_name":"Oseberg Ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oseberg_Ship"},{"link_name":"Gokstad ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gokstad_ship"},{"link_name":"Gjellestad ship burial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjellestad_ship_burial"},{"link_name":"Scandinavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-14"},{"link_name":"Scandinavians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"Oeselians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oeselians"},{"link_name":"Estonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonians"},{"link_name":"oarsmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oarsman"},{"link_name":"archers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ekspress.ee-7"},{"link_name":"Viking Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Age"},{"link_name":"Lindisfarne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindisfarne#Vikings"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archaeology:_The_First_Vikings-13"},{"link_name":"leisure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leisure"},{"link_name":"diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomacy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arheoloogia-aasta_parimad_palad-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usatoday.com-9"}],"text":"In 2008–2010, the ship burial of two ships were discovered in Salme, Estonia, the Salme ships. Remains from at least 42 individuals were discovered in the two ships.[6] Most of them belonged to 30–40 years old males who had been killed in battle.[7][8] Isotope analysis of some of the teeth, combined with the design of the buried artifacts, suggest that the men came from central Sweden.[9] The smaller ship contained the skeletal remains of 7 individuals. There were at least 36 individuals buried in four layers in the large ship.[10] In samples from the 7th century Salme defined Y-chromosome haplogroup R1a1a1b, N1a1a1a1a1a1a, I1-M253 and mtDNA haplogroup T2b5a, V, J2a1a1a2, H10e, K1c1h, W6a, U3b1b.[11] The DNA analysis showed that four of the men were brothers and they were related to a fifth man, perhaps an uncle.[12]The ships were clinker-built and archaeologists have estimated their time of construction to be AD 650–700 in Scandinavia. There are signs indicating they had been repaired and patched for decades before making their final voyage. One of the ships is 11.5 metres (38 ft) long and 2 metres (7 ft) wide. It did not have mast or sails, and they would have been rowed for short distances along the Baltic coast, or between islands,[13] or straight across the Baltic, as rowing longer distances has proved perfectly feasible time and again in modern times. This is also indicated by the Old Norse word for distance across water \"vikusjö, vikja\" the distance to row before changing rowers, a distance of about 4.2 nautical miles (7.8 km; 4.8 mi).The second ship was 17–17.5 metres (56–57 ft) long and 3 metres (10 ft) wide. This larger ship had a keel for sailing[14] which would arguable make it the oldest viking sailing ship found so far, possibly redefining the beginning of the viking age (for comparison see Oseberg Ship, Gokstad ship and Gjellestad ship burial).According to a confirmed interpretation offered by Jüri Peets, the lead archaeologist at the site, the ships and the dead are of Scandinavian origin, from Mälar region in Sweden, where similarly decorated sword hilts have been found; osteological analysis also indicates Mälar region and several men have been found to relatives.[14]According to one scenario, a war party of Scandinavians attempted to carry out a raid against the Oeselians (Estonian inhabitants of the island of Saaremaa), but were attacked by Oeselian ships. The sides of the two ships contain numerous embedded arrowheads, some of which are of the three-pointed type used to carry burning materials to set enemy ships aflame. After losing too many oarsmen to the Estonian archers, the raiders pulled their ships aground and tried to defend themselves behind them. It appears that after the battle, the Oeselians allowed either the survivors or some other group of Scandinavians to ritually bury their dead. The burial is unusual because the ships were not covered with earth mounds. The site was eventually forgotten by the local inhabitants after it had become overblown by sand and covered with vegetation.[7] The raid-hypothesis has led to a questioning of when the Viking Age began exactly. The Salme event took place 50–100 years earlier than the infamous Lindisfarne Viking raid in England in the summer of AD 793.[13]The original interpretation was called into question after the second, larger, ship was uncovered in 2010. It is likely that the human remains in it belonged to individuals of noble birth, as evidenced by the large number of expensive bronze sword-hilts and the complete lack of weaponry associated with commoners. The presence of dogs and hawks used for falconry indicates that the original purpose of the trip to Estonia may have been leisure or diplomacy.[10] Peets suggests that the men may have come on a voyage from Sweden to forge an alliance or establish kinship ties when unknown parties set upon them.[9]","title":"Archaeology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Abr%C3%A9g%C3%A9_de_lhistoire_de_Su%C3%A8de_1844_p._37_1-0"},{"link_name":"Abrégé de l'histoire de Suède","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=zyjd8FUi2NYC&pg=PA37"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-skp_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-skp_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"Þjóðólfr ór Hvini, Ynglingatal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//skaldic.org/m.php?p=text&i=4400"},{"link_name":"Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skaldic_Poetry_of_the_Scandinavian_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-503-51896-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51896-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"87-7289-813-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/87-7289-813-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Arheoloog: Eesti ala elanikud surid 536. aasta paiku massiliselt nälga\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//arvamus.postimees.ee/1171034/arheoloog-eesti-ala-elanikud-surid-536-aasta-paiku-massiliselt-nalga"},{"link_name":"Postimees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postimees"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ekspress.ee_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ekspress.ee_7-1"},{"link_name":"Scandinavians were defeated in a battle in Saaremaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ekspress.ee/news/paevauudised/ajalugu/skandinaavlased-said-saaremaal-suures-lahingus-tappa.d?id=32908835"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Salme muinaslaevast leiti haruldane luukamm (fotod).","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.saartehaal.ee/index.php?content=artiklid&sub=41&artid=26711&sec=1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-usatoday.com_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-usatoday.com_9-1"},{"link_name":"Ancient ships of death: Were they on a mission of politics or plunder?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/07/27/ancient-ships-death-were-they-mission-politics-plunder/87586278/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Arheoloogia-aasta_parimad_palad_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Arheoloogia-aasta_parimad_palad_10-1"},{"link_name":"Arheoloogia-aasta parimad palad.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.postimees.ee/600144/arheoloogia-aasta-parimad-palad/"},{"link_name":"Postimees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postimees"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Margaryan2019_11-0"},{"link_name":"Population genomics of the Viking world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2688-8"},{"link_name":"bioRxiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/703405v1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"The Vikings Were More Complicated Than You Might Think","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2020/09/16/science/vikings-DNA.html?surface=most-popular&fellback=false&req_id=981298180&algo=bandit-all-surfaces&imp_id=876962199&action=click&module=Most%20Popular&pgtype=Homepage"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Archaeology:_The_First_Vikings_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Archaeology:_The_First_Vikings_13-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-1"},{"link_name":"\"Isotopic provenancing of the Salme ship burials in Pre-Viking Age Estonia\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2016.106"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.15184/aqy.2016.106","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2016.106"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0003-598X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"55103783","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55103783"}],"text":"^ Abrégé de l'histoire de Suède (in French). Arthus Bertrand. 1844. p. 37. Retrieved 6 July 2018.\n\n^ a b Marold, Edith (2012). \"Þjóðólfr ór Hvini, Ynglingatal\". In Whaley, Diana (ed.). Poetry from the Kings' Sagas 1: From Mythical Times to c. 1035. Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages 1. Turnhout: Brepols. p. 16. ISBN 978-2-503-51896-1.\n\n^ Storm corrects the name to Eysysla instead of Eycilla in his edition.\n\n^ Storm, Gustav (editor) (1880). Monumenta historica Norwegiæ: Latinske kildeskrifter til Norges historie i middelalderen, Monumenta Historica Norwegiae (Kristiania: Brøgger), p. 101.\n\n^ Ekrem, Inger (editor), Lars Boje Mortensen (editor) and Peter Fisher (translator) (2003). Historia Norwegie. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 87-7289-813-5, p. 79.\n\n^ Marek Strandberg. \"Arheoloog: Eesti ala elanikud surid 536. aasta paiku massiliselt nälga\". Postimees 17. märts 2013. (in Estonian)\n\n^ a b Scandinavians were defeated in a battle in Saaremaa (in Estonian)\n\n^ Salme muinaslaevast leiti haruldane luukamm (fotod). Saarte Hääl, 26 Jul 2011.(in Estonian)\n\n^ a b Ancient ships of death: Were they on a mission of politics or plunder? USA Today. 27 July 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016.\n\n^ a b Arheoloogia-aasta parimad palad. Postimees, 17 Oct 2011. (in Estonian)\n\n^ Ashot Margaryan et al. Population genomics of the Viking world, 2020 (bioRxiv)\n\n^ The Vikings Were More Complicated Than You Might Think, Sept. 16, 2020\n\n^ a b Archaeology: The First Vikings\n\n^ a b Price, T. Douglas; Peets, Jüri; Allmäe, Raili; Maldre, Liina; Oras, Ester (August 2016). \"Isotopic provenancing of the Salme ship burials in Pre-Viking Age Estonia\". Antiquity. 90 (352): 1022–1037. doi:10.15184/aqy.2016.106. ISSN 0003-598X. S2CID 55103783.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ynglingatal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynglingatal"},{"link_name":"Ynglinga saga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynglinga_saga"},{"link_name":"Heimskringla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimskringla"},{"link_name":"Historia Norwegiae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Norvegiae"},{"link_name":"Thorsteins saga Víkingssonar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorsteins_saga_V%C3%ADkingssonar"}],"text":"Ynglingatal\nYnglinga saga (part of the Heimskringla)\nHistoria Norwegiae\nThorsteins saga Víkingssonar","title":"Primary sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Norse_paganism_footer"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Norse_paganism_footer"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norse_paganism_footer"},{"link_name":"Old Norse religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse_religion"},{"link_name":"mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_mythology"},{"link_name":"Mythological Norse people, items and places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people,_items_and_places_in_Norse_mythology"},{"link_name":"Deities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities"},{"link_name":"dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)"},{"link_name":"jötnar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn"},{"link_name":"Æsir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86sir"},{"link_name":"Almáttki áss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alm%C3%A1ttki_%C3%A1ss"},{"link_name":"Baldr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldr"},{"link_name":"Bragi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bragi"},{"link_name":"Dellingr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dellingr"},{"link_name":"Forseti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forseti"},{"link_name":"Heimdall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heimdall"},{"link_name":"Hermóðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herm%C3%B3%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Höðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Hœnir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%93nir"},{"link_name":"Ítreksjóð","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dtreksj%C3%B3%C3%B0"},{"link_name":"Lóðurr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3%C3%B0urr"},{"link_name":"Loki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loki"},{"link_name":"Máni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ni"},{"link_name":"Meili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meili"},{"link_name":"Mímir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADmir"},{"link_name":"Móði and Magni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0i_and_Magni"},{"link_name":"Odin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin"},{"link_name":"Óðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Thor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor"},{"link_name":"Týr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BDr"},{"link_name":"Ullr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullr"},{"link_name":"Váli (son of Odin)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1li"},{"link_name":"Víðarr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0arr"},{"link_name":"Vili and Vé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vili_and_V%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Ásynjur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86sir"},{"link_name":"Bil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%BAki_and_Bil"},{"link_name":"Eir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eir"},{"link_name":"Frigg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigg"},{"link_name":"Fulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulla"},{"link_name":"Gefjon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gefjon"},{"link_name":"Gerðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ger%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Gná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gn%C3%A1_and_H%C3%B3fvarpnir"},{"link_name":"Hlín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hl%C3%ADn"},{"link_name":"Iðunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B0unn"},{"link_name":"Ilmr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmr"},{"link_name":"Irpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0r_H%C3%B6lgabr%C3%BA%C3%B0r_and_Irpa"},{"link_name":"Lofn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofn"},{"link_name":"Nanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanna_(Norse_deity)"},{"link_name":"Njörun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nj%C3%B6run"},{"link_name":"Rán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Rindr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rindr"},{"link_name":"Sága","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1ga_and_S%C3%B6kkvabekkr"},{"link_name":"Sif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sif"},{"link_name":"Sigyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigyn"},{"link_name":"Sjöfn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B6fn"},{"link_name":"Skaði","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ska%C3%B0i"},{"link_name":"Snotra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snotra"},{"link_name":"Sól","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3l_(Germanic_mythology)"},{"link_name":"Syn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syn_(goddess)"},{"link_name":"Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0r_H%C3%B6lgabr%C3%BA%C3%B0r_and_Irpa"},{"link_name":"Þrúðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Vár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1r"},{"link_name":"Vör","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6r"},{"link_name":"Vanir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanir"},{"link_name":"Freyja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyja"},{"link_name":"Freyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freyr"},{"link_name":"Ingunar-Freyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingunar-Freyr"},{"link_name":"Yngvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yngvi"},{"link_name":"Gersemi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gersemi"},{"link_name":"Gullveig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gullveig"},{"link_name":"Hnoss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hnoss"},{"link_name":"Kvasir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvasir"},{"link_name":"Njörðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Sister-wife of Njörðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister-wife_of_Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Jötnar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_j%C3%B6tnar_in_Norse_mythology"},{"link_name":"Ægir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86gir"},{"link_name":"Alvaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvaldi"},{"link_name":"Angrboða","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angrbo%C3%B0a"},{"link_name":"Aurboða","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurbo%C3%B0a"},{"link_name":"Baugi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baugi"},{"link_name":"Beli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beli_(j%C3%B6tunn)"},{"link_name":"Bergelmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergelmir"},{"link_name":"Bestla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestla"},{"link_name":"Bölþorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6l%C3%BEorn"},{"link_name":"Býleistr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BDleistr"},{"link_name":"Eggþér","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg%C3%BE%C3%A9r"},{"link_name":"Fárbauti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A1rbauti"},{"link_name":"Fjölvar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lvar"},{"link_name":"Fornjót","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornj%C3%B3t"},{"link_name":"Gangr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangr"},{"link_name":"Geirröðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geirr%C3%B6%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Gillingr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillingr"},{"link_name":"Gjálp and Greip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gj%C3%A1lp_and_Greip"},{"link_name":"Gríðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%AD%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Gunnlöð","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnl%C3%B6%C3%B0"},{"link_name":"Gymir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymir_(father_of_Ger%C3%B0r)"},{"link_name":"Harðgreipr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har%C3%B0greipr"},{"link_name":"Helblindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helblindi"},{"link_name":"Helreginn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helreginn"},{"link_name":"Hljod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hljod"},{"link_name":"Hræsvelgr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hr%C3%A6svelgr"},{"link_name":"Hrímgerðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmger%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Hrímgrímnir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmgr%C3%ADmnir"},{"link_name":"Hrímnir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmnir"},{"link_name":"Hroðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hro%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Hrungnir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrungnir"},{"link_name":"Hrymr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrymr"},{"link_name":"Hymir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymir"},{"link_name":"Hyrrokkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyrrokkin"},{"link_name":"Iði","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B0i"},{"link_name":"Ím","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dm"},{"link_name":"Járnsaxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1rnsaxa"},{"link_name":"Laufey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laufey_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Leikn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leikn"},{"link_name":"Litr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litr"},{"link_name":"Logi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logi_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Mögþrasir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6g%C3%BErasir"},{"link_name":"Narfi (father of Nott)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narfi"},{"link_name":"Sökkmímir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6kkm%C3%ADmir"},{"link_name":"Surtr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surtr"},{"link_name":"Suttungr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suttungr"},{"link_name":"Þjazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ejazi"},{"link_name":"Þökk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B6kk"},{"link_name":"Þrívaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%ADvaldi"},{"link_name":"Þrúðgelmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0gelmir"},{"link_name":"Þrymr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Erymr"},{"link_name":"Útgarða-Loki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Atgar%C3%B0a-Loki"},{"link_name":"Vafþrúðnir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaf%C3%BEr%C3%BA%C3%B0nir"},{"link_name":"Víðblindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0blindi"},{"link_name":"Vosud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vosud"},{"link_name":"Vörnir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6rnir"},{"link_name":"Ymir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymir"},{"link_name":"Dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dwarfs_in_Norse_mythology"},{"link_name":"Alvíss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alv%C3%ADss"},{"link_name":"Andvari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andvari"},{"link_name":"Austri, 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hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mead_hall"},{"link_name":"Nīþ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%AB%C3%BE"},{"link_name":"Norse cosmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norse_cosmology"},{"link_name":"Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numbers_in_Norse_mythology"},{"link_name":"Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_cultures"},{"link_name":"Runes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runes"},{"link_name":"Seiðr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r"},{"link_name":"Skald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skald"},{"link_name":"Viking Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Age"},{"link_name":"Völva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6lva"},{"link_name":"Germanic paganism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_paganism"},{"link_name":"Heathenry (new religious movement)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)"},{"link_name":"Nordic Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age"}],"text":"Nerman, B. Det svenska rikets uppkomst. Stockholm, 1925.vteOld Norse religion and mythologyMythological Norse people, items and placesDeities, dwarfs, jötnar,and other figuresÆsir\nAlmáttki áss\nBaldr\nBragi\nDellingr\nForseti\nHeimdall\nHermóðr\nHöðr\nHœnir\nÍtreksjóð\nLóðurr\nLoki\nMáni\nMeili\nMímir\nMóði and Magni\nOdin\nÓðr\nThor\nTýr\nUllr\nVáli (son of Odin)\nVíðarr\nVili and Vé\nÁsynjur\nBil\nEir\nFrigg\nFulla\nGefjon\nGerðr\nGná\nHlín\nIðunn\nIlmr\nIrpa\nLofn\nNanna\nNjörun\nRán\nRindr\nSága\nSif\nSigyn\nSjöfn\nSkaði\nSnotra\nSól\nSyn\nÞorgerðr Hölgabrúðr\nÞrúðr\nVár\nVör\nVanir\nFreyja\nFreyr\nIngunar-Freyr\nYngvi\nGersemi\nGullveig\nHnoss\nKvasir\nNjörðr\nSister-wife of Njörðr\nJötnar\nÆgir\nAlvaldi\nAngrboða\nAurboða\nBaugi\nBeli\nBergelmir\nBestla\nBölþorn\nBýleistr\nEggþér\nFárbauti\nFjölvar\nFornjót\nGangr\nGeirröðr\nGillingr\nGjálp and Greip\nGríðr\nGunnlöð\nGymir\nHarðgreipr\nHelblindi\nHelreginn\nHljod\nHræsvelgr\nHrímgerðr\nHrímgrímnir\nHrímnir\nHroðr\nHrungnir\nHrymr\nHymir\nHyrrokkin\nIði\nÍm\nJárnsaxa\nLaufey\nLeikn\nLitr\nLogi\nMögþrasir\nNarfi (father of Nott)\nSökkmímir\nSurtr\nSuttungr\nÞjazi\nÞökk\nÞrívaldi\nÞrúðgelmir\nÞrymr\nÚtgarða-Loki\nVafþrúðnir\nVíðblindi\nVosud\nVörnir\nYmir\nDwarfs\nAlvíss\nAndvari\nAustri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri\nBillingr\nDáinn\nDurinn\nDúrnir\nDvalinn\nFáfnir\nFjalar and Galar\nGandalf\nHreiðmarr\nLitr\nMótsognir\nÓtr\nRegin\nSons of Ivaldi\nBrokkr\nEitri\nHeroes\nList of figures in Germanic heroic legend\n A\n B–C\n D–E\n F–G\n H–He\n Hi–Hy\n I–O\n P–S\n T–Y\npeople, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend\nnamed animals and plants \nnamed weapons, armour and treasures\nOthers\nAsk and Embla\nAuðr\nAuðumbla\nAurvandill\nBeyla\nBorr\nBúri\nByggvir\nDísir\nLanddísir\nDragons\nDraugs\nEinherjar\nEldir\nElves\nDark elves (Dökkálfar)\nLight elves (Ljósálfar)\nBlack elves (Svartálfar)\nFimafeng\nFjalar (rooster)\nFenrir\nFjörgyn and Fjörgynn\nFylgja\nGarmr\nGullinbursti\nHati Hróðvitnisson\nHel\nHildisvíni\nHjúki\nHorses of the Æsir\nÁrvakr and Alsviðr\nBlóðughófi\nFalhófnir\nGísl\nGlaðr\nGlær\nGlenr\nGrani\nGullfaxi\nGulltoppr\nGyllir\nHamskerpir and Garðrofa\nHófvarpnir\nSkinfaxi and Hrímfaxi\nSleipnir\nSvaðilfari\nJörð\nJörmungandr\nLíf and Lífthrasir\nLoddfáfnir\nMóðguðr\nNine Daughters of Ægir and Rán\nNine Mothers of Heimdallr\nNarfi (son of Loki)\nNíðhöggr\nNorns\nPersonifications\nDagr\nElli\nNótt\nSumarr and Vetr\nSæhrímnir\nSkírnir\nSköll\nShield-maiden\nTanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr\nTroll\nÞjálfi and Röskva\nVættir\nLandvættir\nVáli (son of Loki)\nValkyries\nVölundr\nVörðr\nLocationsUnderworld\nHel\nÉljúðnir\nGjallarbrú\nNáströnd\nNiflhel\nNiðafjöll\nRivers\nÉlivágar\nGjöll\nÍfingr\nKerlaugar\nKörmt and Örmt\nSlidr River\nVadgelmir\nVimur River\nOther locations\nAsgard\nAmsvartnir\nAndlang\nBarri\nBifröst\nBilskirnir\nBrávellir\nBrimir\nFensalir\nFólkvangr\nFornsigtuna\nFyrisvellir\nGálgviðr\nGandvik\nGastropnir\nGimlé\nGinnungagap\nGlaðsheimr\nGlæsisvellir\nGlitnir\nGnipahellir\nGrove of fetters\nHeiðr\nHiminbjörg\nHindarfjall\nHlidskjalf\nHnitbjorg\nHoddmímis holt\nIðavöllr\nJárnviðr\nJötunheimr\nMímameiðr\nMyrkviðr\nMunarvágr\nNóatún\nOkolnir\nSessrúmnir\nSindri\nSingasteinn\nÞrúðheimr\nÞrúðvangr\nÞrymheimr\nUppsala\nÚtgarðar\nValaskjálf\nValhalla\nVanaheimr\nVíðbláinn\nVígríðr\nVingólf\nWells\nHvergelmir\nMímisbrunnr\nUrðarbrunnr\nÝdalir\nYggdrasil\nEvents\nÆsir–Vanir War\nFimbulvetr\nFróði's Peace\nHjaðningavíg\nRagnarök\nSources\nGesta Danorum\nEdda\nPoetic Edda\nProse Edda\nRunestones\nSagas\nJómsvíkinga\nLegendary\nTyrfing Cycle\nVölsung Cycle\nOld Norse language\nOrthography\nLater influence\nSocietyReligious practice\nAnthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe\nBlót\nHof\nHeitstrenging\nHorses\nHörgr\nWorship\nÖndvegissúlur\nReginnaglar\nSacred trees and groves\nSonargöltr\nTemple at Uppsala\nVé\nWetlands and islands\nFestivals and holy periods\nÁlfablót\nDísablót\nGermanic calendar\nÞorrablót\nVetrnætr\nYule\nOther\nDeath\nErgi\nFélag\nGaldr\nGoði\nHamingja\nHeiti\nKenning\nMead hall\nNīþ\nNorse cosmology\nNumbers\nPhilosophy\nRings\nRunes\nSeiðr\nSkald\nViking Age\nVölva\nSee also\nGermanic paganism\nHeathenry (new religious movement)\nNordic Bronze Age","title":"Secondary sources"}]
|
[]
| null |
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph%27s_College_of_Maine
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Saint Joseph's College of Maine
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["1 Academics","1.1 Accreditation and approvals","2 Student life","2.1 Honor Societies","2.2 Athletics","2.3 Housing","3 Notable alumni","3.1 Writing, Journalism, Television","3.2 Sports","3.3 Education","3.4 Politics","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
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Coordinates: 43°49′31.71″N 70°28′55.54″W / 43.8254750°N 70.4820944°W / 43.8254750; -70.4820944Private Catholic college in Standish, Maine, U.S.
This article is about the college in Maine. For other colleges of Saint Joseph, see Saint Joseph's College (disambiguation).
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Saint Joseph's College of MaineMottoFortitudo et SpesMotto in EnglishCourage and HopeTypePrivate collegeEstablished1912; 112 years ago (1912)Religious affiliationRoman CatholicAcademic affiliationsSpace-grantEndowment$17 MillionPresidentJoseph L. CassidyStudents1,987 (Fall 2019)Undergraduates1,317 (Fall 2019)Postgraduates670 (Fall 2019)LocationStandish, Maine, United StatesCampus447 acres (181 ha)ColorsRoyal Blue & WhiteNicknameMonksSporting affiliationsNCAA Division III GNAC, NACWebsitesjcme.edu
Saint Joseph's College of Maine is a private Catholic college in Standish, Maine, United States. It is the only Catholic college in Maine.
Saint Joseph's was founded by the Sisters of Mercy in 1912. The college, run by a lay and religious Board of Trustees, was located on the convent grounds in nearby Portland until 1956 when it moved to its lakeside location in Standish. In 1970, Saint Joseph's became coeducational and six years later began a distance education program for working adults. Saint Joseph's College Online offers its online programs to 2,400 students in 50 states and nine countries.
Academics
On campus, the college offers more than 40 majors, minors and partnership programs. The average class size is 14. The student-to-faculty ratio is 11:1. On campus, the college offers undergraduate programs in the liberal arts and sciences, as well as professional programs. The most popular majors are nursing, business, education, exercise science/sports management, and biology.
Through Saint Joseph's College Online, there are roughly 2,400 students enrolled in more than 30 academic programs leading to bachelor's and master's degrees, as well as associate degrees and certificates. Support for students includes counselors, advisors, online tutors, an IT help desk, and financial aid. Students also have the option to take courses on campus during the summer.
Accreditation and approvals
The college is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education. The nursing program is also approved by the Maine State Board of Nursing and accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education. The Elementary Education and Physical Education majors and the Secondary Education minor are approved by the state of Maine.
Student life
Honor Societies
Delta Epsilon Sigma, a national scholastic honor society for students of Catholic colleges and universities, has been at Saint Joseph's College since 1950.
Sigma Theta Tau International is the nursing honor society and exists to promote the development, dissemination and utilization of nursing knowledge. Sigma Theta Tau is committed to improving the health of people worldwide through increasing the scientific base of nursing practice. The Kappa Zeta Chapter-at-large of Sigma Theta Tau was chartered at Saint Joseph's College in April 1988.
Athletics
Saint Joseph's College teams are known as the Monks. The college fields NCAA Division III sport in soccer, track and field, volleyball (women only), swimming, basketball, golf, field hockey, baseball, softball, lacrosse, and cross country. The college is a member of the Great Northeast Athletic Conference (GNAC), the Eastern College Athletic Conference (ECAC). Intramural teams include everything from basketball to bowling; club sports include dance team, cheerleading, ice hockey and ultimate Frisbee. The athletic center is equipped with a full gym, indoor track, pool, and dance/aerobics room.
The 2012 SJC baseball team was ranked 14th in the country in the DIII NCAA ranking. The baseball rankings for the 2013 season was projecting SJC at 12th in the country. With a win against #1 Wheaton College, the Monks moved up to #9 in the country.
Housing
Eleven residence halls exist.
Notable alumni
Writing, Journalism, Television
Randy Freer (1982). Former President of FOX Sports Network, former CEO of Hulu
Pat DeCola (2009). Writer, FOXSports.com
Andrea Gibson. Slam Poet, Activist
Sports
Charlie Furbush. Pitcher, Seattle Mariners
Education
Marilyn Lacey. religious sister, Director, and founder of Mercy Beyond Borders; In 2001 she was honored by the Dalai Lama as an “Unsung Hero of Compassion”, for her life of service with refugees.
Politics
Bonnie Newman. Politics and Education
See also
Timeline of women's colleges in the United States
Great Northeast Athletic Conference
North Atlantic Conference
List of NCAA Division III institutions
Harold Alfond
Frank Fixaris
References
^ a b c "St. Joseph's College (ME) Student Life". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved November 17, 2021.
^ "Saint Joseph's College Of Maine". Encyclopedia.com.
^ "SAINT JOSEPH'S COLLEGE OF MAINE". Data USA.
External links
Official website
Official athletics website
vteGreat Northeast Athletic ConferenceFull members
Albertus Magnus Falcons
Anna Maria Amcats
Colby-Sawyer Chargers
Dean Bulldogs
Elms Blazers
Emmanuel Saints
Johnson & Wales Wildcats
Lasell Lasers
Norwich Cadets
Regis Pride
Rivier Raiders
Saint Joseph (CT) Blue Jays
Saint Joseph's (ME) Monks
Simmons Sharks
Associate members
Eastern Nazarene Lions (men's tennis)
Husson Eagles (swimming & diving)
Rhode Island College Anchormen (men's golf)
Southern Maine Huskies (men's golf)
UMass Dartmouth Corsairs (men's golf)
Wentworth Leopards (men's volleyball)
Former members
Daniel Webster Eagles
Endicott Gulls
Emerson Lions
Mount Ida Mustangs
Pine Manor Gators
Southern Vermont Mountaineers
Suffolk Rams
Western New England Golden Bears
vteConference for Mercy Higher Education
Carlow University
College of Saint Mary
Georgian Court University
Gwynedd Mercy University
Maria College of Albany
Mercy College of Northwest Ohio
Mercyhurst University
Misericordia University
Mount Aloysius College
Mount Mercy University
Salve Regina University
University of St. Joseph
St. Joseph's College
Saint Xavier University
Trocaire College
University of Detroit Mercy
Catholicism portal
vteUniversities and colleges in MainePrivate institutions
Bates College
Beal University
Bowdoin College
Colby College
College of the Atlantic
Husson University (New England School of Communications)
Institute for Doctoral Studies in the Visual Arts
Maine College of Art & Design (Salt Institute for Documentary Studies)
Maine College of Health Professions
Maine Media College
New England Bible College
Saint Joseph's College
Thomas College
Unity Environmental University
University of New England
University ofMaine System
University of Maine
University of Maine at Augusta
University of Maine at Farmington
University of Maine at Fort Kent
University of Maine at Machias
University of Maine at Presque Isle
University of Maine School of Law
University of Southern Maine
Public maritime college
Maine Maritime Academy
Maine CommunityCollege System
Central Maine CC
Eastern Maine CC
Kennebec Valley CC
Northern Maine CC
Southern Maine CC
Washington County CC
York County CC
Former schools
Andover College
Bangor Theological Seminary
Bliss College
Cobb Divinity School
Eastern State Normal School
Nasson College
Ricker College
Westbrook College
vteAmerican women's colleges that became coeducationalBecamecoeducational
Adelphi
Albertus Magnus
Andrew
Anna Maria
Arcadia
Avila
Barber–Scotia
Belhaven
Belmont
Bennington
Blue Mountain Christian
Brescia
Cabrini
Caldwell
Carlow
Chatham
Chestnut Hill
Chowan
Columbia (MO)
Columbia (SC)
Connecticut College
Converse
Dominican (CA)
Dominican (NY)
Drexel College of Medicine
D'Youville
Elms
Elmira
Emmanuel (MA)
Felician
Florida State
Fontbonne
Georgia College
Georgian Court
Goucher
Greensboro
Holy Cross (LA)
Holy Family (PA)
Hood
Hunter
Huston–Tillotson
Immaculata
Incarnate Word
James Madison
Keuka
LaGrange
Lake Erie
Lasell
Lesley
Lindenwood
Longwood
Lynn
Manhattanville
Mary Baldwin
Mary Hardin–Baylor
Mary Washington
Marygrove
Marymount (VA)
Marymount Manhattan
Maryville (MO)
Marywood
Mercy (NY)
Mercyhurst
Midway
Misericordia
Mississippi University for Women
Montevallo
Mount Mercy
Mount St. Joseph
Mount Saint Vincent
Moravian
Notre Dame (MD)
Notre Dame (OH)
Notre Dame de Namur
Ohio Dominican
Our Lady of the Lake
Queens (NC)
Radford
Randolph
Regis (MA)
Rivier
Rosemont
Russell Sage
Saint Elizabeth
St. Francis (IL)
Saint Joseph (CT)
Saint Joseph's (ME)
St. Joseph's (NY)
St. Mary's (MD)
Saint Mary-of-the-Woods
Saint Rose
St. Scholastica
Saint Xavier (IL)
Salve Regina
Sarah Lawrence
Seton Hill
Shorter
Skidmore
Southern Virginia
Spalding
Stevenson
Texas Woman's
Thomas More (KY)
Trocaire
UNC Greensboro
University of Science and Arts of Oklahoma
UT Southern
Valdosta State
Vassar
Virginia Union
Viterbo
Washington College of Law
Webster
Wells
West Alabama
Wheaton (MA)
William Peace
William Woods
Wilson (PA)
Winthrop
Coordinatecolleges
Evelyn College for Women (with Princeton University; closed)
H. Sophie Newcomb Memorial College (merged with Tulane University)
Margaret Morrison Carnegie College (merged with Carnegie Mellon University)
Maryhill College (merged with St. Edward's University)
Mt. Vernon College (with George Washington University)
Pembroke (merged with Brown University)
Radcliffe College (merged with Harvard University)
vteRoman Catholic Diocese of PortlandBishops
Ordinaries
David William Bacon
James Augustine Healy
William Henry O'Connell
Louis Sebastian Walsh
John Gregory Murray
Joseph Edward McCarthy
Daniel Joseph Feeney
Peter Leo Gerety
Edward Cornelius O'Leary
Joseph John Gerry
Richard Joseph Malone
Robert Deeley
James T. Ruggieri
Auxiliary
Amédée Wilfrid Proulx
Churches
Cathedral
Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception
Basilica
Basilica of Saints Peter and Paul, Lewiston
Parish churches (list)
Holy Cross Church, Lewiston
Sacred Heart Church, Portland
St. David Church, Madawaska
St. Denis Church, North Whitefield
St. Joseph's Church, Biddeford
St. Mary's Church, Augusta
St. Patrick's Church, Newcastle
St. John's Church, Bangor
Former churches
St. Andre's, Biddeford
St. Mary's Church, Biddeford
St. Cyril and St. Methodius Church, Lisbon Falls
St. Dominic's, Portland
St. Joseph's Church, Lewiston
St. Patrick's Church, Lewiston
Education
Higher education
St. Joseph's College
High schools
Cheverus High School, Portland
Saint Dominic Academy, Auburn
Former schools
St. Joseph's School, Biddeford
Catherine McAuley High School, Portland
Priests
Denis Mary Bradley
Charles M. Murphy
Miscellany
Mercy Hospital, Portland
Catholicism portal
43°49′31.71″N 70°28′55.54″W / 43.8254750°N 70.4820944°W / 43.8254750; -70.4820944
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States
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The college, run by a lay and religious Board of Trustees, was located on the convent grounds in nearby Portland until 1956 when it moved to its lakeside location in Standish. In 1970, Saint Joseph's became coeducational and six years later began a distance education program for working adults. Saint Joseph's College Online offers its online programs to 2,400 students in 50 states and nine countries.[2]","title":"Saint Joseph's College of Maine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"On campus, the college offers more than 40 majors, minors and partnership programs. The average class size is 14. The student-to-faculty ratio is 11:1. On campus, the college offers undergraduate programs in the liberal arts and sciences, as well as professional programs. The most popular majors are nursing, business, education, exercise science/sports management, and biology.Through Saint Joseph's College Online, there are roughly 2,400 students enrolled [3] in more than 30 academic programs leading to bachelor's and master's degrees, as well as associate degrees and certificates. Support for students includes counselors, advisors, online tutors, an IT help desk, and financial aid. Students also have the option to take courses on campus during the summer.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"accredited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"New England Commission of Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Commission_of_Higher_Education"},{"link_name":"Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Collegiate_Nursing_Education"}],"sub_title":"Accreditation and approvals","text":"The college is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education. The nursing program is also approved by the Maine State Board of Nursing and accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education. The Elementary Education and Physical Education majors and the Secondary Education minor are approved by the state of Maine.","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Delta Epsilon Sigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Epsilon_Sigma"},{"link_name":"Sigma Theta Tau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Theta_Tau"}],"sub_title":"Honor Societies","text":"Delta Epsilon Sigma, a national scholastic honor society for students of Catholic colleges and universities, has been at Saint Joseph's College since 1950.\nSigma Theta Tau International is the nursing honor society and exists to promote the development, dissemination and utilization of nursing knowledge. Sigma Theta Tau is committed to improving the health of people worldwide through increasing the scientific base of nursing practice. The Kappa Zeta Chapter-at-large of Sigma Theta Tau was chartered at Saint Joseph's College in April 1988.","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NCAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"Division III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_III_(NCAA)"},{"link_name":"Great Northeast Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northeast_Athletic_Conference"},{"link_name":"Eastern College Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_College_Athletic_Conference"}],"sub_title":"Athletics","text":"Saint Joseph's College teams are known as the Monks. The college fields NCAA Division III sport in soccer, track and field, volleyball (women only), swimming, basketball, golf, field hockey, baseball, softball, lacrosse, and cross country. The college is a member of the Great Northeast Athletic Conference (GNAC), the Eastern College Athletic Conference (ECAC). Intramural teams include everything from basketball to bowling; club sports include dance team, cheerleading, ice hockey and ultimate Frisbee. The athletic center is equipped with a full gym, indoor track, pool, and dance/aerobics room.\nThe 2012 SJC baseball team was ranked 14th in the country in the DIII NCAA ranking. The baseball rankings for the 2013 season was projecting SJC at 12th in the country. With a win against #1 Wheaton College, the Monks moved up to #9 in the country.","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Housing","text":"Eleven residence halls exist.","title":"Student life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Randy Freer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Freer"},{"link_name":"Pat DeCola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pat_DeCola"},{"link_name":"Andrea Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Gibson"}],"sub_title":"Writing, Journalism, Television","text":"Randy Freer (1982). Former President of FOX Sports Network, former CEO of Hulu\nPat DeCola (2009). Writer, FOXSports.com\nAndrea Gibson. Slam Poet, Activist","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charlie Furbush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Furbush"}],"sub_title":"Sports","text":"Charlie Furbush. Pitcher, Seattle Mariners","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marilyn Lacey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Lacey"},{"link_name":"religious sister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_sister"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"Marilyn Lacey. religious sister, Director, and founder of Mercy Beyond Borders; In 2001 she was honored by the Dalai Lama as an “Unsung Hero of Compassion”, for her life of service with refugees.","title":"Notable alumni"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bonnie Newman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_Newman"}],"sub_title":"Politics","text":"Bonnie Newman. Politics and Education","title":"Notable alumni"}]
|
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Portland.svg/100px-Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Portland.svg.png"}]
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[{"title":"Timeline of women's colleges in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_colleges_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Great Northeast Athletic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northeast_Athletic_Conference"},{"title":"North Atlantic Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Conference"},{"title":"List of NCAA Division III institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_III_institutions"},{"title":"Harold Alfond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Alfond"},{"title":"Frank Fixaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Fixaris"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebesty%C3%A9n_Schmidt
|
Sebestyén Schmidt
|
["1 References","2 External links"]
|
Hungarian cyclist
Sebestyén SchmidtPersonal informationFull nameSebestyén SchmidtBorn(1901-02-03)3 February 1901Died13 September 1971(1971-09-13) (aged 70)
Sebestyén Schmidt (3 February 1901 – 13 September 1971) was a Hungarian cyclist. He competed in the individual road race event at the 1932 Summer Olympics.
References
^ "Sebestyén Schmidt". Olympedia. Retrieved 27 September 2021.
^ "Sebestyén Schmidt Olympic Results". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
External links
Sebestyén Schmidt at Cycling Archives
Sebestyén Schmidt at ProCyclingStats
Sebestyén Schmidt at Olympedia
Sebestyén Schmidt at the Hungarian Olympic Committee (in Hungarian)
This biographical article relating to Hungarian cycling is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cyclist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_sport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"individual road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_individual_road_race"},{"link_name":"1932 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sports-reference-2"}],"text":"Sebestyén Schmidt (3 February 1901 – 13 September 1971) was a Hungarian cyclist.[1] He competed in the individual road race event at the 1932 Summer Olympics.[2]","title":"Sebestyén Schmidt"}]
|
[]
| null |
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[{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/16495","external_links_name":"\"Sebestyén Schmidt\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418054940/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sc/sebestyen-schmidt-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Sebestyén Schmidt Olympic Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sc/sebestyen-schmidt-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingarchives.com/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=56081","external_links_name":"Sebestyén Schmidt"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17318914#P1409"},{"Link":"https://www.procyclingstats.com/rider/246767","external_links_name":"Sebestyén Schmidt"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17318914#P1663"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/16495","external_links_name":"Sebestyén Schmidt"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17318914#P8286"},{"Link":"http://archiv.olimpia.hu/champdata/details/id/25396#ordertype","external_links_name":"Sebestyén Schmidt"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17318914#P4066"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sebesty%C3%A9n_Schmidt&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josina_(king)
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Legendary kings of Scotland
|
["1 Dynastic importance","2 Historiography of Buchanan's list","3 Legendary content","4 Legendary kings (Buchanan), BC","5 Legendary kings (Buchanan), Caratacus to Eugenius I","6 Buchanan's Fifth Book, Fergus II to Kenneth II","7 Sixth Book, later kings","8 Notes","9 External links"]
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Dornadilla, fourth legendary king according to George Buchanan; painting by Jacob Jacobsz de Wet the Younger in the commission from Charles II for Holyrood Palace.
The Scottish Renaissance humanist George Buchanan gave a long list of Scottish Kings in his history of Scotland—published in Latin as Rerum Scoticarum Historia in 1582—most of whom are now considered by historians to be figures of legend, or completely misrepresented. The list went back around 1900 years from his time, and began with Fergus I. James VI of Scotland, who was Buchanan's pupil, adopted the story of Fergus I as his ancestor, and the antiquity of the line was emphasised by the House of Stuart.
Dynastic importance
The genealogy of Scottish kings, going back to Fergus mac Ferchar (i.e. Fergus I) and beyond, was in place by the middle of the 13th century when it was recited at the 1249 inauguration of Alexander III of Scotland. In 1301 Baldred Bisset was involved in a hearing at the Papal Curia, on the Scottish side of the debate on Edward I of England's claims, and at least helped prepare material dealing with the mythological history that was being adduced as relevant, on both sides.
Alexander III hears his genealogy; late medieval illustration of the Scotichronicon.
The question of the antiquity of the Scottish royal lineage, and even the details of the associated origin myth, became particularly significant from 1542 when Mary, Queen of Scots came to the Scottish throne. Buchanan alluded to Mary's long ancestry in his Epithalamium written for her 1559 marriage to Francis II of France. In the period before Mary's betrothal, a marriage to Prince Edward, the future Edward VI of England, was much discussed. As part of that debate, the list of legendary kings of Britain became involved, in the form of the "Brutus myth", promoted by Edward Hall over the doubts of Polydore Vergil. Publicists on the English side of the argument, including John Elder, James Henrisoun, and William Lamb, had cast doubt on Scottish history.
When James VI entered Edinburgh in 1579 the pageantry included a public posting of the genealogy of the Scottish kings; and when his son Charles I visited in 1633, portraits of
107 kings were displayed, some of which (by George Jamesone) survive. Another series of 110 imagined portraits of the monarchs from the list was painted for Charles II by Jacob de Wet II, and hung in Holyrood Palace. The de Wet portrait collection later became a noted sight for tourists, for example as written about by John Macky, A Journey through Scotland.
Historiography of Buchanan's list
While Rerum Scoticarum Historia was published only in the year of Buchanan's death, he had worked on it during much of his life. It was published with his De jure regni apud Scotos, first printed in 1579. Of the two works, the Historia for Buchanan served as a source of precedents on dealing with bad kings (tyrants in the list inevitably come to a sorry end at the hands of the people, in line with Buchanan's monarchomach position), while the De jure is cast as a humanist dialogue between Buchanan himself and Thomas Maitland, and concentrates on classical exemplars. Both works were dedicated to James VI. King James came to regard the chronicles of Buchanan and John Knox as "infamous invectives".
The king-list of the Historia was, therefore, in that work, only incidental to Buchanan's purpose in the book, whatever later uses it may have been put to. After the later scholarly work of Thomas Innes, this list was given little credence in its initial parts. It was, however, the culmination of centuries of development of king-lists for the Kingdom of Scotland. Much fictional material had been introduced into these lists by the humanist Hector Boece, writing half a century before Buchanan. Peter Hume Brown in his biography of Buchanan describes him as somewhat more sceptical than Boece in what he accepted as historical; but less so than John Mair, writing earlier. Buchanan has been called inconsistent in his treatment of classical sources since his rejection of the legend of Gathelus does not extend to the early Scottish kings, who are equally unsupported by classical authors.
Writers who perpetuated the Boece tradition, as put into form by Buchanan, included:
Alexander Gardyne, Theatre of the Scotish Kings , published 1709 by James Watson
David Hume of Godscroft
Gilbert Gray
James Ussher
James Wallace, The History of the Kingdom of Scotland from Fergus the First King to the Union (1724)
John Johnston, Inscriptiones Historicæ Regum Scotorum, continuata annorum serie a Fergusio I. ad Jacobum VI. (1602)
The antiquity of the line was attacked by William Lloyd, who argued that Scotland was not settled before the 6th century; George Mackenzie published the 1685 Defence of the Antiquity of the Royal Line of Scotland against Lloyd, and a sequel the next year against Edward Stillingfleet, who had given a sceptical account of Boece's history in Chapter V of his Origines Britannicae. The work of Innes, which in effect terminated the scholarly debate, was published in 1729, but the tradition continued.
Francis Nichols, The British Compendium (1741)
James Anderson, Royal Genealogies (1732). This book was based on a work of Johann Hübner, but with Anderson's additions. The king-list is Table 499, attributed to Boece and Buchanan.
William Guthrie.
Subsequently, John Pinkerton and William Forbes Skene contributed to the study of the king-lists. Reference works continued, however, to copy Buchanan's list, and the mythological history took many years to drop out of circulation, persisting in print as factual well into the 19th century (for example the fourth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1810), the Encyclopædia Perthensis (1816), the London Encyclopedia (1829), and the individual kings in reference books by George Crabb and John Platts).
Legendary content
See list of Scottish monarchs for the view of contemporary historians of Scotland. The first historical figure in Buchanan's list is Caratacus. The rediscovery of the works of Tacitus prompted Boece to include this well-attested figure from the period of the Roman occupation of Britain.
The last legendary figure is more complex to discuss. The kings in the list from about the 6th century (in the Fifth Book of Buchanan) onwards may have some relationship to historical figures in the Kingdom of Dalriada, extending in present-day terms from western Scotland to part of Ireland. See list of Kings of Dál Riata. But the Kingdom of Scotland (i.e. Alba) was not a historical reality until Kenneth MacAlpin created it in the year 843, and what was said about his predecessors in the list by Buchanan may have little historical foundation.
The list of Kings of the Picts includes other historical figures reigning in parallel with the Dalriada kings, in other areas of what is now Scotland. The critical Essay (1729) of Innes, while demolishing the king-list going back to Boece, substituted in part kings of the Picts, and is now regarded as questionable in its own way. Innes was a Jacobite and concerned therefore to lay emphasis on legitimacy of descent and primogeniture.
Legendary kings (Buchanan), BC
Numbering (Buchanan)
Name
Accession date (Buchanan)
Alternate names
Comments
1
Fergus I
330 BC
The first king of Scotland, according to the fictitious chronology of Boece and Buchanan. He is said to have come to Scotland from Ireland about 330 BC to assist the Scots already settled in Scotland against the joint attack of the Picts and Britons. He is then said to have gone back to Ireland to quell disturbances, and to have been drowned in the passage off the rock or port which got the name of Carrick Fergus from him. According to John Fordoun, Andrew of Wyntoun, and most of the earlier genealogical lists of Scottish kings, the same account is given of the settlement of the Scots from Ireland by a King Fergus, son of Ferchard. According to other lists, Ferchard or Feardach, the father of Fergus, was the first and Fergus the second king.
2
Feritharis
305 BC
Ferithais (Bellenden)
Brother of Fergus, and in Buchanan's view elected king.
3
Mainus
290 BC
4
Dornadilla
262 BC
Dorvidilla (Bellenden)
The identification of Dun Dornaigil as Dornadilla's castle is mentioned in Itinerarium septentrionale (1726) by Alexander Gordon. Dorvidilla, in Boece, was fond of hunting dogs, and made laws regulating hunting.
5
Nothatus
232 BC
Nathak (Bellenden)
In legend, killed by Dovallus; a story adopted by Clan Macdowall for their ancestry.
6
Reutherus
Reuther (Boece), Rewthar (Bellenden)
Claimed as the eponym of Rutherglen.
7
Reuthra
Rewtha (Bellenden)
8
Thereus
9
Josina
Josyne (Bellenden)
10
Finnanus
Fynnane (Bellenden)
11
Durstus
12
Evenus I
13
Gillus
14
Evenus II
15
Ederus
16
Evenus III
17
Metallanus
According to Boece, he received Roman ambassadors.
Legendary kings (Buchanan), Caratacus to Eugenius I
Numbering (Buchanan)
Name
Accession date (Buchanan)
Alternate names
Comments
18
Caractacus
19
Corbredus I
20
Dardannus
21
Corbredus II Galdus
22
Luctacus
Lugthacus (Boece)
Boece says some of his crimes must go unmentioned (and then mentions them).
23
Mogaldus
Mogallus (Boece)
24
Conarus
25
Ethodius
26
Satrael
Satrahel (Boece)
27
Donaldus I
Boece makes him the first Christian king.
28
Ethodius II
29
Athirco
Athircon, son of Echodius (James Ussher)
30
Nathalocus
A usurper killed by a servant, a story which was the subject of an 1845 poem by James Clerk Maxwell.
31
Findochus
Findocus (Boece)
32
Donaldus II
33
Donaldus III
34
Crathilinthus
Crathlinthus (Boece)
35
Fincormachus
36
Romachus
37
Angusianus
38
Fethelmachus
Fethelmacus (Boece)
39
Eugenius I
Evenus I
Thought to have possibly been the same person as Eochaid Muinremuir father of Erc of Dalriada
Buchanan's Fifth Book, Fergus II to Kenneth II
Numbering (Buchanan)
Name
Accession date (Buchanan)
Alternate names
Comments
40
Fergusius II
Fergus II, Fergus the Great
See Fergus Mór.
41
Eugenius II
Evenus II
42
Dongardus
452
Domangart
See Domangart Réti.
43
Constantine I
457
Polydore Vergil (Anglica Historia, 1555) gives from here a succession close to Buchanan.
44
Congallus I
479
See Comgall mac Domangairt.
45
Goranus
501
Gabhran Goranus, Conranus (Boece).
See Gabrán mac Domangairt.
46
Eugenius III
535
Father of St Kentigern; see Owain mab Urien.
47
Congallus II
558
Convallus (Boece).
See Conall mac Comgaill.
48
Kinnatellus
574
Kynnatillus (Boece), Cumatillus, Amtillus.
49
Aidanus
575
See Áedán mac Gabráin
50
Kennethus I
605
Kenneth I Keir (Boece)
See Connad Cerr
51
Eugenius IV
606
See Eochaid Buide.
52
Fearchair I
626
Ferquart
See Ferchar mac Connaid
53
Donaldus IV
638
See Domnall Brecc
54
Ferchardus II
652
Ferquhardus I (Boece), Fearchair Fada.
See Ferchar Fota.
55
Maldvinus
670
Malduinus (Boece)
56
Eugenius V
690
See Eochaid mac Domangairt.
57
Eugenius VI
694
58
Amberkelethus
704
Ambirkelethus (Boece), Ainbhealach, Ambercletus in Polydore Vergil.
See Ainbcellach mac Ferchair.
59
Eugenius VII
706
Likely duplicates Eugenius VI. Also see Eochaid mac Echdach
60
Mordacus
723
See Muiredach mac Ainbcellaig.
61
Etfinus
730
Ethfinus (Boece)
See Áed Find
62
Eugene VIII
761
See Eógan mac Muiredaig.
63
Fergus III
764
See Fergus mac Echdach
64
Solvathius
767
Selvach.
See Selbach mac Ferchair and the legend of Sholto Douglas.
65
Achaius
788
See Eochaid mac Áeda Find. Also supposed to have concluded a treaty with the Emperor Charlemagne
66
Congallus III
819
Convallus II (Boece)
See Conall Crandomna but at a great chronological distance.
67
Dongallus
824
68
Alpinus
See Alpín mac Echdach.
69
Kennethus II
See Kenneth MacAlpin.
Sixth Book, later kings
(73) Grig/Gregory the Great: see Giric
Notes
^ "index". www.philological.bham.ac.uk.
^ Buchanan, George (8 January 1799). "The history of Scotland : from the earliest accounts of that nation, to the reign of King James VI". Glasgow : Chapman and Lang – via Internet Archive.
^ William, Ferguson (1999). The identity of the Scottish Nation: An Historic Quest. Edinburgh University Press. p. 37. ISBN 0-7486-1072-3. OCLC 174737079.
^ Goldstein, R. James. "Bisset, Baldred". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2475. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ Buchanan, George (1964). George Buchanan the political poetry. pp. 24, 134. ISBN 0-906245-17-6. OCLC 249083014.
^ Marcus, Merriman (2000). The Rough Wooings: Mary Queen of Scots, 1542-1551. Tuckwell Press. pp. 42–46. ISBN 1-86232-090-X. OCLC 59400280.
^ McGrath, Elizabeth Verfasser (1990). Local Heroes: The Scottish Humanist Parnassus for Charles I. p. 258. OCLC 888498080. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)
^ "This Noble College: Rare art of decoration". Archived from the original on 1 September 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011.
^ "ScotSites eBooks - Travellers' Tales of Scotland". Archived from the original on 2 October 2011.
^ Burns, James H. Sonstige, ed. (26 July 1991). The Cambridge History of Political Thought: 1450–1700. pp. 216–217. ISBN 0-521-24716-0. OCLC 1198866066.
^ Stewart, Alan (11 March 2014). The Cradle King: The Life of James VI and I, The First Monarch of a United Great Britain. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-4668-6602-7. OCLC 872643894.
^ "George Buchanan, humanist and reformer, a biography". 1890.
^ Acta Conventus Neo-Latini Sanctandreani : Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Neo-Latin Studies, St. Andrews, 24 August to 1 September 1982. 1986. ISBN 9780866980708.
^ a b McClure, J. Derrick. "Johnston, John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14944. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "English Poetry, Second Edition Bibliography: G".
^ Vol. vi in Whole works; now for the first time collected, with a life of the author and an account of his writings (1864), edited by Charles Richard Elrington.
^ Jackson, Clare. "Mackenzie, Sir George, of Rosehaugh". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/17579. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "Origines Britannicae; or the antiquities of the British churches; to which is added a historical account of Church government as first received in Great Britain and Ireland". Oxford, Univ. Pr. 1842.
^ "The British compendium; or, Rudiments of honour: Containing the origin of the Scots, and succession of their kings for above 2000 years". 1741.
^ "Anderson, James (1680?-1739)" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
^ At Google Books, table as p. 12 of volume as scanned.
^ Encyclopaedia Perthensis; or Universal dictionary of the arts, sciences, literature, &c. intended to supersede the use of other books of reference. Printed by John Brown. 1816. p. 77. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
^ Universal Historical Dictionary (1833); Google Books.
^ New Universal Biography (1826); Google Books.
^ Halloran, Brian M. "Innes, Thomas". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14432. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "Fergus I" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
^ a b c d e f g Contents from Boece, taken from 1821 edition of the translation by John Bellenden, which was from Latin into Scots of the 16th century.
^ British Identities before Nationalism (PDF) Archived 23 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, p. 125.
^ "Publication Account | Canmore".
^ "Read the eBook The Perth incident of 1396 from a folk-lore point of view; by Robert Craig Maclagan online for free (page 16 of 25)". www.ebooksread.com.
^ "Family Finder | CLAN by Scotweb".
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Kings".
^ Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (1846) by Samuel Lewis.
^ "Book III English". www.philological.bham.ac.uk.
^ "Book V English". www.philological.bham.ac.uk.
^ "Whole works; now for the first time collected, with a life of the author and an account of his writings". Dublin, Hodges, Smith. 1864.
^ "Read the eBook the life of James Clerk Maxwell: With a selection from his correspondence and occasional writings and a sketch of his contributions to science by Lewis Campbell online for free (Page 44 of 49)".
^ a b c d http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/polverg/3eng.html: Polydore Vergil gives the succession as Constantine, Congallus, Goranus, Eugene III, Convallus, Amtillus, Aidan, Kenneth, Eugene IV, Ferquart, Donald, Maldwin, Eugene V, Eugene VI, and Ambercletus.
^ "Goranus, Gabhran" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
^ "Ecclesiastical chronicle for Scotland". Glasgow, John Tweed. 1867.
^ a b c d Summerson, Henry. "Eugenius I-VIII". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/52471. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "Fearchair I" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
^ "Ferchardus II" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
^ "Read the eBook Polydore Vergil's English history, from an early translation preserved among the mss. of the old royal library in the British museum by Polydore Vergil online for free (page 13 of 30)". www.ebooksread.com.
^ "Selvach" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
^ Hume, David; Hunter, L. (8 January 1820). "The history of the house and race of Douglas and Angus". London printed for Mortimer and M'Leod, Aberdeen – via Internet Archive.
External links
1831 English translation of Buchanan
Boece, Scotorum Historia (1575 edition)
Chart
Holinshed, A History of Scotland
Link to another translation of Buchanan
Links to Buchanan's Latin
Metrical version of Boece, by William Stewart, edited by William Barclay Turnbull (1858)
Attribution
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Fergus I". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
|
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dornadilla.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jacob Jacobsz de Wet the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Jacobsz_de_Wet_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"Holyrood Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyrood_Palace"},{"link_name":"George Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Fergus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergus_I_(mythological_king)"},{"link_name":"James VI of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"House of Stuart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Stuart"}],"text":"Dornadilla, fourth legendary king according to George Buchanan; painting by Jacob Jacobsz de Wet the Younger in the commission from Charles II for Holyrood Palace.The Scottish Renaissance humanist George Buchanan gave a long list of Scottish Kings in his history of Scotland—published in Latin as Rerum Scoticarum Historia in 1582[1][2]—most of whom are now considered by historians to be figures of legend, or completely misrepresented. The list went back around 1900 years from his time, and began with Fergus I. James VI of Scotland, who was Buchanan's pupil, adopted the story of Fergus I as his ancestor, and the antiquity of the line was emphasised by the House of Stuart.","title":"Legendary kings of Scotland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fergus I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fergus_I_(mythological_king)"},{"link_name":"Alexander III of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Baldred Bisset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldred_Bisset"},{"link_name":"Papal Curia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_Curia"},{"link_name":"Edward I of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alexander_III_and_Ollamh_R%C3%ADgh.JPG"},{"link_name":"Scotichronicon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotichronicon"},{"link_name":"origin myth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_myth"},{"link_name":"Mary, Queen of Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots"},{"link_name":"Francis II of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Edward VI of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VI_of_England"},{"link_name":"list of legendary kings of Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_legendary_kings_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"Edward Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hall"},{"link_name":"Polydore Vergil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydore_Vergil"},{"link_name":"John Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Elder_(writer)"},{"link_name":"James Henrisoun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Henrisoun"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"George Jamesone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Jamesone"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Charles II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Jacob de Wet II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_de_Wet_II"},{"link_name":"Holyrood Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holyrood_Palace"},{"link_name":"John Macky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Macky"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The genealogy of Scottish kings, going back to Fergus mac Ferchar (i.e. Fergus I) and beyond, was in place by the middle of the 13th century when it was recited at the 1249 inauguration of Alexander III of Scotland.[3] In 1301 Baldred Bisset was involved in a hearing at the Papal Curia, on the Scottish side of the debate on Edward I of England's claims, and at least helped prepare material dealing with the mythological history that was being adduced as relevant, on both sides.[4]Alexander III hears his genealogy; late medieval illustration of the Scotichronicon.The question of the antiquity of the Scottish royal lineage, and even the details of the associated origin myth, became particularly significant from 1542 when Mary, Queen of Scots came to the Scottish throne. Buchanan alluded to Mary's long ancestry in his Epithalamium written for her 1559 marriage to Francis II of France.[5] In the period before Mary's betrothal, a marriage to Prince Edward, the future Edward VI of England, was much discussed. As part of that debate, the list of legendary kings of Britain became involved, in the form of the \"Brutus myth\", promoted by Edward Hall over the doubts of Polydore Vergil. Publicists on the English side of the argument, including John Elder, James Henrisoun, and William Lamb, had cast doubt on Scottish history.[6]When James VI entered Edinburgh in 1579 the pageantry included a public posting of the genealogy of the Scottish kings; and when his son Charles I visited in 1633, portraits of \n107 kings were displayed, some of which (by George Jamesone) survive.[7][8] Another series of 110 imagined portraits of the monarchs from the list was painted for Charles II by Jacob de Wet II, and hung in Holyrood Palace. The de Wet portrait collection later became a noted sight for tourists, for example as written about by John Macky, A Journey through Scotland.[9]","title":"Dynastic importance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monarchomach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchomach"},{"link_name":"Thomas Maitland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Maitland_(c.1548%E2%80%931572)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"John Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Knox"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Thomas Innes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Innes_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Hector Boece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Boece"},{"link_name":"Peter Hume Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hume_Brown"},{"link_name":"John Mair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Major_(philosopher)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Gathelus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gathelus"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Alexander Gardyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Gardyne"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"James Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Watson_(bookseller)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnston-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"David Hume of Godscroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Hume_of_Godscroft"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Gray_(educator)"},{"link_name":"James Ussher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Ussher"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"James Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wallace_(botanist)"},{"link_name":"John Johnston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Johnston_(poet)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Johnston-14"},{"link_name":"William Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lloyd_(bishop_of_Worcester)"},{"link_name":"George Mackenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mackenzie_(lawyer)"},{"link_name":"Edward Stillingfleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Stillingfleet"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"James Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Anderson_(Freemason)"},{"link_name":"Johann Hübner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_H%C3%BCbner"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"William Guthrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Guthrie_(historian)"},{"link_name":"John Pinkerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pinkerton"},{"link_name":"William Forbes Skene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Forbes_Skene"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Perthensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Perthensis"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"London Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Encyclopedia_(1825)"},{"link_name":"George Crabb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Crabb_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"John Platts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Platts_(Unitarian)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"While Rerum Scoticarum Historia was published only in the year of Buchanan's death, he had worked on it during much of his life. It was published with his De jure regni apud Scotos, first printed in 1579. Of the two works, the Historia for Buchanan served as a source of precedents on dealing with bad kings (tyrants in the list inevitably come to a sorry end at the hands of the people, in line with Buchanan's monarchomach position), while the De jure is cast as a humanist dialogue between Buchanan himself and Thomas Maitland, and concentrates on classical exemplars. Both works were dedicated to James VI.[10] King James came to regard the chronicles of Buchanan and John Knox as \"infamous invectives\".[11]The king-list of the Historia was, therefore, in that work, only incidental to Buchanan's purpose in the book, whatever later uses it may have been put to. After the later scholarly work of Thomas Innes, this list was given little credence in its initial parts. It was, however, the culmination of centuries of development of king-lists for the Kingdom of Scotland. Much fictional material had been introduced into these lists by the humanist Hector Boece, writing half a century before Buchanan. Peter Hume Brown in his biography of Buchanan describes him as somewhat more sceptical than Boece in what he accepted as historical; but less so than John Mair, writing earlier.[12] Buchanan has been called inconsistent in his treatment of classical sources since his rejection of the legend of Gathelus does not extend to the early Scottish kings, who are equally unsupported by classical authors.[13]Writers who perpetuated the Boece tradition, as put into form by Buchanan, included:Alexander Gardyne, Theatre of the Scotish Kings [sic], published 1709 by James Watson[14][15]\nDavid Hume of Godscroft\nGilbert Gray\nJames Ussher[16]\nJames Wallace, The History of the Kingdom of Scotland from Fergus the First King to the Union (1724)\nJohn Johnston, Inscriptiones Historicæ Regum Scotorum, continuata annorum serie a Fergusio I. ad Jacobum VI. (1602)[14]The antiquity of the line was attacked by William Lloyd, who argued that Scotland was not settled before the 6th century; George Mackenzie published the 1685 Defence of the Antiquity of the Royal Line of Scotland against Lloyd, and a sequel the next year against Edward Stillingfleet, who had given a sceptical account of Boece's history in Chapter V of his Origines Britannicae.[17][18] The work of Innes, which in effect terminated the scholarly debate, was published in 1729, but the tradition continued.Francis Nichols, The British Compendium (1741)[19]\nJames Anderson, Royal Genealogies (1732). This book was based on a work of Johann Hübner, but with Anderson's additions.[20] The king-list is Table 499, attributed to Boece and Buchanan.[21]\nWilliam Guthrie.Subsequently, John Pinkerton and William Forbes Skene contributed to the study of the king-lists. Reference works continued, however, to copy Buchanan's list, and the mythological history took many years to drop out of circulation, persisting in print as factual well into the 19th century (for example the fourth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (1810), the Encyclopædia Perthensis (1816),[22] the London Encyclopedia (1829), and the individual kings in reference books by George Crabb[23] and John Platts[24]).","title":"Historiography of Buchanan's list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"list of Scottish monarchs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs"},{"link_name":"Caratacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caratacus"},{"link_name":"Tacitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Dalriada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dalriada"},{"link_name":"list of Kings of Dál Riata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kings_of_D%C3%A1l_Riata"},{"link_name":"Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba"},{"link_name":"Kenneth MacAlpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin"},{"link_name":"list of Kings of the Picts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kings_of_the_Picts"},{"link_name":"Jacobite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobitism"},{"link_name":"primogeniture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primogeniture"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"See list of Scottish monarchs for the view of contemporary historians of Scotland. The first historical figure in Buchanan's list is Caratacus. The rediscovery of the works of Tacitus prompted Boece to include this well-attested figure from the period of the Roman occupation of Britain.The last legendary figure is more complex to discuss. The kings in the list from about the 6th century (in the Fifth Book of Buchanan) onwards may have some relationship to historical figures in the Kingdom of Dalriada, extending in present-day terms from western Scotland to part of Ireland. See list of Kings of Dál Riata. But the Kingdom of Scotland (i.e. Alba) was not a historical reality until Kenneth MacAlpin created it in the year 843, and what was said about his predecessors in the list by Buchanan may have little historical foundation.The list of Kings of the Picts includes other historical figures reigning in parallel with the Dalriada kings, in other areas of what is now Scotland. The critical Essay (1729) of Innes, while demolishing the king-list going back to Boece, substituted in part kings of the Picts, and is now regarded as questionable in its own way. Innes was a Jacobite and concerned therefore to lay emphasis on legitimacy of descent and primogeniture.[25]","title":"Legendary content"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legendary kings (Buchanan), BC"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legendary kings (Buchanan), Caratacus to Eugenius I"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Buchanan's Fifth Book, Fergus II to Kenneth II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giric"}],"text":"(73) Grig/Gregory the Great: see Giric","title":"Sixth Book, later kings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"index\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.philological.bham.ac.uk/scothist/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"The history of Scotland : from the earliest accounts of that nation, to the reign of King James 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II\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Ferchardus_II"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-44"},{"link_name":"\"Read the eBook Polydore Vergil's English history, from an early translation preserved among the mss. of the old royal library in the British museum by Polydore Vergil online for free (page 13 of 30)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/polydore-vergil/polydore-vergils-english-history-from-an-early-translation-preserved-among-the-goo/page-13-polydore-vergils-english-history-from-an-early-translation-preserved-among-the-goo.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"\"Selvach\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Selvach"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-46"},{"link_name":"\"The history of the house and race of Douglas and Angus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archive.org/details/historyhouseand00humegoog"}],"text":"^ \"index\". www.philological.bham.ac.uk.\n\n^ Buchanan, George (8 January 1799). \"The history of Scotland : from the earliest accounts of that nation, to the reign of King James VI\". Glasgow : Chapman and Lang – via Internet Archive.\n\n^ William, Ferguson (1999). The identity of the Scottish Nation: An Historic Quest. Edinburgh University Press. p. 37. ISBN 0-7486-1072-3. OCLC 174737079.\n\n^ Goldstein, R. James. \"Bisset, Baldred\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2475. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\n\n^ Buchanan, George (1964). George Buchanan the political poetry. pp. 24, 134. ISBN 0-906245-17-6. OCLC 249083014.\n\n^ Marcus, Merriman (2000). The Rough Wooings: Mary Queen of Scots, 1542-1551. Tuckwell Press. pp. 42–46. ISBN 1-86232-090-X. OCLC 59400280.\n\n^ McGrath, Elizabeth Verfasser (1990). Local Heroes: The Scottish Humanist Parnassus for Charles I. p. 258. OCLC 888498080. {{cite book}}: |first= has generic name (help)\n\n^ \"This Noble College: Rare art of decoration\". Archived from the original on 1 September 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2011.\n\n^ \"ScotSites eBooks - Travellers' Tales of Scotland\". Archived from the original on 2 October 2011.\n\n^ Burns, James H. Sonstige, ed. (26 July 1991). The Cambridge History of Political Thought: 1450–1700. pp. 216–217. ISBN 0-521-24716-0. OCLC 1198866066.\n\n^ Stewart, Alan (11 March 2014). The Cradle King: The Life of James VI and I, The First Monarch of a United Great Britain. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-4668-6602-7. OCLC 872643894.\n\n^ \"George Buchanan, humanist and reformer, a biography\". 1890.\n\n^ Acta Conventus Neo-Latini Sanctandreani : Proceedings of the Fifth International Congress of Neo-Latin Studies, St. Andrews, 24 August to 1 September 1982. 1986. ISBN 9780866980708.\n\n^ a b McClure, J. Derrick. \"Johnston, John\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14944. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\n\n^ \"English Poetry, Second Edition Bibliography: G\".\n\n^ Vol. vi in Whole works; now for the first time collected, with a life of the author and an account of his writings (1864), edited by Charles Richard Elrington.\n\n^ Jackson, Clare. \"Mackenzie, Sir George, of Rosehaugh\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/17579. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\n\n^ \"Origines Britannicae; or the antiquities of the British churches; to which is added a historical account of Church government as first received in Great Britain and Ireland\". Oxford, Univ. Pr. 1842.\n\n^ \"The British compendium; or, Rudiments of honour: Containing the origin of the Scots, and succession of their kings for above 2000 years\". 1741.\n\n^ \"Anderson, James (1680?-1739)\" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. \n\n^ At Google Books, table as p. 12 of volume as scanned.\n\n^ Encyclopaedia Perthensis; or Universal dictionary of the arts, sciences, literature, &c. intended to supersede the use of other books of reference. Printed by John Brown. 1816. p. 77. Retrieved 26 February 2013.\n\n^ Universal Historical Dictionary (1833); Google Books.\n\n^ New Universal Biography (1826); Google Books.\n\n^ Halloran, Brian M. \"Innes, Thomas\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/14432. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\n\n^ \"Fergus I\" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. \n\n^ a b c d e f g Contents from Boece, taken from 1821 edition of the translation by John Bellenden, which was from Latin into Scots of the 16th century.\n\n^ British Identities before Nationalism (PDF) Archived 23 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, p. 125.\n\n^ \"Publication Account | Canmore\".\n\n^ \"Read the eBook The Perth incident of 1396 from a folk-lore point of view; by Robert Craig Maclagan online for free (page 16 of 25)\". www.ebooksread.com.\n\n^ \"Family Finder | CLAN by Scotweb\".\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q \"Kings\".\n\n^ Topographical Dictionary of Scotland (1846) by Samuel Lewis.\n\n^ \"Book III English\". www.philological.bham.ac.uk.\n\n^ \"Book V English\". www.philological.bham.ac.uk.\n\n^ \"Whole works; now for the first time collected, with a life of the author and an account of his writings\". Dublin, Hodges, Smith. 1864.\n\n^ \"Read the eBook the life of James Clerk Maxwell: With a selection from his correspondence and occasional writings and a sketch of his contributions to science by Lewis Campbell online for free (Page 44 of 49)\".\n\n^ a b c d http://www.philological.bham.ac.uk/polverg/3eng.html: Polydore Vergil gives the succession as Constantine, Congallus, Goranus, Eugene III, Convallus, Amtillus, Aidan, Kenneth, Eugene IV, Ferquart, Donald, Maldwin, Eugene V, Eugene VI, and Ambercletus.\n\n^ \"Goranus, Gabhran\" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. \n\n^ \"Ecclesiastical chronicle for Scotland\". Glasgow, John Tweed. 1867.\n\n^ a b c d Summerson, Henry. \"Eugenius I-VIII\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/52471. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)\n\n^ \"Fearchair I\" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. \n\n^ \"Ferchardus II\" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. \n\n^ \"Read the eBook Polydore Vergil's English history, from an early translation preserved among the mss. of the old royal library in the British museum by Polydore Vergil online for free (page 13 of 30)\". www.ebooksread.com.\n\n^ \"Selvach\" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. \n\n^ Hume, David; Hunter, L. (8 January 1820). \"The history of the house and race of Douglas and Angus\". London [L. Hunter] printed for Mortimer and M'Leod, Aberdeen – via Internet Archive.","title":"Notes"}]
|
[{"image_text":"Dornadilla, fourth legendary king according to George Buchanan; painting by Jacob Jacobsz de Wet the Younger in the commission from Charles II for Holyrood Palace.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Dornadilla.jpg/220px-Dornadilla.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alexander III hears his genealogy; late medieval illustration of the Scotichronicon.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Alexander_III_and_Ollamh_R%C3%ADgh.JPG/220px-Alexander_III_and_Ollamh_R%C3%ADgh.JPG"}]
| null |
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Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Goranus,_Gabhran","url_text":"\"Goranus, Gabhran\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of National Biography"}]},{"reference":"\"Ecclesiastical chronicle for Scotland\". Glasgow, John Tweed. 1867.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/ecclesiasticalch01gord#page/2/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Ecclesiastical chronicle for Scotland\""}]},{"reference":"Summerson, Henry. \"Eugenius I-VIII\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). 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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_M%C3%B6hring
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Paul Möhring
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["1 Principal works","2 References","3 External links"]
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German naturalist (1710–1792)
Portrait of Möhring, 1782
Paul Heinrich Gerhard Möhring (also Paul Mohr; 21 July 1710 in Jever – 28 October 1792) was a German physician, botanist and zoologist.
He studied medicine in Danzig and Wittenberg, and following graduation (1733), he settled as a general practitioner in his hometown of Jever. Möhring was a physician to the Prince of Anhalt. In 1752 he published Avium Genera, an early attempt to classify bird species, which divided birds into four classes and shows the beginnings of the modern groupings.
During his long career, he maintained correspondence with Albrecht von Haller, Lorenz Heister, Carl Linnaeus, Hans Sloane and Paul Gottlieb Werlhof. The plant genus Moehringia (family Caryophyllaceae) was named in his honor by Carl Linnaeus.
Principal works
"De inflammationis sanguineae theoria mechanica", 1733.
"Historiae medicinales", 1739.
"Avium genera", 1752.
Geslachten der Vogelen 1758.
The standard author abbreviation Möhring is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
References
^ ADB:Möhring, Paul Heinrich Gerhard @ Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie
^ WorldCat Identities Publications by Möhring.
^ International Plant Names Index. Möhring.
External links
IPNI List of plants described by Paul Möhring.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Netherlands
Academics
International Plant Names Index
People
Deutsche Biographie
Other
IdRef
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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Heinrich_Gerhard_M%C3%B6hring.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jever"},{"link_name":"physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"},{"link_name":"botanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanist"},{"link_name":"zoologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoologist"},{"link_name":"Danzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danzig"},{"link_name":"Wittenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wittenberg"},{"link_name":"general practitioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_practitioner"},{"link_name":"Prince of Anhalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Anhalt"},{"link_name":"Avium Genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avium_Genera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Albrecht von Haller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_von_Haller"},{"link_name":"Lorenz Heister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenz_Heister"},{"link_name":"Carl Linnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus"},{"link_name":"Hans Sloane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Sloane"},{"link_name":"Paul Gottlieb Werlhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Gottlieb_Werlhof"},{"link_name":"Moehringia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moehringia"},{"link_name":"Caryophyllaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caryophyllaceae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Portrait of Möhring, 1782Paul Heinrich Gerhard Möhring (also Paul Mohr; 21 July 1710 in Jever – 28 October 1792) was a German physician, botanist and zoologist.He studied medicine in Danzig and Wittenberg, and following graduation (1733), he settled as a general practitioner in his hometown of Jever. Möhring was a physician to the Prince of Anhalt. In 1752 he published Avium Genera, an early attempt to classify bird species, which divided birds into four classes and shows the beginnings of the modern groupings.During his long career, he maintained correspondence with Albrecht von Haller, Lorenz Heister, Carl Linnaeus, Hans Sloane and Paul Gottlieb Werlhof. The plant genus Moehringia (family Caryophyllaceae) was named in his honor by Carl Linnaeus.[1]","title":"Paul Möhring"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"author abbreviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)"},{"link_name":"citing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)"},{"link_name":"botanical name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_name"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"\"De inflammationis sanguineae theoria mechanica\", 1733.\n\"Historiae medicinales\", 1739.\n\"Avium genera\", 1752.\nGeslachten der Vogelen 1758.[2]The standard author abbreviation Möhring is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[3]","title":"Principal works"}]
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[{"image_text":"Portrait of Möhring, 1782","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Paul_Heinrich_Gerhard_M%C3%B6hring.jpg/220px-Paul_Heinrich_Gerhard_M%C3%B6hring.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"International Plant Names Index. Möhring.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index","url_text":"International Plant Names Index"},{"url":"http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=M%C3%B6hring","url_text":"Möhring"}]}]
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